*SHOW ~ Grass genera of the world - item descriptions. Edited to May 2022. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \i{}Acamptoclados\i0{} <Nash>/
3<\i{}Eragrostis\i0{} (\i{}E. sessilispica\i0{} Buckl.)> 7,2 9,3
13,(30-)40-50(-60)<?> 14,2 19,2 24,1<when young> 25,1<above the basal tuft
of leaves> 26,2 40,2 42,1 44,1<the culm internodes very short> 47<villous
in the auricle positions> 48,- 50<glabrous, pilose at the throat>
52,1<narrowly so, stiff and subulate-tipped, almost acicular> 55,2 56,1-3
59,1/3<flat to loosely involute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3<the adjoining blade
also hairy> 70,- 72,1<partial, of small hairs> 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<the
long-internoded primary branches distant, stiffly spreading, mostly bearing
basal secondary branches, the latter mostly short and sometimes reduced to
a single spikelet, the spikelets appressed> 90,1 91,1<the axis curving or
loosely spiral, pilose in the axils> 99,1&2 101,2 102,2 106,- 107,- 111,-
113,- 115,- 120<distant,>,1 121,2 123,2 141,(7-)8-10(-12) 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,1 149,1 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,2
171,2 172,1 173,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<firmly membranous to
cartilaginous> 182,2 183,- 184,- 186,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,5-8 214,2<firmly membranous to cartilaginous> 216<becoming somewhat
indurated> 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1<the lateral nerves
also slightly raised> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<prominently bowed out below>
255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 262<slightly>,1<above> 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274<medium sized> 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284<apparently not white> 286,2 287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 291,3
293,- 295,1 297,1/2<?> 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 328,1<rather thick walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 336,1 339,(45-)46-54(-61.5) 340,24-30 341,7.5-10.5
342,6.1-7.2 343,(21-)25.5-27(-30) 344,0.47-0.55 345,1 346,30-33 348,2&3
349,- 350,2 351,1<bordering the veins> 352,3 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1
357<prickles abundant costally> 358,2<but costal prickles with round or
rectangular pitted bases> 360,2<but many solitary> 362,1 363,3-4<a
few>/6<predominating> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 393,1
394,2<large, tall, square- or round-topped, and infrequent small ones>
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2 403,2 404,1<the adaxial fibre groups being
contiguous with bundle sheath extensions> 405,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,1<\i{}A. sessilispicus\i0{}> 492<North
America to Mexico> 493,6 494,1 495,1 497,4 504,11 507,2 512,3-4 513,2
515<plains and sandy prairies> 535<studied by us> 540<acamptoc> 
 
# \i{}Achlaena\i0{} <Griseb.>/
3<\i{}Arthropogon\i0{}> 4<\i{}A. piptostachya\i0{} (Grisb) Pilg.)> 7,2 9,3
11,- 13,50-100 14,2 27,2 44,1 47,2 52,2 55,2 56,2-6 59,1/3<involute> 65,2
66,2 69,2 71,0.5-1 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<long exserted, 7-15 cm long,
the branches somewhat glutinous> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 123,3 141,6-8 145,1 147,3 148,- 154,2 157,1<stipitate, minutely
barbed> 161,1 163<narrow,>,2 164,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter>
167<(the longer)>,2 173,3 174,1 176,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} extending into,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} narrowed into slender, antrorse-scabrid awns>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} subulate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader,
somewhat hardened> 187,1 189,5/7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2
204,5/7 205,2 206,3<rather hard> 208,1 214,1 216,2<thin, hyaline> 218,1
219,1 223,1<but acuminate> 247,2 248,1/3 250,1 251,1-2 256,1 257,1<hyaline>
258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 272,2 290,U 294,U 295,1<oval> 296,U
297,U 298,2<about 1/4 of the grain length> 300,U 322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the
costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2<plump> 334,2 335,1
339,72-81 341,18-21 342,3.5-4.3 343,43.5-49.5 344,0.56-0.63 345,1
346,48-52.5 348,3<predominating>/2 350,2 351,1 353,1<in places>/2 360,2
363,7-8 364<when panicoid type,>,1<i.e. silica bodies vertical dumb-bell
shaped to cross shaped> 370,1 371,2 372,4<with extra PCR cells as lateral
extensions from the sheaths of small bundles, as isolated clusters, and
solitary> 374,1 378,2 386,2 388,1 393<slightly>,2 394,1<low, flat to
roundish-topped> 395,1 396,2<with numerous major and minor bundles> 397,1
398,2 403,1 404,1 405,1<most of the main bundles with large Is> 406,1
477,7 478,5 485,2<Arthropogoneae> 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10 491,1<\i{}A.
piptostachya\i0{}> 492<Cuba and Jamaica> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 513,2
515<open woods, dry slopes, savanna> 534<e.g. Filgueiras 1982> 535<studied
by us> 536<evidently close to \i{}Arthropogon\i0{}, but seems fairly
distinct morphologically and anatomically, as well as geographically> 537,2
540<achlaena> 
 
# \i{}Achnatherum\i0{} <Beauv.>/
3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}> 4<Lecto: \i{}A. calamagrostis\i0{} (L.) P.Beauv.>
5<\i{}Aristella\i0{} Bertol., \i{}Eriocoma\i0{} Nutt., \i{}Fendleria\i0{}
Steud., \i{}Lasiagrostis\i0{} Link, \i{}Macrochloa\i0{} Kunth,
\i{}Orthoraphium\i0{} Nees, (?)\i{}Patis\i0{} Ohwi, \i{}Timouria\i0{}
Roshev., \i{}Trichosantha\i0{} Steud.> 6<\i{}Jarava\i0{},
\i{}Trikeraia\i0{}> 7,1<usually>/2<rarely> 9,3<sometimes shortly
rhizomatous> 13,15-150(-250) 14,2 19,2<simple> 27,1/2<?> 37,1<rarely>/2<?>
38,- 42,1/2 44,1/2 47,1/2<?> 52,1 55,2 56,1-7 58,1/2<?> 59,1<e.g. sect.
Lasiagrostis>/2/3<then involute or convolute>/4 65,2 66,2 67,1/2<?>
69,1/2<usually leathery-membranous> 71,0.2-7(-10) 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 76,1
80,2 81,1/2<judging by the recorded anther lengths> 82,1/2<?> 83<(if
present)>,1 88,2-3 89,5 90,2 91,1/2 94,1/2<?> 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3<the pedicels scabridulous or
scabrous> 141,5.5-14(-23)<usually less than 15 mm, but 14-23 mm in \i{}A.
capensis\i0{}, and with other members of sect. \i{}Stipella\i0{} also falls
in the higher part of the range> 142,1/2/3/4 145,1-2 147,1 154,2 157,1
159,1 160,2<mostly 0.2-1, but to 2.5 mm long in \i{}A. capensis\i0{}>
161,1-2 163,2 165,1-2<the lower often shorter> 166<(the upper)>,2/3 167,2
170,- 174,1<acute or acuminate>/2 176,1/2<sometimes aristate?> 177,1/2<?>
179,2<leathery-membranous, usually lanceolate, the lower sometimes ovate>
187,1/3/5 189,3/5/7 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<not thickened apically>
211<partially>,1<not totally concealing the palea>/2 212,2 213,2 214,2/3
215<usually>,2<with round to oval silica bodies in the abaxial epidermis>
216,1<rarely>/2<mostly stiffly membranous to leathery> 218,1<sect.
Achnatheropsis>/2 220<usually>,2 221,2<the lobes usually membranous, 0.5-2
mm long, occasionally thick or awnlike> 223,3 225,1<usually>/3<when the
lobes aristate> 226,1/2 227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1
229,1 231,1<when short>/2<when more than 1 cm long> 233,1-2<this being a
cited difference from \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}>/2-3<rarely, e.g. \i{}A.
duthiei\i0{}, \i{}A. haussknechtii\i0{}> 234,1-3<3-80 mm long> 235,1/2<?>
236,1<when short and non-geniculate>/2 238,1/2<e.g. sect. Aristella>
240,1<usually pubescent, the hairs usually evenly
distributed>/2<occasionally glabrous> 244,2<terete> 246,1 247,2 248,3-7<?>
250,1 251,1-2<from about a third of the lemma length to equalling it> 253,2
254,2<flat> 255,1<the apex rounded>/2<\i{}A. stillmanii\i0{}>
256,1<usually>/2<\i{}A. stillmannii\i0{} - the veins extended> 257,2 258,2
259,3<the veins not extending to the apex> 260,1<flat> 261,1-3 264,1
265,3<but the posterior member sometimes very small, e.g. in sect.
Stipella> 266,1 267,2 268,2<stipoid> 269,1/2 270,2 271,1/2<?> 272,3
274,1-9 275,1/2 277,1 280,2 281,3 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1-2<2-6 mm long>
289,1-2 290,2 291,1 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1/2<?> 304,1<the
epiblast variously long or short, and acute, truncate or notched>
305,2<with a 95-130 degree angle between coleoptile and coleorhiza> 306,2
308,1 309,1/2<?> 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5<?> 315,1 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1
320,2<\i{}Stipa elmeri\i0{}> 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1-2/2<the costals often
much narrower> 328,1-2<thin to fairly thick walled, those of the costals
usually somewhat thicker> 330,1<in most species recorded>/1-2 331,1<\i{}A.
giganteum\i0{}, \i{}A. splendens\i0{}, with fairly thick, pitted
walls>/2<commonly, thin-walled and not conspicuously pitted> 332,2<possibly
present adaxially - cf. other stipoids> 345,1<fairly infrequent (e.g.
\i{}A. calamagrostis\i0{}) to abundant>/2<\i{}A. columbianum\i0{}>
346<markedly variable in length from species to species> 347,2 348<low to
high>,2<mostly>/1-2<\i{}A. filifolium\i0{}> 350,2 351,1<in most species
recorded>/2<e.g. uncommon in \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}> 353,1/1&2<sometimes
some solitary> 354,1<usually>/2<in \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}, except those
bordering the veins> 355,3 356<mostly>,1&2<small, a few somewhat vertically
elongated in \i{}A. columbianum\i0{} and \i{}A.
filifolium\i0{}>/5<irregularly>/3&6<especially in \i{}A. giganteum\i0{}>
357<no macrohairs or prickles seen in \i{}A. columbianum\i0{}, \i{}A.
giganteum\i0{}, a few large costal prickles in \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}>
360,1<at least over the large veins, but the rows sometimes broken up by
fairly long to very long (e.g. \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}) intervening
short-cells, and some pairs also commonly present>/2<\i{}A. giganteum\i0{}>
361,1 362,1 363,2<e.g. \i{}A. splendens\i0{}, or oblong to cuboid, e.g.
\i{}A. calamagrostis\i0{}>/2&8<e.g. in \i{}A. dregeana\i0{}>/1&2&3&8<with
intermediates, e.g. \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}>/6<large and predominating only
in \i{}A. giganteum\i0{} of the species recorded> 364<when panicoid
type,>,1/3/1&3/3&4<e.g. \i{}A. columbianum\i0{} exhibits mixtures of small,
irregular dumb-bells and nodular forms, some of the latter approaching the
crenate (pooid) type, while irregular, slightly nodular forms predominate
in \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}> 370,2 374,1 385<somewhat>,1<e.g. \i{}A.
capensis\i0{}>/2<the chlorenchyma usually close packed> 386,2 393,1
394,1<e.g. \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}, \i{}A. giganteum\i0{}, with no ribs over
the smaller bundles>/2<alternating large and small, e.g. \i{}A.
columbianum\i0{}> 395,1<e.g. \i{}A. calamagrostis\i0{}, \i{}A.
dregeanum\i0{}, \i{}A. filifolium\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}A. columbianum\i0{},
\i{}A. giganteum\i0{}, \i{}A. splendens\i0{}> 396,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}A.
dregeanum\i0{}, and dubiously in \i{}A. calamagrostis\i0{}> 397,2 398,2
399,1<usually, in the furrows>/2<e.g. \i{}A. giganteum\i0{} seemingly
lacking bulliforms> 401,1<these from small and ill defined, e.g. \i{}A.
columbianum\i0{}, to well developed, e.g. \i{}A filifolium\i0{}> 403,2
404,1<often with only the main bundles, the smaller ones then having
abaxial strands or girders only> 405,1<at least the large bundles usually
with conspicuous anchors, Is or Ts> 406,1 409,1 413,2 415,2 469,11&12
470,24/18/26/28/34/36/42/48 471,2/3/4 473<medium sized> 476,2 477,1 480,4
487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491<about>,100<?> 492<Eurasia, Africa, North and
South America, New Zealand> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&6<?> 495,1&2&3<?>
496,1 497,2&4&5<?> 498,1&2&3<?> 499,1&2<?> 502,1&5&6<?> 504,1&2 505,1&2<?>
506,1&2<?> 507,1&2&3<?> 508,1&2&3<?> 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 523<intergeneric
hybrids with \i{}Nassella\i0{} - \i{}Achnella\i0{} Barkworth,
\i{}Stiporyzopsis\i0{} Johnson and Rogler> 524,5 531,1&2<?> 534<Tsvelev
1976, Barkworth and Everett 1987, Barkworth 1993> 535<Metcalfe 1960 -
\i{}A. calamagrostis\i0{}, \i{}A. dregeana\i0{}, \i{}A. splendens\i0{};
studied by us - \i{}A. columbiana\i0{}, \i{}A. filifolia\i0{} Nees, \i{}A.
gigantea\i0{} Link> 536<this is an unsatisfactory description of a
\i{}Stipa\i0{} segregate. See further comment under \i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu
lato> 540<achnathe> 
 
# \i{}Aciachne\i0{} <Benth.>/
7,2 9<cushion-forming and>,3 11,- 13,1-2 14,2 19,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,2
49,2 50<the sheaths overlapping, whitish, shining> 52,1 55,2 56,0.3-0.8
58,1<recurved> 59,4<and involute, pungent> 65,2 66,2 69,1 71,1-1.5 73,2
74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<the reduced inflorescence often exhibiting vestigial
spikelets> 81,1/2 88,1/2 89<greatly reduced, barely extruded from the
sheaths at anthesis> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2/- 123,3 141<about>,3 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,-
154,2 155,- 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,2<obtuse> 176,2
177,2<rounded on the back> 178,- 179,2 187,3/5 189,5 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<fusiform> 211,1 213,2 214,2<hard> 216,1<shiny> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,3<the lemma extending into the sharp, firm point> 229,- 231,1
233,1 234,1-2 236,2<with no line of demarcation from the body of the lemma>
240,2 244,2<abaxially rounded> 246,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 254,2 256,1
257,2 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2<stipoid> 269,2 270,2
271,1<the anterior members with one strong vein> 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1<1.3-1.6 mm long> 289,4 291,3<terete> 293,- 295,2
298,2 299,2 301,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 307,1 308,1 322,2 323,2 327,1
328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2<and also absent adaxially> 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,-
351,1 353,1 354,- 360,2/3 363,3/8 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1
399,1/2 401,1<or these ill defined>/- 403,2 404,2 406,2 407,2 469,11 470,22
471,2 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491,3 492<high Andes, northern
Argentina to Costa Rica> 493,7 494,3 502,6 504,11 512,4 513,2 514,2
515<high altitude grassland> 534<Macfarlane and Watson 1980; Laegaard 1987>
535<studied by us - \i{}A. pulvinata\i0{} Benth.> 540<aciachne> 
 
# \i{}Acidosasa\i0{} <Chu & Chao>/
1<from Latin \i{}acidum\i0{} (sour) and \i{}Sasa\i0{} (another bamboo
genus), referring to the edible shoots> 7<shrubby>,2<with sour, edible
young shoots> 11,2 13,300-800 14,1 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,2-3 23,4
30,1 31,1 33,2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/4 39,2 40,2 44,2 48,U 55,1<large> 63,1
66,1<mostly>/2 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 86,1 87,2 89,4/5 102,2 103,3/5<scanty>
108,2 123,3 140,2<having 4 glumes> 142,13/9/7<rarely> 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 162,1 163,3<four> 196,2 208,3-6<? - several> 250,1 251,1 252,2
255,1<acuminate> 272,6 278,2 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U
358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,3
478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,6 492<mostly southern China, one
species in Indo-China> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 522<The young shoots
are preserved by local people as a vegetable.> 534<Chu and Chao 1979, Chao
and Renvoize 1989> 537,2 538,4 540<acidosas> 
 
# \i{}Acostia\i0{} <Swallen>/
1<named for M. Acosta-Solis, collector of the type specimen>
3<\i{}Digitaria\i0{}, \i{}Panicum\i0{}> 7<slender>,2 9<densely>,3 13,25-40
14,2 27,1-2 50<sheaths keeled above> 55,2 56,3-4<7-13 cm long, narrowed to
both ends> 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 71<very short> 73,2 74,1 89,2 96,3-4<these
appressed, rather distant, up to 4.5 cm long> 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1&2
121,1 123,3<the pedicels shorter than the spikelets> 140,- 141,2-2.5 144,1
145,3 146,2 147,3 149,1 150,2 154,2 162,1 163,1<or the lower vestigial>
167<(the upper)>,2 171<densely>,1 174,1<beyond the fruit> 176,2 177,2 183,-
189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 203,2 205,2-3<as long as the spikelet>
206<densely hairy> 208,1 214,3 215,1 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2
247,1<?> 250,1 252,2 256,1 277,1<?> 283,2<?> 287,1<1.7 mm long> 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,1<\i{}A.
gracilis\i0{}> 492<Ecuador> 493,7 494,3 502,6 504,11 514,2<riverbanks>
534<Swallen 1968> 537,2 538,4 540<acostia> 
 
# \i{}Acrachne\i0{} <Wight & Arn. ex Chiov.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}akra\i0{} (the terminal point) and \i{}achne\i0{} (a
scale), referring to the fine-pointed glumes and lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}A.
verticillata\i0{} (Roxb.) Chiov. = \i{}A. racemosa\i0{} (B.Heyne ex Roem. &
Schult.) Ohwi> 5<\i{}Arthrochloa\i0{} Lorch, \i{}Camusia\i0{} Lorch,
\i{}Normanboria\i0{} Butzin> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,12-80 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2
47,2 52<broadly>,1<tapered to a hairlike tip> 55,1-2 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,2-3 70,- 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,2 91,- 94,- 95,2<usually with the lower
spikes scattered, but becoming subdigitate above>/3<\i{}A. racemosa\i0{}>
96,4-20 99,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1 106,- 107,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1<on the dorsiventral, slender, flattened rachis> 122,1 123,2
126,- 141,5.5-13 144,2 145,1 147,1/3/4<the lemmas falling acropetally from
the rachilla, but the spikelet often falling wholly or in part before all
the lemmas have been shed> 148,1-2<the rachilla tough or breaking
irregularly, the paleas persistent> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 160,1 163,2
164,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,1 176,2<but subulate via an excurrent
mid-nerve>/1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 177,1 179,2<thinly cartilaginous> 181,1
187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,(6-)8-20 214,2-3<cartilaginous> 216,2
218,2 221,2<slightly notched via the slightly excurrent lateral nerves>
223,2<from the midnerve> 240,2 243,1 244,1 248,3<the laterals closer to the
margins than to the mid-nerve, and excurrent as small teeth>
250,1<lanceolate> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<0.8-1.1 mm long> 289,4 290<deeply>,1<on
the hilar side> 291,2 293,- 294,1 295,1 297,1 298,1 299,2 303,2 304,1 305,1
306,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,2 336,3 340,6-9 345,1
348,2<usually>/3<rarely> 350,2 351,2 352,2 355,1 360,1 362,4
363,4/8<rarely> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,1 383,2 385,1 393,2 395,1 396,2
397,1 400,1 403,2 404,1<with the major bundles> 405,1/2 406,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,3 492<Abyssinia, southern Africa, Indochina,
Indomalayan region, Australia> 493,2&3&4&5 494,1&2&5 495,2 496,1&3 498,3
499,1&2&4 500,1&2&3 503,1 504,5&6&7 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,3 513,1&2 514,2
515<sandy savanna> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. verticillata\i0{} Wight &
Arn., \i{}A. racemosa\i0{} Ohwi> 540<acrachne> 
 
# \i{}Acritochaete\i0{} <Pilger>/
7,1 9,4 11,- 14,2 19,1 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3<broadly linear to
narrowly lanceolate> 55,1-2 56,4-15<to 14 cm long> 65,2 66,2 69,1<firm>
70,1 71,1 73,2 74,1 89,2 91,- 94,- 96,2-4 101,2 102,2 103,- 108,2 120,1/-
121,1 123,3 141,5 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1
167,1 171,1 176<(the upper)>,1<attenuate into very long, filiform, flexuous
awns> 177,2 179,1 187,0-1 189,2-4 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,1<identically with G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 204,6 205,2 206,2 207,2 208,1
214,1-2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2<with a terminal subule> 240,2 244,2 246,1
247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 273,1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 286,2 287,1
291,2 293,- 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,1 325,2 326,1 329,2 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 345,1<but confined to single files bordering veins> 348,3 350,2
351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2
399,2<these present only in irregular groups> 401<in irregular groups>
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20
491,1<\i{}A. volkensii\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2&3
499,2&3 500,1&2&3 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<montane forest>
535<studied by us> 540<acritoch> 
 
# \i{}Acroceras\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}akros\i0{} (at the top) and \i{}keras\i0{} (a horn),
alluding to crested lemmas> 5<\i{}Neohusnotia\i0{} A. Camus>
6<\i{}Commelinidium\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/4 11,- 13,10-125 14,2<often
much-branched> 38,- 47,2 52,2-4 57,1<somewhat amplexicaul> 63,1/2 65,1/2
68,1<mostly>/2<rarely> 69,2<very narrow>/3 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,2<racemes or
panicles>/5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,2 121,1 123,3<the pairs of pedicels more or less connate below>
126,1<at least in lower parts of panicle>/2 144,1 145,1-3<terete below>
147,3 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the longer, upper)>,2<subequalling
the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 170,1 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,3
189,5-7/8-9<rarely> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,5
205,2-3 206,1-2 207,1-2<membranous to crustaceous> 208,1 214,3 215,1-2
216,1-2 218,1 222,1<the green apex blunt, hard, laterally compressed> 223,1
240,2<shiny> 244,1-2 246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,1<its tip reflexed>
256,1 257,2<firm> 258,1-2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 290,U 291<flattened on one side>
295,1/2<punctiform, oblong, or linear and half to two thirds the fruit
length> 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 329,1/3<long-cells cubical> 331,1/2 332,1
335,1&2 339,(36-)40-84 341,3.9-6 342,8-10.8 343,(24-)27-36(-38)
344,0.42-0.65 345,1 346,25.5-30 348,3 351,1/2 353<when seen,>,1 354,1
356,5&8 360,1/3<rarely> 363,8 364,1-3 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 393,1/3
394,1/- 395,1 396,1/2 399,1/2 401,1<or the fans ill defined>/- 403,2 404,1
405,1/2 406,1 469,9 470,36 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15
491,15 492<Africa, Madagascar, Indomalayan region> 493,3&4&5 494,2&3
496,1&2&3 499,2&3&4 500,1&2&3 502,1&2&3&4&5 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 511,1
512,1-3 513,1&2 514,2 515<shallow water, damp places and forests>
516<\i{}A. zizanioides\i0{}> 517<\i{}A. macrum\i0{}> 518<\i{}A.
macrum\i0{}> 534<Launert 1970; Zuloaga 1987> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}A. macrum\i0{} Stapf, \i{}A. munroanum\i0{} (Balansa) Henrard>
537,2 540<acrocera> 
 
# \i{}Actinocladum\i0{} <McClure ex Soderstrom>/
1<name alluding to the manner of branching> 7,2 9,3 11,2 13,300-460 14,1
15<about>,0.5-1.4 19,1<and with rather different branches basally> 21,10-20
22,5 23,4 30,1 31,1 33,1 34,1 35,1 36,2/3 37,1 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,U 55,1
56,10-40 63,1 66,1 67,1 68,1 69<a minute ciliolate rim> 72,1 73,2 74,1 75,2
78,- 89,-<consisting of verticils of racemose or paniculate, few-flowered
inflorescences> 91,- 96,- 101,1 102,1<with a spatheole at the first node
of each ultimate inflorescence unit> 103,3/5 106,3 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123<long>,3 141,60-75 144,- 145<slightly>,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,1<short-pilose> 156,1 157,1<of short hairs> 163,2 165,1 167,1 168,2
170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2<apiculate> 177,2<rounded on the back>
179,2<leathery, triangular> 186,1 187,5 189,11 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,7-10 210<ovate lanceolate> 214,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1
244,2<rounded on the back> 248,13 250,1 251,1 255<minutely>,2 256,1 258,2
259,4<6 between the keels, 5 on each wing> 260,3 264,1 265,3
266,1<posterior, smaller> 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2
277,2 278,1 279,2 280,1<the top of the ovary being attenuate into a single
style> 283,2 287,3 290,2<but the seed within it slightly grooved>
291<slightly curved,>,2 293,1 295,2 296<dry,>,2 297,1 298,2 322,1 323,1
324,1&2 325,1<and almost completely covering them> 326,3<basically one
median row per long-cell, large, thick walled, irregular, warty and
sometimes bifurcated or branching> 329<probably>,1<but their shapes largely
obscured but papillae, and hard to determine> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334<mostly>,2<but occasionally with an extra, short basal cell> 335,1
339,40-48 341,5.4-6 342,7.5-8 343,18-25.3 344,0.44-0.53 345,1 346,22.5-27
348,- 350<sunken> 351,2 357<numerous large costal prickles present, with
abundant tiny pits and conspicuous basal rosettes> 358,2 360,2 361,3<in the
material seen> 365,- 370,2 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1<with one large rib
and a short series of smaller ones, near one margin>/3<elsewhere>
395,2<unless the submarginal rib represents a highly asymmetrical midrib>
396,1 398,2<unless the large submarginal rib is interpreted as a highly
asymmetrically placed midrib> 399,1<between all the adjoining veins> 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with narrow Is or anchors> 406,2
407,1&4 408,1&3<there being small abaxial groups opposite the bulliforms,
and adaxial hypodermal fibres adjoining and lateral to them> 477,3 478,4
481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,1<\i{}A. verticillatum\i0{}>
492<central Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11 534<Soderstrom 1981d>
535<studied by us> 540<actinocl> 
 
# \i{}Aegilops\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Aegilops\i0{}: name for a grass in Theophrastus. From the Greek
\i{}aegilos\i0{} (a herb liked by goats, or a goat), with goatlike
(referring to whiskery-awned spikelets) and a grass similar to that liked
by goats offered as alternative allusions (see Bor 1968)>
5<\i{}Aegicon\i0{} Adans., \i{}Aegilemma\i0{} Lve, \i{}Aegilonearum\i0{}
Lve, \i{}Aegilopodes\i0{} Lve, \i{}Chennapyrum\i0{} Lve,
\i{}Comopyrum\i0{} Lve, \i{}Cylindropyrum\i0{} (Jaub. & Spach) Lve,
\i{}Gastropyrum\i0{} (Jaub. & Spach) Lve, \i{}Kiharapyrum\i0{} Lve,
\i{}Orrhopygium\i0{} Lve, \i{}Patropyrum\i0{} Lve, \i{}Perlaria\i0{}
Fabric., \i{}Sitopsis\i0{} (Jaub. & Spach) Lve> 6<\i{}Amblyopyrum\i0{}>
7,1 9,1/3 11,- 13,15-80 14,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 52,1-2 56,1.5-10
59<usually>,1 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.2-0.8 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<there
often being incomplete spikelets at base and tip of the spike> 89,1 91,-
94,- 99,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,2/- 108,1<usually> 109,1<occasionally
- e.g. \i{}Cylindropyrum\i0{}>/2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2
123,1/2 126,- 141,5-12 144,- 145,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 147,1/3/4 154,1 155,1
156,1 157,2 160<very>,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,2 173,3 174,2<usually
with one or more teeth or awns> 175,2 176,1<sometimes with more than one
awn>/2 177,2<generally rounded on the back> 179,2<leathery> 187,7-13
189,7-13 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-8 210<one to three toothed, or awned>
214,2-3 216,1-2 218,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1/3 226,1/2 227<the
median>,2<when laterals present> 228,1/3 231,1 234,1-3 235,1 237<when
present,>,1/2 240,1/2 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,5-7<usually>/9-13<<5%>
\i{}Kiharapyrum\i0{}> 249,2 250,1 251,1 255,2 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 272,3 274,1.5-4.5 275,2 277,2
283,2 286,1/2 287,2 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,1-2<to about 1/3 the
caryopsis length> 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<though the
costals rather 270,4 smaller> 328,1<thick walled> 330,1 331,1<e.g. \i{}A.
cylindrica\i0{}>/2 332,2 345,1 346,42-45 348,1 350,1 351,1/2 353,1<in
\i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}> 354,1<in \i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}> 356,1
358,1<abundant costally, in \i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}> 360,2<e.g. in \i{}A.
cylindrica\i0{}>/3 363,1/3<exclusively, in \i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}>/5 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2<the adaxial ribs wide and low> 394,1 395,2 396,1
399,1 401,1<or the groups of fairly uniform cells>/- 403,2<except the
extreme laterals, in \i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}> 404,1/2 405,2 406,1 410,1
469,7 470,14&28/42<rarely> 471,2&4&6
472,2/3/4/12/13/21/2&21/3&4/3&21/4&13/13&21/4&13&21 474,2.3-7.5<21 species,
mean 5.6> 475,11.2<11 species, 7.2-14.3> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6
489,49 490,76 491,22 492<western Mediterranean to central Asia> 493,1&2&4
494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,1&2&3 499,1 504,11 506,1 511,1 512,4 513,2
516<\i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}, \i{}A. geniculata\i0{}, \i{}A.
triuncialis\i0{}> 518<several (e.g. \i{}A. cylindrica\i0{}, \i{}A.
kotschyi\i0{}, \i{}A. triuncialis\i0{} considered useful)> 523<intergeneric
hybrids with \i{}Triticum\i0{} (\i{}Aegilotriticum\i0{} Wagner ex
Tschermak), \i{}Secale\i0{} (\i{}Aegilosecale\i0{} Ciferri & Giacom.),
\i{}Dasypyrum\i0{}, \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1
530,17&25&32&33 531,1&2 532,4&5 533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}A. cylindrica\i0{} Host> 540<aegilops> 
 
# \i{}Aegopogon\i0{} <Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}aix\i0{} (goat) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard), referring
to fascicles of awns> 3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato>
5<\i{}Atherophora\i0{} Steud., \i{}Hymenothecium\i0{} Lag.,
\i{}Schellingia\i0{} Steud.> 7<delicate>,1 9,- 11,- 13,6-30 14,2 38,- 44,2
47,2 50<sheaths loose> 52,1 55,2 56,1-2 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1
75,1 76,1&3&4 77,4<in triads, the central member hermaphrodite, the
laterals male or sterile> 78,1 89,3<the main axis bearing triplets of
spikelets with short flat pedicels, the triplets short-pedunculate,
spreading, the rachis filiform> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 108,1 109,1<i.e.
the triplets falling> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3 121,1<the triplets on one
side of the axis> 123,1&3/2&3 126,1 127,1/2<the central hermaphrodite
spikelet sessile or subsessile, the reduced laterals pedicellate> 128,-
129,1 130,3/4 131<the longer-pedicelled male or neuter spikelets reduced>
141,2 144,- 145,1/2/3<?> 147,3<the triplets disarticulating, with the
pointed basal stipe> 148,- 154,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 168,2 170,-
174,2<apically notched> 176,1<via the extended midnerve> 179,2<membranous,
truncate or notched, awned> 182,- 187,1<?> 189,1<?> 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220<with a narrow, nerveless lobe outside
each lateral awn> 221,2 223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,2 228<continued
from the nerve> 229,- 231,1<delicate> 233,1<scabrous> 234,3 235,1 237,1
240,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<but somewhat shorter than the lemma> 255,2
256,3<two-awned> 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 272,3
274<small> 277,1 283,2 287,1<about 1.7 mm long in \i{}A. bryophylus\i0{}>
289,2/4 291,1 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2
325,2<for the most part> 326,1<large> 330,1 331,2 332,1 335,2 336,3 340,30
345,1 347,2 348,2<sometimes approaching parallel> 350,2 351,1 352,2
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1-2 360,1 361,1 362,3-4 363,8 364,1-3 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,1 378,2 393,1/2 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<the large median
cell of each group deeply inserted in the mesophyll> 403,2 404,1<with the
main bundles> 405,1<the main bundles with anchors> 406,1 442,- 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of \i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,3
492<Southern U.S.A. to Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&2&3 495,3 496,3 500,4
502,1&2&6 504,11 524,5 525,4 529,4&5 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us - \i{}A.
cenchroides\i0{} Willd.> 540<aegopogo> 
 
# \i{}Aeluropus\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ailuros\i0{} (cat) and \i{}pous\i0{} (foot), the
allusion obscure> 5<\i{}Aelbroeckia\i0{} De Moor, \i{}Chamaedactylis\i0{}
T. Nees> 7,2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,5-40 14,2 19,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-2<with
a cartilaginous, often pungent apex> 55,2 56,0.6-3 59,1/2 61,1 65,2 69,2-3
70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 89,1<ovoid to capitate>/2<then a 2-sided raceme of
short, densely spiculate sessile spikes appressed to the main axis> 94,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 126,-
141,2.2-5 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,2 157,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1 166,1
167,1 170,2 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous to leathery> 187,1-3 189,5-7 196,2
208,4-18 214,2 216,2 218,1/2 221<when incised,>,2<emarginate> 223,2 240,1
244,1 248,9-11 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2 270,- 272,3 274,0.8-1.6 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 289,4 291,2 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1
305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1<very abundant, large, thick walled> 324,1&2
325,1<so as to thoroughly obscure them> 326,1/2 327,2<the costals
conventionally shaped> 328,1<quite thick walled> 329,2<all being relatively
short> 330,1<to irregular>/- 331,1 332,1 333,1/2 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,21-27 340,9 341,13.5-18 342,1.5-2 343,14-18 344,0.55-0.69 345,1<but
almost invisible> 347,2 348,3 351,1 352,2 353<hard to observe, but
seemingly solitary, paired and even in short rows> 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4
363,8 364<mostly short>,2-3<a few almost square> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2
376,1-2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1<at least in places> 393,1 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,2 401,1/2<sometimes associated with colourless girders>
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 442,- 469,10 470,20 471,2 473<small> 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,1 491,5 492<Mediterranean to India>
493,1&2&3&4 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,2&3 499,1&2 504,11 506,1&2
508,1&2 513,2 514,1 515<in sand of seashores and deserts> 524,5 525,5 531,2
533,1&2 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. littoralis\i0{} (Gouan)
Parl.> 540<aeluropu> 
 
# \i{}Afrotrichloris\i0{} <Chiov.>/
7,2 9,3 13,30-60 14,2 19,2 40,2 55,2 56<about>,1.5<to 25 cm long> 59,3 61,1
65,2 69<scarious, long pilose> 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,1<14-22 cm long, curved or
flexuous> 91,- 94,- 96,- 98,1<?> 101,- 102,- 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 141,15 147,1 154,1 156,1 157,1<?> 163,2 165,1-2 167<(the
upper)>,2 168,2 171,2 174,1 176,2<but acuminate> 179,2<divergent, narrowly
lanceolate, hyaline> 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 193<several, clustered>
195,1<male or sterile, and lacking the palea> 196,2 208,1 210<broadly
rounded, thinly leathery below, with hyaline lobes> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,1<to below the middle> 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2 227<the median>,2 228,1
229,- 231,1 233,2 234,3 240,1 241,1<on the lateral nerves, the lobes
glabrous>/2 242,2 244,2<rounded on the back> 248,3 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1<2 mm long> 289,4<oblong-elliptical> 290,U 291,2 297,1 322,1 323,1
324,2 325,1 326,1-2<the papillae large relative to the cells carrying them>
328,2<intercostals thicker-walled> 329,1<but these rather short> 330,1
331<not readily observable in detail, because of the abundant papillae>
332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,15 342,2 344,0.37 345,1 347,2
348<seemingly all>,2<but extensively obscured by papillae> 350,2 351,1
352,3 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1<but the short-cells rather long in
some files> 362,4 363<exclusively>,4<a rather round form of this type>
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1&3 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,1-2 395,1<via a
rather larger bundle, and its adaxial group of colourless cells> 396,1
397,1 399,1 400,2 401,1/2<these associated with colourless girders> 403,2
404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<in the large bundles> 406,1 409,1 442,-
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,2 492<Somalia> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,2 535<studied by us - \i{}A. martinii\i0{} Chiov.> 537,2
540<afrotric> 
 
# \i{}Agenium\i0{} <Nees>/
7,2 9,3 13,50-80 14,2 19,1 44,2 52,1-2<acuminate> 55,2 56<to>,3 65,2
66,1<at least on the lower culms> 69,1<minutely ciliolate only> 70,1 71,0.5
72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&3&4/2&3&4 77,4 78,1<the upper pedicellate
spikelets being awnless> 79,1<with several conspicuous homogamous pairs at
the raceme bases, these being awnless and male or neuter> 89,2<of
andropogonoid racemes>/4 95<usually>,1/2 96,1-3 101,2 102,2 103,3
104<several-jointed> 106,1/2/3<the raceme bases, when digitate, filiform
and flexuous> 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,2 112,2 113,2 114,2 115,1<along the
margins> 120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,3-4<at the base of the
racemes>/1-2<in the upper pairs> 130,3/4 131<the (upper) pedicelled
spikelets male, larger> 133,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} villous> 136,1
141,5 145,3<subterete> 147,3<and with the adjacent joint and pedicel> 154,2
157,1<the hairs shorter than in the pedicelled spikelet> 161,1 163,2 165,2
167,2 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} more so> 173,3
174,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} truncate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} obtuse> 176,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hairier, sulcate> 183,2 184,4<with a median,
translucent groove> 185,2<but the sulcus looks like an extended pit>
187,6<without a median> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2<ciliate> 204,0 205,3<the latter being reduced to its awn> 206,-
207,2<hyaline, much shorter than the glumes> 208,1 210<consisting almost
entirely of awn> 216,- 218,1 220,- 223,3 225,1<up to 40 mm long> 226,-
228,- 231,2 233,1-2<scabrid to shortly hairy> 234,3<which is virtually
non-existent> 235,1 236,1 240,- 244,- 248,1<in the awn> 250,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 277,1 283,2 284,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,1 324,2 325,1 326,1/2<large, rough> 329,1-2<and the interstomatals very
short> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,25.5-27-27 341,4-4.5(-5) 342,5-7.5 343,15
344,0.56-0.59 345,1 346,18-21-21 347,2 348,2<mostly>/3<a few>
350,1<sometimes, slightly>/2 351,2<very scarce, ignoring the microhairs and
a few small prickle bases> 360,1 363,8 364<mostly short>,3 370,1 374,2
393,3 395,1<via a large bundle with an I-shaped combination girder>
396<limits not clearly defined> 399,2<the epidermis extensively bulliform>
403,1 404,1<with all the primaries> 405,1<most notably the mid-vein I>
406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,4 492<Brazil to
Argentina> 493,7 494,3 502,4&5 504,11 513,2 515<dry savanna> 535<studied by
us - \i{}A. villosum\i0{} Nees> 536<description based mainly on \i{}A.
villosum\i0{}> 537,2 540<agenium> 
 
# \i{}Agnesia\i0{} <Zuloaga & Judziewicz>/
1<named for Agnes Chase, American agrostologist> 3<\i{}Olyra\i0{}>
7<delicate>,2 9,3 11,2 13,15-50 14,2 15,0.1 19,2 27,2 40,2 44,2<the lower
and middle culm leaves with reduced blades, the upper leaves fully
developed in dense, pinnately presented complements of 3-15> 47,1<via a
small, distal prolongation on one side of the sheath> 48,2 50<sheaths
slightly keeled> 52,1-3<acuminate> 55,1-2 56,(3-)10-30<and (60-)80-160 mm
long> 59,1 63,1<the cuneate, slightly asymmetrical blade base attenuate to
the 1-2 mm pseudopetiole> 66,2<?> 69,1<ciliolate> 70,1 71,0.3-0.6 73,1
74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,2/3<having a clavately pedicelled female spikelet
terminating a racemose panicle which bears several to many male or male and
female spikelets on erect filiform pedicels below, or occasionally with a
short, erect branch from the lower part of the inflorescence bearing two
male spikelets> 86,1 87,2 88,2-3 89,4/5 94,U 101,1<the male branch, when
present, often bearing a minute bract>/2<?> 102,1/2<?> 103,3/5 121,2<?>
123,3 131<the male spikelets early deciduous, 7-8 mm long, linear, hyaline>
133,2 134,2 135,1 136,3<the awn flexuous, 1-2 mm long> 137,1 141,11-15
142<narrowly>,9 147,3<or the glumes tardily disarticulating> 149,1 154,2
157,2 163,2 165,2<the lower slightly longer, even \i{}in situ\i0{}> 166,3
167,2<exceeding them> 171,1-2<glabrous to puberulent> 174,1 176<long>,1
177,2 179,2<firmly membranous, lanceolate, attenuate into the stiff,
scabrous, 2.5-8 mm awns, with cross nerves> 187,5 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<ellipsoidal or lanceolate> 214,3<leathery> 216,2 217<pale, becoming
mottled with dark spots> 218,1 219,1 223,2-3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,1
233,2<short-pilose> 234,1<1-1.5 mm long> 240,1<with appressed, silky hairs>
244,2 246,2 247<perhaps>,1<judging from the illustration in Zuloaga and
Judziewicz 1993> 250,1 251,1 253,2<and hidden by it, except at the base>
261,3 290,U 294,U 295,U 296,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U
397,U 402,U 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,1<\i{}A.
lancifolia\i0{}> 492<Amazonian South America> 493,7 494,3 502,3 512,3 513,1
514,2 515<wet lowland forests> 534<Zuloaga and Judziewicz 1993>
536<segregated from \i{}Olyra\i0{} (\i{}O. lancifolia\i0{} Mez). Available
description poor> 537,2 538,4 540<agnesia> 
 
# \i{}Agropyron\i0{} <Gaertn.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}agros\i0{} (wild) and \i{}puros\i0{} (wheat), alluding
to weeds of wheat fields or resemblance to cultivated annual wheat>
5<\i{}Costia\i0{} Willkom, \i{}Douglasdeweya\i0{}, \i{}Kratzmannia\i0{}
Opiz> 6<\i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Leymus\i0{}, \i{}Elytrigia\i0{},
\i{}Australopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Pascopyrum\i0{} etc.> 7,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,15-150
14,2 19,2 24,1/2 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 52,1 55,2 56,1.2-10 58,2
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1 70,1<or very short>
71,0.1-1<leathery to membranous> 72,2 73,2 74,1 80,1 89,1<usually
pectinate> 91,- 94,- 99,1/2/3/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1<diverging from the rachis> 121,2 122,2<in rows> 123,3
125,1 126,- 141,6-12(-15) 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1/2<shortly
pilose to scabrous> 157,1/2 160<very>,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,2
171,1<pilose>/2 172<when hairless,>,1 174,1/- 175,2 176,1<the awn to 3 mm
long>/2 177,1<usually strongly keeled> 179,2<lanceolate ovate, somewhat
asymmetric> 187,2-5 189,2-5 191,1<rarely>/2 192,2 196,2 208,3-8<rarely two,
or up to ten> 214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3 225<when
present,>,1 228,3 231,1 234,1-2<rarely more than 5 mm long> 235,2
240,1<pilose>/2 243<when hairless>,1 244,1<at least slightly so> 247,2
248,5 249,1 250,1 251,1 255,1<truncate>/2<emarginate> 256,1
258,2<membranous> 259,1<rarely>/2<rarely>/3 260,3/1 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,1 270,2<usually entire> 271,2 272,3 274,(2.5-)3.5-6 275,2 276,2 277,2
278,1/2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1 287,1-2<3-5.5 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1
295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1/2 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1 311,1
312,2 313,1 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower, more
rectangular> 328,2<the costals with thicker, heavily pitted walls>
330<mostly>,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,46.5-51 348,1 350,1 351,2 357<small
prickles abundant> 358,2 360,3<mostly solitary, a few pairs>
363<predominantly>,1<but varying in length, regularity and sinuosity so as
to approach panicoid forms at the one extreme, the horizontal-smooth form
at the other> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1<round topped> 395,1<via a sharp
keel and the large, heavily girdered bundle> 396,1 399,1
401<exclusively>,1<in the furrows> 403,2 404,1<with all the primaries, the
rest with adaxial girders or strands only> 405,1<but at the most, only
slight Is> 406,1 411,2 412,1 469,7 470,14&28&42 471,2&4&6 472,16 477,2
478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,15 492<Mediterranean to China
and USSR> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,3 504,11 506,1&2
511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<steppe, etc., on dry stony soils> 516<\i{}A.
cristatum\i0{}> 517<\i{}A. cristatum\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Hordeum\i0{} (\i{}Agrohordeum\i0{} A. Camus), \i{}Leymus\i0{}
(\i{}Leymopyron\i0{} Tsvelev), \i{}Elytrigia\i0{} (\i{}Agrotrigia\i0{}
Tsvelev), \i{}Secale\i0{}, \i{}Triticum\i0{} (\i{}Agrotrisecale\i0{}
Ciferri & Giacom., \i{}Agrotriticum\i0{} Ciferri & Giacom.),
\i{}Sitanion\i0{} (\i{}Agrositanion\i0{} Bowden). See also
\i{}Agroelymus\i0{} A. Camus> 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us -
\i{}Agropyron cristatum\i0{} (L.) J. Gaertner> 536<\i{}Agropyron\i0{} sensu
stricto> 540<ag_pyron> 
 
# \i{}Agropyropsis\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<from \i{}Agropyron\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.) and the Greek
\i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance), alluding to similarity> 7,2 9,2/3 11,-
13,20-60 14,2 19,2 25,1 26,2 38,- 42,2 44,1 47,2 48,2 52,1-3 55,2
56<about>,4 59,3 65,2 66,2 69,1<but ciliolate> 70,1 71<about>,0.5-1 72,2
73,2 74,1 89,1<tough> 91,- 94,- 98,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 125,2 141,5-9 144,- 145,1-2
147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,- 160,2 161,2<glabrous> 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,2 168,2 170,2 171,2 172,1 174<fairly>,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 183,-
187,3-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-4(-6) 210<ovate>
214,1<somewhat cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<rounded
on the back> 246,- 247,2 248,3<lower florets>/5<upper florets, in the
material seen> 249,2 250,1 251,1<lanceolate> 253,2 255,1/2 256,1
257,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
270,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 278,1<this fleshy, glabrous> 280,2 283,2 286,2
287,1<2-3 mm long> 289,2 291,2 295,1<shortly linear> 298,2 301,2 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<the walls of medium thickness>
330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 347,2 348<high>,2&3 350<slightly>,1/2 351,1
353<consistently>,1 354,1 356,1 363,1&2<a mixture of short-crenate forms
and potato shapes> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1<these broad, flat-topped>
395,1<by its large bundle, a fairly prominent, rounded keel and large
bulliform hinges> 396,1 397,2 398,2 399,1 401,1<one at the base of each
furrow> 403,2 404,1<with all the large bundles> 405,1<mostly Is, the
midrib with a large anchor> 406,1<apart from large groups in the blade
margins> 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,56 491,2 492<North
Africa, Cape Verde Islands> 493,4 494,1 495,2 498,1&2&3 504,11 514,1<in
damp, saline soils> 535<studied by us - \i{}Agropyropsis lolium\i0{} (Batt.
&amp; Trab.) A. Camus> 540<ag_pyrop> 
 
# \i{}Agrostis\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}agrostis\i0{} (a forage plant, a kind of grass), cf.
\i{}agros\i0{} (a field)> 2<\i{}Bents, Blowngrasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A.
alba\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Agraulus\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Agrestis\i0{} Bub.,
\i{}Anomalotis\i0{} Steud., \i{}Bromidium\i0{} Nees, \i{}Candollea\i0{}
Steud., \i{}Chaetotropis\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Decandolea\i0{} Batard,
\i{}Didymochaeta\i0{} Steud., \i{}Lachnagrostis\i0{} Trin.,
\i{}Neoschischkinia\i0{} Tsvelev, \i{}Notonema\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Pentatherum\i0{} Nabelek, \i{}Podagrostis\i0{} (Griseb.) Scribn.,
\i{}Senisetum\i0{} Koidz., \i{}Trichodium\i0{} Michaux, \i{}Vilfa\i0{}
Adans.> 6<\i{}Linkagrostis\i0{} (\i{}A. juressi\i0{})> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13<mostly>,(3-)5-100 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 52,1 53,2 55,2
56,0.2-10 59<usually>,1/3<convolute, or canaliculate>/- 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1
70,1/2 71,1-6 73,2 74,1 80,1 81,1/2 89,5 90,1<\i{}Lachnagrostis\i0{}>/2
91,1/2<e.g., \i{}Bromidium\i0{}> 92<when contracted,>,3/4<not usually
interrupted> 94,1/2 97<where known,>,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,0.8-4 145,1 147,1 154,1/2
155,1/2 156<when present,>,2 157,1<the hairs less than 0.5 mm long>/2 158,2
160,2<minute> 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2-3<nearly always>/1<<2%> very rarely>
167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<usually narrow, membranous> 187,1
189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1(-2) 214,1<thinly membranous to hyaline> 216,2
218,1-2<usually truncate or emarginate, sometimes toothed via excurrent
veins> 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1/3<\i{}Bromidium\i0{}>/5<rarely>
226,1/2<by extension of the lateral veins> 227<the median>,1<when laterals
present> 228,2 229,2 231,2 234,1-2/3<<2%> rarely> 235,1 237<(when
present)>,1-3 240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,3-5 250<nearly always>,1 251,1/2/3
255,1/2 258,2<hyaline or membranous> 259,1/3/- 260,3/1/- 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1
286,2 287,1 290,1/2<<5%> rarely> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1/2
302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1/2 310,1/2 311,1 312,1/2 313,1
314,3-5 315,1 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,37-39<in \i{}A. avenacea\i0{}> 348<low>,2/1
350,1 351,2 360,3 363,1/5 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1/2 396,1
399,1/2 401<when well defined,>,1<or the groups of fairly uniform cells>/-
403,1/2 404,1/2 405,2 406,1 410,1 411,2 413,2<1 species> 415,1 469,7
470,14&16&21&28&30&32&35&42&44&46&56<and aneuploids> 471,2&3&4&5&6&7&8<and
aneuploids> 473<large> 474,1.5&1.8<2 species> 475,6.9<1 species> 477,2
478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2 491<about>,220
492<worldwide-temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3&4 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4&5 500,1&2&3&4 501,1
502,1&4&5&6&7 503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3
508,1&2&3 509,2 511,1 512,2/3/4<rarely> 513,1&2 514<nearly always>,2
515<grassland, light woodland, rarely sand dunes> 516<\i{}A. canina\i0{},
\i{}A. castellana\i0{}, \i{}A. gigantea\i0{}, \i{}A. stolonifera\i0{},
\i{}A. tenuis\i0{}> 517<\i{}A. palustris\i0{}, \i{}A. tenuis\i0{} (only for
poor, acid soils), etc.> 518<\i{}A. exarata\i0{}, \i{}A. oregonensis\i0{},
\i{}A. tenuis\i0{}, \i{}A. variabilis\i0{} etc.> 520<\i{}A. canina\i0{},
\i{}A. stolonifera\i0{}, \i{}A. tenuis\i0{} etc.> 523<intergeneric hybrids
with \i{}Polypogon\i0{} (\i{}Agropogon\i0{} P. Fourn.),
\i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1&5
530,17&24&25&27&29&30&31&33&35&36 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,2 534<Vickery 1941;
Bjorkman 1960; Nicora 1962> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A.
aemula\i0{} R. Br., \i{}A. australiensis\i0{} Mez, \i{}A. avenacea\i0{}
Gmelin, \i{}A. billardieri\i0{} R.Br., \i{}A. tenuis\i0{} Sibth. (= \i{}A.
capillaris L.\i0{})> 540<agrostis> 
 
# \i{}Agrostopoa\i0{} <Davidse, Soreng & Peterson>/
7,1/2 9,3 13,7-29 14,2 19,1 37,2 42<mainly>,2 44,1 47,2 49,2 52,1 55,2
56<0.8-5 cm long, to 1.5 mm wide> 59,2 66,2 69,1 70<entire to
deeplylacerate> 71,0.3-3.5 73,2 74,1 76,1 89<1-4 cm long,>,5<with recurved
synflorescences> 91,1 97,3 101,2 102,2 120,1 121,2 123,3<the pedicels
fragile, breaking near the base> 141,2.4-5.6 142,7 145,1 147,1 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,1-2 166,2-3 167,1-2 171,2 172,1/1&2<apically and on the nerves>
174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2 180,0.66-1 187,1 189,1/3 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,2<thinly chartaceous> 216,2 218,1-2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2 223,2/3
225<or mucros>,1 226,1 228,1<shallowly>/3 231,1 232,1/2/3 233,1<scabrous>
234,1-3<2-5.6 mm long> 236,2 238,1 239,2 240,2 243,1 244,1 245,2 247,2
248,5 250,1 251,1 257<somewhat>,1<Hyaline to thinly chartaceous> 259,3
260,3 262,2 263<smooth or slightly scabrous with distal hooks> 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270<lanceolate,>,2 271,2 272,2<rarely>/3
274,1.6-2.7 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2 285,2 286,2 287,1<1-2
mm long> 289,2 291,1 295,1 296,1 297,3 298,2 329,U 332,2 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 370,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,61 491,3<\i{}A. barclayae\i0{}, \i{}A. wallisii\i0{}, \i{}A.
woodii\i0{}> 492<northern Columbia> 493,7 494,3 515<at elevations of
3450-4500 m> 534<Davidse, Soreng and Peterson (2009)> 538,4 540<agrospoa> 
 
# \i{}Aira\i0{} <L.>/
1<the Greek name for \i{}Lolium temulentum\i0{}> 2<\i{}Hairgrasses\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}A.caerulea\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Airella\i0{} (Dumort.) Dumort.,
\i{}Aspris\i0{} Adans., \i{}Caryophyllea\i0{} Opiz, \i{}Fiorinia\i0{}
Parl., \i{}Fussia\i0{} Schur, \i{}Salmasia\i0{} Bub.> 7<small, slender>,1
9,3 11,- 13,2-40 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2
56,0.3-2 58,1 59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1 70,2<acute> 71,2.4-5 73,2
74,1 80,2 89,5 91,1/2 92<when contracted,>,3-4 93,1/2 94,1 97,2 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,1.6-3.5
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 150,2 154,1/2 155,2 156<when present,>,2 157,1/2
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2/3 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1/2
179,2<membranous, delicate> 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,2
214,3<becoming papery> 216,2 218,1/2 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228,2
229,2 231,2 234,1-3 235,1 240,2 244,1-2 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1
259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,0.2-1.7 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1 287,1 289,2 290,1 291,2 295,1 298,2 299,2
301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1
314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,1/2 332,2 345,2/1 346,45-54<in
\i{}A. cupaniana\i0{}> 348,1/2 350,1 351,2 352,1 355,1 360,1/3 362,3 363,1
367,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,2 400,1 401,-
403,1/2 404,2 406,1 411,1/2 413,2<1 species> 469,7 470,14&28 471,2&4
473<large> 474,2.7-3.2<4 species, mean 2.9> 475,6/5.9<\i{}A.
elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A. praecox\i0{}> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,3 491,8 492<North and South temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8
494,1&2&4&6 495,1&2 496,1 497,2&4 498,1&2&3 499,2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10
505,2 506,1 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 515<sandy soils> 524,5
525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&25 531,1 532,4 535<studied by us - \i{}A.
cupiana\i0{} Guss., \i{}A. elegans\i0{} Willd.> 540<aira> 
 
# \i{}Airopsis\i0{} <Desv.>/
5<\i{}Aeropsis\i0{} Aschers. & Graebn., \i{}Sphaerella\i0{} Bub.> 7<very
slender>,1 9,- 11,- 13,3-25 14,2 38,- 47,2 50<the uppermost sheath somewhat
inflated> 52,1 55,2 56<to>,1.5 58,1 59,3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,1-2
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 94,1/2<?> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<the pedicels clavate> 141,1.2-1.5 142,3 144,-
145,2 147,1 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,3
167,2 169,1 170,- 171,2<smooth, shining> 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2
183,- 187,3<the laterals faint> 188,- 189,3<the laterals faint> 191,1 196,2
208,2 210<3-dentate> 214,2 216,2 218,2 221,2 223,1 240,1<puberulent> 244,2
246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1-2<truncate to slightly
denticulate> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
270,2 271,2 272,3 274,0.3 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<0.5-0.6 mm long>
289,5<hemispherical> 291,2 293,- 295,1<punctate> 298,2 301,1 322,1 323,2
330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 357<prickles common> 358,2 360,3
361,3-2 363<imperfectly>,1/- 365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,2
395,2 396,1 399,2<seemingly, in the poor material seen> 401,- 403,2
404,2<all the main bundles with adaxial strands and abaxial girders> 442,-
469,4 470,8 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,17 491,1<\i{}A.
tenella\i0{}> 492<northwest Africa and southwest Europe to Sicily>
493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1 512,3-4 513,2 515<sandy
places> 535<studied by us> 540<airopsis> 
 
# \i{}Alexfloydia\i0{} <B.K. Simon>/
1<named for Alex Floyd, discoverer of this grass> 4<Type: \i{}A.
repens\i0{} B.K.Simon> 7,2 9,2 13,18-24 14,2 17,2 19<sparingly>,1 25,3-4
26,2 32,2 40,2 41,2 43,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 49,2 50<the sheaths keeled> 52,1
55,1 56,1-2 59,1-2 60,2 65,2 66,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 76,1 82,2 88,2
89<depauperate,>,4/5 97,3 98,1 101,2 102,2 105,1 116,1 120,1
123<long>,3<the pedicels 4-7 mm long> 124,4 125,2 141,3-3.5 142,9-10 144,2
145,1 147,3 149,1 150,2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1<the upper longer> 166<(the
upper)>,1-2 167<(the upper)>,1-2 171<scantily>,1<the upper, with a few
cushion based hairs>/2<the lower> 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,2<papery, ovate to
elliptic> 180<about>,0.75 181<much>,1 182,2 187,5/7 188,2 189,9 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200,2 201,1 202<similar to the upper glume> 203,2
204,9 205,3 206,1-2<papery> 207,2 208,1 212,2 214<firmly membranous or
thinly cartilaginous> 215,2 216,2<no more than very thinly cartilaginous>
217,2 218,1 219,1<acute> 222,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247<probably>,1<the
material seen disintegrating, but hinting at one> 248<obscurely>,5 250,1
251,1 253,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,2<quite large> 269,1 271,2 272,3 274,0.8 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
much narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339<about>,70 341<about>,15 342,3-6 343<about>,50 344,0.7-0.8 345,1
346<about>,40 347,2 348,1&2&3<low to medium, predominantly more or less
triangular with the apices truncated to various extents> 349,1 350,2 351,2
357<macrohairs infrequent, intergrading with long prickles, 1-2(-3) celled>
360,1 361,1 363,8 364<consistently elongated>,4 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2
388,2 393,3 395,1<by virtue of a conspicuous abaxial keel, an arc of
enlarged adaxial epidermal cells and some colourless mesophyll>
396,1/3<depending on interpretation of the minor bundles flanking the
median> 397,1<in the form of a few large cells contigous with the bulliform
epidermis> 398,2 399,2<the adaxial epidermis mainly bulliform> 403,1
404,2<the sclerenchyma restricted to a large abaxial strand in the keel,
and small adaxial and abaxial strands with the major laterals> 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}A. repens\i0{}> 492<New
South Wales> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2 509,2 512,3 514,1-2 534<B.K. Simon
1992> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<alexfloy> 
 
# \i{}Alloeochaete\i0{} <(Rendle) C.E. Hubb.>/
7,2 9,3 13,40-200 14,2 19,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 50<the sheath bases
woolly-tomentose> 55,1<up to 2 cm in \i{}A. oreogena\i0{}>/2 59,1/3 65,2
66,1 69,3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91<narrow> 101,2 102,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,2 123,3 141,6-26 145,1 147,1 148,2<above the persistent first floret>
154,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,1<pilose>/2
172<sometimes>,1 174,1<acute, acuminate or minutely bidentate> 176<more or
less>,1<mucronate to aristate, apically or from between short teeth> 177,1
179,1<with entire G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and bidentate
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,2 192,3<usually> 194,1 196,1
197,1 201,1<usually - though in three species the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is
occasionally hermaphrodite> 203,1<from a slight or deep sinus, the awn
short and straight to long and geniculate> 204,5 205,1 206,1-2<thinly
membranous to papery> 207,2 208,5-10 214,2-3 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1/2<but
always strongly bidentate> 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<the lobes being aristate>
227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 231,2 233,1 234,1-3
240<usually>,1 241,1<one on each side> 242,2 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,5
250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 272,3 274,1-6.4
283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 320,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<intercostals much broader>
328,1<rather thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1<but scarce in material seen>
335,1<probably, but apical cells not seen> 339,36-45 341,6-7 342,5-6.5
343,6-9 344,0.15-0.2 345,1<but not abundant> 346,33-39 348<low>,2
350,1<sometimes; slightly>/2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1<but the short-cells
often quite long> 363,8 364<predominantly elongated>,3 370,2<indisputably>
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,2<small round-topped, alternating with large
flat-topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1<in the furrows> 403,2 404,1<with the
primaries> 405,1<the primaries with massive Is> 406,2<with a small abaxial
group opposite each furrow> 407,1 408,1 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19<? -
\i{}incertis sedis\i0{}> 490,80 491,6 492<Angola, Tanzania, Malawi> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,4 513,2 534<Kabuye and Renvoize 1975>
535<studied by us - \i{}A. geniculata\i0{} (Rendle) C.E. Hubb.> 537,2
540<alloeoch> 
 
# \i{}Allolepis\i0{} <Soderstrom & Decker>/
1<from the Greek \i{}allo\i0{} (different) and \i{}lepis\i0{} (scale),
alluding to dissimilarity between male and female lemmas>
3<\i{}Distichlis\i0{} (\i{}D. texana\i0{})> 7,2 9,1&2<the stolons long and
stout> 13,70-100 14,2 27,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,3-5<to 30 cm long>
59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3<very dense> 70,- 71,- 72,2 73,3 74,2 75,2<on the
same plant> 76,2/3 78,- 80,1 89,5<in both female and male plants> 91,1 95,3
96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
123,3 131<male spikelets 10-15 mm long, with up to 20 florets; florets with
three stamens> 132,1 133,1 135,10-20 138,3 141,9-15 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,1<though these longish> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 160<glabrous, spongy,
somewhat distended> 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2<minutely
scabrid on the keel> 173,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<broadly lanceolate,
membranous> 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,3 189,5 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-6
214,2<membranous, the very wide hyaline margins enveloping the florets
above> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,2 243,1 244<slightly>,1
247,2 248,3-4 250,1 251,1 252,1<saccate below, closely convolute around the
pistil> 255,1 256,1<but often delicately ciliate> 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3
262,1<with conspicuous, hyaline wings> 263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1-2<not cuneate, but apically thicker than the usual
membranous type> 269,1 270<lobed> 271,1 272,0<represented by three
minute, flattened, lodicule-like staminodes> 277,1 280,1<ovary attenuate
into a long style> 283,2<exserted> 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<but apical cells thin-walled>
336,2 339,27-31.5 340,18-21 341,12-13.5 342,2.2-2.6 343,12-13.5
344,0.4-0.44 345,1 346,27-31.5 348<mostly low to medium>,2 350,2 351,1
352,2 353,1/2 354,1 355,3 356,2/3 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<predominantly
shortly>,1&3&4 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 389,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1
399,1 400,2 401,2 403,2 404,1 405,1<with most bundles> 406,1 409,1 442,-
469,10 470,40 471,4 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}A.
verticillatum\i0{}> 492<southern United States> 493,6 494,1 495,1&3 497,4
504,11 507,2 513,2 514<seemingly>,2<by contrast with the related
\i{}Distichlis\i0{}> 515<sandy places> 534<Soderstrom and Decker 1965>
535<studied by us> 537,2 540<allolepi> 
 
# \i{}Alloteropsis\i0{} <Presl>/
4<Type: \i{}A. distachya\i0{} J.Presl = \i{}A. semialata\i0{} (R.Br.)
Hitchc.> 5<\i{}Bluffia\i0{} Nees, \i{}Coridochloa\i0{} Nees,
\i{}Holosetum\i0{} Steud., \i{}Mezochloa\i0{} Butzin, \i{}Pterochlaena\i0{}
Chiov.> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3/4 11,- 13,20-150 14,2 19,2 24,1/2 27,1/2 32,3
37,2 38,- 43,1<sometimes, coumarin-scented>/2 44,1 47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2
57,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2-3 70,- 72,1<in \i{}A. semialata\i0{}>/2<?> 73,2
74,1 89,2 94,- 95,1/2<the branches in whorls on a short central axis> 97,3
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3/2 121,1 124,4
126,1 128,- 129,- 130,- 141,2.5-7 142,9/10 144,1 145,3 147,3
154,2/1<sometimes, minutely so> 156<when present,>,2 157,2 163,2 165,1
167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} ciliate marginally>
174,1 176,1/2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} smaller, thinner, often
mucronulate, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} densely ciliate> 187,3-5 189,5 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2<deeply bifid, 1-nerved> 201,1 203,1<in
\i{}Mezochloa\i0{} = \i{}A. paniculata\i0{}>/2 204,(3-)5<3 nerved in
\i{}Mezochloa\i0{}> 206,2<but with a hyaline zone at the base> 207,2
208,1 210<long-attenuate into an awn or mucro> 214,2 215,1-2 216,2 217,2
218,1 219,1 223,2-3 225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2
240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5<usually>/1-3<\i{}Mezochloa\i0{}>
250,1<auriculate at base> 251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1
298,1 299,1 301,2 303,1 304,2 309,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,21-23 322,1 323,2
330,1 331,1/2 332,1 335,1 339,(48-)50-66(-69) 341,6-7.5 342,8-11
343,(21-)24-34(-36) 344,0.35-0.61 345,1 346,34.5-36 348,3 350,2 351,1<in
\i{}A. semialata\i0{}>/2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8 364,2/3/4
370,1<in all the material examined except \i{}A. semialata\i0{} ssp.
\i{}eckloniana\i0{}, including \i{}Coridochloa\i0{}>/2<\i{}A.
semialata\i0{} ssp. \i{}eckloniana\i0{}> 371<when C\sub{}\nosupersub{}4>,2
372<when C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}>,2<with an inner PCR sheath, and an outer
sparsely chlorenchymatous sheath of unknown function> 373,1<in Australian
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} \i{}A. semialata\i0{} ssp. \i{}semialata\i0{}>/3<in
southern African C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} \i{}A. semialata\i0{}: evidently
more biochemical typing is needed, given the intergrading
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} anatomical forms, the NAD-ME anatomy of some species
yet to be biochemically typed, and the problematical taxonomy> 374,1<\i{}A.
cimicina\i0{}, \i{}A. quintasii\i0{}, \i{}A. latifolia\i0{}, \i{}A.
paniculata\i0{}, \i{}A. papillosa\i0{}>/2<in C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} forms of
\i{}A. semialata\i0{}, plus \i{}A. angusta\i0{}, \i{}A. homblei\i0{},
\i{}A. gwebiensis\i0{}> 375<when applicable>,1/2 378<when applicable>,1
379,3 380<of \i{}A. semialata\i0{}>,1 381<of \i{}A. semialata\i0{}>,1 382,1
383,1<or evenly distributed, in \i{}A. semialata\i0{} ssp.
\i{}semialata\i0{}, \i{}A. angusta\i0{}, \i{}A. homblei\i0{} and \i{}A.
gwebiensis\i0{}>/2<in \i{}A. cimicina\i0{}, \i{}A. quintasii\i0{}, \i{}A.
latifolia\i0{}, \i{}A. paniculata\i0{} and \i{}A. papillosa\i0{}, which are
anatomically indicated as NAD-ME> 385,1/2 393,2-3 394,1 395,1/2 396,1/2
397,1/2 399,1 401,1&2 403,1 404,1/2 405,1/2 406,1 414<of Australian
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} \i{}A. semialata\i0{}>,3.36-3.63 469,9
470,18<C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} \i{}A.
semialata\i0{}>/54<C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} \i{}A. semialata\i0{}> 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,5-8<with complexes around \i{}A.
semialata\i0{} and \i{}A. paniculata\i0{} reflected in specific and generic
synomyms> 492<tropical Africa, Asia & Australia> 493,3&4&5 494,2&5
496,1&2&3&5 499,2&3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3 509,1
512,2/3/4 513,2 514,2 515<marshy and weedy places> 518<\i{}A.
semialata\i0{}> 534<Gibbs Russell 1983> 535<Metcalfe 1960; Ellis 1974;
Hattersley \i{}et al\i0{}. 1977; Hattersley and Long 1990; studied by us -
\i{}A. cimicina\i0{} (L.) Stapf, \i{}A. semialata\i0{} (R.Br.) Hitchc.>
540<allotero> 
 
# \i{}Alopecurus\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}alopes, -ekos\i0{}, a fox, and \i{}oura\i0{} a tail,
re the shape of the panicle> 2<\i{}Foxtails\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A.
pratensis\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Alopecuropsis\i0{} Opiz, \i{}Colobachne\i0{} P.
Beauv., \i{}Tozzettia\i0{} Savi> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-110 14,2 19,1/2
24,1<e.g. \i{}A. bulbosus\i0{}>/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2
56,0.7-10(-12) 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1/2 71,1-6 73,2 74,1 75,2 80,1
89,5 91,2 92,1/2/3 94,- 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-7 145,1 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
168,1<below>/2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1<the keels ciliate> 179,2<membranous>
187,1-3 189,2/3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<often with the margins connate below>
214,1-2<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2 231,2
234,1-3 235,1 240,1/2 244,2 248,5/7 250,1<<10%> rarely>/2<usually> 251<when
present,>,3 256,1 258,2 264,2 266,- 272,3 274,0.3-3.5 275,2 277,1 280,1
283,2 286,2 287,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2
306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2 311,1 312,1/2 313,1 314,3 323,1/2 331,1<<10%>
rarely>/2 332,2 345,1 346,33-37.5<in \i{}A. pratensis\i0{}> 348,1 351,2
360,3 363,1-2 370,2 374,1 385,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1<or the cells
fairly uniform in size within the groups>/- 403,2 404,1/2 405,2 406,1
410,1/2 411,2 412,2 413,1<1 species> 469,7 470,14&28&42&56&100
471,2&4&6&8&14&17 473<large> 474,3<1 species> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11
488,5 489,41 490,61 491,36 492<Eurasia & temperate South America>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&6 495,1&2&3 496,1 497,1&2&4&5 498,2&3 499,2
502,5&6 504,1&2&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1 507,1&2&3 508,2 511,1 512,2/3
513,2 514,1<\i{}A. bulbosus\i0{}>/2 515<damp meadows to stony slopes>
516<\i{}A. aequalis\i0{}, \i{}A. geniculatus\i0{}, \i{}A. myosuroides\i0{}
(Black Twitch, in temperate cereal crops)> 517<\i{}A. pratensis\i0{}>
518<\i{}A. pratensis\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&29&33&36
531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A.
pratensis\i0{} L.> 540<alopecur> 
 
# \i{}Altoparadisium\i0{} <Filg., Davidse, Zuloaga & Morrone>/
3<\i{}Arthropogon\i0{}> 7,2 9,3<?> 13,30-80 19,1-2 37,2 47,2 48,2 52,1/2/3
69,3 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91,1-2 97,3 101,2 102,2 120,1/2 123,3 124,3
140,1<\i{}A. scabrum\i0{}>/2<\i{}A. chapadense\i0{}> 141,3.4-7.2 142,7/9
145,3 147,3 149,1 154,2 157,1 163,1<\i{}A. chapadense\i0{}>/2<\i{}A.
scabrum\i0{}> 165<when both present,>,2/1-2 167,2<i.e., the upper> 175<when
present>,1<i.e., the upper one, in \i{}A. scabrum\i0{}> 176,1<the upper,
the lower if present subulate> 177,2 179,1<the lower if present subulate,
the upper oblong> 181,1 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1<sometimes, in
\i{}A. scabrum\i0{}>/2 201,2<no floret> 202<oblong> 203,2<the apex entire>
204,3 205,3 206<similar in texture to the upper glume> 207,2 208,1 210<when
present, short and linear, absent in \i{}A. chapadense\i0{}> 214<when
present,>,1 216,2<membranous, in \i{}A. scabrum\i0{}> 219,2 250,2<\i{}A.
chapadense\i0{}>/1-2<\i{}A. scabrum\i0{}> 251<if present,>,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 268,1 272,3 277,1 283,2 285,2 290,2 291,2 294,2 295,1 297,3
298<rather>,1<about a third the length of the caryopsis> 332,1 335,1 336,1
370,1 371,2 372,4 374,2 393,1-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 404,1 405,1 406,1
477,8 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10 491,2 492<Brazil, Bolivia> 493,7 494,3
534<Filigueiras et al. (2001), confusion over lower glume of \i{}A.
chapadense\i0{} (cf. illustration and key)> 535<Filigueiras et al. (2001),
with leaf epidermal data restricted to S.E.M.> 538,3 540<altopara> 
 
# \i{}Alvimia\i0{} <Soderstrom & Londoo>/
7,2 11,2 13<ascending 8-25 metres into the vegetation> 14,1 15,0.3-1 16,1
17,1 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,10-20 22,3 23,4 30,1 31,1 33,1 34,1/2
35,1 36,2/3 37,1/2 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,1 48,1<inconspicuous in \i{}A.
gracilis\i0{}> 52,2-4 55,1-2 56,3-30 59,3 63,1 65<seemingly>,2 66,1 67,1
68,1 69<a ciliate or ciliolate rim> 71<about>,0.2-0.5 72,1 73,2 74,1 86,1/2
87,1/2 89,2&5<polytelic synflorescences, terminating leafy or leafless
branches> 101,1<the prophyllate pseudospikelets subtended by bracts> 108,2
120,1 121,2 123,3<via the elongated terminal segment of the rachis above
the empty bract> 140,2<being indeterminate>/- 142,13 145,1<?> 147,1 148,2
154,1 156,1<ending in a rudimentary floret, or in a bristle-like
prolongation> 157,2 163,3<0-3 gemmiparous bracts, 1 or 2 empty bracts, 0 or
1 gemmiparous glume> 167,1 176,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-30 216,2
218,1 223,1<or apiculate>/2 244,2 247,2 250,1 251,1<as long as the lemma or
longer> 252,2 255,2 256,1 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 271,1
272,2<rarely 3> 274,3.3-5 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,1<into one> 283,2<one
of them sometimes branched> 286,2<falling with the rachilla segment, the
lemma and palea attached to its pointed base> 287,3<10-20 mm long>
289<reniform or olive-like> 290,U 291,3 296,3 300,1 301,2 303,1 304,1 305,1
306,2 308,2 309,1 311,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2<but more abundant, and much
more conspicuous, intercostally> 325,1 326,3<variable in size, irregularly
lobed, some more or less coronate-pit type cf. \i{}Poa helmsii\i0{}>
327,1-2<the costals generally somewhat narrower> 328,1<quite thick walled>
330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse, with heavy pitting> 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1 345,1 347<largely covered by overarching papillae> 348,3<with
truncated apices> 350<seemingly but not certainly>,2<the stomatal complexes
sunken>/- 351<very>,1 353,2<solitary> 354,2<or the silica poorly developed,
in the material seen> 357<with a few small costal prickles> 359,1
360,1<mostly solitary, a few pairs> 361,2/3 363<not developed, the silica
cells tall-and-narrow to saddle shaped> 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2
393,3 397,U 399,1 401,1<one in each of the slight furrows, where the
fusoids from adjacent bundles approach oneanother> 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,2<the girders slender> 406,2 407,1&4 408,1&3<opposite the
bulliforms, and laterally adjacent to them> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,11 491,3 492<Eastern coastal Bahia, Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,3
504,11 534<Soderstrom and Londoo 1988> 535<studied by us - \i{}A.
auriculata\i0{} Soderstrom & Londoo> 537,2 540<alvimia> 
 
# \i{}Amblyopyrum\i0{} <Eig>/
1<from the Greek \i{}amblus\i0{} (blunt) and \i{}puros\i0{} (wheat),
perhaps alluding to spikes with blunt spikelets> 3<\i{}Aegilops\i0{}> 7,1
11,- 14,2 38,- 47,1/2 52,1 55,2 56,1.5-6 59<usually>,1 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.5 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<rarely, sterile at the extremities of the
inflorescence> 89,1<glabrous, linear, usually very long> 91,- 94,- 98,-
99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,-
115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 141,8-15 144,- 145,1 147,3 148,- 154,1 156,1
160<very>,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,2 174,2 175,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<trapezoid or rectangular> 183,- 187,3-9 189,4-9 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,4-8 214,1 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1/2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 249,2
250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2 271,2
272,3 274,3.5-4.8 277,2 280,2 283,2 286,1 287,1-2<3.5-4 mm long> 289,4
290<shallowly>,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,1-2<to about 1/3 the caryposis
length> 304,1 322,1 323,2 327,1/2 328,1/2 330,1<mostly> 331,2 332,2 345,1
346,39-41 348,1&2 350,1 351,2<a few, solitary, not silicified, near veins>
353,- 354,- 358,1 360,3 363,1<predominantly>/2<few> 370,2 374,1 385,2 399,1
401,1 404,1 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 472,26 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11
488,6 489,49 490,76 491,1<\i{}A. muticum\i0{}> 492<W. Asia> 493,1&2 494,1
495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us>
540<amblyopy> 
 
# \i{}Ammochloa\i0{} <Boiss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ammos\i0{} (sand) and \i{}chlo\i0{} (grass), re
habitat> 5<\i{}Cephalochloa\i0{} Coss. & Dur., \i{}Dictyochloa\i0{}
(Murbeck) E.G. Camus> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,1-25 14,2 19,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2
52,1-2 55,2 56,1-3 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.5-5 73,2 74,1
75,1 76,1&4<the latter reduced to small, sterile bracts at the base of the
inflorescence> 78,1 89,5 91,2 92,1-2<reduced to a sub-globose head of
close-packed spikelets> 101,2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
116,4<these representing basal, sterile spikelets> 121,2 123,2 126,-
141,4-9 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,2 157,2 160,2 163,2<ovate-oblique>
165,2 166,1 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1<sometimes narrowly winged> 178,-
179,2<papery to membranous> 187,1-2 189,1-2 191,1 196,2 208,4-12
214,2-3<papery to membranous, becoming leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,2<the mucro recurved> 240,2 244,1 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1
258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,2 266,- 272,2-3 274,0.6-0.8 275,2 277,1
278,1<this membranous, associated with the styles>/2 280,1 283,2 286,2
287,1-3<winged via the ovary appendage> 291,1/3 293,- 295,1 298,1/2 301,2
302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 330,2 331,2 332,2
345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 360,3 363,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 394,-
395,1<rounded keel with larger bundle> 396,1 399,2 401,- 402,2 403,2
404,2<strands only> 406,1 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,4 491,3 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2
498,1&2&3 499,1 504,11 506,1 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandy places> 531,1 532,4
535<studied by us - \i{}A. involucrata\i0{} Murbeck, \i{}A. palestina\i0{}
Boiss> 540<ammochlo> 
 
# \i{}Ammophila\i0{} <Host>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ammos\i0{}, sand and \i{}philos\i0{}, loving> 4<Type:
\i{}A. arundinacea\i0{} Host, \i{}nom. illeg.\i0{} = \i{}A. arenaria\i0{}
(L.) Link> 5<\i{}Psamma\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7,2 9,1 11,- 13,20-130 14,2 19,2
24,- 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2 56,2-5<sharp-pointed,
blue-green> 59,3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,2 71,1-30 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,2 92,3 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,9-15 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,1 156,2 157,1 160,2 161,1
163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2<exceeding them> 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2
187,1 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2 216,2 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2
221,2 223<minutely>,3/2 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1<subterminal> 231,1 234,1
235,1 240,2 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3/5 249,2 250,1 251,1 255,2<minutely>
256,1 258,2<firm> 259,4<often 4-nerved> 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,1/2 270,2 271,2 272,3 273,1 274,4-5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,2 289,4
290,1 291,2/3 293,- 295,2<two thirds of the fruit length> 298,2 301,2 302,1
303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 310,2 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1<walls thick,
pitted> 330,1 331,1/2<different from one specimen to another> 332,2 345,2
348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,2 354,2 360,3<mainly solitary, a few paired>
361,3-2 363<in so far as recognisable>,1<poorly developed, but the
silica-cells mainly square, elongated-sinuous or elongated-crenate>/- 365,-
370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,2 401<in the furrows, in ill
defined groups of small, irregularly sized cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1<each
bundle with a large anchor - the mesophyll being confined to lateral
blocks in the ribs, and immediately beneath the furrows> 406,2<a continuous
abaxial layer, linking with the anchors> 407,2 469,7 470,14&28&56
471,2&4&8 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2 491,2
492<North temperate> 493,1&2&3&5&6 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2&4 498,2
499,1 504,1&2&4&5&8 506,1 507,1 511,1 512,4 513,2 514,1 515<sand-binding
and dune stabilizing> 522<\i{}A. arenaria\i0{} and
\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{} widely used as sand stabilizers> 523<\i{}A.
arenaria\i0{} hybridizes with \i{}Calamagrostis epigejos\i0{}
(\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{} P. Fourn.; \i{}Calamophila\i0{} O. Schwartz =
\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Calammophila\i0{} Brand =
\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{})> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&27 531,2
533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. arenaria\i0{} (L.) Link>
540<ammophil> 
 
# \i{}Ampelocalamus\i0{} <Chen, Wen & Shang>/
3<\i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}> 7,2 9<shortly to long->,1&3/4 11,2 13,100-1000
14,1 16,1<the nodes flush or swollen> 17,1/2 18,1/2/3/4 19,1 21,4-20 22,2/3
23,2/3/4<the branches subequal, or one or two dominant> 30,1/2 31,1/2
33,1/2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2 39,1/2 47,1/2 48,U 52<apically muticous or
pungent,>,1-3/6 63,1 65<obscurely>,1-2 69,1/2 73,2 74,1 76,1
86,1<seemingly>/2<\i{}A. patellaris\i0{}> 87,1<A. patellaris only
exhibiting spikelets with basal axillary buds>/2 88,2/3 89<when not much
reduced,>,2/5/- 101,1/2 102,1/2 120,1 121,2 123,1-3 140,1-2 141,8.3-60
142,7/9/10/13 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1/4 154,1 156,1/2 163,1-2<\i{}A.
patellaris\i0{}, i.e. distal to the bud-bearing ones>/2 165,1 166,1 167,1
174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,2 179<chartaceous to herbaceous,
lanceolate or oblong,>,2 187,2-5 189,4/5 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,(1-)2-6(-7) 210<orbicular, ovate or lanceolate> 214<chartaceous to
herbaceous,>,2 215,1 216,2 218,1 219<usually>,1/- 223<acute or
acuminate,>,1 240,2 243,1<usually>/2 244,1/2 245<when present,>,2 248,7-11
250,1 255,2 256<dentate,>,1 257<membranous, or more often chartaceous,>,1-2
258,2 259,4<4 or 10-11> 260<mostly>,3<or the uppermost keel-less> 263,1/3
264,1<usually>/2 265,1-3 266,1/2 268<when present,>,2 269,1/2
272,3<usually>/6 273,2<in \i{}A. patellaris\i0{} only?>/1 277,1<in some
species?>/2 278,1<\i{}A. patellaris\i0{} only>/2 279,2 283,1-3 287,2 290,U
295,1 297,3 298,1-2 324,U 344,U 348,U 349,U 353,U 354,U 357,U 360,U 366,U
382,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U 397,U 477,8 487,4
488,2 489,5 490,12 491,13 492<India and China> 493,3&5 494,1&2 496,3
536<this attempt at a description has been compiled from the Clayton et al.
(2016) species descriptions, omitting those known only from vegetative
material. Most are hopelessly non-comparative, and that of \i{}A.
patellaris\i0{}, with pseudospikelets, monadelphous stamens, etc., renders
the generic circumscription highly questionable> 537<and proper details of
the ovary>,2 538,4 540<ampeloca> 
 
# \i{}Ampelodesmos\i0{} <Link>/
7<robust>,2 9,1 11,- 13,60-350 14,2 37,1 38,- 47,2 54<harsh> 55,2 59,1/3
65,2 69,2 70,2 71,6-12 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,10-15 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,1<villous> 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1<acuminate>
176,2 177,1 179,2<firmly membranous> 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,1/2 192,2 196,2
208,2-6<?> 214,3<leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<shortly bidentate>
223,2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1 234,1 240,1<on the lower half>
244,1-2 246,- 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,2<bidentate> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1<on the margins> 270,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 277,2
278,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,2<about 7 mm long> 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2
304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 310,2 311,1 312,2<l/b ratio 70> 313,2 314,7 322,2
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 346,28.5-30 348,- 349,- 350,-
351,1 353,1 356<elliptic> 360,2 363,3<mostly, elliptical>/5 370,2 374,1
385,2 393,1<flat-topped ribs> 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,2 401<in the furrows,
in ill-defined groups of irregularly sized cells cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}>
403,2 406,2 407,2 469,12<chromosomes small> 470,48&96 471,4&8 477,1 480,5
487,11 488,7 489,1 490,80 491,2<\i{}A. ampelodesmos\i0{}, \i{}A.
mauritanicus\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,11 506,1 512,4<mainly coastal> 522<a component of Esparto grass, used
for papermaking> 534<Decker 1964b; Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}A. mauritanicus\i0{} (Poir.) Dur. & Schinz.>
536<an isolated monotypic genus, of uncertain taxonomic affinities in spite
of the good descriptive data. A prime candidate for comparative DNA
studies.> 540<ampelode> 
 
# \i{}Amphibromus\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}amphi\i0{} (about, near) and \i{}bromos\i0{} (food,
the oat), rightly alluding to similarity with \i{}Avena\i0{} (not
\i{}Bromus\i0{})> 3<\i{}Helictotrichon\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A. neesii\i0{}
Steud.> 7,2 9,1/3/4 11,- 13,40-180 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,2
53,1/2 55,2 59,1/3<involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<elongated, becoming
lacerated> 71,2-15 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when present,>,1 89,5
91,1<narrow, elongated> 94,1/2<often flexuose> 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 108,2
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,7-15 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1/4 154,1 155,1
157,1<usually, silky> 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1/2 176,2
177,1<slightly>/2 179,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader> 187,1-5 189,3-7
191,1/2 192,2<the uppermost male> 194,1 196,2 208,2-10 210<4-toothed or
distinctly bifid> 214,3 216,2<firm> 218,2 220,2/4<toothed> 221,2 223,3
225,1/5 226,1/2 227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,2 229,2<from
about the middle> 231,2 235,1 237,1<straight, terminal> 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,3-15 250,1 251,1-2 255,2<the points acute> 256,1 259,2/3/1 260,3<the
keels ciliate>/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1 291,3 293,- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1
303,2 311,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1/2
351,2 360,3 363,1/2/3/5 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 389,1 393,1 394,1 396,1
399,1 401,2<these linked with traversing colourless columns or with abaxial
sclerenchyma groups> 403,2 404,2 406,2 407,1<opposite the furrows> 408,2
411,2 416,1 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,70 491,12
492<Australia, New Zealand, South America> 493,5&7 494,3&5&6 502,4&5&6
503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 505,2 509,2 512,2/3 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17
531,1 532,5 534<Jacobs and Lapinuro 1986> 535<studied by us -
\i{}Amphibromus\i0{} sp. and \i{}A. neesii\i0{} Steud.> 540<amphibro> 
 
# \i{}Amphicarpum\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<from the Greek \i{}amphikarpos\i0{} (doubly fruit-bearing), alluding to
the two kinds of spikelets> 7,1<erect>/2<the culms decumbent at the base>
11,- 13,30-100 14,2 27,2 37,2 40,2 44,1<\i{}A. purshii\i0{}>/2 47,2 55,1/2
56,5-15<10-15 cm long> 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 72,2<but scattered
tubercle-based hairs in that position in \i{}A. muhlenbergianum\i0{}>
73,2<but the chasmogamous spikelets of the conspicuous terminal panicle
not fruitful> 74,1 78,- 81,1&2 82,1<these subterranean> 83,2<on slender
branches from the base of the culm, and sometimes also from lower nodes>
89<(i.e., the obvious, chasmogamous but sterile inflorescence)>,5 101,2
102,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 131<the exposed, sterile
spikelets of the terminal panicle 4-7 mm long, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
sometimes obsolete, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} equalling L\sub{}1\nosupersub{};
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and palea indurated, the lemma margins thin and flat>
141,7-9<exclusively cleistogamous, plump, acuminate> 145,3 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 162,1 163,1-2 165<(when two)>,1<the lower obsolete or absent>
167,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} equalling L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 168,- 173,3
176,2 177,2 179<(when two)>,1<the lower vestigial>/- 183,- 184,- 186,-
189<strongly nerved> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 200,2 203,2 205,1<at
least in fruit> 206,1<sub-rigid> 208,1 210<acuminate> 214,3 216,1 218,1
219,1 223,1 244,2 246,1 247,1 250,1 256,1 258,1 272,3 290,U 294,U 297,U
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower, normal> 328,2<the costals
thinner-walled> 329,2<large and short to isodiametric in the middle of the
intercostal zone> 330<rectangular to irregular in shape> 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,54-60 341,5.4/8.4-9.6 342,6.3-10 343,31.5-34.5 344,0.53-0.58
345,1<ranked alongside the veins> 346,18-21/37.5-43.5<in different
specimens> 348,2<mostly>/3<a few> 350,2 351,1<especially alongside the
veins> 353,1 354,1 360,1 363,8 364<mostly shortish>,3 370,2 374,1 385,1
387,1<seemingly, in our poor material> 393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1<with many Is> 406,1 464,- 469,9 470,18 471,2 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,2 492<south-eastern U.S.A.> 493,6 494,1
495,1 497,4 504,11 507,2 513,2 514,2 515<sandy pinewoods> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}A. muhlenbergianum\i0{} (Schult.) Hitchc.> 537,2
540<amphicar> 
 
# \i{}Amphipogon\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}amphi\i0{} (both, or all round) and \i{}pogon\i0{}
(beard), alluding to awns on both lemmas and paleas, or to compact
inflorescences that are awned all round, or to lemma awns that are
themselves bearded (plumose)> 2<\i{}Greybeard grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A.
laguroides\i0{} R.Br.> 5<\i{}Gamelythrum\i0{} Nees, \i{}Pentacraspedon\i0{}
Steud.> 7,2 9<short>,1/1&3/3 11,- 13,15-75 14,2 19,2 27,2<and dark> 37,2
38,- 42,2 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 56,1-3 58,1/2<often acicular> 59,1/3 61,1/2<at
the bases of macrohairs> 65,2 66,1<commonly>/2 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&4<sometimes reduced at the base of the inflorescence> 89,1<or
approaching one>/5 91,2 92,2/3 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,1-3 126,1/2 129,1 130,1 141,3-6 144,1
145,1<sometimes, slightly>/2-3<mostly> 147,1 154,2 157,1 160,2/3<short and
obtuse, or long and stipitate> 163,2 165,2 167,1-2 170,1 171,1/2
174<usually entire, but sometimes lemmalike with three pointed lobes>
176,1-2 177,2 178,- 179,2<acute, obtuse or cleft, membranous or papery>
187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214<becoming>,3 216,2 218,2 220,3 221,1 223,3
225,3 226,2<by bristles from the tips of the lobes> 227<the median>,2 228,-
229,- 231,1 233,1-2 234,2-3 237,2 240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
255,2-3 256,2/3 257,2 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,1-5 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 291,2 295,1
297,1<and opaque> 298,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1/2<\i{}A.
laguroides\i0{}> 323,1<usually very conspicuous and constituting
volcano-like pits, but inconspicuous and in the form of less prominent pits
in (e.g.) \i{}A. amphipogonoides\i0{}> 324,2/1&2 325,2 326,2<sometimes,
costally>/3<intercostal long-cells with rows> 327,2 328,1<thick walled>
329,1<but some rather short> 330,1 331,1 332,1<sometimes, but not in the
mid-laminar zone>/2<from all material seen except at the base of the
lamina, but common adaxially and on lemmas, etc.> 335,2&3<having long basal
cells and short, thin-walled, easily collapsing ovoid apices which are at
least sometimes 2-celled, cf. \i{}Enneapogon\i0{} - and ordinary chloridoid
type microhairs seen on the lemmas of \i{}A. caricinus\i0{}> 337,1<\i{}A.
strictus\i0{}> 338,2 345,2/1<\i{}A. amphipogonoides\i0{}> 346,(31.5-)33-42
347,2 348,2/2&3/- 350,2/- 351,1 352,1/3 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1 355,1/3
360,3<all solitary> 361,1/2-3<mostly> 362,1 363<(these or at least the
silica-cells)>,5<almost exclusively, in all the species examined>/3<a few,
notably in \i{}A. strictus\i0{}>/4<few at most>/- 365,- 367,1 370,2 374,1
385,1 387,1<almost!>/2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<but the outer walls
unusually thick>/2 400,1 401<when present,>,1/- 403,2 404,1<e.g \i{}A.
avenaceus\i0{}>/2 405<when present,>,1<i.e. in \i{}A. avenaceus\i0{}>
406,1/2<abaxial, continuous or interrupted> 407<when present,>,1-2 409,1
477,5<?> 483,9 487,3 488,7 489,6 490,80 491,8 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5
503,1&2&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8 509,1&2 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandy grassland>
531,2 533,5 534<Vickery 1950> 535<studied by us - \i{}A.
amphipogonoides\i0{} (Steud) Vickery, \i{}A. avenaceus\i0{} R. Br., \i{}A.
caricinus\i0{} F. Muell., \i{}A. debilis\i0{} R. Br., \i{}A.
laguroides\i0{} R. Br., \i{}A. strictus\i0{} R. Br., \i{}A. turbinatus\i0{}
R. Br.> 536<subfamilial relationships very problematical - the spikelet
form (especially the lemma) and the microhairs are reminiscent of
\i{}Enneapogon\i0{}> 540<amphipog> 
 
# \i{}Anadelphia\i0{} <Hackel>/
6<\i{}Monium\i0{}, \i{}Pobeguinea\i0{}, \i{}Anadelphia scyphofera\i0{}>
7,1/2 9,3<when perennial>/- 13,20-200 14,2 19,1/2 26,1 27,2 29,1 42,2
44,1/2 47,1<or seemingly so, by virtue of the ligule>/2 52,1 55,2 56,0.5-5
58,1<e.g. \i{}A. pumila\i0{}>/2 59,1/4 65,2 66,2 69,1<sometimes laterally
hardened, the margins auricle-like, when the blade narrow> 70,1 71<about>,1
72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1<occasionally seemingly all so, by suppression of
the pedicelled members>/1&3/1&4 77,4 78,1<pedicellate awnless, sessile
awned> 79,2 80<seemingly>,1/2 81<seemingly>,2<the racemes usually
long-peduncled and exserted from the spatheoles>/1<seemingly, in \i{}A.
trepidaria\i0{}, in which the reduced raceme is enclosed in the
spatheole, cf. \i{}Monium\i0{}> 89,5 91,1/2 94,1 101,1<and spatheolate>
102,1 103,3<usually>/1<to one sessile spikelet with one more or less
vestigial partner, in \i{}A. trepidaria\i0{} - cf. \i{}Monium\i0{}>
104,2/3/1<\i{}A. trepidaria\i0{}> 106,1 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 112,2 113,2
114,1-2<less obviously oblique than in \i{}Monium\i0{}> 115,1/2/3
120,1<sometimes, at least seemingly, in \i{}A. trepidaria\i0{}>/1&2<the
pedicelled members - including their pedicels - often missing, vestigial or
much reduced and concealed in the callus hairs, at least in parts of the
raceme> 121,2 123,1&3<but the pedicellate members not always conspicuous>
126,1<probably usually, if evidence of the pedicelled members is diligently
sought>/2<often ostensibly solitary, sometimes genuinely so> 127<when
paired,>,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicellate spikelets very variable
in development and size, those of (e.g.) \i{}A. pumila\i0{} and \i{}A.
leptocoma\i0{} larger than their sessile partner; awnless or the upper
glume shortly awned> 136,1 141,3.5-5 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1
160<usually>,2 161,2<usually>/1 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,1/2 173,3
176,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} bidentate to bi-setaceous at tip,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} more or less long-awned> 177<more or
less>,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<both
hardened, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} dorsally rounded or flattened,
acuminate and slightly bicarinate towards the tip, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate and keeled towards the tip, its slender
awn sometimes long and twisted around the more substantial one of the
lemma> 183,2<except towards the tip> 184,1-3 185,2 186,1 187,5-7<sometimes
obscurely so, the median inconspicuous or absent> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2<truncate to pointed> 204,0/2<palea-like> 205,2-3
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<i.e. the wings and lobes of the stipe
hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2 233,1
234,3<8-50 mm long> 235,1 238,1 239,2 240,2<sometimes ciliate> 244,2 247,2
248<emphatically only>,1 250,2 264,1<small> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
271,2 272,3 274<about>,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1<basally> 281,2 283,2
291,2<somewhat, at least in \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}>/3 292,1 295,1 298,1
322,1 323,1/2<\i{}A. pumila\i0{}> 324,2 325,1-2 326,1/2<large, fairly thick
walled, surface-ornamented in \i{}A. leptocoma\i0{}> 327,2<the costals
narrower and more regularly rectangular> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1
331,1<\i{}A. pumila\i0{}>/2/1&2<then sinuous only adjoining the costae>
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,33-45 341,6-6.3 342,5.5-7.1 343,20-30
344,0.59-0.67 345,1 346,21-29 347,2 348<variously>,2&3 350,2 351,1<\i{}A.
pumila\i0{}>/2 353<of \i{}A. pumila\i0{}>,1&2 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3 370,1
374,2<but the presumed PCR sheath very thick walled and mestome-sheath like
in \i{}A. pumila\i0{} and \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}> 389,1<\i{}A.
leptocoma\i0{}>/2 393,2 395,1 396,1-2<\i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}>/2
397,1<this represented by only a few cells in \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}>
398,2 399,1<\i{}A. leptocoma\i0{}>/2 401,2<these linked with the traversing
colourless columns, in \i{}A. leptocoma\i0{}> 402,1<seemingly, e.g. in
\i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}>/2 403,1/2<\i{}A. leptocoma\i0{}> 404,1 405,1/2
406,1 442,- 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,13
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&3 515<savanna,
often on shallow soils> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{} W.D.
Clayton, \i{}A. leptocoma\i0{} Pilger, \i{}A. pumila\i0{} Jac.-Fl., \i{}A.
trepidaria\i0{} (Stapf) Stapf> 536<contrast the treatments of Jacques-Flix
1962 and Clayton 1966: an effective resolution of generic limits (involving
\i{}Anadelphia\i0{}, \i{}Monium\i0{} and \i{}Pobeguinea\i0{}) awaits
acqisition and proper analysis of dependable comparative data - meanwhile,
the present descriptions are based on the incomplete sample examined (see
the accompanying file)> 540<anadelph> 
 
# \i{}Anadelphia scyphofera\i0{} <W.D. Clayton>/
3<still referred to \i{}Anadelphia\i0{} (but very distinct)> 7,1 13,10-50
14,2 19,1-2 26,1 27,2 29,1 44,2 47<ostensibly auriculate from the sheath,
when the ligule is split> 52,1 55,2 56<about>,0.5 59,4<triquetrous> 65,2
66,2 68,1<of somewhat peculiar constitution, associated with the narrowness
of the blade relative to the sheath> 69,1<leathery below and on the sides,
mimicking auricles> 70,2 71,2-3 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1 79,2
80<presumably>,2 81,1<seemingly> 89,5 91,1 101,1<and spatheolate> 102,1
103,1<each raceme reduced to one triplet, clasped basally by the
peculiar, trumpet-shaped tip of the peduncle> 104,1 106,1 108,1 109,2<i.e.
at the single articulation> 112,2 113,- 114,2 120,3 123,1&3 126,1 127,1
128,2 129,1 130,4 131<sterile spikelets 2-4 mm long, reduced to the glumes>
141,6-7 145<somewhat>,3 147,3<and with the associated pedicellate
spikelets> 154,2 157,1 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,2 172,1
176,1 177,2 179,1<the lower bidentate, awnless, canaliculate above, the
upper round-backed to keeled, with a long, slender terminal awn>
183<two-keeled above, the keels closely apposed to form a groove> 184,1&4
185,2 186,1 187,6<with no median> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 204,2<palea-like> 205,2<about 3 mm long> 206,1-2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<stipitate below, with hyaline margins and lobes> 214,1 216,2 218,2
220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2 233,1<scabridulous> 234,3<to 50
mm long> 238,1 239,2 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,2<about
1.5 mm long> 256,1 257,1-2<hyaline> 258,2 259,3/1 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
268,1 269,2 277,1 287,1-2<3-4 mm long> 289,4 291,2<slightly, above>/3 292,1
295,1 298,1 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<fairly
thick walled> 330,1 331,1<with conspicuous pits> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,33-42 341,4.5-5.4 342,6.1-9.3 343,15-21 344,0.45-0.5 345,1 346,24-27
348,2&3 350,2<more or less flush> 351,2<absent, except for a few pairs at
costal/intercostal interfaces> 360,1<mostly>/2<in some files, and
exclusively over the midrib> 361,1 363,8 364<consistently>,3
366<entirely>,1 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 396,2<the reduced blade with a
large median bundle, two mid-lateral primaries and numerous minor bundles>
397,1<the colourless tissue occupying the whole middle of the acicular
blade> 399,2 401,- 403,2<in the absence of a conventional lamina> 404,2<the
large bundles with abaxial girders, the small ones with only strands> 406,1
417,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,1 492<Zambia>
493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 508,3 512,3 513,2 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}A.
scyphofera\i0{} W.D. Clayton> 536<anomalous in \i{}Anadelphia\i0{}; cf.
\i{}Clausospicula\i0{}> 540<anad-scy> 
 
# \i{}Ancistrachne\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
1<from the Greek (\i{}ancistrus\i0{}) to furnish with barbs, and
(\i{}achne\i0{}) husk or glume, referring to the often hooked hairs on the
glumes> 4<Type: \i{}A. uncinulata\i0{} (R.Br.) S.T.Blake> 
5<\i{}Simonachne\i0{} E.J. Thomps.> 7,2<with wiry
culms> 9,3/4<sometimes shrubby, or scrambling> 11,- 13,100-200 14,1-2
19,1/2 27,2 32,3 37,1 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,1 68,1 69,3 70,-
73,2 74,1 89,5/4 91,1<narrow, depauperate, the primary branches sometimes
simple> 94,- 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,2 124,4 141,2.2-3.5 142,9 144,1 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,2
165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1<the lower abaxial> 171,1<hispid with hooked
or flexuous hairs, the upper more so> 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 187,0-5<from
vestigial to half the spikelet length> 189,5-11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 199,2 200,2 201,2 202<hispid, the hairs hooked or flexuous> 203,2
204,7-9 205,2-3 206,1<leathery> 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,1
216,1-2<cartilaginous to crustaceous> 217,2/3 218,1 219,1/2 223,1-2<the
apex incurved> 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
257,2 258,1/2 259,3 260,- 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274<about>,2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 290,U 291,2 294,U 295,1 296,U
297,3 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the
intercostals shorter> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,48-63 341,6-7.5
342,6.4-10.5 343,21-24 344,0.35-0.44 345,1 346,28.5-31.5 348,3 350,2 351,2
360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,1 386,2 387,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1
401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,49
491,5 492<Philippines, eastern Australia, New Caledonia> 493,5 494,2&5
496,3&4&5 500,3 501,3 503,1 504,2&6 509,1 513,1 515<forests> 534<Blake
1941> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. uncinulata\i0{} (R. Br.) Blake> 
536<the detailed 2022 taxonomic revision of \i{}Ancistrachne\i0{} sensu lato
by E.J. Thompson in Aust. Syst. Bot. 35(1) has yet to be accounted for in 
this package> 540<an_achne> 
 
# \i{}Ancistragrostis\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
1<referring to hooked lemma awns> 3<\i{}Deyeuxia\i0{} (\i{}D.
uncinioides\i0{} (S.T Blake) Royen & Veldk.)> 7,2 9,3 13,6-10 14,2 19,2
25,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,0.4-0.6 58,1 59,3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
69,1 70,2<ovate, lacerate> 71,1.1-1.5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3 101,2 102,2
108,2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels 0.5-0.8 mm long> 125,1 141,3.5-4 145,1 147,1
154,1 155<prolongation>,1 156,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2<subequal>
166,1 167,1 171,2 172,2 174<subacute> 176,2 177,1 179,2<thinly
cartilaginous> 181,1 187,1 189,1/3 191,1 196,2 208,1 211,1 214,2<thinly
cartilaginous> 218,2 220,2<minutely bilobed> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2
229,1 230,1 231,1 233,1 234,1<0.7 - 1.2 mm long> 235,1 236,2 240,2 243,1
244,1 248,5 249,2 250,1 251,2<about 2/3 of the lemma length> 255,1<obtuse>
256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,2 271,2<hyaline> 272,3 274,0.6 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2
290,U 294,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 330,1&2 331,1 332,2 345,1
348<predominantly>,2 350,2<mostly more or less flush> 351,1 353,1 354,1
356<mostly>,2 360,2/3<a few short rows> 363,1<predominating over most
veins: a short variant of the crenate type>/5-6<a few> 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,2 393,1<the tops rounded> 394,1 395,2<except by its location> 396,1
399,1 401,1<in each furrow> 403,2 404,2<adaxially with strands only,
abaxially with girders and strands> 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,2 491,2 492<montane New Guinea> 493,5 494,2 496,3 500,4 504,9
512,3 515<damp places and montane grassland> 534<Blake 1946> 535<studied by
us - \i{}A. uncinioides\i0{} S.T. Blake> 537,2 540<an_agros> 
 
# \i{}Andropogon\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}aner\i0{} (\i{}andr-\i0{}, man) and \i{}pogon\i0{}
(beard), alluding to villous pedicels of sterile and male-only spikelets>
5<\i{}Anatherum\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Arthrostachys\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Arthrolophis\i0{} (Trin.) Chiov., \i{}Dimeiostemon\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Eriopodium\i0{} Hochst., \i{}Heterochloa\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Homoeatherum\i0{} Nees, \i{}Leptopogon\i0{} Roberty>
6<\i{}Hypogynium\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/3/4 11,- 13,8-250(-430) 14,2 19,1/2
23,3<occcasionally>/1 37,1 38,- 43,2 47,2 52,1 55,1/2 58,1/2 63,1/2 65,2
67,1/2 69,1-2 72,1<occasionally, of hairs, e.g. \i{}A. gayanus\i0{}>/2 73,2
74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4<<10%> the pedicelled spiklet occasionally suppressed>
78,1 79,1<the lowermost pair imperfect and homogamous>/2 80,1 82,1/2
83<when present,>,1 89,2/5<usually with paired or digitate racemes, these
often spatheate and aggregated into false panicles> 100,- 101<usually>,1
102,1<often>/2 103,3 106,2<<90%> nearly always>/3<very rarely only one, the
raceme bases terete, often long, hardly ever deflexed> 107,1/2 108,1 109,2
112,2 113,1/2 115,1<plumose>/2<ciliate>/3<<5%> rarely> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4<sometimes reduced to their pedicels> 131<the
pedicelled spikelets male or barren, usually awnless, occasionally
suppressed> 136<usually>,1 140,- 145,1/2/3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,1/2 173,3 176,1/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
sometimes aristate> 179,1<subleathery to membranous, the lower flat,
concave or canaliculate on the back, its margins folded and 2-keeled, the
upper naviculate, carinate above> 183,1 184,2-4 185,2 186,1
187,1-11<sometimes lacking the midnerve> 189,1-3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,2-3 206,1-2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline
to firm, sometimes substipitate beneath the awn> 216,2 218,2<usually bifid>
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous>/2<puberulous> 234,2-3
240,1/2<often ciliate or ciliolate> 244,2 248,1-3 250,1 251,3<hyaline>
258,2/- 259,1/- 264,1<tiny> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2 270,- 272,1-3
275,1/2 277,1 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,1/2/3<subterete to planoconvex> 293,-
295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 304,1<e.g., \i{}A. gayanus\i0{}>/2 305,1
306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1/2 332,1 335,1
339,(24-)27-55 341,6-7.5 342,3.2-5 343,15-30 344,0.52-0.63 345,1 346,27-30
348,3/2&3 350,2 351,1/2 353,2<mainly solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3
370,1 373,3<3 species> 374,2 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1/2 389,1/2 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1/2 401<in irregular groups, or the epidermis
exctensively bulliform, or>,2<then sometimes associated with traversing
colourless columns>/- 403,1/2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,3 411,1 413,2<5
species> 469,5&10 470,20&40&60&100&120&180 471,2-18 473<small> 476,1
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5 491<about>,100
492<tropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3 497,2&3&4&5
498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&4 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,2&6&9 506,1 507,1&2&3
508,1&2&3&4 511,1 512,3/4 515<mostly savanna, some in tropical highlands>
516<\i{}A. bicornis\i0{}, \i{}A. condensatus\i0{}, \i{}A. gerardii\i0{},
\i{}A. glomeratus\i0{}, \i{}A. lateralis\i0{}, \i{}A. scoparius\i0{},
\i{}A. selloanus\i0{}, \i{}A. ternarius\i0{}, \i{}A. virginicus\i0{}>
517<\i{}A. gayanus\i0{}> 518<\i{}A. gerardi\i0{}, \i{}A. scoparius\i0{}
(North America); \i{}A. abyssinicus\i0{}, \i{}A. chinensis\i0{}, \i{}A.
distachyos\i0{}, \i{}A. lima\i0{} (Kenya); etc.> 524,2&5 525,1&2&3&4&5
526,1&2&3 527,1 528,5&7 529,4&5 530,2&7&10&13&39&43 531,2 533,1&2&3&5
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. virginicus\i0{} L.> 540<andropog>
 
# \i{}Andropterum\i0{} <Stapf>/
7,2 9,4 13<about>,20-100 14,2 44,2 47,2 52<broadly>,1<and acuminate> 55,1-2
56<to>,15 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&2/3<sessile
hermaphrodite, pedicelled male or sterile?> 78,1<the pedicelled spikelet
larger, glabrous, asymmetrically winged via the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
awnless> 89,4 101,2 102,2 103,3<with many spikelets> 106,1 107,2 108,1
109,2 111,2<more or less clavate> 115<ciliate> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1
128,2 129,1 130,1 141<(the sessile members, to which this description is
confined)>,5-8 144,- 145,1<compressed between the internode and the
pedicel> 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 163,2 167,2 176,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
bidentate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} muticous or mucronate>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2-keeled and grooved, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
naviculate with a winged crest above> 183,1 184,4<the keels closely
apposed> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 208,1 218,2 221,1<bifid
to 3/4 of their length> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous>
234,3<8-15 mm long> 240,2 244,2 247,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,42-45.6-48 341,4.8-6-7.5 342,5.6-7.7-9.4 343,12-16.8-21
344,0.29-0.37-0.44 345,1 346,24-30 348,2&3 350,2 351<fairly>,1
353,2<solitary> 357<exhibiting abundant, short-tipped prickles with almost
spherical bases, and large macrohairs with conspicuous basal rosettes>
358,2 360,1 361,3-2 363<(these, or at least the silica cells)>,8/- 364,4/-
365,- 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 385,1 396,2<one large median, and several
small ones on either side, nearer the abaxial surface> 397,1<the large
adaxial colourless mass more or less lignified, and merging into fibre
groups adaxial to the median bundle and beneath the adaxial epidermis>
398,2 399,2<for the most part - the epidermis extensively bulliform> 401,-
403,1 404,1<but only in a few of the main bundles - the rest with strands
only> 406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42 491,1<\i{}A.
stolzii\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3
512,3 515<forest margins> 535<studied by us> 536<note that spikelet details
are given here only for the sessile spikelet> 537,2 540<andropte> 
 
# \i{}Anemanthele\i0{} <Veldk.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}anemos\i0{} (wind) and \i{}anthele\i0{} (plume) - New
Zealand Wind Grass> 3<\i{}Agrostis\i0{}, \i{}Oryzopsis\i0{}> 7,2
9<densely>,3<from a short, cataphyllous rhizome> 13,70-150 14,2 19,2 27,2
42,2 44,1 47,2 55,2<up to 8 mm wide, to 40 cm long, stiff> 59,1/3<flat to
involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,1-1.5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<large, lax, the
branches in verticils of 5 to 8> 94,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3
141,2.75-3.5 143<greenish purple to leaden> 145,1-2 147,1 154,2
157,1<small> 160,2<0.15-0.2 mm> 161,2<obtuse, conical, straight> 163,2
165,1-2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2.5-3 mm, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} 2.75-3.5 mm>
166,3 167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 172,1<apart from the scabrous midrib>
174,1<or the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} apically erose>
176,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with the midrib slightly excurrent> 177,1
179,2<scarious> 187,1 189,1/3 191,1 196,2 208,1 211,1-2<hiding the upper
part of the palea> 214,3<persistently membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2<minutely bilobed at the tip> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<i.e., from
between the minute lobes> 231,1 232,1/3 235,2<by all three> 236,1 240,2
243,1<to scaberulous> 244,2<?> 246,1 248,3 249,1 250,1<only its upper part
covered, at anthesis, by the overlapping upper margins of the lemma>
251,1-2<1.5-1.6 mm, compared with the 2-2.25 mm lemma> 255<apically erose
to slightly fimbriate> 256,1 259,3<weakly so> 260,1<neither keeled nor
furrowed> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2<but closely set and imbricate> 268,2
269,2 270,2<lanceolate lingular> 271,2 272,1 274<about>,1<yellow> 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<exposed between the divergent lemma and palea>
287,1<about 1.5 mm long, brown> 289,2 294,2<finely reticulate> 295,1<in the
lower 1/6 of the grain, elliptic> 298,1-2<about 0.3 times the grain length>
304,1 305,2<the primary root bent away from the main axis> 306,2 308,1
322,2 323,2 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,1 360,2<with a few threes>
363,2-3<more or less circular, irregularly isodiametric, oval to slightly
elongated, and irregular>/- 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,2<of two size
orders> 395,1 396,1 399,1<lining the adaxial grooves> 403,2 404,1 405,1<the
major bundles with Ts> 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491,1<\i{}A.
lessoniana\i0{}> 492<New Zealand> 493,5 494,6 504,10 505,1 512,3<at the
edges of streamlets, up to 460 m> 534<Veldkamp 1985> 535<studied by us>
540<anemanth> 
 
# \i{}Aniselytron\i0{} <Merr.>/
3<\i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}> 5<\i{}Aulacolepis\i0{} Hack.,
\i{}Neoaulacolepis\i0{} Rauschert> 7,2 9,3/4 11,- 13,40-100 14,2 19,2 38,-
42,1 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,1-2 56,2.3-21 59,1 66,2 69,1<sometimes ciliolate>
70,1-2<collar shaped to triangular> 71,0.3-7.5 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?> 89,5
91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 126,2 141,2.4-4.6 144,- 145<at least somewhat>,1 147,1 148,- 154,1
155,2<glabrous> 156,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} being very small or rudimentary> 166,1 167,1 170,-
171,2 172,1-2 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} much
shorter, sometimes a mere scale> 183,- 187,0/1 189,1/3 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<acute> 214,3<leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1-2<attenuate, sometimes
into a hooked or filiform mucro> 240,2 243,2 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1
251,1 255,1<narrow> 256,1 259,3 260,3<the rachilla prolongation residing
between the keels> 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2
272,3 274,0.6-2<yellow> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<1.25-2 mm
long> 291,1/3 293,- 295,1 298,2 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,2<the costals
thicker walled> 330,2 331,2<to very minutely so> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,-
350,- 351<fairly>,1<adjoining the bases of adjacent prickles> 353,2 354,2
357<with numerous bulbous-based prickles> 360,3 363,2/1<a few being
slightly sinuous> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1-2<the ribs round,
low-topped> 394,1 395,1<via a large bundle and a slight abaxial keel>
396,1/2<depending on interpretation - there being a small bundle on each
side and fairly close to the large median> 399,1<in the broad furrows>
401,1<the fans broad> 403,1<and others with only negligible strands>
404,1<with the midrib and the other primaries> 405,1<the median midrib
bundle> 406,1 442,- 469,7 471,6 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,61 491,2 492<Sikkim, northern Burma, China, Japan, Taiwan, Luzon,
Sabah, northern Sumatra> 493,3&5 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,2&3 504,11
512,3 513,1 515<montane> 534<Korthoff and Veldkamp 1984> 535<studied by us
- \i{}A. treutleri\i0{} (= \i{}Aulacolepis\i0{})> 540<aniselyt> 
 
# \i{}Anisopogon\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}anisos\i0{} (unequal) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to the hair on the lemma backs> 4<Type: \i{}A. avenaceus\i0{} R.
Br.> 7<oat-like>,2 9,3 11,- 13,60-110 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 52,2
55,2 56,2-3 59,1-3 65,2 66,2 69,2<the membrane short to relatively long,
hairy on the back> 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 88,2<the spikelets large> 89,5 91,1
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,40-60 145,1 147,1 154<usually>,1<the slender prolongation 6-8 mm long,
in the palea groove>/2 156<(when present)>,1 157,1 159,1<dense> 160,3<about
6 mm long> 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<the upper slightly longer> 166,3 167,2
170,- 174,1<lanceolate, attenuate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<3-5 cm long,
rather flat and leafy> 187,7-9 189,7-9 191,1/2<usually with a single,
abortive floret> 192,2 194,1<minute> 196,2 208,1 214,3 216,2<but very
firmly leathery> 218,2 220,3 223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,1 228,1
229,- 231,2 233,1-2 234,3<up to 8 cm long> 235,2<5> 236,2 237,1<15-25 mm
long, straight to twisted but non-geniculate, relatively slender>
240,1<with dense, white hairs> 244,2<rounded on the back> 247,2 248,3 250,1
251,1<<narrow, lanceolate>> 254,2 255,2 256,1 257,2 258<firm, except for
the membranous, bifid tip> 259,3 260,3<the keels closely apposed below,
diverging towards the tip> 262,2 264,1 265,3 266,1<large in material seen>
267,2 268,2<two stipoid and larger, the third smaller and flimsier> 269,2
270,2 271,2 272,3 274,10-14 275,2 276,2 277,2<sparingly so, towards the
apex> 280,2 283,2/3 284,1 287,2 291,3 295,2 297,1/2 298,2 299,1 303,2 315,1
316,2 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<or the costals
narrower> 328,1<or the costals somewhat thicker-walled> 330,1
331,1&2<conspicuously pitted> 332,2 345,2 346,18-27 348,- 349,- 350,2<i.e.,
in the few seen> 351,1 353,1 357<heavily pitted prickle bases abundant>
358,2 360<varying in arrangement from file to file,>,1/2/3
363,8<mostly>/5<a few> 364<predominantly short>,3 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1 394,2<small, round-topped ribs alternating with large, flat-topped
ones> 395,2 396,1 399,1<one group in each furrow> 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1<most bundles with a conspicuous I> 406,2 407,1/2 416,1 477,1 480,3
487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80 491,1<\i{}A. avenaceus\i0{}> 492<Australia>
493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2&4 509,2 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<light
\i{}Eucalyptus\i0{} forest and heathland> 535<studied by us> 536<An
isolated monotypic, seeming nearest to Stipeae; but the taxonomic
relationships of \i{}Anisopogon\i0{} have yet to be convincingly
determined, despite the broad scope and good quality of the available
descriptive data. A prime candidate for comparative DNA studies.>
540<anisopog> 
 
# \i{}Anomochloa\i0{} <Brongn.>/
7,2 9,1&3 13,30-50 14,2 19,2 37,1 39,1 44,1 47,1<on the sheaths> 48,2
52<narrowly>,3<to oblong-lanceolate> 55,1 56,(40-)60-100<18-40 cm long>
57,1 59,1 63,1<the petioles up to 25 cm> 64,2 65,1 66<seemingly>,2<but
more or less articulated> 67,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,-<spicate,
cymoid, with 2-5 spikelets in the axil of each bract> 91,- 101,1<and
spatheolate> 102,1 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<in
the partial inflorescences> 123,3 140,2<apparently lacking glumes,
exhibiting an upper and a lower bract and a perigonate annulus, all
presenting interpretive problems> 148,- 154,2 162,2 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<(if the lower bract is seen as such) leathery, ovate,
tessellate-nerved> 214,- 216,2 244,2 247,2 248<many nerved> 250<(if the
upper bract be so interpreted)>,1 255,-<forming a closed tube below,
enclosing the flower> 259,4 260,1 264,1 266,- 267,1<confluent, in the form
of an annulus - if the annulus be so interpreted> 269,1<in that the annulus
is fringed> 272,4 274,3-5 277,1 283,1 287,2<up to 10 mm long> 289<oblong to
rectangular> 290<shallowly>,1 291,1 295,2 298,1<nearly as long as the
fruit> 303,2 304,1 305,1<inconspicuous> 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2
329,2<rather short> 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,1 339,(74-)80-90(-115)
343,(45-)48-60(-63) 344<about>,0.64 345,1 348<low>,2&3 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,3 360,3<in series of 2-4> 363,2&3 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,1 391,1 392,2
393<blade with slight ribs and furrows adaxially> 395,1<projecting adaxial
rib> 396,3<a large abaxial bundle, and 2 smaller ones in a line above it>
399,1-2 401<in groups of the irregular type> 403,2 404,1 405,1<incomplete
anchors> 406,1 418,1 442,- 464,- 469,9 470,36 477,3 478,3 481,4 487,1 488,7
489,3 490,80 491,1<\i{}A. marantoidea\i0{}> 492<tropical America> 493,7
494,3 502,4 504,11 513,1 515<in forests> 534<Judziewcz and Soderstrom 1989>
535<Metcalfe 1960, Judziewcz and Soderstrom 1989> 540<anomochl> 
 
# \i{}Anthaenantiopsis\i0{} <Pilger>/
1<from \i{}Anthenantia\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.) and the Greek
\i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance), suggesting similarity> 7,2 9,3 13,40-110 14,2
19,2 27,1/2 37,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths hairy or glabrous, striate>
52,1-2 55,2 56,(1-)1.5-9(-10) 58,1<at least, tapering to filiform in \i{}A.
tristachya\i0{}>/2 63,1<narrow at the base, tapering to it in \i{}A.
tristachya\i0{}> 65,2 69,1<shortly laciniate>/2 71,0.3-1.2 73,2 74,1
89<ambiguously>,2/3/5<spiciform, of appressed or slightly divergent short
racemes> 91,2 92,3/4 95,3 99<triquetrous,>,4/- 101,2 102,2 103,3 105,1
108,2 121,2<congested on the axes> 122,1 123<shortly>,3/2<the pedicels
pilose> 141,2.6-3.6 142<narrowly>,8/8/- 144,1/2<?> 145,3 146,2 147,3 150,2
154,2 162,1 163,1/2<usually> 165,1<the lower being very small, said to be
sometimes absent> 166,2<i.e. the upper glumes> 167<(the upper)>,2<sometimes
enclosing the tip of the upper lemma> 171,1<with tuberculate whitish hairs>
176,2 177,2 179,1<the lower reduced> 181<when present, much>,1 183,-
187,0/1-3 189,5-7(-9) 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<hyaline>
200<narrowly ovoid to ellipsoid> 201,1 202<glumiform> 203,2 204,5-7(-9)
205,2-3<as long as the spikelet> 206,1<and stiffly pilose> 208,1
214,3<thinly crustaceous> 215,1 216,1 217,1<or whitish> 218,1 223,1
240,1<sometimes pubescent at the apex>/2 244,2 246,2 247,1 250,1 251,1
253,1 255,1 256,1 257,1-2<cartilaginous> 258,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,2 295,1<punctifom
or oblong> 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 330,1&2<and often rather
irregular, sometimes with oblique end-walls> 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,32-60 345,1 346,19-32 348,2&3<variously truncated> 350,2 351,1 353,1
354,1 360,1/1&3<in \i{}A. tristachya\i0{}> 363,8 364,3/4<mostly, in \i{}A
tristachya\i0{}> 366<seemingly>,1<in the material of \i{}A.
trachystachya\i0{} seen, the lateral laminae being reduced to tiny
flanges>/2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 383,1 390,1/2 393,1/3 395,1 396,2<or the
bundles forming almost a circle in the reduced blade of \i{}A.
tristachya\i0{}> 397,1<and in \i{}A. tristachya\i0{} filling the centre of
the vascular ring> 399,1<in the species other than \i{}A tristachya\i0{}>/-
401,1 403,1 404,1/2<\i{}A. tristachya\i0{} exhibiting abaxial girders only,
with the main bundles> 405<when present,>,1 406,1 469,10 470,20&40&41
471,2&4 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,4 492<Brazil to
Argentina> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11 513,2 514,2 515<savanna> 534<Parodi
1938; Morrone \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993> 535<studied by us - \i{}A.
trachystachya\i0{} (Nees) Pilger; Morrone \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993> 536<cf.
\i{}Urochloa\i0{} and \i{}Brachiaria\i0{}> 537,2 540<anthaena> 
 
# \i{}Anthenantia\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower) and \i{}enantios\i0{} (contrary),
reflecting problems re morphological interpretation of the spikelet>
5<\i{}Anthaenantia\i0{} P. Beauv. (alternative spelling),
\i{}Aulaxanthus\i0{} Elliott, \i{}Aulaxia\i0{} Nutt> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,60-120
14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2<3-5 mm> 65,2 66,1<from the upper
culms> 68,1 69,2<short> 70,- 71,0.5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 99,- 100,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,3 142,8 144,- 145,3<but with the side of the lower lemma somewhat
flattened> 147,1/3/4 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,1<the upper> 164,2 165,-
167,2 168,- 170,- 171,1<with longitudinal rows of dense hairs> 174,1 176,2
177,2 179,- 183,- 187,- 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2
204,5 205,2 206,1<also with longitudinal rows of hairs> 207,2 208,1
210<more or less boat-shaped and firm to the tip, by contrast with
\i{}Leptocoryphium\i0{}> 214,3 216,2<cartilaginous, dark brown> 218,1 219,1
223,1 240,2 244,1-2 246,1 247,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 256,1 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
345,1 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,2 354,1 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2 385,2 389,1
393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,2<in the blade, the smallest bundles are in an
abaxial row, with the medium-sized ones above them in the ribs (phloem
always abaxial): c.f. \i{}Leptocoryphium\i0{}> 397,1 399,1 401,2 403,1
404,1 405,1 406,1 469,10<?> 470,20 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37
490,53 491,2 492<warm America> 493,6&7 494,3 502,2 504,11 515<pine barrens>
518<\i{}A. rufa\i0{}> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. rufa\i0{} (Ell.) Schult.>
540<anthenan> 
 
# \i{}Anthephora\i0{} <Schreber>/
1<from the Greek \i{}anthe\i0{} (blossom) and \i{}pherein\i0{} (to bear)>
5<\i{}Hypudaerus\i0{} A. Br.> 7,1/2 9,1/3-4 11,- 13,15-150 14,2 19,1/2 27,2
37,2 38,- 40,- 42,1/2 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,2 56,1-7 58,2/1<when tightly
rolled> 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1/2 70,2<often irregularly split almost to
the base> 71,2-8 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<the involucres of the clusters being
here interpreted as modified spikelets, rather than as modified lower
glumes of the fertile spikelets> 76,1&4/1&3<the glomerules comprising 1-11
central perfect spikelets with two or more outer sterile or male involucral
spikelets, the latter mainly manifested as leathery, several nerved
bracts> 78,1<the involucral spikelets much modified, usually reduced to
leathery bracts> 84,1/2 89,3<3-11 spikelets per glomerule, the glomerules
conical, usually sessile> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<to glomerules> 106,-
107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e. each glomerule falling from the persistent main
axis> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,4<these consisting of the leathery,
bractlike vestiges of involucral spikelets, which are sometimes connate at
the base> 119,2 121,2 126,- 131<the outer, involucral spikelets mainly
detected as broad, leathery bracts, these 2-15 nerved, sometimes basally
connate; the bracts seemingly interpretable as modified lower glumes, being
sometimes accompanied by a setaceous G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and a male
floret> 144,1<in the sense that the backs of the glumes are to the inside
of the glomerule>/- 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,- 160<absent in the normal sense,
but hairs at the base of the glomerule and on the involucre direct the
resting position of the glomerule> 163,1<the upper> 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,1
177,2 178,- 189,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2-7 205,2
206,1 207,2 208,1 210<lanceolate> 216,2<membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2
244,2 246,1 247,1/2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,2
266,- 272,3 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 290,U 291,2 294,U 295,1 296,U 297,U 301,2
302,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals long, narrow,
rectangular, intercostals broader, rather variable> 328,1<thin walled>
329,1/2<e.g. in \i{}A. schinzii\i0{}, which has many of them nearly
isodiametric> 330,1/2 331,2<commonly>/1<e.g. in \i{}A. argentea\i0{}> 332,1
335,1 339,(54-)57-84(-90) 341,(24-)25-36(-45) 342,9.5-15
343,(3.6-)4.2-6(-9.3) 344,0.4-0.56 345,1 346,18-27 348,3 350,1/2 351,2
357<costal prickles abundant> 358,2 360,1/3 363,8 364,1/3/4 370,1
371<usually>,1/2<rarely, doubtfully> 372<when unconventional,
supposedly>,4<see W.V. Brown 1977, quoting Johnson 1965> 374,2 375,2 382,2
383,1 385,1 388,1/2 393,1/3<but usually with small, conspicuous abaxial
ribs> 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1/2<e.g. in \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}, where
the epidermis is mainly bulliform> 401,1<when grouped> 402,1/2 403,1/2
404,1/2 406,1 410,2 413,2<1 species> 469,9 470,18&36&40 471,2&4 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,12 492<tropical and southern Africa,
Arabia, tropical America> 493,4 494,1&2&3 495,2 496,1 498,3 499,1&2&3&4
502,1&2&3&4&6 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<in dry, sandy
savanna> 524,5 525,1&5 526,1 531,2 533,1&2 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us
- \i{}A. acuminata\i0{} (Rendle) Stapf & Hubbard, \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}
Nees; photographs of \i{}A. argentea\i0{}, \i{}A. pubescens\i0{} and \i{}A.
schinzii\i0{} provided by R. P. Ellis> 537,2 540<anthepho> 
 
# \i{}Anthochloa\i0{} <Nees & Meyen ex Nees>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7<diminutive>,2 9,3 11,- 13,5-10 14,2 19,2 38,- 42,2 44,2
47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-3.5 59,1/3<conduplicate> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.5
73,2 74,1<but with female and sterile florets distally in the spikelet>
88,2 89,5 91,2 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 141,4.5-6.5 144,- 145,2<terete> 147,1 148,2
149,1 154,1 156,1 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2
174,2<broadly rounded> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<broad, membranous,
irregularly dentate> 183,- 187,3 189,5 191,2<the lower florets
hemaphrodite, female florets above, the uppermost sterile> 192,2 194,2<the
rachilla terminating in a clavate clump of rudiments> 196,2 208,2-4
210<flabelliform, irregularly toothed, often pinkish> 214,2 216,2
218,2<emarginate or split> 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5/7
250,1 251,1 255<three lobed, the median lobe itself bilobed> 256,1 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1<1.5 mm long> 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1/2 328,1 330,1 331,2 332,2 345,2 348,-
349,- 350,- 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3 363<predominantly>,2<being at the most
only slightly sinuate> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1
399,2 401,- 402,2 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405<the girders small>
406,1 442,- 448,1 470,42 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,80 491,2
492<Andes> 493,7 494,1&3 495,3 502,6 504,11 513,2 515<in high mountains>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. lepidula\i0{} Nees & Meyen>
540<anthochl> 
 
# \i{}Anthoxanthum\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower) and \i{}xanthos\i0{} (yellow),
referring to panicle colour after flowering> 4<Type: \i{}A. odoratum\i0{}
L.> 5<\i{}Flavia\i0{} Fabric., \i{}Foenodorum\i0{} Krause,
\i{}Xanthonanthus\i0{} St-Lager> 6<\i{}Hierochlo\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3-4 11,-
13,5-90 14,2 19<sparingly>,1/2 27,1/2 37,2 38,- 43,1<coumarin-scented> 44,2
47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2<2-15> 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,2 71,2-5 73,2 74,1
80,1 89,4<<10%> rarely>/5 91,2 92,2/3 94,- 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,1-3 141,5-10 145,1 147,1 154,2
163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous>
187,1 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,1<sometimes, the palea
two-keeled>/2 201,2 203,1 204,3 205,3 206,1<hairy> 207,2 208,1 214,3 216,1
218,1/2 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 231,2 234,1-3 240,2 244,2 248,1-7
250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,2/3/1 260,1/- 264,2 266,- 272,2/3<<10%>
rarely> 274,3.5-5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 293,- 295,1 298,2
299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,1-2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2 311,1 312,2
314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,2 331,1 332,2 345,1
346<about>,36<in \i{}A. odoratum\i0{}> 348,1 350,1 351,2 360,3 363,1/2/3
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1<or the cells
fairly regular in size>/- 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 411,2 413,2<1
species> 415,1 416,1 469,5 470,10&20 471,2&4 473<large> 475,11.8<\i{}A.
odoratum\i0{}> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,8 491,20 492<North
temperate & mountains of tropical Africa & Asia> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&8
494,1&2&3&4&6 495,1&2 496,1&2&3 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,2 500,1&2&4 502,1&6
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,2 506,1&2 507,1 508,1&2&3 511,1 512,3 513,1&2
515<meadows, grasslands and in light shade> 516<\i{}A. aristatum\i0{},
\i{}A. odoratum\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&29&33 531,1&2
532,4&5 533,5 534<Schouten and Veldkamp 1985> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}A. odoratum\i0{} L.> 536<should perhaps include
\i{}Hierochlo\i0{}> 540<anthoxan> 
 
# \i{}Antinoria\i0{} <Parl.>/
7,1/2 9,3/4/- 13,5-30 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<about>,2.5<to 12 cm
long> 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70<usually lacerate> 71,1-3 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1<up to 10 by 7 cm> 93,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels
longer than the spikelets, clavate> 141,1-2 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,4 150,1
151,- 152,- 154,2 155,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,2<scabridulous on the
keel> 174<subobtuse> 176,2 177,1 179,2 187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,2
210<elliptic, widest near the tip by contrast with \i{}Airopsis\i0{},
membranous> 214,2 216,2 218<slightly>,2 219,2 220<more or less truncate,
but shallowly>,3 221,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
253,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 272,3 274,0.5-1 277,1 280,2 283,2 289,6
291,2<rounded abaxially, flat ventrally> 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,1<very
abundant> 324,1&2<but mainly intercostal, being excluded from the costae by
prickles> 325,1 326,3<quite large, thick walled, circular, in one row of
2-5 per cell> 330,1-2 331,1&2 332,2 345,1 347,2 348<mostly more or less>,1
350,1 351,1 353<mostly apparently>,2<solitary> 357<the costal zones
dominated by chains of blunt prickles> 360,3<infrequent, amid the prickles>
361,1<but examples few and far between> 363,1<short, often more or less
imperfect> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1<tall> 395,2 396,1 398,2
399,1<perhaps, in the furrows>/2<?> 401<if present,>,1 403,2 404,2<the
sclerenchyna confined to small adaxial strands, and small abaxial strands
and girders> 406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,3 491,2 492<Mediterranean> 493,2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1
512,3<in damp places> 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}A. agrostidea\i0{}
(DC.) Parl.> 536<morphological description compiled from \i{}Flora
Europaea\i0{} and Clayton & Renvoize (1987)> 540<antinori> 
 
# \i{}Apera\i0{} <Adans.>/
1<perhaps from the Greek \i{}a\i0{} (not) and \i{}peros\i0{} (maimed),
contrasting the well developed lemma awn with that of \i{}Calamagrostis
calamagrostis\i0{}, from which Adanson was distinguishing this genus>
5<\i{}Anemagrostis\i0{} Trin.> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,10-120 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2
38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-10 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-10
73,2 74,1 80,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-3.6 145,1 147,1 154,1/2 155,2 156<when
present,>,1 157,2 161,2 163,2 165,1<usually>/2<rarely> 167<(the upper)>,2
170,- 174,1/- 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,3 191,1/2 192,2
196,2 208,1<usually>/2-3 210<bidentate> 214,3<firmly membranous>
216,2<subindurate when mature> 218,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1
231,1/2<rarely> 234,3 235,1 240,2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
272,3 274,0.3-2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 290,1 291,2 293,- 295,1
298,2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1
314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,2
331,1 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2<very rare> 353,1<also solitaries> 354,1
360,3<mainly solitary> 363,1/2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2 394,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,3-4 492<Europe, western Asia> 493,1&2
494,1&6 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 505,2 506,1&2 511,1 512,3 513,2
515<dry sandy soils and arable land> 516<\i{}A. interrupta\i0{}, \i{}A.
spica-venti\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24 531,1 532,4&5
535<studied by us - \i{}A. spica-venti\i0{} (L.) Beauv.> 540<apera> 
 
# \i{}Aphanelytrum\i0{} <Hackel>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7,2 9,2&4 11,- 14,2 18,3<over rocks and other vegetation>
38,- 47,2 49,1 55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,1 73,2 74,1 88,2 89,5 91,1
94,1 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 140,2<peculiar, with very long rachilla internodes and tiny glumes>
141,4.5-7.5 144,- 145,2 147,1 149,3&4 154,1 155,2<scabrid> 156,2 157,2
158,2 163,2 164,1 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 176,2 179,2 187,0 188,-
189,0 191,1 196,2 208,2-3 210<lanceolate, broadly acuminate>
216,2<membranous> 218,2 220<shortly>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,-
231,1 233,1 234,1 240,2 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,1 255,2
256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2
271,2 272,3 274,3.5-3.8 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1/2<3.5-4>
291,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<costals rectangular> 328,2<costals thicker- walled>
330<exaggeratedly>,2 331,2 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,2 353,- 354,-
360,3 363,2<sometimes slightly sinuous> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 396,1 406,1
436,- 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,80 491,2<\i{}A.
procumbens\i0{}, \i{}A. peruvianum\i0{}> 492<western tropical South
America> 493,7 494,3 502,6 504,11 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<in humid montane
forest> 535<studied by us - \i{}Aphanelytrum procumbens\i0{}> 540<aphanely>
 
# \i{}Apluda\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}apluda\i0{} (chaff), referring to conspicuously
spatheate groups of spikelets, or to spathes persisting on old
inflorescences> 5<\i{}Calamina\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7,2 9,4<often scrambling>
11,- 13,50-120 19,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1<to 15 mm>/2 63,1 65,2
66,2 69,1 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3&4<in combination> 84,1 89,5 91,1 94,-
101,1<each naviculate spathe enclosing a raceme reduced to a single joint,
with 3 spikelets> 102,1 103,1<to 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets>
106,3<at the tips of the usually fascicled branchlets> 107,2 108,1<the
whole triplet deciduous from the minute peduncle> 111,- 120,3 121,2 123,1&3
126,1 127,1<the pedicels flat and broad> 128,2 129,1 130,3&4<one male, the
other reduced to a small glume> 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,- 176,2 179,1<lower leathery, upper thinner and naviculate> 183,U
187,11 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 206,2<thinly
membranous to hyaline> 208,1 214,1 216,2 218,1/2 220<when incised>,2
223,2/3<entire and mucronate, or deeply bilobed/awned> 225<when present,>,1
228,1 231,2 234,1-3 240,2 244,2 248,1 250,1 251,3 258,2<hyaline> 259,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,2 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,2 304,2 305,1 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,1<the
interstomatal cells papilliform> 327,1<the costals narrower> 328,1<fairly
thin walled> 329,1<but these rather short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,39-42 341,6-7.5 342,6.5-9 343,(12-)13.5-18 344,0.31-0.43 345,1
346,21-22.5(-24) 348,2 350,- 351,2 360,3 363,8 364,2/3/4 370,1 374,2 385,1
393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1<or in irregular groups>/-
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 442,- 469,10 470,20&40 471,2&4 473<small> 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,1<\i{}A. mutica\i0{}>
492<Mauritius & Socotra to Formosa & New Caledonia> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2 495,2
496,1&2&3&5 498,3 499,1&2 500,1&2&3&4 504,9 508,2 512,3 515<in thickets and
forest margins> 524,1&5 525,1&3&5 526,3 528,7 530,21 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2
535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 540<apluda> 
 
# \i{}Apochiton\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,1 9,3<loosely>/4 13,30-70 14,2 19,2 27,2 38,- 39,- 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,2
52,1 55,2 56<to>,4 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2<but the fringe of short cilia>
70,1 71,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<to 20 cm long> 94,2 96,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,6-8 142,7/9
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 150,- 154,1 155<rachilla sparsely hairy> 156,1
157,1 159,1 161,2 162,1 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 170,- 171,2 173,- 174,1<tapered
into short points> 176,1<shortly>/2<then mucronate> 177,1 179,2<greyish,
membranous, glabrous> 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1
196,2 208,3-5 214,2<membranous> 215,1 216,2 218,1 221,- 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3<attenuate from the lemma> 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2<2-3 mm>
235,1 236,2 240,1<with white hairs over the lower two thirds>
244<somewhat>,1 246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<but shorter than the lemma>
255,3 256,3<the two lobes attenuate into terminal awns about 2 mm long>
258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 263,3<with white hairs> 264,1 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,1 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2
287,1<about 2 mm long> 289,4 291,4 293,- 295,1 297,1 298,2<obscure> 322,1
323,1 324,1&2 325,2 326,1<large but rather inconspicuous, at one end of
many of the long-cells> 327,1<the costals narrower> 328,1<thin walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,(22.5-)24-27(-30) 340,10-11
341,9-12 342,1.9-3.3 343,9-12 344,0.35-0.5 345,1 346,30-33 348<mostly
low>,2 350,2 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 360,1<but the short-cells
tending to be rather long> 362,3 363,8<mostly>/4<a few, mostly over the
midrib> 364<mostly>,1&2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 389,1 395,1
396,1/2<one large solitary bundle, or one large bundle with two smaller
laterals, depending on interpretation> 397,1 399,1 400,2 401,1/2 403,2
404,1<but the girders short> 405,2 406,1 454,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}A. burttii\i0{}> 492<tropical East Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 512,3 513,2 515<savanna, in seasonally wet
soils> 534<Hubbard 1936b> 535<studied by us> 540<apochito> 
 
# \i{}Apochloa\i0{} <Zuloaga & Morrone>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{} Sect Lorea p.p.> 4<\i{}A. lorea\i0{} Zuloaga & Morrone>
7,2 9,1&3/4<rarely> 44,1 47,1-2 52,2-3 59<pungent,>,1/3 68,1/2 69<when
present,>,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 76,1 89<lax,>,5 91,1 142,8/10 144,1 162,1 163,2
165,1-2 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2<subequal to the lower lemma>
171,1/2 179,2 180,0.5-0.8 181,1 187,1/3 189,5(-7) 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 199,1 201,1 203<glabrous or pilose,>,2 204,5(-7) 205,2
206<membranous,>,1 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,1 216,1 240,1<\i{}A.
cipoense\i0{}>/2 243<usually>,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U
370<supposedly>,2 374,1 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 469,10
477,8 487,9 488,7 489,37 490,10 491,15 492<with a disjunct distribution
between the Guiana Highlands and eastern Brazil> 493,7 494,3 513,2
515<favouring exposed, rocky soils> 534<Sede, S.M., Morrone, O., Giussani,
L.M., and Zuloaga, F.O. (2008). Phylogenetic Studies in the Paniceae
(Poaceae): a realignment of section Lorea of \i{}Panicum\i0{}. \i{}Syst.
Bot.\i0{} 33(2):284-300> 540<apochloa> 
 
# \i{}Apoclada\i0{} <McClure>/
5<\i{}Filgueirasia\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,2 13,110<or more?> 14,1 17,U 19,1
21,4-10 22,1 30,1 31,2 34,2 35,1 36,4 37,2 38,1 39,1 40,2 44,2 46,-
47<auricles minute, rudimentary or obsolete> 48,1 55,2 56<to about>,1
59,4<aculeiform, to 9 cm long> 63,1 65,2 66,1 68,1<very short, dorsally
canescent> 69,2-3 70,- 72,1 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,- 91,1 99,-
101,1<inflorescence branches subtended by bracts, but no prophylls except
when the racemes are reduced to single spikelets> 102,1 108,2 121,2 123,3
140,1/2<the number of glumes variable> 141,70-400 144,- 145,1 147,1
148<tardily>,2 150,- 154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,2 158,- 162,1/2 163<when
present,>,1-3<consisting of leaf sheaths with reduced blades, but varying
from species to species in form, number, and spatial relation to the first
lemma> 164,2 165,1-2 167,1/2 168,2 176,2 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1-2<?>
203,1/2 205,1 206,2 208,(1-)3-15 210<acuminate> 216,2<papery> 218,1 219,1
223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,1 234,1 240,1/2 244,1/2<but then
keeled towards the tip> 246,- 248<several nerved> 250,1 251,1 252,2
255,2<and 2 or 4 dentate> 256,1 258,2<papery> 259,3 260,3 264,1 266,1 267,2
268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3<occasionally 3-6 in \i{}A. diversa\i0{}>
275,2 276,2 277,1/2 278,1 279,2 280,1 283,2<rarely showing a vestigial
third> 290,1 291,2 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325<from the ends of the
interstomatals>,1<and almost enclosing them> 326,3<a single, median row of
large, circular or bifurcated papillae per long-cell> 327,2<the costals
much more regularly rectangular> 328,1 330,1 331,1<with conspicuous pits>
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,42-51 341,7.5-10.5 342,5-6.8 343,21.6-24
344,0.42-0.57 345,1 346,28.5-31.5 348<obscured> 351,1 353,1&2 354,2<in the
silica-deficient material seen> 360,2 361,2 363,3<but most of the very few
silica bodies in the material seen poorly developed> 370,2 386,2
390,1<these very conspicuous> 391,2<\i{}sic\i0{}> 393<more or less>,2<the
adaxial ribs low, round- to flat-topped> 395,1<as indicated by a distinct
longitudinal fold nearer to one margin of the lamina> 396,1 398,1<assuming
the fold is indicative of a laterally displaced midrib> 399,1<a conspicuous
group in each adaxial groove> 401,1<a few only>/2<most of the groups being
associated internally with a large, deeply-penetrating median colourless
cell> 403,2 404,1 405,1<nearly all the bundles with a conspicuous I or
anchor> 406,2 407,1&4<there being occasional abaxial groups opposite the
bulliforms, and single layers of fibres lining the bulliforms -cf.
\i{}Atractantha\i0{}> 408,1&3 421,- 442,- 469,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4
488,3 489,9 490,36 491,4 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4&5 504,11 535<studied
by us - \i{}A. cannavierira\i0{} (Alvarado de Silviera) McClure>
540<apoclada> 
 
# \i{}Apocopis\i0{} <Nees>/
5<\i{}Amblyachyrum\i0{} Steud.> 7,1/2<low, delicate> 14,2 19,1/2 55,2 65,2
69,1<ciliolate> 73,2 74,1<rarely>/2 75,1 76,1/1&4<when the pedicelled
spikelet detectable> 78,1<the pedicelled members much reduced or absent,
the lowermost spikelets awnless> 79,2 89<of solitary racemes, or these
2-3(-4)nate but closely appressed, terminal, exserted> 91,- 95,1/3<when the
racemes solitary> 96,1-3(-4) 100,- 101,1/2 102,1/2 103,2/3 106,1/2/3
107,2 108,1 109,2 112,2 113,2 114,2 115,2<bearded at the apex, ciliate on
the margins> 120,2<or the pedicellate members suppressed>/- 123,1&3 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1 130,4<usually reduced to the pedicel, which is basally
adnate to the lower glume of the sessile spikelet> 145<slightly>,3 147,3
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 161,2 163,2<often dark coloured>
165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} much smaller> 167,2<the lower only, the upper
being much smaller> 174,2<truncate> 176,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes
with nerves excurrent as mucros> 177,2 178,- 179,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
2-3 keeled, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} flattened on the back and broadened
above> 183,2 184,1 185,2 186,1 187<obscurely>,7-9 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 201,1 203,2 204,0/1 205,2 206,1-2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<linear>
214,1 218,2 221,2<notched> 223,2<from the sinus>/3 225,1 226,1 228,1<or
mucronate> 231,2 233,2<puberulous> 234,1-3 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1
251,2 252,1 255,1<truncate or obtuse> 256,1 258,2<hyaline, glabrous> 259,1
264,2 272,2 274,0.75-3.5 277,1 283,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1<large,
scabrid> 325,1<laterally> 326,1-2 328,1 329,2<many being short and broad>
330<intercostal long cells mostly hexagonal, many nearly isodiametric>
331,2 332,1 335,1 339,30-45 341,5.1-8.1 342,3.2-8.3 343,15-31.5
344,0.48-0.75 345,1 346,18-36 348<variously>,2<but the domes often more or
less flat-topped>/3<in \i{}A. mangalorensis\i0{}> 350,1<slightly so, where
not obscured by papillae> 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1<but many pairs and short
rows over midrib> 363,1<a few, over the midrib>/8<imperfect forms,
especially over the midrib>/9<in the form of numerous, sharp-pointed
crosses over all veins but the midrib> 365<often>,1 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3
394,- 395,1<by virtue of its slight abaxial expansion, and adaxial
colourless tissue> 396,1-2<depending on interpretation> 397,1<small group,
over midrib> 399,2<the adaxial epidermis mainly bulliform> 401,- 403,1
404,1<with the primaries> 405,2 406,1 470,20&40 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,34 491,15 492<Burma, India, China and Southeast Asia>
493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1&2 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<in dry shallow soils>
535<studied by us - \i{}A. courtallumensis\i0{} (Steud.) Henr., \i{}A.
mangalorensis\i0{} (Hochst.) Henr.> 540<apocopis> 
 
# \i{}Arberella\i0{} <Soderstrom & Caldern>/
1<named for Agnes Chase, eminent British plant morphologist> 7,2 9,3
11,2<i.e. the culms not dimorphic> 13,25-35 14,2 19,2 37,1 40,2 44,2
48,1<but these tiny> 52,2-4 55,1/2 56,5-30<from 5-14 cm long, asymmetric at
base> 59,1 63,1 65,2 67,1 69,1<ciliolate>/2<ciliate> 71,0.4-0.8 73,1 74,2
75,1 76,2&3 77,3<terminal female spikelets, smaller male ones below> 78,1
79,- 86,1/2<according to interpretation> 89,5<several panicles
(synflorescences) from each of several to many nodes> 91,- 94,1 96,-
98<(female)>,1 101,1<prophylla projecting beyond the axillant sheaths>
102,1 103,5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3<the
pedicels of female spikelets thickened at the tip> 131<male spikelets
mainly paired, without glumes; 3.2-6.4 mm long, with one floret, lemma and
palea membranous; lodicules 3, fleshy; stamens 3> 133,2 135,1 136,1 138,3
141,8.5-22 144,- 145,3 147,1 148,- 149,1/3 154,2 155,- 157,2
160,1/2<columnar> 163,2 164,2 165,1/2 166,2-3 167,2 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1
176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate>
187,5-6/9-11<with transverse veinlets> 189,5-9<with transverse veinlets>
191,1 196,2 208,1 210<completely embracing the palea, ovate lanceolate>
214,3 216,1<fleshy early, hardening later> 218,1 219,1 223,1<but apiculate>
240,1<pilose basally and along margins> 244,2 246,2 247,1<apparently> 248,5
250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,1<textured like the lemma> 259,4<4-10> 260,1
264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,1 272,0 277,1 280,1<into one long
ribbon-like style> 283,2<plumose> 289,5<ovoid-spherical> 291,3 295,2 297,3
322,1<the costal zones narrow and distant from one another, the wide
intercostal zones themselves subdivided into a broad, non-papillate,
astomatal median zone, and narrow, stomatal, densely papillate zones
bordering each costal zone> 323,1 324,1&2<completely lacking from the wide
median regions of the intercostal zones and near the blade margins, but
abundant elsewhere> 325,1<except near the blade margins> 326,3<mostly of
the coronate-pit type (cf. \i{}Poa helmsii\i0{}) or branched, large, in one
or more irregular longitudinal rows per cell> 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,1<abundant near the blade margins, seemingly absent elsewhere> 333,2
334,2 335,1 339,45-60 341,5.4-6.6 342,5.4-6.8 343,(21-)30(-37.5)
344,0.5-0.53 345,1<bordering the costae, but sunken, overarched and hard to
find except near the blade margins, where they are completely exposed>
346,24-27 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,6 357<large prickles without basal rosettes
common costally and intercostally> 358,2 360,1 363,7<some, being vertically
elongated crosses>/8 364<abundant, warty, mostly>,1 370,2 390<seemingly>,2
391,1 392,2 393<with low, very wide adaxial ribs> 395,1 396,2<one large,
median primary bundle and a minor bundle on either side> 397,1 398,2
399,2<the adaxial epidermis extensively bulliform, with the cells gradually
increasing in size towards the middle of each intercostal region> 401,-
403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with slender girders, some of these
constituting slight Is or anchors> 406,1 469,11 470,22 471,2 477,3 478,3
481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,3 492<tropical America> 493,7 494,3
502,1&3&4 504,11 534<Soderstrom and Caldern 1979b; Soderstrom and Zuloaga
1988> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. dressleri\i0{} Soderstrom & Calderon>
540<arberell> 
 
# \i{}Arctagrostis\i0{} <Griseb.>/
7<robust>,2 9,1 11,- 13,10-120 14,2 37,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-7 59,1
65,2 69,1 70,1 71,2-5 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?> 89,5 91,1/2 92<when
contracted>,3/4/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2.2-7 143<purplish> 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,- 154,2
157,2 158,2 160,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,- 171,2<usually glabrous> 174,1
176,2 177,1 179,2 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2-3 216,2 218,1/2
219<when entire>,1/2 223,1/2 240,2 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1<similar
to lemma> 251,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260<obscurely>,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,2/3 274,1-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1
286,2 287,1 295,1 298,2 301,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,2 330,1 331,2 332,2
345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 361,3<in the material seen> 363,- 365,-
370,2 374,1 385,2 469,7 470,28&42&56&63 471,4&8&9 473<large> 477,2 478,2
479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,6 492<Arctic America, Eurasia>
493,1&6&8 494,1 495,1 497,1&2&4 504,11 506,1&2 507,1 512,2/3 513,2
515<arctic, marshy tundra> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,29 531,1&2 532,5 533,5
535<studied by us - \i{}A. latifolia\i0{} (R. Br.) Griseb.> 540<arctagro> 
 
# \i{}Arctophila\i0{} <Rupr. ex Andersson>/
7,2 9,1/2<with thick, brittle rhizomes> 11,- 13<robust,>,30-80 14,2 19,2
27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2<purplish> 56,2-7(-13) 59,1 65,2
66,2 67,1 69,1 70,2<usually lacerate> 71,(2-)3-5(-8) 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1<with long branches, the lower often deflexed> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2.5-8 144,- 145,1-2
147,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,2
170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous, ovate, apices
scarious> 182,2 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1<vestigial, at the
rachilla tip> 196,2 208,2-7 214,2-3 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,2 240,1<at the
base>/2 244,2 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,1.2-2 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.5-2 mm long> 289,2 290,2 295,1 298,2 304,2
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower, more regularly
fusiform> 328,2<the costals with thick, pitted walls, the intercostal walls
thin and unpitted> 330,1<occasionally>/2<mostly> 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1
350,1<but only slightly so> 351,2 360,3<solitary, infrequent> 361,3-2<i.e.
in the infrequent costal short-cells in the material of \i{}A. fulva\i0{}
seen> 363,- 365,- 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,2<with broad, rounded adaxial and
abaxial ribs> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<fairly ill defined>/2 401,1<the
groups irregular>/- 403,2 404,1<heavy, with all the bundles> 405,1<mostly
I-shaped> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,42&63 471,6&9 473<large> 477,2 478,2
479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}A. fulva\i0{}> 492<Arctic and
subarctic> 493,1&6&8 494,1 495,1 497,1&2&4&5 504,11 506,1&2 507,1 512,2
513,2 514,2 515<marshy places and pool margins> 523<intergeneric hybrids
with \i{}Dupontia\i0{} (\i{}Arctodupontia\i0{} Tsvelev)> 535<studied by
us> 540<arctophi> 
 
# \i{}Aristida\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}arista\i0{} or the Greek \i{}aristos\i0{} (bristle, or
awn from an ear of corn)> 2<\i{}Threeawn grasses, Kerosene grasses\i0{}>
5<\i{}Aristopsis\i0{} Catasus, \i{}Arthratherum\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Chaetaria\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Curtopogon\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Kielboul\i0{} Adans., \i{}Moulinsia\i0{} Raf., \i{}Streptachne\i0{} R.
Br., \i{}Trixostis\i0{} Raf.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,10-100(-180) 14,2 19,1/2
23,4<rarely>/2<sometimes>/3/1 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,1/2<in annual species>
47,2 52,1/2 55,2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 68,1 69,2-3 70,- 72,1<of hairs>/2
73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1/2 83,1<when present> 88,2/3 89,5 90,1/2 91,1/2
99,1/2/3/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123,3 141,4-30 145,1-2 147,1 154,2 157,1 160,3 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1-2
166<(at least the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,2/3 170,- 174<usually>,1 176,1/2
177,1 179,1/2<membranous to papery> 187,1 189,1<usually>/3<<10%> rarely>
191,1 196,2 208,1 210<narrow, cylindrical> 211,1/2 214,3 216,1-2<leathery
to indurated> 218,1 220,- 223,3 224,1<usually>/2<<5%> the column sometimes
absent, the lateral branches sometimes reduced or absent> 225,1/3 228,3
229,- 231,1<at least, not geniculate in the normal sense> 233,1<usually
glabrous> 234,1-3 235,2<usually with three veins in the column> 236,1/2
240,1<<10%> rarely>/2 243,1/2 244,2 247,1 248,1-3 250,1 251,2/3<enclosed by
the lemma> 255,1 256,1 257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,2/3/1 264,1/2 265<when
present,>,2 266,2/- 267,2 268,2 269,1<rarely>/2 270,2 271<rather>,1 272,1-3
274,0.7-2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2/3 286,2 287,1-3<3-11 mm long> 289,2
291,2/3 295,1/2 298,1 299,1/2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 307,1
308,1 309,1 311,1 312,2 313,2 314,3-5 322,1<or somewhat obscure in some
species> 323,2 327,1 328,1<usually fairly thick walled> 330,1<and narrow>
331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,48-81(-87) 341,5-9.6 342,8.4-12 343,24-44
344,0.4-0.6 345,1 346,22.5-36 348,2/3/2&3 350,2 351,1/2 353,1<and
solitaries> 354,1<when paired>/2<when solitary> 356<variable in shape>
360,1/3 363,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 364<when panicoid type, variously>,1-3/4<often
exhibiting elongated dumb-bells with enlarged, bulbous ends, and/or very
large, nodular forms> 370,1 371,2 372,3 373,3<3 species> 374,2<with double
PCR sheaths> 375,- 378,- 380,2 381,1 382,1<in the outer sheath>/2<in the
inner sheath> 383,1<in the inner sheath>/2<in the outer sheath> 385,1
389,1<usually>/2<<15%> e.g. in \i{}A. caput-medusae\i0{}> 393,1 394,2
395,1/2 396,1 401,2<these often linked with colourless girders, the latter
fully traversing or not> 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1/2 407<when present,>,1
408,2 410,2/3 413,2<6 species> 414,4.46-4.65 469,11&12
470,22&24&36&44&48&66 471,2&4&6 473<small> 476,1 477,5 483,7 487,2 488,7
489,4 490,80 491,290 492<temperate and subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4&5
500,1&2&3&4 501,3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 505,2 506,1&2
507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,4 516<(e.g.) \i{}A. adscensionis\i0{},
\i{}A. dichotoma\i0{}, \i{}A. longiseta\i0{}, \i{}A. oligantha\i0{} - the
awns of many species can injure livestock> 518<none - generally poor value,
but various species of minor grazing value in dry regions> 524,5 525,2&3&5
527,1&2 528,4 530,17&48 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2&4&5 534<de Winter 1965;
Lazarides 1980> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. adscensionis\i0{}
L., \i{}A. aemulans\i0{} Melderis, \i{}A. brainii\i0{} Melderis, \i{}A.
congesta\i0{} Roem. &amp; Schult., \i{}A. caput-medusae\i0{} Domin, \i{}A.
hordeacea\i0{} Kunth, \i{}A. kenyensis\i0{} Henr., \i{}A. meridionalis\i0{}
Henr., \i{}A. ramosa\i0{} R. Br., \i{}A. rhiniochloa\i0{} Hochst., \i{}A.
scabrivalvis\i0{} Hack., \i{}A. stipitata\i0{} Hack., \i{}A. vestita\i0{}
Thunb.> 540<aristida> 
 
# \i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}arrhen\i0{}, male, and \i{}ather\i0{}, awn, alluding
to the awn of the male floret> 4<Type: \i{}A. avenaceum\i0{} P.Beauv.,
\i{}nom. illeg.\i0{} = \i{}Avena elatior\i0{} L. ??>
6<\i{}Pseudarrhenatherum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-200 14,2 19,2 24,1/2 27,2
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,2 55,2 56,2-7 58,2 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
67,1 69,1<sometimes puberulent> 70,2 71,0.5-3 73,2 74,1/2<the upper floret
being either hermaphrodite or female-only> 80,1 89,5 91,1 97,2 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,7-11 145,1
147,1<the florets falling together> 148,1<persistent> 154,1 155,1 157,1
160,2 163,2 165,1 166,2-3 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<membranous>
187,1/3 189,3(-5) 191,2 192,1/3 194,1<when present> 196,1/2<rarely>
197<when present,>,1<occasionally, both or all florets perfect> 198,1 201,1
203,1<the awn geniculate, from the lower back> 204,5-9 205,2 206,2 207,2
208,1<or rarely 2-4> 214,3 216,2 218,1/2 221<when incised>,2<notched>
223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228,2 231,1<usually short and slender> 234,1-2
235,1 240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1 255,2<shortly bidentate>
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,3.4-6.5
275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1-3 291,2-3 293,2 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2
302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2 311,1 312,2 314,3 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1<long and narrow> 331,2 332,2
345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 357<prickles abundant costally and intercostally>
360,3 363,1/2<mostly>/3 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2/3 394,2/- 395,2 396,1
401,1<the cells fairly uniformly sized, or occasionally in irregular
groups>/- 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 411,2 412,2 413,2<1 species> 469,7
470,14&28&42 471,2&4&6 473<large> 476,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,13 491,4 492<Europe, Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4&5&6 494,1 495,1&2
497,2&4 498,1&2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 506,1 507,1 511,1 512,3-4 513,2
515<dry grassland, edges of woods, disturbed ground> 516<\i{}A.
elatius\i0{}> 517<\i{}A. elatius\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Avena\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&32&33 531,1&2
532,1&4&5 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. elatius\i0{} (L.)
Beauv.> 540<arrhenat> 
 
# \i{}Arthragrostis\i0{} <Lazarides>/
1<from the Greek \i{}arthro\i0{} (jointed) and \i{}agrostis\i0{} (a forage
plant, a kind of grass), in reference to the disarticulating
spikelet-bearing axes> 4<Type: \i{}A. deschampsioides\i0{} (Domin)
Lazarides> 7,1 9,- 13,20-60 14,2 27,2 32,3 37,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2
56,2-5<to 10 cm long> 59,1 65,2 68,1 69,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<7-10 cm long>
97,3 101,2 102,2 108,1 109,1<the primary inflorescence branches deciduous>
120,1 121,2 123,3 124,2 126,2 141,4-4.9 142,9 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,-
149,2&4 150,1 151,1<not appendaged> 153,2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the
upper)>,2 171,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} glabrous, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
scabrid> 174,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
acute to rounded> 176,2 177,2 179,1 187,7 189,11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 203,2 204,9-11 205<considerably longer than the upper lemmas>
206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 210<acute> 214,3<cartilaginous> 215,1 217,1
218,1 219,1-2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 248<obscurely nerved>
250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258<cartilaginous, like the lemma> 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals very much narrower> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
345,1 348,3 350,2 351,2 357<with numerous large, cushion-based macrohairs>
358,2 360,1 363,8 364<mostly small>,2&3 370,1 374,1 375,1 378,2 393,3
395,1<via a prominent, flat abaxial keel, and a large abaxial sclerenchyma
girder associated with the median bundle> 396,2<there being a smaller
lateral on either side of the median> 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,2<the larger
bundles with small abaxial strands or girders only> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,54 491,3 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6
509,1 512,3 513,2 515<in scrub> 534<Lazarides 1985> 535<studied by us -
\i{}A. aristispicula\i0{} B.K. Simon, \i{}A. deschampsioides\i0{} (Domin)
Lazarides> 537,2 540<arthragr> 
 
# \i{}Arthraxon\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}arthron\i0{} (joint) and \i{}axon\i0{} (axis),
alluding to jointed rachides> 5<\i{}Alectoridia\i0{} A. Rich.,
\i{}Batratherum\i0{} Nees, \i{}Lasiolytrum\i0{} Steud., \i{}Lucaea\i0{}
Kunth, \i{}Pleuroplitis\i0{} Trin.> 7,1/2<often trailing> 9,4 11,-
13,10-100 14,2 19,1/2 24,1/2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,2-4 55,1/2
57,1 65,2 66,2 69,2<short> 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1<usually> 76,1/1&3/1&4 78,1/2
89,2 91,- 94,- 95<usually>,2/3<when the racemes solitary> 96,(1-)2-30 101,2
102,2<but the inflorescences terminal and/or axillary>
103,2<rarely>/3<usually> 106,3 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 112,2 113,2 114,1
120,1<rarely>/2 121,1 123,1<the pedicelled spikelets sometimes completely
suppressed>/1&3<but the latter often much reduced> 126,1/2 127<when
paired>,1 128<(when present)>,2 129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelets
variable in form, male, sterile or vestigial, reduced to a sometimes
microscopic pedicel, or totally suppressed> 141,2-6.5 145,1/3 147,3 154,2
157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 173,3 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower often
leathery, rounded on the back, the upper less firm, laterally compressed>
183<more or less>,1/2 184,1 185,2 186,3-6<sometimes with lateral rows of
tubercles or spines> 187,5-20 189,1-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 204,0-1 205,2 206,2<membranous> 207,2 208,1 210<ovate-lanceolate>
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2 219,1-2<acute to erose> 221<when incised,>,2
223,3<nearly always>/1<\i{}A. submuticus\i0{}> 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2<near
the base> 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,1-3 240,2 244,2<rounded on the back>
247,2 248,1/3 250,1/2 251<when present,>,3 255,1<triangular, subacute>
256,1 257<membranous> 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 289,2/4 291<slightly>,1
295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 306,1 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,3 322,1
323,1<though infrequent and often poorly defined in \i{}A. hispidulus\i0{}>
325,2 326,1<at least in \i{}A. hispidulus\i0{}> 327,2<the costals much
narrower, the intercostals broad> 328,1<quite thin walled> 329,1<though
these rather short, in places> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(18-)22-37(-39)
341,4.5-6.3 342,6.2-6.7 343,10-21 344,0.5-0.61 345,1 346,30-33 348,2&3
350,2 351,2 360,1 363,8 364,2/3 370,1 374,2 385,1/2<rarely> 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,1 401<in irregular groups> 403,1 404,2<adaxial strands combined
with abaxial girders or strands, or the bundles with abaxial sclerenchyma
only> 406,1 410,1/2 413,2<1 species> 469,9&10 470,18&20&36&40 471,2&4
473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,9 491,7
492<tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Indomalayan region to Japan>
493,3&4&5 494,1&2&5 495,1&2 496,1&2&3 497,2&3&4&5 498,1&3 499,1&2&3
500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&6&9 506,1 507,1&2 508,1&2&3 509,1 512,2-3 513,1/2
514,2 524,5 525,1 526,1 531,2 533,1&2 534<Van Welzen 1981> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}A. hispidus\i0{} (Thunb.) Makino> 540<arthraxo> 
 
# \i{}Arthropogon\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}arthron\i0{} (joint) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard)>
5<\i{}Alloparadisium\i0{} (= \i{}A. scabrum\i0{}, \i{}Canastra\i0{} (=
\i{}A. lanceolatus\i0{})> 6<\i{}Achlaena\i0{})> 7,2 9,3 13,60-100 14,2 19,2
27,2 44,1/2 52,1/2 55,2 56,1-6(-10) 58,1<\i{}A. filifolius\i0{}>/2 65,2
69,2/3 73,2 74,1 76,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1<\i{}A. filifolius\i0{}>/2 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-11 144,-
145,1 147,3 154,2 157,1<not stipitate, by contrast with \i{}Achlaena\i0{}>
163,2 165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} longer> 170,- 176,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} subulate> 179,1<the lower linear to awnlike, the
upper equalling the spikelet, entire, bidentate or bilobed, awned> 187,1/3
189,3/5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2<e.g. \i{}A. scaber\i0{}> 201,1<e.g.
\i{}A. filifolius\i0{}>/2 203,1<\i{}A. xerachne\i0{}>/2 204,3/5 205,3
206,3<leathery> 207,2 208,1 214,1<membranous> 216,2 223,1 247,2 248,0/1/3
250,1/2 251,1-2 256,1 257,1/2<membranous or hyaline> 258,2<scarious>
259,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 272,3 277,1 283,2 286<deciduous with lemma and
palea> 287,1-2 288<chestnut brown in \i{}A. villosus\i0{}> 298,1 322,1
323,2 330,1 331,1<conspicuously pitted> 332,1 335,1 345,1 348<mostly>,3
350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,2 357<with large cushion-based macrohairs>
360,1<but the short-cells often rather long, or irregular in length>
363,3&8 364<shortly>,3/4<and irregular forms, integrading with
potato-shapes, etc.> 370,1 371,1/2 372<when unconventional,>,4 374,1<? -
see photo of \i{}A. lanceolatus\i0{} in Filgueiras 1982>/2<\i{}A.
villosus\i0{}> 385,1 388,1/2<but with many small bundles much reduced in
this direction> 395,2 396,1 399,1/2<then epidermis seemingly extensively
bulliform> 403,2<the small bundles and even some of the colourless groups
with small abaxial strands> 404,1 405,1<the primaries with Is> 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2<Arthropogoneae> 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10 491,5 492<Brazil>
493,7 494,3 502,1&4 504,11 513,2 515<savanna> 524,5 525,4 529,4
534<Filgueiras 1982> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. villosus\i0{}; supplemented
from photos in Filgueiras 1982> 536<most of the anatomical description
refers to \i{}A. villosus\i0{}, which has been examined directly. A photo
of \i{}A. lanceolatus\i0{} in Filgueiras (1982) suggests there is variation
in XyMS> 540<arthropo> 
 
# \i{}Arthrostylidium\i0{} <Rupr.>/
7,2 9,3 11,2 14,1<the first culm internode often disproportionately
elongated> 17,1/2 19,1 20,1 21,(1-)2-20 22,3 23,1<rarely>/4/2<commonly>
30,1<usually>/2 31,1<sometimes tardily so>/2 34<when present, commonly>,2
35,1 36,1/2/3/4 38,1 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,1 60,- 63,1 65,1/2 66,1/2
72,1/2<mostly> 73,2 74,1 89,2<of spicate racemes> 95,1/2/3<?> 101,2<with
neither bracts nor prophylls> 102,2 103,- 108,2 120,1 142,9/13 145,1 147,1
150,- 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,1 167,1 169,- 174,1
177,1<apparently> 179,2 182,- 188,- 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1 205,1
208,2-7<few to several> 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 231,1
234,1 244,1 246,- 250,1 252,2 259,3 260,3<broadly sulcate> 264<nearly
always>,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,1
279,2 280,1 283,2 290,1 291,2-3 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,1/2 328,1/2 331,1
332,1 335,1 345,1 348<low>,2 351,1<abundant> 353,1 360,2<and some short
rows> 363,4 370,2 374,1 390,1<these relatively inconspicuous> 391,1<but
these scarce> 392,2 393,1/2 394,1/2 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1<mostly>/2 403,2
404,1<nearly all the bundles> 405,1 442,- 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,11 491,20 492<New World> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&6 504,11
535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<arthrost> 
 
# \i{}Arundinaria\i0{} <Mich.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}arundo\i0{}, a reed> 5<\i{}Bashania\i0{} Keng f. & Yi,
\i{}Butania\i0{} Keng f., \i{}Ludolphia\i0{} Willd., \i{}Clavinodum\i0{}
Wen, \i{}Macronax\i0{} Raf, \i{}Miegia\i0{} Pers., \i{}Nipponocalamus\i0{}
Nakai, \i{}Omeiocalamus\i0{} Keng f., \i{}Triglossum\i0{} Roem. & Schult.,
\i{}Tschompskia\i0{} Aschers. & Graebn.> 6<(supposedly)
\i{}Oligostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Pleioblastus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosasa\i0{}> 7,2
11,1/2 13,200-800 14,1 16,1 17,2<usually> 19,1<usually>/2 20<(where
recorded)>,1 21,(1-)2-20 22,1/3 23,1<rarely>/3-4 30,1 31,1/2
33<sometimes>,1/2 34<usually>,2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4 37,2 38,1/2 39,2 40,2 44,2
46,- 48,1 55,1/2<relatively small> 60,- 63,1 65,1 66<where recorded,>,1
69,2-3 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 75,2 86<usually>,1<with \i{}Oligostachyum\i0{}
excluded>/2<?> 87,2 88,1/2/3 89,2/5<i.e. variable, regardless of problems
with terminology - generally open racemose or paniculate, sometimes both
forms combined in the one plant, sometimes the branches reduced to single
spikelets> 91,1 101,1 102,1/2<?> 103,3/5 108,2 123,3 141,10-80 142,7/8/9/13
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 150,- 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,1/2
165,1/2/- 167,1 169,- 170,- 176,2 179,2/- 182,- 183,- 187,4-7 188,-
189,8-13 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-20<?> 210<often acuminate or
setaceous-tipped> 214,2 216,2<papery> 218,1 219<usually>,1 223,1/2/3
225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,1 234,1-2<?> 246,- 248,9-15 250,1 251,1/2
252,2 258,2 259,4<4 to 13 observed> 260,3<dorsally sulcate>
264,1<relatively large> 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1
272,3<rarely 6?> 277,1/2 278,2 283,2<in \i{}Bashania\i0{}>/3 287,2-3<1-1.2
cm long> 290,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 320,U 340,U 344,U 345,U 349,U
350,U 353,U 356,U 362,U 378,U 379,U 380,U 381,U 382,U 385,U 386,U 387,U
388,U 389,U 393,U 394,1/2 395,1 396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1<mostly>/1&2 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 410,2-3 416,1 436,- 442,- 469,12 470,48<usually>
471,4<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 473<small> 476,1 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4
488,2 489,5 490,12 491<about>,10<i.e., \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}> 492<in warm
regions> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4 495,1 496,1&3 497,3&4 499,2&3 500,2
502,6 504,11 507,1&2 508,1&2&3 511,1 522<culms of (e.g.) \i{}A.
amabilis\i0{} used for fishing rods, ski poles, umbrella shafts, furniture
construction etc.; many others are cultivated as ornamentals or used in
bonsai> 524,5 525,1&3 526,4 528,3 531,2 533,5 534<Chao and Renvoize 1989>
538,4<i.e, for the genus \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}> 540<arundina> 
 
# \i{}Arundinella\i0{} <Raddi>/
1<from the Latin \i{}arundo\i0{} (a reed) and \i{}-ella\i0{} (diminutive
suffix)> 4<Type: \i{}A. brasiliensis\i0{} Raddi> 5<\i{}Acratherum\i0{}
Link, \i{}Brandtia\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Calamochloe\i0{} Reichenb.,
\i{}Goldbachia\i0{} Trin., \i{}Riedelia\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Thysanachne\i0{}
Presl> 7,1/2 9<mostly with tough, erect culms> 11,- 13,30-150 14,2
19,1/2<commonly> 23<when branching,>,1/2<rarely> 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2
52,1 55,2 58,2<rigid> 59,1/3 65,2 66,1/2 67,1 69,2<narrow> 70,1 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&4<sterile spikelets, when present, very reduced> 89,5 91,1/2
94,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,2
123,3 126,1/2 129,1/4<sometimes reduced to a glume> 130,1 141,1.5-8 145,1
147,1/1&3<at least sometimes both> 148<always>,2<but not between the upper
glume and the lower floret> 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the
upper)>,2 170,- 174,1 176,1/2 179,1-2<membranous to papery,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acute to mucronate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} often
caudate> 187,3 189,5 191,2<or rarely both florets perfect> 192,1
196,1/2<<10%> rarely> 197,1 198,1 199,1<narrow, two keeled> 201,1 203,2
204,3-7 206,1-2 207,2 208,1(-2) 214,2-3<membranous to thinly leathery>
216,2 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<entire,
emarginate or bilobed> 223,1/3 225,1<usually>/3<<20%>> 226,1/2<via
capillary bristles from the lobes> 227<the median>,1<when laterals present>
228,1 231,2 233,1 234,1-3 236,2 240,2<scabrid or scabridulous> 244,2
246,1/2 247,1 248,1-7 250,1 255,1<narrow> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2<the
margins sometimes auriculate below> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,3 274,1.5-2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1/2/3 286,2 287,1 291,2/3
295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 322,1
323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(36-)38-60(-62) 343,(18-)21-42(-44)
344,0.56-0.67 345,1 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/2 360,2 363,3<e.g.
\i{}A. nepalensis\i0{}>/6<sometimes>/8<commonly> 364<when panicoid
type,>,1-3 370,1 371,1/2 372<when unconventional>,4 373,3<\i{}A.
nepalensis\i0{}> 374,2 375,1 378,1 379,1 380,1 381,1 382,2<rudimentary>
383,1 385,1 388,1/2 395,1 396,1/2 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1
414,4.45-4.51 469,7&10&12&14 470,14&20&28&36&56 473<small> 477,7 478,5
485,4 487,9 488,1 489,7 490,80 491,55 492<in warm regions>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1 496,1&2&3 497,2&3 499,1&2&3
500,1&2&3&4 502,1&2&4&5&6 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9 506,2 508,1&2&3 509,1 511,1
512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<marshy places, riverbanks and rocky slopes>
516<\i{}A. bengalensis\i0{}, \i{}A. leptochloa\i0{} (in North America)>
518<\i{}A. setosa\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&3&4 526,1 528,11 529,1&4 530,24 531,1&2
532,4 533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. nepalensis\i0{}
Trin.> 540<arundine> 
 
# \i{}Arundo\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}arundo\i0{}, a reed> 4<Type: \i{}A. donax\i0{} L.>
5<\i{}Amphidonax\i0{} Nees, \i{}Donacium\i0{} Fries, \i{}Donax\i0{} P.
Beauv., \i{}Eudonax\i0{} Fries, \i{}Scolochloa\i0{} Mert. & Koch> 7,2
8<mostly>,1<with long canes> 9,1 11,2 13,200-600<or occasionally pendant
from cliffs>/- 14,1 19,1<the main stems dominant>/2 23<when branching,>,1
27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,1/2 52,2-3 55,1 56,25-80 58,- 59,1 63,2 65,2
66,1 67,1 69,2<short> 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5<plumose> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,12-18 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1/2 155,2<save above the floret abscission zones - i.e., on the
callus> 156<(when present)>,1 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2
170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1-2 179,2<membranous> 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,1/2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,2-7 214,1-2<membranous or hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2 220<when
incised,>,2 221,2 223,1-3 225<when present,>,1/3 226,1/2 227<the
median>,2<when laterals present> 228,1 231,1 234,1 235,1 237<(when
present)>,1 240<villous>,1<on the back> 244,2 248,3-9 250,1 251,1-2<from
half to two thirds the lemma length> 256,1 257,1<delicately membranous>/2
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,2.5-3.5
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284<green to greyish> 286,2 295,1 298,1 303,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,1 315,1 316,2 317,1 318,2 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(54-)60-78(-81) 341,6.3-8.4
342,9.6-11.9 343,18-30 344,0.33-0.35 345,1 346,39-42-48 348,2/2&3 350,2
351,1/2 353,2<mainly solitary, sometimes in twos or threes> 354,1<a few>
356,3/5/7/8 360,1<rarely>/3 363,8 364,1-3 370,2 374,1 385,1<rarely>/2 393,3
394,- 395,1 396,1/2 399,1 401,3 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,2 411,2 413,2<1
species> 416,1 419,1 469,12 470,60&72&110&112 471,6&9<and aneuploid>
473<small> 476,2 477,5 483,2 487,3 488,7 489,6 490,80 491,3 492<tropical
and temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&6 495,1&2 496,1&3 497,3&4
498,2&3 499,1 500,2 502,4&5&6 504,2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1 507,3 511,1
512,2-3 516<\i{}A. donax\i0{}, when blocking drainage ditches etc.>
518<\i{}A. donax\i0{}> 522<\i{}A. donax\i0{} stems used for light
construction work, and for making wood-wind reeds> 524,1&5 525,1&2 526,3
527,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}A. donax\i0{} L.> 540<arundo> 
 
# \i{}Arundoclaytonia\i0{} <Davidse & Ellis>/
1<named for W.D. Clayton, noted British agrostologist> 7,2<of peculiar
habit - see discussion by Davidse and Ellis 1987> 9,3<but the basal tufts
become raised up to 70 cm by the elongation of a perennial trunk> 11,2
13,200-300<the vegetative culms many-noded, covered for the lower 2-70 cm
to a thickness of 1.5-6cm by appressed aerial roots and the remnants of
sheath bases> 14,1<towards the base> 15,1-1.5 19<sparsely>,1
37<becoming>,2<above> 42,2 44,1<the cauline leaves more or less reduced>
46,1<with 2/5 phyllotaxy> 52,1-2 55,2-1 56<those of the basal
leaves>,8-16<and 45-80 cm long - those of the cauline leaves similar but
smaller> 59,1<with involute margins and tips>/3<entirely involute> 65,2
66,2 69,2 71,0.3-0.9<the cilia 0.5-1.2 mm long> 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1<males
and females in separate inflorescences, and reduced spikelets at the bases
of the individual inflorescences> 76,2&3&4 77,1<the male inflorescences
produced earlier than the females> 78,1 89<falsely>,5<consisting of a false
panicle of numerous pedunculate unisexual inflorescences> 91,2<i.e. the
individual inflorescences> 92,1<each comprising a cluster of 7-20
spikelets: the male inflorescences usually longer-pedicellate, 9-13 mm wide
and 15-23 mm high, the females 20-36 mm wide, 15-23 mm high> 101,1<each
peduncle subtended by a sharp-pointed sheath> 108,2 116,4<the spikelet
clusters each surrounded by one or two series of bracts and/or rudimentary
spikelets> 119,1 121,2 123,1-3<the pedicels to 0.5 mm long> 131<male
spikelets 3.5-7.5 mm long, rounded on the back, disarticulating below the
glumes, 3-9 flowered, the uppermost florets reduced; glumes 2, unequal,
usually with cross-veinlets; lemmas shorter than paleas, 3-9 nerved; paleas
two-keeled, lodicules absent, stamens 2, anthers basifixed and 2.2-2.9 mm
long> 133,1 135,3-9 136,2 138,2 141,7-19 145,1 147,3 148,1 149,1 154,1<the
uppermost floret rudimentary> 155,1 156,1 157,1<under the glumes> 160,2
163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 171,1<at the base, scaberulous above> 174,1<broadly
acute> 176,2 177,2 179,2<herbaceous, ovate> 180<about>,0.6-0.75 187,1-3
189,3-5 191,2 192,3 194,1 195,2 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,2
201,2 203,2 204,7-9 205,1 206,2 207,2 208,1 216,2 218,1 219,1<ovate-acute>
223,1 240,1<pilose at the base and between the nerves above, scaberulous
elsewhere> 244<apparently>,1 247,2 248,9-11<with conspicuous
cross-veinlets> 249,2 250,1 251,1<much longer than the lemma, curved in the
upper half> 252,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1 257<spongy-thickened and
smooth-shiny below, herbaceous above> 258,2 259,4<9-13 nerved>
260<shallowly grooved on the back> 264,2 272,0<absent, or represented by an
anterior pair of rudimentary staminodes> 277,1 280,1<into one>
283,2<inconspicuously plumose, exserted through the apical orifice of the
convolute palea> 286,2 287,2<6-7 mm long> 289,2<narrowing above>
291,3<terete> 295,1<elliptic-punctiform> 298,1-2<0.3-0.4 times the length
of the grain> 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<these conspicuously
pitted> 332,2 345,1 351,1 353<consistently>,1 354,1 360,2 363,5 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 387,2<the cells isodiametric in ts, tightly packed> 393,1
394,1<flat-topped> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<a group in each furrow,
each with an inflated median cell> 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with
conspicuous Is> 406,2<the abaxial girders linked to one another by a
fibrous hypodermal layer> 407,2 462,2 477,5<?> 483,1 487,9 488,7 489,42
490,80 491,1<\i{}A. dissimilis\i0{}> 492<south central Amazonian Brazil>
493,7 494,3 502,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 514,2 534<Davidse and Ellis 1987>
535<Davidse and Ellis 1987> 540<arundocl> 
 
# \i{}Asthenochloa\i0{} <Buese>/
5<\i{}Garnotiella\i0{} Stapf> 7<decumbent>,1/2 14,2<slender> 19,1 44,2
52,2-3 55,2 65,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<but obscurely so, the pedicellate
spikelet being reduced to a minute pedicel hidden in the callus hairs>
76,1/1&4<but the latter rudimentary> 78,- 89,5<decompound> 91,1 101,1 102,1
103,1<pedicel-like, with cupuliform, long-hairy apices, bearing a plexus of
a minute stipe (= rudiment of pedicelled spikelet), and one sessile
spikelet> 106,1 108,1 109,2<i.e., the spikelet and its vestigial companion
(plus the bearded callus) articulate with the apex of the pedicel-like
branchlet> 112,1 115,1 120,2<but the pedicellate member suppressed>
123,1&3<the latter reduced to their pedicels> 126,1 127,- 128,2<but small
and inconspicuous> 129,1 130,4<reduced to tiny pedicels> 141,2-2.5 144,-
145,3<?> 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<the hairs up to two thirds as long
as spikelet> 158,1 163,2 165,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} somewhat longer> 167,2
170,- 171<glumes with ciliate margins> 176,1<sometimes,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<thinly
herbaceous; G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2-toothed, dorsally flattened;
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate or short-awned, naviculate> 183,U 184,2
185,2 186,1 187,2 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2
218,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 240,2<the
lobes shortly ciliolate> 244,2 248,1<?> 250,2 264,2 266,- 272,2 275,2 276,2
277,1 283,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,2 326,3<one median row of
papillae per long-cell> 327,2<the costals narrower> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 339,39-51 341,6-7.5 342,6-7.5 343,16-21 344,0.33-0.43 345,1
346,- 348,2 350,2 351,2 360,1 363,8 370<probably>,1<the material seen very
poor> 395,1 396,1 397,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,68
491,1<\i{}A. tenera\i0{}> 492<Indonesian Archipelago> 493,5 494,2 496,3
500,3 504,11 512,3 515<in damp places> 535<studied by us> 540<asthenoc> 
 
# \i{}Astrebla\i0{} <F. Muell.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}a\i0{} (not) and \i{}streblos\i0{} (twisted), in
reference to the straight awns> 2<\i{}Mitchell Grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A.
pectinata\i0{} (Lindl.) F.Muell> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-90(-120) 14,2 19,1 27,2
37,1 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,(3-)4-6(-8) 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,3 70,-
73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,1/2/4<with short pedicels> 91,- 94,- 95,1/3<when the
racemes solitary> 96,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,1-2/3<with short pedicels> 125,1<cuneate>
141,7-18<including the lobes> 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2
165,1-2 166,1/2 167,1/2 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous to
papery> 187,1-9 189,7-16 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,1-4 214,3<leathery> 216,2
218,2 220,3 221,1 223,3 225,1<by terminal extension of the median
lobe>/3<by extensions of all three lobes> 226,1/2 227<the median>,2<when
laterals present> 228,1/3 229,- 231,1 232<often curved> 233,1 234,1-3
237<when present,>,1-2 240<basally>,1 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,3-11
250,1 255,1<acuminate> 256,1 258,2<firmly membranous to papery> 259,3 260,3
262,2<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 289,4 290,1 291,2/3 293,- 295,1 297,1 298,1 303,2
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2 326,2<at least in \i{}A.
pectinata\i0{}> 327,1 328,1<quite thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1/2
335,2<basal cells short> 336,3 339,22-26 340,12 341,12-13.5 342,1.7-2
343,9.6-15 344,0.43-0.54 345,1 346,21-24 347,2 348,2<mainly, in \i{}A.
pectinata\i0{}>/3/2&3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1&2 354,1&2 355,2
356<narrowly>,7 360,1 362,4 363<large,>,4 367,1 370,1 373,2<4 species>
374,1 375,2 376,1-2<only midrib> 377,3 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1-7 380,2
381,2 382,1 383,2 385,1 387,2<but with very narrow-elongate PCA cells in
\i{}A. pectinata\i0{}> 389,1 393,2/3 394,1 395,1 396,2 397,1/2 399,1<the
groups large> 400,2 401,2<these linking with the colourless columns> 403,2
404,1 405,1/2 406,1 409,1 414,4.17-4.53 469,10 470,40 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,4 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8
509,1 512,4 513,2 515<dry clay grassland> 517<\i{}A. lappacea\i0{}> 518<all
species palatable and valuable> 524,5 525,3 528,7 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}A. pectinata\i0{} (Lindl.) F. Muell. ex Benth.>
540<astrebla> 
 
# \i{}Athroostachys\i0{} <Bentham>/
7,2 9,1 11,2 14,1 17,1 19,1 21,3 22,1 23,4 30,1 37,2 38,1 39,1 40,2 44,2
48,1 52,3 55,1 63,1 65,2 66,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 86,1 89,5 91,2 92,1
101,1<bracteate, the lower bracts liguliform caudate and foliar up to 3 cm
long, the upper being short awned scales 0.5 mm long> 102,2 103,- 108,2
120,- 121,2 123,3 140<readily interpreted, provided the subtending bracts
are not regarded as glumes> 141,10-15 142,9 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 150,-
154,1 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,1 179,2 182,-
188,- 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1 218,1 219,1 223,1-3<?-
subulate-acuminate> 240,1<above> 250,1 251,1 252,2 256,1 259,3 260,3
264,1<their tips subulate-acuminate> 265,3 266,1<posterior, much narrower>
267,2 269,1<towards their tips> 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,1<the thecae
apiculate> 277,1 278,2 280,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1
324,1&2 325,1<and almost completely covering them> 326,3<most long-cells
with a median row of conspicuous, quite large, mainly bifurcated papillae>
327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,60-69 341,8.4-10.5
342,5.9-7.7 343,27-33 344,0.4-0.48 345,1 346,24-28.5 348,- 350<sunken>
351<fairly>,1<in 291-295,2 places>/2<elsewhere> 353,2<solitary> 354,2<in
the material seen> 357<large costal prickles present, mostly without basal
rosettes> 358,2 360,2<superposed, often ostensibly solitary> 361,2<and few>
363,- 370,2 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1/3<the ribs very low, wide and
flat-topped to scarcely manifest> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<between each
bundle pair> 401,1<the groups very large, with deeply penetrating median
cells> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<some forming slender Is or
anchors> 406,2<there being small abaxial groups opposite the bulliforms,
and adaxial hypodermal fibres lining their sides> 407,1&4 408,1&3 421,-
436,- 442,- 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,80 491,1<\i{}A.
capitata\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,3&4 504,11 535<studied by us -
\i{}A. capitata\i0{} (Hook.) Benth.> 537,2 540<athroost> 
 
# \i{}Atractantha\i0{} <McClure>/
7,2 11,2 14,1 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,(1-)2-20 22<sometimes>,1/-
23,4 27,2 30,1 31,1 33,1 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/4 37,1/2 40,2 44,2 47,1<the
auricles usually very weakly developed> 48,1 55,1/2 63,1 65,2 66,1/2<but
demarcated> 67,1 69,1 70,1 71,1<or less>/- 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 85,2 86,2 87,1
89,-<either capitate or diffuse, the branching pattern either distichous or
sympodial, each axis representing the bracteate or prophyllate rachis of a
pseudospikelet, the terminal segment of each rachis serving as the pedicel
of an abscissile pseudospikelet> 101,1<at least, bracteate or
prophyllate> 102,2 103,5-6 106,- 108,2 115,3 120,1 121,2 140,2<fairly,
though the palea and lemma are recognizable in the pseudospikelet>
141,15-17 142,9/13 145,2 147,1<immediately below the lemma> 154,1 155,2
156,1 157,2 162,2<the spikelet subtended by a small prophyll, but no
sterile bracts> 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1 210<attenuately acuminate>
216,2 218,1 219,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 250,1 251,1 252,1 255,2-3 256,1 258,2
260,3<with a narrow sulcus, or tubular> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,1 269,1
270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,2<antrorsely hispidulous> 278,2 280,1
283,2(-3) 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<and obscuring
them> 326,3<mostly with a single, median row of large, circular or
bifurcated papillae per long-cell> 327,1-2<the intercostals often shorter
and wider> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,51-79.5
341,9.6-10.5 342,4.9-7.6 343,21-42 344,0.4-0.55 345,1 346,30-33 350,1 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,7-8<cf. the costals> 360,2 363,4<a tall, narrowish form of
these predominating>/7<sometimes with some of the saddles approaching this
form> 370,2 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1 394,1<low and flat-topped, save
for a tall, narrow rib near one leaf margin> 395,2 396,1 398,1/2<depending
on whether the submarginal rib represents a highly asymmetrically placed
midrib> 399,1 401,1<the groups large> 403,2 404,1<nearly all the bundles>
406,2<there being conspicuous abaxial groups opposite the bulliforms, and
commonly small adaxial hypodermal arcs lining their sides> 407,1&4 408,1&3
420,1 442,- 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,2 492<Brazil>
493,7 494,3 502,3&4 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}A. falcata\i0{} McClure>
537,2 540<atractan> 
 
# \i{}Aulonemia\i0{} <Goudot>/
5<\i{}Matudacalamus\i0{} Mackawa> 6<\i{}Cambajuva\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,2 14,1
19,1 20<consistently>,1 21,1<commonly>/2-10/11-20<very rarely> 22<very
rarely>,3/- 23,4 29,1<sometimes not differing from the vegetative ones>
30,1/2 31<when present,>,1/2 34,1/2 35,1<usually>/2 36,1/2/3/4 37,2 38,1
39,1 40,2 44,2 48,1/2 55,1<always?> 63,1 65,1/2 66,1<where recorded> 67,1
72,1/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1 94,2<but these slender> 101,1 103,5 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,35-40<probably
underestimating the true range> 142,13<mostly>/9/7 144,- 145,1-2 147,1
148,2 154,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 176<apically>,1<both
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179,2 191,2 192,2/3 194,1
196,1/2 197,1 201,2 203,1/2<then mucronate> 205,1 206,2 207,2 208,3-12<?-
few to many> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,3
231,1 233,1 234,1-2 244,2 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1<pointed> 256,1 258,2
260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2
277,2 278,2 280,1 283,2 286,2 289<sub->,2/4 290,1 295,2 298,2 322,1
323,2<but present as inconspicuous rings around the stomata adaxially>
327,1<but the costals somewhat smaller> 328,1 330,1<very regularly so>
331,1 332,2 345,1<abundant in broad bands adjoining the costal zones>
346,25.5-30 348<consistently low to medium>,2 350<slightly>,1 351,1 353,1
354,1 356<narrowly>,7/3 357<macrohairs and prickles absent> 358,2 360,2
363,4<predominating, a tall-and-narrow version>/5<a few> 370,2 374,1 386,2
390,1<but these conspicuous only around the fusoids in the poor material
seen> 391,1 392,2 393,1<especially towards the middle> 395,1 396,3
398,1<one side being more conspicuously ribbed in the region near the
midrib> 399,1 401,1<with a large, conspicuous group in each intercostal
zone> 403,2 404,1 405,1<every bundle with an I or an anchor> 406,1<in
\i{}A. fulgor\i0{}> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11
491<about>,30 492<South America to Mexico and Costa Rica> 493,6&7 494,3
502,1&2&4&5&6 504,11 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}A. fulgor\i0{} McClure>
540<aulonemi> 
 
# \i{}Australopyrum\i0{} <(Tsvelev) A. Lve>/
3<\i{}Agropyron\i0{}; cf.\i{}Brachypodium\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,17-60 14,2 19,2
42,1<\i{}A. calcis\i0{}>/2 44,2 47,1 49,2 53,2 55,2 59,3<usually>/1 65,2
66,2 69,1 70,1 71<short> 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2/1&2 88,2-3 89,4<the
spikelets somewhat spreading> 98,1<these often abortive>/2<terminated by a
straight or curled, bristlelike appendage in \i{}A. uncinatum\i0{}>
99,1<notched against the spikelets> 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 122,2
123,2-3<i.e., the spikelets more or less distinctly stalked> 125,1 141,6-14
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 162,1 163,2 165,1-2 166,1
168,1<slightly, at the base> 170,2 171,1<\i{}A. calcis\i0{}>/2 172<when
hairless,>,1 174,1 175,2 176,2 177,2 179,2<rigid, broadly lanceolate,
rather asymmetric> 187,4-6 189,(3-)5-7<sic: glumes \i{}not\i0{} 3 nerved>
191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,5-7 210<slightly involute> 214,2 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 230,1<in \i{}A. uncinatum\i0{}>/2 231,1
234,1-2 244,1-2 247,2 248,5/7/10-14<\i{}A. uncinatum\i0{}> 249,1 250,1
251,1 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 269,1/2 272,3 274,2-4<sic>
275,2 277<apically>,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1/2 287,1<3-4 mm long> 295,2
298,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals smaller> 328,1 330,1<a few almost
fusiform in \i{}A. pectinatum\i0{}> 331,1<exaggeratedly so in \i{}A.
velutinum\i0{}> 332,2 345,1 346,33-39<in \i{}A. retrofractum\i0{} and
\i{}A. velutinum\i0{}>/40.5-42<in \i{}A. pectinatum\i0{}>
348,1/1&2/1&2&3<in \i{}A. velutinum\i0{}> 349,1<and domes, in \i{}A.
velutinum\i0{}>/2 350,1 351,1 353,1 354,1 357<prickles and macrohairs often
common> 358,1/2 360,2 363,3<plus many irregularly isodiametric forms>/-
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 389,1 393,1 394,1<round topped> 395,2 396,1
399,1-2<scarcely developed bulliform groups only, in some of the furrows>
401<in groups of fairly evenly sized cells> 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<most bundles with Is> 406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 472,23 477,2
478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,5 492<Australia, New Zealand and
New Guinea> 493,5 494,2&5 496,3 500,4 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&6&9&10 509,2
534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. retrofractum\i0{} (J. W. Vickery)
A. Lve (ssp. \i{}velutinum\i0{}), \i{}A. pectinatum\i0{} (Labill.) A.
Lve> 540<australo> 
 
# \i{}Austrochloris\i0{} <Lazarides>/
1<from Latin \i{}australis\i0{} (south), and \i{}Chloris\i0{} (the grass
genus in which it was formerly included)> 4<Type: \i{}A.
dichanthioides\i0{} (Everist) Lazarides> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,40-100 14,2 27,2
37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,2
91,- 94,- 95,1 96,2/3 99,1/2<triquetrous> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 126,- 145,3 147,1 154,1 155,1
156,1 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1
179,2<narrow, membranous, divergent, the upper deciduous> 187,1 189,3 191,2
192,2 193,1<neuter, with a cuneate lemma> 196,2 208,1 210<broadly rounded>
214,3<cartilaginous> 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2
229,1 231,1 234,2 240,1 244,2<with 3 hairy keels> 248,3 250,1 255,1 256,1
257,1<scarious> 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274,0.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 289,4 291,2 293,- 295,1 297,1
298,1 323,1 324,2 325,2 326,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,24-27
340,12-16 341,10.5-12 342,2-2.4 343,(7.5-)9-11(-12) 344,0.31-0.47 345,1
346,18-22.5 347,2 348,3 350,2 351,2 352,2 355,1 360,1/3 362,4 363,4 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,1-2
396,1/1-2<?> 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}A. dichanthioides\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5
494,5 503,1&3 504,6 509,1 513,2 515<savanna> 534<Lazarides 1985>
535<studied by us> 540<au_chlor> 
 
# \i{}Austrodanthonia\i0{} <H.P. Linder>/
1<from the Latin \i{}australis\i0{} (southern), thus the southern
Danthonias> 3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} sensu
lato, \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<Type: \i{}A. caespitosa\i0{}
(Gaud.) H.P. Linder> 6<\i{}Joycea\i0{}, \i{}Chionochloa\i0{},
\i{}Notodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}> 7,2 9,3/4<rarely> 13,5-140
14,2 16,1 19,2 25,1-5 26,1 27,2 29,2 37,1 41,2 42,1<rarely>/2 44,1 47,2
48,2 49,2 52,2 54,3 55,2 56,0.2-5 59,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,2 76,1 82,2 85,2 88,3 89,2/5 91,1/2 92,4 95,3 98,1 101,2 102,2 120,1
121,2 122,3 123,3 125,2 126,2 140,1 141,6-22 142,5/8 143<green or purplish>
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 158,1 159,1 160,3<always
substantially longer than rhachilla> 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2
166,1<rarely>/2/3<slightly> 167,2 168,2 170,- 171,2 172,2 174,1 175,2 176,2
177,1 178,2 179,2 181,3 183,2 187,3-13 189,3-13 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2
196,2 208,3-10 215,1 216,2 217,1 218,2 220,2<lobes tapering into setae,
which may be substantial, but usually shorter than the awn> 221<usually>,1
223,3 224,2 225,1/3 226<if solitary>,1/2<if three> 227<if three,>,1 228,1
231,1<rarely>/2 232<when non-geniculate,>,1 233,1 234,1/2/3 235,2 238,1
239,1 240,1 241<usually>,1<at least the upper margin of the indumentum
being usually tufted> 242<generally>,1<although in some species hairs are
also present and evenly distributed between the transverse rows> 244,2
247,2 248,9 249,1 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1<rarely>/2 256,1 257,1 258,2 259,3
260,3 261,1/3 263,2/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2<rarely,
possibly artifactual> 271,2 272,3 273,1 274,0.2-3.4 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,2
283,2 284,1 285,3 286,2 287,1 288<golden-brown> 289<obovate> 291,2 292,1
294,2 295,1<usually less than 1/10 of the caryopsis length> 296,1 297,3
298,1 299,1 370,2 374,1 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19
490,80 491,28 492<New Zealand, Australia and Papua New Guinea> 493,5 494,5
503,1&2&3 504,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10 511,2 512,3 513,2 514,2 518<\i{}A.
caespitosa\i0{}, \i{}A. richardsonii\i0{}> 534<This description prepared by
H.P. Linder (1997).> 540<au_danth> 
 
# \i{}Austroderia\i0{} <N.P. Barker & H.P. Linder>/
3<\i{}Cortaderia\i0{}> 7,2 9<tough,>,3<usually>/3 13,50-600 55,1<with
several wide, strongly sclerified veins as well as smaller indistinctly
sclerified ones> 66<shiny, white,>,2 68,1 69,3<sometimes with several
rowed> 73,2/3<gynodioecious> 74,1/2 76,1/2 89,5 91,1-2<plumose> 101,2 123,3
131<the male spikelets less hairy than the female-fertile ones> 133<similar
to the others,>,1 135,2-7<?> 136,1 137,2-5<?> 138,3 141,10-50 142,5 145,1
147,1 148,2 154<probably>,1/- 156,1 157,1<villous> 161,2<shorter than the
internode> 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 171,2 172,1/2<or finely
scaberulose> 174,1 176,2<setaceously attenuate> 177,1 179<linear,
hyaline,>,2 181,3 187,1 189,1 191,2<probably>/1<ambiguous descriptions ...>
192<if present,>,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,(2-)3-7<?> 214,2 216,2
218<slightly>,1/2 219,1<attenuate> 220<if incised,>,2<sometimes with long
setae> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 231,1 232,1/3<?> 234,1-3<?> 238,2
240,1<dorsally pilose> 241,2 242,2 244,2 248,3 250,1 258,2 259,3
260<occasionally hair-tufted on the margins> 263<ciliolate or not> 264,1
265,2 266,2 268<rhomboid to>,1 269,1/2<usually with microhairs and
bristles> 272,3/0 277,1 285,2 286,2 289<lorate, elliptical, turbinate or
obovate> 295,2<about half the fruit length> 297,3 298,1<about half the
length of the caryopsis> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370<presumably>,2
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 470,90 477,8 487,6 488,7 489,19
490,80 491,5 492<Australia and New Zealand> 493,5 494,5&6 534<N.P. Barker &
H.P. Linder, (2010) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 97: 343 (2010); Grassbase
(2016); E.A. Kellogg (2015) in Kubitzki XIII> 536<Sexuality of the plants
is described and qualified using the same ambiguous wording in all the
descriptions seen; viz., "gynodioecious ("male", in this context,
indicating the bisexual state", = ?)> 538,4 540<austroda> 
 
# \i{}Austrofestuca\i0{} <(Tsvel.) E.B. Alekseev> sensu lato/
1<from \i{}australinus\i0{} (southern) and \i{}Festuca\i0{}> 3<\i{}Poa\i0{}
sensu lato> 4<Type: \i{}A. littoralis\i0{} (Labill.) E.B.Alexeev>
5<\i{}Festucella\i0{} E. Alekseev, \i{}Hookerochloa\i0{} E. Alekseev,
\i{}Schedonorus\i0{} Beauv.> 7,2 9,1<1>/3 11,- 13,30-92.5-180 14,2 19,2
25,2-3<2/2> 26,1/2<2> 27,2 37,2 38,- 40,2<1/1> 42,2 44,1 47,1<1>/2
49,1<2>/2 51,2 52,1 53,1/2 54,3 55,2 56,0.5-3.066-6.8
59,1<1/2>/2<2/2>/3<1/2>/4<1/2> 65,2 66,2<2/2> 67,1<1/2>/2<2/2> 69,1
70,1<2/2>/2<2/2> 71,0.2-3.05-6.8 72,2<2/2> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2<1>
92,3<1/1> 97,3<1/1> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123,3<2/2> 141,6.8-10.71-17 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1<1/1> 154,1 155,1<2/2>
156,1<2>/2<2> 157,1/2<1> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1<1>/2 166,1/2<1> 167,1/2<1>
171,2<2/2> 172,2<1/1> 174,1 176,2 177,1/2<1> 179,2 187,1<1>/3/5<1> 189,3/5
191,1<1>/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-4-5 214,2/3<1> 216,2 218,1<2>/2
220,2<2/2> 221,2 223,1<1>/2<2>/3 225,1<2/2> 226,1<2/2> 228,1<2/2>/3<1/2>
231,1<2/2> 233,1<2/2> 234,1<2/2> 235,1<1/1> 240,2 243,2<2/2> 244,1
247,2<2/2> 248,3-4<1>/5/6<1>/7<2>/8<1> 249,1<1/2>/2<1/2> 250,1 251,1
253,2<1/1> 255,1<2>/2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1<2>/2/3<2> 262,2
263,2<1>/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2<2> 270,1/2<1> 271,2<2/2>
272,3 274,3.4-4.7-7.2 275,2<2/2> 276,2<1/1> 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2
287,1<2>/2<2> 289,2<1/2>/4<2/2> 290,1 291,2 292,1<1/1> 295,1 297,3 298,2
299,2 301,2<2/2> 304,1<1/1> 322,1<2>/2<1> 323,2 327,1<2>/2<1> 328,1<2/2>
330,1<1>/2<2> 331,1 332,2 345,1<1>/2<2> 346,45-49.5-54 348,2<1/1>/-
349,2<2/2>/- 350,1<1/1>/- 351,1<1/2>/2<1/2> 353,1<1/2>/2<1/2>
354,1<2/2>/2<1/2> 356,1<1/1>/2<1/1> 359,1 360,2<1>/3<2> 361,2<1/1>/3<1/1>
363,1<1>/2<1>/3<1>/5<1>/6<1> 365,2<2/2> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2<2/2>
393,3<2/2> 394,- 395,1 396,1 399,2 401,- 403,2 404,1<2>/2<1> 405,1<2/2>
406,1<2>/2<1> 407,2<1/1> 416,1 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,4 492<maritime extra-tropical Australasia (\i{}Austrofestuca\i0{} sensu
stricto) and eastern Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1/2<1>
504,1<1>/2/4<1>/5<1>/6<1>/8<1>/10<1> 509,2<1/1> 512,2<2>/3<1>/4<1>
513,2<1/1> 514,1<1>/2<2> 536<This description combines generic descriptions
which are offered separately in this data set but merged in some recent
treatments (see Jacobs (1990), \i{}Telopea\i0{} \b{}3\b0{}, 601-603 for
discussion). The figures in parentheses either reflect breakdown figures
for the segregate genera (when the \i{}sensu lato\i0{} version exhibits
more than one character state), and/or that a character is unknown for
one or more of the three seggregates.> 540<au_fe-sl> 
 
# \i{}Austrofestuca\i0{} <(Tsvel.) E.B. Alekseev> sensu stricto/
1<from \i{}australinus\i0{} (southern) and \i{}Festuca\i0{}>
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}, e.g., with \i{}A. littoralis\i0{} treated as a synonym of
\i{}P. billardierei\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A. littoralis\i0{} (Labill.)
E.B.Alexeev> 5<\i{}Schedonorus\i0{} Beauv.> 6<\i{}Festucella\i0{},
\i{}Hookerochloa\i0{}> 7,2 9,1&3 11,- 13,30-80 14,2 19,2 26,1/2 27,2 37,2
38,- 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,1<occasionally, slightly>/2 50<sheaths terete> 52,1
53,2 55,2<cylindrical> 56,0.6-1.7<8-50 cm long> 59<involute, subulate,
rigid> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1/2 71,0.8-2.1<basal leaves>/3.8-5.5<culm
leaves> 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,9-17 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1
156,1 157,1/2 160,2 161,2<truncate, glabrous, scabrous or villous> 163,2
165,2 166,1-2 167,2 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous to
chartaceous> 187,3/5<only at the base> 189,3/5<only at the base> 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-5 214,2-3<membranous to leathery> 216,2 218,1/2
221,2<no more than emarginate> 223,1<muticous> 240,2 244,1 247,2 248,5/7
250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,2/3 262,2 263,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269<usually>,1 270,1 272,3 274,(3.8-)4.2-7.2 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<2.6-3.8 mm long> 290<ventrally>,1
291,2<ventrally> 295,1<usually oval, rarely punctiform> 298,2 299,2 301,2
322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1<walls thick and sinuous> 330,2<slightly> 331,1
332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,2 354,1/2 360,3 361,3/2 363,5/-
365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,3 394,- 395,1<in a small, central rib> 396,1
399,2<with indistinct hinges only> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,2 407,2
416,1 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,2 492<extra-tropical
Australasia> 493,5 494,5 503,1&2 504,1&2&4&5&6&8&10 509,2 512,4 513,2 514,1
515<\i{}F. littoralis\i0{} and \i{}F. pubinervis\i0{} are conspicous
littoral sand and fore-dunes species> 534<see Jacobs (1990),
\i{}Telopea\i0{} \b{}3\b0{}, 601-603 for comments on
\i{}Austrofestuca\i0{}/\i{}Festucella\i0{}/\i{}Hookerochloa\i0{}>
535<studied by us - \i{}A. littoralis\i0{} (Labill.) A. Alexeev>
536<clearly distinct from \i{}Festuca\i0{}, but see \i{}Festucella\i0{},
\i{}Hookerochloa\i0{}> 540<au_fe-ss> 
 
# \i{}Austrostipa\i0{} <S.W.L. Jacobs & Everett>/
1<named with reference to distribution and the genus \i{}Stipa\i0{} (q.v.)>
2<\i{}Speargrasses\i0{}> 3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A. mollis\i0{}
(R.Br.) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett> 7,2 9,3<mostly>/1&3<and two shrubby
species - subgenus \i{}Bambusina\i0{}> 11,- 13,10-250 14,1<<2%> subgenus
\i{}Bambusina\i0{}, with persistent, bamboo-like canes>/2 19,1/2 27,1/2
37,1<rarely>/2 38,- 42,2<mostly>/1/1&2 44,1/2 47,1/2 51,1<<5%>
occasionally>/2<usually> 52,1 55,2 56<over 0.5 mm wide> 58,1/2
59,1/2/3<then involute or convolute>/4 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1/2 72,1/2 73,2
74,1 80,2 81,1/2 82,2 88,2-3 89,5 90,2 91,1/2 93,1<e.g. \i{}A.
elegantissima\i0{}>/2 94,2 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-20 142,1<narrow> 145,1-2<mostly, more or less
terete>/3<sometimes, slightly> 147,1 154,2 157,1<oblique> 159,1/2<or
orange>/3 160,2<rarely>/3<<90%> mostly> 161,1<usually>/2<<5%> rarely> 163,2
165,1-2 166,2-3<usually exceeding them> 167,2 170,- 174<usually>,1/- 176,2
177,1-2 179,2<linear or lanceolate, membranous or papery, often acute or
acuminate, rarely muticous or mucronate> 187,1-5(-6) 189,(1-)3-7 191,1
196,2 208,1 211,1<<95%> nearly always, at least partially concealing the
palea>/2<in only two species> 212,1<conspicuously so, in \i{}A.
gibbosa\i0{}>/2<<98.5%> nearly always> 213,2 214,3 215<with round or oval
abaxial epidermal silica bodies> 216,1<usually, horny> 217,1/2/3/4<or
purple> 218,1<usually>/2 220<when incised, inconspicuously>,1-2 221,2 223,3
225,1 226<nearly always>,1<but acentric on the gibbous floret of \i{}A.
gibbosa\i0{}> 228,1<rarely, inconspicuously>/3 229,- 231,2<or sometimes
bi-geniculate>/1 232<when non-geniculate,>,3 233,1/2<or scabrous, but not
plumose> 234,1-3<14-200 mm long> 235,2<3> 236,2<although articulated at the
base of the column, and easily breaking off there> 238,1 240,1<usually, the
hairs often brownish>/2<<10%> rarely> 244,2<terete> 246,2<when involute -
i.e. rarely,>/1<nearly always, but convolute <95%>> 247,2 248,3-5(-7)
250<usually>,1<usually hidden by the lemma> 251,1<<80%> nearly always,
usually slightly shorter than the lemma, sometimes slightly exceeding
it>/2<sometimes only about a third of the lemma length in \i{}A.
ramosissima\i0{} and \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}, even shorter in \i{}A.
tuckeri\i0{}> 253,2 254,2 255,1<usually blunt or acute, ocasionally
acuminate> 256,1 257,1<usually translucent to leathery in the median strip,
with membranous margins> 258,2 259,3<even when small>
260,1<mostly>/3<sometimes depressed between the nerves> 261,2/3 264,1
265,2/3 266,1/2 267,2 268,2<stipoid, the third member when present usually
more or less different> 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,1.2-9 275,1<often>/2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1/2/3 289,2 290,2 291,1/3 295,2 298,2
299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1/2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1
314,3-5 322,1<in 10 of the eleven species examined>/2<\i{}A.
teretifolia\i0{}> 323,1<\i{}A. densiflora\i0{}, \i{}A. falcata\i0{}, \i{}A.
nervosa\i0{}>/2<\i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}, \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}, \i{}A.
blackii\i0{}, \i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}, \i{}A.
ramosissima\i0{}, \i{}A. teretifolai\i0{}, \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}>
324,2<and sometimes on cells bordering the costae> 325,2 326,3<about 5-20
per long-cell, in a median or sometimes partially double row along the
cells, circular or sometimes more or less branched, sometimes (e.g.
\i{}A. densiflora\i0{}) clearly of the coronate-pit type, cf. \i{}Poa
helmsii\i0{}> 327,1/2<the costals often much narrower, as well as smaller>
328,1/2<the walls quite thin to thick, the costals often somewhat thicker
walled> 329,1<nearly always>/1&2<\i{}A. densiflora\i0{} having many
isodiametric in some zones> 330,1/1&2<some obvious fusiforms in \i{}A.
ramosissima\i0{} and \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}> 331,1/1&2<e.g. \i{}A.
densiflora\i0{}, \i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A.
verticillata\i0{}>/2<\i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}> 332,1<probably, sometimes -
but very scarce, found to date only adaxially>/2 333,2 334,1 335<hard to
find and study, seemingly peculiar - thin-walled, perhaps one-celled: see
photos in Johnston and Watson 1976> 345,1<\i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}, \i{}A.
bigeniculata\i0{}, \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}>/2<few in the material seen of
\i{}A. falcata\i0{}, none seen in \i{}A. blackii\i0{}, \i{}A.
densiflora\i0{}, \i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A. nervosa\i0{}, \i{}A.
pubescens\i0{}, \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}, \i{}A. teretifolia\i0{}> 346<when
present,>,(22-)24-45(-48) 347,2 348<low to fairly high>,2<to almost
parallel in \i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}> 350,2<more or less flush>
351,1<<90%>>/2<only \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}> 353,2<usually>/1&2<sometimes
some ostensibly solitary, and some short rows in \i{}A. nervosa\i0{}>
354,1<usually>/2<mostly, in \i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}> 355,1<rarely>/2-3
356,1&2&3<commonly one or more of these, usually with intermediates, the
rounded forms usually somewhat vertically elongated>/9<a few, e.g. in
\i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}>/5<some, in \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}> 357<commonly
with thick or thin walled prickles costally, or intercostally or both,
occasionally large thick walled macrohairs, neither prickles no macrohairs
seen in \i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}, \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}, \i{}A.
pubescens\i0{}, \i{}A. teretifolia\i0{}> 360<predominantly>,1<usually, but
in some species the rows interrupted by relatively long
short-cells>/2<sometimes predominating everywhere or almost everywhere,
e.g. \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}, \i{}A. teretifolia\i0{}>/1&2<varying from file
to file, e.g. \i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}, \i{}A. blackii\i0{}>/2&3<\i{}A.
pubescens\i0{}, exhibiting many files with pairs and short rows>
361,1<usually>/1&2<e.g. \i{}A. falcata\i0{}, with many imperfect>
362,1<\i{}A. densiflora\i0{}, \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}, \i{}A.
teretifolia\i0{}>/4<\i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}>/1&4<the costae varying,
\i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}, \i{}A. blackii\i0{}, \i{}A.
falcata\i0{}>/2&4<\i{}A. nervosa\i0{}, depending on the zone
examined>/4<\i{}A. aristiglumis\i0{}, \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}, \i{}A.
verticillata\i0{}> 363,8<unambiguously, and predominating everywhere in
\i{}A, aristiglumis\i0{}, \i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A. nervosa\i0{},
\i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}, \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}>/3&8<with intermediates,
\i{}A. bigeniculata\i0{}>/2&3&8<with intermediates, in \i{}A. falcata\i0{}
and \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}>/1&8<in \i{}A. blackii\i0{} and \i{}A.
densiflora\i0{}, the pooid forms short with no more than two or three
crenations per side>/3&5<usually more or less vertically elongated, \i{}A.
teretifolia\i0{}> 364<when panicoid type,>,1&3/3<commonly, but often more
or less ambiguously so even when the silica cells are clearly dumb-bell
shaped>/3-4<large in \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}, \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}>
365,1<a few of the dumb-bells of \i{}A. elegantissima\i0{} being distinctly
angular>/2<usually> 370,2 374,1 385,2/1-2<the chlorenchyma usually closely
packed, perhaps spongy in \i{}A. blackii\i0{}, \i{}A. teretifolia\i0{} and
\i{}A. verticillata\i0{}> 386,2<but some species exhibit a rather clear
abaxial palisade, e.g. \i{}A. falcata\i0{}, \i{}A. nervosa\i0{}, \i{}A.
teretifolia\i0{}> 393,1<mostly>/1-2<\i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A.
ramosissima\i0{}>/2<\i{}A. verticillata\i0{}> 394,2<more or less
alternating large and small, in ten of the twelve species
examined>/1<\i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}>
395,2<except positionally> 396,1 398,2 399,1<in all but one of the species
examined>/2<perhaps, in \i{}A. verticillata\i0{}> 401,1<these fairly to
very conspicuous, especially large in \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}> 403,2
404,1<at least in all the larger ribs> 405,1<Is, usually fairly massive,
with all the main bundles> 406,1<in ten of the twelve species
examined>/2<in \i{}A. pubescens\i0{} and \i{}A. teretifolia\i0{}>
407,2<\i{}A. teretifolia\i0{}>/1&2<varying from place to place, in \i{}A.
pubescens\i0{}> 409,1 411,1 415,1 416,1 469,9&10&11&12&22<?>
470,22&28&40&44&48&68&96<?> 471,2&4&8<? and aneuploids> 477,1 480,4 487,11
488,7 489,43 490,80 491<about>,70 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5&6 503,1&2&3
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&10 505,1&2 509,1&2 510,1<?> 511,1 512,3-4 524,5 531,1&2
534<Barkworth 1983; Vickery Jacobs and Everett 1986; Barkworth and Everett
1987; Jacobs and Everett 1996> 535<studied by us - \i{}A. blackii\i0{},
\i{}A. densiflora\i0{}, \i{}A. ramosissima\i0{}, \i{}A. verticillata\i0{},
\i{}A. elegantissima\i0{}, \i{}A. falcata\i0{}, \i{}A. nervosa\i0{}, \i{}A.
teretifolia\i0{}, \i{}A. pubescens\i0{}, etc.> 536<This is a currently
unsatisfactory description of a \i{}Stipa\i0{} segregate. See further
comment under \i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu lato> 540<au_stipa> 
 
# \i{}Avellinia\i0{} <Parl.>/
1<after Giulio Avellino, a Neapolitan botanist> 3<\i{}Trisetum\i0{},
\i{}Trisetaria\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A. michelii\i0{} (Savi) Parl.> 7,1 9,3
11,- 13,2-30 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2 59,1/3<involute>
65,2 66,2 69,1-2<short, often hairy outside> 70,1 71,0.4-1 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1/2 92<when contracted>,3/4/- 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-5 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,1 163,2 165,1
167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2 187,1 189,3 191,1/2 192,2
196,2 208,2-4 210<often apically split> 214,2 216,2 218,1<but often
splitting> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1<though often described as
from the sinus> 231,1 234,1 235,1 240,2 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,2 255,3
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,0.5 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 295,1 298,2 301,1 302,1 323,2 331,2 332,2 345,1
348,1 350,1 351,2 360,3 363,1-2/4/8<sometimes> 364<sometimes
indisputably>,4 370,2 374,1 385,1 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 401<inconspicuous
in the poor material seen> 403,2 404,2 406,1 469,7 470,12 477,2 478,2 479,4
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,2 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2
497,2 498,2 504,4&5&8 506,1 511,2 512,3/4 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,32 531,1
532,4 535<studied by us - \i{}A. michelii\i0{} (Savi) Parl.> 540<avellini> 
 
# \i{}Avena\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}avena\i0{} (nourishment) and name for the oat, \i{}A.
sativa\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}A. sativa\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Anelytrum\i0{} Hack.,
\i{}Preissia\i0{} Opiz> 7,1 9,3-4 11,- 13,20-200 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,-
44,2 47,2 52,1 53,2<usually>/1<e.g., \i{}A. byzantina\i0{}> 55,2/1
56,1.5-20 59,1<usually>/3<<10%> rarely convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 68,1
69,1 70,2 71,1-7 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1/2 97,2 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 126,2 141,10-45
145,1 147,1/4<<10%> cultivated forms> 148<when disarticulating above the
glumes,>,1/2/- 154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,1/2 161,1 163,2<lanceolate> 165,2
166,2/3<rarely shorter> 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<usually
chaffy> 187,3-11 189,3-11 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,(1-)2-6 214,2<<10%>
rarely>/3<usually leathery to crustaceous> 216,1-2 218,2 220,2<bidentate or
2-aristulate> 221,2 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1/3 226,1/2 227<the
median>,1<when laterals present> 228,2 229,2 231,2 234,3 235,1 237,1
240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1/2/3<but large> 255,1-2 258<tough>
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 272,3 274,0.7-4
275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1/2 287,2 290,1 291,2 293,2 295,2 298,2
299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2/1-2 306,2 308,1/1-2 309,2 310,1/2 311,1
312,1/2 313,1 314,7-15 322,1 323,2 327,1<long and narrow> 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 330,2<slightly> 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 360,2/3
363,1/2<or occasionally cubical> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2/3 394,1/-
395,1/2 396,1 399,1/2<the groups sometimes ill defined, or only hinge
groups present> 401,1<or in groups of fairly evenly sized cells>/- 403,2
404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 411,2 416,1 469,7 470,14&28&42&48&63 471,2&4&6&7&9
473<large> 474,4.3-5.5<20 species, mean 4.7> 475,9.9<13 species,
8.8-11.0> 476,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,27
492<Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa, western Asia> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4 495,1&2 496,1&3 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2 500,1&2 502,5
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,2 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 514,2
515<mostly in weedy places> 516<\i{}A. barbata\i0{}, \i{}A. byzantina\i0{},
\i{}A. fatua\i0{}, \i{}A. ludoviciana\i0{}, \i{}A. sterilis\i0{}, \i{}A.
strigosa\i0{}, \i{}A. wiestii\i0{}> 519<mainly \i{}A. sativa\i0{} (Oats)>
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4
529,1 530,17&24&25&32&33 531,1&2 532,1 533,5 534<Baum 1977> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}A. fatua\i0{} L.> 540<avena> 
 
# \i{}Axonopus\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}axon\i0{} (axis) and \i{}pous\i0{} (foot), alluding to
rachides arising from a common point (digitate)> 2<\i{}Carpet Grasses\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}A. compressus\i0{} (Sw.) P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Anastrophus\i0{}
Schlecht., \i{}Cabrera\i0{} Lag., \i{}Lappogopsis\i0{} Steud.>
6<\i{}Centrochloa\i0{}, \i{}Ophiochloa\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,2<sometimes
mat-forming>/3 11,- 13,15-100<or more?> 14,2 19,1/2 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,-
44,1/2 47,2 52,2-4 55,1/2 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 73,2 74,1 89,2 91,-
94,- 95,1<<10%> rarely>/3 97,3 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 124,3 141,1.6-5.4 142,7/8/9/10/11
144,2 145,3 146,2 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,1<membranous> 165,- 167,2 168,-
170,1<the one glume (upper) outside> 176,2 179,- 183,- 189,4-5 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0/2/4<the median lacking> 205,3
206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,1-2 216,1-2<papery to crustaceous>
217,2/3 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1/2<sometimes with papillae, macrohairs and
microhairs> 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,4 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1/2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 281,3
283,2 284,1<e.g. \i{}A. rupestris\i0{}>/2<usually?> 287,1 289,4 291,2 295,1
298,1 299,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1/2<the costals much
narrower> 328,1 330,1/2<slightly> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,39-45 341,7.5-9
342,4.3-5.2 343,21-30 344,0.54-0.67 345,1 346,36-45 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1
354,1 360,1 363,8 364,3/2&3 370,1 373,3<1 species> 374,2 375,1 378,1/2
379,2 382,2 383,1 385,2 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,2 406,1 413,2<1 species> 416,1 469,10 470,20&40&60&80 471,2&4&6&8
477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,114 492<tropical South
America> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,2&3&4&5&6&9 507,1&2&3
508,1&2&3 511,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna, forest clearings, moist
and weedy places> 516<\i{}A. affinis\i0{}, \i{}A. compressus\i0{}>
517<\i{}A. affinis\i0{}, \i{}A. compressus\i0{}> 518<\i{}A. affinis\i0{},
\i{}A. flexuosus\i0{}> 520<\i{}A. compressus\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3 528,6
530,18 531,2 533,1&2 535<studied by us - \i{}Axonopus affinis\i0{} Chase>
540<axonopus> 
 
# \i{}Bambusa\i0{} <Schreber>/
1<latinised from Malay vernacular \i{}bambu\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}Bambos
arundinaceae\i0{} Retz.> 5<\i{}Arundarbor\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Criciuma\i0{}
Soderstrom & Londoo, \i{}Dendrocalamopsis\i0{} (Chia & Fung) Keng f.,
\i{}Eremocaulon\i0{} Soderstrom & Londoo, \i{}Ischurochloa\i0{} Bse,
\i{}Leleba\i0{} Nakai, \i{}Lingnania\i0{} McClure, \i{}Neosinocalamus\i0{}
and \i{}Tetragonocalamus\i0{} Nakai> 6<\i{}Guadua\i0{} Kunth,,
\i{}Holttumochloa\i0{} K.M. Wong, \i{}Kinabaluchloa\i0{} K.M. Wong,
\i{}Maclurochloa\i0{} K.M. Wong, \i{}Soejatmia\i0{} K.M. Wong,> 7,2 11,1/2
13,(200-)500-3500 14,1 15,(0.5-)4-12(-17) 17,1/2 19,1 20<(where
recorded)>,1 21,(1-)3-10/11-20<where recorded (rarely ... ) derived from a
single bud, usually with one branch becoming dominant> 22<sometimes>,3/-
23<(exclusively?)>,4 27,2 30,1 31,1<rarely>/2 33,1<sometimes>/2 34,1<nearly
always>/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4<commonly> 37,2<sometimes nearly solid> 38,2 39,1
40,2<? - with \i{}Guadua\i0{} excluded> 44,2 47,1/2<rarely?> 48,1/2
55,1/2<small to moderate-sized> 63,1 65,1/2 66,1/2<but at least demarcated>
67,1 69,1-2 71<short or long> 72,1<usually <90%>>/2 73,2 74,1 85,2 86,2
87,1 89<of pseudospikelets, these solitary or in tufts, fascicles or
capitula on leafless branches> 91,1 101,1<with or without foliage leaves>
102,1 103,1/5-6 108,2 121,2 140,2 141,10-80 142,7/10/9/13 145,1-2 147<when
empty glumes present,>,1/- 148,2 149<commonly>,4/- 154,1 155,2 157,2
162<(i.e. transitional, empty glumes, which are additional to bud-bearing
basal bracts)>,1<usually>/2<rarely> 163,1-2<(0-)1-2> 165,1/2 166,1 167,1
171,2 174,2 176,2 177,1 179,2 182,2 187,7-18 189,7-18 191,2 192,2/3 194,1
196,1/2 197,0-3<? - fewer than 4> 201,2 203,2 204<several-nerved> 205,1
206,2 208,(1-)2-20<-many> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1<usually> 240,2
244,1-2 248,9-22 250,1 251,1-2 252,2 255,1-2<the apex rounded, truncate or
only slightly cleft> 256,1 258,2 259,4<about 6-16> 260,3 262,2<with
\i{}Guadua\i0{} excluded> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1
272,6 273,1<nearly always>/2<rarely> 274,3.5-8 275,1/2 276,1/2 277,2
278,1<commonly>/2 279,2 280,1 283,3<usually?> 286,2 290,1 291,3 293,1 295,2
298,2 299,2 303,2 304,1 311,2 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3 327,1 328,2 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,36-48<in \i{}B. arnhemica\i0{}> 341,6-9
342,4.5-8<i.e. very variable, in \i{}B. arnhemica\i0{}> 343,15-21
344,0.37-0.46 345,1 346,21-27 348,1/2/3 349,1 351,1 353,1 360,1 363,4/7
370,2 374,1 385,2 390,1 391,1 393,3 395,1 396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,1 410,2 413,2<1 species> 469,12 470,24&48&70&72 471,4&6<rarely
diploid> 473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9
490,14/36<\i{}Criciuma\i0{}, \i{}Eremocaulon\i0{}> 491<about>,120
492<tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, America> 493,3-7 494,1&2&3&5
495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,6&7&9 509,1 511,1
522<\i{}B. arundinacea\i0{}, \i{}B. dissemulator\i0{}, \i{}B.
duriuscula\i0{}, \i{}B. gibba\i0{}, \i{}B. lapidea\i0{}, \i{}B.
malingensis\i0{}, \i{}B. sinospinosa\i0{}, \i{}B. tuldoides\i0{}, \i{}B.
vulgaris\i0{} etc. are widely used for general constructional work; others
(e.g. \i{}B. pervariabilis\i0{}) for fishing rods, ski poles, umbrella
shafts, furniture etc.; others (e.g. \i{}B. chungii\i0{}) for weaving;
others (e.g. \i{}B. flexuosa\i0{}, \i{}B. gibba\i0{}, \i{}B.
sinospinosa\i0{}) are useful barrier plants; and the shoots of many (e.g.
\i{}B. beecheyana\i0{}, \i{}B. gibboides\i0{}, \i{}B. vulgaris\i0{}) are
edible. Pulp for paper and rayon is obtained from (e.g.) \i{}B.
guadua\i0{}> 523<claimed intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Saccharum\i0{} are
erroneous, representing apomixis> 524,1&4&5 525,1 526,3 530,1&4 531,1 532,4
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}B. arnhemica\i0{} F. Muell.>
536<this treatment follows Clayton and Renvoize (1986). Soderstrom and
Ellis (1987) refer \i{}Criciuma\i0{}, \i{}Eremocaulon\i0{} and
\i{}Guadua\i0{} to their subtribe Guaduinae, along with \i{}Olmeca\i0{},
and place \i{}Tetragonocalamus\i0{} in the Arundinariinae, but revised
generic descriptions adequate for the present purpose are not available.
Further problematic genera are \i{}Kinabaluchloa\i0{} K.M. Wong
(including \i{}B. wrayi\i0{}), \i{}Holttumochloa\i0{} K.M. Wong (including
\i{}B. magica\i0{}), \i{}Maclurochloa\i0{} K.M. Wong (= \i{}B.
pauciflora\i0{} and \i{}B. montana\i0{}), and \i{}Soejatmia\i0{} K.M. Wong
(= \i{}B. ridleyi\i0{}). Sound generic circumscriptions depend on adequate
comparative descriptions, and will be extensively unachievable for bamboos
until the descriptive terminology of inflorescence and spikelet morphology
has been standardized, and encoded with reference to material at world
level> 540<bambusa> 
 
# \i{}Baptorhachis\i0{} <Clayton & Renvoize>/
3<\i{}Stereochlaena\i0{} (\i{}S. foliacea\i0{})> 7,1 13,30-60 14,2 19,2
27,2 37,2 44,2 47,1 52,2 55,2 56,2-4<and 2-5 cm long> 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2
70,1 71<about>,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,4 99<conspicuously>,2&3<the wing
covering the spikelets, dark purple> 101,2 102,2 103,3 108,2 120,2 121,1
122,1 123,1&3/2&3 125<densely>,1 126,1<but these homogamous> 129,1 130,1
141,2.5-3 144,1 145,3 146,2 147,3 149,1 154,2 157,2<but the long hairs on
the glume and first lemma direct the resting position of the spikelet>
160,1 163,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} suppressed> 166,2<i.e. the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 167,2<i.e. the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} about equalling
the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 170,1 171,1 173,1<the lateral keels with hair
tufts below> 174,1 176,1<from a sinus or from the tip> 177,2 183,-
189,3<the two laterals thickenced below> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2
201,2 202<bilobed> 203,1<from the sinus> 204,5/7 205,2 206,1<membranous
between the leathery lateral keels, which are hair-tufted below> 208,1
214,3<papery> 215,1<and shining> 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute> 223,1 240,2 243,1
244,2 246,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2<papery> 258,2
259,3 264,2 272,3 274<about>,0.7 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 329,U 332,1 335,1 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370,1 371,U 374,2
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,3 397,U 402,U 456,1<this colourful> 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,1<\i{}S. foliacea\i0{}>
492<Mozambique> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,4 513,2 515<on
stony slopes> 534<Clayton 1978b> 537,2 538,4 540<baptorha> 
 
# \i{}Bealia\i0{} <Scribner>/
3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato (\i{}M. biloba\i0{} Hitchc.)> 7,1 9,3
13,9-35 14,2 19,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 50<sheaths keeled, often striate,
longer than the internodes> 52,1 55,2 56,0.6-1.4<1-7 cm long>
59,1/3<involute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<apex acute or rounded, often
irregularly toothed> 71,1.5-3.4 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 82,2 89,5 91,1 101,2
102,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 125,1 141<about>,4-4.5 145,1 147,1 154,2<seemingly,
from the description and illustrations seen> 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,2
166,2-3 167,2 171,1<loosely pilose to villous, especially below> 173,3
174,1 176,2 179,2 187<faintly>,1 189<faintly>,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 216,2
218,2 220,2<the lobes rounded to obtuse> 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1
231,1 232,3<to crisp-curled>/- 233,1<scabrous> 234,3 235,1
240,1<tawny-villous below> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<about as long as the
lemma, hairy below> 255,1<obtuse> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,1.2-2.3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 287,1<about 1.8 mm long> 288<olive-brown> 289,2 291,3 295,1 297,3
298,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,27-30 342,3.5 344,0.25 345,1 352,1
355,1 360,1 362,4 363,5<to squarish> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375<probably>,2
376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1 395,1<via a bulbous abaxial keel> 396,1
398,2 399,1-2 400,2 401,1&2<the penetrating groups contributing to the
colourless columns> 403,1 404,1 406,1 409,1<and very large> 469,8 470,16
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of
\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}B. mexicana\i0{} = \i{}Muhlenbergia
biloba\i0{} Hitchc.> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,3 502,1 512,3/4 514,2 515<in
shallow, sandy soils in coniferous woodland, at 2000-2300 m> 534<Peterson
1989> 535<photo of mid-blade ts, Peterson \i{}et al.\i0{} 1989; Van den
Borre 1994> 540<bealia> 
 
# \i{}Beckeropsis\i0{} <Figari & de Not.>/
3<\i{}Pennisetum\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/3 11,- 13,90-240 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,2<in
\i{}B. uniseta\i0{}> 38,- 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,2 55,1<to 12 mm wide in
\i{}B. uniseta\i0{}>/2 59,1 63,1/2 65,2 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 89<axillary,
compound>,5<with racemelets each represented by a single
spikelet-plus-bristle> 91,- 94,- 101,2<but sometimes closely subtended by a
small leaf> 102,2 103,1<reduced to a single spikelet with a long,
reduced-branch bristle at its base> 106,- 107,- 108<(i.e. the much
reduced racemelets)>,1 109,1 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,2 118,2 120,1
121,1 123,3<but the pedicel being presumably the base of the reduced
branch> 125,1 141,2.5-3.5<in \i{}B. uniseta\i0{}> 144,1 145,3 146,1
147,3<spikelet and bristle falling from the pedicel> 148,1 149,1 154,2
155,- 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 172,1 174,2 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,2<hyaline, rounded or bilobed> 181,1 187,0 189,0 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5 206,2<membranous> 207,2 208,1
214,3 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,3-5 250,1
251,1 255,1<truncate> 256,1 257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274<about 1.5 mm long in \i{}B.
uniseta\i0{}> 276,2 277,1 280,1<near the base> 283,2 284,2<purple> 286,2
287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,44-54 343,24-36
344,0.65 345,1 348,2&3 351,2 360,1 363,8 364,1-3/4 370,1 374,2 383,1 385,1
393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1/2 401,1<or in groups of fairly
evenly sized cells, or in irregular groups>/- 403,1 404,2 406,1 410,2
413,2<\i{}B. uniseta\i0{}> 469,9 470,18 471,2 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9<as a
synonym of \i{}Pennisetum\i0{}> 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,6 492<tropical and
southern Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,2 513,1
514,2 515<riverine woodland> 518<\i{}B. uniseta\i0{}> 524,5 525,3 528,7
530,19 535<Metcalfe 1960; photos of \i{}B. uniseta\i0{} provided by R.P.
Ellis> 540<beckerop> 
 
# \i{}Beckmannia\i0{} <Host>/
1<named for Johann Beckmann> 5<\i{}Buchmannia\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Joachima\i0{}
Ten.> 7,1/2 9,1/3 11,- 13,30-150 14,2 24,1<when perennial>/2 37,2 38,- 47,2
55,2 56,4-10 59,1 65,2 67,1 69,1 70,2<acute> 71,5-10 73,2 74,1 80,1
89,2/5<the branches sometimes themselves branched> 91,1 94,- 95,3<branches
racemosely arranged> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,1<the branches unilateral> 122,1 141,1.5-4 142,4 144,- 145,1 147,3
148,- 154,1/2 156<when present,>,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 167,2 169,1-2
170,- 174,1 176,2<but mucronate> 177,1 179,2<herbaceous, navicular, more or
less inflated, cross-veined> 183,- 187,3 189,3 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2
193,1<male> 196,2 208,1/2 210<acuminate> 214<cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1/2 240,1/2 244,2<dorsally rounded> 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
259,3 260,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3
274,0.4-1.8 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1<1.6-2 mm long> 291,3 295,1 298,2
301,1 302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,2 330,2 331,2
332,2 345,1 348<low>,2/1 350,1<mostly, slightly> 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3
363,1/3/6 370,2 374,1 385,2 469,7 470,14<usually>/16 471,2 473<large>
477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,2 492<North Eurasia &
North America> 493,1&3&6 494,1 495,1&2&3 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,2&3 504,11
506,1&2 507,1&2&3 512,2/3 513,2 515<meadows, etc.> 518<\i{}B.
syzigachne\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25 531,1&2 532,5 533,5
535<studied by us - \i{}B. syzigachne\i0{} (Steud.) Fernald> 540<beckmann> 
 
# \i{}Bellardiochloa\i0{} <Chiov.>/
1<named for Piedemontese botanist, L. Bellardi> 3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7,2
9<densely>,3 11,- 13,8-50 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1 58,1<glaucous> 59,3
65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1 70,2 71,2-7 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1-2 92,- 99<scabrous>
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,3-7.5 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1<with a crown of hairs
0.3-0.6 mm long> 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1
179,2 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-8 214,2 216,2 218,1/2 219<when
entire>,1/2 223,2/3<very shortly so> 225,1 226,1 228,1<or the mucro from a
notch>/3 231,1 234<to 1.5 mm long,>,1 235,1 240,2<shortly hairy at base,
scabrid on keels, not lanate> 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3
260,3<hairy between the keels> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2
270<more or less>,1<irregularly dentate or with 1-2 slender laeral lobes>
271,2 272,3 274,1.4-2.5 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,1 287,1<c. 1.8-2.5 mm long>
290<more or less>,1 291,2/3-4 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 302,1 304,1 305,2
306,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1
331,1<the sinuosity associated with conspicuous pitting> 332,2 345,2<none
seen> 351,1 353<commonly>,1 354,1 356,1-2 357<with scattered costal and
intercostal prickles> 360,2 361,1 363,3&6 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1<round
topped, one per bundle> 395,1-2 396,1 398,2 399,1/2<inconspicuous, in the
material seen> 401<if present,>,1<of small cells>/- 403,2 404<mostly>,2<the
material sectioned exhibiting only one combined girder, associated with the
marginal bundle on one side of the blade, the others (including the midrib)
with broad-footed abaxial girders and adaxial strands> 406,1/2<in one of
the two specimens seen> 407<when present,>,2 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}B.
variegata\i0{}> 492<southern Europe, western Asia> 493,1&2 494,1&2 495,1&2
496,1 497,2 498,2&3 499,2&3 504,11 506,1 508,1 512,2 513,2 514,2
535<studied by us> 540<bellardi> 
 
# \i{}Bergbambos\i0{} <Stapleton>/
3<\i{}Thamnocalamus tesselatus\i0{}> 4<\i{}Bergbambos tessellata\i0{}
(Nees) Stapleton> 7,2 9<loosely clumped, ()>,3 13<to>,700 14,1 15,2 16,1
19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 23,4 26<without roots> 30,1 31,2 34,2 35,1 36,2
37,2 38,1 47,1-2 48,1 52<(acuminate-)>,3<with scabrous cartilaginous
margins> 55,1 56<5-15 cm long,>,8-15 63<with a prominent midrib, shortly>,1
69,2 70<scarious,>,1 71,1-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87,2
89<complexly>,5<comprising compressed, racemose branches, to 40 cm long>
96<numerous> 101,1 102,1 103<"comprising compact, bracteolate fascicles">
121<on the ultimate racemes,>,2 122,2 123,1 141,15.4-17.4 142,10 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1<the upper 1-1.3 times its
length> 177,2 179<lanceolate, chartaceous,>,2 180,0.75 187,9 189,9-13<the
laterals with cross-veins> 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208<characteristically>,1 210<oblong, 11-15 mm long> 214<chartaceous,>,2
216,2 218,1 219,1<acute> 223,1 244,2 248,10/11 249,1 250,1 251,1<10-12.5 mm
long> 259,4<11 nerved> 263<ciliolate> 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2<scarious>
269,1<and apically hairy> 270<1.8-2.4 mm long, oblong,>,2 272,3
274<orange,>,7.2-8.5 275,2 276,2 278,2 280,1 281,1 283,3 297,3 322,1 323,1
325<some>,1 326<variously shaped> 330,1 331,1 332,1 334,2 335,1 336,1
339,55-70 340,33-40 343,22-29 345,1 347,1 348,2<often obscured by papillae>
351,1 353,1&2 355<infrequent> 357<macrohairs infrequent abaxially, stiff
with swollen constricted bases; prickle hairs infrequent, comprising hooks>
358,U 360,1<with some pairs> 361,1 363,4 370,2 374,1 390,U 391,1 393<more
or less>,3 395,1 398,2 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 477,8 487,4
488,3 489,5 490,12 491,1<\i{}B. tessellata\i0{}> 492<mountains of South
Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 534<Stapleton, C.M.A.
(2013). \i{}Bergbambos\i0{} and \i{}Oldeania\i0{}, new genera of African
bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae). PhytoKeys 25: 87-103; Clayton et al.
(2016), Grassbase> 535<Metcalfe (1960)> 540<bergbamb> 
 
# \i{}Bewsia\i0{} <Goossens>/
7,2 9,3<with short, creeping rhizomes> 13,26-93 14,2 15,0.2 19,2 27,2 37,1
40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 48,2<but hairy at the mouth of the sheath and on the
lower part of the blade> 52,1-2 55,2 56<to>,5 59,1/3<the margins becoming
involute under water stress> 61,1 65,2 69,1<minutely ciliolate only> 70,1
71<to>,0.3 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,- 89,2<these appressed to the central axis>
91,- 96<about>,10-15 101,2 102,2 103,3 105,1 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121<somewhat>,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3 125,1 141,5.5-9 144,2
145<strongly>,1 147,1 148,1 149,1<rather long> 154,1 155,1<between
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,2 166,2<a little shorter to a little longer> 167,2 170,1
171,2<scabridulous> 174,1<acuminate, often mucronate> 176,2 177<strongly>,1
179,2 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-6 214,2<membranous> 216,2
218,1/2 221,2<no more than minutely notched> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2
229<from a quarter to a third of the way down> 231,1 233,1<scabrid>
234,1-2<1-4 mm long> 235,1 240,1<the lower lemmas hairy below, beside the
keel and on the margins> 244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1
255<minutely>,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 263,3<minutely, densely
ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<long, narrow> 269,2 272,3
274,1.5-2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1<about 2 mm long>
289,1<to oblong>/- 291,3<terete> 294,U 297,3 322,1 323,2 328,1<fairly thick
walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1<in rather distant single files>
348,1-3<rather irregular - mostly high domes with truncated tops> 350,2
351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary> 354,2<in material seen> 355,1 357<prickles
abundant> 360,1<the files interrupted by prickles> 361,1<usually?>/3<in
some material seen, but the silica cells nodular> 362,4 363,8 364,3<with
long, inconspicuous isthmuses>/4<a few> 367,1 370,1 374,1<the MS
thick-walled, sometimes double> 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 393,3<or with
very low flat-topped ribs> 395,1-2 396,1 399,1 400<sometimes>,2 401,2 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all bundles with anchors> 406,1-2
407<when present,>,2 409,1 470,30 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,37
491,1<\i{}B. biflora\i0{}> 492<southern tropical and South Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,1&3 512,3 513,2 515<in grassveld, often on
sandy soil> 524,5 525,2 527,1 535<studied by us - \i{}B. biflora\i0{}
(Hack.) Goossens; photos provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<bewsia> 
 
# \i{}Bhidea\i0{} <Stapf ex Bor>/
1<named for R.K. Bhide, collector of the type specimen> 7,1 13,8-16 14,2
19,1 27,1/2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,3-4<to 4 cm long> 65,2 69,1 71,1 73,2 74,1
75,1<spikelet pairs homomorphic and sterile at the base of the raceme,
heteromorphic heterogamous pairs above> 76,1&3/1&4 78,1<the pedicelled and
basal spikelets awnless> 79,1<there being homomorphic, sterile pairs at the
base of the raceme> 89<of paired racemes, or these solitary (in \i{}B.
borii\i0{})> 95,1/3<\i{}B. borii\i0{}> 96,1-2 101,1<the raceme base(s)
embraced by a spatheole> 102,1 103,3<about 6-noded> 106,1<\i{}B.
borii\i0{}>/2 107,1<the raceme bases terete> 108,1 109,2 111,1<slightly
expanded above> 112,2 113,2 114,2 115,1<down one side> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1/4<reduced to glumes, at the base of the raceme> 130,4<and
awnless> 133,1 136,1 141,7-20 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} shorter, excluding the awn>
167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,2 173,- 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, from a
sinus> 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} narrow, pointed and 2-keeled above,
awnless, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} trilobed and long-awned from a deep apical
sinus> 183,1<inrolled below, but asymmetrically keel-winged above> 184,1-2
185,2 186,1 187,2<without intercarinal nerves> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 203,2 204,2 205,1 207,2 208,1 214,1 218,2 221,2<i.e. to less than a
quarter> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1 234,3 240,2 244,2 247,2
250,1 251,2 256,1 258,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 293,- 322,1
323,1<abundant> 324,1&2 325,1 326,3<usually in a single row of 2-6 per
cell, thick walled, circular, symmetrical to asymmetrical>
327<fairly>,2<the costals narrower> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1
331,1<the sinuosity coarse> 332,1 333,1<sic> 334,2 335,2<i.e., most
unexpected> 345,1 347,1<each with a pair of inwardly directed papillae, one
from each side> 348,2&3 350,2 351,2 357<no macrohairs or prickles seen>
360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3&4 370,1 371,1 374,2 393,3 395,1 396,2<a large
median, with several smaller bundles on either side> 397,1 398,2 399,2<the
epidermis mainly consisting of large, bulliform-like cells> 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles, even the tiniest> 405,2<the fibre groups
everywhere small, save the one abaxial to the median bundle> 406,1 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5 491,3 492<India> 493,3 494,2
496,3 500,1 504,11 513,2 515<dry shallow soils> 534<Bor 1948> 535<studied
by us - \i{}B. burnsiana\i0{} Bor> 537,2 540<bhidea> 
 
# \i{}Blepharidachne\i0{} <Hackel>/
1<from the Greek \i{}blepharis\i0{} (eyelash) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff),
alluding to ciliate lemmas> 5<\i{}Eremochloe\i0{} S. Wats.>
7<usually>,2/1<rarely> 9<branching above, with leafy inflorescence tufts on
long internodes> 11,- 13,8-20 14,2 19,1 38,- 44,1<in tufts> 47,2 55,2 58,-
59,4<involute, arcuate and rigid, less than 1 mm broad> 60,- 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 88,2 89,5<of peduncled clusters, each invested by
spathes> 92<the individual clusters>,1 101,1<the leaves subtending
inflorescences with spathe-like sheaths> 102,1 103,1&5<short, congested,
usually surpassed by subtending leaves> 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
116,4 120,- 121,2<?> 123,2 141,6-8 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 149,1 150,-
154,1 156,1 157,1<at the base of the unit as shed> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2
166,2-3 167,2 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176<shortly>,1/2<then mucronate>
179,2<hyaline, shiny> 182,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,3<L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
and L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sterile or male, deeply lobed and awned,
L\sub{}4\nosupersub{} reduced to a 3-awned rudiment> 194,2 195,1<the
terminal floret reduced to three awns> 196,1 197,2 198,1 199<usually>,2
201,1/2 203<shortly>,1<and hairy> 204,3 205,2-3 206,2<and similar in form>
207,2 208,1<only L\sub{}3\nosupersub{} fertile> 212,- 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,1 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<via the awn-tipped lateral lobes> 227<the
median>,2<when laterals present> 228,1 229,- 231,1 237<when present,>,1
240,1<on the margins> 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3
263,3 264,2 272,(1-)2/3 277,1 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 289,4 291,1
295,1 297,3 298,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2<though abundant
adaxially> 330,1 331,1 332,2<seemingly, from the material seen - though
they would be easy to overlook in such material, with the intercostal zones
in deep grooves and obscured by prickles or hairs. None seen adaxially
either, in \i{}B. kingii\i0{}> 345,1 346,(21-)24-28(-30) 348<low>,2&3 350,2
351,2 352,1/2 355,1 357<a few costal prickles forming a continuous series
with the abundant macrohairs in \i{}B. bigelovii\i0{}, and abundant
prickles in \i{}B. kingii\i0{}> 358,2 360,2<in places, in both
species>/3<elsewhere, in both species> 362,1 363,3/4/8<\i{}B.
bigelovii\i0{} with predominantly saddles merging into rounded forms and
few panicoid types, \i{}B. kingii\i0{} with mainly panicoid types and
few saddles> 364<when panicoid type,>,1<irregular>/3<short> 367,1 370,1
374,1 375,2 376,1 378,2 383,2 393,2 394,1<round topped> 395<fairly>,1/2
396,1 398,2 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,2<every bundle except the midrib
with a massive abaxial strand and a smaller adaxial one, in \i{}B.
kingii\i0{}>/1<in \i{}B. bigelovii\i0{}> 405,1<the midrib in \i{}B.
kingii\i0{}, all the bundles in \i{}B. bigelovii\i0{}> 406,1 436,- 469,7
470,14 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,65 491,3 492<U.S.A. and
Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1&2&3 497,2 498,3 502,5 504,11 506,1&2 512,4
513,2 515<deserts, rocky slopes and xerophyllous scrub> 535<studied by us -
\i{}B. bigelovii\i0{} (S. Watts) Hack., \i{}B. kingii\i0{} (S. Watts)
Hack.> 540<blephari> 
 
# \i{}Blepharoneuron\i0{} <Nash>/
1<from the Greek \i{}blepharis\i0{} (eyelash) and \i{}neuron\i0{} (nerve),
alluding to the lemmas> 3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,1<\i{}B.
shepherdi\i0{}>/2<\i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}> 9,3/4/- 13,(16-)20-60 14,2
19,1<\i{}B. shepherdi\i0{}>/2 26<mostly>,2 27,2 37,1-2 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2
48,2 52,1 55,2 56<to>,2 58,1<\i{}B. ticholepis\i0{}>/2 59,1/3<involute,
conspicuously so in \i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,2<rounded, entire to lacerate> 71,0.7-3 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<to
somewhat contracted, greyish, elliptic, 5-20 cm long> 94,1<the pedicels
wiry, flexuous> 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,2 123,3<the long slender pedicels distended towards the tip>
141,(1.4-)1.8-3(-4) 143<dark brown or purplish> 144,- 145<slightly>,1 147,1
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2<callus glabrous> 160,2 161,2<truncate> 163,2 164,2
165,1-2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2/3 to 3/4 the length of
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166,2 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171,2<glabrous,
glossy> 172,1 173,- 174,2<rounded to erose> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<greyish
green, delicately membranous, broadly ovate to lanceolate> 184,- 185,-
186,- 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate, greyish green>
214,2-3<hyaline to thinly membranous> 215,1 216,2 218,1<or erose> 219,1-2
223,1/2<rarely> 240,1<with long, silky hairs over the lower 2/3 of the
midnerve and margins> 244<slightly>,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
255,1<pointed> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3<but the nerves are much closer than
is usual in paleas> 260,1 261<densely silky villous>,3<between the nerves
below> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<fairly> 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3
273,1<these short> 274,0.8-2.1<relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
281,3 283,2 284<apparently green> 288<brownish> 289,2/4 292,1 295,1 297,3
298,1 301,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1<despite the lack or scarcity of
stomata in \i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}> 323,1<in \i{}B. shepherdi\i0{}>/2<in
\i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}> 324,2 325,2 326,1<often adjacent to a stoma>
327,2<costals narrower> 328,1<thick walled> 329,1<all epidermal cells
large> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,2 339,30-31.5(-34.5)
341,(10.5-)11.4-12.3(-14.4) 342,2-2.8 343,(10.5-)12-13.5(-15.6)
344,0.34-0.5 345,1<in \i{}B. shepherdi\i0{}>/2<\i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}>
346,18-22.5<in \i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}> 347,2 348<(\i{}B.
shepherdi\i0{}>,2/- 351,1<in \i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}>/2<\i{}B.
shepherdi\i0{}> 352,2 353<in \i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}>,1<also solitary and
in short rows> 354,1 355,2 357<rows of costal prickles present>
360,1<interrupted by prickles> 362,4 363<relatively broad to
narrow>,4<sometimes approaching tall-and-narrow and crescentic> 367,1 370,1
374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1/2 383,2 385,1
389,1<between all bundles; very wide> 393,1<only, in \i{}B.
tricholepis\i0{}>/2<\i{}B. shepherdi\i0{}> 394,1 395,1<with a somewhat
larger bundle plus sclerenchyma and rib> 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,2
401,2<these conrtibuting to the colourless intercostal columns> 403,2
404,2<primaries with abaxial girders and adaxial strands (the PCA tissue
encircling the top of each bundle); small bundles with strands only> 406,1
409,1 442,- 469,8 470,16 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a
synonym of \i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,2 492<southwest U.S.A., Mexico> 493,6
494,1 495,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<dry upland coniferous forest>
534<Peterson and Annable 1990> 535<studied by us - \i{}B. tricholepis\i0{}
(Torr.) Nash; supplemented from Peterson and Annable 1990> 540<blepharo> 
 
# \i{}Boissiera\i0{} <Hochst. & Steud.>/
1<named for botanist Edmond Boissier> 3<\i{}Bromus\i0{}>
5<\i{}Euraphis\i0{} (Trin.) Lindley, \i{}Schnizleina\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Wiesta\i0{} Boiss.> 7,1 9,3<or the culms solitary> 11,- 13,5-15 14,2
27,1 37,2 38,- 47,1 49,1 52,1 55,2 56,1-6 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1
89,5 91,2 92,1/2 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,15-30 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 157,1/2 163,2
165,1-2 166,1 167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 176,2 179,2<hyaline> 187,3 189,5
191,1/2 192,2 193<usually several> 195,1<reduced to a bunch of awns> 196,2
208,2-5 214,3<papery to leathery> 216,2 218,2 220<irregularly>,5-9<toothed>
221,2 223,3 225,(5-)7(-9)<in a line across the lemma back> 226,2 227<the
median>,2 228,2<from the upper part of the lemma back> 229,1 231,1 232,1-2
233,1<scabrid> 234,2-3 235,1 237,1-2<inserted at the same level on the
lemma back, the outer members shorter> 238,1 240,1 244,2 248,9-13 249,1/2
250,1 251,1 255<palea apex minutely dentate> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 272,3 274,0.4-0.6 277,2 278,1<the styles lateral to it>
280,2 283,2 287,2 290,1 291,2 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1 305,2
306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,30-39 348,1
350,1 351,1/2 353,2/- 354,2/- 360,3 363,1-2/3<rather irregular>/6 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2 394,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 406,1 469,7
470,14&28 471,2&4 473<large> 475,3.7 477,2 478,1 479,3 487,11 488,6
489,12 490,80 491,1<\i{}B. squarrosa\i0{}> 492<western Asia> 493,1&2 494,1
495,2 498,3 504,11 512,3-4 513,2 515<dry stony soils> 518<\i{}B.
squarrosa\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,25&32&33&34 535<studied by us>
540<boissier> 
 
# \i{}Boivinella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Cyphochlaena\i0{}> 13,50-60 14,2 40,2 49,2 50<sheaths basally
inflated> 52,5-6<and attenuate> 55,1 56,15-17<and 8-9 cm long> 57,1<or
subcordate>/3 58,- 65,2<or these not mentioned> 69<membranous,
long-pilose> 71,- 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1 89,2<of dorsiventral false
spikes at the apex of the culm> 99,U 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,1 107,2 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2<seemingly> 121,1<the rachis dorsiventral> 122,1<the
pairs in two rows> 123,1&3<the hermaphrodite spikelets short-pedicelled>
126,1 127,1 128,2 129,4<reduced to a glume> 130,1 131<the sterile spikelets
sessile, reduced to one dorsally compressed glume> 140,2<because of the
extra glume, representing the sessile spikelet> 141,2.2-2.5 144,1
145<strongly>,1 147,3 154,2 163,2 165,2 166,2/3 167,2 170,1 171,2 173,3
176,1-2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} subulate, and subaristate,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} obtuse and muticate> 183,- 186,1 187,1 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 202<saccate> 203,2 205,3 206,3<cartilaginous,
umbonate> 208,1 214,1 216,2 217,1<whitish> 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244<apically
subgibbous> 246,1 250,1 258,2<thin> 272,6 277,1 283,2 287,1<1.5 mm long>
290,U 291,1<and subtriangular> 294,U 322,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1
351,1 360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 406,1 477,7 478,5
485,2<Boivinelleae> 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,2 492<Madagascar> 493,4
494,2 496,2 504,11 534<Camus 1925b; Bosser 1965> 537,2 540<boivinel> 
 
# \i{}Bonia\i0{} <Balansa>/
3<\i{}Bambusa\i0{}> 5<\i{}Monocladus\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 13,100-2600
14,1<without nodal roots> 15,4-12 16,1 18<clump-forming,>,1/3 19,1
21<nearly as thick as the culms,>,1<in \i{}B.
parvifloscula\i0{}>/4-20<\i{}B. tonkinensis\i0{}> 23,3<in \i{}B.
levigata\i0{}>/4 30,1 31,1 34,1/2 35,1 36,2/3 37,1-2 39<short,>,1 47,1/2
52,2-3/6 55,1 56<11-35 cm long,>,15-60 63,1 65,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2
87,1 89<"comprising nodal clusters of untidily tufted synflorescences">
101,1 102,1 140,2 141,12-30 142,9/10/13 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,3&4 154,1
156,1 162<poorly described,>,1/2<gemmiferous bracts only in \i{}B.
parvifloscula\i0{}> 163<if present,>,2/3 176<muticous or mucronate,>,2
187<in \i{}B. solida\i0{},>,11 189<in \i{}B. solida\i0{},>,11 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,2 196,2 208,3-9 210<lanceolate or oblong> 214,2-3 215,1 216,2
218,1 223<apiculate,>,1-2 240,1/2 244,2 248,7 250,1 251,1&2<the one
accompanying the proximal lemma exceeding it, those of the upper florets
much shorter than the lemmas> 257<membranous,>,1 259,4<6-10> 260,3<?>
261,1-3 262,2 263,1-3 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 269,2 270,1-2<emarginate>
272,6 273,1 277,1 278,1/2 279<if appendaged,>,2 280<very short> 283,3 290,2
292,1 296,1<?> 297,3 324,U 344,U 348,U 349,U 353,U 354,U 357,U 360,U 366,U
382,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U 397,U 477,8 487,4
488,3 489,9 490,14 491,5<3 from vegetative material only> 492<China,
Vietnam> 493,3 494,1 534<Clayton \i{}et al\i0{}., GrassBase; FOC vol. 22>
536<this unsatisfactory compilation from poor descriptions (q.v.) excludes
species described from non-flowering material> 538,4 540<bonia> 
 
# \i{}Borinda\i0{} <Stapleton>/
3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Fargesia\i0{}, \i{}Yushania\i0{}> 4<Type:
\i{}B. macclureana\i0{} (Bor) Stapleton> 7,2 11,2 14,1 19,1 23,4 38,1 39,1
40,2 48,1/2 55,1/2 56,6-25 63,1 64,3 65,1 66,1 67,1 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 76,1
86,1 87,1/2 89<(synflorescence)>,5 91,1-2 101,1<with rings of hairs, rather
than reduced sheaths, surrounding the ultimate branchlets> 120,1 121,2
123,3 140,1 141,30-55 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,1-2<?> 166,1
167,1 171,2 172,1 176<shortly>,1 179,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-7
216,2 218,1 240,1<at least medianly> 244,2 247,2 250,1 251,1 252,2<?> 255,2
260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 271,1<?> 272,3 275,1/2 283,2/3
329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U
402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,80 491,8 492<Tibet, Nepal,
Sikkim, Bhutan> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 514,2 534<Stapleton (1994 and
2013)> 536<The original description of this genus was very inadequate (e.g.
no spikelet morphology at all, and no information on several vegetative
features usually employed when describing bamboos), and some of the species
are known only from vegetative material. Nevertheless, this brief
description, compiled from Stapletons (1994 and 2013) papers, may
effectively distinguish it.> 537,2 538,4 540<borinda> 
 
# \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{} <Kuntze>/
1<from the Greek \i{}bothrion\i0{} (a pit) and \i{}chlo\i0{} (a grass),
alluding to pitted lower glumes> 3<\i{}Dichanthium\i0{}>
5<\i{}Amphilophis\i0{} Nash, \i{}Gymnandropogon\i0{} (Nees) Duthie> 7,2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,15-200 14,2 19,1/2 23<if branched,>,1/2 27,1/2 37,1 38,-
42,2 43,1/2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1-2 70,1/2 72,2
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 77,4 78,1 79,2 81,1/2 84,1/2 89,2<many-jointed
racemes>/5<<10%> rarely: the lower racemes sometimes branched again at
the base> 95,1/2<the racemes often almost palmate, towards the culm tips>/3
101,1/2 102,1/2 103,3 104<usually>,5 105,2 106,1/2/3 107,1 108,1 109,2
110,1 111,1 112,2 113,2 114,1 115,1<often villous>/2/3 120<mainly>,2<with a
terminal triplet> 121,1 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 131<the
pedicels of the male or sterile pedicellate spikelets often villous> 136,1
145,3 147,3<and with the joint> 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,- 171,1<towards the base>/2 172,1/2 174,1/2<blunt or minutely bifid>
176,2 179,1<the lower bicarinate and often with a pit on the back, the
upper narrower, naviculate> 183,1 184,1-2 185,1/2 186,1 187,5-9 189,1-4
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 205,2-3 206,2 207,2 208,1
210<linear, produced into the awn> 214,1<reduced to a hyaline stipe> 216,2
218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3 240,2 243,1
244,2 247,2 248,1-3 250,1/2 251<when present,>,3 258,2 259,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,1-3 274<about>,1.5/- 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2/3 314,21-30 322,1 323,1 324,2
325,1 326,1 327,1 328,1 330,1<long, narrow> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,38-66
343,24-33 344,0.5-0.64 345,1 347,2 348,3 350,- 351,2 360,1 363,8
364,1/2/3/4 370,1 374,2 375,1 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,3<usually>/2
394,1<when present>/- 395,1 396,1/2 397,1 399,1/2 401,1<or in irregular
groups>/2/- 403,1 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 410,1/2 411,1 413,1<in at least some
material of each of 6 species>/2<at least sometimes, in 4 species> 416,1
469,10 470,30&40&50&120 471,2&4&5&6&12 473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,35 492<warm regions> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,3&4 498,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4
501,3 502,1&4&5 503,1&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 505,2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3
509,1&2 511,1 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<grassy places> 516<\i{}B.
ischaemum\i0{}, \i{}B. pertusa\i0{}, \i{}B. saccharoides\i0{}> 517<\i{}B.
insculpta\i0{}> 518<\i{}B. bladhii\i0{}, \i{}B. ewartiana\i0{}, \i{}B.
insculpta\i0{}, \i{}B. ischaemum\i0{}, \i{}B. pertusa\i0{}, \i{}B.
radicans\i0{}, etc.> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Capillipedium\i0{},
\i{}Dichanthium\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&2&3&4&5 526,3 527,2 528,4 529,4&5
530,10&17&39&43&46 531,2 533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}B. macra\i0{} (Steudel) Blake> 540<bothrioc> 
 
# \i{}Bouteloua\i0{} <Lag.>/
1<named for the brothers Claudio and Esteban Boutelou>
5<\i{}Actinochloa\i0{} Roem. & Schult., \i{}Antichloa\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Aristidium\i0{} (Endl.) Lindley, \i{}Atheropogon\i0{} Willd.,
\i{}Chondrosum\i0{} Desv., \i{}Erucaria\i0{} Cerv., \i{}Eutriana\i0{}
Trin., \i{}Heterosteca\i0{} Desv., \i{}Nestlera\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Pleiodon\i0{} Reichenb., \i{}Polyodon\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Triaena\i0{}
Kunth, \i{}Triplathera\i0{} (Endl.) Lindley> 6<\i{}Buchlo\i0{},
\i{}Buchlomimus\i0{}, \i{}Cathestecum\i0{}, \i{}Cyclostachya\i0{},
\i{}Griffithsochloa\i0{}, \i{}Opizia\i0{}, \i{}Pentarrhaphis\i0{},
\i{}Pringleochloa\i0{}, \i{}Soderstromia\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,(10-)15-80 14,2 19,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 59,1/2/3 61,2 62,3
65,2 69,3 70,- 73<nearly always>,2/3<occasionally gynodioecious - \i{}B.
chondrosoides\i0{}> 74,1/2 75,2<usually>/1 76,1/2/1&2 80,1&2 81,1/2 84,1/2
89,2<the spikelets few to many>/3<mainly in Section \i{}Atheropogon\i0{}>
91,- 94,- 97,1 98,2<the rachis of the spike or cluster usually ending in
a naked, straight or forked tip> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1<in
Section \i{}Atheropogon\i0{}>/2<Section \i{}Chondrosum\i0{}> 109<when
falling,>,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 116<(when on much reduced branches)>,2/-
120,1 121,1<on one side of rachis> 122,1 145,1 147,1/3<i.e., when the
spikes shed> 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter and
narrower> 167<(the longer)>,1/2 171,1/2 174,1<acuminate or awn-tipped>
176,1<shortly so>/2 187,1 189,1 191<usually>,2 192<when present, which is
usual,>,2 194,2<the rudiment(s) usually 3-awned, with the awns longer than
those of the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/- 196,2 208,1 210<with nerves extending
into short mucros or awns, with lobes or teeth between> 216,2<membranous>
218,2 220,1/2/3 221,2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1<sometimes with lateral
mucros>/3 226,1/2 227<the median>,2<when laterals present> 231,1 237<when
present,>,1/2/3 247,2 248,3 250,1 256,1/2/3<via excurrent nerves> 259,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,0.4-4 277,1 283,2
289,4 295,1 297,3 298,1 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2
328,2<costals thicker walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3
337,2<in \i{}B. curtipendula\i0{}> 339,15.6-29 340,12-18 341,7.5-10.5
342,1.9-2.8 343,7.5-12 344,0.33-0.48 345,1 346,21-24 348,2/3 351,2 352,2
353,- 354,- 355,1 357<prickles abundant in \i{}B. curtipendula\i0{}> 358,2
360,2/3 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 373,1-2/2<i.e. \i{}B. curtipendula\i0{} is
seemingly an NAD-ME/PCK intermediate while \i{}B. gracilis\i0{} is NAD-ME>
374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 380,2 381,1/2 382,1 383,1/2 385,1
389,1<linked with the bulliforms> 393,2<low ribs> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1
400,2 401,2<these contributing to the colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with
the large bundles> 405,1<anchors, in some large bundles> 406,1 409,1 411,1
414,3.13-4.3 415,1 442,- 469,10 470,20&40&41&42&56&60&70&98 476,1 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16 491,40 492<Canada to South America,
especially southwest U.S.A.> 493,6&7 494,1&3&6 495,1&3 497,4&5 502,1&2&5&6
504,11 505,2 507,1&2&3 513,2 515<dry plains and hillsides> 516<\i{}B.
aristidoides\i0{}, \i{}B. barbata\i0{}, \i{}B. gracilis\i0{}> 517<\i{}B.
curtipendula\i0{} etc. (Grama grasses)> 518<\i{}B. curtipendula\i0{},
\i{}B. gracilis\i0{}, \i{}B. hirsuta\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4&6 528,11 529,4
530,23&40&41 531,2 533,5 534<Griffiths 1912; Gould 1979a> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}B. curtipendula\i0{} (Michx.) Torr.>
540<boutelou> 
 
# \i{}Brachiaria\i0{} <(Trin.) Griseb.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}brachium\i0{} (arm), alluding to the manner of bearing
the racemes> 3<\i{}Urochloa\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}B. eruciformis\i0{} (Sm.)
Griseb.> 7,1<mostly>/2<sometimes in \i{}B. schoenfelderi\i0{}> 9,2/3/4 11,-
13,(10-)25-100 14,2 19,1/2 23,3<e.g., \i{}B.
fruticulosa\i0{}>/1<usually>/2<e.g., \i{}B. ambigens\i0{}> 25,3-6 27,1 32,3
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,2 56,3-8(-11)<and 2-15(-18) cm long> 59,1/3
65,2 66,2 67,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 80,1<?> 84,1/2<?> 89,2/5<the basal
racemes sometimes with secondary racemelets> 91,- 94,- 96,4-17<?> 97,1
98,1 99,1<or triquetrous>/3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,3<the pedicels 0.2-0.5 mm long> 124<concave,>,3
125,1 126,2 141,1.6-3.7 142<broadly>,8 144,2 145,3 146,2
147<primarily>,1<at the base of the upper floret, but with a secondary
disarticulation beneath the glumes> 148,2<this distinguishing
\i{}Brachiaria\i0{} sensu stricto from \i{}Urochloa\i0{} sensu lato> 154,2
157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1<the lower a small scale> 167,2<i.e. the upper
glumes> 170,1 171,1/2/1&2<the lower usually glabrous> 176,2 177,2 179,1<the
lower much reduced, the upper similar to the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 187,0-1
189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1/2 203,2<muticous>
204,3-5(-7)<the laterals distant from the median> 205,2 206,1
207,2<membranous> 208,1 214,3<chartaceous to cartilaginous> 215,1<and
shiny> 216,1-2 217,1 218,1 219,2 222,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,1
248<obscurely>,3-5 250,1<the tip not reflexed> 251,1 253,2 255,1<apically
rounded> 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2
304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1<rarely>/2<?> 325,2 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,(32-)40-67(-76)<?> 343,(18-)26-48<?> 344,0.52-0.69<?> 345,1
348,2/3<?> 350,2 351,2<?> 353,1 354,1 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3/4<?> 370,1
373,1 374,1 375,1 378,1/2<?> 379<if present,>,1 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,1
385,1 393,2-3<?> 395,1/2<?> 396,1/2<?> 397,2 399,1 401,2/1&2<?> 403,1
404,1/2<?> 405,2 406,1 413,2<?> 416,1 469,9 470,18 471,2 473<small> 476,1
477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491,3<\i{}B. eruciformis\i0{},
\i{}B. malacodes\i0{}, \i{}B. schoenfelderi\i0{}> 492<Africa and
Mediterranean> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&4 495,1&2 496,1&2 498,1&2&3
499,1&2&3&4 504,6 508,1&2&3&4 511,1<notably \i{}B. eruciformis\i0{}> 512,3
513,1/2 514,2 516<\i{}B. eruciformis\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3&4 528,2&3&7 529,4
530,16&18&20 531,1&2 532,2&4 533,1&2&3&5 534<Webster (1987), Morrone and
Zuloaga (1992 and 1993), Veldkamp (1996)> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us
- \i{}B. eruciformis\i0{} (J.E. Sm.) Griseb.> 536<For justification of this
sensu stricto interpretation, see Webster (1987), Morrone and Zuloaga
(1992), and Veldkamp (1996). In Watsons opinion, however, it would have
been better to delay such realignments until generic circumscriptions
around \i{}Panicum\i0{} had been broadly reassessed on a basis of worldwide
sampling.> 540<brachiar> 
 
# \i{}Brachyachne\i0{} <(Benth.) Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}brachys\i0{} (short) and \i{}achne\i0{} (scale,
chaff), alluding to lemmas shorter than glumes> 2<\i{}Native Couch\i0{}>
3<\i{}Cynodon\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}B. convergens\i0{} (F. Muell.) Stapf;
lecto, \i{}fide\i0{} C.E. Hubbard, \i{}Hookers Icon. Pl.\i0{} t. 3362
(1938)> 6<\i{}Lepturidium\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,2/3 11,- 13,8-70 14,2 19,1/2 27,2
37,1 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3<involute and filiform> 61,1 65,2
66,2 69,2-3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89<usually>,2<occasionally the racemes single>
91,- 94,- 95,1 99,1/2<or triquetrous> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<appressed> 121,1<the racemes unilateral> 122,1
123,2 126,- 144,2 145<strongly>,1 147,1 154<usually>,1 156,1/2 157,1 160,2
161,1/2 163,2 165,2 166,3<enclosing the floret> 167,2 170,2
174,1/2<sometimes minutely incised, with a tiny mucro> 176,2 177<(at least
the lower)>,1<the keel weak to very strong> 178,1<especially the lower, in
\i{}B. convergens\i0{}>/2 179,1<broad, usually thinly leathery, the lower
curved in profile, the upper straighter> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192<when
present,>,2 193,1 194,1<tiny> 196,2 208,1 214,1-2<membranous to hyaline>
216,2 218,1/2 219<when entire,>,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2
223,1/2<rarely> 240,1<long-haired on the nerves or all over> 244,1<folded
along the mid-nerve> 248,3 250,1 251,1-2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3<with long
hairs> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1 289,4 291,1 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 303,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2 326,2 327<the intercostals
broader, often short> 328,1 329,1/2 330,1<to square> 331,1 332,1 333,1
334,2 335,2 336,3 340,6 345,1 347,2 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<mainly
solitary> 354,1<mostly>/2<usually> 355,2 356,3<rare> 360,1 362,4 363,4
367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1/2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,1/2 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,1 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,31 491,10 492<Africa, Australia> 493,4&5 494,2&5 496,1&3 499,2&3
500,3&4 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8 508,1&2&3 509,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2
515<seasonal swamps and moist rock crevices> 516<\i{}B. convergens\i0{} (in
North America)> 535<studied by us - \i{}B. convergens\i0{} (F. Muell.)
Stapf> 540<brachyac> 
 
# \i{}Brachychloa\i0{} <Phillips>/
7<decumbent>,1/2 9,2 13,15-50 14,2 19,1<sometimes>/2<usually> 27,2 37,2
42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,2 56,4-6 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 71<about>,1 73,2
74,1 89,2 91<with the branches appressed and often crowded into a loose
head in \i{}B. schiemanniana\i0{}, spreading in \i{}B. fragilis\i0{}> 95,3
96,6-16 99,2 101,2 102,2 105,1 108,1<\i{}B. fragilis\i0{}>/2 109<when
disarticulating,>,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3
125,1 141,3.5-7 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 160,1 163,2
165,2 166,1 167,1 170,2<by twisting of the pedicels> 171,2 172,1<to
minutely scaberulous> 174,1 176,2 177<somewhat>,1 179,2<subcoriaceous>
187,1-3 189,3-7 191,2 192,2 195,2 196,2 208,3-7 214,2<membranous> 216,2
218,2 219,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223<very shortly>,2<from between the
lobes> 240,1<on the margins, in \i{}B. fragilis\i0{}>/2<in \i{}B.
schiemanniana\i0{}> 244,1 247,2 248,3/5-7<in \i{}B. schiemanniana\i0{}>
249,2 250,1 251,1<gibbous> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<?> 269,2 271,2 272,3 274,0.4 275,2 276,2 277,1
283,2 284,2<dark purple> 286,2 287,1<0.8 mm long> 291,1/4 295,1 297,1 322,1
323,1 324,2 325,1 326,1<at the same end of each cell, thick walled and
pitted> 328,2<intercostals thicker walled> 329,1<on focusing through the
papillae> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2<but well disguised in this
papillate epidermis> 336,3 340,15 342,2 344,0.3 345,1 347,2 348,2<mainly>/3
350,2<on the side not obscured by a papilla> 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary>
354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363<exclusively>,4<very regular> 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,1&2 376,2 377,3 378,1<with some bundles only> 379,1 383,2 393,2-3 395,1
396,2<a large median, with a smaller lateral at either side> 397,1 399,1
400,2 401<seemingly exclusively>,1<but these deeply penetrating> 403,2
404,1 405,1<all the laterals with Is> 406,1<though the abaxial girders of
the keel bundles form three heavy blocks> 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,80 491,2<\i{}B. fragilis\i0{}, \i{}B. schiemanniana\i0{}>
492<southern Mozambique, Natal> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3
512,3-4 513,1&2 514,2 515<in coastal forests on sandy soil> 535<studied by
us - \i{}B. schiemanniana\i0{} Phillips; photos provided by R.P. Ellis>
536<generic circumscriptions around \i{}Brachychloa\i0{},
\i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{} and \i{}Heterocarpha\i0{} seem problematical,
especially in the absence of anatomical data for \i{}H. haareri\i0{} and
\i{}B. fragilis\i0{}> 540<brachych> 
 
# \i{}Brachyelytrum\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}brachus\i0{} (short) and \i{}elutron\i0{} (cover,
husk), alluding to short glumes> 7<slender>,2 9<with short, knotty
rhizomes> 11,- 13,50-100 14,2 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 47,2 48,U 52<narrowly>,3
55,1 56,10-22 58,- 63,1<basally constricted>/2 65,1/2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1-2
71,1.7-3.5 73,2 74,1 89,5<scanty> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,7-12 144,- 145,2-3 147,1 148,- 154,1
155,1 156,2<bristle-like> 157,1 162,1 163,2/1<the lower sometimes vestigial
or absent> 164<(the upper, larger),>,1-2 165,1/- 167,1<the upper no more
than about 1/4 of the floret length> 170,- 176,2 187,0-1/- 189,1 191,1
196,2 208,1 210<tapering into the awn> 214<herbaceous> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,2<3> 240,2
243,2 244,2<rounded on the back> 246,- 248,5 250,1 251,1 252,1 259,3
260<slightly>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,3 277,2
278,2<but narrow and hairy above> 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1-2<5 mm long>
289,1 290,1 291,2 295,2 296,2 297,2-3<removable with difficulty> 298,2
299,2 301,2<Soreng and Davis, 1998> 303,1<these relatively large> 304,1
305,1/2 306,2 308,2 309,1 311,1 312,2 313,2 314,11-13 322,1 323,1 324,2
325,2 326<often>,3<large, irregular in shape> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 347,2
348,1 350,1<slightly>/2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,2
390,2 391,2 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 406,1 469,11 470,22
471,2 477,1<or Bambusoideae?> 480,6 487,11 488,7 489,10 490,80 491,3<\i{}B.
aristosum\i0{}, \i{}B. erectum\i0{}, \i{}B. japonicum\i0{}> 492<North
America, Japan & Korea> 493,3&6 494,1 495,1 497,3&4 504,11 507,1&2 513,1
515<woodland> 534<Macfarlane and Watson 1980; Campbell, Garwood and Specht
1985> 535<studied by us - \i{}B. erectum\i0{} Beauv.> 540<brachyel> 
 
# \i{}Brachypodium\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}brachys\i0{} (short) and \i{}podion\i0{} (a little
foot), in reference to subsessile spikelets> 4<Type: \i{}B. pinnatum\i0{}
P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Brevipodium\i0{} A. & D. Lve, \i{}Trachynia\i0{} Link,
\i{}Tragus\i0{} Panzer> 7,1/2 9,1-3 11,- 13,2-200 14,2 19,1/2 27,1 37,2
38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,2 55,1<rarely>/2 56,3-12 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
69,1 70,1/2 71,1-6 73,2 74,1 80,2 88,2 89,4/5<rarely> 91,1/- 94,- 99,1
100,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,1<drooping to one side>/2 122,2 123,3 141,13-40 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,2
156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,1 174,1 176,1/2 177,2 178,-
179,2<lanceolate> 187,5-7 189,7-9/11 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1/2 196,2
208,8-22 210<ovate-lanceolate to acuminate> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 234,1-2 235,2<3-5> 240,2 244,2 248,(5-)7-9
250,1 251,1 255,1<truncate> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,1 270,2 272,3 274,0.4-4.5 275,2 277,2 278,1<below the styles>/2 280,2
283,2 284,1 286,1<\i{}Trachynia\i0{}>/2 287,2 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2
299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1/2 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2 311,1
312,1/2 313,1 314,7-9 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1
331,1<rarely>/2 332,2 345,2/1 346<in \i{}B. distachyon\i0{}>,24-27 348,1
350,1 351,1 353,2<mainly solitary> 354,1<often, and with adjacent
prickles>/2 356<when present,>,1/3 358,1/2 360,1/2/3 363,1&3&5 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 393,1/2 395,1/2 396,1 399,1 401,1<or the groups of fairly
uniform cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,2 413,2<1 species> 469,5&7&9&10
470,10&14&16&18&28&30&42&56 471,2&4&6&8<and aneuploids> 473<small> 477,2
478,1 479,2 487,11 488,7 489,11 490,80 491,16 492<temperate, and tropical
mountains> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3 497,1&2&3&4
498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3 500,2&3&4 502,1&5&6 504,1&2&4&5&8&9 506,1&2 507,3
508,1&2&3 511,1 512,3 513,1&2 516<\i{}B. distachyon\i0{} (=
\i{}Trachynia\i0{})> 524,5 525,2&3&4 527,2 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&28&33
531,1&2 532,4 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}B.
distachyon\i0{} (L.) Beauv., \i{}B. pinnatum\i0{} (L.) Beauv.>
540<brachypo> 
 
# \i{}Briza\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}brizo\i0{} (to be sleepy or nodding), referring to
nodding spikelets> 4<Type: \i{}B. minor\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Brizochloa\i0{} Jir
sek & Chrtek (= \i{}Briza humilis\i0{}), \i{}Chascolytrum\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Chondrachyrum\i0{} Nees, \i{}Macrobriza\i0{} (Tsvel.) Tsvel.,
\i{}Tremularia\i0{} Fabric.> 6<\i{}Calosteca\i0{}, \i{}Lombardochloa\i0{}>
7,1/2 9,1/3 11,- 13,5-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1/2 44,2 47,2 52,1-2
53,2 55,2 56,1-10 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,2 71,0.8-2.5 73,2 74,1 80,1&2
81,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1<the spikelets drooping elegantly - quaking grass>
97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,1 120,-
121,1<drooping to one side>/2 123,3 141,2.5-25 145,1 147,1 149,1 154,1
155,2 156,1 157,2 160,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,2 176,2 177,1/2
179,2<broad and cordate, thin and papery> 187,3-15 189,3-15 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,2 196,2 208,4-20 210<as broad as long, gibbous and umbonate,
cordate> 214,2 216,2 218,1/2<obtuse, cuspidate, bidentate or mucronate>
223,1/2<the mucro less than 1.5 mm long> 240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,7-15 250,1
251,2 256,1<and with no apical appendage, by contrast with
\i{}Calosteca\i0{}> 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2
268,2 269,2 270,1<rarely>/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.4-2.4 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,1 286,1/2 287,1 291,2 293,- 295,1/2 298,2 299,2 301,1<rarely>/2 302,1
303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,3-5 322,1 323,2
327,2 328,1 330,2<contrasting with the smaller, narrower costals>
331,1<thin>/2 332,2 345,1<usually>/2 348,1 350,1 351,1<e.g., \i{}B.
triloba\i0{}>/2 353<when present,>,1/- 360,2/3 363,1/2/3/5<or tending to
rectangular> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<in
the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 411,2 413,2<several species>
421,1 469,5&7 470,10&14&28 471,2&4<and aneuploid> 473<large>
474,5.2-10.8<6 species, mean 7.3> 475,17.7<3 species, 14.6-21.6> 477,2
478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,17&19 491,16 492<North temperate, South
America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&3 497,2&4 498,1&2&3
499,1 500,1&4 502,1&4&5&6 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,2 506,1 507,2&3 511,1
512,3 513<mostly>,2 515<on dry to moist soils> 516<\i{}B. maxima\i0{},
\i{}B. media\i0{}, \i{}B. minor\i0{}> 522<cultivated ornamentals -
especially \i{}B. maxima\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&33&36
531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 534<Mattei 1975, Rosengurtt and Arrillaga 1979,
Nicora and Rgolo de Agrasar 1981> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}B. maxima\i0{} L., \i{}B. minor\i0{} L., \i{}B. triloba\i0{} (= \i{}B.
subaristata\i0{})> 540<briza> 
 
# \i{}Bromuniola\i0{} <Stapf & C.E. Hubb.>/
7,2 9<loosely>,3 11,- 13,80-120 14,2 37,1 38,- 48,2 52,3 59,3 63,1-2 65,1
69,2 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 88<relatively>,2 89,5 91,1<broad, the branches
thin and spreading> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 141,10-17 144,- 145,1 147,1<the glumes and the sterile basal
floret persisting on the pedicel> 148,2 154,1 155,1<and sinuous> 157,2
158,- 162,1 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 170,- 171,2 174,1<sometimes mucronate>
176,2 177,1 179,2<herbaceous, the margins hyaline> 182,- 183,- 187,3-5
189,3-5 191,2 192,1/3 196,1 197,1 198,1/2<often> 201,2 203,1<subulate>/2
204,5-7 205,1 206,2 207,2 208,4-10 214,2<herbaceous> 216,2
218,1/2<slightly, at the tip> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,1
233,1-2 234,1-2 240,2<keels scabrid> 243,1<the keels scabrid> 244,1 248,5-7
250,1 251,2 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3<and hunch-backed, the keels ciliate;
projecting from the lemma into sinuations of the rachilla> 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<but falling with them>
291,1<obliquely ovoid> 295,1 298,1<about 1/3 of the fruit length> 304,1
305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1<partly sunken> 335,1 339,33-46
343,26-30(-41) 344,0.75 345,1 348,3 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8
364<shortly>,3/1 370,2 374,1 385,1<indistinctly> 390,2<?> 391,2 393,3 394,-
395,1<adaxially and abaxially projecting> 396,2<the median flanked by 2
small laterals> 399,1 403,2<exceptions near margins> 404,1 405,1<in the
midrib> 406,1 410,3 442,- 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,16 490,80
491,1<\i{}B. gossweileri\i0{}> 492<Angola> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11
508,3 513,1 514,2 515<forests> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us>
540<bromunio> 
 
# \i{}Bromus\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}bromos\i0{} (oat), out of \i{}broma\i0{} (food)>
4<Type: \i{}B. secalinus\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Aechmorpha\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Anisantha\i0{} Koch, \i{}Avenaria\i0{} Fabrich., \i{}Bromopsis\i0{}
(Dumort.) Fourr., \i{}Ceratochloa\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Forasaccus\i0{} Bub.,
\i{}Genea\i0{} (Dumort.) Dumort., \i{}Libertia\i0{} Lejeune,
\i{}Michelaria\i0{} Dumort., \i{}Nevskiella\i0{} Krecz & Vved.,
\i{}Serrafalcus\i0{} Parl., \i{}Stenofestuca\i0{} (Honda) Nakai,
\i{}Triniusa\i0{} Steud., \i{}Trisetobromus\i0{} Nevski>
6<\i{}Boissiera\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,3-190 14,2 19,1/2
27,1<rarely>/2 37,1<rarely>/2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 49,1 50<sheaths usually
hairy> 52,1 53,2 55,1/2 56,1-15 59<usually>,1/3<somewhat involute, or
convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,2 71,1-9 73,2 74,1 80,1&2 81,1/2
88,1<<2%> very rarely>/2/3 89,4<<10%> rarely>/5 91,1/2 92<when
contracted>,2/3/4 94,1/2/- 97,2/3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1<falling to one side>/2 123,3 141,(5-)10-70 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely>
167,1 168,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<herbaceous, persistent>
187,1-5(-7) 189,3-7(-9) 191,2 192,2 194,1 195<usually>,1/2 196,2
208,3-30<rarely 1-2> 214,2-3<herbaceous to subcoriaceous, the margins
sometimes membranous> 216,2 218,2<usually>/1<<5%> rarely> 220<when
incised,>,2 221<when incised>,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1/3<\i{}B.
danthoniae\i0{}, which may have two additional awnlets> 226,1/2<<5%>
rarely> 228<(the median)>,1/2 229,1<generally subapical, but sometimes
only very marginally so> 231,1 234,1-3 235,2 240,1/2
244,1<\i{}Ceratochloa\i0{}>/2 247,2 248,5-15 250,1 251,1-2 255,1-2 256,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,1-3
274,0.3-7 275,2 277,2 278,1<above the styles, these lateral to it> 280,2
283,2 284,1 286,1 287,2 290,1 291,1 293,1 295,2 298,2 299,1<rarely>/2 301,2
302,2 303,1 304,2 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1/2 310,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1
314,3-12 322,1 323,2 328,1<thin walled> 329,1<these often large> 330,1/2
331,2 332,2 345,1 346,43-48 348,1 350,1 351,1/2 353,2<when present>/-
354,1<often, when present>/- 356<usually mainly>,3 358,1/2 360,1/2/3
363,1/2<commonly>/3/5/6 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,1
396,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1<or the groups of fairly uniform cells>
403,1/2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 410,1 411,2 412,1 413,2<4 species> 415,1 416,1
469,7 470,14&28&42&56&70 471,2&4&6&8&10 473<from very small to large>
474,1.8-7<39 species, mean 4.0> 475,9.8<11 species, (6.5-12.5> 476,2 477,2
478,1 479,3 487,11 488,6 489,12 490,80 491<about>,150 492<North temperate,
tropical mountains, South America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4&5&6
495,1&2&3 496,1&3 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3 500,2&3&4 502,1&2&4&5&6
503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3 509,2
511,1 512,3/4 513,1&2 516<\i{}B. arvensis\i0{}, \i{}B. catharticus\i0{},
\i{}B. commutatus\i0{}, \i{}B. danthoniae\i0{}, \i{}B. diandrus\i0{},
\i{}B. erectus\i0{}, \i{}B. hordeaceus\i0{}, \i{}B. inermis\i0{}, \i{}B.
japonicus\i0{}, \i{}B. lanceolatus\i0{}, \i{}B. madritensis\i0{}, \i{}B.
pectinatus\i0{}, \i{}B. rigidus\i0{}, \i{}B. rubens\i0{}, \i{}B.
secalinus\i0{}, \i{}B. squarrosus\i0{}, \i{}B. sterilis\i0{}, \i{}B.
tectorum\i0{} (several species with injurious callus or awns> 517<\i{}B.
unioloides\i0{}; \i{}B. inermis\i0{} cultivated for hay> 518<\i{}B.
danthoniae\i0{}, \i{}B. inermis\i0{}, \i{}B. carinatus\i0{}, \i{}B.
catharticus\i0{}, \i{}B. pectinatus\i0{}, \i{}B. tectorum\i0{} etc.>
519<\i{}B. mango\i0{} - formerly grown as a cereal in Chile> 523<supposed
intergeneric hybrid with \i{}Festuca\i0{}: \i{}Bromofestuca\i0{} Prodan.>
524,5 525,2&3&4 527,2 528,4 529,1&5 530,17&24&25&28&32&33 531,1&2 532,4&5
533,5 534<Wagnon 1952, Smith 1970> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}B. diandrus\i0{} Roth, \i{}B. erectus\i0{} Huds. (= \i{}Zerna\i0{}),
\i{}B. mollis\i0{} L. (= \i{}B. hordeaceus\i0{} L.), \i{}B. unioloides\i0{}
Kunth> 536<Forms with relatively straight-sided, distally widened
spikelets, relatively long, long-awned lemmas and relatively fewer-veined
glumes are often referred to \i{}Anisantha\i0{}> 540<bromus> 
 
# \i{}Brylkinia\i0{} <Schmidt>/
7<slender>,2 9,1 11,- 13,25-70 14,2 27,2 38,- 47,2 49,1 52,1 55,2 56,3-6
59,1 66,2 69,1 71,0.1 73,2 74,1 89,4 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2<but pendulous, falling to one
side> 123,3 141,10-30 144,- 145,1 147,3<from the base of the pedicel> 148,-
154,1 157,2 163,2<narrow> 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176,2
179,2<herbaceous> 187,3 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2
202<acuminate> 203,2 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<firmly herbaceous to thinly
leathery> 216,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 232,2<slightly bowed
below, with a wing of green tissue extending from the upper back of the
lemma to partway along awn> 244,1 246,- 248,7 250,1 251,1 257,1 259,3<the
keels closely adjacent> 260,3 264,1<large, rectangular> 265,2 266,2 267,1
268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 274,1.3-1.8 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2
287,U<with a thickened and glossy, umbonate cap> 295,2 298,2 303,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,2<and absent adaxially> 345,2 348,-
349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1 356,3 360,3 363,1-2 370,2 374,1
393,1/2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 422,1 469,10 470,40 471,4
473<medium sized> 477,2 478,2 479,5 487,11 488,7 489,13 490,80
491,1<\i{}B. caudata\i0{}> 492<Japan, Manchuria, Sakhalin> 493,3 494,1
495,1 497,2&3 504,11 506,2 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<woodland> 534<Macfarlane
and Watson 1980> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 540<brylkini> 
 
# \i{}Buchlo\i0{} <Engelm.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}Boubalos\i0{} (buffalo) and \i{}chlo\i0{} (grass), a
rendition of the common name Buffalo Grass> 3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu
lato> 5<\i{}Bulbilis\i0{} Raf., \i{}Calanthera\i0{} Hook.,
\i{}Lasiostega\i0{} Benth.> 7<grey-green, low, dense turf-forming>,2 9,2
11,- 13,1-30 14,2 19,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-2<sparsely pilose>
61,1 65,2 67,1 69,3 70,- 71,0.5 73,1<occasionally>/3 74,2 75,1/2 76,2/3
77,1 80,1<at least, when dioecious> 89,-<when male elevated, with 1-4
spicate, unilateral branches 6-14 mm long; when female with spikelets in
burr-like clusters of 3-5(-7), usually 2 burrs per inflorescence, the burr
on a short, stout rachis, partially enclosed in a broad, bracteate leaf
sheath, falling entire with the indurate rachis united to the indurate
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}s> 91,- 94,- 101,1<female inflorescences more or less
hidden among culm leaves>/2<male inflorescences> 102,1<female
inflorescence>/2<male inflorescence> 103<of female inflorescences>,6/-
106,- 107,- 108<those of female plants>,1 109,1 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
120,- 121,1<male spikelets in two rows on one side of rachis>/2<female
spikelets in burrs> 131<male spikelets with 2 fertile florets, the lemmas
3-nerved, the lodicules 2, fleshy, heavily vascularised> 133,1<two,
similar, of variable relative lengths, sometimes mucronate> 135,2 144,2
145,3 147,3<the burrs falling entire>/4 148,- 154,2 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,1
167<(the longer)>,2 168,2<of one another> 169,- 170,- 171,2 174,- 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} narrow, thin, mucronate, well
developed to obsolete, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} firm, thick, expanded in the
middle with inflexed margins, enveloping the floret, abruptly contracted
above, the apex with 3 rigid acuminate lobes> 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,1<firmly membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,3<the middle lobe larger> 223<the
lobes>,2 240,2 244,2<dorsally compressed> 248,3 250,1 251<about equalling
body of female-fertile lemma> 259,3 264,1<reduced>/2 265<when present,>,2
266,2 268,2 277,1 283,2 284,3 286,2 289,4 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1
306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity small-scale> 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,2<with elongated basal cells> 336,3 339,(34-)40-55(-75) 340,54
341,10.5-15 342,4.25-5.1 343,(10.5-)12-21(-29) 344,0.21-0.39 345,1
346,21-24 348<slightly>,3/2 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1
355,2 356,3 360,1<in some files>/2<in others>/3<in a few places> 362,4
363<large,>,4 367,1 370,1 373,2<\i{}B. dactyloides\i0{}> 374,1 375,2 376,2
377,1/3 378,2 380,2 382,1 383,2 385,1 389,1 393,1<slight>/3 394,1/- 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,2 401,1&2<the latter groups contributing to the colourless
columns> 403,2 404,1 406,1 409,1<few cells> 411,1 423,1 442,- 469,10
470,20&40&56&60 471,2&4&6 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16<as a
synonym of \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}B. dactyloides\i0{}> 492<North
America> 493,6 494,1 495,1&3 497,4&5 504,11 507,2&3 512,4 513,2 515<dry
plains> 516<\i{}B. dactyloides\i0{}> 517<\i{}B. dactyloides\i0{} (Buffalo)>
518<\i{}B. dactyloides\i0{}> 531,1&2 532,4 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960, and
studied by us> 540<buchloe> 
 
# \i{}Buchlomimus\i0{} <Reeder, Reeder & Rzedowski>/
1<from the Greek \i{}mimus\i0{} (mimic) and similarities with
\i{}Buchlo\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.)> 3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu
lato> 7,2 9,2 13,5-15 14,2 19,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-3<to 8 cm long> 59,1 61,2<at
the bases of macrohairs> 62,3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,3 74,2 75,2<on
the same plant> 76,2/3 78,- 80,1 89,2<racemes straight to curved,
pectinate, pedunculate, the female inflorescence prostrate, the male erect>
91,- 94,- 95,1/2/3 96,(1-)2-3 98,2<often ending in a scabrid bristle> 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1<female inflorescence>/2<male infloresence>
109<(of the female inflorescence)>,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,1<pectinate> 122,1 123,2 126,2 131<male racemes persistent, erect.
Glumes equalling the floret, usually 1-nerved; one floreted, the lemma with
three awn points> 132,1<the terminal rudiments, when present, consisting of
scabrid awns which are sometimes very long> 135,1<with or without
rudiments> 136,3 137,1<anthers bright orange> 141,7 144,- 145,3 147,3<and
with the rachis: not disarticulating otherwise> 148,- 154,1 155,2 156,1
157<with a tuft of hairs at the base of the glumes> 163,2 165,1 166<(the
upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2 170,2 171,1<at the base> 173,- 174,1 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179<narrow, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hyaline and keeled, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} larger,
thinly membranous, not keeled> 183,- 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,1 189,(3-)5
191,2 192,2 193,3 194,2 195,1<the rudiments 3-awned, the awns long and
scabrid, forming a terminal cluster> 196,2 208,1 214,3<cartilaginous> 215,1
216,2 218,2 221,2<briefly triaristate> 223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,2
228,1<from a short sinus between the two laterals> 229,- 231,1 232,2
233,1<scabrid> 234,1 235,1 237<slightly>,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<rounded on the
back> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2<at the pointed tip> 256,1<or the nerves
slightly excurrent> 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,0<but 3 staminodes> 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1-2<about 4 mm long> 289,4 291,3 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 304,1
305,1 306,1 307,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<narrow> 328,1<walls of medium
thickness> 330,1 331,1<pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<large, with long
basal cells; the apical cells round-tipped, variable in length but all
longer than in the chloridoid type> 336,1 340,30-42 342,5 344,0.38 345,1
348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,2&3&7
357<cushion-based macrohairs present> 360,1<very consistently> 362,3/4
363<homogeneously>,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 389,1<between all
bundles> 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1<between all bundles> 400,2 401,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<the primaries; minor bundles with scanty
girders> 406,1 409,1 442,- 469,10<n = 20> 470,40 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,16<as a synonym of \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}B.
nervatus\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1 495,3 504,11 513,2 515<dry slopes>
534<Reeder, Reeder and Rzedowski 1965> 535<studied by us> 540<buchlomi> 
 
# \i{}Buergersiochloa\i0{} <Pilger>/
7,2<with dimorphic culms> 11,1 13,50-80 40,2 44,2 47,1 48,1 52,3/4/5 55,1
56,15-55<6.5-27 cm long> 63,1 65,1 67,1 69,2<minute> 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3
77,3<female spikelets above, male below> 78,1<males smaller> 89<narrowly>,5
101,2 102,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 131<male spikelets 2.7-4.4
mm long> 133,2<or these vestigial> 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,2-3
139,2<monadelphous> 141,4-9 144,- 145,2-3 147,1 154,2 157,1 160,2<minute,
shortly bearded> 162,1 163,2<leathery> 167,1<about half as long> 170,-
174,2<blunt> 176,2 187,3-9 189,3-6 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,3<leathery>
216,2<or only slightly so> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 234,2-3
240,1<with appressed hairs> 244,2 248,5/7 250,1<hairy> 251,1 252,1 256,1
259,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2<pointed> 271,1 272,0<3 staminodes> 277,1
280,1 283,2 295,2 322,1 323,1 324<mostly>,2 325,1 326,3<large, thick
walled, clustered in rosettes around the stomata> 329,1<seemingly, the
outlines obscured by papillae> 331,1 332,1 333,2 335,1 345,1<obscured by
papillae> 347,2 348,- 350,- 351<not observable> 360,1/2/3<the disposition
varying from place to place> 361,3-2<in material seen, but with panicoid
type and saddle shaped silica cells> 365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1
391,2 393,3 395<seemingly>,2<material seen poor> 399,1 401,1<these large>
403,2 404,1 405,1<in the main bundles> 406,2 407,1&4 408,1<opposite the
bulliforms>/3 477,3 478,3 481,3<Buergersiochloeae> 487,4 488,3 489,34
490,18 491,1<\i{}B. bambusoides\i0{}> 492<New Guinea> 493,5 494,2 496,3
500,4 504,9 534<Blake 1946; Fitjen 1975> 535<studied by us> 540<buergers> 
 
# \i{}Calamagrostis\i0{} <Adans.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kalamos\i0{} (a reed) and \i{}agrostis\i0{} (a kind of
grass), the type species being a reedy grass> 4<Type: \i{}Arundo
calamagrostis\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Achaeta\i0{} Fourn., \i{}Amagris\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Ancistrochloa\i0{} Honda, \i{}Anisachne\i0{} Keng, \i{}Athernotus\i0{}
Dulac, \i{}Chamaecalamus\i0{} Meyen, \i{}Cinnagrostis\i0{} Griseb.,
\i{}Pteropodium\i0{} Steud., \i{}Sclerodeuxia\i0{} Pilger>
6<\i{}Aniselytron\i0{}, \i{}Deyeuxia\i0{}, \i{}Dichelachne\i0{},
\i{}Stilpnophleum\i0{}> 7,2<some species reedlike> 8,- 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,10-200 14,2 19,1/2<commonly> 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-15
58,1/2 59,1<usually>/3<<20%> convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1<sometimes
erose-ciliate> 70,1/2 71,1-12 72,1<a membrane>/2 73,2 74,1 80,1 81,1/2
84,1<pseudogamous or non-pseudogamous>/2 89,5 91,1<<10%> rarely>/2 92<when
contracted>,1-3/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,2 123,3 141,3-7(-8) 145,1 147,1 154,1/2 155,1 156<(when present)>,2
157,1<the hairs surrounding and often as long as or much exceeding the
lemma> 158,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<the lemma only about 1/2-2/3 as long>
170,- 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2 187,1 189,1-3 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,1-2<usually hyaline> 216,2 218,2 221,2<emarginate, bilobed or
irregularly denticulate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/2 229<when dorsal,>,2/-
231,1/2 234,1-2/3 235,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1/2<via
excurrent veins> 256,1 257,2 258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,1-4 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1
293,- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2
311,1 312,2 314,1/3 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals narrower> 328,1<thin
walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,1
353,1<sometimes>/2<but often paired with a prickle or hook>
354,1<rarely>/2<usually> 356<when present,>,3 360,3 363,1/8 364<when
panicoid type,>,4 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,2<\i{}C.
epigejos\i0{} exhibits a large median with a small lateral on either side>
399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,2 411,2 412,2
413,2<2 species> 469,7 470,28&42&56/56-91 471,4&6&8<lowest
2\i{}n\i0{}=28?>/8-13 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,2 491<about>,230 492<temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4
495,1&2&3 496,1&4 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,2&3 499,2&3 501,1 502,1&4&5&6 504,1&10
506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3 511,1 512<mostly>,2-3 513,1-2 514,2/1<<5%>
rarely> 515<diverse habitats, including coastal sand - see
\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{}> 518<\i{}C. canadensis\i0{}, \i{}C.
inexpansa\i0{}, \i{}C. rubescens\i0{}, \i{}C. montanensis\i0{} etc.>
522<|\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{} is a useful sandbinder> 523<intergeneric
hybrids with \i{}Agrostis\i0{}. \i{}C. epigejos\i0{} hybridizes with
\i{}Ammophila arenaria\i0{} (\i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{} P. Fourn.;
\i{}Calamophila\i0{} O. Schwartz = \i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{},
\i{}Calammophila\i0{} Brand = \i{}Ammocalamagrostis\i0{})> 524,5 525,3&4
528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&27&29&31&33 531,1&2 532,1&5 533,5 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}C. epigejos\i0{} (L.) Roth> 540<calamagr> 
 
# \i{}Calamovilfa\i0{} <Hackel>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kalamos\i0{} (a reed) and \i{}Vilfa\i0{}, a grass
generic synonym> 7<coarse>,2 9,1/3<with short thick rhizomes> 11,-
13,50-200 14,2 19,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 59,3<firm> 61,1 67,1 69,3 70,-
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 92<when contracted,>,3-4/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-9 142,9 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<the hairs sometimes longer than half lemma
length> 163,2 165,1 166,1-2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1
179,2<papery or membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1<rarely with a
second> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,1<pilose at base>/2
244,1<slightly>/2 246,- 248,1 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 271,1 272,3 274,3-5.5 275,- 277,1 283,2 289,1/4 294,U
295,1 297,1 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals narrower, more regularly rectangular> 328,1<the walls thick>/2<the
costals thicker walled> 331,1<heavily pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<with
long basal cells> 336,3 339,38-48(-60) 340,45 341,9.6-11.4 342,3.9-5
343,7-10(-12) 344,0.15-0.2 345,1 346,22.5-30 348,3/2<mostly, in \i{}C.
longifolia\i0{}> 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1 355,1/2
356<mostly>,7 360,3 362,1 363<mostly>,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3
378,2 385,1 389,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<incorporated in
the traversing colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<all the bundles with Is> 406,1 409,1 469,10 470,40 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,51 490,69<as a synonym of \i{}Sporobolus\i0{}> 491,4 492<North
America> 493,6 494,1 495,1&3 497,4&5 504,11 507,1&2&3 513,2 515<dry or
marshy pine barrens, inland dunes, sandy prairie> 524,5 525,4 529,5
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. longifolia\i0{} (Hook.) Hack.>
540<calamovi> 
 
# \i{}Calderonella\i0{} <Soderstrom & Decker>/
1<named for C.E. Caldern, Panamanian botanist> 7,2 9,2&3 11,2<the
uppermost leaf with a reduced blade> 13,70 14,2 19,2 38,2 40,2 44,2 48,U
52,3 55,1 56,10-15 59,1 63,1 65,1<abaxially> 68,1 69,1<brown, papery,
abaxially pilose> 71,0.1-0.2 72,1<a hair fringe> 73,2<3-5 dimorphous
florets, the lowermost one (or two) pistillate and maturing first, the
remainder staminate> 74,2<unless the second floret is sometimes
functionally hermaphrodite> 78,- 89,4<3-5 cm long, with 6 or 7 spikelets on
short pedicels, the raceme terminating a long, filiform peduncle> 91,-
101,2<but uppermost leaf modified> 102,2 103,- 106,1 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3<the pedicels 1-2 mm long> 141,8 145,1<the lowermost
floret becoming gibbous at maturity, causing the spikelet to bend at right
angles to the rachis and become triangular in appearance> 147,3 154,1 156,1
163,2 164,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about 6.5 mm long, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
about 4.5-5 mm> 170,1 171,1<sparsely papillose-pilose intercostally> 174,1
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} lanceolate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} parabolical
in side view, both with transverse veinlets> 187,13-16 189,10-11 191,2
192,2 194,2<i.e., they are male> 196,1<lowest floret female-only> 197,-
201,- 203,- 204,- 205,- 206,- 207,- 208,1<the basal, which has 3 staminodes
- but the second floret may have a (?)non-functional gynoecium> 210<with
transverse veinlets> 223,1 240,1<sparsely papillose-pilose between the
veins> 248,15-19<but many nerves manifest only at base> 250,1
256,1<truncate, the apex ciliolate> 259,3<with a connecting transverse
nervelet at the summit> 260,3 262,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1<the inner edges
partially fused below, in front of the ovary> 268,1 271,1 272,3<staminodal
- 3 in male florets their anthers non-penicillate>/- 277,1 280,1 283,2
287,1<about 2.3 mm long> 291<compressed laterally, ventrally and at the
base> 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower, more regularly
rectangular, the walls less sinuous> 328,1<quite thick walled> 330,1&2
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,42-48 341,4.5-6 342,7-10.7 343,27-30 344,0.63-0.67
345,1 346,27-33 348,2&3 350,2 351,1 354,1 356,5 357<prickles common> 358,2
360,1 363,8 364,1&2&3 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,2 391,1 392,1 395,1<via its
large bundle with a heavy I-girder combination, and what appears to be a
double PBS of irregularly shaped cells> 396,1 399,1 401,1<large, wide
groups, extending halfway into the mesophyll> 403,2 404,1<with the large
bundles - the rest having abaxial girders but adaxial strands> 405,1 406,1
454,- 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,50 490,80 491,1<\i{}C. sylvatica\i0{}>
492<Panama> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1&6 504,11 513,1 514,2 515<forests>
534<Soderstrom and Decker 1973> 535<studied by us> 540<calderon> 
 
# \i{}Calosteca\i0{} <Desv.>/
3<\i{}Briza\i0{}, \i{}Chascolytrum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Calotheca\i0{} P. Beauv.>
7,2<apparently> 9,3 13,40-80 14,2 19,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1-2 65,2
66,2 67,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?> 89,5 91,1 94,1<?> 101,2 102,2 108,2
121,2 123,3 141,10-14 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1 157,1 163,2 165,2
166,1 167,1 171,2 176,2<to mucronate from a minutely bifid apex> 177,2<?>
179,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,5-10 210<cuneate at the base, broad in
the middle, narrowed to the apex> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<acuminate from
the very broad base, but minutely incised at the tip> 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,1 231,1 233,1 234,1-2<2-5 mm long> 235,1 244,2 247,2 248,7/9<?> 250,1
251,2<lanceolate> 255,1 256,1<but with a conspicuous, hyaline, apical
appendage> 257,1<membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3<hairy between the keels>
262<narrowly>,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
272,3<presumably?> 277,1 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 291,4 295,1 298,2
301,2 322,1<the costal zones narrow> 323,2 327,2<the costals much shorter
and narrower, with markedly sinuous walls> 330,1-2<very long, minimizing
the tendency to be fusiform> 331,2 332,2 345,2<confined to short,
discontinuous single files adjoining the costal zones> 348,1 350,1<but only
very slightly so> 351,2 360,3 363,1<crenate> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1
394,1<tall and narrow> 395<somewhat>,1<with a larger rib> 396,1 398,2 399,1
401,1 403,2 404,2<all bundles with a small adaxial strand, the main bundles
with an abaxial strand as well> 406,1 413,2<1 species> 421,2 477,2 478,2
479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19 491,1<\i{}C. brizoides\i0{}> 492<South
America> 493,7 494,3 502,6 504,11 534<Mattei 1975, Nicora and Rgolo de
Agrasar 1981> 535<studied by us> 536<\i{}Briza\i0{} sect.
\i{}Calotheca\i0{}, \i{}Bromus brizoides\i0{}> 540<calostec> 
 
# \i{}Calyptochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
4<Type: \i{}C. gracillima\i0{} C.E.Hubb.> 7<mat-forming>,2 9,4 11,-
13,15-40 14,2 19<amply to sparswly>,1 27,2 32,3 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2
55,2 56,2-8 59,2 65,2 66,1 67,1 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 81,1/2 82,1/2
83<when present,>,1<borne singly, very modified> 88,2 89,4<loose,
spike-like> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 123,3 124,2/4 141,3.5 142,9/10 144,2 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171<(the upper)>,1<stiffly pilose
dorsally and on the margins> 176,2 179,1<the lower vestigial, represented
by a tiny scale> 187,0 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2
204,7 205<hairy,>,3 206,1-2<chartaceous> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3 215,2
216,1<slightly> 217,2/3 218,1 219,1 223,3<attenuate into the awn> 225,1
226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 232<slightly curved> 234,1-2 240,2 244,2 246,1
248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1 257,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,1.2-2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,2 295,1
298,1 299,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<narrow-rectangular> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,54-69 341,6-9 342,6.3-10 343,21-33 344,0.39-0.48
345,1 346,33-36 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<mainly> 354,1 360,1 363,8 370,2
374,1 385,1 387,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,49 491,1<\i{}C.
gracillima\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6 509,1 513,1 514,2
515<forests> 534<Hubbard 1933c> 535<studied by us> 540<calyptoc> 
 
# \i{}Cambajuva\i0{} <Viana, Clark & Filg.>/
3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Aulonemia\i0{}> 4<\i{}C. ulei\i0{} (Hack.)
Vianna, Clark & Filg.> 7,2 9,1&3 14<erect,>,1 16<not mottled,>,1 19,1-2
20,1 21<borne on promontories,>,1-7 22,3 23<apparently mostly>,1<the
branches each bearing 4-14 leaves> 28<smooth or striate> 29,1<clearly
different from the foliage leaves> 30,1 31<tardily>,1 34,2<but with
auricular setae> 35,1 36<not pseudopetiolate,>,2-3/4 37,2 39,1 47,1 48,1
52,3 54,1 55,1-2 56<2.7-8.7 cm long,>,4-9 63,1 65<erect,>,1 69,2
71<about>,0.4 72,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 89,1-2/5<comprising spiciform
branches appressed to the main axis> 101,2<the peduncle usually within a
foliage leaf sheath> 102,2 103,3 123,3<the pedicels 1.4-5.4 mm long> 140,1
141,12-22 142<2-3 mm wide,>,8/13 145<slightly>,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1
156,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 171<ciliate above,>,1-2<glabrous to
puberulous> 174,1 176,1<both acuminate into the awn> 177,2 179,2
180<about>,0.7 187,6-9 189,7-9 191,2 192,3 193,1 194,1 195,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 199,2 201,2 202<glumiform> 203,1 204<about>,11 205,1 206,2 208,2-4
214,2 217,1 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,1<i.e., the lemma
acuminate into the awn> 233,1 234,1 235,1 240<puberulous,>,2 248,9-12 249,2
250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1<apically acute to rounded,> 256,1 259,4<10 nerved>
260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270<obovate to broadly
elliptic,>,2 271,1 272,3 274,6.2-8 275,2 276,2 277,2 278,2 283,2 286,U
290,U 294,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,1<abundant> 324,1&2 325,1 326,1/3 332,2
345,1 357<without trichomes abaxially> 359,U 367,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
388,2 389,2 390,1 391,2 393,2-3 395,1 396,1/3<?> 397,2 398,2 399,1 400,2
401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1<except in the blade margins> 409,1 477,8
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,1<\i{}C. ulei\i0{}> 492<southern Brazil> 493,7
494,3 512,2 515<in peaty bogs, less often in riparian vegetation> 534<Viana
\i{}et al\i0{}. (2013), Syst. Bot. 38> 535<Viana \i{}et al\i0{}.> 537,2
540<cambajuv> 
 
# \i{}Camusiella\i0{} <Bosser>/
3<\i{}Setaria\i0{}> 7,1 9,3 11,- 19,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 47,2 63,1<except those
of upper culm leaves> 65,2 69,2-3 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4 89,3<bearing
complex reduced branch-systems, each with a few spikelets and lots of
bristles, cf. \i{}Setaria\i0{}> 91,- 94,- 95,3 98,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,3 117,2 118,1 120,- 121,1<dorsiventral
racemes> 141,3 144,- 145,2 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1
167,1 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 187,3 189,5 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,3 205,2 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,3 216,1
218,1 219,1<and beaked> 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 256,1
259,3 260,3/1 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,1 283,U 287,1 295,1 322,1 323,2 331,2 332,1 335,1<very narrow>
339,(57-)60-72(-78) 341,30-40.5 342,9.5-14.4 343,5.4-6-6.3 344,0.52-0.56
345,1 346,30-33 350,2 357<prickles abundant, some with minute points which
could be mistaken for papillae> 360,1 361,1<in addition to tiny
birefringent crystals, which occur throughout the epidermis> 363,8/9<the
panicoid forms often with acutely angled tips> 365,1<the crosses and
dumb-bells often with acutely-angled tips> 370,1 374,2<but some bundles
XyMS+ - i.e. XyMS variable, cf. \i{}Spinifex\i0{}> 385,1 394,1 395,1
396,2 397,1<the colourless tissue occurring across the blade> 399,2 401,-
403,1 404,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9<as a synonym of \i{}Setaria\i0{}> 488,4
489,36 490,20 491,2 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 535<studied by
us - \i{}C. vatkeana\i0{} (Schum.) Bosser> 540<camusiel> 
 
# \i{}Canastra\i0{} <(Filg.) Morrone, Zuloaga, Davidse & Filg.>/
3<\i{}Arthropogon\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,40-80 14,2 27,2 55,2 56,2-7 68,1 69,2
71,2-3 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91,2 92,2-3<congesed, linear to oblong, 5-17 cm
long> 101,2 102,2 120,1-2 123,3 141,2-4 142,9 144,1 145,3 147,3 149,1<?>
150,2<?> 154,2 157,2<the callus glabrous> 163,2 165,1 166,2 167,2<i.e., the
upper> 171,2 172,2 176<long>,1 177,2 179,2<in size and nervation> 180,0.5
187,1/3<? - according to Clayton et al.> 189<herbaceous,>,5 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1-2<?> 201,1<according to Morrone \i{}et al\i0{}>
202<similar to the upper glume, oblong, blunt> 203,2 204,5 207,2<leathery>
208,1 210<linear> 216,2 219,2 223,1 240,2<smooth, or with apical prickle
hairs> 244,2 246,1 248,3<according to Morrone et al.> 250,1 258,2<hyaline>
259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 270,2 272,3 283,2 285,3 297,3
322,1 323,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 348,3 351,1 357<macrohairs and
prickles absent> 363,8 364,1&3 370,2 385,2 387,2 391,1 392,1 393,2-3 395,2
396,1 397,2 398,2 399,1 400,1 401,1 402,2 404,2 406,1 409,1 477,8 487,9
488,4 489,37 490,10 491,1<\i{}C. lanceolatus\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3
534<Grassbase (2016),
https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/davidse/canastra/> 535<Morrone,
Zuloaga, Davidse & Filgueiras (2001)> 536<In view of major discepancies
between the Clayton \i{}et al\i0{}. and Morrone \i{}et al\i0{}. spikelet
descriptions, this complilation is unreliable> 538,3 540<canastra> 
 
# \i{}Capeochloa\i0{} <N.P Barker & H.P. Linder>/
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}> 4<\i{}C.
cincta\i0{} (Nees) N.P. Barker & H.P. Linder> 7,2 9,3 10,1<\i{}C.
setacea\i0{}>/2 13,50-250 54<tough> 59,1/3 61,2 66,2 69,3<sometimes
comprising a multiple row of cilia> 73,2 74,1 76,1 88,3<up to 200> 89,5
91<ovate or elliptical> 101,2 102,2 121,2 123,3 141<about 50-70> 145,1
147<presumably>,1<?> 148,2<?> 154,1/2<?> 157,1 161,2<as long as the
rachilla internode> 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 174<long->,1 176,2 179,2
181,3 187,1 189,1 191,1/2<?> 192<if present,>,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,2-4
214,2<?> 216,2 218,2 220<conspicuously>,2<the lobes pointed or apically
shortly setaceous> 221,1<to about a third of the lemma length> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1 231,2 233,1 234,3 238,1 240,1 242,1/2<the hairs scattered over
the lemma back, or in a transverse row> 244,2 247,2 250,1 251,1<exceeding
the lemma sinus> 255,1-2 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1-3 264,1 265,2 266,2
269,1/2<never with microhairs> 272,3 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2 285,2<?
- fruit not known ...> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370<presumeably>,2
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80
491,3<\i{}C. arundinacea\i0{}, \i{}C. cincta\i0{}, \i{}C. setacea\i0{}>
492<South Africa, Cape> 493,4 494,4 534<Linder et al. (2010)> 537,2 538,4
540<capeochl> 
 
# \i{}Capillipedium\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Latin \i{}capillus\i0{} and \i{}pes, pedis\i0{} (foot), alluding
to spikelets borne on capillary panicle branches> 2<\i{}Scented-tops\i0{}>
5<\i{}Filipedium\i0{} Raiz. & Jain> 7,1/2 9,3-4 11,- 14,2 19,1/2
23,1<usually>/3<e.g., in \i{}C. assimile\i0{}> 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 43,1/2 44,2
47,2 55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4
78,1<the pedicelled spikelets awnless> 79,2 84,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1 100,-
101,2 102,2 103,1/3 104,1-4<racemes 1-2(-8) jointed> 106,- 107,1<the
internodes and pedicels with a translucent median furrow> 108,1<\i{}C.
parviflorum\i0{} may have only one triplet per raceme, the triplet being
shed as a unit> 109,1<\i{}C. parviflorum\i0{}>/2 110,1 111,1 112,2
115,1/2/3 120,3<\i{}C. parviflorum\i0{}>/2 121,1<pedicellate spikelets on
one side of rachis, sessile ones on the other>/2<\i{}C. parviflorum\i0{}>
123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 133,1 136,1 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1
163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 176,2 177,- 179,1 183,1 184,1-3 185,2 186,1
187,6-11 189,3<naviculate> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,0 205,-
206,2 208,1 210<reduced to a hyaline stipe> 214,1 216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 240,2 244,2 248,1 250,2 264,1 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,2
295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,3 314,13-20
322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1 326,1<intercostally>/3<costally> 327,1
328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1/2 347,2 348,3/-
350,2 351,1 353,1/2<solitary> 354,2<usually> 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2 385,1
389,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1&2 402,1
403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 413,2<1 species> 442,- 469,10 470,20&40&60
471,2&4&6 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,14 492<warm
Old World> 493,1&2&3&4&5 494,1&2&5 495,2 496,1&3&5 498,3 499,1&2
500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9 508,2&3 509,1 513,2 516<\i{}C.
parviflorum\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{}>
524,5 525,1&2&4&5 526,3 527,1 529,4 530,10&13&39&45&46 531,2 533,1&2
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. spicigerum\i0{} Blake>
540<capillip> 
 
# \i{}Castellia\i0{} <Tineo.>/
7,1 11,- 13,50-100 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,1-2
73,2 74,1 89,4<rarely>/5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,9-20 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1
157,2 158,2 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 167,1/2 171,2 172,1 174,1/2 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,2 183,- 187,1-3 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-17 214,1
216,2<membranous> 218,1 223,1 240,-<densely tuberculate dorsally> 244,2
246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-0.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
286,1<to the palea> 287,1/2<3-4 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,2 298,2 301,2
302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals smaller>
328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 346,33-36 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3
363,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1<small, rounded> 394,1 395,2 396,1 397,1
399,1 401,1 404,1<in the primaries> 405,1<narrow, in the primaries> 406,1
442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43
491,1<\i{}C. tuberculosa\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean to western Asia> 493,1&2&4
494,1&2 495,2 496,1 498,1&2&3 499,1 504,11 513,2 515<dry places>
535<studied by us> 540<castelli> 
 
# \i{}Catabrosa\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}katabrosis\i0{} (an eating up or devouring), alluding
to toothed or erose glumes> 7,2 9,2/4 11,- 13,5-70 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 47,2
49,1 52,1 55,2 56<to>,3-10 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-8 73,2 74,1
89,5 92,- 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,1.5-5 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,2 156,1/2 157,2 160,2<glabrous>
163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1<the longer, upper glume less than 2/3 its length>
168,2/- 170,- 174,2<obtuse to truncate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<broad>
182,1<less than 1/3 its length> 187,0-1 189,1-3 191,1/2 192<if present,>,2
194,1 196,2 208,(1-)2(-3) 214,3<thinly membranous, with hyaline tips> 216,2
218,1<erose> 219,2<obtuse to truncate> 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2
248<prominently>,3<these raised> 250,1 251,1 256,1 258,2<scarious> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 272,3 274,0.7-1.8 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,3-4 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<at
one end> 326,1 328,2<the costals quite thick walled> 330,1&2 331,2 332,2
345,1 346,22.5-24 347,2 348<consistently>,1 350,1 351,1 353,2<solitary>
354,2 360,3<mostly solitary> 361,3<in the material seen> 363,- 365,- 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 395,1<via an abaxial keel, and constrictions of the
lamina on either side> 396,1 399,2<apart from midrib hinges> 401,-
403,2<though all but the primaries are depauperate in sclerenchyma>
404,2<even the major bundles have only small adaxial and abaxial strands>
406,1<apart from conspicuous groups at the blade margins> 469,5 470,10&20
471,2&4 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,5 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24 491,2
492<North temperate> 493,1&2&3&6&8 494,1&6 495,1&2&3 497,1&2&4&5 498,2&3
504,11 505,2 506,1&2 507,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<in marshes and shallow
water> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&29 531,1&2 532,1 533,5
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. aquatica\i0{} (L.) Beauv.>
540<ca_brosa> 
 
# \i{}Catabrosella\i0{} <(Tzvelev) Tzvelev>/
3<\i{}Colpodium\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,5-15 14,2 24,1/2 38,- 47,2 49,1<?>
52,1 55,2 56,0.6-2 59<usually>,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 71,0.8-3.5 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1<lax, 2-5 branches per node> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,1.8-4 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 157,2 158,2
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 176,2 177,2<?> 179,2<lanceolate
to ovate> 183,- 187,1 189,3 196,2 208,(1-)2-5 210<erose> 216,2 223,1
240,1<in the lower half> 244,2 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2<?> 268,2 269,2 271,2 272,3 274,1-1.7 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,2
332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1<very sunken> 351,1 353,2<solitary> 354,2 360,3
363,2/3/6 370,2 374,1 399,1 401,1 404,1 406,1 442,- 469,5&6&9 470,10&12&18
471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24 491,9
492<southwestern to central Asia, Himalaya, western China> 493,1&2&3 494,1
495,1&2 497,2&3 498,3 504,11 506,1&2 534<Bor 1970 (under
\i{}Colpodium\i0{})> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. humilis\i0{} (Bieb.)
Tsvel.> 540<ca_brell> 
 
# \i{}Catalepis\i0{} <Stapf & Stent>/
7,2 9,3 13,5-40 14,2 15<about>,0.1 19,2 27,2 37,1 39,- 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2
52,1 55,2 56<to>,1 58<becoming>,1 59,2/3<rarely flat> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3
70,- 71,0.3 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2<spiciform, of numerous short racemes>
91,2<very much so - the lateral branches short, sometimes reduced to 4 or 5
spikelets> 94,- 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 123<shortly>,3 141,4-5 144,- 145,1 147,3<seeming to
disarticulate at the base of the pedicel> 148,- 154,1<the prolongation
small> 156,2 157,1<the i.e., the pedicel> 163,2 164<(the upper)>,2 165,1
166<the upper>,3 167<(the upper)>,2 170,2 171,2<glabrous, ciliolate on the
keel> 174,1 176,2 177<(the upper)>,1 179,1<the lower reduced to a small
subulate scale, the upper lanceolate> 182,1 187,0 189,1 191,1 196,2
208,1<lanceolate> 214,2<thin> 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,1 241,1<one
or two on either flank> 242,2 243<scabrous on the keels> 244,1 247,2 248,3
249,2 250,1<broad> 251,1 255,2<emarginate> 256,1 257,2<hyaline, glabrous>
258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3
274,1.5-2<i.e. relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284<light>,3
290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower>
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1<very large, the apical cells narrow and often collapsed, but
relatively short and round-tipped> 336,2 340,33 342,5 344,0.3 345,1 348<low
to high>,2&3 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,3/5 360,1 362,4
363<assorted>,3&4&8 364<when panicoid type,>,1/3/4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1
376,2 377,3 378,1 379,1 383,1 385,1 393,1-2 394,1<low, round-topped>
395,1<somewhat: a larger bundle and keel, with heavier sclerenchyma> 396,1
399,1<between all the bundles> 400,1 401,1<each group with a large, deeply
penetrating median cell> 403,2 404,1<in the primaries only, the small
bundles with abaxial girders and adaxial strands> 405,1<in the primary
bundles> 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,1<\i{}C.
gracilis\i0{}> 492<South Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3
512,3<locally abundant in mountain grassland> 513,2 535<studied by us;
photos provided by R.P. Ellis> 537,2 540<catalepi> 
 
# \i{}Catapodium\i0{} <Link>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kata\i0{} (under, downward) and \i{}podion\i0{}
(diminutive of \i{}pous\i0{}, foot, stalk or pedicel) - allusion obscure>
3<\i{}Desmazeria\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}C. loliaceum\i0{} (Huds.) Link>
5<\i{}Scleropoa\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Synaphe\i0{} Dulac> 7,1 9,3<or the culms
solitary> 11,- 13,10-50(-60) 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2 25,2-7 26,1/2 27,2 37,2
38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,2 55,2 56,1-4.8 59,1/2/3<sometimes involute or
convolute when dry> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.5-3 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2
89,4/5<rigid, spikelike, with or without branches in the proximal part>
91,1/2<the branches with small adaxial pulvini> 97<when these occur,>,1
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1<appressed to
one side of the axis> 122,1 123,3<the pedicels short, thick> 141,4-9(-10.2)
142,7/8 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,1 170,2 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,1-2<leathery, the lower lanceolate, the
upper ovate> 187,1-3 189,1/3/5 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1<much reduced> 195,2
196,2 208,(3-)4-11(-12) 210<dorsally rounded and glabrous basally, by
contrast with \i{}Desmazeria\i0{}> 214,1-2<membranous or leathery> 216,2
218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 243,1<at least towards the base> 244,2 247,2 248,5
250,1 251,1 253,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
270,1/2 272,3 274,0.4-0.9 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.5-2
mm long> 289,4 290<shallowly>,1<ventrally> 291,2<ventrally> 293,- 295,1
298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,3
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,2 332,2 345,2<\i{}C.
loliaceum\i0{}>/1<\i{}C. rigidum\i0{}> 346<in \i{}C. rigidum\i0{}>,24-30/-
348,1/- 350,1/2 351,2 353<when present,>,1/- 354,1/- 360,3 363,1/2/3 370,2
374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,2
406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 475,9.6 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11
488,5 489,41 490,56 491,2 492<Europe, Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4&5&6 494,1
495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,1&2&4&5&8 506,1 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 514,1/2
515<in dry microhabitats, including maritime sand> 516<\i{}C. rigidum\i0{}>
524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,4 530,17&36 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}C. loliaceum\i0{} (Hudson) Link (= \i{}Desmazeria marina\i0{}), \i{}C.
rigidum\i0{} (L.) Hubbard> 540<catapodi> 
 
# \i{}Cathariostachys\i0{} <Dransfield>/
3<\i{}Cephalostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Ochlandra\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 13,700-1500
14<solitary.>,1 15,4-8(-12) 16,1 19,1 20,1 21,4-20<with one dominant> 23,4
30,1 31,2 34,1<at least in in \i{}C. madagascariensis\i0{}>/- 35,1 36<in C.
\i{}madagascariensis\i0{},>,3/4/- 37,2 38,1 39<elongated,>,1 47,1/2<see
illustration of \i{}C. capitata\i0{}> 48,1/2 52,2 55,1 56<apically
attenuated to filiform, 4-26 cm long,>,11-40 57<basally symmetrical or
asymmetrical> 63,1 69,1 71,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87,2 89<a
bractiferous synflorescence> 91,2 92<globose, 1.3-5 cm long> 101,1
102,1<with budless, glumaceous subtending bracts to 4 mm long> 140,1-2
141,13-22 142,9 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1<the c. 1 mm extension hairy>
156,2 163,3<3-5> 166,1 167,1 171,1-2 179<setaceously attennuate,>,2
187,2-5/7 189,7/11-13 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate> 216,2 218,1
219,1<attenuate> 240,1<at least above, pilose or hairy below> 244,2<?>
248,13-15 250,1 252,1 255,2<dentate> 256,1 259,4<8 or 14-16> 261,3<pilose>
264,2 272,6 275,2 276,2 277<in \i{}C. capitata\i0{},>,2 278,2 283,3
287,2<about 7 mm long in \i{}C. capitata\i0{}> 289<stipitate, oblong> 290,1
295,2 297,3 298<with a basal plumule,>,2 301,2 303<farinose> 325,U 345,U
354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,2<\i{}C.
capitata\i0{}, \i{}C. madagascariensis\i0{}> 492<Africa, western Indian
Ocean> 493,4 494,1&2 534<Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase> 537,2 538,4
540<ctharios> 
 
# \i{}Cathestechum\i0{} <J. Presl>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kathestekos\i0{} (set fast, stationary), the allusion
obscure> 3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 6<\i{}Griffithsochloa\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,2/4 11,- 13,10-40 14,2 19,1/2 37,1 38,- 39,- 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 52,1
55,2 56,0.5-2 58,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,3<dense> 70,- 73,2 74,1<the
lower floret of the central spikelet commonly hermaphrodite>/2 75,1
76,1&3&4/2&3&4<in triplets, the two lower spikelets usually male or neuter,
the central one female-fertile> 77,4 78<usually>,1<the laterals more or
less rudimentary> 89,3<a raceme of cuneate spikes, each reduced to three
spikelets> 91,- 98,2<in that the ostensibly terminal triplet is subtended
by a more or less bifid bristle of a quarter to half its length> 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the triplets fall entire, leaving the
short pedicel on the rachis> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,2<i.e. the rachis
prolongation> 118,2 120,3 123,3 126,1<the lateral spikelets shorter
pedicelled, the central longer-pedicelled> 127,2 128,- 129,3/4 130,1/2
131<the lower two spikelets of each triplet male or neuter. These with two
florets, the lower often having three stamens with apiculate thecae, the
upper usually much reduced> 135,2 138,3 141<about>,4 144,- 145,1 147,3<i.e.
the triplets falling> 148,- 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1<the axis of the triplet
being densely hairy, constituting a callus at the disarticulation> 158,-
163,2 165,1 166,1 167<(the upper)>,2<approximately equalling them> 169,-
170,- 171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} only, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} being
glabrous> 174,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} mucronate>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes awn-tipped>/2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} short, truncate, flabellate, glabrous;
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} narrow, awn-tipped or lanceolate, hairy> 180<to
about>,0.25 182,- 187,0 189,1 191,2 192,2<the lowermost of the three
florets hermaphrodite or female-only, the upper two male or neuter> 193,2
194,- 195,1<but without the multiple awning of \i{}Griffithsochloa\i0{}>
196,2 208,1 214,2<thin> 216,2 218,2<the apical, sterile lemmas usually more
deeply lobed> 220<usually>,4 221,1<usually 4-partite> 223,3<the nerves
usually extending into short awns> 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,2 228,1
229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2 237,1-2 240,1<finely pilose on the back>
244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,2-3 258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,0/3 277,1 280,2<the stigmas densely
plumose> 283,2 289,4 290,U 294,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1
331,1<pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<but thin walled, tending to collapse>
336,2-3 340,21-36 342,3-5 344,0.3-0.4 345,1<in deep grooves> 348,2 350,2
351,1 352,2 353,1&2 354,1 355,3 356,3 360,1 362,4 363<very consistently>,4
367,1 370,1 374,1<mestome sheath cells thick walled> 376,2 377,1 378,2
389,1 393,2-3<large, rounded abaxial ribs> 394,1/- 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2
401,2 403,2 404,2<adaxially with strands only, but abaxially with big
anchor-shaped girders> 406,1 436,- 469,10 470,60 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,16<as a synonym of \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,6 492<southern
U.S.A., Mexico> 493,6 494,1&3 495,3 502,1 504,11 513,2 515<scrub on dry
hills> 524,5 525,3&4 528,11 529,4 530,23&40 531,1 532,4 534<Griffiths 1912>
535<studied by us - \i{}C. erectum\i0{} Vasey & Hack.> 537,2 540<catheste> 
 
# \i{}Cenchrus\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kegchros\i0{} (millet, \i{}Panicum miliaceum\i0{})>
4<Type: \i{}C. echinatus\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Echinaria\i0{} Fabric.,
\i{}Nastus\i0{} Lunell, \i{}Raram\i0{} Adans.> 6<\i{}Odontelytrum\i0{},
\i{}Pennisetum\i0{}, \i{}Snowdenia\i0{}> 7,1/2<sand-burrs> 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,5-100(-150) 14,2 19,1 27,2 32,2/3 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1/2 55,2
59,1/2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2-3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1/1&4<if the bristles
are taken to include vestigial spikelets> 84,1/2 89,3<the spikelets in
prickly glomerules (burrs) composed of coalescing spines representing
modified branchlets> 91,- 94,- 97,3 99<angular or compressed> 101,2 102,2
103,1<to burrs> 106,- 107,- 108,1<but the main axis persistent> 109,1<i.e.,
the burrs falling> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,3<the bristles coalescing,
by contrast with \i{}Pennisetum\i0{}> 117<nearly always>,1<not spiny,
merely ciliate, in \i{}C. ciliaris\i0{}> 118,2 121,2 142,9/10 145,3
147,3<i.e., in the burrs> 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 167,1/2 170,- 176,2
179,1/2<hyaline or membranous> 187,1-5 189,1-7 191,2 192,1 196,1
198,1/2<<20%> rarely> 199,1/2<<10%> rarely> 201,1/2 203,2 204,1-7 205,2
206,1 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<firmly membranous, dull, papery or leathery>
215,1 216,2 217,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3-7 250,1 251,1
255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,2 266,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2
287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2
309,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,21-30 322,1 323,2 327,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,1
335,1 339,(45-)54-84(-114) 341,6-11.5(-12.6) 342,6-10(-11.6)
343,(27-)30-60(-72) 344,0.5-0.69 345,1 346,30-45/36-52<\i{}C.
echinatus\i0{}> 348<markedly>,3 350,2 351,1/2 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3 370,1
373,3<\i{}C. pauciflorus\i0{}, \i{}C. incertus\i0{}> 374,2 375,1 378,2
380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 395,1 396,2 397,1/2<rarely> 399,1 401,1/1&2 403,1
404,1/2 405,2 406,1 410,3 413,2<1 species> 469,9&12
470,34&35&36&40&44&45&68 473<small> 475,2.6<?-ploidy of the one species
studied unknown> 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,22
492<tropical and warm temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3&4&5 497,4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4
509,1 511,1 512,3-4 513,1/2 514,1/2 515<grassland, bush, sandy and weedy
places> 516<\i{}C. biflorus\i0{}, \i{}C. brownii\i0{}, \i{}C.
ciliaris\i0{}, \i{}C. echinatus\i0{}, \i{}C. incertus\i0{}, \i{}C.
longispinus\i0{}, \i{}C. myosuroides\i0{}, \i{}C. pauciflorus\i0{}, \i{}C.
tribuloides\i0{}> 517<\i{}C. ciliaris\i0{} (drought resistant, tolerant of
heavy grazing), \i{}C. setiger\i0{}> 518<\i{}C. biflorus\i0{}, \i{}C.
ciliaris\i0{}, \i{}C. pennisetiformis\i0{}, \i{}C. setigerus\i0{}> 524,5
525,1&3 526,1 528,1 531,2 533,1&2&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}C. australis\i0{} R. Br., \i{}C. biflorus\i0{} Roxb., \i{}C.
brownii\i0{} Roem. & Schultes, \i{}C. ciliaris\i0{} L., \i{}C.
echinatus\i0{} L., \i{}C. elymoides\i0{} F. Muell., \i{}C. incertus\i0{}
M.A. Curtis, \i{}C. longispinus\i0{} (Hack.) Fern., \i{}C. setiger\i0{}
Vahl.> 536<some species overlapping with \i{}Pennisetum\i0{}> 540<cenchrus>
 
# \i{}Centotheca\i0{} <Desv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}centein\i0{} (to prick) and \i{}theke\i0{} (the box),
referring to prickly hairs within the spikelet (on the upper lemmas)>
4<Type: \i{}C. lappacea\i0{} (L.) Desv.> 5<\i{}Centosteca\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Ramosia\i0{} Merr.> 7,2 9,1/3 11,2 13,25-125 14,1<at base> 27,2 37,1
40,2 44,2 47,1/2 48,2 52<broadly>,1-3 55,1 58,- 63,1-2 65,1/2<<20%> rarely>
66,1/2 69,1 73,2 74,1 85,1/2 89,5/2 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1<usually>/3<<20%>>
148<usually but tardily>,2 149,2 154,1 155,1 156,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 157,2
163,2 165,1 167,1 168,2<widely separated> 170,- 174,1 176,2
179,2<membranous to herbaceous> 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,1/2<usually with a
rudimentary floret, and the upper fertile florets sometimes female-only>
192,2 193<usually>,1 196,2 208,(1-)2-3<\i{}C. uniflora\i0{} being
1-flowered> 216,2 218,1-2<obtuse to emarginate> 223,2 240,1<the upper
lemmas with reflexed hairs> 244,1 248,9 250,1 256,1 259,3 264,1/2 265<when
present,>,2 266,2/- 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2
287,1 291,1 295,1 298,2 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1/2 309,1 311,1 312,1
313,3 314,6-12 323,2 331,1<thin walled> 332,1 335,1 339,31-36(-44)
343,18-22 344,0.6 345,1 346,30-36 348,3 350,2 351,1-2 353<when present,>,1
354,1 356<when present,>,5 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,2
391,1/2 392,1 393,2<<20%> rarely>/3 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1<the groups
large and wide, and sometimes some irregular groups> 403,2 404,1 405,1
406,1 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,14 490,80 491,4
492<tropical Africa, Asia, Polynesia> 493,3&4&5 494,2&5 496,1&3&4&5 499,2&3
500,1&2&3&4 501,3 503,1 504,2&6&9 508,1 509,1 513,1 514,2 515<forests>
516<\i{}C. lappacea\i0{} (in North America)> 524,5 525,3 528,6 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}C. lappacea\i0{} (L.) Desvaux> 540<centothe> 
 
# \i{}Centrochloa\i0{} <Swallen>/
3<\i{}Axonopus\i0{}> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13<about>,20-75 14,2 19,2 27,2 38,- 44,1
47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 89,2<the rachides filiform> 91,- 94,-
95,1-2 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1 126,- 141,3 142,6 144,2 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<as
a downward-pointing hairy projection, perhaps representing the lower glume,
at the base of the spikelet - cf. \i{}Digitariopsis\i0{}> 163,1<the upper>
165,- 167,2 170,1 171,1<densely straight-hairy, with dark brown hairs in 4
rows between and outside the veins, and with the rows terminating apically
in tufts> 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,- 183,- 187,- 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
201,2 203,2 204,2-3 205,2 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,3<cartilaginous> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 277,1 283,2 287,1
291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the intercostals short and broad, the
costals long and narrow> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
345,1 348,3 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3
394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,2<constituting most of the epidermis> 401,-
403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 424,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58
491,1<\i{}C. singularis\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11 513,2
515<savanna> 535<studied by us> 540<centroch> 
 
# \i{}Centropodia\i0{} <Reichenb.>/
5<\i{}Asthenatherum\i0{} Nevski p.p.> 7,1/2<with glaucous stems and leaves>
9,3-4 11,- 13,3-150 14,2 19,2<but often branched near the base> 27,1/2 37,1
38,- 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,2 55,2 56,1-5 59,1/3<convolute, stiff, pungent>
65,2 66,2 69,3 71<about>,1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3 94,-
101<enclosed by spathe-like upper leaf sheaths> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,7-10 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,2
154,1 155,2 157,1 160,3 161<pungently>,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<enclosing
the spikelet> 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,1/2 178,- 179,2<papery to
leathery> 181,3 187,5-11 189,5-11 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,2-5
214,2<papery> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<by small
straight extensions from the lobes> 227<the median>,1<when laterals
present> 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,1-2 235,1 237,1<and straight> 240,1 241,1<6
to 8 bristle-tipped tufts> 242,1<with a transverse row of tufts level with
the base of the awn, as well as longitudinal rows of hairs> 244,2 247,2
248,7-11 249,2 250,1 251,1<almost equalling the lemma> 255,1-2 256,1
257<somewhat>,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,1<below> 263<minutely scaberulous>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,0.7-1.2 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 286,2 290,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 315,1 316,1 317,2
318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2<but mimicked by prickle bases,
especially in the costal zones> 330,1 331,1/2 332,1<but very hard to find -
obscured by macrohairs and seemingly very rare>/2 335<when seen>,1-2<with
short, rounded but thin-walled apical cells> 339<in \i{}C.
forskalii\i0{}>,36 341,21 342,1.7 343,12 344,0.33 345,1 346<about>,27
348,2/2&3 350,- 351,2 360,1/3 363,5/8 370,1 373<biochemical type and
ultrastructure need investigating, in view of the peculiarity of other
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} arundinoids and especially in view of the variation
in PCR sheath form> 374,1 375,1<e.g. \i{}C. mossamedense\i0{}>/2<e.g.
\i{}C. glauca\i0{}> 378,1<e.g. \i{}C. mossamedensis\i0{}>/2 379,2 383,2
385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1<each group with a large, deeply
penetrating median cell, cf. many chloridoids> 403,2 404,2 406,1 469,12
470,24 471,2 473<small> 477,5/6<?> 483<if arundinoid,>,3 484<if
chloridoid,>,4 487,5 488,7 489,15 490,80 491,3<\i{}C. glauca\i0{}, \i{}C.
forskalii\i0{}, \i{}C. mossamdensis\i0{}> 492<North Africa, South and South
West Africa and Middle East> 493,1&2&3&4 494,1&2&4 495,2 496,1&3 498,3
499,1&2&4 500,1 504,11 508,1&3 512,4 513,2 518<\i{}C. forsskalii\i0{}>
524,5 525,5 534<Conert 1962> 535<studied by us - iC. glauca\i0{} (Nees)
T.A. Cope; photographs of \i{}C. glaucum\i0{} and \i{}C. mossamedensis\i0{}
provided by R.P. Ellis; Ellis 1984a> 540<centropo> 
 
# \i{}Cephalostachyum\i0{} <Munro>/
3<\i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 13,300-1300 14,1 15,2-10 17,1/2 19,1
21<where recorded,>,4-10/- 23,4 30,1 34<commonly>,1/- 35,1 36,2/3/4 37,2
40,2 42,1 44,2 48,1/2 52,2-4<acuminate> 55,1 56,15-100<and 2.5-20 cm long>
57,3<base rounded or cuneate> 59,1 63,1 65,2<but sometimes abaxially with
pellucid dots simulating veinlets> 66,1 67,1 68,1<long> 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&3&4<perfect and variously imperfect or comprising empty glumes> 78,1
86,2 87,1 89<a terminal, globose head or an interrupted spike of heads>
95,3 101,1<the heads bracteate> 102,1 103,6 108,2 121,2 140,2 141,12-25
142,9<nearly always>/9-10<\i{}C. mindorense\i0{}> 145,1-2 147,1 149,1/3
154<conspicuously>,1 156,1/2<terminated by a tiny aborted floret, in the
material seen> 163,2-3 167,1 168,2 174,1 176<usually>,1<terminally> 177,2
179,2<broad, chaffy, many-nerved> 187,11-13 189,11-15 191,1/2 192<when
detectable,>,2 193<when detected,>,1 194,1<the rachilla prolongation
terminated by a tiny aborted floret, in the material seen> 196,2 208,1
210<ovate-lanceolate> 214,1-2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1<e.g. \i{}C.
chapeleri\i0{}>/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1 234,1<and
shorter than glume awns> 235,2 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,14-18<in the species
seen> 249,2 250,1 251,1 252,1/2 255,2 256<bimucronate or>,3/- 257,2 258,2
259,4<about 9-13> 260,3<sulcate between the close keels> 261,3 262,2 263,3
264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1<or papillose> 270,2 271,1 272,6
274,4.5-5<in the material seen> 275,1/2 276,1/2 277,1 278,1 279,1 280,1
281,1<the ovary apex attenuate into one long style> 283,2/3<short> 286,2
290,1/2 296,2<crustaceous> 297,1 303,2 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3 329,2 331,1
332,1 335,1<the cells of equal length> 339,64-69 341,5-9 342,6.1-11.9
343,25.5-33 344,0.39-0.5 345,1<obscured by the papillae> 346,15-21 348,-
351,1 361,2<in the material seen> 363,7<?>/- 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1
393,3<except on one side of midrib> 394,- 395,1 396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1 469,12 470,72 471,6 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9
490,45 491,12 492<Indomalaya, Madagascar> 493,3&4&5 494,2 496,2&3 500,1&2&3
504,11 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. pergracile\i0{} Munro>
540<cephalos> 
 
# \i{}Chaboissaea\i0{} <Fourn.>/
3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,1/2 9,3/4 13,(3-)5-70(-90) 14,2
19,2<sometimes freely branched below> 26,1 27,2 37,2 44,2 47,2 48,2
50<sheaths glabrous, usually shorter than the internodes, sometimes keeled>
52,1 55,2 56,0.7-2.8(-3) 59,1/3<to loosely involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1
70<somewhat>,1/2 71,1.5-3.2/6-10<\i{}C. ligulata\i0{}> 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1
89,5<terminal, narrow, the branches distant, alternate, subdivided,
strongly appressed> 91,1-2 98,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,U 123,3<the pedicels
0.2-3 mm long> 125,1 141<about>,2.5-3.6 143<dark grey or lead coloured to
greyish yellow> 145,1 147,1 148,2<?> 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1-2<to
subequal> 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,1<scabrous along the midnerve>
174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,1/2<often one or both awn-tipped> 177,U 179,2
187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1-2 194,1 196,2 208,1 214<chartaceous> 216,2
218,1/2 219,1<acute to acuminate> 220<sometimes minutely>,2/- 221,2 223,1-3
225,1 226,1 228,1/2/3<seemingly, from illustrations in Peterson and Annable
1992> 229<if dorsally awned,>,1 231,1 232,1/3 233,1 234,1-3 235,1
240,1<with miute appressed hairs below, along the midnerve and margins>
244<more or less>,1<somewhat compressed-keeled, at least above> 247,2 248,3
250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1/3<the nerves often produced into two short awns>
259,3 260,3 261,1 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,0.9-2
275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284<dark gray> 287,1<1-2.5 mm long>
288<brownish> 289,2 295,1<?> 298,1 300,1 301,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,1 324,2 326,2 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 345,1 348,2
352,2 353,2 357<macrohairs absent, and prickles restricted to the blade
margins> 361,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1/3 378,2
383,2 389,1 393,1/2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<linked with the traversing
columns of colourless cells> 404,1<with primary bundles> 406,1 469,8
470,16&32/14&16&18<\i{}C. subbflora\i0{}> 471,2&4<\i{}C. decumbens\i0{}
being tetraploid> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of
\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,4<\i{}M. atacamensis\i0{} Parodi, \i{}M.
decumbens\i0{} Swallen, \i{}M. ligulata\i0{} Fourn., \i{}M. subbiflora\i0{}
Hitchc.)> 492<Mexico, Argentina> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2
515<marshy meadows> 534<Peterson, P.M. and Annable, C.R. (1992). A revision
of \i{}Chaboissaea\i0{} (Poaceae: Eragrostideae). \i{}Madroo\i0{}
\b{}39\b0{}, 8-30 (from which the above is taken in its entirety)>
535<exclusively from description and illustrations in Peterson and Annable
1992> 540<chaboiss> 
 
# \i{}Chaetium\i0{} <Nees>/
5<\i{}Berchtoldia\i0{} Presl> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1
47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 73,2 74,1 89,4/5<of loose racemes from the main axis>
98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
123,3 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<the spikelet tapering into
a slender, bearded stipe> 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2 172,2 174,-
176,1<attenuate into very long, sinuous, scabrid awns> 177,2 178,-
179,2/1<the lower reduced to an awn in \i{}C. bromoides\i0{}> 187,3
189,9-11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 202<acuminate to awned> 203,1-2
204,7 205,2 206,2 207,2 208,1 210<acuminate-apiculate to short awned>
214,2-3 216,2 218,1 223,1-2/3<shortly> 240,2<scabrid above> 244,2 246,1
247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2<denticulate> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,3
290,U 294,U 297,U 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(42-)48-54(-60) 341,(21-)28.5-31.2(-34.5) 342,3-7.1 343,8.4-10.2(-14.1)
344,0.5-0.65 345,1 346,(36-)39-47(-51) 348,1-3 349,1 350,2 351,1 353,1
354,1 360,1<some veins>/2<other veins> 363,8 370,1 374,1<\i{}C.
bromoides\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. festucoides\i0{}, \i{}C. cubanum\i0{} - which
Renvoize describes as anatomically intermediate
C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}: see below> 385,1/2 393,2
394,1 395,1 396,2<one large, two small> 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1
405,1<midribs only> 406,1 469<seemingly>,13 470,26 471,2 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491,3 492<tropical America, Cuba> 493,7 494,3
502,1&4 504,11 513,2 515<grassland> 524,5 525,3 528,1 535<studied by us -
\i{}C. cubanum\i0{} Hitchc.> 537,2 540<chaetium> 
 
# \i{}Chaetobromus\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greeek \i{}chaeto\i0{} (bristle) and \i{}Bromus\i0{}; the
spikelets look like those of \i{}Bromus\i0{}, but the lemmas have longer
awns and bristles> 4<Type: \i{}C. involucratus\i0{} (Schrad.) Nees)> 7,2
9,1<sometimes>/2/3/4 13,(15-)30-80 14,2 15<to>,0.3 19,1<but not profusely>
27<black,>,2 37,2 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2<but hairy at the auricle positions>
52,1-2 55,2 56,1-5 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<rarely
racemose, in depauperate plants> 91,1/2<sometimes with few spikelets>
94,1/2 98,1 101,2 102,- 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 123,3<the pedicels articulated> 141,10-17 144,- 145,1 147,3<the hairs
on the persistent pedicel allowing the spikelet to move in only one
direction> 148<ultimately>,2<i.e., disarticulation occurring in the
pedicel, above the glumes, and between the florets> 154,1 155,1 156,1
157,1<the lowermost comprising the bearded upper part of pedicel and the
rachilla below the glumes, plus a conventional one under each floret>
160,2<beneath each floret shorter to longer than the rachilla
internode>/3<under the glumes> 161<under each spikelet>,2<rounded or
truncate> 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 168,2 170,- 171,1<puberulous>/2 172,2<on
the keels> 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<subherbaceous, with scarious margins,
the upper narrower> 187,5-11 189,(3-)5-11 191,2 192,1/2 194<if present,>,1
195,1 196,2<but the lower floret differing from the rest, being smaller,
with shorter awn and setae, and fewer veins> 208,(2-)3-4(-6)
214,1-2<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3/1&3<the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} sometimes with a reduced awn or awnless> 225,1/3
226,1/2<the lateral lemma lobes sometimes being bristle-tipped> 227<the
median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1<mostly>/3<sometimes, in the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 231<median>,2<and twisted below> 233,1 234,3/1-2<in
the lowest floret> 235,1 237<when present,>,1<and straight> 238<median>,1
240,1<mostly, pilose>/2<L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 241,2 244,2 248,(5-)7<the
lowest one>/9<the rest> 250,1 251,1 255,1/2<then obscurely 3-notched> 256,1
257,2 258,2 259,3 260<lorate to linear,>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,1<but without microhairs>/2 270,- 272,3 274,5-6 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2<short> 283,2 284<rusty>,2 286<tightly enclosed by lemma and palea,
but>,2 289<lorate>,4 290,1 291<slightly>,1 295,2 315,2 316,2 317,1 318,1
319,2 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the intercostals
fusiform, the costals rectangular> 330,2 331,1&2<and the costals with
sinuous walls> 332,2<but panicoid type present adaxially> 345,1<but
apparently confined to two lateral files per intercostal zone> 346,36-42
348<low>,2/1 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356<often>,2 360,1
363,1/8<predominantly panicoid type, but the undulations sometimes amount
to crenation> 370,1<in \i{}C. involucratus\i0{}, according to carbon
isotope ratio - H. Ziegler, pers. comm.>/2<seemingly, judging from the poor
material seen of \i{}C. dregeanus\i0{}, though the lateral cell count is
low between all but a few bundles> 374,1<\i{}C. dregeanus\i0{}> 386,2
393,3<with marked abaxial ribs only> 395,2<the bundle and keel only very
slightly larger> 396,1 397,1<in the form of a wide bundle-sheath extension>
399,1 401,1<the groups large> 403,1<and these inserted between the large
veins, as in panicoid C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} leaves> 404,2<the large bundles
with adaxial strands and girders, linked to the bundles by colourless
sheath extensions> 406,1 425,1 449,1 469,6 470<12, 18, 36, 48, 52, 72>
477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,1<\i{}C. involucratus\i0{}>
492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,4 512,4 514,1/2 515<commonly
coastal, generally on sandy soil> 535<studied by us> 540<ch_bromu> 
 
# \i{}Chaetopoa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,1 9<loosely>,3 13,15-60<slender, geniculate-ascending> 14,2 19,1 44,2
47,2 48,2 49,2 50<the sheaths with spreading to reflexed white hairs and
tubercles> 55,2 56,2-6<6.5-30 cm long> 59,1 65,2 69,1 71,4<lacerate above>
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&3&4 78,2<the central fertile and outer sterile
spikelets of the cluster superficially similar> 89,3<dense, narrow, of
numerous glomerules each comprising six outer sterile involucral spikelets
and a central fertile one> 91,- 94,- 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<to glomerules>
106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e., the glomerules falling - the main axis
persistent> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,1<but with false involucres of
sterile spikelets> 121,2 123,3<all short-pedicelled> 126,1 127,2<one of the
sterile spikelets is longer-pedicelled than the rest, and has a longer
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 128,- 129,1&4 130,4 131<the involucral spikelets
occasionally male, usually sterile; glumes both bristle-like (by contrast
with the involucral G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} in \i{}Anthephora\i0{}); lower
floret reduced to a membranous lemma, L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} reduced or
absent> 141,4-5 144,- 145<slightly>,3 147,3<i.e., with the glomerules>
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,- 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,2-3 167<glumes as long
as or longer than the florets> 170,- 174,- 175,1 176,- 179,2<both more or
less bristle-like, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} somewhat broader below> 187,1
189,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2 201,2 203,2<but apically
acuminate and mucronate> 204,7-9 205,2-3 206,2<chartaceous to membranous>
207,2 208,1 210<narrowly elliptical, acute> 214,- 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,-
223,2 240,2 244,2<convex> 246,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1/2 255,1<obtuse, ovate>
256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
275,2 276,2 277,2 280,1 283,2 284,1 287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 291,2 293,-
295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrowly rectangular> 328,1
329,1<these rather irregular in shape> 330,1-2 331,1/2 332,1<and fairly
common alongside the veins, but hard to find> 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,51-55.8-60 341,5.4-6-7.5 342,6.8-9.4-10.6 343,30-33-36
344,0.53-0.59-0.63 345,1 346,27-30 348<low to high>,2/3 350,1<slightly, in
places>/2 351,2<excluding the short cells associated with the bases of
macrohairs> 357<macrohairs and prickles abundant> 360,1<the rows often
interrupted by prickles>/3 361,3-2 363<probably>,8<but the silica bodies
themselves obscure in the material seen>/- 364,1/3<?>/- 365,- 370,1 374,2
375,2 393,2<the abaxial ribs rather more prominent> 394,1 395,1 396,2<the
large, median keel bundle flanked on either side by 2-3 smaller bundles>
397,1 398,2 399,2<the epidermis extensively bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,2
406,1 442,- 477,7 478,5 485,2<cf. \i{}Anthephora\i0{}> 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,6 491,2 492<Tanzania> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 513,2
515<soil pockets on rocks> 534<Hubbard 1967; Clayton 1977> 535<studied by
us - \i{}C. taylori\i0{} C.E. Hubbard> 540<ch_poa> 
 
# \i{}Chaetopogon\i0{} <Janchen>/
5<\i{}Chaeturus\i0{} Link> 7,1 11,- 13,3-30 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2
56,0.5-1.5 58,1/2 65,2 69,1 70,2<acute> 71,3-5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2<narrow>
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123<shortly>,3 141,2.8-3 144,- 145,1 147,3<and with the short pedicel>
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,3 167,2 170,- 171,2 172,2
176<(the lower only)>,1 177,1/2 179,1<linear lanceolate, membranous, the
lower produced into a long slender awn, the upper awnless> 187,1-3 189,1-3
191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1-2<hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2 219,1 221,2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,1 234,1-2<?> 235,1 240,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,1/3
250,1 251,2<about half as long as the lemma> 255,2<denticulate> 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,2/1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2
271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,1
298,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1&2 331,2 332,2
345<fairly>,1 346<about>,45 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3 363,1<but
so deeply crenate as almost to qualify as nodular> 371,U 374,1 387,U
388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2
479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2 491,2 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1
495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
fasciculatus\i0{} Link.> 538,2 540<ch_pogon> 
 
# \i{}Chaetostichium\i0{} <(Hochst.) C.E. Hubb.>/
3<\i{}Oropetium\i0{}> 7,2 9<densely>,3 13,5-12 14,2 42,2 44,2 55,2
56,0.3-1.2<1-5 cm long> 58<subsetaceous, rigid, flat or convolute> 61,2
62,3 65,2 66,1<apparently> 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,1<slender, becoming
recurved, to 8 cm long> 94,- 96,- 99,1<excavated to receive the spikelets>
100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1
122,1<the ranks adjacent> 123,1 141,3-5 144,2 145,3 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1<minute, shortly bearded> 160,2 163,1/2 164<(G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,2
165<when two,>,1 167<(G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,2 170,1 171,2 176<(the
upper)>,1<attenuate into a straight or curved awn to 7 mm long> 177,2 178,-
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hyaline, tiny or missing, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, awned, leathery> 183,- 187,0 189,1 191,1
196,2 208,1 210<emarginate> 214,1<membranous> 216,2 221,2 223,2/3<minutely>
225<when present,>,1 226,1 231,1 234,1 235,1 240,2 244,2 248,3 250,1
251,1<slightly shorter than lemma> 255,2<emarginate> 256,2<via excurrent
nerves> 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 272,3
274,0.6-1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<included> 287,1<2.5 mm long>
289,2 291,1 293,- 295,1 297,2<removable when soaked> 298,2<about 1/4 the
length of the fruit> 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<medium-thin walled> 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,12 342,1.5 344,0.3 345,1 348,2
350,2<but the subsidiaries overlapped by the adjoining intercostals> 351,2
352,1 355,1 360,1 362,4 363<exclusively>,4<a rather angular version of this
type> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 385,1 389,2<but almost so>
395,1<by virtue of a large, round abaxial keel, with a large anchor of
sclerenchyma> 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the primaries
with big anchors> 406,1<but the smaller bundles having their abaxial
sclerenchyma in lateral groups, rather than directly opposite> 477,6 484,4
487,5<as a synonym> 488,7 489,17 490,74 491,1<\i{}C. minumum\i0{}>
492<montane Northeast Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,1 504,11 534<Hubbard
1937b> 535<studied by us> 540<ch_stich> 
 
# \i{}Chamaeraphis\i0{} <R.Br.>/
4<Type: \i{}C. hordeacea\i0{} R.Br.> 5<\i{}Setosa\i0{} Ewart> 7,2 9,3 11,-
13,20-50 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 63,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2
74,1<rarely>/2<usually with L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} male,
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} female> 89,3<densely spikelike, with distichously
arranged, much reduced racemes>/- 91,2 97,2 98,2 101,2 102,2 103,1<to a
single spikelet, a pungent callus, and a stout bristle> 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,1<by contrast with \i{}Pseudoraphis\i0{}, the reduced panicle branches
disarticulate from the persistent main axis, complete with the pungent,
bearded base, one spikelet and the awn-like tip> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
116,2<the terminal branch awns being so interpreted> 118,2 120,1 121,2
123,3 142,7/8/9/10/11 144,1 145,3 147,3<and with the branchlet> 154,2 157,1
163,2 165,1 167,2 170,1<lower abax.> 176,2 181,1 182,1 187,0 189,9-11 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 208,1 214,3 215,1 217,1
223,1/2<?> 247,2 248,7-9 250,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,0/3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 322,1
323,1 324,2 325,2 326,2 327,2 328,1<thick walled> 329,2 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 345,1 347,2 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1/3<over the minor veins>
363,8 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1 399,2<the
epidermis extensively bulliform> 401,- 403,1/2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}C. hordeacea\i0{}>
492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6&7 509,1 512,3 513,2 515<subhumid
open woodland and coastal grassland> 535<studied by us> 540<chamaera> 
 
# \i{}Chandrasekharania\i0{} <V.J. Nair, V.S. Ramachandran & P.V.
Sreekumar>/
1<named for N. Chandrasekharan Nair, Indian botanist> 7,1 9,4 13,20-40 14,2
19,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 52,5 55,2<but relatively broad> 57<conspicuously>,1
66,2 69,1<obscure> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,1-2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3<the
scabrid pedicels up to 1.5 mm long> 141,5-6 145,1 147,1 148,2<supposedly>
154,2 160,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 166,2 167<(G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,2
171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} densely hairy with tubercle-based hairs, on the
upper half>/2<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} merely scaberulous on the nerves>
173,3 174,1 176<shortly>,1<each attenuate into a straight or curved,
scabrous, 3 mm awn> 179,1<the smaller G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} being hairy>
187,7 189,7 191,1 196,2 208,2 214<leathery or firmly membranous> 216,2
218,2 220,2 221,2<minutely bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,1 232,1
233,1<scabrid> 234,1<1.5-2 mm long> 240,2 243<smooth, save for the
scaberulous midrib> 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1<hairy below>
257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 274,1.25 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<about 1 mm long>
295,1<punctiform> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370,2<leaf anatomy almost
identical to \i{}Jansenella\i0{}, according to Clayton & Renvoize 1986>
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7<?> 478,5 485,4<? - not
reliably classifiable without a better description> 487,9 488,7 489,52
490,80 491,1<\i{}C. keralensis\i0{}> 492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1
504,11 534<Nair, Ramachandran and Sreekumar 1982> 538,4 540<chandras> 
 
# \i{}Chasechloa\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Echinolaena\i0{}> 11,- 14,2 19,1 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1
57<slightly>,1 58,- 65,2 66,2 73,2 74,1 89,2<pectinate racemes> 91,- 94,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 141,5
144,- 145,1 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,1 170,2
171,1<with stiff, tubercle-based hairs over the lower part of the keel>
174,1 176,2<apiculate> 177,1 178,1<over its top third> 179,2 187,4-5
189,3-6 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 204,11 205,3 206,1 207,2
208,1 214,3 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,1 246,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,1<seemingly, from dried material> 290,U 294,U
297,U 322,1 323,2 329,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,51-54 341,30-31.5
342,6-6.1 343,8.4-9 344,0.58-0.59 345,1 346,40-45 348,3 350,2 351,2 353,-
354,- 360,1 363,8 364,3<the cross-bars seemingly missing in the material
seen, thus simulating saddles and crescents> 370,2 374,1 395,1 396,1 403,2
404,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,3
492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
madagascariensis\i0{} (Baker) Camus> 537,2 540<chasechl> 
 
# \i{}Chasmanthium\i0{} <Link>/
6<\i{}Gouldochloa\i0{}> 7<erect>,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,50-150 14,2
19<sparsely>,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,1-3 55,1
56,10-20<and 7 to 20 cm long> 59,1/2 63,2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2 70,1 72,2
73,2 74,1 81,1/2 88,2-3 89,5/2<the primary branches reduced to racemes>
91,1/2 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 140,1/2<in having supernumerary proximal sterile lemmas>
141,5-35 142,5 144,- 145<markedly>,1 147,1<or above the sterile lemmas>
148,2 149,1 154,1 157,1/2 160,1/2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,-
171,2<apart from the keel> 174,1<acute, acuminate, or rarely mucronate>
176,2 177,1 179,2<rigid, compressed> 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,2 192,1/3 194,1
196,1 197,1-6 198,1/2 201,2 203,2 204,5-11<?> 205,1 206,2 207,2 208,2-12<or
occasionally reduced to one, in few-spikeleted inflorescences> 210<acute to
acuminate> 214,1-2<papery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1
244,1<sometimes markedly flattened> 247,2 248,7-11 250,1<rigid, bowed at
the base> 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3 260,3 262<narrowly>,1/2 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,1(-3) 273,1/- 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2
286,2<loosely enclosed> 288<dark brown to black> 291,1 295,1 298,1 301,2
302,2 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 311,1 314,7 322,1 323,2 330,1/1&2
331,1/1&2<in \i{}C. laxum\i0{}> 332,1 335,1 339,42-54 341,4.5-6 342,7-11.3
343,21-24(-33)<\i{}C. latifolium\i0{}>/15-18<\i{}C. laxum\i0{}>
344,0.31-0.33<\i{}C. laxum\i0{}>/0.47-0.61<\i{}C. latifolium\i0{}> 345,1
346,15-21 348,2/2&3 350,2 351,1<fairly>/2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8
370,2 374,1 386,1/2<this not apparent in the two species seen> 390,2 391,2
393,1-3 394,- 395,1<conspicuously keeled or not> 396,1<larger than the
rest>/2<the large median accompanied by small laterals> 397,1<e.g. \i{}C.
laxum\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}C. latifolium\i0{}> 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all
the bundles> 405,1<all the bundles with conspicuous anchors> 406,1
410,1/3 442,- 469,12 470,24 471,2 476,1 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,16
490,80 491,6 492<southeastern U.S.A. and northern Mexico> 493,6&7 494,1
495,1&3 497,4 504,11 507,1&2&3 513,1 514,2 515<moist woodland to semiarid
scrub> 534<Yates 1966b> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. latifolium\i0{} (Michx.)
Yates, \i{}C. laxum\i0{} (L.) Yates> 540<chasmant> 
 
# \i{}Chasmopodium\i0{} <Stapf>/
7<robust>,1/2<rarely> 13,90-550 14,2 19<amply>,1 44,2 47,2 55,1 56,5-40
63,1 65,2 68,1 69,3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,2<except that the terminal
spikelet is sometimes very long and thin> 89<of cylindrical dorsiventral
racemes, terminating the sparsely branching culms> 101,1 102,1<the
racemes distant from their spathes> 103,3 106,1/2 107,2 108,1 109,2
111,2<narrowed at the base, concave at the apex, shorter than the
spikelets> 112,1 113,2 114,1 115,2<ciliate on the back> 120,2 121,1<the
axis dorsiventral, the sessile spikelets in two anterior rows and
alternating, the pedicelled members posterior> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1
128,2<stout> 129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelet well developed>
136,1 141,6.3-7.5 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<there being an
annulus of hairs, above the disarticulation knob> 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2
173,- 176,2 177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
178<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>,1<towards the top, the two keels of
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} also somehwat winged> 179,1<leathery or crustaceous,
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} flat or concave dorsally, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate> 183,1 184,2-3 185,2 186,1 187<seemingly
many nerved> 189<seemingly many nerved> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
201,1 203,2 204,3 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2
218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2
259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 276,2
277,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 298,1<about 4/5 the length of the
caryopsis> 322,1 359,1 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3 370,1<bundles crowded>
395,1 397,1 399,1<between the vascular bundles> 413,2<1 species> 469,8
470,16 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,2 492<tropical
Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&3 535<Metcalfe 1960> 537,2
540<chasmopo> 
 
# \i{}Chevalierella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<named for Prof. Auguste Chevalier> 7,2 9,3 11,2 13,100-200 14,2 19,2 26,2
29,1 37,2 40,2 44,2 47,1<on the sheath> 48,2 52,3/6 55,1 56,30-50<and
large> 57,3 59,1 63,1<narrowed to the base> 65,1 66,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,2<in a terminal racemose panicle, about 40 cm long> 101,2 102,2 103,2
106,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1<on two sides of the
slender, 3-sided axis> 123,3 141<about>,5 144,2 145<strongly>,1 147,3
149,2&3&4 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 163,2 165,1<by elongation of the
internode between them, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
being actually about the same length> 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2
172,1<scabrous on the midvein> 176,1<the median nerve excurrent as a short
subule> 177,1 179,2<membranous> 181,1 187,5 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 193,1/2
194,1 195,1 196,2 208,1 210<ovate> 214,2-3<papery> 216,2 218<minutely>,2/1
220<when detectably incised, minutely>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/2-3
229,1<from just behind the apex or minute sinus - i.e. subapical> 231,1
232,3 233,1<antrorsely scaberulous> 234,1-2 235,1 238,2 239,2 240,2 243,1
244,1 246,1 248<weakly>,3-5 249,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2<minutely> 256,1
257,1-2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1 262,1 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,1<represented by a single, anterior structure> 269,2 272,2 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<2-4 mm long> 295,1 296,1 298,2 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1<the
sinuosity fairly coarse and irregular> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2
348<low>,2-3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356<irregularly>,5 357<no macrohairs
or prickles seen> 359,1 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,1<a few>/3<mostly, short to
elongated>/4<a few> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1 390,2 391,1 392,1<seemingly, in
places>/2<definitely, in places> 393,3 395,1<via its massive abaxial keel,
heavy sclerenchyma and conspicuous lacunae> 396,2<the bundles separated by
lacunae> 397,1<and with lacunae> 398,2 399,1 401,1<these large and wide>
403,2 404,1 405,1<most bundles with a small I or T> 406,1 477,4 482,1 487,9
488,7 489,50 490,80 491,2 492<Congo> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11 513,1
514,2 515<forests> 535<Jacques-Flix 1962; studied by us - \i{}C.
congoensis\i0{} A. Camus (= \i{}C. dewildemanii\i0{}), \i{}C.
dewildemanii\i0{} (Vand.) Van der Veken> 540<chevalie> 
 
# \i{}Chikusichloa\i0{} <Koidz.>/
13,70-175 14,2 19,2 44,2 48,U 52,1-3<acuminate> 55,1/2 56,7-15<30-50 cm
long> 70,1 71,2-3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?> 89,5 91,1<about 40 cm long, 15 cm
wide> 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels glabrous> 140,2<through
reduction of the glumes, cf. \i{}Oryza\i0{}> 141,4-4.5 142,9
145<slightly>,3 147,-<borne on and falling with the long, slender stipe of
the floret, by contrast with \i{}Leersia\i0{}> 154,2 162,2<obsolete>
191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate, acute to awned> 214,- 216,2<membranous or
papery> 218,1 219,1 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3<by attenuation
of the lemma> 231,1 234<about 4.5 mm long> 240,1/2 248<strongly>,5-7 250,1
251,1 255,1<acute> 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3/4<sometimes 3> 260,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 272,1 273,- 276,2 277,1 283,2 287,1<2 mm long> 290,U 294,U
295,1 296<very>,1 297,U 322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals tending to be
narrower> 328,1<the walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity
fairly regular> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348<fairly high>,2-3
350,2 351,1 353,1 357<with a few intercostal prickles> 360,1 361,1 363,8
364,3<mainly>/2<a few> 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,2/3 395,1 396,3<a
large bundle abaxially in the keel, and a small adaxial one superposed, the
pair embedded in either colourless tissue or large-celled, thin-walled
sclerenchyma> 398,U 399,1 401,1<of large cells, between adjoining vascular
bundles> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<Is> 406,1 464,- 469,12
470,24 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,3 492<China,
Riyukyu Is., Japan> 493,3 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,2&3 504,11 512,2
513,1 515<forests> 534<Koidzum 1925> 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
aquatica\i0{} Koidz.> 537,2 540<chikusic> 
 
# \i{}Chimaerochloa\i0{} <H.P. Linder>/
3<\i{}Cortaderia\i0{}> 4<\i{}C. archboldii\i0{} (Hitchc.) Pirie & H.P
Linder> 7<tough,>,2 9,3 13,25-140 29,1 38,2 41,2 66,1 67<sclerophyllus,
tough> 68,1 69,2/3<?> 73,2/3<gynodioecios?> 74,1/2 75,2 76,1/2<?> 81,2 89,5
91,1 101,2 102,2 121,2 123,3 141,7-20<? - assuming the Linder \i{}et
al\i0{}. range includes the awns> 145,1 147,1 149,1 154,1<the Linder et al.
description of the spikelets not corresponding with their illustration in
this respect> 156,1 157,1<villous> 160<rounded or truncate, shorter to much
longer thsn the rachilla internode> 161,2<rounded or truncate> 163,2 165,2
166,1 167,2 171,2 174,1 176,2 179,2 181,3 186,1 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,2<cf.
the Linder \i{}et al\i0{}. illustration, not their desscription> 192,2
194<presumably>,1 195,1 196,2 208,2-5<?> 216,2 218,2 220<apically>,2<the
lobes extended into long setae> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,1 232,1/3
233,1 234,3 238<somewhat>,1/- 240,1<dorsally pilose> 241,2 244,2 248,3
249,2 250,1 251,2 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
268<rhomboid> 269<with microhairs and bristles> 272,3/0 277,1 295,1-2<about
a third of the caryopsis length> 297,3 298,1<about half the caryopsis
length> 322,1 323,2 327,1 329,U 330,1 331,1 332,1<?> 335,1 348,2 349,U
350,1 351,1 353,1&2<solitary> 354<when paired>,1 356,3 358,U 359,U 365,U
367,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,1<the
massive ribs separated by deep furrows> 394,1<broad, flat-topped> 395,2
396,1 397,U 402,U 403,2 404,1 405,1<Ts and inverted anchors> 406,2 407,1-2
410,2 470,72 477,8 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,1<\i{}C. archboldii\i0{}>
492<New Guinea> 493,5 494,2 504,9 513,2<in alpine grassland> 534<Linder et
al. (2010), involving too much extrapolation/guesswork> 535<temporarily
extracted from L.W.s description of \i{}Cortaderia\i0{} sensu lato>
536<Sexuality of the plants is described and qualified using the same
ambiguous wording in all the descriptions seen; viz., "gynodioecious
("male", in this context, indicating the bisexual state".). The Linder
\i{}et al\i0{}. (2010) table of data as encoded for phylogenetic analysis
records this genus as 'gynodioecious', but their generic decription
suggests otherwise .....> 537,2 538,4 540<chimaero> 
 
# \i{}Chimonobambusa\i0{} <Makino>/
5<\i{}Menstruocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Oreocalamus\i0{} Keng, \i{}Qiongzhuea\i0{}
Hsueh & Yi> 7,2 9,1/2 11,2 13,50-600 14,1<monopodial> 15,0.8-3 19,1
20<(where recorded)>,3 21,3<usually>/4-10 22,1 23,4<nearly always>/3 30,1
31,1/2 34,1<rarely>/2 35,1/2 36<when present,>,1<often>/2/3/4 37,2 39,2
40,1<the two-ridged culm nodes usually thorny> 44,2 48,1 55,1/2 63,1 65,1/2
66,1<or at least demarcated> 67,1 72,1<nearly always <90%>>/2<\i{}C.
gracilis\i0{} only> 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1/2 87<seemingly>,2 89<exhibiting
1-12 spikelets at each node of leafy or leafless branches> 95,3 100,- 101,1
102,1<inflorescence branches with or without foliage leaves> 103,3/5 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,1 142,13<nearly
always>/8<e.g., \i{}C. damingshamensis\i0{}> 144,- 147,1 148,2<?>
149,4<the florets distant> 154,1<?> 156,1 157,2 163,2-3 165,1 167,1 170,-
176,2 187,3 189,7 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2<assuming the bract is a bract
or a glume> 208,2-8<?> 210<ovate, membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,1 248,8 250,1
251,1 252,2 255,1 259,4<7 observed> 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2
269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,2<apparently> 283,2<feathery>
290,2 291,3 295,1 296,3<at least, in Subg. \i{}Oreocalamus\i0{} and
\i{}Quiongzhuea\i0{}> 297,1 300,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325<conspicuously>,1
326,3<mostly one row per cell, of the coronate-pit type, cf. \i{}Poa
helmsii\i0{}> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1<but large and fat>
339,(54-)63-69<in \i{}C. densifolia\i0{}> 341,6-9 342,6-11.5<i.e. very
variable in \i{}C. densifolia\i0{}> 343,(21-)24-27 344,0.35-0.43 345,1
346<about>,27<in \i{}C. densifolia\i0{}> 347,2 348,1-2 350,- 351,1
353,2<mostly solitary> 354,2<mostly> 360,3<ones and twos> 363,4&7 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 394,1 395,1<a larger bundle, with
massive I-configuration of girders> 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all
the bundles> 405,1<all narrow Is, except midrib> 406,1 469,12 470,48 471,4
473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,10 492<eastern
Asia and Himalaya> 493,3 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2 504,11 524,4
530,4 534<Chao and Renvoize 1989> 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
densifolia\i0{} Nakai> 537,2 540<chimonob> 
 
# \i{}Chimonocalamus\i0{} <(Hsueh & T. P. Yi) C. S. Chao & Renvoize>/
3<variously \i{}Arundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Chimonobambusa\i0{},
\i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}, Sinarundinaria Nakai sect. Chimonocalamus\i{},
Semiarundinaria\i0{}> 7<shrubby or arborescent>,2 13,150-1000 14,1<the
lower nodes often with thornlike roots> 16<usually>,1<rarely quadrangular>
19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,3-20 22,1/2 23,4 26<swollen, with a slight
supra-nodal ridge> 30,1 31<at least usually>,1 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4
39<short-necked>,1 47,1<rarely>/2 52<usually small,>,1/2/3/6 63,1
65<herbaceous or chartaceous,>,1-2 66,1/2 69,1<usually>/2<rarely> 72,2 73,2
74,1 76,1 86,1 89,5<terminating leafy branches> 91,1 101,2 102,2 120,1
123<long>,3 141,8-80 142,13<nearly always>/7-9<\i{}C. baviensis\i0{}> 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1<distinct, with pubescent or pilose internodes>
156,1 163,2 166,1 172<glabrous or puberulous, not pitted> 174,1
176<muticous or mucronate,>,2 177,1/2 179<chartaceous> 187,3-9 189,5-7
191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-10 210<lanceolate or ovate>
214<chartaceous,>,2-3 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute, acuminate or
setaceously acuminate> 223,2 240,1/2 244,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1<about
equalling the to exceeding lemma> 255,1/2<muticous, dentate, or with
excurrent keel veins> 256,1/2 260,3 263<ciliolate or>,1/- 264,1 265,3 266,1
268,2 269,1/2 272,3 273,1 277,1 278,2 283,2-3 289<slender, beaked> 297,3
327,U 347,U 356,U 357,U 363,U 369,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 395,U 400,U 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491<about>,12
492<temperate to tropical Asia - eastern Himalayas, Burma, SW China (nine
species (eight endemic) in China> 493,1&3&5 494,1&2 496,3 522<most species
in this genus produce delicious bamboo shoots and are known as "xiang zhu"
(??), meaning "fragrant bamboo." The robust culms are widely used in Yunnan
for construction and agricultural tools. \i{}Chimonocalamus pallens\i0{}
and \i{}C. dumosus\i0{} are attractive, subtropical ornamentals and have
been introduced into gardens> 534<Clayton \i{}et al\i0{}. (2016),
Grassbase; Flora of China vol 22> 538,4 540<chmcalam> 
 
# \i{}Chionachne\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ciwn\i0{} (snow) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff),
supposedly an allusion to pale-coloured glumes> 7,1<rarely>/2<reed-like>
8,- 9,1/3 11,- 13,60-200<?> 14,1/2 19<sparsely or amply>,1/2 23,4 27,1/2
37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1 58,- 65,2 66,2 69,1-2<ciliate> 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,2&3 77,3<female spikelets few, near the bases of the spikes, the male
spikelets distal> 79,1<heterogamous below, male above> 89<leafy,>,5 91,1
94,- 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,1 103,3-4 106,1/2/3 107,2 108,1 109,2 120,1/2
121,1 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,1/2 129,2<towards bases of spikes>/3<in the
upper parts of the spikes, where they are paired with pedicellate male
spikelets> 130,3<above>/4<below, where they are reduced to pedicels, more
or less fused with the rachis and paired with female sessile spikelets>
131<male spikelets solitary and sessile, or in pairs with one sessile and
one pedicelled> 145,3 147,3 154,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2 176,2
179,1<lower bigger, tough, rounded, with wings clasping the spikelet, the
upper smaller, not tough, flat> 183,U 187,7-20 189,7-9 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 201,2 203,2 204,3 205,2-3 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,1<membranous> 216,2
223,1 240,2 244,2 248,1-5 250,1 251,1 259,3 264,2 266,- 277,1 280,1 283,2
284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thin walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,54-57 341,9-12 342,4.75-6 343,30-33
344,0.53-0.61 345,1 346,42-48 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1/2/3 363,8
370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1
405,1 406,1 469,10 470,20 471,2 477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,21
491,7 492<Indomalayan region, Indochina, eastern Australia> 493,3&5 494,2&5
496,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,5&6&7 509,1 512,2-3 515<forest margins,
streamsides> 516<\i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{} (in North America)> 517<\i{}C.
semiteres\i0{}> 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us - \i{}C. cyathopoda\i0{}
(Muell.) Muell. ex Benth.> 540<chionach> 
 
# \i{}Chionochloa\i0{} <Zotov>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chion\i0{} (snow) and \i{}chloe\i0{} (young green corn
or grass), in reference to the common name of \i{}snowgrasses\i0{}.>
2<\i{}Snowgrasses, Wallaby grasses\i0{}> 3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato,
\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}, cf. \i{}Cortaderia\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}C. rigida\i0{}
(Raoul) Zotov> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,20-250<usually in coarse tussocks invested
below with old sheaths> 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1/2 44,1 47,2 50<sheaths
with an apical hair tuft> 52,1 55,1/2 56,0.8-10<5-150cm long> 58,1/2
59,1/3/4 65,2 66,1<and sometimes fracturing into segments, cf.
\i{}Cortaderia\i0{}>/2 69,3 71<usually about>,1 73,2/3<gynodioecious>
74,1/2 76,1/2 78,2 80,2 81,2 88,2-3 89,5<usually hairy in the branch axils>
91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,6-18 143<pale, golden or purpled> 145,1 147,1 149,1 154,1/2
156<(when present)>,1 157,1<the long hairs covering the lower part of the
lemma> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1-3<but usually shorter> 167,1-2 170,-
171,2<glabrous, occasionally prickle-toothed>/1<the upper, sometimes
long-hairy on the lower margin> 174,1 176,1<<5%> rarely>/2
179,2<membranous, the margins thin> 187,1(-3) 189,3/5/7 191,1/2 192,2 196,2
208,3-9 216,2<membranous> 218,2 220,2 221,1-2<the lateral lobes usually
shorter than th body> 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<the lobes usually short-awned>
227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 229,- 231,2 235,2<3 in
\i{}C. antarctica\i0{}> 237,1 238,1/2 239,1 240,1<on the margins, or all
over> 241,2 242,2<in vertical lines between the veins> 244,2 248,7-9
250,1<hairy on the flanks below> 251,1<exceeding the lemma sinus>
255<usually>,2 256,1<usually>/3<the keels being produced into 2mm awns in
\i{}C. beddiei\i0{}> 259,3 260,3 261,1/2/3 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,1/2<? - according to Hookers Fl. Antarctica illustration of his
\i{}Bromus antacticus\i0{}, nowadays referred to \i{}C. antarctica\i0{}>
270,1 272,3/0 274,(2-)4-5(-6) 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1
287,1<(1.5-)2.5-3.5(-4) mm long> 289<obovate, rugulose or smooth> 290,1
295,2<1/2 to 2/3 the length of the caryopsis> 298,1<1/3 to 1/2 the
caryopsis length> 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 316,2 318,1 320,1 322,2 323,2<but
present adaxially> 327,1<the intercostal zones being indistinguishable>
328,1<thick to very thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2<but sometimes present
adaxially> 345,2<sometimes very rare> 346,30-43 348,2/2-3 350,- 351,1
353,1/2 354,1/2 360,2/3 363,3/4/5/6/8 370,2 374,1 385,1/2 386,2 393,1
394,1/2<mostly> 395,1/2 396,1 397,1/2 399,1<at the bases of the furrows,
the groups sometimes small> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,2<\i{}C.
conspicua, C. frigida\i0{}> 407,1-2 413,1<\i{}C. conspicua\i0{}, \i{}C.
frigida\i0{}> 469,6 470,42&48&72&96 471,6&12&16 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7
489,19 490,80 491,23 492<New Zealand, southeastern Australia> 493,5 494,5&6
503,1 504,2&3&10 505,1 509,2 524,5 525,4 529,5 534<Zotov 1963; Vickery
1956; Connor 1991> 535<studied by us (from Australian material only) -
\i{}C. conspicua\i0{} (Forst.) Zotov, \i{}C. frigida\i0{} (Vickery) Conert,
\i{}C. pallida\i0{} (R. Br.) Conert; Metcalfes (1960) descriptions of 8
New Zealand spp. are less detailed than usual> 536<Sexuality of the plants
is regularly described and qualified using the same ambiguous wording in
all the descriptions seen; viz., "gynodioecious ("male", in this context,
indicating the bisexual state". It is unclear what this means.)>
540<chionoch> 
 
# \i{}Chloachne\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Poecilostachys\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/2 11,- 13,30-100 14,2 19,1 27,2 38,-
44,2 47,2 49,2 52,3 55,1 57<slightly>,1/3 58,- 63,1/2 65,1 69,2 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&4<sometimes sterile at the base of the inflorescence>
89,2<mostly>/5<the branches sometimes themselves branched at the base> 91,-
94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3<or small
clusters>/2 121,1<the racemes unilateral> 123,3 126,2 141,6-8 144,1 145,1
147,3 148,- 154,1<the prolongation minute, vestigial>/2 155,- 156<when
present,>,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167,1/2<i.e., the upper glumes> 170,1
171,1<with very large, sparse hairs, or stiff, tubercle-based bristles>
174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2 179,2<membranous-herbaceous> 187,3-5 189,5
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2 201,2 202<similar to the glumes, hairy
or bristly> 203,2 204,7-8 205,3 206,1 207,2 208,1 210<narrow>
214,2-3<somewhat papyraceous> 215,1<shining> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1-2
240,2 243,1<shiny> 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1<acute> 256,1
257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3<folded on the margins> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1 291,1<plano-convex>
295,1 298,1 299,1 322,1 323,2 329,2-3 330,1 331,1<coarsely, deeply> 332,1
335,1 339,(69-)81-83 341,(30-)48-51(-53) 342,12.8-16.9 343,4.8-5.7
344,0.43-0.74 345,1 346<about>,33 350,2 351,1 353,2<apparently solitary>
354,1 356,3 360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2-3 394,1/- 395,1 396,1
399,2<bulliform-like cells constituting most of adaxial epidermis> 401,-
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80 491,2
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,2&3 513,1
535<studied by us - \i{}C. oplismenoides\i0{} (Hack.) Stapf ex Robyns>
540<chloachn> 
 
# \i{}Chloris\i0{} <O. Swartz>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloros\i0{} (green), referring to the leaves;
alternatively, named for \i{}Chloris\i0{} (The Green One), mythological
Greek goddess of flowers> 2<\i{}Windmill Grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}C.
cruciata\i0{} (L.) Sw.> 5<\i{}Actinochloris\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Agrostomia\i0{} Cerv., \i{}Apogon\i0{} Steud., \i{}Chloridopsis\i0{}
Hack., \i{}Chloropsis\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Chlorostis\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Geopogon\i0{} Steud., \i{}Heterolepis\i0{} Boiss.,
\i{}Leptochloris\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Phacellaria\i0{} Steud.>
6<\i{}Daknopholis (C. boivinii)\i0{}, \i{}Ochthochloa\i0{},
\i{}Pterochloris\i0{}, \i{}Stapfochloa\i0{} (= \i{}C. lamproparia\i0{})>
7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-300 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2
50<sheaths usually not compressed and keeled> 52,1 55,2 59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2
66,2 67,2 69,2-3 73,2 74,1 80,1&2 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when present,>,2 84,1/2
89,2<rarely a single raceme> 90,1/2 91,- 94,- 95,1/2<except \i{}C.
roxburghana\i0{}> 96,2-30<pectinate or the spikelets appressed> 99,1/2
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108<nearly always>,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1/2 121,1<on the dorsiventral rachis> 122,1 123,2/3 126,2 141,1.8-5.5
144,2 145,1 147<nearly alwyays>,1<the glumes usually persistent>/3<rarely>
148,1/2 149,1<or at least, without the modified internode of
\i{}Oxychloris\i0{}> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1<usually minute> 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,1<divergent> 166<(the longer)>,2 167,2 170,1-2 174,1<acute or
acuminate> 176,2 179,2-1<narrow, membranous, or the lower sometimes
subulate> 187,1 189,1-4 191,2 192,2<at least one of these conspicuous - the
spikelet with two florets> 193,2-5 194,1 196,2 208,1<rarely 2>
214,2-3<membranous or cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1<truncate>/2 220<when
incised>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1<usually>/3<<5%>> 226,1/2<rarely? <5%>> 227<the
median>,2<if laterals present> 228,1/3 229,- 231,1 235,1 240,1<at the
margins, often decoratively>/2 244,1 247,2 248,1-7 250,1 251,1 255,1-2
256,1 258,2<hyaline or membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,0.2-1.3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1/2 286,2
287,1 289,4<to lanceolate> 290<shallowly>,1/2 291,3<subterete>/4 293,-
295,1 297,1-3 298,1<1/2 to 2/3 the grain length> 301,2 302,2 303,1/2 304,1
305,1 306,1 308,1/2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,6-12 322,1 323,1 324,2
325,2 326,3<as small finger-like projections> 327,1 330,1 331,1 332,1
333<usually>,1 334,1/2 335,2 336,3 337,1<in \i{}C. gayana\i0{}, also in
\i{}Cynochloris\i0{}> 338,1 339,5-21 340,9 342<about>,1.5 343,5-18
344<about>,0.5 345,1 346<about>,18 347,2 348,3<mostly>/2<low> 350,2 351,1/2
352,1/2 353,1/2/- 354,1<usually>/- 355,2 356,3/7 360,1/3 362,4 363,4/5-6
367,1 370,1 373,1<6 species> 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,3 378<usually>,2/1<<20%>
in \i{}C. virgata\i0{}> 379<in \i{}C. virgata\i0{}>,2 380,1 381,1 382,1
383,1 385,1 389,1<and the colourless tissue often extended adaxially across
the lamina>/2 393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1<usually, but the
groups sometimes restricted to midrib hinges>/- 400,1 401,1/2<these groups
sometimes continuous with traversing colourless columns> 403,1/2 404,1
405,2 406,1 409,1 411,1 413,1<1 species>/2<3 species> 414,3.23-3.93 415,1
416,1 469,10 470,14&20&26&30&36&40&72&80&100 471,2&3&4&5&8&10 473<small>
474,0.35<1 species> 475,0.7<1 species> 476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,31 491<about>,55 492<tropical and warm temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&5 497,2&4 498,1&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4
502,1&2&4&5&6 503,1&2&3 504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 506,2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4
509,1 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<diverse habitats, mostly in short grassland
on poor soil or disturbed ground> 516<\i{}C. barbata\i0{}, \i{}C.
gayana\i0{}, \i{}C. halophila\i0{} (in North America), \i{}C. pilosa\i0{},
\i{}C. polydactyla\i0{}, \i{}C. pycnothrix\i0{}, \i{}C. virgata\i0{}>
517<\i{}C. gayana\i0{} (Rhodes)> 518<\i{}C. roxburghiana\i0{}, \i{}C.
virgata\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Cynodon\i0{} -
\i{}Cynochloris\i0{} Clifford & Everist: several species involved> 524,5
525,2&3&4&5 527,1 528,11 529,4&5 530,23&41 531,2 533,1&2&5 534<Anderson
1974; Jacobs and Highet 1988> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C.
gayana\i0{} Kunth, \i{}C. truncata\i0{} R. Br.> 540<chloris> 
 
# \i{}Chlorocalymma\i0{} <W. Clayton>/
7,1 13,30 14,2 19,1 44,2 47,2 52,1<broadly> 55,2 56,3-7<to 5 cm long> 59,1
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1<erose> 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,3<a spike bearing 2-3
little ovate pseudo-racemes, at the summit of the culm> 96,2-3<i.e., the
glomerules or pseudo-racemes> 99<of the pseudoracemes broadly>,3<the
wings enfolding the several spikelets and their associated spiny
involucres> 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,1<to pseudo-racemes> 108,1 109,1<the
pseudo-racemes falling> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,4<each spikelet
subtended and partly invested by a rigid, branched, spiny bract or
involucre> 119,2<i.e., as part of the pseudo-raceme complex> 121,1<i.e.,
the spikelets on one side of the spikelet-bearing branch> 140,1<in the last
analysis> 141,5.5-6 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about half length of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, and
hyaline> 167,1 170,- 171,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} scaberulous> 174,1 176,2
177,2 187,0 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2<?> 201,2 203,2 205,2
206,1<herbaceous> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<leathery, whitish> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1<seemingly> 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2 272,3
277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<2.5 mm long> 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<rather thin walled> 329,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,36-48 341,6 342,7 343,21-27 344,0.53-0.67 345,1
346,24-30 348,2<mostly>/3<in a few files> 350,2 351,2<very scarce> 353<(the
few seen)>,2<solitary>/- 354,2/- 357<small prickles numerous> 360,1 363,8
364,1&2&3<short> 370,1 374,2 393,3 395,1<via its small keel, and adaxial
colourless tissue> 396,1-2<depending on whether it is taken to include the
small laterals flanking the median> 397,1 399,2<the adaxial epidermis
extensively bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,2<with relatively little
sclerenchyma, save for adaxial and abaxial strands> 406,1 469,9 470,18<+
3B> 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,1<\i{}C.
cryptacanthum\i0{}> 492<Tanzania> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3
512<in dry bushland> 513,2 515<bushland> 534<Clayton 1970> 535<studied by
us> 540<chloroca> 
 
# \i{}Chrysochloa\i0{} <Swallen>/
5<\i{}Bracteola\i0{} Swallen> 7,1/2 9,2/3 11,2 13,10-75 14,2 19,1/2 27,2
37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 55,2 56,3-6<strap-shaped, the apices blunt> 58,2
59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2<save that terminal
spikelets may be reduced> 78,- 89,2 91,- 95,1/2<a terminal,
spreading-ascending verticil of racemes> 96,2-6 99<trigonous> 101,2 102,2
103,4 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122<narrowly>,1
123,2<appressed> 125,1 126,2 141,3-5 144,- 145<strongly>,1 147,2<leaving
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} on the rachis> 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2
163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2 174,1 176<shortly>,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
sometimes>/2 177,1<and G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} laterally
compressed>/1&2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes rounded on back>
179<narrow, lanceolate, membranous> 187,1 189,1/5<\i{}C. orientalis\i0{}>
191,2 192,2 193,1<male or sterile> 194,1 196,2 208,1 214,2-3<firmly
membranous to leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2/3 225<when present,>,1
228,2 229,1<subapical> 231,1 232,1/3 233,1<glabrous or scabrid> 234,1
240,1<villous on the nerves> 244,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1
257,1 258,2<very thin> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2<relatively long> 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<but
embraced> 289,4 291,4 293,- 297,3 322,1 323,1<and very conspicuous, in
\i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. orientalis\i0{}, \i{}C. hindsii\i0{}>
324<in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{},>,2 325<in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}, commonly
at least slightly>,1 326,2<one thick-walled papilla in the middle of each
intercostal cell in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}> 327,1-2<the costals narrower,
in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{} and \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}>/2<\i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{} with the costals much narrower, and the intercostals often
short or irregular in shape> 328,1<quite thin walled> 329,1<\i{}C.
orientalis\i0{}, \i{}C. hindsii\i0{}>/2<the long-cells and interstomatals
often short in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}> 330,1<or rectagular to irregularly
shaped, in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}>/- 331,1 332,1 333,1<in \i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{}, about 9 in diameter>/2<C. \i{}orientalis\i0{}, \i{}C.
hindsii\i0{}> 334,1<in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. orientalis\i0{},
\i{}C. hindsii\i0{}> 335,1<unambiguously, in \i{}C. hidsii\i0{} and \i{}C.
orientalis\i0{}>/2<in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}> 336,1<in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{}
and \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}>/- 339<about>,9<in \i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{}>/30<in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{}> 340<in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{},
about>,5/- 344<in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{}, about>,0.8 345,1 346,18-21<in \i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{}>/25-30<in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{}> 347,1-2<\i{}C.
hindsii\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}, \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}>
348<predominantly>,3<often truncate-triangular in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}>
350,2 351,1/1-2 352,1/1-2 353<when seen,>,2<solitary> 354,1-2 355,1-2
357<short intercostal prickles common in \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}, but
neither macrohairs nor prickles seen in \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}>
360,1/3<the short-cells often tending to be quite long in \i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{} and \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}> 362,4 363<exclusively>,4<in
\i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{}>/8<\i{}C. hindsii\i0{}, \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}>
364<in \i{}C. hindsii\i0{} and \i{}C. orientalis\i0{},>,1-3<seemingly
mostly crosses and short dumb-bells> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2
393,3 394,- 395,1<via a large, narrow abaxial keel> 396,2<a large median
and a smaller lateral on either side> 397,1<midrib and adjoining lamina
adaxially colourless> 399,1<between all the lamina bundles> 400,2 401,2<the
fans large, rather irregularly shaped> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<most bundles with scanty girders; submarginal bundles with heavy
I-shaped combinations> 406,1 470,14 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31
491,5 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&2&3 513,2
515<seasonally waterlogged ground> 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{} and \i{}C. orientalis\i0{}. Observations on \i{}C.
hindsi\i0{} provided by Christine de Jong, 2005> 536<The remarkable
differences between epidermal preparations referred to \i{}C.
hubbardiana\i0{} on the one hand, and those referred to \i{}C.
orientalis\i0{} and \i{}C. hindsii\i0{} on the other, seem taxonmically
improbable and evidently call for further investigation> 540<chrysoch> 
 
# \i{}Chrysopogon\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chrysos\i0{} (golden) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
alluding to golden brown callus hairs of some species>
5<\i{}Centrophorum\i0{} Trin., \i{}Chalcoelytrum\i0{} Lunell,
\i{}Pollinia\i0{} Spreng., \i{}Raphis\i0{} Lour., \i{}Trianthium\i0{}
Desv.> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,15-150 14,2 19,1/2 23,1/2 27,1/2 37,1 38,-
44,1 47,2 55,2<often harsh and glaucous> 65,2 66,2 69,2<short>/3 73,2 74,1
75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1<pedicellate spikelets flattened dorsally, awnless or
not, often purple, the sessile spikelet often pallid or yellowish> 79,2
89,5<the branches usually with terminal triads of spikelets, but sometimes
with a long-pedicel/short-pedicel pair below the triad> 91,1<with whorls of
slender, persistent branches> 94,1 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<usually to a
single joint and the terminal triad, but sometimes with a
long-pedicel/short-pedicel pair below> 106,- 107,1 108,1 109,2<beneath the
triad, and beneath the pairs when present> 111,- 112,2 113,- 114,2
120,3/3&2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4<with flat pedicels>
131<male spikelets often purplish, on slender pedicels, dorsally
compressed, awned or awnless, L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} empty,
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with a male floret> 132,2 133,1 134,1 135,2 136,1/3
137,1 141,5-8.5 145,1 147,3 154,2 157,1 159,2<commonly fulvous>/1<?> 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 176,1&2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} often awned>/2 177,-
183,1/2 184,1<or keeled upwards, sometimes with spinulose margins> 185,2
186,1 187,5-7 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,2
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2 221<when
two-lobed>,2<bidentate>/- 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,2
233,1<glabrous>/2 234,1-3<?> 240,2 244,2 248,1-3 250,1/2 251<when
present,>,2/3 258,2 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 291,1 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 322,1 323,2
327,1<but the intercostals with somewhat rounded ends> 328,1 330,1<with the
corners rounded> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(48-)50-60(-64) 343,(25-)30-36
344,0.6 345,1 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,2&5 360,2 363,8 364,1/3
370,1 374,2 380,1 382,2<rudimentary> 383,1 385,1 393,1/2 394,1 395,2
396,1<rarely>/2 399,1<or in more or less irregular groups>/2<sometimes the
groups confined to midrib hinges> 401,1/2/- 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 413,2<1
species> 469,5&10 470,20&40 473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,80 491,25 492<tropical and subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2 498,2&3 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 501,1
502,1 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&8&9 506,1 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,3/4<from subdesert
to rainforest> 513,2 514,2 515<on poor soils, often in disturbed ground>
516<\i{}C. aciculatus\i0{} (sometimes, in pastures)> 517<\i{}C.
fulvus\i0{}> 518<\i{}C. plumulosus\i0{}> 520<\i{}C. aciculatus\i0{} (in the
humid tropics)> 524,5 525,3&4&5 528,4&10 529,4 530,17 531,2 533,1&2&5
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. fallax\i0{} Blake> 540<chrysopo> 
 
# \i{}Chumsriella\i0{} <Bor>/
1<named for Chumsri Chaianan, Thai agrostologist> 3<\i{}Germainia\i0{}> 7,1
13,10 14,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-3<1-2 cm long> 59,1<hairy> 65,2 66,2 68,1
69,3 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 78,1<the pedicellate, female spikelets hairy and
long-awned, the sessile males hairless and awnless> 79,2 89,-<terminal,
consisting of a pair of short racemes on a long peduncle> 96,2
101,1<subtended by a spathiform sheath with reduced lamina> 103,3<3-4 noded
only> 104,2/3 106,2<the pair fused by the lowest two joints> 107,2<in
proportion to their size> 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2<including the pair
terminating the raceme> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,3 130,2 131<the
sessile male spikelets 3-4 mm long, with 1-2 awnless florets, the lower
sterile, the upper with three stamens> 132,2 133,1 134,1 135<usually>,2
136,1 137,1 138,3 141,2.5 147,3<deciduous from the cupular pedicel-tip>
154,2 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding them> 171,1<densely brown-pilose>
174<lanceolate, attenuate to more or less bifid apices> 176,2 177,2
179,2<but G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} narrower, less densely hairy> 183,2 185,2
186,- 191,1<i.e., lacking the sterile andropogonoid L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate, produced into the awn> 214,1<hyaline below,
papery beneath the awn> 216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3
231,2<bigeniculate> 233,2 234,3<30 mm or more long> 235,1 244,2 247,2 248,1
250,1 251,2<about 1 mm long - i.e., half lemma length> 255,1<oblong-acute>
256,1 258,2 260,1 272,0 277,1 280,1<briefly> 283,2 287,1 295,1 298,1<3/4 as
long as the grain> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U
390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487<cf.>,9<as a synonym?>
488,1 489,2 490,34 491,1<\i{}C. thailandica\i0{}> 492<Thailand> 493,3 494,2
496,3 500,2 504,11 534<Bor 1968b; Chaianan 1972> 538,4 540<chumsrie> 
 
# \i{}Chusquea\i0{} <Kunth>/
5<\i{}Dendragrostis\i0{} Jackson, \i{}Rettbergia\i0{} Raddi>
6<\i{}Swallenochloa\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 14,1 17,1/2 19,1<nearly always>/2
20<(where recorded)>,(1-)5-100 21,(1-)3-20 22,3<usually>/1/4 23,1<very
rarely>/4<nearly always> 27,2 30,1/2 31,1/2 33<occasionally>,1/2
34,1/2<quite often> 35,1/2<occasionally> 36<usually>,2/4 37,1<rarely with
an irregular passage formed by shrinkage of pith> 38,1/2 39,1/2 40,1/2 42,1
44,2 47,2 48,2 55,1/2 63,1 65,1/2 66,1/2<sometimes scarcely demarcated>
69,1 72,1<commonly>/2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<rarely racemose or capitate>
101,2 102,2 103,5 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,8-10<\i{}C. scandens\i0{}>
142,7/8/9/10/5 145,2 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 171,2
174,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1-3 201,2 203,2 205,1
206,2 207,2 208,1 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244,2
247,2 250,1 251,1 252,1/2 255,2-3 256,1 258,2 260,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2
268,2 269,1 270,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,1 283,2 286,2 287,2
290<slightly>,1/- 291,3 295,2 298,2 299,2 322,1 323,1 326,3 327,1/2 328,2
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 347,1 348,2/3/1<the triangles often with
blunted/truncated apices> 349,1/2 351,1 360,1 363,4/8 364<when panicoid
type,>,1-3 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 393,3<adaxial ribs weakly developed>
395,1 396,1<rarely complex> 399,1 401,1<these wide or narrow> 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 469,12 470,40&44&48 471,4 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9
490,22 491<more than>,100 492<Mexico to Chile and Argentina. A very diverse
genus with an altitudinal range from sea level to the lower limit of
perpetual snow> 493,6-7 494,3&6 502,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 504,11 505,2 512,2
534<Soderstrom 1978; Soderstrom and Caldern 1978a, 1978b> 535<Metcalfe
1960> 540<chusquea> 
 
# \i{}Cinna\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Cinna\i0{}: an old Greek name for a grass> 5<\i{}Abola\i0{} Adans.,
\i{}Blyttia\i0{} Fries> 7,2<tall, of wet habitats> 9,1/3<laxly, or the
culms solitary> 11,- 13,(20-)50-200(-220) 14,2 24,1<somewhat, in \i{}C.
arundinacea\i0{}>/2 27,2<or somewhat scaberulous> 37,2 38,- 47,2 49,2
50<sheaths glabrous> 52,1 55,1-2 56,1-20<to 40 cm long> 59,1<with scabrous
margins> 65,2 69,1 71,2-10(-12) 73,2 74,1 89,5<with numerous spikelets>
91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,(1.9-)2-6(-7.5) 144,- 145,1 147,3 154,1<usually, as a stub or
bristle>/2<rarely <5%>> 156,1<usually>/2 157,2 158,2 160,2 163,2 165,2<the
lower sometimes somewhat shorter> 167,2<a little shorter to a little
longer> 168,2 170,- 171,2 172,1-2<smooth to scaberulous> 174,1<acute or
acuminate> 176,2<sometimes mucronate> 177,1 179,2<thinly membranous, the
margins hyaline> 183,- 187,1 189,1/3 191,1<usually>/2<<2%> very rarely>
192<when present,>,2 193,1 194,1 196,2 208,1<nearly always, though the
second floret when present is said to be occasionally fertile>
210<similar to the glumes> 214,2-3<firmly membranous> 216,2 218,1/2
219<when entire>,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,2 229,1<or
subterminal> 231,1 232,1 234,1 235,1 240,2 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3/5 250,1
251,1 257,1<hyaline> 259,2/3<one veined in \i{}C. arundinacea\i0{},
ostensibly so in the others by apposition of the two veins> 260,2<literally
so in \i{}C. arundinacea\i0{}, ostensibly so by close apposition in the
rest> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2<rarely> 271,2 272,1/2
274,(0.4-)0.6-1.2(-2.6) 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<about 2.5 mm
long> 288<yellowish brown> 291,1 295,1 298,2 301,1/2 302,1 303,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1
346,(30-)33-36(-38) 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<prickles abundant>
360,3 363,1/2 370,2 374,1 385,2 469,7 470,28 471,4 473<large> 477,2 478,2
479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,3-4 492<Temperate Eurasia, North &
South America> 493,1&2&3&6&7 494,1&3 495,1 497,1&2&3&4&5 502,1&2&6 504,11
506,1&2 507,1&2 512,2/3 513,1 514,2 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&33
534<Brandenburg, Blackwell and Thieret 1991> 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
latifolia\i0{} (Trev.) Griseb.> 540<cinna> 
 
# \i{}Cladoraphis\i0{} <Franch.>/
3<\i{}Eragrostis\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/1&2<occasionally> 13,20-80 14,1 15,4 19,1
27,2 37,1 40,1<with pungent tipped leaf blades and inflorescence axes> 42,2
44,1 47,2 52,2-3 55,2 56<to>,6 59<becoming>,3 60,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3
71<to>,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5<with distant branches, or reduced to a single
branch or cluster> 91,1<but the lateral branches compact> 96,4-25<or more>
98<usually with>,2<these usually pungent-tipped, but sometimes terminating
in a cluster of spikelets> 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 122,3 123,3<the
pedicels short> 125,2 141,7-16 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2<tardily> 149,1 154,1
155,1<puberulous>/2 156,1 160,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 172,1
174,1<but sometimes split at the tip> 176,2 177,1 179,2 187,3 189,3 191,2
192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,3-16 212,2 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1-2
223,1<muticous> 240,2<sometimes puberulent> 243<finely scaberulous or very
finely puberulous> 244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1<equalling the lemmas
or slightly shorter> 255,1 256,1 257,2<membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3
262,2<but usually puberulous> 264,1 265,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 274,1.5-2 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.3 to 2 mm long> 291,2 295,1
297,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 332,1<but hidden in the deep intercostal
grooves of the lamina> 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,30 342,3.4 344,0.3 345,1
352,2 353,2 355,1 360,3<the rows with many prickles> 362,4 363,4<to
squarish> 367,1 370,1 371<fairly>,1 374,1 375,1<owing to the adaxial
extensions> 376,1 378,1<with most bundles> 379,4-5 383,2 385,1
389,1<between each pair of bundles> 393,2 394,1<the abaxial ribs somewhat
broader and flatter than their adaxial counterparts, the grooves between
them narrow> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in each adaxial groove> 400,1 401,2<these
linking with the heavy colourless columns> 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the
bundles with conspicuous Is or anchors> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,22 490,32 491,2 492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,4
504,11 512,4 513,2 514,1/2 515<\i{}C. cyperoides\i0{} on beach dunes,
\i{}C. spinosa\i0{} on desert dunes and in sandy beds of dry watercourses>
535<photos of \i{}C. cyperoides\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis; Van den Borre
1994 (\i{}C. spinosa\i0{})> 540<cladorap> 
 
# \i{}Clausospicula\i0{} <M. Lazarides>/
3<\i{}Anadelphia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,1 14,2 19<sparsely>,1 44,2 52,1
56,1.4-2.6 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.3-0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4 77,4 78,1 79,2 80,2 81,1 89,5 91,1 101,1<and spatheolate> 102,1
103,1<each raceme reduced to one triplet, clasped basally by the
peculiar, trumpet-shaped tip of the peduncle> 104,1 106,1 108,1 109,2<i.e.
each at its only joint> 110,2 112,2 113,- 114,2 120,3<one of the
pedicellate members sometimes missing> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1
130,4<sometimes reduced to the glabrous pedicels> 131<the sterile
spikelets, when present, 5-12 mm long, linear to lanceolate, awnless,
disarticulating horizontally> 141<about>,10 145,2-3 147,3 154,2 157,1 160,3
161,1 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,2/3 167,2<more or less exceeding the L1>
171,1&2<usually tubercled basally and towards the tip, otherwise glabrous>
173,3 176,1 177,2 179,1<both becoming indurated, the lower abruptly
contracted above and with or without a short bristle from the narrow,
truncate to notched apex, the upper attenuate into a long, slender scabrous
awn 14-19 mm long which is often twisted around the lemma awn> 183,2 184,1
185,2 186,1&4 187,4<without a median> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2
201,2 203,2 204,2/4 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1 216,2
218,1<the hyaline margins of the stipe antero-laterally decurrent on the
base of the awn, with no indication of lobes> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,2
233,1-2 234,3<8-11 cm long> 235,2 238,1 239,2 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,3
249,2 250,1 251,2 255,1-2 256,1 257,2<hyaline> 258,2 259,3/1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3<short> 274,0.5-1.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,2<about 5.6 mm long> 289,4 291,1<above>/2-3<below> 292,1
295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1-2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,39-47 341,6-12
342,3.25-7.5 343,22-30 344,0.57-0.67 345,1 346,31-41 348,3 350,2 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,5 359,1 360,1/2/3 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2
393,1<the ribs low, variable in width> 395,1 396,2<a large median, with
four or five laterals on either side in a deep arc> 397,1 399,1<in
places>/2<mainly, the epidermis largely bulliform> 401,1<in
places>/2<mainly> 402,1<noticeable only in Barritt 772>/2 403,1 404,1 405,2
406,1 417,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,1<\i{}C.
extensa\i0{}> 492<northern Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,7 534<Lazarides
\i{}et al\i0{}. 1990> 535<studied by us> 540<clausosp> 
 
# \i{}Cleistachne\i0{} <Benth.>/
3<\i{}Sorghum\i0{}> 7,1 13,60-250 14,2 19<usually>,2<sometimes with stilt
roots> 40,2 47,2 52,1 55,1/2 56,4-15 59,3 63,1<often>/2 65,2 69,1<scarious>
70,2<apically rounded> 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<composed of racemes of greatly
reduced racemes> 91<large, terminal, linear to lanceolate> 101,2 102,2
103<ostensibly>,3<these long, narrow, with many joints> 107,1 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,1/2<the rachis and ostensible pedicels with grey or brown
hairs> 120,1<each seemingly representing a raceme reduced to a single
spikelet, cf. \i{}Sorghum\i0{}, \i{}Sorghastrum\i0{}>/- 121,2 123,1<in that
the ostensible pedicels represent the peduncles of reduced lateral
branches> 126,2 141,3/4-5(-6) 144,- 145,3 147,3<disarticulating from the
apex of the peduncle> 148,- 154,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,1 174,2<truncate>
176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<leathery, with inrolled margins> 183,2 185,2 186,1
187,7-9 189,7-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,3
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 221,2<bidentate>
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3 240,1<ciliate
apically> 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1<but small> 251,2 255,1 256,1<but ciliate>
258,2 259<seemingly>,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 270,-
272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1
339,(45-)48-54(-58) 343,30-36 344,0.65 345,1 348,3 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1
363,8 364,3&4 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<with numerous
bundles> 397,1 399,1 401,1<these large-celled towards the middle of the
blade, the groups irregular towards the margins> 403,1 404,1<with the large
bundles> 406,1 469,9 470,36 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2
490,68 491,1<\i{}C. sorghoides\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa, India> 493,3&4
494,2 496,1&3 499,2 500,1 504,11 508,3 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<riverbanks
and old farmland> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<cl_achne> 
 
# \i{}Cleistochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
4<Type: \i{}C. hubbardiana\i0{} Henrard> 6<\i{}Dimorphochloa\i0{}> 7,2 9,3
11,- 13,30-60 14<wiry> 19,1 23,3/1 27,2 32,3 37,2 38,- 42<usually>,2 44,2
47,2 55,2 59,1/3<rough, with tubercle-based hairs> 65,2 66,1 69,3 70,- 73,2
74,1 81<the exposed spikelets chasmogamous> 82,1 83,1<borne singly, highly
modified> 88,2 89,4<spike-like, terminating culm branches> 91,- 94,- 101,2
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3<the pedicels very
short> 124,4 141,3.5-4.5 142,7/8/11 144,2 145,3 146,2 147,3 154,2 157,2
162,1 163,1/2<the lower minute or absent> 164<(the upper)>,2 165,1/- 167,1
168,2/- 170,1 174,2<rounded> 176,2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} minute>/-
183,- 187,0/- 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2<hairy on
margins and apex> 204,7 205,2 206,1-2 207,2 208,1 210<similar to the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 215,2 216,2 217,2/3 218,1 219,2 223,1 244,2 246,1
247,1 248,5-7 250,1 251,1<margins hairy towards apex> 255,1<subacuminate>
256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 274,2.5 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 287,1 291,3 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2
327,1 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 339,48-54 341,7.5-9
342,5.3-7.2 343,21-24 344,0.44 345,1 346,33-36 348,2<usually>/1<rarely>
350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1<or tending to
this>/2 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,49 491,2 492<Australia> 493,5 494,1&2&5
495,3 496,3 500,4 503,1 504,2&6&9 509,1 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandstone>
534<Hubbard 1933b> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. subjuncea\i0{} Hubbard>
540<cl_ch-ss> 
 
# \i{}Cliffordiochloa\i0{} <B.K Simon>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass), and for H.T.Clifford (Australian
botanist)> 3<\i{}Steinchisma\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}C. parvispicula\i0{} B.K.
Simon> 7<weak>,2 9,3 13,60-80 14,2 19,1 25,4-6 26,1 32,2 43,2 44,2
50<sheaths compressed> 52,1 55,2 56,2-3 59,1 69,1/2 71,0.5 73,2 74,1 75,2
76,1 89,2<the main axis 10-20 cm long, the branches spreading, not whorled>
95,3 97,3 98,1 101,2 105,1 108,2 116,1 120,2<mostly>/3<a few> 121,1<on one
side of the branch> 122<from two sides of the three-sided rachis> 123,3<the
pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm long> 124,4 126,1 127,2 129,1 130,1 141,1.5 142,8 144,2
145,1 147,3 149,1 150,2 154,2 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1 166<(the
upper)>,2<the lower about half as long> 167<(the upper)>,2<about equalling
the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 171,2 172,1/2<on the keel> 174,1<the
lower>/2<the upper notched> 176,2 177,1<the lower strongly keeled, the
upper only slightly so> 178,- 179,1<membranous, the lower deltoid and
almost keel-winged above, the upper less strongly keeled and slightly
notched> 180<about>,0.5 181,1 182,2 187,1 188,2 189,3/5 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1 199,1<2-keeled, hyaline> 200,2 201,2 202<resembling the upper
glume in shape, size and texture> 203,2 204,3/5 205,2-3<slightly exceeding
it> 206<somewhat>,1<membranous, like the glumes> 207,2 208,1 210<elliptic>
212,2 214<thin, but>,3 215,2 216,2<thinly cartilaginous> 217,1 218,1 219,2
222,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247<seemingly>,2 248,0 250,1 251,1
253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3 260,1 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2
271,2 272,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much
narrower> 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 339,40-50 341,7-10 342,4-6 343,25-30 344,0.4-0.6 345,1
346,20-30 347,2 348<low>,2-3/1<by extreme truncation of triangles> 349,1/-
350,2 351,1 353,1&2<many solitary> 354,1&2 356<mostly>,5 358,2 360,1 361,1
363,8 364<nearly all>,3 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 388,2 389,2 390,2 391,2
395,1 396,1/3<depending on interpretation of the midrib> 398,2 399,1
401,1<these large> 403,2 404,1<with all the primary bundles, the minor
bundles mostly with adaxial and abaxial strands> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,37 490,53 491,1<\i{}C. parvispicula\i0{}> 492<Queensland>
493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6 509,1 512,2 534<B.K. Simon 1992> 535<studied by us>
537,2 540<clifford> 
 
# \i{}Cockaynea\i0{} <Zotov>/
3<\i{}Elymus\i0{} (Section \i{}Stenostachys\i0{})> 7,2 9,2 14,2 27,2 37,2
38,- 42,1 44,1 47<shortly>,1/2<\i{}C. laevis\i0{}> 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.5 73,2 74,1 75,2 80,2 81,1/2 88,3 89,1<drooping or nodding> 91,- 94,-
99,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
123,1 125,1 141,9-11 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,1 157,2 162,1/2 163<when
present,>,2<then reduced or awn-shaped> 164,1-2<reduced to small stumps, or
aristate and exceeding the rachis internodes> 167,1 168,2 170,2/3<but the
spikelets edgewise to the rachis> 175<when present,>,1/2<then reduced>
176,1<awn-like> 187,0/1 189,0/1 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,1-2 214,3/- 223,1/2/3
225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,1 235,1 240,2 244,1-2 248,9 250,1 251,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2 272,3 274,5-10<? -
long> 275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 286,1<to the palea> 290,1 295,2<nearly as
long as the caryopsis> 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<long rectangles>
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1&2 331,2 332,2 345,2 346,42-46.5 348,2
350,1 351,2 354,1 360,3 363,1<and some rather square and crenate> 370,2
374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1 404,1 405,1 469,7 470,28 471,4 472,8&19
477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,2 492<New Zealand> 493,5
494,6 504,10 505,1 534<Lve and Connor 1982; Lve 1984> 535<studied by us -
\i{}C. gracilis\i0{} (Hook. f.) Zotov> 537,2 540<cockayne> 
 
# \i{}Coelachne\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}koilos\i0{} (hollow) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff,
scale), referring to a ventricose lower lemma> 4<Type: \i{}C.
pulchella\i0{} R.Br.> 7<low>,1/2 9,3/4 13,4-50 14,2 27,2 32,3 38,- 42,-
47,2 52,1-4 55,2 65,1/2 66,2 67,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,2/5 91,1/2
94,1/2/- 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2
121,2 123,3 126,2 142,10 145,2-3 147,1 148,2 149,4 154,2 155,1 157,1/2
163,2<persistent> 165,1-2 166,1<1/3 to 2/3 their length> 167,1 170,-
171,2<usually glabrous> 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<broad,
membranous> 187,1-5 189,3-7 191,1<but the upper floret female-only> 196,2
208,2<these dissimilar, separated by a slender rachilla segment>
212,1<sometimes, the lower>/2 214,3<the lower becoming somewhat hardened,
the upper remaining membranous> 215,1 216,2 217,1 218,1 219,2 223,1<obtuse>
240,1<L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} usually pubescent>/2<L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
basally hairy or not> 244,2 247,1 248,0 250,1 251,- 255,1<obtuse> 256,1
259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2
283,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1/2 299,2 301,2 322,1 323,1/2 325,1/2
326,2<but not on every cell> 327,2<the costals short, irregularly shaped>
328,1<thin walled> 329,3<the cells mainly more or less isodiametric>
330,1<hexagonal to square> 331,2 332,1 333,1/2 334,1/2 335,2<apical cell
somewhat pointed, but thick walled and broader than long>
339,(7-)13-38(-42) 343,7-24(-26)/- 344,0.64-0.73/- 345,1 346,24-27 348,1-3
349,1 350,2 351,2 353,2/- 354,2/- 360,1 363,9<more or less cubical> 365,1
370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows, the
groups sometimes inconspicuous> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 469,10
470,40 477,7 478,5 485,1 487,7 488,7 489,27 490,80 491,10
492<palaeotropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,1&2&5 495,1 496,1&2&3 497,3 499,2
500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,6&7&9 508,2&3 509,1 512,2 513,2 514,2 515<streamsides
and marshes> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. pulchella\i0{} R.
Br.> 540<coelachn> 
 
# \i{}Coelachyropsis\i0{} <Bor>/
3<\i{}Coelachyrum\i0{}> 4<\i{}C. lagopoides\i0{} (Burm. f.) Bor> 7,1 9,4
13,10-25 14,2 19<amply>,1 27,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-6 61,2 62,1/2<elongated,
one cell file, with 4-8 cells> 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 89,2<2-3 short
spikes, in the material seen> 91,- 95,1 96,2-3 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 141,5-7 144,- 145,1 147,1<?>/4
148,- 150,- 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,2
171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2<but mucronate> 177,1 179,2<membranous-hyaline,
broadly lanceolate acuminate> 182,- 183,- 187,1 189,3-4 191,2 192,2 194,1
196,2 208,5-8 210<broadly ovate, acuminate> 214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,2<attenuate into the mucro> 240,1<with long white hairs on the
lower half along the nerves> 244,1 246,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1
256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3<with hairs along their lower two thirds>
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 270,- 271,2 272,3<with tiny anthers>
275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<about 1 mm long> 291,2<angular
when dry, and concave on the side away from the embryo> 293,- 294,1<cf.
\i{}Acrachne\i0{}> 295,1 297,1 298,1 299,- 301,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1/2
326,1<large> 327,2<the costals conventional, with sinuous walls>
329,1<long-cells thin walled, deforming, some may be short> 331,2 332,1
333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,9-12 342<about>,2 344<about>,0.5 345,1 347,2
349,1 350,2<except for overlapping by papillae> 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,-
360,1<although the short-cells are often rather long> 362,4 363,8
364,1&4<with points> 365,1<the crosses and dumb-bells with points> 367,1
370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 393<probably>,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 397,1<there
being colourless tissue adaxial to all the large vascular bundles> 399,1
400,2 401,1&2 403,2 404,2<colourless, large-celled bundle sheath extensions
adaxially> 406,1 409,1 421,- 442,- 464,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,31 491,1<\i{}C. lagopoides\i0{}> 492<southern India, Ceylon> 493,3
494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 535<studied by us> 540<co_yrops> 
 
# \i{}Coelachyrum\i0{} <Hochst. & Nees>/
5<\i{}Coeleochloa\i0{} Steud.> 6<\i{}Coelachyropsis\i0{},
\i{}Cypholepis\i0{}> 7,1/2 9<usually>,2 13,15-100 14,2 38,- 42,- 47,2 55,2
59,1 61,1 65,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 89,2<slender racemes>/5 95,1/3 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1<the racemes
unilateral>/2 122,1 123<shortly>,3 141,5-7 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1
154,1 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1-2 167,1/2 170,2 176,2 179,2<somewhat
carinate, lanceolate> 187,1/3 189,3 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,2-10
212,1<below> 216,2<membranous or scarious> 223,1-2 240,1/2
244<lightly>,1/2<as the fruit expands> 248,3 250,1<broadly oval> 255,1
256,1 258<membranous> 259,3 260,3<with narrow margins> 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<1.75-2 mm
long> 289,4-5<sub-orbicular> 291,2<concavo-convex> 294,1 295,1 297,1 298,1
299,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1/2 332,1 333,1 334,1/2<?> 335,2 343,6-11 345,1
348<low>,2&3 351,2 352,2 353,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,4/7/8
364<sometimes>,1/2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,2 394,1
395,1 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,1&2<the simple groups each with a large,
deeply-penetrating median cell> 403,2 404,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,6 492<North tropical Africa, tropical southwest
Asia> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2 495,2 496,1&3 498,3 499,1&2 500,1 504,11 508,1&2
512,4 513,2 514,1/2 515<grassland, sand and semidesert> 534<Napper 1963>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Coelachyrum poaeflorum\i0{} Chiov.;
Van den Borre 1994> 540<co_yrum> 
 
# \i{}Coelorachis\i0{} <Brongn.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}koilon\i0{} (cavity) and \i{}rachis\i0{} (axis), re
swollen and hollowed rachides> 3<\i{}Mnesithea\i0{} sensu lato>
5<\i{}Apogonia\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Coelorhachis\i0{} Brongn.,
\i{}Cycloteria\i0{} Stapf> 7,2<mostly>/1<\i{}C. clarkei\i0{}> 9<mostly
robust, tall, forming clumps> 13,70-400 14,2 19,1/2 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 42,-
44,2 47,2 52,1 55,1-2 58,- 59,1<or rarely filiform>/- 65,2 66,2 69,2-3 73,2
74,1 75,1<usually>/2<<5%> \i{}C. parodiana\i0{}> 76,1<<5%> rarely>/1&3/1&4
77,4 78,1/2 79,1/2 81,1/2<?> 89,2/5<of long-peduncled, spikelike
dorsiventral racemes, solitary at culm or branchlet apices, often in
false panicles> 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,1<the unit consisting of a raceme,
its peduncle, the subtending leaf and the next internode (the peduncle of
the unit)> 103,4 106,1/3<fascicled> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<concave,
clavate, shorter than the sessile spikelet> 112,1 113,1/2 114,1 115,3
120,2/3<sometimes, then two sessile/one pedicellate> 121,1<the rachis
dorsiventral, the sessile members alternating in two rows on one side>
123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2<but closely contiguous> 129,1 130,1<<10%> \i{}C.
parodiana\i0{}>/3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelets vestigial to well
developed, bisexual in \i{}C.parodiana\i0{}> 136,1 141,3-4.5 145,3 147,3
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2 172,1 173,- 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower
two-keeled and two-winged above, the upper 1-keeled and wingless> 183,1<the
keels winged> 184,1-2 185,2 186,1/2/3 187,7 189,0-2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1<<10%>>/2<usually> 199<when present,>,2 201,2 203,2 204,0/2 205,2
206,2 207,2 208,1 210<lanceolate> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3/1 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2
286,2 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<long rectangles> 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,33-42 341,6-7.5 342,4.4-7 343,18-22.5 344,0.5-0.64
345,1 346,27-30 348,3 350,2 351,2 353,1 354,2 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2 385,1
389,1/2 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1&2 402,1 403,1 404,1 405,1
413,2<1 species> 469,9 470,18&36&54 471,2&4&6 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,63 491<about>,20 492<mainly tropical> 493,3&4&5&7
494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1 496,1&3 497,4 499,2&3 500,1&2&3&4 502,1 503,1
504,5&6&7&9 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 509,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<grassland and
savanna, often on damp soils> 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
rottboellioides\i0{} (R. Br.) Camus> 540<coelorac> 
 
# \i{}Coix\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}koix\i0{}, a kind of palm> 5<\i{}Lacryma\i0{} Medik,
\i{}Lacryma-jobi\i0{} Ort., \i{}Lacrymaria\i0{} Fabric., \i{}Sphaerium\i0{}
Kuntze> 7,1-2 9<stems erect or straggling, with prop-roots from the lower
nodes> 13,70-400 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 42,- 44,2 47,2 52,3 55,1 56,30-70
57,1/3 58,- 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1-2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2/3 77,2<in
different but apposed, spiciform racemes within the pistillate sheath> 78,1
79,- 80,1 84,1/2<?> 89,5<but peculiar - see below> 101,1 102,1<the partial
inflorescences of peculiar form, on flattened peduncles, in leafy panicles>
103,1<the female raceme usually represented by three spikelets, enclosed
in a globose, hardened involucre or pistillate sheath, separated from the
male raceme by a prophyll at its base. The male raceme exserted on a
peduncle through the apex of the involucre> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<within
its involucre> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1<in both
male and female racemes> 128,2 129<of the female racemes>,2 130<of the
female racemes>,2/4 131<male spikelets in pairs or triads, several per
disarticulating raceme. Dorsally compressed, with two florets, both male or
the lower sterile> 132,2 133,1 134,1/2<the lower floret sterile or male>
135,2 136,1 137,1/2 147,3 154,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 173,- 174,1 176,2 177,-
179,1<both beaked; the lower subglobose, hyaline below, subcartilaginous
above; the upper narrower, strongly keeled, subhyaline> 183,2 184,2 185,2
186,1 187<many nerved> 189,11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2
204,3-7 206,3 207,2 208,1 210<deltoid> 214,1-2<similar to the upper glume,
but less strongly keeled; very thin and hyaline beneath the beak> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,2<beaked> 240,2 244,1<but less conspicuously so than the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 248,3-5 250,1 251,2<broad, beaked>
255,1<subulate-beaked> 258,2<hyaline below> 259,3 264,2 266,2 272,0<or 3
staminodes> 277,1 280,1<into one very long style, exserted from the hard
pistillate sheath> 283,2 287,2 291,2 295,1<circular or elliptical, quite
large> 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 310,1 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1-2<the apical cells being flimsy, but relatively wide and
round-tipped, and sometimes quite short> 339,31-42 341,12-13.5 342,2.9-3.25
343,18-21(-28) 344,0.46-0.67 345,1 346,31-36 348<predominantly>,3 350,2
351,1 353,1 360,1 363,8 364,1-3 370,1 374,2<but very ambiguously so: could
have two PCR sheaths - need to see fresh material> 382,2 383,1 385,1/2
393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,2<apart from midrib hinges, the rest of
epidermis mostly more or less bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1 406,1 410,2
413,2<1 species> 426,1 469,5 470,10&20&40 471,2&4&8 473<small> 474,0.8<1
species, 4\i{}x\i0{}> 477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,23 491,5
492<tropical Asia> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&5 495,1&2 496,2&3&5 497,3
498,3 500,2&3&4 503,1 504,2&5&6&9&10 509,1 511,1 512,2-3 513,1/2 514,2
515<forest margins and swamps> 516<\i{}C. lacryma-jobi\i0{}> 517<\i{}C.
lacryma-jobi\i0{} (Jobs Tears)> 519<utricles of \i{}C. lacryma-jobi\i0{}
sometimes made into flour> 524,5 525,1 526,3 531,1&2 532,4 533,5
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. lacryma-jobi\i0{} L.> 540<coix> 
 
# \i{}Colanthelia\i0{} <McClure & Smith>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kolos\i0{} (shortened) and \i{}anthele\i0{} (plume or
panicle of a reed), referring to an inflorescence characteristic>
3<\i{}Aulonemia\i0{}> 7,2<plants small to very tall, erect or decumbent>
11,2 14,1 17,1/2 19,1 20,1 21,4-10 22,1 23,4 30,1 31<where recorded,>,1
33,1/- 34<sometimes>,2/- 37,2 38,1 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,1 55,1 63,1 65,2 66,1
67,1 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 99,- 100,- 101,1 102,1<with groups of partial
inflorescences at the nodes> 103,3/5 106,3 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 142,7/9/13 144,- 145,1<?> 147,1<?> 148,2 154,1 156,1
163,2/3<rarely> 165,1 167,1 176,2 179,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-8<or
more> 214,- 216,2 223,1/2<?> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1-2 258,2 259,4
260,3<and sulcate> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 271,1 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,2 278,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1<though
seemingly not towards the margins> 325,1 326,3<irregular, sometimes
branched, concentrated and largest around the stomata> 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339<in \i{}cingulata\i0{}>,60-78(-84) 341,8.4-9
342,6.7-14 343,24-31.5(-42) 344,0.38-0.5 345,1 346<in \i{}C.
cingulata\i0{}>,25-30 348<low>,2 350,1<slightly, even when not covered by
papillae> 351,1 353,2<solitary, when not paired with prickle bases> 354,1
356,3&7 360,3<mostly solitary> 363,4<predominantly>/5 370,2 374,1 386,1<in
places> 390,2<apparently, in the material seen> 391,1 392,2 393,3
395,1<with a somewhat larger bundle, and a slight abaxial keel: on the
other hand, one or two veins near the leaf margins are more strongly
keeled> 396,1 399,1 401,1<these large> 403,2 404,1 405,2<the girders mostly
narrow> 406,2 407,1 408,1<opposite the bulliform groups> 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,7 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11
535<studied by us - \i{}C. cingulata\i0{} (McClure & Smith) McClure> 537,2
540<colanthe> 
 
# \i{}Coleanthus\i0{} <Seidl.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}koleos\i0{} (sheath) and \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower),
referring to a sheath at the base of the panicle> 5<\i{}Schmidtia\i0{}
Tratt., \i{}Wilibalda\i0{} Roth> 7<dwarf>,1 9,4 13,2-10 14,2 38,- 42,- 47,2
49,1 50<sheaths inflated> 52,1<usually recurved> 55,2 56<about>,1 59,1/2
65,2 68,1 69,1 71,1-1.5 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5<subtended by the expanded
sheath of the upper leaf, the branches in compact, globular fascicles> 91,2
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2<?> 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3
140,2<in lacking glumes> 141,0.75-1.5 144,- 145,2 147<disarticulating under
the lemma> 148,- 154,2 157,2 158,2 160,2 162,2 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,-
216,2<membranous or hyaline> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3<from the
caudate- or aristate-acuminate lemma> 229,- 231,1 235,1 240,2<but ciliate
on the keel> 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,1 250,1 251,2 258,2<membranous> 259,3
260,3 264,2 266,- 272,2 274,0.3-0.4 277,1 280,2<very long> 283,2 284,1
286,2 287,1<1.5 mm long> 295,1<oval> 297,U 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 328,2 329,1<but seemingly lacking
short-cells> 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 359<seemingly>,2<in the
material seen> 361,3 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,3 395,1<mainly by its position>
396,1 398,2 399,2<apart from midrib hinges> 401,- 403,1<all bundles
unaccompanied by sclerenchyma, in the material seen> 469,7 470,14 471,2
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24 491,1<\i{}C.
subtilis\i0{}> 492<North temperate> 493,1&3&6 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,11 506,1 512,2-3<in dried up lakes and reservoirs, at pond margins>
514,2 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us>
540<coleanth> 
 
# \i{}Colpodium\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kolpos\i0{} (a bay or gulf), re emarginate lemmas (?)>
5<\i{}Paracolpodium\i0{} Tsvelev., \i{}Keniochloa\i0{} Melderis>
6<\i{}Catabrosella\i0{}, \i{}Hyalopoa\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/2/3/4 13,10-30 14,2
19,2 38,- 42,- 47,2 49,1-2 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1/2 71,3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1
95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,2-8 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 154,1/2 156<when present,>,1/2 157,2
158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1/2<broadly rounded
or erose> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 182,2 183,- 187,1 189,1-3 191,1/2 192,2
194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1 210<with several teeth> 214,2-3<thinly membranous,
the tip hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,3-5<toothed> 221,2 223,1 240,1/2 244,1-2
246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 274,1.5-3.5 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,2
295,1<oblong> 298,2 322,1 323,1<in \i{}Keniochloa\i0{}>/2 324<when
present,>,1&2 325,1 326,1 327,1/2 328,1 330,1/2 331,2 332,2 345,1
346,22.5-27<in \i{}Keniochloa\i0{}>/39-41<in \i{}Paracolpodium\i0{}> 347,2
348,1/1&2<in \i{}Keniochloa\i0{}> 350,1 351,1/2 353,2/- 354,2/- 360,3/-<no
costal short-cells in \i{}Paracolpodium altaicum\i0{}> 363,2/3/5/6/-/-
370,2 374,1 385,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 406,1 469,2 470,4/8<in
\i{}Keniochloa\i0{}>/28<\i{}C. colchicum\i0{}, \i{}Paracolpodium\i0{}>
471,2/4/14 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24
491<sensu stricto>,3<?> 492<high altitude North temperate> 493,1 494,1&2
495,1&2 496,1&3 497,1 498,3 499,2 500,1 504,11 508,2&3 515<montane> 534<Bor
1970> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. altaicum\i0{} Trin. (=
\i{}Paracolpodium\i0{}), \i{}C. chionogeiton\i0{} Pilg. (=
\i{}Keinochloa\i0{})> 540<colpodiu> 
 
# \i{}Commelinidium\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Acroceras\i0{}> 7<commelinaceous>,2 9,1-2/4 11,- 13,10-90 14,2 27,2
37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,5 55,1 56,15-40 57,1/3 63,1/2 65,1 66,1 69,2
71<short> 73,2 74,1 89,2<spiciform racemes>/5 91,1/- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121<somewhat>,1 123,3 141,4-6
144,1 145,3 147,3 148,- 149,2 154,1<as a minute vestige>/2 155,- 156<when
present,>,2 157,2 163,2<separated by a marked internode> 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2 168,2 170,1 171,2 174,1<with a small apical callosity> 176,2
177,1 179,2<membranous-herbaceous> 187,3-5 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 199,2 201,2 202<similar to the glumes> 203,2 204,5 205,2-3 206,1
207,2 208,1 214,3<leathery> 215,1 216,2 218,1 222,1<cf. \i{}Acroceras\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtococcum\i0{}> 223,1<but apiculate> 240,2<shining> 244,2 246,2 247,1
248,7-9 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1
295,1 322,1 323,2 329,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(60-)63-78(-79.5)
341,6.3-9 342,7-12.4 343,27-36 344,0.42-0.46 345,1 346,27-33 348<high>,2&3
350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1
396,1 399,2<constituting most of adaxial epidermis> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1
406,1 470,36 477,7 478,5 485,2 487<cf.>,9<as a synonym?> 488,4 489,36
490,15 491,3 492<West tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11
508,1&2&3 513,1 535<studied by us - \i{}C. gabunense\i0{} (Hack.) Stapf>
540<commelin> 
 
# \i{}Cornucopiae\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}cornus\i0{} (horn) and \i{}copius\i0{} (plenty), a
fanciful comparison of the peculiar inflorescence with the horn of the goat
that suckled Zeus> 7,1 11,- 13,10-40 14,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 50<the upper
sheaths inflated> 52,1<acuminate> 55,2 59,1 69,1 70,2 71,1 73,2 74,1 75,2
89,5<but peculiar - the spikelets in numerous small, compact panicles, each
of these enclosed by a leathery, toothed involucre at the tip of a stout,
recurved peduncle; the peduncles themselves subtended by the inflated
sheaths of the upper leaves> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,1<the inflorescence units
enclosed in tough, toothed involucres> 102,1 103,6 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,1<the heads falling whole> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,4<each head
surrounded by a cup-shaped involucral bract, which is is deciduous with it>
119,2 120,- 121,2 123,2-3<the pedicels short> 140<more or less>,2 141,4-7
144,- 145,1 147,3<in the heads> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,2
167,2 168,1<in the lower third> 170,- 171,2<but the keel ciliate below>
174,2<round or emarginate> 176,2 177,1 179,2 183,- 187,3 188,- 189,2-3
191,1 196,2 208,1 210<truncate> 214,2<the margins connate over the lower
half> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228,2 229,2 231,1
234,1 235,1 240,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,2 264,2 266,- 272,3 277,1
280,1 283,2 286,2 287,1<1.5-2 mm long> 291,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 302,1
303,2 322,1 323,2 327,1/2<the costals bulbous between the silica cells>
328,1/2<the costals thicker walled> 330,1&2 331,2 332,2 345,1/2
346,(27-)39(-60) 347,2 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<with a few small
costal prickles> 360,3<mostly solitary> 361,1 363,1<large and conspicuous>
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 398,2 399<unclear, in the
material seen> 403,2<but this scanty> 404,2<each bundle associated with
small adaxial and abaxial strands> 406,1 427,1 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2
477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,2 492<eastern
Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,2 498,2 504,11 512,2 535<studied by us -
\i{}C. cucullatum\i0{} L.> 540<cornucop> 
 
# \i{}Cortaderia\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Argentine native name \i{}cortadera\i0{} (cutting), alluding to
the sharp edged leaf blades> 4<Type: \i{}C. selloana\i0{} (Schult.) Asch. &
Graeb.> 6<\i{}Austroderia\i0{}, \i{}Chimaerochloa\i0{}, \i{}Moorea\i0{};
cf. \i{}Chionochloa\i0{}, \i{}Lamprothyrsus\i0{}> 7,2 9,3<mostly large,
tussocky> 11,- 13,100-400 19,1/2<commonly> 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 50<the
sheaths disintegrating or rolling> 52,1<often harsh, with lacerating
margins> 55<with only the midrib prominent and sclerified,>,1/2 58,- 65,2
66,1/2 67,2 68,1 69,3 70,- 72,1/2 73,2/3<but sometimes virtually male-only>
74,1/2 76,1/2/3<mainly gynodioecious, sometimes almost dioecious> 80,1&2
84,1<non-pseudogamous>/2 89,5<large and plumose or small> 91,1 98,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,10-18
145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 160,3 161,1/2 163,2 165,2 166,1-2<from
2/3 as long> 167,2 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<narrow,
hyaline> 187,1(-3) 189,1(-3) 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3(-6)
210<attenuate> 214,2-3<membranous or hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2 220<when
incised,>,2<the lobes when present small, acute, with or without slight to
well developed setae> 221,2 223,3/1 225<usually>,1 226,1 228,1/3<then
sometimes with basal setae representing lateral lobes> 231,1-2 233,1
235,2<3> 240,1 241,1/2 242,1/2 244,2 248,3 250,1<glabrous or hairy> 251,1
255,1<truncate> 256,1<but hairy> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,1 270,- 272,3/0<in female plants of gynodioecious species>
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 286,2 295,2 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,1 316,2 317,1 318,1 319,2 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1/2 330,1 331,1 332,1/2 335<when present,>,1 345,2/1
348,2/1&2<\i{}C. bifida\i0{} exhibiting a few parallels> 350<when
present,>,1<sic> 351,1 353,1&2<solitary> 354<when paired>,1 356,3
360,1&3<varying from vein to vein>/3<nearly all solitary in \i{}C.
bifida\i0{}, solitary and paired in \i{}C. selloana\i0{}>
363<variously>,1/5/8 364<when panicoid type, mostly short>,3 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 393,1-2 394,1<broad, flat-topped> 395,1<very much so in \i{}C.
selloana\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. archboldii\i0{}> 396,1<\i{}C. archboldii\i0{}>/2
399,1<at the bases of the furrows>/2<the groups then irregular or ill
defined, of small cells> 401,1<e.g. \i{}C. bifida\i0{}, or more often the
groups ill-defined and of small cells cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{} -e.g. \i{}C.
selloana\i0{}>/- 403,2 404,1 405,1<in all the bundles> 406,2 407,1-2 410,2
413,1<4 species>/2<\i{}C. fulvida\i0{}> 415,1 416,1 428,2 469,9
470,36&72&90&108 471,4&8&10&12 473<small> 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19
490,80 491,24 492<South America> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&5&6 511,1 512,3-4
513,2 515<hillsides, in scrub and in weedy places> 516<\i{}C.
selloana\i0{}, perhaps increasing in significance as such> 522<cultivated
ornamentals, especially \i{}C. selloana\i0{}> 531,2 533,5 534<Zotov 1963>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. bifida\i0{}, \i{}C.
selloana\i0{}> 540<cortader> 
 
# \i{}Corynephorus\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}korynephorus\i0{} (club-bearing), referring to the
lemma awn> 5<\i{}Anachortus\i0{} Jir sek and Chrtek> 7,1/2 9,3 11,-
13,10-60 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<0.3 to 0.8 mm in
diameter> 58,1/2 59,2/3&4 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-4 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2
94,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3
141,3-5 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1 156,2 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,2 166,2
167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<lanceolate> 187,1 189,1/3<at base>
191,1 196,2 208,2 214,2<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,2 220<shortly>,2
221,2<minutely bidenticulate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2 231,2<and
peculiar, with a clavate apex enclosed by the glumes, and with a ring of
minute hairs distal to the twisted lower half> 234,3 235,1 240,2 244,2
248,1 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1 272,3 274,0.5-1.5/0.4-0.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286<usually,
slightly>,1 287,1 290,1 291,2 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 309,1 310,1/2
311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3 322,2 323,2 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,1&2
354,1<when paired> 357<prickles abundant> 360,2 363,3&5&6 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,2 393,1<small, in the adaxial groove> 395,2<except by its position>
396,1 399,2 401,- 402,- 404,2 406,2 407,2 429,1 469,7 470,14 471,2
473<large> 474,1.2<1 species> 475,2.3 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,3 491,5 492<Europe, Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4&6 494,1&2 495,1&2
496,1 497,2 498,2&3 499,1 504,11 506,1 511,1 512,4 513,2 515<in sandy
places, often coastal> 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 535<studied by us - \i{}C.
canescens\i0{} (L.) Beauv.> 540<coryneph> 
 
# \i{}Cottea\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<named after Heinrich Cotta> 7,2 9,3 13,30-60 14,2 19,1 24,1<the swellings
associated with cleistogamous spikelets> 40,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths pilose>
52,1 55,2 56,3-7 59,1 61,2 62,3<at the base of macrohairs> 65,2 66,2
69,2/3<?> 73,2 74,1 78,- 81,1/2 82,1 83,1<one-flowered, in the basal
sheaths> 89,5 91,1<rather loose, 8-15 cm long> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-7 147,1 148,2 149,1
154,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,2<almost equalling
them> 171,1<pilose> 174<acuminate or 3-toothed> 176,2 179,2<lanceolate>
187,7-13 189,7-13 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1-2 196,2 208,4-8 216,2 218,2
220<irregularly>,9-11 221,1 223,3 225,9/11 226,2 227<the median>,2 228,-
229,- 231,1 232,2<spreading> 233,1-2 234,1-3 237,1&2 240,1<villous below>
244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,9-13 250,1 251,1<somewhat longer than lemma>
256,1 259,3 260,3 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267<joined to the palea> 269,2
272,3 277,1 287,1<0.75 mm long> 289,4 291,2-3 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 304,1
305,1 306,1 307,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the intercostals much larger>
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,3 336,3
339,(138-)258-288(-300) 340,141-180 341,(4.5-)10.5-12(-13.5) 342,22.2-30.7
343,(27-)42-48(-51) 344,0.14-0.19 345,1 346,(19.5-)21-24 348,2 350,2 351,2
352,2 353,- 354,- 355,1 357<long macrohairs with basal rosettes present>
360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1<somu>/3<mostly> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2
393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<the large median cells deeply
penetrating the mseophyll> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<Is with
all bundles> 406,1 435,3 469,10 470,20 471,2 477,6 484,1 487,5 488,7 489,22
490,25 491,1<\i{}C. pappophoroides\i0{}> 492<Texas to Argentina> 493,6&7
494,1&3 495,3 502,6 504,11 512,4 513,2 535<studied by us> 540<cottea> 
 
# \i{}Craspedorhachis\i0{} <Benth.>/
7,2 9<often stoloniferous> 11,- 13,20-100 14,2 38,- 39,- 40,2 47,2<but with
conspicuous hairs above the ligule> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2-3 70,- 73,2 74,1
89,2<several slender spikes, usually on a long axis> 91,- 95,1/2/3 99,2
101,2 102,2 103,2 107,2<these zigzag, flattened> 108,1<in \i{}C.
africana\i0{}, the peduncle bears a cupular disarticulation zone at the
point of origin of the spikes, which seem to fall together>/2<?> 109<if
disarticulating,>,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 141<about>,3 144,2
145,3 147,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 167,2<the upper
considerably exceeding them> 170,1 171,2 172,1 174,1<acute> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, asymmetrically so>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
178<(the lower)>,1 179,1<both long, membranous, the lower asymmetrically
1-keeled, the upper flat-backed, infolded with two keels> 182,-
183<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} two-keeled> 187,0-1 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 223,1-2 240,1<long-hairy on the veins> 244<weakly>,1
247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
286,2 287,1<about 1 mm long> 289<obovoid> 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1
323,2 328,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<but with an unusual apical,
peg-like appendage> 336,3 339,15-21 340,9-12 341,(4.5-)7.5 342,2-3.3
343,7.5-11 344,0.45-0.6 345,1 346,19.5-21 348<mostly low>,2 350,2 351,1
352,2 353,1&2 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<consistently>,3 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 389,1<in places, but most of the columns
terminate one cell short of the abaxial epidermis> 393,2-3 395,2 396,1
399,1 400,2 401,2 403,2 404,1 405,1<all bundles with anchor-shaped combined
girders> 406,1 409,1 421,- 442,- 470,27 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,33 491,5-6 492<tropical Africa, North and South America> 493,4&6&7
494,2 496,1&2 499,2&4 504,11 508,3&4 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<sandy savanna>
535<studied by us - \i{}C. africana\i0{} Benth.> 540<craspedo> 
 
# \i{}Crinipes\i0{} <Hochst.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}Crinum\i0{} (hair) and \i{}pes\i0{} (foot), referring
to the awn on the lower glume.> 4<Type: \i{}C. abyssinicus\i0{} (A. Rich.)
Hochst.> 6<\i{}Crinipes\i0{} (\i{}Triraphis\i0{}) \i{}longipes\i0{} =
\i{}Nematopoa\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,45-160 14,2 19,2 42,1 44,1 47,2
52<narrowly>,1-2 55,2 56,5-14<in \i{}C. longifolius\i0{}, up to 6 mm in
\i{}C. abyssinicus\i0{}> 58,2 59,1/3<then convolute> 65,2 66,1 69,3 73,2
74,1 89,5<medium to large> 91,1-2 92,4 101,2 102,2 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1 161,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1<1/2 to 3/4 as
long> 173,3 174,1<acuminate> 176,1-2<usually mucronate or short-awned>
179,2<thinly membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3
210<narrowly ovate to narrowly oblong-ovate> 216,2<scarious-membranous>
218,1-2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<bidenticulate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3
231,1 232,1/3 233,1<scaberulous> 234,3 240,1<but only between the lateral
nerves and the margins> 244,2<rounded on the back> 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1
256,1 257,2<thinly membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1 262,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2 272,3 274,2-2.5 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,3<yellowish> 286,2 287,1<1.8 to 2 mm long> 291,2<ventrally flat,
dorsally convex> 295,1<linear, but only 1/4 to 1/3 the length of the grain>
298,2<1/4 to 1/3 the length of the grain> 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
narrower> 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330<regularly>,1 331,1<the sinuosity
fine> 332,2 345,2<a few only seen, near the blade margin> 347,2 348,1&2
350,2 351<very>,1 353,2<solitary> 357<neither macrohairs nor prickles seen,
except for prickles at the margins> 359,1 360,1<but the short-cells fairly
long> 361,1 363,8 364<consistently, conspicuously>,4 370,2 374,1<the
mestome sheath cells thick walled> 385,1<especially around the smaller
bundles> 386,1 387,1<in places, especially around minor bundles> 393,1
394,2<small over the smaller bundles, large and flat topped over the
primaries> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<in each furrow> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with
every bundle> 405,1<anchors with the smaller bundles, heavy Is with the
primaries> 406,2 407,1<or rather, in the form of single cells>
408,1<opposite the bulliforms, but not of universal occurrence> 477,5 483,3
487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,2 492<Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,1&2 504,11 508,1&2 512<in rocky places> 534<Hubbard 1957>
535<studied by us - \i{}C. abyssinicus\i0{} (A. Rich.) Hochst.>
540<crinipes> 
 
# \i{}Crithopsis\i0{} <Jaub & the Spach>/
1<from the Greek \i{}krithe\i0{} (barley) and \i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance),
from fancied resemblance of inflorescence> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,15-30 14,2 19,2
27,2 38,- 44,2 47,1 52,1<acuminate> 55,2 56<to>,3 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2
74,1 89,3<the clusters each reduced to two spikelets> 91,- 94,- 99,2 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,2 121,2
122<the pairs alternately>,2 126,- 141<about>,15 144,- 145,1 147,3<and with
the joint> 154,1 155,1 156,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 175,1 176,1 177,2
179,2<leathery, narrow, awn-like above> 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1
196,2 208,1 210<attenuate into the awn> 214,2<and similar to them in form>
216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid>
234,2-3<4-7 mm long, erect> 235,2 240,1/2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 256,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2 272,3 275,2 277,2
280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1 287,2 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 329,U 349,U
358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 469,7
470,14 471,2 472,11 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41
491,1<\i{}C. deliliana\i0{}> 492<North Africa & the Orient> 493,2&3&4
494,1&2 495,2 496,1 498,2 499,1 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<in dry grassland>
534<Lve 1984> 538,4 540<crithops> 
 
# \i{}Crypsis\i0{} <Aiton>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kryptos\i0{} (hidden, concealed), referring to the
partially concealed inflorescences> 4<Type: \i{}C. aculeata\i0{} (L.) Ait.>
5<\i{}Antitragus\i0{} Gaertn., \i{}Ceytosis\i0{} Munro, \i{}Heleochloa\i0{}
Hort ex Roem., \i{}Pallasia\i0{} Scop., \i{}Pechea\i0{} Lapeyr.,
\i{}Raddia\i0{} Mazziari, \i{}Torgesia\i0{} Bornm.> 7,1 9,3-4 11,- 13,5-30
14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1<usually short> 55,2 58,1/2
59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 69,2<narrow>/3 73,2 74,1 89,5<a panicle of
contracted, bracteate panicles or heads, or a single, elongated-contracted
panicle> 91,1<when many-headed>/2<when only one head> 94,- 101,1<via
enlarged, upper leaf sheaths>/2 102,1<e.g. \i{}C. aculeata\i0{}>/2<e.g.
\i{}C. alopecuroides\i0{}> 106,- 107,- 108,1<the heads falling>/2 109,1
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,1 126,- 141,2-6 144,- 145<strongly>,1
147,1/3/4 154,2 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2<almost equalling the
floret> 174,1 176,2 179,2<narrow, complicate> 187,0-1 189,0-1 191,1 196,2
208,1 216,2<membranous> 218,1 223,1-2 240,2 244,1 248,1 250,1 251,1
255,1/2/3 256,1 258,2<hyaline>
259,2<\i{}Crypsis\i0{}>/3<\i{}Heleochloa\i0{}> 264,2 266,- 272,2-3
274,0.5-1.5/2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.5 mm long>
289,4 291,1/3 294,1/2 295,1 297,1<sometimes becoming swollen when wet,
extruding the seed> 298,1 301,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2
327,1<but the intercostals larger> 328,1 330,1&2 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2
335,2 336,3 339,19.5-24 340,10-11 341,10.5-18 342,1.3-2 343,12-15
344,0.57-0.63 345,1 346,22-24 348,2 350,2 351,2 352,2 353,1&2<mainly
paired, some solitary> 354,1 355,3 356,5&8 360,3 362,1-4 363,8 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,1 378,2 385,1 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 403,2 404,2
406,1 409,1 469,8&9 470,16&18&32&36&54 471,2&4&6 473<small> 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,51 490,69<as a synonym of \i{}Sporobolus\i0{}> 491,8
492<Mediterranean to North China> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6 494,1&2 495,1&2&3 496,1&2
497,2 498,2&3 499,1&2 504,5 506,1&2 508,1&2&3 511,1 513,2 514,1/2 515<wet
soils> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. aculeata\i0{} (L.) Ait.> 540<crypsis> 
 
# \i{}Cryptochloa\i0{} <Swallen>/
7,2 9,3<from short rhizomes> 11,2 13,30-50 14,2 19,2 40,2 44,2 48,2 55,1
56,1-2.5 63,1 65,1 67,1 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,1&3 77,4 78,1<male spikelets
mostly shorter pedicelled, reduced> 82,U<with inflorescences hardly
exserted from the sheaths, inconspicuous> 86,1/2<most species with
synflorescences> 89,5<often depauperate, having axillary partial
inflorescences or synflorescences of variously reduced panicles> 91,- 96,-
103,5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<the female
pedicels thickened apically> 126,1/2 131<male spikelets reduced to lemma,
palea and 2-3 free, non-penicillate stamens; sometimes awned> 132,2 133,2
134,2 135,1 136,1/3 137,1 138,2/3 139,1 141,9-20 144,- 145,3<not gibbous>
147,1 148,- 149,3 154,2 155,- 160,2<columnar> 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,2
176,2<sometimes acuminate> 177,2 179,2<thin, firm> 187,5 189,5 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,3<bony> 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?> 240,1/2 244,2 246,2 248,5
250,1<enclosed by lemma margins> 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,1 259,3 264,1 265,3
266,1 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,1 272,0 277,1 280,1<into one long style> 283,2
286,2 291,2 293,- 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,1<on the interstomatal cells, and
also on the subsidiaries> 325,1 326,3<mostly around the edges of the
interstomatals, and concentrated around the stomata> 327,2<the costals much
narrower> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 347,1
348,3 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 360,1 363,4/7<at least, some approaching
this>/8 364<when panicoid type, fat>,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1<of large arm
cells> 390,1<these conspicuous> 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,1 397,1 399,1
401,1<the groups large> 403,2 404,1<with all the main bundles> 405,1<most
bundles with an anchor> 406,1 469,10&11 470,20&22 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,3
487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,5 492<Central and South America> 493,7 494,3
502,1&3&6 504,11 534<Soderstrom 1982a and 1982b; Soderstrom and Zuloaga
1988> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. capillata\i0{}> 540<cryptoch> 
 
# \i{}Ctenium\i0{} <Panzer>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ktenion\i0{} (a little comb), alluding to a pectinate
arrangement of spikelets> 5<\i{}Aplocera\i0{} Raf., \i{}Campuloa\i0{}
Desv., \i{}Campulosus\i0{} Desv., \i{}Monathera\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Monocera\i0{} Elliott, \i{}Triatherus\i0{} Raf.> 7,2<usually>/1
9<densely>,3 13,40-100 14,2 40,2 43,1<some species - e.g. \i{}C.
elegans\i0{} - smelling strongly of turpentine>/2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2
59,1/3<convolute> 61,1 65,2 69,2<very short> 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,-
89,1/2 91,- 95,3/1<when of more than one spike> 96,1-3<the spikes
pectinate, usually curved> 99,1&2<crescentic in section> 101,2 102,2 103,2
106,- 107,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1<along the midrib of
the rachis> 141,4-9 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 156,1 162,1 163,2 165,1
167,2 171<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} tubercled on the nerves> 174,1<acute>
176<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>,1<shortly awn-tipped, and with a spreading awn
from the middle of its back>
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} flat or rounded>
179,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} larger, firmer, awned> 187,1 189,2/3 191,2
192,3 194,1<male or barren> 196,1 197,2 198,1<the paleas hyaline, variously
reduced>/2 201,1/2 203,1<from just below tip> 206,2<thin, white> 208,1
214,1<i.e., than G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} - membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,2-3 235,1
240,1<ciliate on nerves> 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3<2 in male florets> 277,1 280,2 283,2
286,2<embraced> 289,4 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1<rudimentary> 305,1 306,1
308,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<basal cell rather
long> 336,3 339,18-24 340,13-18 341,9-10.5 342,2-2.7 343,(7.5-)9
344,0.38-0.43 345,1 346,19.5-24 348,3 351,1<often paired with prickle
bases> 352,2 355,1 357<prickles very abundant in \i{}C. polystachyum\i0{}>
358,2 362,4 363,8 364,1/3/4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,1
379,1/2 383,2 385,1 389,1 390,1<these rather conspicuous, in the material
of \i{}C. polystachyum\i0{} seen>/2<?> 393,1-2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1
400,2 401,2<these incorporated in the colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with
most bundles> 406,1 469,9 470,18&36&54&160 471,2/4/6/16<?> 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,26 491,20 492<tropical and subtropical America and
Africa> 493,4 494,2&3 496,1&2 499,2&3 502,1 504,11 508,1&2&3 513,2
515<savanna> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. polystachyum\i0{}
Balansa> 540<ctenium> 
 
# \i{}Ctenopsis\i0{} <De Not>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ktenos\i0{} (a combe) and \i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance),
alluding to a comblike inflorescence> 3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}, \i{}Vulpia\i0{}>
7,1 9,3 11,- 13,10-40 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1
59,3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 71,0.7-1 73,2 74,1 89,4/5<sometimes
sparingly branched> 91,2 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<pectinate> 123,3 141,3.5-12 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2 168,- 170,1 174,1 176,2
177,2<rounded on the back> 178,- 179,1<the lower minute> 187,0 189,3
191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,3-14 210<acuminate> 214,1<papery, the margins
hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2
256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3
274,0.5-2.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 290,1 291,2 293,-
295,1 298,2 299,2 322,1-2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,-
349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1<mostly - some solitary> 354,1<rarely>/2 360,2
363,1/2/3 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 395,1 396,1 403,2 404,1<\i{}C.
pectinella\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. patens\i0{}> 405<in \i{}C.
pectinella\i0{}>,1<having tall, narrow Is with most bundles> 406,1 469,7
470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,4
492<Mediterranean & western Asia> 493,1&2&4 494,1&2&4 495,2 496,1 498,2
499,1&2 504,11 508,3 513,2 535<studied by us - \i{}C. patens\i0{} (Boiss.)
Meld., \i{}C. pectinella\i0{} (Del.) De Not> 540<ctenopsi> 
 
# \i{}Cutandia\i0{} <Willk.>/
1<named for a Spanish botanist, Vicente Cutanda> 7<much-branched>,1 9,-
11,- 13,10-40 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3<convolute>
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,1.5-5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<dichotomously-divaricately
branched> 93,1 101,2<but panicles partially enclosed by the upper leaf
sheaths> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1/2 109,1/2<disarticulation occurring
variously at the bases of the spikelets, between them, or at bases of
branches> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-17 144,- 145,1 147,1/3
148,1<proximally>/2<distally> 154,1 156,1 157,2 160,2 163,2 164,2 165,1
166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1/2 176<shortly>,1/2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1-3
189,1-5 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-12 214,2<with hyaline margins> 216,2 218,2
220<usually>,2<emarginate or bifid>/- 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1
228,1/2 229,1 234,1 235,1 240,2 244,2<3-keeled> 248,3-5 250,1 251,1
255,1<acute to truncate>/2<bifid> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,2 269,1 270,1 272,3 274,0.5-1.3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 290,1
291,4 295,1<elongated, but short> 298,2 301,1/2 302,2 304,1 305,2 306,2
308,1 322,1 323,2 328,1<very large> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1
351,2 360,3 363,1-2/8 364<often>,3 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 396,1
399,2<at least, bulliforms/groups inconspicuous in the poor material seen>
401,- 403,2 404,2 406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,56 491,6 492<Mediterranean, western Asia>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,1&2&3 499,1 504,11 506,1
512,4 513,2 514,1/2 515<mostly in maritime sands or coastal rocky hills>
518<\i{}C. memphitica\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,32 531,2 533,5 534<Stace
1978b> 535<studied by us - \i{}C. dichotoma\i0{} (Forsk.) Trab., \i{}C.
memphitica\i0{} (Spreng.) Richt., \i{}C. philistaea\i0{} Benth.>
540<cutandia> 
 
# \i{}Cyathopus\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<referring to cupular pedicel tips> 7,2 13,90-140 14,2 47,2 55,2 59,1 63,2
65,2 69,1 70,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<many spikeleted> 91,1<large> 94,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 123,3 124<minutely>,4
141<about>,3 144,- 145,1-2 147,3 148,- 154,2 162,1 163,2 165,2
167,2<slightly exceeding them> 170,- 171,1 173,3 174,1 176,2<but caudate>
177,2<dorsally rounded> 179,2<chartaceous, each with a small apical beak>
187<strongly>,3 189<strongly>,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<ovate>
214,1<scarious> 216,2 218,1 219,1-2 223,1<muticous> 240,2
244,1<weakly>/2<dorsally rounded> 248,5<the nerves obscure towards the
apex> 250,1 251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268<apparently not cuneate> 269,2 270,2 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 290,U 294,U 295,1 296,U 297,U
298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 477,2<? - not reliably classifiable without better data>
478,2<?> 479,4<?> 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}C. sikkimensis\i0{}>
492<Eastern Himalayas> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11 512,3 513,1 514,2
515<in woods> 534<Stapf 1895> 537,2 538,4 540<cyathopu> 
 
# \i{}Cyclostachya\i0{} <J. & C. Reeder>/
1<from the Greek \i{}cyclo\i0{} (a circle, or wheel) and \i{}stachya\i0{}
(ear of corn, spike), alluding to the shape assumed by mature racemes>
3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 7,2 9,2&3 13,5-12 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 44,1
47,2 48<hairy in the auricle positions> 52,1<setaceous at the tip> 55,2
56<to>,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<jagged> 71,0.5-1 72,2 73,3 74,2 75,2<on
the same plant> 76,2/3 78,- 80,1 89<(male and female)>,4<pectinate, curved,
long pedunculate> 91,- 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the
raceme finally recurving into a circle> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1
121,1<pectinate, in two ranks> 122,1 123,3<on short pedicels> 131<male
plants similar to females; male spikelets with one 3-stamened floret and
2-3 short-awned rudiments; glumes one-nerved; lemma 3-nerved, 3-toothed,
short-awned; often with an abortive pistil> 132,1 133,1 135,1<plus
rudiments> 136<short>,3 137,1 138,3 141,8-9 144,- 145,1-2 147,1<i.e.,
falling from the deciduous rachis> 148,- 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about two-thirds of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} lanceolate-acuminate>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
apically notched> 176<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with 1-3 apical setae>
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179,1<hyaline,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} carinate-acuminate, glabrous, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
2-keeled, 2-3 lobed or notched at apex, with hairs on the back> 187,1
189,2/3 191,2 192,2 193,2-3 194,2<clustered at the tip of the rachilla,
their scabrid awns much longer than those of the fertile lemma> 195<each
three>,1 196,2 208,1 214,3<membranous or cartilaginous> 216,2 218,2 220,3
221,1<into the awns> 223,3 225,3 226,2<via the acuminate lobes> 227<the
median more or less>,2<but not bending back> 228,1/3<depending on
interpretation, the three lobes acuminate into the awns> 229,- 231,1
233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2 235,1 237,1<bending back> 240,1 244<slightly keeled
on the three nerves> 247,2 248,3 250,1<similar to the two-nerved examples
of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 251,1 255,2 256,2<2, asymmetric, via the
excurrent nerves> 258,2<hyaline to membranous, with green tissue> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,0<3 staminodes
only> 277,1 280,2 283,2 284<stigmas pigmented> 287,1<3 mm long> 289,4 291,3
295,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals
narrower> 328,1<rather thick walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,2<very large> 336,3 339,(33-)34.5-36(-39) 340,21-24 341,12-15
342,2.4-2.9 343,10.5-16.5 344,0.3-0.48 345,1 346,24-25.5 348,2&3 350,2
351,1 352,2 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,3&7 360,1 362,4 363<predominantly>,4
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 389,1 393,2<with prominent, flattish
abaxial ribs> 394,1<slight> 395,1<larger bundle and rib, and a large
abaxial anchor-shaped girder> 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these associated with
the colourless girders> 403,2 404,2<adaxial strands only, the PCA tissue
encircling the top of each bundle; abaxial strands or girders> 406,1 409,1
442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16<as a synonym of
\i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}C. stolonifera\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1
495,3 504,11 513,2 515<dry places> 534<Reeder and Reeder 1963> 535<studied
by us> 540<cyclosta> 
 
# \i{}Cymbopogon\i0{} <Spreng.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kumbe\i0{} (boat) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to many-awned inflorescences and boatshaped spathes>
5<\i{}Cymbanthelia\i0{} Anderss., \i{}Gymnanthelia\i0{} Schweinf.>
7<usually>,2<rarely annual> 9,3/1&3 11,- 13,15-300 14,2 19<usually>,2 27,2
37,1 38,- 43,1 44,2 47,2 52,1<from broadly so to filiform> 55,1/2 57,1/3
58,1/2 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3<usually>/1&4
78,1<the pedicelled spikelets not depressed abaxially, awnless> 79,1<the
lowermost pair of the lowest raceme, or of each raceme, homogamous and
imperfect> 80,1 89,5<decompound, leafy> 99,1/2/3/4 101,1 102,1 103,3<short,
spikelike, each pair with a spatheole> 106,2<the raceme bases short to more
or less connate, flattened, often widely spreading or deflexed> 107,1 108,1
109,2 111,1 113,1/2 115,1-2 120,2<or with a terminal triplet> 121,2 123,1&3
126,1 127,1 128,2/1&2<sometimes the pedicel of the homogamous pair being
swollen and more or less fused with the internode> 129,1
130,3<usually>/4<<20%>> 131<pedicellate spikelets never depressed or
canaliculate on the back; only the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} present, hyaline,
2-nerved, its floret usually male but occasionally sterile or suppressed>
135,1 136,1 141,3-7 145,1/2/3 147,3 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2
167,2 170,- 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower bicarinate, the upper naviculate>
183,1<the keels sometimes winged apically> 184,2-4 185,2 186,1 187,1-5
189,1-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 206,1-2
207,2<hyaline> 208,1 210<hyaline to firm-stipitate beneath the awn> 214,1
216,2 218<apically>,2 220,2 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1 231,2
233,1<glabrous> 234,1-3 240,2 244,2 248,1-3 250,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1
291,2<subterete to planoconvex> 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,21-30 322,1 323,1<<20%>
rarely>/2 326<when present,>,1 327,1<narrow> 328,1 330,1<long>
331,1/2<<20%> rarely> 332,1 335,1/2<<10%> rarely> 339,(26-)30-48(-60)
341,6-7.5 342,4.8-7 343,(3-)13-22(-24) 344,(0.17-)0.33-0.48-0.48 345,1
346,21-22.5(-24) 348<variously low or high>,2/3/2&3 350,2 351,1/2 353,1<and
solitary> 354,2<usually>/1 356<when present,>,3/5/6 360,1/3 363,8
364,1/2/3/4<occasionally> 370,1 373,3<\i{}C. citratus\i0{}> 374,2 375,1
383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1/2 397,1<the colourless tissue often
extending across the adaxial part of the blade> 399,2<in irregular groups>
401<occasionally, irregularly>,2/- 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 413,1<1
species>/2<4 species> 414,3.92-5.26 416,1 469,5/10 470,20&22&40&60 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491<about>,40 492<tropical and
subtropical Africa and Asia, Australia> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2&4&5 495,1&2
496,1&2&3&4&5 497,3 498,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,3 503,1&2&3
504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna>
521<\i{}C. nardus\i0{} and \i{}C. winterianus\i0{} (citronella oil), \i{}C.
flexuosus\i0{} (East Indian Lemon-grass), \i{}C. citratus\i0{} (West Indian
Lemon-grass), \i{}C.martinii\i0{}> 522<\i{}C. citratus\i0{} used as a
culinary herb> 524,5 525,1&2&3&4&5 526,3 527,1 528,7 529,4&5
530,10&13&21&39&43 531,2 533<\i{}C. refractus\i0{}> 534<Soenarko 1977>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}C. refractus\i0{} (R. Br.) Camus>
540<cymbopog> 
 
# \i{}Cymbosetaria\i0{} <Schweick.>/
3<\i{}Setaria\i0{}> 7,1 11,- 13,15-60 14,2 19,2<branching near the base>
38,- 44,2 48,2 52,3 55,1 57,2 58,- 59,1 63,1<except the uppermost> 67,1/2<?
- supposedly not pleated> 69,2<usually>/1<rarely> 73,2 74,1 89,2 91,1
95,3 98,1/2<depending on interpretation of the bristle> 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,2<each subtended by a bristle>
118,1 120,1 121,1 123,3 124,3 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2
163,2 164,2 165,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 176,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} apiculate>
177,2 178,- 179,1 187,3 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1
203,2 207,2<textured like the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 208,1 210<cymbiform>
214,3 215,3 216,1<crustaceous> 218,1 219,1/2 223,1<but sub-apiculate>
240,2 244,1 246,2 247,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1<glabrous>
257,2<crustaceous> 258,1 259,3 260,1<flat backed> 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 287,1<1.25 mm long>
291,2<ventrally concave> 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the intercostals
much broader> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348<low to high>,2&3 350,2
351,2 360,1 363,8 364,3&4 370,1 374,2 383,1 393,2-3 395,1<with a large
abaxial keel> 396,2<including 3 major bundles> 397,1 399,2<seemingly, in
the poor material seen> 401,- 403,1 404,1<with the major bundles> 406,1
477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}C. sagittifolia\i0{}>
492<Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&4 504,11 508,2&3&4 512,3 513,1 514,2
534<Schweickerdt 1936> 535<studied by us> 540<cymboset> 
 
# \i{}Cynodon\i0{} <Rich.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kuon\i0{} (\i{}kun-\i0{}, dog) and \i{}odous,
odontos\i0{} (tooth), perhaps alluding to the hard, conical, sharp basal
buds on the rhizomes> 2<\i{}Couch Grasses, Star Grasses\i0{}> 4<Type:
\i{}C. dactylon\i0{} (L.) Pers.> 5<\i{}Capriola\i0{} Adans.,
\i{}Dactilon\i0{} Vill., \i{}Fibichia\i0{} Koel.> 6<\i{}Brachyachne\i0{}>
7,2 9,1&2<often sward-forming> 11,- 13,4-60(-100) 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2
47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 68,1 69,2<very short>/3
73,2 74,1 80,1 89,2 91,- 94,- 95,1/2<sometimes in two or more closely
spaced whorls> 96,2-20 99,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 126,- 141,1.7-3 144,2 145,1 147,1/2 154,1/2<\i{}C.
incompletus\i0{}> 155,2 156<(when present)>,1<minute>/2 157,2 163,2 165,1-2
166<usually>,1/2 167,1 170,1-2 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<narrow, lanceolate>
187,1 189,1/1-3 191,1<normally>/2 192<(when present)>,2 193<(if
detectable)>,1 194,1<usually minute and greatly reduced> 196,2 208,1
214,2-3<firmly cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240<ciliate on the
keel and lateral nerves, usually glabrous on the flanks> 244,1 248,1-4
250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,3 274,0.6-1.7 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 289,4
291,1/4 295,1 297,3 298,1 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,2 310,1 311,1
312,1 313,2 314,7-9 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1/2 326,2-3<usually as
finger-like projections> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1/2
334,2/1<occasionally> 335,2<sometimes sunken> 336,3 339,15-24 340,6
341,10.5-15 342,1.4-1.9 343,9-16 344,0.52-0.8 345,1 346,18-21 347,2
348<low>,2&3 350,2 351,1/2 352,2 353,2<usually solitary> 354,1/2 355,1/2
356<when present,>,3 360,1 362,4 363,4/5 367,1 370,1 373,2<2 species> 374,1
375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 380,2 381,2 382,1 383,2 385,1 389,1 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,1/2 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked with the traversing colourless
columns> 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 409,1 410,1 411,1 413,1<in some material
of two species>/2<3 species> 415,1 469,9&10 470,16&18&27&36&40&54
471,2&3&4&6 473<small> 476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,10
492<tropical and subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3&5 497,2&3 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,2 506,1&2 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1 512,3/4
513,2 514,1&2 515<disturbed and arable land, weedy and sandy places,
seashores> 516<\i{}C. dactylon\i0{} (sometimes, in arable land), \i{}C.
aethiopicus\i0{}, \i{}C. incompletus\i0{}, \i{}C. plectostachyus\i0{}>
518<\i{}C. dactylon\i0{}, \i{}C. nlemfuensis\i0{}, \i{}C. aethiopicus\i0{},
\i{}C. plectostachyus\i0{}> 520<\i{}C. dactylon\i0{} (Bermuda, Couch),
\i{}C. transvaalensis\i0{} etc.> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Chloris\i0{} (\i{}Cynochloris\i0{} Clifford & Everist: several species
involved)> 524,5 525,3&5 528,4 530,17 531,2 533,1&5 535<studied by us -
\i{}C. dactylon\i0{} (L.) Pers.> 540<cynodon> 
 
# \i{}Cynosurus\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kynos\i0{}, of a dog and \i{}oura\i0{}, tail,
referring to the shape of the panicle> 2<\i{}Dogs tail grasses\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}C. cristatus\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Falonia\i0{} Adans.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,-
13,10-90 14,2 19,2 25,3-10 26,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,2 50<sheaths
not keeled, terete> 52,1 53,2 55,1/2 56,0.5-9(-14) 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1
70,1/2 71,0.5-8.5 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<fertile spikelets mixed with
and more or less concealed by sterile ones consisting of rigid, lanceolate,
awned glumes and lemmas> 80,1 89,5 91,2 92,3/4 94,- 97,1 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1 123<shortly>,3/2 131<the
sterile spikelets consisting of rigid, lanceolate, awned glumes and lemmas
occurring among the fertile ones> 141,2.8-10 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,2 157,2
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,- 174,- 176,2 177,1 179,2<narrow, thin>
187,1(-2) 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,(1-)2-5 214,2-3<papery or leathery>
216,2 218,1/2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,1/- 231,1 234,1-3 235,1 240,1/2
244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2<shortly bifid> 257,1<membranous> 259,3
260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3 274,0.7-3.5
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1<to the palea> 287,1-2<2.2-4.3 mm long>
289<ovoid or>,4 290,1/2 291,2-3 295,1/2<elliptic or linear> 298,2 299,2
301,2 302,1/2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,1
322,1 323,2 327,1<the intercostals very large> 328,2<the costals
thicker-walled, pitted> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,2<\i{}C.
cristatus\i0{}>/1<\i{}C. echinatus\i0{}> 346<in \i{}C.
echinatus\i0{}>,(42-)45-50(-51) 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,2<solitary>/- 354,2/-
360,2 363,1/2/3 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2/3 394,1/2/- 395,1/2 396,1
399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 416,1 469,7
470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,27
491,8 492<Europe, western Asia, North and South Africa> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3 495,1&2 496,1 497,2&4 498,1&2&3 499,1 502,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10
506,1 507,1 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<meadows, disturbed ground> 516<\i{}C.
cristatus\i0{}, \i{}C. echinatus\i0{}> 517<\i{}C. cristatus\i0{}>
520<\i{}C. cristatus\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&36 531,1&2
532,1&4 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied bu us - \i{}C. cristatus\i0{} L.,
\i{}C. echinatus\i0{} L.> 540<cynosuru> 
 
# \i{}Cyperochloa\i0{} <Lazarides & L. Watson>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass), and alluding to the cyperaceous
appearance of the inflorescence> 4<Type: \i{}C. hirsuta\i0{} Lazarides &
L.Watson> 7<wiry>,2<remarkably sedge-like in appearance, the plants forming
colonies up to 2 m across> 9,3 13,7-50 14,2 19,2 27<erect, terete, glabrous
or the topmost node pubescent> 37,1 42,2 44,1 47,2<but the ligule
continuous with hairs at the lateral tips of the sheath> 55,2
58<recurved,>,1 59<tightly>,3 63,2 65,2 66,2 69,3<short, dense> 72,2 73,2
74,1 88,2<generally 2-5> 89,5<borne on a very short peduncle, subtended by
a short-sheathed terminal leaf with a reduced blade, atop the single
elongated culm internode> 91,2 92,1<consisting of 2-5 digitately-borne,
bracteate spikelets> 101,1<the inflorescence subtended by the leaflike
spathe, and each spikelet by a small, glume-like bract> 102,2 108,2 121,-
123,1-2 141,7-9 142<broadly>,10 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2<each
joint glabrous below the callus> 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2
165,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} generally longer> 166,1 167,1 171,1<hirsute
or pubescent below and sometimes on the nerves, the margins ciliate> 173,3
174,1<acute>/2<obtuse or emarginate> 176,2<muticous> 177,1-2<slightly
keeled to rounded on the back> 179,2<ovate to lanceolate, membranous to
cartilaginous> 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,2 192,2 194,1<i.e., the upper 1-2> 196,2
208,4-9 214,2 216,2 218,1/2 219,2 221,2<at the most, minutely cleft>
223,1<at the most, with a minute projection from the median nerve>
240,1<conspicuously so below and on the margins, and also adaxially near
the tip> 244,1 247,2 248,5/7 250,1 251,1 255,1-2<no more than minutely so>
256,1 257,1<membranous with hyaline margins, hairy> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 271,2 272,3 274,2.2-3<i.e., relatively
long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284<probably>,2 287,1<about 1.5 mm
long> 290<slightly indented on one side>,- 291,3 294<papillose, but not
sculptured> 295,1 298<not visible through the opaque pericarp> 301,2
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1<but the apical cell quite
broad> 339,33-36-39 341,(10.5-)12 342,2.75-3.43 343,18-21-24 344,0.55-0.62
345,1 346,36(-39) 348,2&3 350,2 351,1 353,1 360,2 363,6/7/8
364<mostly>,1<but rather irregular> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1
394,1<round topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1<the groups large> 403,2
404,1<with the primaries - some of the other bundles combining abaxial
girders with adaxial strands> 405,1<Is, in the primaries> 406,1 430,1
477,5 483,4 487,9 488,7 489,18 490,80 491,1<\i{}C. hirsuta\i0{}>
492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,2 504,5 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandy places>
534<Lazarides and Watson 1986> 535<studied by us> 540<cyperoch> 
 
# \i{}Cyphochlaena\i0{} <Hackel>/
5<\i{}Sclerochlaena\i0{} A. Camus> 6<\i{}Boivinella\i0{}> 7,2 13,20-30 14,2
19,1 26,2 29,1 44,2 47,2 52,3-4 54<rather>,2/- 55<relatively>,1 56,5-10
59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 72,2 73,2 74,1<in the material seen> 75,1
76,1&3/1&4<this in the material seen> 77,4 78<more or less>,1 89,2<a raceme
of short, spicate branches> 98,1 99<narrowly>,3 101,2 102,2 103<short>,3
105,1 106,1 107,2 108,2 120,2 121,1<the raccemes unilateral> 122,1<the
pairs in two ranks> 123,3/2&3<the pedicels winged, with long, stiff,
cushion based hairs> 124,3-4 125,1 126,1 127,2 128,2 129,3/4 130,1/2
131<the short-pedicelled spikelets sterile or male, with a long-awned lower
glume, membranous upper glume and membranous lower lemma> 132,2 133,1<these
awned> 134,2 135,2 136,3<the lower> 137,2 138,3 141,1.5 144,1
145<strongly>,1 147,3 148,1 149,1 154,2 155,- 160,1 163,2 165,2<discounting
awns> 166,2-3 167,2 170,1 171,2 172,1 176<(the lower long)>,1<the awn more
or less deciduous> 177,1 179,1<the lower narrower, membranous, with a long,
slender antrorsely scabrous awn from a slight sinus, the upper larger,
saccate, hooded at the tip, awnless, leathery> 187<thinly>,3 188,1
189<thinly>,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1<the palea saccate above> 199,1
201,1 202<saccate, hooded at the tip> 203,2 204,3 205,3 206,3<becoming
cartilaginous> 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2
246,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,1 260,1
261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 281,3
282,1 283,2 290,U 291,1 294,U 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals much narrower
and more regularly rectangular> 329,1-2<these generally rather short, some
very short> 330<more or less isodiametric or irregular to rectangular>
331,1<coarsely sinuous> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1<confined to rows
alongside the costae> 347,2 348,2&3 350,2 351,2 357<with long, slender,
cushion-based macrohairs intercostally> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,1&3&4
370,2<delta value: W.V. Brown 1977> 374,1 388,2 389,2 390,2 391,2 477,7
478,5 485,2<Boivinelleae> 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,2 492<Madagascar>
493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 515<in damp places> 534<Bosser 1965> 535<studied
bu us - \i{}C. madagascariensis\i0{} Hack.> 537,2 540<cyphochl> 
 
# \i{}Cypholepis\i0{} <Chiov.>/
3<\i{}Coelachyrum\i0{}, \i{}Disaksperma\i0{}> 4<\i{}C. yeminica\i0{}
(Schweinf.) Chiov.> 7,2 9<densely>,3 13,30-100 14,2 27,2 40,2 44,2 52,1
55,2 59<usually>,1 61,1 65,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2 95,3 96,2-8<these
distant, erect> 103<spicate>,3 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3 141,5-10 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 171,2 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 177,1-2<rounded to slightly keeled on
the back> 179,2<lanceolate, membranous> 187,1 189<usually>,1 191,2 192,2
194<male> 196,2 208,7-10 214,3<membranous, becoming cartilaginous below>
216,2 218,1 219,1/2<acute or obtuse> 223,1 240,1<pilose with club-shaped
hairs on the lower back> 248,3 250,1 251,2<about half the lemma length>
255,1<obtuse> 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 264,1<minute> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 272,3 277,1<?> 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.2-1.4 mm long>
291,2<concavo-convex> 294,2 295,1 297,1 298,1 322,1 323,1
324,2<conspicuous> 325,1<at one end> 326,1 327,2<the costals narrower>
328,1<medium thick walled> 330,1 331,1-2 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3
340,21 342,3 344,0.4 345,1 347,2 348<low to high>,2 350,1<mostly, slightly>
351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 357<prickles abundant costally> 358,2 360,1
362,4 363<large>,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 393,2-3
394,2 395,1 396,2<a large bundle, flanked on each side by two smaller ones>
397,1 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the larger bundles> 405,1 406,1
409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}C. yeminica\i0{}
(Schweinf.) Chiov.> 492<northeast to southeast and southern Africa> 493,4
494,2&4 496,1 499,2&4 504,11 508,2&3&4 512,4 513,2 524,5 525,4 529,5 530,44
535<studied by us> 540<cypholep> 
 
# \i{}Cyphonanthus\i0{} <Zuloaga & Morrone>/
3<\i{}Panicum discrepans\i0{} Dll.> 4<\i{}C. discrepans\i0{} (Dll.)
Zuloaga & Morrone> 7,2 9<shortly>,1&4 11,2 13,20-40 19<mostly>,2
27<dark,>,2 37,2 52<apically acute,>,3 55,2 56<2-15 cm long,>,2-6
69,3<whitish> 71,3-4 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91,2 95,3 97,3 101,2
123<shortly>,3 141,1.1-1.3 142<ovoid> 145<gibbous,>,2-3 146,1 147,3 154,2
162,1 163,1/2 165<when both present,>,1 166<(the upper ones)>,2-3 167,2
176,2 179<when both present,>,1 181<when present,>,1 187<when present,>,0
189<gibbous, blunt or acute,>,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
202<resembling the upper glume> 203,2 204,3 205,2<slightly longer>/- 208,1
210<ovoid, gibbous, open at the apex> 214,3 216,1 218,1 219,1 221,2 223,1
240,1<with long, whitish curled hairs at base and apex> 244,2 246,2 248,3
250,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3 289<broadly ovoid> 295,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals narrower, more elongate-rectangular> 328,1 330,1&2 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1/2 344,0.3-0.7 345,1 346,32.5-39 347,2 348,2
351,1 353,1&2<some solitary> 357<macrohairs sometimes present
intercostally> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,2&3 367,1 370,1 374,2 378,2 386,2
393,3 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,1 404,1<with first order
bundles only> 405,2 406,1 409,1<in the form of minute caps>/- 477,8 487,9
488,4 489,37 490,10 491,1<\i{}C. discrepans\i0{}> 492<from Cuba and Belize
to central Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,1&3&4 512,2 513,2 515<in seasonally
flooded fields and edges of swamps, in sandy or rocky soils> 534<Morrone,
O., Scataglini, M.A. & Zuloaga, F.O. (2007). \i{}Cyphonanthus\i0{}, a new
genus segregated from \i{}Panicum\i0{} (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)
based on morphological, anatomical and molecular data. TAXON 56(2),
521532> 535<Morrone et al. (2007)> 540<cyphonan> 
 
# \i{}Cyrtochloa\i0{} <J. Dransfield>/
3<\i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}> 7,2 9<shortly>,1 13,100-1040 14,1 16,1 17,1/2
18,1/2/3<or geniculately ascending> 19,1 21,4-20 23,4<with one branch
dominant> 30,1 31<where recorded,>,2 34,1 35,1 36,3/4 39,1 47,1<falcate>/2
52,3 54<herbaceous to leathery,>,1/3 63,1 69,1/2 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2
87,1 89,3/5<with alternate clusters of pseudospikelets in spike-like or
paniculate inflorescences, which are leafless or leafy below> 101,1
102,1<with glumaceous or spathaceous subtending bracts and basal axillary
buds> 103,4/5 106,- 107,- 108,2 123,1 140,2 141,4-12 142,8/9/10/13 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1/2 156,1/2 163<persistent,>,2-3 166,1 171,1/2<glabrous to
pubescent> 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176<muticous or mucronate,>,2 177,2
179<ovate, chartaceous,>,2 186,1 187,5/6/7 189,5/6/7/9 191,1/2 192<when
present,>,2 193,1 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1 210<ovate> 214<chartaceous,>,2
215,1 216,2 217,1 218,1 219,1<acute, acuminate, attenuate or setaceously
so> 223,1/2/3 225<if present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 240,1/2<glabrous or
pubescent> 244,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1 252,1 256,3 257<chartaceous,>,2 258,2
259,4<4-6> 260,1 261,1/2/3 264,1 265,2/3 266,1/2 269,1 272,6 278,1 279,1
283,3 289<oblong, orbicular or ovoid> 296,1/2/3 297,1 325,U 345,U 354,U
355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,7 492<Malesia> 493,5 494,2
496,3 500,3 534<Dransfield, S. (1998). Cyrtochloa, a New Genus of Bamboo
(Gramineae-Bambusoideae) from the Philippines. \i{}Kew Bull\i0{}. 53,
857-873; Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase> 538,4 540<cyrtchlo> 
 
# \i{}Cyrtococcum\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}kurtos\i0{} (curved, crooked) and \i{}kokkos\i0{} (a
fruit), alluding to the gibbous spikelets> 4<Type: \i{}C. setigerum\i0{}
Stapf = \i{}C. chaetophoron\i0{} (Roem. & Schult.) Dandy> 7,1/2 9,2/4 11,-
13,15-100 14,2 27,2 32,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,2-5 55,1/2 57,1/3 63,1/2
65,1/2 66,2 67,1 69,1-2 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 124,4 141,1-2.5 142,7/8/11
145<gibbous,>,1 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,- 176,2 177,1
179,2<membranous, the upper blunt> 187,1-3 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1/2 199<when present,>,2 201,2 202<blunt> 203,2 204,3-5 205,2 206,1-3
207,2 208,1 210<naviculate, gibbous on the back> 212,1 214,3<papery to
crustaceous> 215,1/2 216,1-2 217,1 218,1 219,1 222,1 223,1 240,2<smooth,
shiny> 244,1 246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1/2 259,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1 291,1 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,1/2 325,2 326,2 327,2<the costals
narrowly rectangular> 328,1<very thin walled> 329,3<these being irregularly
equidimensional> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,39-50 341<about>,4.5 342<about>,8.7
343,(17-)18-22(-27) 344,0.43-0.46 345,1 348<low>,2/3 349,1/2 350,2 351,2
360,1 363<sometimes sharp-pointed,>,8/4 364,1/2/3 365,1-2 370,2 374,1 385,1
386,2 387,1 393,1/2 394,1 395,1/2<rarely> 396,1/2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 410,1 477,7 478,5 485,1 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,12
492<palaeotropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,2&5 496,1&2&3&4&5 499,2&3 500,1&2&3&4
501,3 503,1 504,6&9 508,1&2&3 509,1 511,1 512,3 513,1 515<forests>
516<\i{}C. accrescens\i0{}, \i{}C. oxyphyllum\i0{}, \i{}C. patens\i0{}>
518<e.g. \i{}C. patens\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3 528,2&6&7 530,3&16&20
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Cyrtococcum\i0{} sp.>
540<cyrtococ> 
 
# \i{}Dactylis\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}daktylos\i0{}, a finger, perhaps referring to the
stiff branches of the panicle> 4<Type: \i{}D. glomerata\i0{} L.>
5<\i{}Amaxitis\i0{} Adans., \i{}Trachypoa\i0{} Bub.> 7,2 9<densely>,3<with
short, oblique rhizomes and/or stolons> 11,- 13,15-200 14,2 19,2 24,1/2
25,3-7 26,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,1<to halfway, at least in the
upper leaves> 50<sheaths keeled, terete> 52,1-2 55,1/2 56,2-14
59,1/2/3<involute> 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-17 73,2 74,1
75,2<usually>/1<sometimes with rudimentary spikelets at the base of the
inflorescence or at the bases of spikelet clusters> 80,1 89,5 91,1/2 97,2
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1<in dense,
one-sided clusters terminating the panicle branches> 123,2/3<shortly so>
141,4-8(-9.4) 142,8/10 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 160,2 161,2
163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,1-2 167,1/2<from about half to more than 3/4 as
long> 170,- 174,1 176,1-2 177,1 179,2<membranous, somewhat curved, often
asymmetric about the midvein> 187,1-3 189,3 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2
193,1 194,1<rudimentary> 196,2 208,2-5 214,3<papery> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2/3 229,1/- 231,1 234,1 235,1/2 240,1/2 243,2<or
scabrous and pilose> 244,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 257,1<membranous>
259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3
274,1.5-4.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1<to the palea>/2 287,1
289<oblong to>,4 290,2 291,2-3 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 303,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1 330,2<slightly> 331,1/2<rarely> 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,2/-
354,2/- 360,3 363,1/2<a few> 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2 394,1 395,1<with a
median bulliform group in its adaxial groove> 396,1 399,2<apart from a
large group above the median vascular bundle> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1
411,2 412,2 413,2<1 species> 469,7 470,14&28<+ 0-4 B> 471,2&4<+0-4B>
473<large> 474,4.9<1 species, 2\i{}x\i0{}> 475,9.8<1 species> 477,2 478,2
479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,28 491,1<\i{}D. glomerata\i0{}, with up to
five minor segregates sometimes treated as species> 492<temperate Eurasia>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&2 496,1 497,2&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1 502,5
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 506,1&2 507,1 511,1 512,3 513,1&2 515<meadows,
woodlands and disturbed ground, in moist to dry places> 516<\i{}D.
glomerata\i0{}> 517<\i{}D. glomerata\i0{} (Orchard Grass)> 524,5 525,3&4
528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&33&36 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 535<studied by us -
\i{}D. glomerata\i0{} L.> 540<dactylis> 
 
# \i{}Dactyloctenium\i0{} <Willd.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}daktylos\i0{} (finger) and \i{}ktenion\i0{} (a little
comb), alluding to the digitate inflorescences> 4<Type: \i{}D.
aegyptium\i0{} (L.) Willd. as \i{}D. aegyptiacum\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,1/2/3/4<mostly low, sometimes sward-forming> 11,- 13,5-100(-160) 14,2
23,3<\i{}D. robechii\i0{}>/1 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-2<sometimes
pungent> 55,2 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,2<narrow>/3 73,2 74,1 75,2<or
terminal spikelets sterile> 81,1/2 89,2<the mature spikelets sometimes
almost at right-angles to the rachides> 91,- 94,- 95,1 96,2-11
98,2<produced into a flattened point> 99,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,2
108,1<sometimes very tardily> 109,1 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 121,1 122,1
125,1<sometimes becoming pectinate> 141,2.3-8 144,2 145,1 147,1
148<usually>,1<the rachilla tough> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2
163,2<persistent, membranous, laterally compressed> 165,2 166,1 167,1
170,2<the lower side-on> 171,2 174,- 176<the upper>,1<or mucronate from
just below the tip>/2<the lower> 177,1 179,1<membranous, the lower
muticate, the upper obliquely awned or mucronate from just below the tip>
187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-6 210<acute to shortly awned, often
recurved at the tip> 216,2<thinly membranous> 218,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when
present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,1/2 234,1 240,2 243,1 244<strongly>,1
246,1 248,1-3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,1<often>/2 264,1
265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 274,0.25-2.3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 286,2
287,1<0.7-1.1 mm long> 289,4-5 291<obtusely triquetrous> 294,1 295,1
296,1<hyaline> 297,1 298,1 299,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1
324,1&2 325,1 326,1-2<large and thick walled> 330,1 331,1&2 332,1 333,1
334,1/2 335,2 336,3 337,1<in \i{}D. aegyptium\i0{}> 338,1 339,13-17 340,15
342,1-1.5 344,0.4 345,1 348<low>,2/2&3 350,1<regardless of the overlapping
papillae> 351,1<rarely>/2 352,2 353,2 355,1 360,1/3 362,4
363<consistently>,4/2&4<sometimes, then the saddles predominating> 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,1 376,1 378,1 379,1 382,1 383,1 385,1 389,1/2 393,3 395,1
396,2 397,1<the colourless tissue extending laterally across the adaxial
part of the blade> 399,1 400,1 401,1/2<the material of \i{}D.
aegyptium\i0{} seen having deep-penetrating simple fans only> 403,2 404,1
405,1/2 406,1 410,1/2 413,2<1 species> 469,10&12 470,20&36&48 471,2&3&4
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,13 492<in warm regions>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,2 496,1&2&3&4 498,3 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4
501,3 502,1&2&3&4&6 503,1&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1
512,3-4 513,2 514,1&2 515<sometimes in saline habitats or dunes, mostly in
dry sandy soils> 516<\i{}D. aegyptium\i0{}> 517<\i{}D. giganteum\i0{}>
518<\i{}D. aegyptium\i0{} (in arid and semiarid places)> 520<\i{}D.
aegyptium\i0{} (Crowfoot, Durban grass)> 524,5 525,3&4 528,7 529,4 531,1&2
532,4 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D. aegyptium\i0{} (L.)
Beauv.> 540<dactyloc> 
 
# \i{}Daknopholis\i0{} <W. Clayton>/
3<\i{}Chloris boivinii\i0{}> 7<prostrate>,1 9,2 13,10-30 14,2 27,2 40,2
44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-4<and to 20 mm long> 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,2<short-fringed> 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2 94,- 95,1 96,2-4 99,2
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<on
unilateral rachides> 122,1 123,2 125,1 141,2 144,2
145<strongly>,1<trigonous> 147,1 148,- 154<briefly>,1 156,2<by contrast
with \i{}Chloris\i0{}> 157,1 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,1-2
171,2<glabrous, save for the scabrid keel and margins> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179,1<membranous,
thin> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2-3<membranous to cartilaginous>
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3<usually>/1<rarely> 225,1 226,1
228,1-2 229,1<just behind the slight notch> 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,3
235,1 240,2<scabrid marginally and on the nerves> 244,1 247,2 248,3 250,1
251,1 255,2 256,1<ciliate on nerves> 258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 274<short> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 289,4 291,1 297,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2<or scarcely so> 326,3<a row
of large, cylindrical, thick-walled papillae along each long-cell and
interstomatal> 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1
334,2 335,2<small> 336,3 340,9 342,2 344,0.5 345,1 348<irregularly>,2&3
350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary> 355,1 360,1 362,4
363,4<predominating>/8<a few> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,3<to
slightly adaxially ribbed> 394,- 395,1<by virtue of a large bulliform group
above it> 396,1 399,1<but inconspicuous save near the centre of the blade>
400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<most bundles with minute girders> 409,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}D. boivinii\i0{}> 492<Madagascar and
Aldabra I> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 513,2 514,1
515<maritime sand> 535<studied by us> 540<daknopho> 
 
# \i{}Dallwatsonia\i0{} <B.K. Simon>/
1<named for M.J.Dallwitz and L.Watson> 3<\i{}Hymenachne\i0{}> 4<Type:
\i{}D. felliana\i0{} B.K.Simon> 7,2 13,40-130 14,2 19,1 25,7 52,1/2 69,2
73,2 74,1 75,2 89,2/5<the main axis to 22 cm long, the primary branches to
6 cm, the spikelet bearing branches reduced to 2-several spikelets> 95,3
97,3 101,2 102,2 105,1 108,2 116,1 120<more or less>,2 121,1-2<the spikelet
bearing branches on two sides of the three-sided rachis> 123,3<the pedicels
0.1-4 mm long> 124,4 125,2 126<somewhat>,1/- 127,2/- 141,3.5-4 142,8/9
144,2 145<somewhat>,1 147,3 148,1 149,1 150,2 154,2 157,2 160,1 163,2
165,1<the lower much shorter> 166<(the upper) consistently somewhat>,1
167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,2<but with raised nerves>
179,1<membranous, the lower ovate and much shorter, the upper lanceolate
and almost as long as the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 180,0.3-0.5 181,1 182,1
184,1 186,1 187,5 188,2 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2<no more
than half the lemma length, linear or lanceolate, hyaline> 200,2 201,2
202<lanceloate, membranous, resembling the upper glume> 203,2 204,5 205,2-3
206,1-2 207,2 208,1 210<lanceolate> 212,2 214,2-3<membranous to very thinly
cartilaginous> 215,1 216,2 217,1 218,1 219,1 221,2 222,2 223,1 240,2 243,1
244,2<rounded on the back> 246,1 247,1 248,5-7<the median lacking or basal
only in the material seen> 249,2 250,1 251,1 253,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2
259,3 260,1 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 274,1.4-2
275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,2 281,3 282,2 283,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals much narrower> 328,1<the walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<broad, almost balanoform> 339,50-55 341<about>,10
342,5-5.5 343,35-40 344,0.7-1 345,1 346,15-20 347,2 348,2&3 350,2 351,1
353,1<mostly>/2<some solitary> 354,1&2 356<mostly more or less>,5 357<with
a few small intercostal prickles> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364<short to
medium>,3/4<a few only> 370,2 374,1 387<seemingly>,1<at least in places>/-
389,2 391,2<but most of the intercostal zones with a well defined
aerenchymatous region in the middle> 393,2-3 395,1<the keel large and
abaxially prominent> 396,2<the large median accompanied on either side by
several small laterals> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all or
most of the lateral bundles> 405,1<some of the configurations somewhat
I-shaped> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,53 491,1<\i{}D.
felliana\i0{}> 492<Queensland> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6 509,1 512,2 514,2
534<B.K. Simon 1992> 535<\i{}D. felliana\i0{} only, studied by us> 
536<This description does not account
for the relatively recent transfer from \i{}Panicum\i0{} of some 10 species
from South and Central America, West Indies, India, China, New Guinea ...>
537,2 540<dallwats> 
 
# \i{}Danthonia\i0{} <DC.> sensu stricto/
1<named in honour of E. Danthoine, a French botanist> 4<Type: \i{}D.
spicata\i0{} (L.) Roem. & Schult.> 5<\i{}Brachatera\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Brachyathera\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Merathrepta\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Wilibald-Schmidtia\i0{} Conrad, \i{}Sieglingia\i0{} Bernhardi>
6<\i{}Chionochloa\i0{}, \i{}Dregeochloa\i0{}, \i{}Erythranthera\i0{},
\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}, \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}, \i{}Monachather\i0{},
\i{}Monostachya\i0{}, \i{}Plinthanthesis\i0{}, \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{},
\i{}Sieglingia\i0{} <Bernh.>> 7,2 9,3 13,10-100 14,2 19,2 25,2-5 37,2
42,1/2 44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2
82,1<possibly in all species>/2<in some individuals> 83,1<sometimes in the
sheaths and very modified> 88,2 89,5<sometimes reduced almost to a raceme>
91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3
141,8-30 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 157,1 160,2-3 161,1 163,2 165,2
166,2-3 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 179,2<papery> 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,1/2
192<when present,>,2 196,2 208,2-10 214,2-3 216,2 218,2 220,2<the lobes
acute, acuminate or setaceous> 221,1/2 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2 227<the
median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 231,2 234,1-3 235,1 237<when
present,>,1-3<straight, terminating the lobes> 240<nearly
always>,1<indumentum in marginal strips along the lemma, and in some
species scattered on the lemma backs> 241,2 242,2 244,2<rounded on the
back> 247,2 248,9 250,1 251,1-2 255,1-2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1/3
262,2 263,2 264,1<nearly always?> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2<usually -
but with some exceptions> 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,2 283,2
286,2 287,1 288<golden-brown> 289<obovate> 290,1 291,2 292,1 294,2
295<usually>,2 298,2 299,1<at least, in \i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 301,2 302,2
303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1/2<\i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 309,2<in
\i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 310,1<\i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 311,1 312,2 313,2
314,5<\i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 316,2 318,1 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1<in \i{}Sieglingia\i0{}, these
rather thick walled, and heavily pitted anticlinally and on the
surface>/2<?> 329,1/2<these tending to be hexagonal> 330,1<to hexagonal>/-
331,1 332,1 335,1<large in \i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 339<of
\i{}Sieglingia\i0{},>,(78-)81-99(-102) 341,(12-)12.6-15(-18) 342,4.3-7.9
343,(36-)40.5-46.5(-52.5) 344,0.44-0.52 345,2<scarce in material
seen>/1<see Metcalfe on \i{}Sieglingia\i0{}> 346<in
\i{}Sieglingia\i0{},>,31-34 348,2&3<of the truncated type, in the material
of \i{}Sieglingia\i0{} seen> 350,1<very slightly>/2 351,1 353,1<and
solitary> 354,1 356<of \i{}Sieglingia\i0{} mostly>,3/2<a few cubical or
saddle-shaped> 360,1<sometimes in short series as well> 363,5/8 364<when
panicoid type,>,1/2/3/4 365,2 370,2 374,1 384,2 385,2 386,2 388,2<but in
\i{}Sieglingia\i0{} often with a region of translucent, spongy tissue in
the mid-interveinal regions of the mesophyll> 393,1-3<the adaxial ribs very
slight> 394,1 395<at least somewhat>,1<if only by virtue of the large
associated hinge groups> 396,1 399,1<at the bases of the furrows> 401,1
403,2<except sometimes at the leaf margins> 404,1 405,1<at least in the
midribs> 406,1 469,6/9<?> 470,18&36&48 471,2&4 473<usually fairly small>
476,2 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491<about>,20 492<the Northern
hemisphere component of \i{}Danthonia\i0{}> 493,1&2&3&6&7<?> 494,1
495,1&2 497,2&4&5 498,3 504,11 511,1<\i{}D. (Sieglingia) decumbens\i0{}>
512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<grasslands and open woodlands, often in hilly
regions> 518<\i{}D. californica\i0{}, \i{}D. compressa\i0{} etc.> 534<Blake
1972a; Jacobs 1982> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<da_nia> 
 
# \i{}Danthoniastrum\i0{} <(J. Holub) J. Holub>/
3<\i{}Metcalfia\i0{}> 7,2 9,3<with slender stems> 11,- 13,10-50 14,2 27,2
38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,0.5-0.8 58,1<rigid, pungent> 59,3<convolute> 60,-
65,2 66,1 68,1 69,1/2<?-ciliolate> 70,1 71,1-1.5 73,2 74,1 88,2/3 89,4<with
few spikelets>/5<? sometimes> 91,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,12-20(-25) 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,1 160<fairly>,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,1<the upper, or both>/2 177,1-2<at the
most, lightly keeled> 178,- 179,2<lanceolate, acuminate> 183,-
187,3-5<rarely 1-nerved> 189,5-7 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-5<-7>
214,1-2<leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2<bidentate> 221,1/2 223,3 225,1<the
lateral lobes short, awnless>/3<the lateral lobes attenuate into awns>
226,1/2 227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,2-3
235,2<3> 237<when present,>,1<straight> 240,1<below> 244,2 246,- 247,2
248,7 250,1<linear-lanceolate> 255,2 259,3 260,3<the keels scabridulous>
262,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 271,1<judging from Baums
illustration> 272,3 274,3-4.5 277,2 280,2<very short> 283,2/3 286,2
287,1<2.7 mm long> 291,2 293,2<over the upper 1/3> 295,2 298,2 301,2
322,1-2<fairly obscure> 323,2 327<fairly>,2<narrower costally, at least in
some zones> 328,1<thick walled, with dense pitting> 329,2<many of them
short to square or rounded> 330<mainly>,1 331,1<the sinuosity fine,
regular> 332,2<and absent adaxially - militating against a danthonioid
affinity> 345,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3 357<no macrohairs or prickles seen>
360,1 361,1 363,1&3&8<the silica bodies small, mostly shortly horizontally
elongated, with a more or less pronounced isthmus which sometimes looks
like a pair of crenations!> 364<sometimes unambiguously>,3 370,2 374,1
386,2 393,1 394,2<with small, round-topped ribs separating the large,
flat-topped ones> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<of small cells, in the
furrows> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries in the big ribs, the minor bundles
with abaxial girders and adaxial strands> 405,1<massive anchors> 406,2
407,2<linking the bases of the abaxial girders> 442,- 473<large> 477,1/2
478<if pooid,>,2 479,4 480<if stipoid,>,4 487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80 491,2
492<Balkan Peninsula> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1
534<Baum 1973; Scholz 1982; Clayton 1985> 535<studied by us - \i{}D.
compactum\i0{} (Holub) Holub> 536<the lack of microhairs (at least on the
leaves) suggest Pooideae, but three (ciliate) lodicules, hairy ovary,
3-nerved lemma awn, etc., suggest otherwise. The available morphological
descriptions are inadequate, there is no reliable information on presence
or absence of genuine microhairs elsewhere on the plant (Baum enigmatically
refers to one-celled microhairs on the lodicules), and the embryo
structure and cytological details are unknown> 540<da_niast> 
 
# \i{}Danthonidium\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,1 9,3 13,10-60 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-2.5<to 7.5 cm long> 65,2
69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,4<short, many sided> 91,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123<very shortly>,3 141<about>,11
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,- 154,1 155,1<above the floret, and spathulate> 156,1
157,1<slender, narrowly truncate> 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} longer>
166,3 167,2<the longer much exceeding it> 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1
176,1<both shortly awn-tipped> 177,2 178,- 179,2<papery, lanceolate> 187,5
189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1 210<cylindrical> 211,1<enfolding the
palea> 214,3<cartilaginous or leathery> 216,1 220<shortly and
broadly>,2<the lobes glabrous> 221,2 223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,1
228,1<or just behind?> 231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 237,1<straight,
terminating the lobes> 240,1 242,1<one row, above the middle, and a dense
basal row from the callus> 244,2 248,9 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1-2
258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 328,2<the
intercostals thicker walled> 330,1/2<mixed> 331,1 332,1 335,1<slender>
339,24-27-33 341,3-4.5 342,5.3-11 343,18-24 344,0.67-0.75 345,1 346,(34-)36
350,2 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1 360,1<mainly in very long,
uninterrupted rows of very short cells, with a silica body in every other
cell> 363<exclusively>,7<small, very regular vertical dumb-bells> 370,2
374,1 395,1<as a larger bundle with a large flat-bottomed keel> 396,1
397,1<apparently with some colourless tissue between the adaxial fibres and
the bundle> 399,2 401,- 403,2 404,2<each bundle with a wide adaxial strand
and a small abaxial girder> 406,1 442,- 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7
489,52<\i{}incertis sedis\i0{}> 490,80 491,1<\i{}D. gammiei\i0{}>
492<Bombay> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 513,2 515<stony places>
534<Hubbard 1937a> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<da_nidiu> 
 
# \i{}Danthoniopsis\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance) and \i{}Danthonia\i0{}
(another grass genus, q.v.), alluding to likeness> 5<\i{}Gazachloa\i0{}
Phipps, \i{}Jacquesfelixia\i0{} Phipps, \i{}Petrina\i0{} Phipps,
\i{}Pleioneura\i0{} (C. E. Hubb.) Phipps, \i{}Rattraya\i0{} Phipps,
\i{}Xerodanthia\i0{} Phipps> 7,1<<10%> rarely>/2 9,3<sometimes densely so>
11,- 13,25-200 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 40,2 42,2 44,2
47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2 56,1.5-18 59,1/3<but only slightly so> 63,1<\i{}D.
petiolata\i0{}>/2 65,2 66,2 69,3 71,0.5-2.5 72,1<as an irregular line of
hairs>/2<<20%> rarely> 73,2 74,1 89,5<the spikelets in twos and threes>
91,1/2 92,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,3<<10%> rarely>/2 121,2 123,3 141,5-20 143<purplish> 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,2 149,1 154,2 155,1 157,1 160,2 161,2<bidentate in \i{}D. barbata\i0{}>
163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2 171,2 172<nearly always>,1
176,2/1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes aristate> 177,2<abaxially rounded>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acute to acuminate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with
the tip extended> 181,1 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,1<membranous between its two narrowly winged keels> 201,1 203,2
204,(3-)5-9 205,- 206,- 207,- 208,1 210<usually but not always with 2-8
transverse rows of hairs or tufts> 214,2<to slightly firmer> 218,2 220,2
221,1 223,3 225,1<usually>/3<<5%>> 226,1/2<<5%> \i{}D.
chimanimaniensis\i0{}> 227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 229,-
231,2 233,1<scabrous> 234,3 235,2 236,1 237<when present,>,1<in the form of
short, scaberulous bristles> 238,1 239,1 240,1<usually>/2<sometimes
glabrous> 241,1/2 242,1/2<in Sect. Pleioneura> 244,2 246,2 247,1<this just
above the callus, often hidden by hairs> 248,7-9 249,2 250,1 251,1<about
equalling the lemma> 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,1<the wings
clasped by the inrolled lemma margins, often terminating in a clavate
swelling or auricle> 263,1/2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 274,1.7-4 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1/2<purple> 295,2 298,1
310,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 322,1 323,2 327,1/2<the costals narrower> 328,1
330,1 331,1/2<the sinuosity sporadically apparent only at the outermost
optical section, in \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,57-60 341,6-7.5 342,8-10 343,24-30 344,0.4-0.5 345,1 346,30-34.5 347,2
348<low to medium>,2&3<in \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}, mostly with a small
point> 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356<in \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}, nearly
all>,2&8<small and irregularly shaped, but mostly more or less crescentic>
360,1 363,8 364,1<bordering the costal zones, in \i{}D.
occidentalis\i0{}>/3 370,1 371,1<usually>/2 372<when unconventional,>,4
374,1<in \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}, the mestome sheath 2-3 cells wide at the
XyMs position>/2 375,2 383,1 385,1 386,2 388,1<?>/2<\i{}D. barbata\i0{},
\i{}D. dinteri\i0{}, \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}, \i{}D. pruinosa\i0{}> 389,2
393,2<slightly>/3<usually more conspicuously ribbed abaxially> 394,-
395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1/2<\i{}D. occidentalis\i0{} with an adaxial mass of
colourless cells between each pair of major bundles, over each of the
intervening small bundles> 399,1<the groups large> 401,1/2/- 402,1<in
\i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}>/2 403,1<all of them, in \i{}D.
occidentalis\i0{}>/2 404,1<with all the large bundles, in \i{}D.
occidentalis\i0{}>/2 405<in \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}>,1<forming Ts, in
places> 406,1 469,9/12<?> 470,18&24&36 471,2&4 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9
488,7 489,48 490,80 491<about>,20 492<Africa, Arabia> 493,4 494,1&2 495,2
496,1 498,3 499,1&2&4 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 514,2
515<savanna woodland and desert fringes> 524,5 525,1 526,1 534<Phipps 1967>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D. barbata\i0{} (Nees) C.E. Hubb.,
\i{}D. occidentalis\i0{} Jac.-Fl.; photos of \i{}D. dinteri\i0{} and
\i{}D. pruinosa\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<da_niops> 
 
# \i{}Dasyochloa\i0{} <Willd. ex Rydberg>/
3<\i{}Erioneuron\i0{} (\i{}E. pulchellum\i0{}), \i{}Tridens\i0{} (\i{}T.
pulchellus\i0{})> 7<mop-like>,2 9,3/2&3 13,5-15 14,2 19,1 44,2 55,2
56,0.3-0.5 58,1 59,3<involute> 61,1 65,2 68,1 69,3 73,2 74,1 88,2 89,5
91,2<short peduncled, consisting of 3-spikeleted racemes> 95,3 100,2
101,1<each raceme subtended by a subulate-tipped sheath> 102,1 108,2 116,-
141,4-6 145,1<plump> 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,2
167<(the longer)>,2 171,2 174,1 176<shortly>,1<to mucronate> 177,1
179,2<membranous, with glands at the base> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,2
214,2<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1<to about halfway> 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 231,1 233,1 234,1-2 235,1 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,3<the
laterals sub-marginal> 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1<hairy below and on the
keels> 258,2 259,3 260,3 266,2 272,3<?> 277,1 283,2 284,1 289,4 291,1 295,1
297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1<the intercostal zones in furrows,
and obscured by long prickles> 323,2 327,2<the costals much more regularly
rectangular> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2<none seen - but they would be hard to
find in such material> 345,1<hidden in the sides of the furrows, except
towards the blade margins> 346,24-30 348<low to high>,2<mostly>/3<a few>
350,2 351,2 352,2 353,2 355,1 357<simple, thick walled prickles abundant
costally and intercostally> 358,2 360,2 362,1 363,8/6<a few, plump>/3<a
few, merging with crosses and crescents> 364<basically>,1<often more or
less malformed to simulate the other forms> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,1
378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1 393,2-3 394,1<round topped> 395,1-2<having a
somewhat larger abaxial strand> 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,2 401,2<these
incorporated in the traversing colourless columns> 403,2 404,2<all the
bundles with large adaxial and massive abaxial strands only> 406,1<except
for large marginal groups> 409,1<large> 469,8 470,16 471,2 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,65 491,1<\i{}D. pulchella\i0{}> 492<southern U.S.A.
and Mexico> 493,6 494,3 502,4&5 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<rocky slopes>
534<Sanchez 1983> 535<studied by us> 540<dasyochl> 
 
# \i{}Dasypoa\i0{} <Pilger>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{} (\i{}P. scaberula\i0{})> 7<short-lived>,2/1 9,3 13,20-40
14,2 19,2 27,2 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 49,1<over the lower quarter>/2
50<sheaths weakly keeled to terete> 52,1 55,2<the median vascular bundle
with an adaxial groove on either side> 56<to>,3 59,1<except towards the
tip> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<dense,
lobed-cylindrical> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 141,4-5 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1<or these
slightly elongated> 150,- 154,1 155,2 157<usually>,1<small, with one or
three tufts of long, fine, webby hairs more than 0.5 mm long>/2<callus
rarely glabrous> 158,1 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,1 170,-
171,1<scabrid-hairy on the keels> 174,1 176,2 177,1 182,2 183,- 186,- 187,1
188,1<?> 189,3 191,2<some of them> 192,2/- 196,2 208,2-3 214,2 215,- 216,2
218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,1<usually sparsely pubescent>/2<rarely
glabrous> 244<strongly>,1<naviculate> 246,- 247,2 248<strongly to
obscurely>,5 250,1 251,2<about two-thirds lemma length> 255,2 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2
272,3 274<0.3-0.5> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 293,- 295,1 297,1
298,2 301,1<probably>/2<?> 322,1 323,2 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 349,-
350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<costal prickles abundant> 358,2 360,3<mostly
solitary, a few short rows> 363,1<mostly crenate> 370,2 374,1 386,2 396,1
403,2 404,1<but some small bundles with strands only> 406,1 436,- 442,-
454,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487<cf.>,11<as a synonym?> 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,2-3 492<highlands of central Mexico and Guatemala, Andean and
Chile-Patagonian regions of South America, and Tierra del Fuego> 493,6&7
494,3&6 502,1&6 504,11 505,2 534<Soreng (1998) regards the type species,
\i{}Dasypoa tenuis\i0{}, as morphologically indistinguishable from
\i{}Poa\i0{}. Possible distinguishing features of \i{}Dasypoa\i0{}
presented in the present description, involving habit (leaves not basally
aggregated), upper glume shape (saccate), pericarp (free) and endosperm
constitution (possibly liquid) are not mentioned by him, and may well be
spurious. He refers \i{}Poa conglomerata\i0{} Ruprecht ex Peyritsch, \i{}P.
parviceps\i0{}Hackel and \i{}P. scaberula\i0{} Hook f. (= \i{}P.
conglomerata\i0{}) to \i{}Poa\i0{} sect. \i{}Dasypoa\i0{}.> 535<studied by
us - \i{}D. scaberula\i0{} Pilger> 540<dasypoa> 
 
# \i{}Dasypyrum\i0{} <(Cosson & Durieu) Durand>/
5<\i{}Haynaldia\i0{} Schur, \i{}Pseudosecale\i0{} (Godron) Degen,
\i{}Secalidium\i0{} Schur> 7,1/2 9,- 11,- 13,20-100 14,2 38,- 47,1 49,1/2
52,1 55,2 56,1-5 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.3-1 73,2 74,1 89,1<compressed,
dense> 91,- 94,- 98,- 99,1/2/3/4 100,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 141,7-22 144,- 145,1
147,3 148,- 154,1 156,1 157,2 160<very>,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,2/3<and
adjacent to one another> 173,1 175,2 176,1<both with long, scabrid awns>
177,2 178,- 179,2<leathery with membranous margins, abruptly tapering into
the awns, strongly 2-keeled, the keels bearing tufts of hair and convergent
above> 183,1<with leathery, ciliate keels> 187,3-4 189,3-4<also bicarinate>
191,2 192,2 193,1(-2)<sterile, long-stipitate> 196,2 208,2(-3) 214,2 216,2
218,1/2 219,1 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3<attenuate from the lemma>/1 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,2
240,1 241,1<on the keel> 244,1 247,2 248,5 250,1<narrowly lanceolate> 251,1
257<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,2
271,2 272,3 274,5-7 277,2 278,1<below the styles>/2 280,2 283,2 286,2<i.e.
threshing free> 287,1-2<3.8-7 mm long> 289,4 290<shallowly>,1 291<slightly
to strongly>,1 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<much narrower costally> 328<fairly thin walled> 330,1-2<some of them
extraordinarily long> 331,2 332,2 345,1 347,2 348,1 350,1<slightly but
consistently, but the apparatus not much sunken> 351<fairly>,1
353,2<solitary, large> 354,2 357<small prickles intercostally, larger to
very large ones costally> 358,2<many of the small intercostal prickles with
reduced or blunt points, but lacking the ring of pits> 360,3 361,1
363,1-2 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1 398,2 403,1 404,1<with
the primaries> 405,1<a few Is> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14&28 471,2&4 472,22
473<large> 474,5.4<1 species> 475,10.7<1 species> 477,2 478,1 479,1
487,11 488,6 489,49 490,76 491,3-5 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1
495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1 512,4 513,2 515<stony slopes>
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Aegilops\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1
530,25&33 531,1&2 532,4 533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}D.
villosum\i0{} (Coss. & Dur.) Dur.> 540<dasypyru> 
 
# \i{}Davidsea\i0{} <Soderstrom & Ellis>/
3<\i{}Teinostachyum\i0{} (\i{}T. attenuatum\i0{} (Thwaites) Munro)> 7,2
11,2 13,400-900 14,1 15,1.5-2.5 16,1 19,1 20,1 21,4-10 22,3 23,4 30,1 31,1
33,1 35,1 36,1/2 37,2 38,1 39,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 48,1 52,3<acuminate> 55,1
56,20-30<10-20 cm long> 59,1 63,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 70,1 71,0.2-1 72,1<in the
form of a hard, glabrous rim> 73,2 74,1 86,2 87,1<developing sympodially,
by contrast with those of \i{}Pseudoxytenanthera\i0{} etc.> 89<terminating
a leafy branch, consisting of a bracteate axis with capitate clusters of
pseudospikelets along its length> 101,1 103,6 121<(i.e. the
pseudospikelets)>,2 123,1 140,2 141<about>,20 142,9 147,3 148,1 154,1
163,1<this being empty, and preceded by two gemmiferous bracts and a long
internode> 165,- 166,1 167,1 168,- 171,2 172,1<with ciliate margins below>
176,2<apiculate> 179,- 183,- 189<(i.e. the one glume)>,11-15 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1 211,1 214,2<firm> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1<apiculate> 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,16<with transverse veinlets>
249,2 250,1 251,1<shorter than the lemma> 252,2 255,2 256,1 257,1 258,2
259,4<5 - one between the keels and one down each side outside them> 260,3
262,2 263,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,6
274<about>,2 275,2 276,1<shortly apiculate> 277,1 278,2 280,1<below>
283,3<shortly plumose> 286<unknown> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,1<numerous, costally and intercostally> 325,1 326,3<tall, variable in
size and irregular in shape, thick-walled> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1
332,1 334,2/3<occasionally three-celled> 335,1<some with 2 basal cells>
339,(57-)63-66(-69) 341,(5.1-)6-6.6(-7.8) 342,8.8-12.9
343,(27-)28.5-30(-33) 344,0.43-0.53 345,1<in bands alongside the veins>
346,24-27 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/2/7<the saddles mostly
imperfect> 357<numerous, bulbous-based, tiny-pointed prickles present>
360,2<plus a few short rows> 363,4<abundant>/5<a few>/7<a few> 365,2 370,2
374,1 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3<except beside midrib> 394,-
395,1<large> 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all
bundles> 406,1 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,45 491,1<\i{}D.
attenuata\i0{}> 492<Sri Lanka> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 534<Soderstrom and
Ellis 1988> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<davidsea> 
 
# \i{}Decaryella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7,1 13,10-30 14,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 59,1/3 65,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 86,1
89,4<loose, narrow, 4-12 cm long> 91,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123<long>,3 126,2 141<about>,4.5 144,- 145,3
147,3<and with the pedicels> 154,1/2<?> 156<when present,>,1/2
157,1<comprising the long, hairy pedicel> 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,- 171,1 174,1 176,1<both having a terminal, subulate awn 3-7 mm long>
177,2<dorsally rounded> 179,2<thick, leathery, smooth> 187,5 189,5 191,1/2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1-2 214,1<very thin> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2
243,1 244,2 248,1/3 250,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
298,1 322,1 323,2 332,1 335,2 345,1 348,2&3 351,1 352,2 353,1 357<prickles
and macrohairs present> 360,1 363,8 364,3 367,1 370,1 374,1 385,1 399,1
401,2 403,2 404,1 406,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,52 490,80
491,1<\i{}D. madagascariensis\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2
504,11 513,2 515<dry bush> 536<spikelet description fairly inadequate>
537,2 540<decaryel> 
 
# \i{}Decaryochloa\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7<monocarpic>,2 11,2 13<to 10 m or more long> 14,1 15,2-2.5 17,1-2<erect
with scrambling upper parts, cf. \i{}Hickelia\i0{}> 19,1 21,11-20 22,3 23,4
30,1 31,1 34,1 35,1 36,4 38,2 39,1 42,1 47,1<these large and prominent>
48,1<these black and curly> 50<hairy> 52,4 55,1-2 56,7-10<and 5-10 cm long>
63,1 65,1<?> 67,1 69,2<with long bristles> 70,1 71<about>,1 72,1 73,2
74,1 76,1 86,1 87,2 88,2 89,-<compound, with spikes of 1-4 spikelets
grouped into terminal, spatheate fascicles> 101,1<each unit subtended by a
bract or sheath with or without a blade, and usually with a prophyll> 102,1
103,2<straight or curved, of one to three spikelets>/- 120,1 121,2 123,1
141,60-70 142,9 145,1/1-2<?> 147,1 148,- 149,1<these very short>
154<shortly>,1<the extension vestigial> 155,1 156,1<sometimes with a
conventional vestigial floret, and sometimes also enclosing a bractlike
extra structure of uncertain morphological interpretation at its base>/2
163,2-3<two to four> 165,1 167,1 171,1<with appressed pale hairs abaxially
near the base and along one margin> 174,1 176,1-2<with pointed, rigid tips>
177,2 179,1-2<the lowest smaller with 13 nerves, the others with 21-23
nerves> 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2 194,1 196,2 208,1 211,1 214,2<rigid,
leathery, not shiny> 216,2 218,1 219,1<long-acuminate> 223,1/3<?> 225<if
the lemma tip so interpreted,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,1 234,1 240,1<with
appressed pale hairs abaxially> 244,2 247,2 248,23 250,1 251,1 252,1 253,2
255,2-3<with a long, bilobed tip> 256,- 257,2<leathery, rigid> 258,2
259,4<?> 260,3 261,3 264,1<small> 272,6 273,1/3<? - in two groups of three,
perhaps a peculiarity in some of of Camuss original material>
274<about>,7.5 275,2 277,1 278,1 279,2 280<basally>,1 283,3 286,2
287,2-3<7-14 mm long> 290,2 292<apically>,3 296,3 297,2-3 300,1 301,2 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1/3<the
ribs very wide and low to negligible, save for one associated with one side
of the midrib> 395,1 396,1 397,2 398,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<Is or
anchors with most of the bundles> 406,1 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,38 491,1<\i{}D. diadelpha\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2
504,11 513,1 515<in forest> 534<Dransfield (1997) provides a detailed
description, and shows that diadelphus stamens may be an abnormality of
Camuss material> 535<studied by us> 538,3 540<decaryoc> 
 
# \i{}Dendrocalamus\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}dendron\i0{} (tree) and \i{}kalamos\i0{} (reed):
treelike reeds> 5<\i{}Klemachloa\i0{} Parker, \i{}Neosinocalamus\i0{} Keng
f., \i{}Sinocalamus\i0{} McClure> 6<\i{}Gigantochloa\i0{},
\i{}Oreobambos\i0{}, \i{}Oxytenanthera\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,2
13,600-4000<\i{}D. giganteus\i0{} being probably the tallest grass> 14,1
15,3-30 19,1 20<infrequently recorded,>,1/3 21,4-20 23,4<to suffrutescent
only in \i{}D. minor\i0{}> 27,2 30,1 31,1<usually>/2 33,2 34<usually>,1/-
35,1 36,1/2/3/4 37,1/2 38,2 39,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,1<but usually
inconspicuously so> 48,U 55,1 58,- 63,1 65,2<but often with pellucid
glands> 66,1 67,1 68,1 71,3 72,1<\i{}D. cinctus\i0{} only>/2 73,2 74,1 85,2
86,2 87,1 89<usually comprising spikes of spikelet tufts> 101,2 103,1&5/1&6
140,2 141,8-20 142,8/9/10 145,2 154,1 155,2 163,2/3<?> 164,2 165,1-2 167,1
174,1/2<ovate, acute or mucronate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 182,2 187,17<in
material seen> 189,19<in material seen> 196,1/2<depending on interpretation
of bracts> 208,2-8 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,29 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1/2/3 256,1 258,2 259,4<13 observed> 260,3<in
lower florets>/1<in upper florets> 264,2<or very scarce> 272,6 273,1/2
274,2.5-5/7-10<in \i{}D. giganteus\i0{}> 275,1/2 276,1 277,2 278,1/2
279<when present,>,2 280,1 283,1(-3) 284,2 286,2 287,1-2 295,2
296,2<crustaceous or hardened> 297,1 298<not visible> 301,2 303,2 304,1
305,1 306,2 307,2 308,2 311,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<sometimes
conspicuously so>/2 326,3 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,48-51(-57)<in \i{}D.
giganteus\i0{}> 341,4.5-7.5 342,7.6-10.7 343,24-25.5(-30) 344,0.47-0.53
345,1 346,22.5-27 347,2 348<high>,2&3 350,1 351,1/2 360,1/2/3 363,4/5/7
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,2-3 394,1<low>/2 395,1 396,3
399,1 401,1<sometimes large-celled, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,2 404,1 405,1
469,12 470,48&64&72<rarely 70> 471,4&5&6 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9<including synonyms> 490,14 491<about>,35 492<China, Indomalayan
region> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2&3 504,11 511,1 516<\i{}D.
giganteus\i0{}> 522<\i{}D. strictus\i0{}, with solid culms, is a very
important timber species; others (e.g. \i{}D.asper\i0{}, \i{}D.
latiflorus\i0{}) have edible shoots; and splits of several species are used
for weaving baskets etc.> 524,1 530,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}D. gigantus\i0{} Munro> 540<dendroca> 
 
# \i{}Dendrochloa\i0{} <C.E. Parkinson>/
3<\i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 13,1500-2000 14,1 15,11 17,2 19,1 38,2
39,2 40,2 44,2 48,2 52,2 55,1<long-acuminate> 56,50-90 59,3 63,1<the
pseudopetiole about 1 cm long> 65,2<these inconspicuous and remote> 66,1
69<erect and conspicuous> 70,2<obtuse> 71,3-7 73,2 74,1 86,1 87,2
89,5<about 75 cm long, with verticils of branches> 101,1 102,2 103,3/5<?>
108,2 120,1 141<about>,40-60 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,4<the segments about 2
cm long> 154,1 156,1 157,2 162,1 163,2 166,1 167,1<3-10 mm long> 171,2
176,2<mucronate> 177,2 179,2<rigid> 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,5-7 210<about 1
cm wide> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2-3<aristo-mucronate> 225,1 226,1
228,3 231,1 234,1 240,2<but ciliate at the tip> 243,1 244,2 248<about>,13
250,1 251,1<equalling the lemma, or longer> 255,2 256,1 259,4<6 nerved
between the keels, 5 nerved between them and the margins> 260,3 262,2 264,1
265,3 266,1 268,2 269,1 270,2<narrowly obovate-oblong, 1 -1.2 cm long>
271,1 272,6 273,4<one free, and a pair and a triplet with connate
filaments> 274,14 276,2 277,1 278,1 279,1 280,1<into one> 283,3<the style
apex obscurely trifid> 287,3<about 2 cm long> 291,3<ellipso-cylindric>
300,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,45 491,1<\i{}D.
distans\i0{}> 492<Burma> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 534<Parkinson 1933>
538,4 540<dendroch> 
 
# \i{}Deschampsia\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<after Dr. Deschamps of Saint-Omer> 4<Type: \i{}D. caespitosa\i0{}
P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Airidium\i0{} Steud., \i{}Aristavena\i0{} Albers & Butzin,
\i{}Avenella\i0{} Parl., \i{}Campella\i0{} Link, \i{}Czerniaevia\i0{}
Ledeb., \i{}Erioblastus\i0{} Honda, \i{}Homoiachne\i0{} Pilger,
\i{}Lerchenfeldia\i0{} Schur, \i{}Podinapus\i0{} Dulac>
6<\i{}Periballia\i0{}, \i{}Vahlodea\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3<<75%>>/4<but
usually caespitose> 11,- 13,8-200 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,1 47,2
52,1 53,1<at least in \i{}D. caespitosa\i0{}>/- 55,2 56,0.3-6 58,1/2
59,1/2/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 68,1 69,1 70,2 71,3-15 73,2 74,1
80,1&2 81,1/2 85,1<sometimes>/2 89,5 91<usually>,1/- 92,- 94,1/2 97,2 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-9<small,
delicate> 145,1 147,1 149,4<the lower floret sessile> 154,1<the terminal
extension well developed> 155,1<except \i{}D. chapmanii\i0{}> 156,1/2<well
developed beyond the uppermost floret> 157,1 158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2
165,1<rarely>/2 166,1-3 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<subscarious
to membranous, with thin margins> 187,1/3 189,3/5 191,1<usually>/2<<20%>>
192<when present,>,2 193<when present,>,1 196,2 208,(1-)2(-3)
214,2-3<hyaline to cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1/2<2-lobed, 4-toothed or
truncate> 221,2 223,3<usually>/1-2<<10%> \i{}D. tenella\i0{} and New
Zealand relatives, distinguished from \i{}Poa\i0{} by their denticulate
lemma tip> 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2<mostly from the base or lower half, a
few from above the middle> 231<slender, weakly>,2/1 233,1<glabrous to
scabridulous> 234,1-3 235,1 240,1<<10%> rarely>/2 244,2<rounded on the
back> 248,4-7 250,1 251,1 253,2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-2.5 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 290,1 291,2/3 295,1 296,1<shining> 298,1<<10%>
rarely>/2 299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2
311,1 312,2 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1
332,2 345,1/2 346,36-39/- 348,1/- 350,2 351,1 353,1/2 354<when paired>,1
360,2 363,1/2/3 365,1<rarely>/2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 389,1/2 393,1 394,1
395,2 396,1 399,1/2 401<when clearly grouped,>,1/2/- 403,2 404,2 406,2
407,1<but sometimes forming an almost continuous layer> 408,1<opposite the
bulliforms>/2 413,2<3 species> 469,7&13 470,14&24&26&28&32&42&52&56<and
26+B> 471,2&4&6&8<and aneuploids: some complexes with \i{}n\i0{} = 13, 14>
473<large> 474,3.1-4.5<3 species> 475,10<\i{}D. antarctica\i0{}> 477,2
478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,3<\i{}Avenella\i0{} only>/40 491,40
492<North and South temperate, high altitude tropics> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8
494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&3&4 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,2&3 500,2&4
501,1 502,1&5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&8&9&10 505,1&2&3 506,1&2 507,1&3 508,2
509,2 510,2 511,1 512,2/3 513,1&2 515<meadows, upland grasslands and woods>
516<\i{}D. caespitosa\i0{}, \i{}D. flexuosa\i0{}> 518<\i{}D. flexuosa\i0{}>
524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&27&30&32&33&35 531,1&2 532,1&4 533,5
534<Koch 1979> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D. caespitosa\i0{}
(L.) Beauv.> 540<deschamp> 
 
# \i{}Desmazeria\i0{} <Dumort.>/
5<\i{}Brizopyrum\i0{} Link> 6<\i{}Catapodium\i0{}> 7,1 9,- 11,- 14,2 37,2
38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1/3<convolute when dry>/4 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 82,2
89,4/5<one-sided, with few, stiff branches> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<the pedicels stout> 141,4-22
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1<with capitate hairs> 156,1 163,2
165,1-2<the upper longer> 167<(the longer)>,1/2 170,1 171,2 176,2 177,1
179,2<leathery> 187,3 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-20 214,2 216,2
218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 223,1 240,1<below, with capitate hairs> 244,1
246,- 248,5(-7)<the intermediates sometimes faint> 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.8-1.4 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1<1.8-2.0 mm long> 291,2 295,1 298,2 301,2
302,1 304,1 322,1<the costal zones confined to a narrow median and a
broader one at each margin of the blade> 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower
and rectangular, with tessellated walls> 328,2<the costals thicker walled>
330,2 331,2 332,2 345,2<very few seen, confined to regions bordering the
midrib> 346,37-51 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2 360,2<and solitary> 361,2<in the
material seen> 363,5<mostly, poorly developed and ill-defined> 370,2 374,1
386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 398,2 399<probably>,1<at the bases of the
furrows - unclear in the material seen> 401,1 403,2<but the sclerenchyma
very scanty> 404,2<small, inconspicuous adaxial strands only> 406,1 469,7
470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,56 491,5
492<Mediterranean, Europe> 493,1&2&4 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,1&2
499,1 504,11<Australian records refer to \i{}Plagiochloa\i0{}, q.v.> 506,1
511,1 512,4 513,2 515<in sandy places> 534<Stace 1981, 1985; Brullo and
Pavone 1985> 535<studied by us - \i{}D. marina\i0{} (L.) Druce> 536<no
attempt here to account for \i{}Flora Europaea\i0{} re-alignment (1980),
involving \i{}Catapodium\i0{} and \i{}Scleropoa\i0{}> 540<desmazer> 
 
# \i{}Desmostachya\i0{} <(Hook. f.) Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}desmos\i0{} (binding material) and \i{}stachys\i0{} (a
plant with a narrow inflorescence), perhaps alluding to sandbinding habit>
5<\i{}Stapfiola\i0{} Kuntze> 7,2 9,1&3 11,- 14,2 27,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 61,1
65,2 66,2 69,2-3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,2<narrow, dense, of many racemes, on an
elongate axis> 91,2 92<spicate> 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1 122,1 123,1 125<densely>,1 141,4-6 144,2 145,1
147,3 148,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 168,2 170,1
174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous, oval> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,6-16 210<deltoid> 214,3<papery to leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,2 243,1 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 283,2 286,2 289,4 291,2/3 295,1 297,3
298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much longer> 328,1<fairly thick
walled> 329,1<but the interstomatals very regularly cross shaped> 330,1
331,1<pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1-2<basal cells fairly long, apical
cells rather thin walled, variable, ranging from unexceptional chloridoid
type to broad panicoid type - cf. \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}?> 336,2
339,(27-)30-33(-42) 340,24 341,9-12 342,2.5-3 343,9-16 344,0.35-0.4 345,1
346,15-18 348,3 351,1 352,2 353,1&2<i.e. in ones and twos> 354,1 355,2
356<slightly>,7/3/2 360,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2<despite
conspicuous adaxial extension cells> 376,2 377,3&4 378,1 379<not
conventionally determinable, the PCR sheaths being interrupted by large
colourless cells and sclerenchyma> 383,1<seemingly, in \i{}bipinnata\i0{}>
385,1 389,1 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these
incorporated in the traversing colourless girders> 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<all bundles with Is> 406,2 407,1&4<comprising small groups
at the bases of the colourless columns, and a more or less continuous
adaxial layer> 409,1 469,10 470,20 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,74
491,1<\i{}D. bipinnata\i0{}> 492<Northeast tropical Africa to India>
493,1&3&4 494,1&2 495,2 496,1&3 498,3 499,1&2 500,1 504,11 508,2 513,2
515<arid regions> 516<\i{}D. bipinnata\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1&5 530,25&44
535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 540<desmosta> 
 
# \i{}Deyeuxia\i0{} <Clarion ex P. Beauv.>/
1<after Nicolas Deyeux (1753-1837) Professor of Pharmacy Medicine, Paris>
2<\i{}Bent grasses\i0{}> 3<\i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}. See also
\i{}Agrostis\i0{}, \i{}Dichelachne\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}D. montana\i0{}
(Gaudin) P.Beauv., \i{}nom. illeg.\i0{}> 5<\i{}Sclerodeyeuxia\i0{} (Stapf)
Pilger> 6<\i{}D. uncinioides\i0{} = \i{}Ancistragrostis\i0{},
\i{}Aniselytron\i0{}, \i{}Stilpnophleum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,2 27,2
37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 53,1 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.5-2 73,2 74,1 80,2
89,5 91,1/2 92<when contracted,>,3-4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,1-8 145,1 147,1 154,1/2<<10%> rarely>
155,1/2 156<when present,>,2 157,1<the hairs sometimes 0.5 mm or more long,
but shorter than the lemma>/2 158,1/2 163,2 165,1/2 166,2-3 167,2<the lemma
usually at least 3/4 as long, by contrast with \i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}, but
only about half as long in \i{}D. drummondii\i0{}> 170,- 174,1/2 176,2
177,1 179,2 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1(-2) 214,3<the main, equivocal
distinction from \i{}Agrostis\i0{}> 216,2 218,2 220<usually minutely>,2-4/-
221,2<toothed> 223<nearly always>,3<rarely only mucronate> 225<when
present,>,1/- 228,2/- 229,1/2/- 231,1/2 234,1-2/3 235,1/- 236,1/2 240,2
244,2 248,4-5 250,1 251,1/2/3 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 290,1 293,1/-
295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<elongated> 328,2<the costals thicker walled>
330,1-2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2 353,2 354,2 360,1/3
363,1/2/3 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<irregularly
grouped in the furrows, of small cells - cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 401,-
403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 416,1 469,7 470,28 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,2 491,42 492<temperate> 493,1&2&3&5 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,2 496,3
498,3 500,1&2&3&4 502,5 503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1&2 509,2 524,5
525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&32&33 531,2 533,5 534<Vickery 1940> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}D. affinis\i0{} M. Gray, \i{}D. crassiuscula\i0{}
Vickery, \i{}D. quadriseta\i0{} (Labill.) Benth.> 540<deyeuxia> 
 
# \i{}Diandrochloa\i0{} <de Winter>/
1<from the Greek \i{}diandro\i0{} (to males) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass),
alluding to bistaminate florets> 3<\i{}Eragrostis\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3 13,10-150
14,2<soft, geniculate or erect> 19,1/2 37,2 40,2 47,2 52,1-2 55,2
58<sometimes tapered to a setaceous point> 59,1 61,1 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1
78,- 81,1/2<?> 89,5 91,1/2 92<usually rigid, much longer than broad,
contracted and dense or much branched> 93,1<when much-branched>/2 95,3<the
branches in pseudo-whorls on a central axis> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,1-3.5 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,2<glabrous or scabrid> 157,2 158,- 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2
166,1 167,1-2 174,1<acute>/2<apically rounded> 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous
or sub-hyaline, ovate to lanceolate, often green> 184,- 186,- 187,1 189,1
191,1/2 192<when present,>,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-14 210<acute to obtuse>
214,2-3<translucent or thinly leathery> 216,2 218,1/2 219,1/2
221,2<sometimes emarginate or somewhat erose> 223,1 240,2<the nerves
sometimes scabrid> 244<often with raised nerves> 248,3 250,1 251,1
255,1<apically rounded or truncate>/2<3-lobed> 256,1 257,1-2
258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 263,1/2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,2 274,0.2-1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 295,1 297,3 298,1
303,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the intercostals much broader> 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1/1-2<i.e. paicoid type, or intermediate> 336,3-1
339<in \i{}D. confertiflora\i0{},>,37.5-45 340,24-27 341,8.4-9 342,4.2-5
343,36-37.5 344,0.45-0.52 345,1 346,21-24 348,2&3 350,2 351,1 352,2
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,2-3/4<a few>/8 367,1 370,1
374,1 375,1-2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,1 385,1 393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1
401,1<each group with a large, deep-penetrating median cell> 403,2
404,1<with the primaries> 405,1<in the primaries> 406,1 409,1 469,10
473<small> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,7 492<Americas,
Australia, Asia, Africa> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1&2 496,1&3
497,4&5 498,3 499,2&4 500,1&2 502,3&4&6 503,3 504,2&5&6&7&8 512,2 513,1/2
514,2 534<de Winter 1960; Koch (1978) argues for reduction to sectional
level, on the grounds that only one character (the membranous, unfringed
ligule) distinguishes \i{}Diandrochloa\i0{} absolutely from
\i{}Eragrostis\i0{}> 535<studied by us - \i{}D. confertiflora\i0{} (J.M.
Black) de Winter> 540<diandroc> 
 
# \i{}Diandrolyra\i0{} <Stapf>/
7,2 9,3 11,2<but tending to carry the racemes on specialised, 1-leafed
culms> 13<about>,10-50 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,1/2 44,2 47,2 48,U 55,1
58,- 63,1 65,1 66,2 67,1 69,2 71,0.5-1.2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,4<paired,
male and female> 78,1 85,2 89,-<a short raceme, terminal on a normal leafy
or a special 1-leafed culm, borne horizontally beneath the blade of the
bent subtending leaf> 108,2 113,2 115,3 120,2<male and female> 121,2 123,3
126,2 131<male spikelets with glumes reduced or lacking, having 3 stamens
plus 3 staminodes and a sterile ovary with three stigmas> 133,2<or these
vestigial> 134,2 135,1 136,1 138,3/6<including the 3 staminodes> 139,1
141,9-11 145,2 147,3 154,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<herbaceous, cuspidate> 187,5-6 189,5-7 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,5-8
250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,3-4 260,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,1 271,2 272,0<three staminodes> 280,1<style base hairy> 283,2
286,2 287,2 291,2 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 303,2 309,1 310,1 311,2<two
bladeless sheaths> 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3 327,2 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 345,1 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,6<?> 360,1 363,7 370,2 374,1
385,2 390,1 391,1 393,3 396,2 399,1 401,1<the groups wide> 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 469,11 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,2<\i{}D.
bicolor\i0{}, \i{}D. tatianae\i0{}> 492<Panama> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11
513,1 515<forest> 535<Metcalfe (1960)> 540<diandrol> 
 
# \i{}Diandrostachya\i0{} <Jacq.-Fl.>/
3<\i{}Loudetiopsis\i0{}> 7,1/2<with slender culms> 9,3 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2
44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1<at the tip>/2 59<often>,3<involute> 65,2 66,2 69,3
72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,3<the triads terminating the panicle branches> 121,2 123,3<the
pedicels free, short> 126,2<?> 144,-<of the triad having their upper glumes
backing onto one another> 145,1<?> 147,1 149,1 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2<or
emarginate, or bidentate>/- 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter, but
usually more than half as long as the spikelet> 167<(the upper)>,2 170,-
171,1<often apically penicillate> 174,1<lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or
acuminate> 176,2 177,2<dorsally rounded> 178,- 179,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
much longer, more pointed and less hairy>/2 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1 199,1<narrow, with two ciliate keels> 201,1 203,2 204,3 205,3
206,1<herbaceous to papery> 207,2 208,1 214,1-3 218,2<at the summit, the
lobes pointed> 220,2 221,1<to more than 1/4 of their length>/2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,3 240,2<always glabrous?> 244,2 246,2<the
palea enclosed save at its summit> 247,1 248,7 250,1 255,2<linear> 256,1
259,3 260,3<channelled between the keels> 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<but enclosed> 290,1
295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<rather thick walled> 330,1 331,1<these
heavily pitted> 332,1 335,1 345,1 348<consistently low>,2 350,2 351,1<very
regularly placed between all the long-cells> 353,1/2<apparently solitary
except when paired with prickle bases> 357<with abundant small, short
prickles> 358,2 360,1 363,8 364<predominantly elongated>,3 370,1 374,2
375,2 383,1 385,1 389<irregularly>,1 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<in all
the furrows> 401,2 402,1<many of the bulliform groups associated with
deeply penetrating or fully traversing lateral arms of colourless cells>
403,2 404,1 405,1<all the larger bundles with massive Is or Ts> 406,1
431,1 477,7 478<cf.>,5<as a synonym?> 485,4 487,9<as a synonym> 488,7
489,48 490,72 491,5 492<tropical Africa, South America> 493,4&7 494,2&3
496,1 499,2&3 502,3&4 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}D. chrysothrix\i0{} (=
\i{}Loudetiopsis\i0{})> 540<diandros> 
 
# \i{}Diarrhena\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}dis\i0{} (twice) and \i{}arren\i0{} (male), alluding
to two stamens> 5<\i{}Diarina\i0{} Raf., \i{}Korycarpus\i0{} Lag.,
\i{}Neomolinia\i0{} Honda, \i{}Onoea\i0{} Franch. & Sav., \i{}Roemeria\i0{}
Roem. & Schult.> 7<large>,2 9,1 11,- 13,50-150 14,2 27<nodes concealed>
38,- 47,2 48,U 55,1 56,1-2 58,- 63,1-2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1<but sometimes
minutely ciliolate> 71,0.5-1 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,1<diffuse> 99,- 100,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,2.8-18<2.8-7 mm in \i{}Neomolinia\i0{}, 10-18 mm in \i{}Diarrhena\i0{}
sensu stricto> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155<spinulose or smooth> 157,2
163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1/2<obtuse to acuminate> 176,2 177,1
187,1-3 189,3-5 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,2-3<rarely 1 or 5> 214,3
216,1<horny> 218,1 219,2 223,1-2 240,2<scabrous or glabrous> 244,2<rounded
on the back> 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 257,2<horny> 258,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269<apically>,1 270,1/2 271,2 272,(1-)2-3 274,1.2-2.2
275,2 277,1<though the rostellum is scabrous in \i{}Neomolinia\i0{}>
278,1<in the form of an apical beak, the styles attached terminally in its
groove> 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,2<about 5 mm long> 291,1/3<with a whitish or
yellowish-glossy, sometimes enlarged and hardened beak> 294<surface rough
but not sculptured> 295,1/2<short- or long-linear, from one third to as
long as grain> 297,1 298,2<1/4 to 1/3 of grain length> 301,2 302,2 303,2
304,1 305,1/2 306,2 308,1<Reeder 1957>/2<Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 309,1
311,1 312,2<broader towards the tip> 313,1 314,7 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals relatively longer and narrower> 330,1-2 331,1 332,1<\i{}D.
mandshurica\i0{} - see Renvoize 1985>/2 333<as figured,>,1<cf.
\i{}Hygroryza\i0{}, \i{}Luziola\i0{} etc.?> 334,1 335<obscure and hard to
interpret> 345,1 348<low>,2/1 350<slightly>,1 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,1&2&3&9/6 360,1/3 363,1/8 364<when panicoid type,>,1/2/3/4 370,2 374,1
385,2 390,2 391,2 393,3 394,- 395,1<with a big keel and massive blocks of
sclerenchyma, at least in \i{}D. americana\i0{}> 396,2<the median being
very large> 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 432,1 469,10&19 470,38&60
471,2&6 473<medium sized> 477<dubiously>,3<or Stipoideae?> 478,3<?> 481,1
487,11 488,7 489,20 490,80 491,4-5 492<eastern Asia, North America> 493,3&6
494,1 495,1 497,2&3&4 504,11 506,2 507,1&2 513,1 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17
534<Tateoka 1957b; Schwab 1972; Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}D. americana\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}D. japonica\i0{}
Franch. & Savat., \i{}D. mandshurica\i0{} Maxim. (~ \i{}Neomolinia\i0{})>
540<diarrhen> 
 
# \i{}Dichaetaria\i0{} <Nees>/
7,2 9,3<on a creeping, woody stock> 13,75-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2
44,1 47,2 55,2 56,4-7 59,1 65,2 69,2 70,- 72,1<the adaxial fringe
continuing around the back of the leaf> 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,1 94,2<but
the axes very slender> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 140,1<until the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} abscises>
141<about>,12 144,- 145,1-2 147,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} caducous,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} persisting after the spikelet has fallen> 148,- 150,-
154,1 155,- 156,1 157,1 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,1 166,1
167,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} about 2/3 of the lemma length> 168,2 170,-
171,2 174,1 176,2<but sometimes sub-aristate> 177,2<rounded on the back>
179,2<narrowly lanceolate> 182,- 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,2<the
short length of rachilla distal to L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} terminating in an
empty, long, awn-like, recurved organ, which is minutely 2-aristate above
the middle, very similar in form to the fertile lemma, with no sign of
associated glumes> 196,2 208,1 214,3 216,2<but firm, leathery> 218,2 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1<the long awn arising between/behind 2 minute setae> 229,-
231,1 233,1 234,2<up to 10 mm long> 240,2 243,1 244,2<rounded on the back>
246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1<long and narrow> 251,1<equalling the lemma>
255,1<pointed> 256,2 257,1<membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,3 277,1 278,1<the styles terminal on this
- see fruit description> 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1-2<about 9 mm long, with a
peculiar, small, glabrous, fleshy beak, pointed above, terminating in the
styles> 289,1 290,1 291,- 293,- 295,2 296,1 297,3 298,2 299<slightly>,1
301,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the intercostals larger>
328,1 330,1 331,1<these pitted> 332,1 335,1<fairly broad, but very thin
walled> 345,1<in single files> 348<mostly low>,2<a few approaching
parallel-sided> 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1/2/3<varying from vein to
vein> 363,4&7&8<a most unusual mixture, with intermediate forms> 364<when
identifiably panicoid type,>,1&2&3 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1 406,1 421,- 442,-
464,- 477,5 483,2<?> 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,1<\i{}D. wightii\i0{}>
492<southern India and Ceylon> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 512,3 513,1
515<woodland> 535<studied by us> 540<dichaeta> 
 
# \i{}Dichanthelium\i0{} <(A. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Adenochloa\i0{} Zuloaga,
\i{}Parodiophyllochloa\i0{}> 7,2<with a rosette of short winter leaves>
9<from a crown or with short matted rhizomes> 11,- 13,20-70(-150) 14,2
37,1/2 38,- 41,1<\i{}Adenochloa\i0{}>/2 47,2 55,1/2 59<usually>,1 67,1
69,1-3<?> 73,2 74,1 75,1<the first-formed spikelets rarely perfecting seed
save in the Lanuginosa group and \i{}D. clandestinum\i0{}; secondary
branches from the primary panicle bearing cleistogamous, fertile spikelets>
76,1/1&4 81,1/2 82,1<often>/2 83,1 84,1/2 89,5<primarily a terminal open
panicle, with chasmogamous or abortive spikelets, subsequently complicated
by branching from the culm nodes and production of secondary
inflorescences> 91,1 94,1<often flexuous>/2 102<ultimately>,1<the secondary
branches repeatedly branching, the short branchlets fascicled and with very
reduced leaves> 103,1<the grain bearing, cleistogamous ones>/5 106,- 107,-
108<the terminal branches of the primary culm often falling> 109,- 111,-
113,- 114,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 140<cleistogamous> 141,1.4-4.3 144,-
145,3 147,3 148,- 149,1/4 150,1/2 151<when present,>,2 152,1 153,2 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1<the lower often minute, but up to half the spikelet
length in \i{}Adenochloa\i0{}> 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171,2 176,2 177,2
178,- 187,0-7 189,3/7-13<in \i{}Adenochloa\i0{}> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
201,1/2 203,2 204,3/5-9<\i{}Adenochloa\i0{}> 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,2-3
215,1<shiny> 216,1<usually?> 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1<sometimes, in
\i{}Adenochloa\i0{}>/2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,3-11 250,1 255,1 256,1 257,2
258,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2/3 286,2
295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 329,1/2/3 331,1/2 332,1 335,1 339,(45-)51-81(-93)
341,4.5-10.5(-12) 342,4.25-17.3 343,21-42(-48) 344,0.37-0.57 345,1
346,30-48 348<low>,2-3 350,2 351,1/2 353,1/2/- 360,1 363,8<sometimes sharp
pointed> 364,1-3 365,1/2 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1/2 393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,2
396,1 399,1<at bases of furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,2<there being colourless
cells linking the bundles with adaxial strands> 406,1 413,1<2 species>
433,1 469,9 470,18<mostly>/36<occasionally> 471<mostly>,2 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,29 491,120 492<mostly America, with Adenochloa in
Africa and Madagascar> 493,4&6&7 494,1&2 495,1&3 496,2&3&4 497,4 500,3
501,1 504,11 507,2&3 516<\i{}D. clandestinum\i0{}> 534<Gould and Clark
1978> 535<studied by us - \i{}D. angustifolium\i0{} (Ell.) Gould, \i{}D.
clandestinum\i0{} (L.) Gould, \i{}D. commutatum\i0{} (Schult.) Gould,
\i{}D. dichotomum\i0{} (L.) Gould, \i{}D. lanuginosum\i0{} (Ell.) Gould,
\i{}D. lindheimeri\i0{} (Nash) Gould, \i{}D. linearifolium\i0{} (Scribn.)
Gould, \i{}D. oligosanthes\i0{} (Schult.) Gould, \i{}. scoparium\i0{}
(Lam.) Gould, \i{}D. sphaerocarpon\i0{} (Ell.) Gould> 540<di_theli> 
 
# \i{}Dichanthium\i0{} <Willem.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}dicha\i0{} (two, asunder) and \i{}anthos\i0{}
(flower), alluding to two kinds of spikelet (male-only or neuter, versus
hermaphrodite) found in different parts of an inflorescence>
2<\i{}Bluegrasses\i0{}> 5<\i{}Diplasanthum\i0{} Desv., \i{}Lepeocercis\i0{}
Trin.> 6<\i{}Bothriochloa\i0{}, \i{}Eremopogon\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,15-200 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 43,1/2 44,2 47,2
55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1-2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1<the
pedicellate spikelets smaller, awnless>/2 79,1<the lowest pair being
imperfect and homogamous> 81,1/2 89,2<many-jointed racemes>/5<the lower
racemes being sometimes branched again at the base> 95,1/2<the racemes
often almost palmate, towards the culm tips> 101,1/2 102,1/2 103,3
104<usually>,5 106,1/2/3 107,1 108,1 109,2 110,2 111,1 112,2 113,2 114,1
115,1/2/3 120,2<with a terminal triplet> 121,1 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2
129,1<save at the raceme base, where the spikelet pairs are homogamous>
130,3/4 131<the pedicellate spikelets male or sterile, awnless> 136,1 145,3
147,3 154,2 157,1 161,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 176,2 179,1<the lower
bicarinate, the upper narrower and naviculate> 183,1 184,1-2 185,2 186,1
187,5-9 189,1-4 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 205,- 206,2
207,2 208,1 210<reduced to a linear, hyaline stipe, produced into the awn>
214,1 216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3
240,2 244,2 248,1-3 250,1/2 251<when present,>,3 258,2 259,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,1-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2
287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 322,1 323,1 325,1/2 326,1
329,1<sometimes?>/2-3 330,1 331,1/1-2 332,1 335,1 339,(42-)48-78(-84)
341,(4.2-)5.1-6(-7.5) 342,9-14 343,(12-)21-28.5(-32)
344,(0.29-)0.39-0.49(-0.51) 345,1 346,27-30 348<low>,2/3<mostly> 350,-
351,1/2 353<when present,>,1 354,1 356,6/5/8 360,1 363,8 364,1/3 370,1
374,2 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,2<rarely>/3 394,1<rarely>/- 395,1 396,1/2 397,1
399,1<sometimes, in places>/2<irregularly grouped, or the epidermis
extensively bulliform> 401,1<sometimes>/2<these mostly irregular> 403,1
404,1 405,1/2 406,1 410,1/2 413,2<1 species> 469,10 470,20&40&50&60
471,2&4&5&6 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491<about>,16
492<Old World Tropics> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&4&5 495,1&2 496,1&2&3&5
497,2 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4 500,1&2&3&4 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 511,1 512,2-4
513,2 514,2 515<habitats from marshes to subdesert and disturbed ground>
516<\i{}D. annulatum\i0{}, \i{}D. aristatum\i0{}, \i{}D. caricosum\i0{},
\i{}D. papillosum\i0{}> 518<\i{}D. caricosum\i0{}, \i{}D. sericeum\i0{}>
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&4&5 526,3
529,5 530,43&46 531,2 533,2&3 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D.
annulatum\i0{} (Forssk.) Stapf> 540<di_thium> 
 
# \i{}Dichelachne\i0{} <Endl.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}dichelos\i0{} (cloven-footed) and \i{}achne\i0{}
(chaff, scale), referring to bilobed lemmas> 2<\i{}Plumegrasses\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}D. montana\i0{} Endl.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,50-130 14,2 19,2 27,2
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 53,1 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,2-4 73,2 74,1 80,2
81,1/2 89,5 91,2 92,3/4 94,- 97<where known,>,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 126,2 141,5.5-9.5 145,1 147,1
154<minutely>,1/2 156<when present,>,2 157,1 158<from short to 2.1 mm long>
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2 167<(the upper)>,2<longer or slightly shorter
than the floret> 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<hyaline to
membranous> 187,1 189,1(-3) 191,1 196,2 208,1(-3) 210<linear to narrowly
lanceolate> 211,2<involute> 214,3<the main, eqivocal distinction from
\i{}Agrostis\i0{}> 216,2<thinly leathery> 218,1/2<tending to split>
220<when incised,>,2 221,2<no more than minutely notched> 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,1/2/3 229,1 231,1/2 232<usually>,2 234,3<usually 1.5-3 cm long> 235,1
240,2 248<faintly>,5 250,1 251,1 255,1<acute> 256,1 258,2 259,3
260,3<furrowed> 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,1-3 275,1/2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 290,1 291,2 295,1/2 298,2 299,2 301,1 302,1
303,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 311,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<narrow> 328,2<the
costals thicker walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,2/1 348,1 350,- 351,2
353<usually>,1 354,1/2 356<when present,>,1 360,3 363,1/2/3 370,2 374,1
384,2 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 469,7 470,70 471,10 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,2 491,5 492<Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Timor, Pacific>
493,5 494,2&5&6 496,3 500,4 503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1 509,1&2
512,3/4 513,2 515<forest margins and upland grasslands> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4
529,1 530,17 534<Veldkamp 1974> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D.
micrantha\i0{} (Cav.) Domin> 536<separable only with difficulty from
\i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Agrostis\i0{} and \i{}Deyeuxia\i0{}>
540<dichelac> 
 
# \i{}Diectomis\i0{} <Kunth>/
3<\i{}Andropogon\i0{} (\i{}A. fastigiatus\i0{})> 7,1<becoming red on
drying> 9,3 13,30-150 14,2 19,1 26,1 27,2<dark> 37,1 43,2 44,2 47,2 52,1
55,2 56,1-4 59,1<rather flaccid> 65,2 69,1<tough> 70,2 71<up to>,10-20 73,2
74,1 75,1 76,1&4 77,4 78,1<the pedicelled member much larger> 79,2
89<compound>,5 91,1 101,1 102,1 103,3 104,5<many jointed> 106,1<one per
spathe> 108,1 109,2 110,- 111,2<trumpet-shaped> 112,2 113,1<the appendage
terminal, small, bidentate> 115,1<long-villous, with white hairs sometimes
to 7 mm long> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2<trumpet-shaped> 129,1 130,4
131<the pedicel translucent down the middle and expanded at the tip, the
pedicellate spikelet much the larger, up to 8 mm long, its lower glume
large, flat, papery, reddish, with a 5-7 mm awn> 141,4-5 145,1<between the
rachis and the pedicel> 147,3<and with the article and the accompanying
pedicelled member> 154,2 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 176<the
upper>,1<with a long, fine bristle from the sinus> 179,1<the lower
two-keeled, membranous in the sulcus, with firm keels and awnless or
mucronate, the upper deeply naviculate, with a long slender awn from its
apical sinus> 183,1 184,4<deeply and narrowly grooved between the keels,
cf. \i{}Andropogon\i0{} Sect. Piestium etc.> 185,2 186,1 187,2<without a
median nerve, the sulcus membranous> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2
201,2 202<ciliolate> 203,2 204,2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<broad, deeply naviculate-complanate> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3
240<ciliolate> 244,2 247,2 248,2 250,1 251,2 255,1 256,1<ciliate>
257,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,1 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 272,3
274<relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 290,2 291,1 292,1
295,1 298,1<about half the grain length> 322,1 323,1 324,2<at least, absent
over the midrib> 325,2<but associated with them> 326,1<each approaching one
end of a stoma> 327<fairly>,1/- 328,2<the costals thicker walled, at least
over the midrib>/- 329,1 330,1 331,1&2<the long-cell walls thin and hard to
observe> 332,1 333,2 334,2 345,1 347,2 348,2<medium domes> 350,2 351,1
353,2<solitary, associated with prickle bases> 354,2 357<prickles abundant
costally and intercostally, variable in size> 358,2 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3
370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 385,2 387,2 388,2 389,2 393,1 394,2 395,1
396,2<with one median primary and one to several minor bundles on either
side> 397,1 398,2 399,1<but these infrequent>/2<the bulliform cells mostly
irregular, occupying much of the intercostal zones> 401,1<in places>/-
403,1 404,1<with the primary bundles> 405,1<anchors, Is and Ts> 406,1
434,1 469,5/10 470,20 471,2 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5
491,1<\i{}D. fastigiata\i0{} (Sw.) Kunth> 492<pantropical> 493,3&4&5&7
494,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5<?> 500,1&2&3&4<?> 502,1 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<savanna in sandy soils, on rocky slopes or near streams in grassland,
open forest etc> 518<\i{}D. fastigiata\i0{} provides good fodder until the
awns form> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<diectomi> 
 
# \i{}Dielsiochloa\i0{} <Pilger>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2<?> 55,2 58,1 65,2 69,1 73,2
74,1 75,2 89,5 91<oblong,>,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 156,1 157,2
158,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,2
192,2 193,4-7 194,2 195,1<the prominent awns of the sterile lemmas
apparently functioning to aid disperal> 196,2 208,2-3(-4) 214<firmly
membranous> 218,2 220,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1/2 231,1 240,2 244,1-2
246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 253,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
270,1 271,2 272,2-3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1/2<4 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,2
298,2 301,2 303,2 323,2 327,2<the costals much smaller and narrower>
328,1<walls thick, pitted> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2<present in the furrows
adaxially - with parallel-sided subsidiaries> 348,- 351,2 357<thick walled
prickles common costally> 358,2 361,2 363<perhaps>,5/6/-<poorly developed
in material seen> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 398,2
399<unclear in the poor material seen> 401,- 403,2 404,2<some bundles with
an abaxial strand only, others with a small adaxial strand as well>
406,1<except at the blade margins> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,43 491,1<\i{}D. floribunda\i0{}> 492<Peru> 493,7 494,3 502,1&6 504,11
513,2 515<in high altitude grassland> 535<studied by us> 540<dielsioc> 
 
# \i{}Digastrium\i0{} <(Hackel) A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Ischaemum\i0{}> 7,2 11,- 14,2 27,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1/2 65,2 66,2
68,1 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1 79,2 89,2/4<the spike-like racemes
with thick, inflated joints and pedicels> 91,- 94,- 95<often>,1/- 101,2
102,2 103,3 106,1-3 107,2<the joints thick, inflated> 108,1 109,2 111,2
120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,4 131<the pedicellate
spikelets sterile, reduced to glumes> 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2
167,2 170,- 176,2 183,U 185,2 186,1 187,5-7 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 201,1 203,2 207,2 208,1 214,1 218,2 220,2<bifid> 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,1 229,- 231,2 240,2 244,2 248,3 250,1 259,3<?> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,1/2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 287,1 290,U 291,2 294,U
295,1 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 325,1 326<many or>,3 328,1<rather thin
walled> 329<mainly>,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1&2<the basal cells fairly
long, the apical cells sometimes partially collapsing but quite thick
walled, hemispherical to somewhat elongated> 339,(24-)25.5-27(-30)
341,(7.5-)8.4-9 342,2.7-3.6 343,7.5-9-9.6 344,0.29-0.37 345,1
346,(27-)28.5-30(-36) 347,1 348,3 351,1-2 353,2<solitary> 360,1 363,8
364<mostly>,3 365,1 370,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1
403,1 404,1<with the major bundles> 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42<?> 491,2 492<Australasia> 493,5 494,2&5 496,3
500,4 503,1 504,6&9 509,1 535<studied by us - \i{}D. fragile\i0{} (Hack.)
A. Camus> 537,2 540<digastri> 
 
# \i{}Digitaria\i0{} <Haller>/
1<from the Latin \i{}digitus\i0{} (finger), alluding to radiating
inflorescence branches> 2<\i{}Finger Grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}D.
sanguinalis\i0{} (L.) Scop> 5<\i{}Acicarpa\i0{} Raddi,
\i{}Digitariella\i0{} De Winter, \i{}Elytroblepharum\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Elytroblepharum\i0{} (Steud.) Schlecht., \i{}Eriachne\i0{} Phil.,
\i{}Gramerium\i0{} Desv., \i{}Sanguinaria\i0{} Bub., \i{}Sanguinella\i0{}
Gleichen, \i{}Syntherisma\i0{} Walt., \i{}Trichachne\i0{} Nees,
\i{}Valota\i0{} Adans.> 6<\i{}Acostia\i0{}, \i{}Digitariopsis\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,1/2/3/4<sometimes sward forming> 11,- 13,(6-)15-300<or more?> 14,2
19<amply to sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,2 32,3 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3
55,1/2 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69<usually>,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,1<sometimes,
notably regarding indumentum>/2 80,2 81,1/2 82,1<<2%> very rarely>/2
83<when present,>,1 89<nearly always>,2<rarely with some secondary
branchlets or a single raceme> 91,1/2 94,- 95,1/2/3 96,2-50 97,2/3 99,1/2/3
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1<<10%>>/2-3<usually in groups of 2-3> 121,1 123,3<except for two
Malaysian species> 124,2/3/4 125,1/2 126,1<and the longer-pedicelled
members sometimes larger and/or hairier>/2 129,1 130,1 142,8/9/10/11 144,1
145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,1/2 165,1<the lower tiny or suppressed>/-
167,1/2<i.e., the upper, sometimes> 168,2/- 170,1 174,1/2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1/- 180,0-0.4 182<when present,>,1 183,- 187,0-1/3<at the base>/-
188<gibbous or not> 189,3-7<rarely nerveless> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1/2 199<when present,>,2 201,2/1 202<usually as long as the spikelet,
usually hairy, the hairs between the first and second lateral nerves and
along the margins (contrast with \i{}Stereochlaena\i0{})> 203,2
204,3-7(-11) 205,1-3 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<cartilaginous> 215,1-2
217,2/3/4 218,1 219,1<mostly subacute to acuminate> 223,1<but often
apiculate> 240,2<no more than minutely striate-papillate> 244,2/1<Section
\i{}Monodactylae\i0{}, where some species have a pronounced median keel>
246,1 247,1 248<obscurely>,1-3 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma> 253,2
255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2
303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1 313,1/2/3 314,13-20
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(34-)42-75(-78)
341,3.6-7.5 342,8-18.3 343,(17-)22-48(-50) 344,0.44-0.67 345,1 346,24-36
348<high to low>,2&3 350,2 351,2<scarce> 353,2<solitary when seen> 354<when
seen,>,2 357<prickles sometimes common> 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3 370,1
373,3<\i{}D. sanguinalis\i0{}> 374,2 375,1 378,2 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1
393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1/2<commonly in irregular
groups> 401<when regularly grouped,>,1/- 403,1 404,1<rarely>/2 405,2 406,1
410,1 411,2<\i{}D. sanguinalis\i0{}> 413,2<4 species> 469,9&15&17
470,18&30&36&45&54&60&70&72&76/108 473<small> 476,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,220 492<mainly in warm regions>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3
499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,2 502,1&2&3&4&5 503,1&3
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1
512,3/4 513<mostly>,2 515<diverse habitats, including weedy ground and
sandy beaches> 516<crabgrasses -\i{}D. adscendens\i0{}, \i{}D.
decumbens\i0{}, \i{}D. ciliaris\i0{}, \i{}D. fuscescens\i0{}, \i{}D.
horizontalis\i0{}, \i{}D. ischaemum\i0{}, \i{}D. longiflora\i0{}, \i{}D.
radicosa\i0{}, \i{}D. sanguinalis\i0{}, \i{}D. scalarum\i0{}, \i{}D.
setigera\i0{}, \i{}D. ternata\i0{}, \i{}D. violascens\i0{}> 517<\i{}D.
decumbens\i0{}, \i{}D. eriantha\i0{} (Pangola)> 518<\i{}D. aridicola\i0{},
\i{}D. didactyla\i0{}, \i{}D. gazensis\i0{}, \i{}D. longiflora\i0{}, \i{}D.
milanjiana\i0{}, \i{}D. nodosa\i0{}, \i{}D. pearsonii\i0{}, \i{}D.
velutina\i0{} and others> 519<minor west African cereals on infertile
soils: \i{}D. exilis\i0{} (Achna, Fonio), \i{}D. iburua\i0{}> 520<\i{}D.
didactyla\i0{}, \i{}D. longiflora\i0{}, \i{}D. swazilandensis\i0{}, \i{}D.
timorensis\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,1&2&3&5&6 526,1 527,2 528,6&7 530,18&19&47
531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D.
aequiglumis\i0{} (Hackel ex Arechav.) Parodi, \i{}D. ammophila\i0{} (F.
Muell.) Hughes, \i{}D. bicornis\i0{} (Lam.) Roem. & Schult., \i{}D.
breviglumis\i0{} (Domin) Henr., \i{}D. brownii\i0{} (Roemer & Schultes)
Hughes, \i{}D. coenicola\i0{} (F. Muell.) Hughes, \i{}D.
divaricatissima\i0{} (R. Br.) Hughes, \i{}D. milanjiana\i0{} (Rendle)
Stapf, \i{}D. parviflora\i0{} (R. Br.) Hughes, \i{}D. sanguinalis\i0{} (L.)
Scop.> 540<dig_ia> 
 
# \i{}Digitariopsis\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from \i{}Digitaria\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.) and the Greek
\i{}opsis\i0{}, denoting similarity> 3<\i{}Digitaria\i0{}>
6<\i{}Leptoloma\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,2 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2
65,2 66,2 69,2<minutely fringed> 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,2 94,1<i.e. capillary
rachides> 96,12-20 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1/2 121,1 122,1 123,3 141<about>,3 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1<associated with a characteristic basal prolongation of the solitary
glume> 160,3 163,1<the upper> 165,- 167,1 168,- 170,1 171,1 173,1&2<with
dark brown hairs in 4 rows, between and outside the veins, prolonged into
tufts apically> 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,- 183,- 187,- 188,-<prolonged
downwards into a short spur, this seemingly the extreme of a tendency seen
in \i{}Digitaria\i0{} species such as \i{}D. flaccida\i0{}> 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2 201,2 203,2 204,5 205,2 206,1-2<hyaline,
densely hairy below and on the margins> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2
258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3
275,2 276,2 277,1 280<basally>,1 283,2 284,2 291,2 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1
323,2 330,2 331,2<to slightly sinuous in high focus> 332,1 335,1
339,(24-)27-32(-45) 341,(15-)16-23(-33) 342,5-10.7 343,(4.2-)4.5-4.8(-5.4)
344,0.55-0.73 345,1 346,30-36 348,2&3 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1
363,8&9/5<representing incomplete crosses> 364<mostly>,1 365<sometimes>,1/-
370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,2<constituting most of the
adaxial epidermis> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487<cf.>,9<as a synonym?> 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,2 492<tropical Africa>
493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 535<studied by us - \i{}D.
redheadi\i0{} Hubbard> 540<dig_iops> 
 
# \i{}Dignathia\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}gnathos\i0{}, likening the hardened glumes to a pair
of jaws or mandibles> 7,1/2 9,3 13,(1-)5-50 14,2 19,1/2 23,3/1 40,2 44,2
47,2 55,2 56,1.5-3<to 8 cm long> 58,2<rigid> 65,2 67,1 69,2 70,- 73,2 74,1
75,1 76,1&4 78,1 89,3<the pedunculate branchlets each with 2-3 spikelets,
the terminal one sterile and reduced to glumes, the rest fertile> 91,2
101,2 102,2 103,1<to 1-2 spikelets plus a rudiment on the curved rachis>
106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the branchlets falling complete with fertile and
sterile spikelets> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,- 126,2 141,3-7 144<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} laterally contiguous with rachis> 145<obliquely>,1
147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,- 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2<exceeding the
lemma> 170,2 171,1 174,1<acute, acuminate or subulate-beaked> 176,1<one or
both acuminate into a curved or flexuous subule> 177,2 178,-
179,1<thickened-cartilaginous dorsally with hyaline margins,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader and marked
with green lines> 186,1 187<several nerved> 189<several nerved> 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,1<hyaline-membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3
229,- 231,1 234,1<a short slender aristule, about 1 mm long> 240,1/2 244,1
248,3 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 274,1-2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.5-2 mm long> 295,1
297,3 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,2<but on only some cells> 325,2 326,1/2
328,2<the costals thinner> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 339,27-31.5
341,7.2-9 342,3-4.2 343,7.5-10.5 344,0.24-0.36 345,1 346,(18-)21-24 347,2
348<mostly low to high>,2/3<some, fairly> 350,2 351,1 353,2<mostly
solitary> 354,1 357<with a few costal prickles> 358,2 360,1 363,8 364,3
370,1 374,1 378,2 385,1 393,2-3 394,1<slight> 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1<these
deeply penetrating> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all bundles>
406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,37 491,5 492<East Africa and
India> 493,3&4 494,2 496,1&3 499,1&2 500,1 504,11 508,2&3 513,2 515<dry
bushland> 534<Stapf 1911> 535<studied by us - \i{}D. villosa\i0{} Hubbard>
540<dignathi> 
 
# \i{}Diheteropogon\i0{} <(Hack.) Stapf>/
7,1/2<slender> 9,3 13,15-230 14,2<to woody at the base> 19<mainly>,2 37,1
44,2 49,2 51,1<sometimes, to their midribs in \i{}D. filifolius\i0{}>/2
52,1/2 55,1-2 57,1/3 59,1/4 65,2 69,1 70,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<all male or
sterile at the bases of the racemes, heterogamous above> 76,1&3/1&4 78,1
79,1<the 3-9 proximal pairs homogamous, imperfect, hardly heteromorphic>
89,2/5<of paired racemes, terminal or in a scanty false panicle> 101,1
102,1 103,3 106,2<not deflexed the bases terete> 107,2 108,1 109,2
111,2<thickened and hollowed at the summit> 113,2 114,2 115,1-2 120,2
123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1<save at the base of the raceme> 130,3/4<?>
131<the pedicelled spikelets awnless or aristulate, larger, callus
glabrous> 141,5-9 145,3<subterete> 147,3<or with a slight tendency to
disarticulate above them> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2
171<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with ciliate margins> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<somewhat
leathery, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} bicarinate and grooved between the keels,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} not bicarinate> 183,1 184,4 185,2 186,1 187<many
nerved> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,2
206,2<thin> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1
229,- 231<twice>,2 233,1<scabrid>/2 234,3<and sturdy> 240<with ciliate
lobes> 244,2 247,2 248,1<?> 250,1 251,2<small> 255,1 256,1<ciliolate>
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 272,3 277,1 283,2 286,2
290,U 294,U 322,1 323,2 328,1 330<mostly>,1 331,1/2 332,1 335,1 345,1
348,2&3 351,1 353,1/2<some solitary> 354,1/2 356<infrequent and variable in
shape> 358,2 360,1/1&2 363,8 364,1 366,1/2 370,1 374,2 378,2 383,1 389,1
393<(when the blade not acicular and reduced almost to its midrib)>,1/3
394<when present,>,1 395,1<or the blade reduced to the midrib> 396,1/2
397,1 399,1/2<the adaxial part of the leaf extensively colourless in \i{}D.
filifolius\i0{}, the adaxial epidermis of irregularly grouped bulliform
cells in \i{}D. amplectens\i0{}> 403,1 406,1 413,1<1 species> 442,- 469,10
470,20&40 471,2&4 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5 491,5
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3&4 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,2
513,2 514,2 515<savanna> 534<Stapf 1922> 535<Metcalfe 1960 (\i{}Andropogon
amplectens\i0{}); photos of \i{}D. filifolius\i0{} and \i{}D.
amplectens\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 537,2 540<dihetero> 
 
# \i{}Dilophotriche\i0{} <Jacq.-Fl.>/
3<\i{}Loudetiopsis p.p.\i0{}> 7,1/2<culms erect, rather slender> 9,3
13,100-120 14,2 16,1 19,2 25,4-6 26,1 27,2 29,1 37,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2
58<often becoming involute>,1/2 59,1/3<becoming involute> 65,2 69,3 72,2
73,2 74,1 88,2-3 89,5<diffuse, the branches often setulose> 91,1
94,1<often>/2<but then the branchlets slender> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3/2<rarely> 121,2 123,3 126,2<but the
pedicels varying in length> 141,7-12 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2<above the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} only in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}, above the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and above G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} in \i{}D.
occidentalis\i0{}> 150,1 154,2 157,1 158,- 160,3<with long hairs> 161,2<at
the tip> 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171,1<with long
tubercle-based hairs>/2<glabrous> 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,1-2<more or less
lanceolate, the lower shorter and sometimes hairier with more prominent
nerves> 181,1 184,1-2 186<in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}>,4/- 187,3 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<two keeled> 201,1 202<lanceolate> 203,2 204,3
205,3 206,1<herbaceous-membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,3 216,2<becoming
leathery> 218,2 220,2<the lobes finally setaceous> 221,1 223,3 225,1/3
226,1/2<if the lobes are considered awn-tipped> 227<the median>,1<if
laterals are considered present> 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1/2 234,3 235,2
236,1<seemingly, in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}> 237<(if considered as such)>,1
238,1 239,1 240,1 241,1/2 242,1<the lemma variously pilose, tufted on
either side in the middle or with an fringe of long hairs on either side
beneath the sinus> 244,2 248,7 249,1 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3
260,3<the keels fairly thick and hard> 261,1 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,2 283,2 284,1/3
286,2 287,1 290,1 295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower>
328,1<thin walled> 330<somewhat>,2/1 331,1<the sinuosity fairly coarse>
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348,2<\i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}>/3<with
sharp points, in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}> 350,2 351,1<abundant>
353<mostly>,1 354,1 356<irregularly>,5<mostly more or less distorted, in
\i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}> 357<no microhairs or prickles seen in \i{}D.
pobeguinii\i0{}> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364<long and short>,3<mostly with rather
rough outlines, in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}> 370,1 374,1<? - see
Jacques-Flix 1962>/2<indisputably, in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{}> 375,1 378,2
388,2 389,1/2 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1/2<the epidermis extensively
bulliform, the groups mostly irregular> 402,1 403,1 404,1<\i{}D.
occidentalis\i0{}>/2<the abaxial fibres in \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{} as
strands only> 405<in \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}>,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,4
487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80 491,3 492<West Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3
504,11 508,1 512,3 515<in damp pockets on rock outcrops> 534<Jacques-Flix
1962> 535<drawing of \i{}D. occidentalis\i0{}, \i{}D. purpurea\i0{} and
\i{}D. tristachya\i0{} in Jacques-Flix 1962; \i{}D. pobeguinii\i0{} and
\i{}D. occidentalis\i0{} studied by us> 540<dilophot> 
 
# \i{}Dimeria\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}dis\i0{} (double) and \i{}meros\i0{} (part), alluding
to species with two racemes> 5<\i{}Didactylon\i0{} Zoll. & Mor.,
\i{}Haplachne\i0{} Presl, \i{}Psilostachys\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Pterostachyum\i0{} Steud., \i{}Woodrowia\i0{} Stapf> 7,1/2<often
pigmented when mature> 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,1<usually?> 37,2 38,-
47,1/2 52,1<acuminate> 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2/4<the raceme
or racemes spiciform> 90,1<in \i{}D. woodrowii\i0{}, the two mature racemes
coil into a ball and are shed together>/2 95<when of more than one
raceme,>,1/- 96,1-9 99,1<triquetrous>/2 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,-
107,1/2<filiform or flattened> 108,2<the rachis tough> 111,- 113,- 120,1
121,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3<the pedicels usually but not always shortly
clavate> 125,1/2 126<emphatically>,2<despite being obviously
andropogonoid> 145<strongly>,1 147,3/4<\i{}D. woodrowii\i0{}>
157,1<shortly bearded> 163,2 165,2 170,- 176,2 177,1 178,1/2 179,2 183,2
185,2 186,1 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0
206,2<thinly membranous to hyaline> 208,1 214,1 216,2 218,2<or rarely
entire> 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228<usually>,1 231,2 233,1<glabrous>
234,3 240,2 247,2 248,1-3 250,2 264,2 266,2 272<usually>,2<the filaments
short> 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1 291,1<linear> 295,1<elliptical> 298,1
303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,2 326,3<one
longitudinal row per cell> 327,1<narrowly so> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,1/2 334,1/2 335,1&2 339,9-18 341,(7.2-)7.5-8.4(-9) 342,1-3
343,7.5-9(-10.5) 344,0.5-0.6 345,1 346,18-19.5 347,1 348,3 350,2 351,2
353,2<very rare> 354<when seen>,2 360,1 363,1<almost>/8<mostly> 364,1/3/4
370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,2<irregularly grouped
in the largely bulliform epidermis> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,1/2
413,2<1 species> 470,14 473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1
489,2 490,30 491,40 492<Mascarene Is., Southeast Asia, Indomalayan region,
Australia, Polynesia> 493,3&5 494,1&2&5 495,1 496,1&2&3&4 497,3 499,1
500,1&2&3&4 501,2 503,1 504,5&6&7&9 509,1 512,3 513,2 515<forest glades and
margins> 524,2 530,2 531,2 533,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}Dimeria\i0{} sp.> 540<dimeria> 
 
# \i{}Dimorphochloa\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
3<\i{}Cleistochloa\i0{}> 7<wiry, bushy>,2 9,3 11,- 13,40-100 19,1 27,1 37,2
38,- 42,1 44,2 47,2 50<the sheaths short> 55,2 58,2 59,3<short> 65,2 66,1
67,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1<dimorphic, chasmogamous/cleistogamous>
81,1&2<the cleistogamous spikelets borne singly on short leafy shoots at
the previous seasons nodes> 82,2 89<(chasmogamous, terminal) sparse,>,4/5
91,- 94,- 101,1/2<according to interpretation of the limits of the
inflorescence> 102,1/2<according to interpretation> 103,3 107,1<these
triquetous or compressed> 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
123<shortly>,3 141,4.7-5.2 144,2 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,1/2 165,1/-
167<(the upper)>,2 168,2/- 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, with short
hairs on the back> 176,2 179,1<the lower minute to flimsy or absent, upper
substantial and nearly equalling spikelet> 183,- 187,0-1 189,5-7 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,7 205,2 207,1/2<tending to crustaceous>
208,1 214,3 215,1 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,2<the mucro incurved> 240,2 244,2
247,1 248,5-7 250,1 255,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 274<about>,2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1<3-3.5 mm long> 291,2
295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,57-72 341,8.4-10.5 342,6.3-8.6
343,27-34.5 344,0.42-0.5 345,1 346,36-39 348,2 350,2 351,1 354,2 360,3
363,8 370,2 374,1 385,1/2<rarely> 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 442,- 477,7 478,5 485,2 487<cf.>,9<as a synonym?> 488,4
489,36 490,49 491,1<\i{}D. rigida\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1
504,2&6 509,1 534<Blake 1941b> 535<studied by us> 540<dimorpho> 
 
# \i{}Dinebra\i0{} <Jacq.>/
1<a corruption of Arabic \i{}danaiba\i0{} (a little tail), alluding to
acuminate glumes> 4<Type: \i{}D. arabica\i0{} Jacq. = \i{}D.
retroflexa\i0{} (Vahl) Panz.> 6<\i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{},
\i{}Heterocarpha\i0{}> 7,1 9,3-4 11,- 13,15-120 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,-
42,2 44,2 47,2 55,1<rarely>/2 59<usually>,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2<very
narrow> 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,2/5<a raceme of numerous small spikes which
become deflexed at maturity, the lower spikelets of each spike often
replaced by small deciduous branchlets> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,2 108,1/2 109<when disarticulating,>,1<the smaller laterals deciduous>
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,1 126,- 141,3.5-10 142,5 144,2
145,1 147,1 148<when with two or more florets,>,2/- 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2
162,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<much exceeding them> 170,1 174,1
176,1<acuminate-aristate> 177,1<subulate> 179,1/2<leathery or membranous,
the lower often very asymmetrical> 181,3 187,1-2 189,1-2 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,1-3 210<pointed to incised> 214,1-2<thinly membranous> 216,2
221,2<acute to emarginate> 223,1-2 240,1<usually, pilose on the
nerves>/2<glabrous in \i{}D. retroflexa\i0{}> 244,1<slightly>/2 248,3 250,1
256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,1 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 289,4 290<shallowly concave on the hilar
side> 291,4 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1
307,1 308,1 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,9 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2
326,1-2<most intercostal long-cells with a papilla at one end> 327,1
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,30-34.5
340,24 341,12(-13.5) 342,2.5-2.9 343,7.5-10.5 344,0.2-0.27 345,1
346,45-46.5 347,2 348,3 350,2 351,2 352,2 353,2 355,1 357<prickles common>
360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1/3/4 365,1<via points on dumb-bell ends>/2 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1
400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 469,10 470,20 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,3 492<tropical Africa, Asia> 493,3&4&5 494,2
496,1&2&3 499,1&2 500,1 504,6 508,1&2&3&4 511,1 512,2-3<in seasonally wet
places> 513,1/2 514,2 515<savanna> 516<\i{}D. retroflexa\i0{}> 535<studied
by us - \i{}D. retroflexa\i0{} (Vahl) Panzer> 540<dinebra> 
 
# \i{}Dinochloa\i0{} <Buese>/
1<from the Greek \i{}deinos\i0{} (fearful, marvellous) and \i{}chloa\i0{}
(a grass), alluding to size> 6<\i{}Melocalamus\i0{}> 7,2 9,- 11,2
13,1000-3000<sympodial, zigzag> 14,1 15,2.5-5 17,1<high-climbing> 19,1
21,4-20 23,4 30,1 31,1<usually>/2 33,1<commonly>/2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4
37,1/2<flexuous> 38,- 40,1<thorny>/2<but the culms rough> 44,2 47,1<with
bristles adjoining> 48,U 55,1 56,25-100<by 8 to 45 cm long> 57,3<bases
cuneate> 58,- 63,1 65,1 66,1 67,1 69,2<shortly ciliate> 72,2 73,2 74,1
86,2 87,1 89,-<a large fan of slender, leafless inflorescence branches up
to 3 m long, with spikelets in pairs and groups at their nodes> 91,- 101,1
102,1<but without foliage leaves> 103,5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2<the spikelet pairs and clusters alternate> 123,3 126,1/2 129,1
130,1 140,2 141,2-4(-5) 142,7<commonly>/8/9 144,- 145<slightly>,1 147,3
148,- 154,2 163,2/3<2-3> 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} smaller>/- 167,1
168,2/- 169,1 170,- 174,2<broad, obtuse, convolute> 176,2 179,2 187,9<in
material seen> 188,- 189,9<in material seen> 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2
223,2<or mucronulate> 248,9<in the species seen> 250,1<glabrous>
251,1<longer than lemma> 252,1<\i{}D. palawenensis\i0{}>/2<nearly always>
255,2<slightly 2-pointed, the points touching> 256,1<mucronate> 257,1 258,2
259,4<11 in the species seen> 260,1 264,2 272,6<short> 274,4 275,1/2
276,1<acute> 277,1 278,1/2 279<when present,>,2 280,1<into a single style
with a wide solid base> 283,3<slightly plumose> 289,5<spheroidal> 291,3
296,1/3<i.e. pericarp sometimes thick, wrinkled when dry> 298,1<1/2 to 1/3
as long as fruit> 300,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1 326,3<variously shaped,
sometimes exclusively forming rings over and around the stomata> 327,1
328,1 330,1 331,1<thin> 332,1 334,2/3<occasionally 3-celled> 335,1<rather
variable in form> 339,(60-)66-75(-78)<in \i{}D. pubivanea\i0{}>
341,5.4-19.5 342,6.7-14.4<i.e. very variable, in \i{}D. pubivanea\i0{}>
343,(31.5-)40.5-42(-51) 344,0.53-0.65 345,1<obscured by papillae>
346,28.5-30<in \i{}D. pubivanea\i0{}> 347,2 348,- 349,- 350,1 351,1 353,1
354,1 356,3 360,1/2/3 363,4/5/6/7 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1 390,1 391,1<very
large> 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<most bundles>
469,12 470,72 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491<about>,25
492<Southeast Asia, Indo-Malaya> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,2&3 504,11
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D. pubiramea\i0{} Gamble>
540<dinochlo> 
 
# \i{}Diplachne\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}diploos\i0{} (double) and \i{}achne\i0{} (a glume),
referring to the two-lobed lemma> 3<\i{}Leptochloa\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}D.
fascicularis\i0{} (Lam.) P.Beauv.> 6<\i{}Kengia\i0{}> 7,2 9,2/3<some tall>
11,- 13,30-270 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 52,1 55,1/2
59,1/3<often involute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1/2/3<<5%> \i{}D.
chloridiformis\i0{}, \i{}D. monticola\i0{}> 70,- 72,1<of hairs>/2 73,2 74,1
81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when present,>,1 89,2<a contracted panicle of spikelike
racemes>/4<rarely>/5 91,1 94,1/2 95,1/3 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2<or scarcely so> 122,1 123,2-3
125<usually more or less>,2 141,6-15<narrow> 145,2-3<more or less terete>
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2<glabrous or scaberulous, the internode apices
widened and oblique> 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,1/2/3 171,2 172,1
176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 181,1 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 195,2 196,2
208,5-20 216,2 218,1/2 219,2/- 220<when incised,>,2<bidentate> 221,2
223,1/2<from the sinus>/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/2 229,1 231,1 234,1
240,1<the margins ciliate below, and usually with a tuft of hairs below the
middle of the mid-nerve>/2 241,1<usually>/2 244,2<rarely keeled> 248,3
250,1 255,1<e.g. \i{}D. eleusine\i0{}>/2 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
263,3<ciliate, below> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 291,1/2 295,1 297,1/2/3 298,1 299,2
301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,7
322,1 323,1 324,1/2/1&2 325,2 326,2<finger-like> 327,1<narrowly so>
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,12-18-19.5
340,9 341,9 342,1.3-2.2 343,(6.6-)9-9.6(-10.5) 344,0.46-0.58 345,1
346,21-24 348,3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<mostly solitary> 354,1&2 355,1/2
360,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 385,2
393,2 394,2 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
409,1 410,1 413,2<1 species> 469,10 470,40&60 471,4&6 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,18 492<tropical and subtropical> 493,3&4&5&7
494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3 497,2&3&4 498,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3
502,4&5 503,1&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8 505,2 506,1&2 507,1&2 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2
511,1 512,2/3/4 513,1&2 514,1&2 515<woodland, savanna, dry and swampy
soils> 516<\i{}D. fascicularis\i0{}, \i{}D. fusca\i0{}> 531,2 533,5
535<studied by us - \i{}D.e parviflora\i0{} (R. Br.) Benth.> 540<diplachn> 
 
# \i{}Diplopogon\i0{} <R.Br.>/
3<\i{}Amphipogon\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}D. setaceus\i0{} R.Br.>
5<\i{}Dipogonia\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-60 14,2 19,2 27,2 38,-
47,2 55,2 58,1<and convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<the
sterile spikelets reduced to setaceous bracts> 89,5 91,2 92,1-2 94,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,4<constituted by the
glumes of the lowermost spikelets> 120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3/2 131<the
sterile spikelets forming a fairly inconspicuous involucre of linear,
convolute, subulate or setaceous bracts at the base of the panicle> 144,-
145,1 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 163,2 165,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} being
slightly longer than G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 167,2<exceeding them> 170,-
174,1<acuminate> 176,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}s usually being acuminate
into a long straight point> 177,2<rounded on the back> 179,2<lanceolate and
hyaline> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<narrow bodied> 211,1<below>
214,3<firmly chartaceous> 216,2 218,2 220,3 221,1 223,3 225,3 226,2<the
lateral lobes acuminate into short, erect, scabrid awns, the median much
longer> 227<the median>,1 228,1<i.e., from between the lateral lobes> 229,-
231,1<but much flattened below, twisted and laterally displacing> 233,1
234,2-3 235,1 237,1<erect, scabrid> 240,1<with silky hairs below> 244,2
248,3 250,1 251,1 256,3<apically 2-awned> 258,2<membranous> 259,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 295,1 298,2
322,2 323,1 325,2 330,1 331,1 332,2<but present adaxially> 335<panicoid
type> 345,2 347,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 360,3 363,5&6 370,2 374,1 385,2
393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1-2 401,1<poorly differentiated fans, to
\i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type aggregations of small cells, in the furrows>/-
403,2 404,2 406,2 407,1 408,1<opposite the adaxial furrows> 477,5<?> 483,9
487,3 488,7 489,6 490,80 491,1<\i{}D. setaceus\i0{}> 492<Western Australia>
493,5 494,5 503,2 504,5&8 534<Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<studied by
us> 540<diplopog> 
 
# \i{}Dissanthelium\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}dissos\i0{} (double) and \i{}anthelion\i0{} (a small
flower), alluding to two florets> 3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 5<\i{}Graminiastrum\i0{}
Krause, \i{}Phalaridium\i0{} Nees & Meyen, \i{}Stenochloa\i0{} Nutt>
7,1/2<mostly dwarf> 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 55,2<with 2 adaxial
grooves, cf. \i{}Poa\i0{}> 58,1/2 65,2 68,1 69,1 70,2 71,2-6 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1/2 92<often>,3/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2.5-5 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,2 157,2 158,2
163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2<often exceeding all the florets> 170,- 174,1<acute>
176,2 177,1 179,2<firm, membranous to herbaceous> 183,- 187,1-3 189,3 191,1
196,2 208,2(-3) 214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 223,1
240,1/2 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,2 253,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2
287,1<1.3 mm long> 291,2 295,1 298,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2
308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1
348,1&2&3<low to high> 349,1<and high and low domes> 350,1<slightly> 351,1
353,1 354,1 356<mostly>,2/3 360,2 363,3/6<crescents predominating> 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 395,1<by its hinges, abaxial keel, and the large
vascular bundle possessing only an abaxial strand> 396,1 398,2<save for the
conspicuous midrib hinges> 399,2 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1<with the largest
bundles, except that of the midrib> 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,61 491,17 492<mostly Andean, also California Islands, Mexico,
Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,3 502,6 504,11 513,2 515<mostly in High
Andean puna> 535<studied by us - \i{}D. minimum\i0{} Pilger> 540<dissanth> 
 
# \i{}Dissochondrus\i0{} <(Hillebr.) Kuntze>/
7,2 9,3 11,- 27,1 38,- 44,2 47,1 55,1 58,- 63,1 65,2 66,1 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,2 92,3 98,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 108,2 116,2/3<these long, sinuous,
antrorsely scabrid> 118,1 120,- 121,2 123,3 124,4 141,3 144,- 145,3 147,3
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,2 172,2 174,1 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,2 187,5 189,7-9 191,1 196,2 208,2<i.e. both the florets
hermaphrodite> 214,3 216,1/2<leathery or crustaceous> 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 257,2 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 276,2<but the anthers divaricate>
277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 290,U 294,U 322,1 323,2 330,2 331,1 332,1<equalling
the long-cells in length> 335,1 339,(60-)66-81(-87) 341,(27-)30-44(-57)
342,6.1-19.3 343,(4.2-)5.4-6 344,0.45-0.66 345,1 346,21-24 348,2 350,2
351,1<fairly> 353,1 354,- 360,1 363,8 364,1&3&4<mostly nodular> 370,1 371,2
372,4 374,2 385,1<slightly> 388,1<solitaries, small groups and some
obviously reduced bundles> 393,3 394,- 396,1-2<a small bundle under each
midrib hinge> 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}D. biflorus\i0{}> 492<Hawaii> 493,5 494,2
496,4 501,1 504,11 513,1 515<on slopes> 535<studied by us> 537,2
540<dissocho> 
 
# \i{}Distichlis\i0{} <Raf.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}distichos\i0{} (in 2 rows), referring to the
conspicuous phyllotaxy> 4<Type: \i{}D. maritima\i0{} Raf., \i{}nom.
illeg.\i0{}> 5<\i{}Trisiola\i0{} Raf. (1825)> 6<\i{}Allolepis (D.
texana)\i0{}, \i{}Monanthochlo\i0{}, \i{}Reederochloa\i0{}> 7,2
9,U<saltgrass, with thick, conspicuously distichous leaves> 11,- 13,10-70
14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 61,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 69,2-3<?> 70,-
73,1<rarely>/3 74,2 75,1<when monoecious>/2<on the same plant, i.e., when
dioecious> 76,2/3/2&3 80,1<at least when dioecious> 88,1<\i{}D.
australis\i0{}>/2/3 89,2<of short racemes on a central axis>/4/5<or
reduced> 91,2/- 92,2/3/4 94,- 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 131<male spikelets similar to the
females, but of thinner texture> 138,3 141,6-28 145,1 147<tardily>,1 148,2
154,1 155,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 179,2<firm>
187,1-5 189,4-9 191,- 196,2 208,3-20 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1
244,1-2 248,(3-)7-9(-11) 250,1 251,1 257<leathery> 259,3 260,3 262<more or
less>,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 270,1 272,0 277,1 280,2 283,2
289,4 290,U 294,U 295,1 296,U 297,U 301,2 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,1<a few, usually near stomata>/2<but abundant adaxially> 324,2
325,1-2 326,1 327,1 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1/2 333,1/2
334,1/2 335,2 336,3 337,1<in \i{}D. stricta\i0{}> 338,1 339<when
seen>,30-32 340,24 341<about>,13 342,2.3 343,7.5 344,0.24 345,1 346,21-24
348,2/2&3 350,1/2 351,1 352,3 353,1<occasionally>/2<solitary>
354,1<rarely>/2 355,1/2 356<when present,>,3 360,2/3 362,1
363,3<common>/4/5<or more or less cuboid> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2
377,1 378,1 379,1 383,2 385,1 389,1 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2
401,1<irregular, of small cells>/2<sometimes connected with traversing
colourless columns> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 411,1 413,2<1 species>
415,1 469,10 470,40<in \i{}D. stricta\i0{}> 471,4 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,47 491<about>,6 492<<<12 in>>America and <<1 in>> Australia>
493,5&6&7 494,1&3&5&6 495,1&3 497,4&5 502,1&5&6 503,1 504,1&4&8 505,2
507,1&2&3 509,2 513,2 514,1 515<seashores and deserts> 516<\i{}D.
spicata\i0{}, \i{}D. stricta\i0{}> 524,5 525,6 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}D. distichophylla\i0{} (Labill.) Fassett> 537,2
540<distichl> 
 
# \i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Dinebra\i0{} sensu lato> 6<\i{}Heterocarpha\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3/4 13,5-65
14,2 19,1/2 38,- 39,- 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1 61,2<at the base
of hairs> 62,3 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.7-1.5 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2<of short,
broad spikes on a central axis> 91,2 95,3<the axis short>/2 96,3-6 98,1
100,- 101,2 102,2 108,1 109,1<the spikes deciduous> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
121,1 122,1 123,2 125,1 141,6-14 145<strongly>,1 147,1<but the spikes
falling first> 148<eventually>,2 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} conspicuous, spreading> 166,1 167<(the
upper)>,2<almost as long> 176,2 177,1 179<glumes lanceolate> 181,3 187,1-5
189,7-17 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,5-18 214<lemma papery> 216,2 218,1
219,1 221,- 223,2<or cuspidate> 240,1<villous below on keel and margins>
244,1 247,2 248,(3-)5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,1/2 264,1
265,2 266,2 269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 291,4 295,1
297,2<removable when wet> 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<slightly>/2
326,1-2<thick-walled> 327,2<the costals longer and narrower> 329,1-2<many
of them quite short> 330,1 331,1-2 332,1 333,1 334,1 335,2<obviously
glandular> 336,3 339,21-22.5(-26) 340,9 342,1 344,0.5 345,1 346,15-18
348,2<mostly>/3<a few> 350,2 351,2<but lots of short long-cells> 352,2
353,2 354,- 355,1 357<with a few costal prickles> 358,2 360,1 362,4 363,8
364<mostly>,3 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 393,2<with large and
small nodules> 395,2 396,1 399,1<these infrequent> 400,1 401,1 403,2
404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<with most bundles> 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}D. somalensis\i0{}> 492<Eastern Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,1&2 512,3 513,2 515<damp places in savanna>
534<Phillips 1974> 535<studied by us> 536<generic circumscriptions around
\i{}Brachychloa\i0{}, \i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{} and \i{}Heterocarpha\i0{}
seem problematical, especially in the absence of anatomical data for \i{}H.
haareri\i0{} and \i{}B. fragilis\i0{}> 540<drake-Br> 
 
# \i{}Dregeochloa\i0{} <Conert>/
1<in honour of J.F. Drege, a German plant collector in South Africa>
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<Type: \i{}D. pumila\i0{} (Nees) Conert>
7,2 9,2<sometimes>/3<with short, often branched creeping rhizomes>
13,40-250 14,2 19,2<but usually considerably branched just below the soil
surface> 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1/2 47,2 50<hair-tufted at the mouth of the
sheath> 52,1/4-5 55,2<very rigid> 56<to>,3 58,1/2 59<usually>,2 60,- 65,2
66,2 69,3 70,- 71<minute, to>,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 88,2<4-12> 89,4/5<rarely>
91<when paniculate,>,2<and reduced>/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,3 123,3<the rachis and pedicels hairy>
125,2 141,10-13 144,- 145<somewhat>,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1/2 156,1
157,1<with a beard on each side> 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2
170,- 171<minutely>,1/2 172<when hairless>,1 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2
179,2<lanceolate, scarious or herbaceous below, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
narrower> 187,5 189,5-7 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,3-8
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2<the lobes acute or bristle-tipped>
221,1<to about 1/3> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1 234,2 235,1
236,2 240,1 241,1 242,1<the lobes minutely hairy, a row of tufts at their
base, and larger marginal tufts beneath> 244,2 248,7-9 249,2 250,1 251,1
255,1-2 256,1 257,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,3 275,2 276,2 277<sparsely>,2 280,2 283,2
284,2 286,2 287,1 290,1 291,2 295,1<punctiform> 296,2 297,1 315,1 316,2
317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 328,2<the costals very
thick-walled> 332,1<perhaps?>/2<apparently, though the hairy grooves are
inaccessible: present adaxially> 335,1 345<hidden> 348,- 360,2 363,5
370,2<obviously so in \i{}D. pumila\i0{}, but but the anatomy of \i{}D.
calvinensis\i0{} is equivocal, to say the least: most mesophyll cells are
no more than one cell distant, and the only seeming exceptions are at the
tops of the adaxial ribs. A candidate for intermediacy> 374,1 393<with
round-topped adaxial ribs, and broad, flat-topped abaxial ribs with deep
intercostal furrows> 394,1<adaxially> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the adaxial
furrows> 401,1<but these deeply penetrating in \i{}D. pumila\i0{}> 403,2
404,2<the sclerenchyma strands in hypodermal bands in the adaxial and
abaxial ribs> 406,1 477,5 483,3 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,2 492<drier
parts of southern Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,4 504,11 512,4 513,2
514,1<sometimes>/2<usually> 515<\i{}D. pumila\i0{} in blown sand over
rocks> 535<studied by us - \i{}D. calviniensis\i0{} Conert; photos of
\i{}D. pumila\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<dregeoch> 
 
# \i{}Drepanostachyum\i0{} <Keng f.>/
3<\i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}> 4<\i{}D. falcatum\i0{} Keng f.> 7,2
13<erect,>,140-540 14,1<without nodal roots> 16,1<with swollen nodes> 19,1
21,3-20<to many> 22<thinner than the stem, subequal,>,1/2/3 23,4
29,1/2<sometimes leafless when inflorescence-bearing> 30,1 31,1-2 33,1/2
34,2 35,1 36,1/1-2 39,1 47,1<falcate>/2 52<herbaceous or
chartaceous,>,1/2/3/6 63,1 65<more or less obscurely>,1-2 66,1/2 69,1-2
73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87,2 89<terminal, or terminal and axillary,>,2/5 91,1/2
101<subtended by a bract or an unspecialized sheath> 102,2 120,1 121,2
123,3 141,8-25 142,13/7/9/10 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,4<internodes "definite">
154,1 155,1-2 156,1<usually>/2 163,2 165,1 166,1-2<somewhat shorter> 167,1
171,2 172,1/2 174,1-2<obtuse, acute or acuminate> 176<muticous or
mucronate,>,2 177,1/2<usually> 179<persistent, herbaceous or chartaceous,
lanceolate, ovate or elliptic,>,2 180<about>,0.8 187,3-7 189,5-9 191,2
192,2 194,1<usually>/2 196,2 208,(1-)2-12 210<ovate> 214<herbaceous or
chartaceous,>,2 215<with prominent lateral veins,>,1 216,2 218,1 219,1
223<acute or acuminate,>,1/2 240,1/2 244,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,1<about
equalling the lemma> 255,1/2 256,1-2<sometimes with excurrent keel veins>
259,3/4<2-6> 260,3 263,1/2 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 269,1/2 272,3 277,1
278,2 283,2 289<not apically appendaged,>,2 295,2 297,3 320,U 340,U 344,U
345,U 349,U 350,U 353,U 356,U 362,U 378,U 379,U 380,U 381,U 382,U 385,U
386,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12
491<about>,13 492<temperate and tropical Asia> 493,3&5 494,1&2 538,4
540<drepanos> 
 
# \i{}Dryopoa\i0{} <Vick.>/
4<Type: \i{}D. dives\i0{} (F.Muell.) Vickery> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,115-500 14,2
19,2 25,4-8 26,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths not keeled, terete,
striate> 52,2<and long-acuminate> 53,2 55,1-2 56,7-18(-24) 59,1 65,2 66,2
69,1 70,2 71,6-18(-20)<striate-veined, cartilaginous> 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5
91,1<broadly pyramidal, 20-50 cm long, up to 50 cm wide> 94,1<towards the
extremities> 97,2 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,2 123<long>,3 141,6-11.9 142<broadly>,8 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1<half as
long to somewhat shorter> 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,1<the keels scabrid>
179,2<membranous> 187,(1-)3 189,3(-5) 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1<rudimentary>
196,2 208,3-5(-6) 210<narrowly elliptic> 214,3<thinly cartilaginous>
216<very firm> 218,1/2 219,1 220<entire or shortly>,2 221,2<at the most
minutely incised> 223,1-3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,1<subapically>/2
229,1 231,1 232,1 233,1<scabrous> 234,1<to 2 mm long> 235,1 238,2 239,2
240,2 243,2 244<slightly>,1 247,2 248,5(-7)<the nerves raised and
scaberulous> 249,2 250,1 251,1<slightly exceeding the lemma> 253,2
255,1<and pointed, but easily splitting> 256,1 257,2 258,2<thinly
cartilaginous> 259,2<ciliolate>/3 260,3 262,2 263<minutely, densely>,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,2.5-3.4 275,2
276,2 277,2<the hairs apical, minute, stiff> 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2
287,1<about 2.5 mm long> 288<brown, green beneath the pericarp>
289<obovoid> 290,1-2<sometimes with a shallow depression>
291<slightly>,2<ventrally> 292,3<hispid> 293,1 295,1-2<0.5-0.8 mm long,
narrowly elliptical> 297,2<readily removeable> 298,2 299,2 301,2 304,1
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals elongated-rectangular, narrower> 328,1<thin
walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345<fairly>,1<but confined to the zones adjoining
the costae> 348,1 350,1 351,1 353,1&2<often solitary> 354,2 360,3 363,1<a
few>/2<a few>/3<e.g. some potato shaped, many malformed>/6<a few,
malformed> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390<with a suspicion of arm-cells in
some of the poor material seen> 393,1-2 394,1<these wide and low> 395,1
396,2<three, corresponding with ridges on the midrib>/1<towards the upper
third of the blade, or throughout the narrower blades> 399,1<in each
furrow> 401,1<these wide> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,2 406,1
477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,66 491,1<\i{}D. dives\i0{}>
492<southeast Australia, Tasmania> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,1&2&4 509,2
534<Vickery 1963> 535<studied by us> 540<dryopoa> 
 
# \i{}Dupontia\i0{} <R.Br.>/
7,2 9,1/2 11,- 13,5-50(-80) 14,2 38,- 47,2 49,1 50<sheaths often purplish>
52,1 55,2 56,1-5 59,1/2 65,2 69,1 70<smooth, glabrous,>,1/2 71,1-3 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,1-2 92,- 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,4-9 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 154,1 156,2 157,1<with
a crown of coarswe hairs>/2 158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166<(the
upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2<exceeding them> 170,- 174,1/2 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,2<membranous, with wide hyaline margins> 183,- 187,1-3 189,1-3
191,1 196,2 208,(1-)2(-4) 210<acute> 214,1-2<scarious> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1/2/3<via the excurrent mid-vein> 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3
231,1 234<to 0.6 mm long,>,1 240,1<at least at the base>/2 244,2 246,-
247,2 248,3/5 250,1 251,1<but shorter than the lemma> 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1<with a lateral lobe>/2 271,2 272,3
274,1.5-3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.5-2.5 mm long>
290<indistinctly>,1-2 291<sub->,4 294,U 295,1 297,3<?> 304,2<Decker 1964>
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,2<save that the midrib zone is barely
distinguishable, by rather narrower long-cells> 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly
thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,2<solitary>
360,3<mostly solitary> 363,1<very short with few crenations, or
imperfect>/3/5-6<a few> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2-3<with a constriction
on either side of the midrib, otherwise scarcely ribbed> 395,1<with a rib
and a slight keel> 396,1 399,2<other than the conspicuous hinges flanking
the midrib> 401,- 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,2<the girders
slender> 406,1 469,7 470,42&44&88&132 471,6&12&19<?> 473<large> 477,2
478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,2 492<Arctic> 493,1&6&8 494,1
495,1 497,1&2&4 504,11 506,1&2 507,1 512,2 513,2 514<slightly>,2/1
523<intergeneric hybrid with \i{}Arctophila\i0{}: \i{}Arctodupontia\i0{}
Tsvelev. With \i{}Arctopoa\i0{} (= \i{}Poa\i0{}): \i{}Dupontopoa\i0{} N.S.
Probatova (exemplified by \i{}Poa labradorica\i0{} Steudel, with
\i{}Dupontopoa dezhnevii\i0{} representing taxonomic errors: see
Darbyshire \i{}et al\i0{}. 1992, Darbyshire and Cayouette 1992)>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}D. pilosantha\i0{} Rupr.> 537,2
540<dupontia> 
 
# \i{}Dupontiopsis\i0{} <(Koidz.) Soreng, L.J. Gillespie & Koba>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 4<\i{}D. hayachinensis\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/2/3 13<solitary,
geniculately ascending>,30-60 14,2 19,2 25,2-3 49,1<to about half their
length> 55<acuminate,>,2 56<7-18 cm long,>,4-6 69,1 70<acute,>,2 71,0.5-1
73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91<nodding,>,1 101,2 102,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,7-8
142,7-8 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1<with a crown of hairs around
the lemma base> 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 176,2 177,1 179<membranous,
lanceolate, acuminate>,2 180,0.75 181,1 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2
196,2 208,3-5 210<lanceolate, laterally compressed> 214,2<membranous> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223<attenuately>,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1 240<basally>,1
244,1 248,3<Soreng \i{}et al\i0{}.>/5<Clayton \i{}et al\i0{}.> 250,1 260,3
263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 272,3 274,2.5-3 276,2 295,1 297,3 389,U 477,8
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}D. hayachinensis\i0{}> 492<Northern
Japan> 493,3 494,1 512,2<in wet, gravelly, alpine serpentine habitats>
534<Soreng et al. (2015). Molecular and morphological evidence for a new
grass genus, Dupontiopsis (Poaceae tribe Poeae subtribe Poinae s.l.,
endemic to alpine Japan, and implications for the reticulate origin of
Dupontia and Arctophila within Poinae s.l.; Clayton \i{}et al\i0{}.,
GrassBase (2016)> 537,2 538,4 540<dupopsis> 
 
# \i{}Duthiea\i0{} <Hackel>/
5<\i{}Thrixgyne\i0{} Keng, \i{}Triavenopsis\i0{} Candargy> 7,2 9,1/3 11,-
13,20-70 14,2 19,2 38,- 42,2 44,2<often overtopping the inflorescence> 47,2
52,1 55,2 56,2-6 59,1/3<usually convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,5-8<lacerate>
73,2 74,1 88,2/3 89,4/5<the lower nodes with well developed collars>
91,2<the spikelets often gathered into a short unilateral cluster>
101,1<the lowest spikelet and sometimes some others subtended by a
deciduous, membranous scale of unknown homology> 102,2 115,- 120,-
121,1<the raceme unilateral>/2 123,3 141,15-25 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,1/2 156,1/2 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,- 174,1<acute to
acuminate> 176<slightly>,1-2 177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous with thinner
margins> 183,- 187,5-9 189,7-13 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2 194,1 196,2
208,(1-)2-3(-9) 210<ovate> 214,2-3<herbaceous to leathery, with thin
margins and tip> 218,2 220,2 221,1-2<from bidentate to cleft to a third or
more> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,3 235,1 240,1 241,1 242,1<the
tufts in a median horizontal row> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,9-13 250,1 251,1
255,2 256,1/2-3<sometimes 2-aristulate> 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,2 266,- 272,3
275,1 277,2 280,1 283,2 289<beaked via the persistent style> 293,2 295,2
298,2 322<fairly>,1 323,2 327,1<the costals smaller> 328,1 330,1 331,1<and
pitted> 332,1<possibly - one doubtful example seen>/2<?> 345,2 348,- 349,-
350,- 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<costal prickles present> 358,2 360,1 361<few
(though abundant adaxially)> 363,8 364<more or less>,4 370,2 374,1 385,2
393,1 394,2 395<seemingly>,2 396,1 399,1<at bases of furrows> 401,1<these
small> 403,2 404,1 405,1<the large bundles with Ts and anchors> 406,2
407,1<of 1-3 cells> 408,1<opposite the furrows> 442,- 469,7 474<unknown,
but the chromosomes large> 477,2/5 478<if pooid,>,2 479,4<?> 483<if
arundinoid,>,3<?> 487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80 491,3 492<Himalayas> 493,3
494,1&2 495,2 496,1 498,3 499,1 504,11 513,2 515<mountain slopes>
535<studied by us - \i{}D. bromoides\i0{} Hack.> 540<duthiea> 
 
# \i{}Dybowskia\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<named for Dybowski, who collected the type specimen>
3<\i{}Hyparrhenia\i0{}> 7,1<with prop roots> 11,2 13<about>,20-100 14,2
15,1 19,2 25<about>,7 26,1 27,2 29,1 37,1 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,1 56,6-14 65,2
66,2 69,1 70,2 71,1.5-4 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3 78,1<the pedicellate
spikelets awnless> 79,1<the raceme with two basal, large homogamous pairs,
forming an involucre for the triad above> 101,1 102,1<the short racemes
incompletely exserted from the spathes> 103,1<2-2.5 cm long, of few
spikelets, the adjacent joints of the basal homogamous pairs entering into
the formation of the raceme base; pedicels of the trio basally adnate
laterally to the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} of the female-fertile (sessile)
member> 106,2<permanently continguous> 107,2 108,1 109,2<the terminal,
female-fertile spikelet falling with the pedicels, the homogamous pairs
tardily separating later> 111,2 112,2 113,1<the terminal disarticulation
auriculiform> 114,2 116,- 120,2&3<with a terminal triad> 121,2 123,1&3
126,1<the basal two homogenous pairs sessile, the triad comprising 1
sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets> 127,1<in the triad> 128,2<but fused to
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} of the sessile spikelet> 129,1<terminal>/3<basal>
130,3 132,2 133,1 134,2 135,1 136,1 137,1 138,3 141,15-19 145,2-3 147,3<and
with the pedicels> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<densely bearded> 160,3<with long
hairs> 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} densely
villous at the base> 174,2 176,2 177,2 179,1 181,3 183,2<below, but shortly
two-keeled towards the short broad beak> 184,1 185,2 186,1 187,11/13 189,3
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 206<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<linear, rolled so that the margins meet, but not enclosing other
organs, extending into the awn above> 214,1<but reduced almost to the awn>
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<minutely toothed, the teeth hyaline> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1<from between the tiny teeth> 229,- 231<twice>,2
233,2<silky-pubescent> 234,3 236,1<or at least falling with the deciduous
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 239,1 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1 251,2 256,1
257,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,3 261,1 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,1/2 271,2 272,3 274<about>,5 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 324,2<large, on the interstomatals, conspicuous
only in places> 326<when present,>,1 327,2<the costals much narrower, more
regularly rectangular> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330<fairly regularly>,1
331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348<low>,2 350,2 351,1<often
paired with prickle bases> 353<sometimes>,1 354<sometimes>,1 356,2&5&8
357<numerous small, bulbous prickles and occasional cushion-based
macrohairs, in the intercostal zones> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,2&3 370,1
374,1-2<XyMS variable> 375,1 378,2 393,3 395,1 396,2<three primaries,
with numerous small bundles between> 397,1<and a narrow median
adaxial-hypodermal layer of sclerenchyma> 398,2 399,2<the adaxial epidermis
largely bulliform> 403,1 404,1<with the primaries and larger minor bundles>
406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5<?> 491,1<\i{}D.
seretii\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11
535<studied by us> 537,2 540<dybowski> 
 
# \i{}Eccoilopus\i0{} <Steud.>/
3<\i{}Spodiopogon\i0{}> 7<rather tall>,2 9,3 57,1<often>/3 63,1<often>/2
69,1 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,2 89,2/5<the pedunculate racemes often whorled,
sometimes basally branched> 101,- 102,2 103,3/5 107,1 108,2<despite being
jointed> 111,- 113,2 120,2 123,3 126,1 127,2 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,4-6
145,2<terete> 147,3<from the pedicels> 148,- 154,2 157,1<as a tuft of short
hairs> 160,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 173,3 176,2 179,1<the lower chartaceous,
pallid, convex with raised nerves,the upper cymbiform> 183,2 184,1 185,2
186,1 187<prominently>,7/9<ridged> 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2
201,2 203,2 204,1 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2
220,2 221,1 223,3/2<in that the awn may be imperfect> 225<when
present,>,1 228,1 231,2 247,2 250,1 251,2 259,1<hyaline> 277,1 283,2
287,1<2 mm long> 291,3<cylindrical> 295,1 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 370,1 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 470,40 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,4 492<Asia> 493,3 494,1&2
495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2 504,11 524,5 525,5 530,45 538,4 540<eccoilop> 
 
# \i{}Eccoptocarpha\i0{} <Launert>/
7,1 9<loosely>,3<or culms single>/- 13,40-75 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,2 55,2
56,2-9<2.5-10 cm long> 59,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1
87,2 89,2 95,3 96,2-7 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1<the racemes dorsiventral> 123<shortly>,3 124,3 141,3.2-3.6
142,11 144,2 145,3 147,3 148,- 149,2&4<the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} being
borne on a long, s-shaped stalk which straightens on maturity, and the
glumes being slightly separated> 150,1 154,2 155,2 157,2 163,2 164,2
165,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} only slightly shorter, about 3/4 the length of
the spikelet> 167,2 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} with glandular hairs,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with apical, rigid hairs> 174,2 176,2 177,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} membranous, glandular-hairy,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} firmer and prominently net-veined> 187,5 188,2 189,5
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2 201,1 202<reticulately veined, similar
in form and texture to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 203,2 204,5 205,3 206,1 207,2
208,1<very small relative to the rest of the spikelet> 214,3 215,1<shiny>
216,1<crustaceous> 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1<at the tip> 244,2 246,2
248<obscurely>,5 250,1 251,1 255,1<rounded at the tip> 256,1 257,2<smooth>
258,2 259,3 264,1 266,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.75 mm long> 291,2
295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,33-39 341,3.9-6.6
342,5.5-10 343,27-30 344,0.75-0.82 345,1 346,33-36 348<low>,2<mostly>/3
350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,5 360,2<and a few short rows> 363,8 364<nearly
all short>,3/1 370,1 374,1 375,1 395,2<the main bundle slightly larger,
with a somewhat heavier girder> 396,1/2<if adjoining tiny bundles are
counted as part of the midrib> 399<the epidermis extensively bulliform>
401,- 403,1 404,1<with the primaries> 405,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,44 491,1<\i{}E. obconiciventris\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa>
493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 513,2 515<savanna> 534<Launert 1965>
535<studied by us> 540<eccoptoc> 
 
# \i{}Echinaria\i0{} <Desf.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}echinos\i0{} (hedgehog), re a globular, prickly
inflorescence> 5<\i{}Panicastrella\i0{} Moench> 7,1 9<erect or ascending>
11,- 13,1.5-25 14,2 27,2 38,- 47,2 49,1 52,1 55,2 56,1.5-5 59,1 65,2
69,1<but ciliolate> 70,1 71,0.5 73,2 74,1 75,1<with sterile, reduced
members at the base of the inflorescence>/2 76<often>,1&4
78,1<sterile-reduced \i{}versus\i0{} fertile>/2 89,5 91,2<prickly>
92,1/2<5-15 mm long> 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 116,4<constituted by the basal, sterile spikelets>/1 120,-
121,2 123<shortly>,3/2 131<the sterile spikelets, when present, basal and
bractlike> 141,4-12 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 154,1 157,1 160,2 163,2
164,2<membranous> 165,1-2 166,1 167,2 170,- 176<mucronate to>,1<the lower
with 2-5 veins excurrent as awns, the upper with an excurrent midrib> 177,1
183,- 187,2-5 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,(1-)3-4 214,3<leathery> 216,2
223,3 225,5/7 226,2<the 5-7 strong lemma veins being produced as flattened
awns which become deflexed at maturity, the middle awn the longest> 227<the
median>,2 228,3 229,- 231,1 232,2<deflexing> 234,3<lemma 2 mm long, the
middle awn 4-6 mm long> 235,1 237,1 240,1 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5-7 250,1
251,1 256,3<two or rarely five veins produced as flattened awns> 259,3/4<up
to 5> 260,3 264,1/2 265<when present,>,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2
271,2 272,3 274,0.8-1.3 277,2 280,1 283,2 286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 291,3
293,1 295,1 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1&2
331,1 332,2 345,1<fairly, but mostly alongside the veins> 346,36-39 348,1
350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<prickle bases abundant> 360,3<mostly solitary>
363,1<mostly>/2 370,2 374,1 386,2 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1<but the largest bundles with abaxial strands only> 405,1<Is> 406,1
442,- 469,7&9 470,14&18 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,6 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,67 491,1<\i{}E. capitata\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean, eastern Asia>
493,1&2&3&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1 512,4 513,2 524,5
525,4 529,1 530,32 535<studied by us> 540<echinari> 
 
# \i{}Echinochloa\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}echinos\i0{} (hedgehog) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass),
alluding to the echinate inflorescence branches> 4<Type: \i{}E.
crus-galli\i0{} (L.) P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Ornithospermum\i0{} Dumoulin,
\i{}Tema\i0{} Adans.> 7,1/2 9,3-4<or floating> 11,- 13,40-360 14,2
18<sometimes>,6/- 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 24,1/2 27,2 32,1/2/3 37,1/2 38,-
44,2 47,2 55,1 58,- 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1/2 69<when present,>,3 72,1<of
hairs>/2 73,2 74,1 80,1&2 81,1/2 89,2<the spikelets often hispid> 94,-
97,1/3 99,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120<paired, or clustered in little secondary racemelets> 121,1
122<typically and characteristically in four dense rows, but occasionally
in two> 123<shortly>,3/2 124,1/2/3/4 125,1 126,- 141,2.3-7 142,8/9/10
144,2<probably best interpreted as adaxial relative to the reduced,
spikelet-bearing branch>/- 145,3 146,1 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1
167<(the upper)>,1-2 170,1 174,1 176,1/2 178,1/2 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} usually much shorter, ovate, often mucronate, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} strongly concave, acute, cuspidate or awned> 187,0-3
189,5/7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1/2<e.g. \i{}E.
kimberleyensis\i0{}> 201,1<<10%> rarely>/2 202<similar to the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} but flattened on the back, often with a large cusp or
awned> 203,1/2 204,5 206,1-2 207,2 208,1 210<usually blunt-apiculate, with
a laterally compressed, incurved beak> 214,3 215,1 216,1-2<subleathery to
crustaceous> 217,2 218,1 223,1<obtuse to apiculate> 240,2<shiny> 244,2
246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1<the tip reflexed> 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1/2
259,3 264,1 266,2 267,1/2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,0.4-1.2 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1/2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,13-20<?> 322,1 323,1
325,1/2 326,1 327,1-2<the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,1 335,1
339,36-60 341,6-6.6 342,7.3-9 343,(16-)22-30 344,0.48-0.57 345,1
346,39-46.5 348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,2 353,1/2 354,1<when paired>/2 356<when
present,>,5 360,1 363,8 364,1-4 370,1 373,3<3 species> 374,2 375,1 378,2
382,2 383,1 385,1 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,2<mostly in
irregular groups, or the epidermis extensively bulliform> 401<sometimes,
irregularly>,1/- 403,1 404,2 406,1 410,1 411,1 413,2<2 species> 415,1 416,1
454,1 469,9 470,27&36&42&48&54&72&108 473<small> 475,2.7<?-\i{}E.
frumentacea\i0{}, ploidy unknown> 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,15 491,30-40 492<in warm regions> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5
495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,3
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 506,1&2 507,1&2&3
508,1&2&3&4 509,1 511,1 512,1&2&3 513<mostly>,2 514,2 515<in water and
moist or marshy places, also in disturbed ground and weedy places>
516<\i{}E. oryzoides\i0{} and \i{}E. stagnina\i0{} (in rice), \i{}E.
crusgalli\i0{} (especially in arable land), \i{}E. colonum\i0{}, \i{}E.
crus-pavonis\i0{}, \i{}E. pyramidalis\i0{}> 517<\i{}E. frumentacea\i0{},
\i{}E. stagnina\i0{}> 518<all more or less palatable to stock> 519<minor
cereals: \i{}E. frumentacea\i0{} (Sawa - India), \i{}E. utilis\i0{} (China
and Japan), \i{}E. colona\i0{} (Shama millet), \i{}E. pyramidalis\i0{}>
524,5 525,3 528,6 531,1&2 532,1&4 533,1&2&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}E. colona\i0{} (L.) Link, \i{}E. crus-galli\i0{} (L.) Beauv.>
540<echinoch> 
 
# \i{}Echinolaena\i0{} <Desv.>/
6<\i{}Chasechloa\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1-2 11,- 14,2 19,1 23,1 27,1/2 37,1 38,-
44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2 57,1 63<tending to>,1/2 65,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2
76,1/1&4<the sessile members often aborted> 89,2/3/4 91,- 92,3<"a single
spikelike raceme"> 94,- 96,1-5<of pectinate racemes> 98,1<but the lower
glume of the terminal spikelet simulating a rachis extension> 99,1
100,1<somewhat>/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 108,2 120,1<ostensibly, by abortion>/2
121,1 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 129,1/2/4 130,1 141,6-10 144,1/- 145,1 147,3
148,- 150,1<its callus with narrow wings or scars at the base of the lemma>
154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1-2 167<(the longer)>,2 170,2 174,1
176,1-2<acute to shortly awned> 177,1-2<the nerves forming ribs>
179,2<tuberculate-bristly> 186,4<with tubercle based bristles> 187,3-9
189,7-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 204,5 205,3 206,2 207,2
208,1 214,2-3 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,1
248,3-5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 295,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1<large> 335,1
339,75-90/(48-)51-60(-63)<in \i{}E. gracilis\i0{}>
341,9-12/(7.5-)8.4-9(-9.3)<\i{}E. gracilis\i0{}> 342,5.3-8.7
343,39-48/27-36<\i{}E. gracilis\i0{}> 344,0.5-0.7 345,1
346,57-63/(39-)45-48(-51)<in \i{}E. gracilis\i0{}> 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,2
354,2 360,1 363,8 364,1&3 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 393,3 394,- 396,1 399,1
401,1 403,2 404,2 406,1 413,2<1 species> 469,9 470,60 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,6 492<Central & South America, 1 in
Madagascar> 493,4&6&7 494,2&3 496,2 502,1&4&6 504,11 512,2/3 513,2
515<savanna> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. gracilis\i0{} Swallen, \i{}E.
inflexa\i0{} Chase> 540<echinola> 
 
# \i{}Echinopogon\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}echinos\i0{} (hedgehog) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to the inflorescence> 2<\i{}Hedgehog grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}E.
ovatus\i0{} (G.Forst.) P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Hystericina\i0{} Steud.> 7,2 9,1/3
11,- 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 53,1 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1
71,1.5-3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,1/2 94,- 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,2.5-10 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,2
157,1 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2
177,1<the keels stiffly ciliate> 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,1/3 191,1
196,2 208,1 214,3<thinly leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2<the apex narrow, with
two slender, erect, acuminate or setiform lateral lobes> 223,2<\i{}E.
phleoides\i0{}>/3 225,1 226,1 228,1<or slightly behind it> 231,1
233,1<scabrid> 235,1 240,2 244,2 248<distinctly>,5-7(-11) 250,1 251,1
255<minutely>,2<3-toothed> 259,3 260,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,1 270,2 272,3 275,2 277,1/2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 290,1 291,3
292,1/3 293,1/- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,1/2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1
309,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1<elongated> 328,1 330,1-2
331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1/2 350,1 351,1<mainly adjacent to the costal
regions>/2 353,1<usually>/2<sometimes solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2
360,1/3 363,1/2<a few, rectangular>/5 370,2 374,1 385,2 395,2 396,1 399,1
401,1 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 469,7 470,42 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,2 491,7 492<Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea> 493,5 494,2&5&6
496,3 500,4 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1 509,1&2 512,3 514,2 515<in
open woodland> 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 534<Hubbard 1935> 535<studied by us
- \i{}E. cheelii\i0{} Hubbard, \i{}E. ovatus\i0{} (Forst.) Beauv.>
540<echinopo> 
 
# \i{}Ectrosia\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ektrosis\i0{} (miscarriage), referring to spikelets
with only 1-2 proximal hermaphrodite flowers, with males or empty lemmas
above them> 4<Type: \i{}E. leporina\i0{} R.Br> 6<\i{}Ectrosiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Planichloa\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,10-60 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,2
38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 58,1/2 59<from setaceous in \i{}E. agrostoides\i0{}
to flat and up to 3 mm wide in \i{}E. leporina\i0{}> 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5<or almost reduced to a
raceme of racemes> 91,1-2 94,1<\i{}E. eragrostoides\i0{}>/2 95,3 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1/2 123,3
141,1.5-13 145,1 147,1 148,1 149,4<the one above the glumes shorter than
the rest> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1
174,1/2 176,2 177,1 179,2 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,2<long-awned, or
reduced to awns> 196,2 208,1-20 214,2<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,1/2
219<when entire>,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3
229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrous> 234,1-3 240,2 243,1/2 244,1 247,2 248,1-9 250,1
251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,3 260<strongly>,3 262,2 263,3<ciliate> 264,1
265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274<very short> 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,1 287,1 289,4 291,3 295,1 297,3 298,1 301,2 303,2 304,1 305,1
306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1
339,(45-)48-66(-69) 340,21 341,(4.5-)5.4-6(-6.6) 342,7.5-11.1
343,(19.5-)25.5-36(-39) 344,0.43-0.64 345,1 346,24-27 348<low>,2/3 350,2
351,1 352,3 353,1<\i{}E. leporina\i0{}>/2<solitary, in the other species
seen> 354,1<\i{}E. leporina\i0{}, with cork/silica-cell pairs>/2 355,3
356<in \i{}E. leporina\i0{}>,3&8 360,2 362,1 363,6<mostly>/4<a few>/5<a
few> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,3 378,1 379,1-6 385,1 393,1-3 394,1
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,1<the median cells large and deeply
penetrating> 403,2 404,1<with all the primaries> 405,1<anchors and Is in
the primaries> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,12
492<tropical Australia> 493,5 494,2&5 496,3 500,3&4 503,1 504,5&6&7&9 509,1
513,2 515<poor sandy soils> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. agrostoides\i0{}
Benth., \i{}E. eragrostoides\i0{} Domin (= \i{}E. lasioclada\i0{} (Merr.)
S.T. Blake), \i{}E. leporina\i0{} R. Br.> 540<ec_ia-ss> 
 
# \i{}Ectrosiopsis\i0{} <(Ohwi) Jansen>/
3<\i{}Ectrosia\i0{} (\i{}E. lasioclada\i0{} (Merr.) S.T. Blake, =
\i{}Eragrostis\i0{} sect. Ectrosiopsis)> 7,2 9,3 13,30-40 14,2 19,2 40,2
44,1 47,2 55,2 56,2-2.5<to 2 cm long, sometimes with tuberculate hairs>
58,1/2 61,1 65,2 68,1 69,3 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,2<elongate, 10-15 cm
long> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123<shortly>,3 141,3-7 145,1 147,1<but the glumes deciduous> 148,2 149,4<?>
154,1 155,2 156,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
somewhat shorter than the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2
179,2<membranous, naviculate> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-7
210<attenuate-acuminate> 214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1-3<setaceously acuminate to shortly awned> 225<when present,>,1 226,1
228,3 231,1 234,1 240,2 244,1<lightly> 248,3 250,1 260,3 262,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 274,0.3-0.4 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
304,1 305,1 306,1 322,1<but clearly different only in the presence of
stomata intercostally> 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<fairly thick> 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1<large, broad in the middle> 336,1 339,(45-)51 340,27-30
341,6-9 342,5-8.5 343,21-30 344,0.41-0.59 345,1 346,24-27 348,2<mostly>/3<a
few> 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,2&3&7<crescents predominating>
360,2 362,1 363,6<predominating>/5/4<a few referable to narrow versions of
this type> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,1
383<probably>,1<judging from poorly preserved material> 393,3 395,2 396,1
399,1 400,1 401,1<the groups large, each with a large and deeply
penetrating median cell> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<anchors or
Is with all of them> 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32
491,1<\i{}E. lasioclada\i0{}> 492<Australia, New Guinea, Caroline Is.>
493,5 494,2&5 496,3 500,4 503,1 504,6&7&9 509,1 513,2 515<damp sandy
depressions> 534<Jansen 1952> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<ec_iopsi> 
 
# \i{}Ehrharta\i0{} <Thunb.> sensu lato/
1<named after Friedrich Ehrhart, a Swiss botanist> 2<\i{}Veldtgrasses\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}E. capensis\i0{} Thunb.> 5<\i{}Diplax\i0{} Bennett,
\i{}Trochera\i0{} L. Rich., \i{}Microlaena\i0{}, \i{}Petriella\i0{},
\i{}Tetrarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Zotovia\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,1-71.16-200
14,1/2 17,1/2<wiry, often long and scrambling> 19,1/2 23,3/1 24,1/2 27,1/2
37,1/2 38,- 40,2 42,1/2 44,1/2 47,1/2 52,1/2/3/4 55,1/2 56,0.5-12 58,1/2
59,1<or concave>/2/3 65,1/2 66,1/2 67,1 69,1/2/3 70,1/2 71,0.5-3 72,2 73,2
74,1 75,2<but sometimes cleistogamous, leading to reduced paleas and
lodicules, and indehiscent stamens> 76,1 80,1/2 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when
present,>,1 88,2/3 89,4<spike-like, the axis flexuous>/5<then narrow, with
slender branches> 91,1/2/- 94,1/2/- 95,3/- 101,2<though in two species
(\i{}Ehrhatra\i0{} sens str.) the mature inflorescence base is enclosed in
the uppermost leaf sheath> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1/- 121,1/2 123,2/3 125,1/2 141,2-17 144,- 145,1/2 147,1 148,1
149,1/3<i.e., beneath the empty lemmas> 154<inconspicuously>,1/2 155,1/2
156<when present,>,2 157,1/2 160,1 163,2 164,1/2 165,1<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} longer>/2 166,1/2/3 167,1/2 171,2 172,1/2
174,1/2<blunt to truncate> 176,2 177,1/2 179,1/2<membranous to leathery>
180,0.5-1 181,1 182,1 187,0-3/5 189,0-1/3-5 190,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2
198,2 201,2 202<curiously varied in form, often hardened and transversely
ridged, the lower sometimes bearing a knob-like appendage (elaieosome?) at
its base> 203,1<abruptly from the back, or the lemma tapering into the
awn>/2 204,0-9 205,1/2/3 206,1/2/3 207,1/2 208,1 214,2/3 215<usually>,1<and
often polished>/2 216,1/2 218,1 219,1/2<truncate> 223,1<usually>/2<<20%>
occasionally>/3<tapered into the stout awn> 224,2<1/1> 225<(when
present)>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1 234,1 240<rarely sparsely>,1/2
243<usually>,1/2 244,1/2 247,2 248,1-7 249,2 250,1 251,1<narrow>/2/3 255,1
256,1 257,1 258,2 259,1<rarely>/2/3/4 260,1/2<by apposition of the two>/3
262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1<two toothed or
irregularly serrate>/2 271<rather>,1<Tateoka 1967> 272,2-6 274,1-3 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,1-2 283,2 284,1/3 286,2 287,1/2 289<oblong-linear or>,4
291,1 295,1/2 298,2 299,1/2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1/2 305,1 306,1/2 308,2
309,1/2 310,2 311,1 312,1/2 313,1/2 314,5-12 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2
321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1/2 331,1/2 332,1/2 335,1 339,30-63
341,4.5-18 342,2.1-10 343,10.5-27.41-49 344,0.31-0.565-0.71
345,1<2/3>/2<1/3> 346,21-30.91-49 348,2<3/3>/3<2/3> 350,1<1/3>/2<2/3>
351,1<3/3>/2<2/3> 353,1<1/2>/2<1/2> 354,1<2/3>/2<2/3>
356,1<2/2>/2<2/2>/3<1/2> 360,1<3/3>/2<1/3>/3<1/3>
363,3<2/3>/4<1/3>/6<1/3>/8<3/3> 364,1<2/2>/2<2/2>/3<2/2> 370,2<3/3>
374,1<3/3> 384,2<1/1> 385,1<1/3>/2<3/3> 386,2<3/3> 389,1<1/3>/2<3/3>
390,1<1/3>/2<3/3> 391,2<3/3> 393,1<2/3>/2<2/3>/3<2/3> 394,1<3/3>/2<1/3>
395,1<2/3>/2<2/3> 396,1<3/3> 397,1<1/3>/2<3/3> 399,1<3/3> 401,1<3/3>
403,2<3/3> 404,1<3/3> 405,1<2/2>/2<1/2> 406,1<3/3> 410,1<1/1>
411,1<2/2>/2<1/2> 413,1<1/2>/2<1/2> 416,1 469,10<1/2>/12<1/2> 470,24&48
471,2&4<1/1> 477,3 478,3 481,5 487,8 488,7 489,21 490,80 491,37
492<southern and tropical Africa, Mascarene Is., New Zealand, Philippines,
Java to Australasia> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,2&4&5&6 496,1&3&4 499,1&2&4
500,1/3/4 501,1/3 503,1/2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1 508,1&2&3 509,1/2
511,1/2 512,2<most of the annuals>/3 513,1/2 514,1/2 515<diverse habitats,
with \i{}E. villosa\i0{} in coastal sand dunes> 516<\i{}E. brevifolia\i0{},
\i{}E. calycina\i0{}, \i{}E. dura\i0{}, \i{}E. erecta\i0{}, \i{}E.
longiflora\i0{}, \i{}E. villosa\i0{}> 517<\i{}E. erecta\i0{}, \i{}E.
calycina\i0{}> 518<\i{}E. erecta\i0{}> 524,5/6 525,4 529,5 530,49 531,1&2/3
532,4 533,5 534<Willemse 1982; Gibbs Russell and Ellis 1987, 1988; Gibbs
Russell 1987> 535<Ellis 1987; studied by us - E. barbinodis\i0{} Nees ex
Trin., \i{}E. brevifolia\i0{} Schrad. var \i{}brevifolia\i0{}, \i{}E.
capensis\i0{} Thunb., \i{}E. calycina\i0{} J.C. Sm., \i{}E. dura\i0{} Nees
ex Trin., \i{}E. delicatula\i0{} (Nees) Stapf, \i{}E. erecta\i0{} Lam.
subsp. \i{}natalensis\i0{}, \i{}E. longiflora\i0{} Smith, \i{}E.
melicoides\i0{} Thunb., \i{}E. pusilla\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E.
ramosa\i0{} Thunb., \i{}E. rehmannii\i0{} Stapf, \i{}E. rehmanii\i0{} Stapf
var. \i{}filiformis\i0{}, \i{}E. rupestris\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E.
setacea\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E. subspicata\i0{} Stapf, \i{}E.
uniflora\i0{} Burch. ex Stapf, \i{}E.triandra\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E.
villosa\i0{} Schult.> 536<This description combines the descriptions of
\i{}Ehrharta\i0{} sensu stricto, \i{}Microlaena\i0{} and
\i{}Tetrarrhena\i0{}, which are described separately in this data set but
merged in some recent treatments. The figures in parentheses either reflect
breakdown figures for the segregate genera (when the \i{}sensu lato\i0{}
version exhibits more than one character state), and/or that a character is
unknown for one or more of the three seggregates.> 540<ehrha-sl> 
 
# \i{}Ehrharta\i0{} <Thunb.> sensu stricto/
1<named after Friedrich Ehrhart, a Swiss botanist> 2<\i{}Veldtgrasses\i0{}>
5<\i{}Diplax\i0{} Bennett, \i{}Trochera\i0{} L. Rich.>
6<\i{}Microlaena\i0{}, \i{}Petriella\i0{}, \i{}Tetrarrhena\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,6-150 14,1/2 19,1/2 23,3/1 24,1/2 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 42,2
44,1/2 47,1/2 48,U 52,1-2 55,1/2 56,0.5-12 58,1/2 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,1/2
69,1/2/3 70,1 71,0.5-3 72,2 73,2 74,1 80,1 88,2-3 89,4/5<then narrow, with
slender branches> 91,1/2 94,1/2 101,2<though in two species the mature
inflorescence base is enclosed in the uppermost leaf sheath> 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1/2 123,3 125,1/2 126,2
141,2-17 144,- 145,1/2 147,1 148,1 149,1 154<inconspicuously>,1/2 155,1/2
156<when present,>,2 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1/2 166,1-3 167,1/2 170,- 171,2
172,1/2 174,1/2<blunt to obtuse> 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<membranous> 180,0.5-1
187,5 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2 202<curiously varied in
form, often hardened and transversely ridged, the lower sometimes bearing a
knob-like appendage (elaieosome?) at its base> 203,1<abruptly from the
back, or the lemma tapering into the awn>/2 205,1-3 206,1-2 207,1/1&2<the
first sterile lemma being sometimes non-indurated> 208,1 214,3
215<usually>,1<and often polished>/2 216,1 218,1 219,1/2<truncate>
223,1<usually>/2<<20%> occasionally> 240<rarely sparsely>,1<<20%>>/2
243<usually>,1/2 244,1 247,2 248,5-7 249,2 250,1 251,1<narrow> 255,1 256,1
257,1 258,2 259,2/3/4/1<<10%> rarely> 260,3/2<by apposition of the two>
262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1<two toothed or
irregularly serrate> 271<rather>,1<Tateoka 1967> 272,3/4/6 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,1-2 283,2 284,1/3 286,2 287,1 291,1 295,2 298,2 299,1 301,2 302,2
303,2 304,2 305,1 306,2 308,2 309,1/2 311,1 312,1/2 313,1 314,6-12 316,1
317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the intercostals much
larger> 328,1 330,1/2 331,1/2 332,1/2 335,1 339,32-44<e.g. \i{}E.
pusilla\i0{}>/39-60 341,4.9-7.3<in \i{}E. rehmannii\i0{}, \i{}E.
pusilla\i0{}>/(7-)8-10(-12) 342,2.7-10 343,17-49 344,0.42-0.71 345,1
346,24-44(-49) 348<low to high>,2 350,1 351,1/2 353<when seen>,2 354<when
seen>,1/2 356<when present,>,1/2 360,1/2/3 363,3/4<to almost cubical>/6/8
364<when panicoid type,>,1/2/3 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 389,1/2<rarely>
390,1<sometimes, in southern African species>/2 391,2 393,1/3 394,1/2/-
395,1/2 396,1 397,1<rarely>/2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 406,1 411,1/2 413,2<1
species> 469,12 470,24&48 471,2&4 477,3 478,3 481,5 487,8 488,7 489,21
490,80 491,27 492<southern and tropical Africa, Mascarene Is., New Zealand>
493,3&4&5&6&7 494,2&4&6 496,1&3 499,1&2&4 500,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 505,1
508,1&2&3 511,1 512,2<most of the annuals>/3 513,1<\i{}E. erecta\i0{}>/2
514,1<\i{}E. villosa\i0{}>/2 515<diverse habitats, with \i{}E. villosa\i0{}
in coastal sand dunes> 516<\i{}E. brevifolia\i0{}, \i{}E. calycina\i0{},
\i{}E. dura\i0{}, \i{}E. erecta\i0{}, \i{}E. longiflora\i0{}, \i{}E.
villosa\i0{}> 517<\i{}E. erecta\i0{}, \i{}E. calycina\i0{}> 518<\i{}E.
erecta\i0{}> 531,1&2 532,4 533,5 534<Willemse 1982; Gibbs Russell and Ellis
1987, 1988; Gibbs Russell 1987> 535<Ellis 1987; studied by us - studied by
us - E. barbinodis\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E. brevifolia\i0{} Schrad. var
\i{}brevifolia\i0{}, \i{}E. capensis\i0{} Thunb., \i{}E. calycina\i0{} J.C.
Sm., \i{}E. dura\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E. delicatula\i0{} (Nees) Stapf,
\i{}E. erecta\i0{} Lam. subsp. \i{}natalensis\i0{}, \i{}E. longiflora\i0{}
Smith, \i{}E. melicoides\i0{} Thunb., \i{}E. pusilla\i0{} Nees ex Trin.,
\i{}E. ramosa\i0{} Thunb., \i{}E. rehmannii\i0{} Stapf, \i{}E.
rehmanii\i0{} Stapf var. \i{}filiformis\i0{}, \i{}E. rupestris\i0{} Nees ex
Trin., \i{}E. setacea\i0{} Nees ex Trin., \i{}E. subspicata\i0{} Stapf,
\i{}E. uniflora\i0{} Burch. ex Stapf, \i{}E.triandra\i0{} Nees ex Trin.,
\i{}E. villosa\i0{} Schult.> 540<ehrha-ss> 
 
# \i{}Ekmanochloa\i0{} <Hitchcock>/
7<erect>,2<with dimorphic culms> 9,3 11,1<at least, with 2-3 bladeless
leaves> 13,30-100 14,2 19,2 24,1<with small corms> 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,2
50<sheaths shorter than the internodes, striate, glabrous or pilose
distally> 51<of the vegetative culms>,1<sometimes, in \i{}E.
subaphylla\i0{}?>/2 52,2/3 55,2 56,1-4<8-55 cm long> 57,3<slightly
asymmetric at the base> 59,1 63<shortly>,1 65,1<the transverse veins seen
to be abundant only at high magnification> 66,1 67,1 68,1<minute>
69,1<laciniate> 70,1 71,0.1-0.2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,2<there being a
pair of slender racemes, one male the other female> 78,1 89,2<a pair of
conjugate, appressed, slender, unisexual racemes, the male raceme slightly
shorter than the female> 95,1 96,2 101,2 102,2 103,3 107,1<these filiform,
slightly flexuose> 108,2 120,1 121,1 123<shortly>,3 126,2 131<the male
spikelets 2.7-3.3 mm long, smaller than the females, ellipsoid, hyaline,
reduced to the subequal lemma and palea and flower, the lemma awnless>
132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 136,1 137,1 138,2<\i{}E. subaphylla\i0{}>/3<the
anthers 0.8 mm long> 141,6-9<0.9 mm wide> 142,9 145,3 147,1<the floret
early deciduous> 149,1/3<0.5 mm long in \i{}A. subaphylla\i0{}> 154,2
157,2 163,2 165,1/2 166,1/2 167,1/2<\i{}E. subaphylla\i0{} having short
glumes> 171,1/2 176,2 177,2 179,2<membranous> 187,5 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<terete, narrowing gradually into the slender awn> 214,3<leathery> 216,1
218,1 219,1<attenuate into the awn> 223<long>,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1
232,1/3 233,1 234,3 240,1/2 244,2 246,2 247,1<?> 248,5/7 250,1 251,1 253,2
256,1 257,2 259,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2<flabellate> 271,2 272,0<no
staminodes mentioned> 277,1 280,2 283,2 285,2 286,2 287,1-2<4.2 mm long in
\i{}E. aristata\i0{}> 288<brown> 289,2 290,1 292,1 295,2<as long as the
caryopsis> 298,2 322,1 323,1<abundant> 324,1&2 325,1 326,3<fairly large,
more or less circular or branched, thick walled, in one or two rows per
long-cell and forming rings overlooking the stomatal crypts> 328,1<fairly
thin walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<the
basal cells much elongated> 339,45-50 343,5-14 345,1<but lacking in the
mid-intercostal regions> 346,17-28 347<obscured by the papillae> 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,3&6<slim> 357<with scattered prickles costally and
intercostally> 360,1 361,1 363,8<mostly>/7<a few> 364,1-3<large, short>
365,1/2 370,2 374,1 386,1<\i{}E. aristata\i0{}>/2<\i{}E. ekmanochloa\i0{}>
390,1<but fairly inconspicuous> 391<most definitely>,2<in the material
seen, cf. Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}. 1993> 393<more or less>,3 395,1/2 396,1
397,2 398,2 399,1 401,1<these wide, large celled> 403,2 404,1 405,1<Is
with the main bundles> 406,1 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50
491,2 492<Cuba> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 513<probably>,1 514,2 515<on
limestone rocks and in pinewoods> 534<Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}. 1993>
535<studied by us - \i{}E. aristata\i0{} Ekman; Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}.
1993> 540<ekmanoch> 
 
# \i{}Eleusine\i0{} <Gaertn.>/
1<named after \i{}Eleusis\i0{}, the Greek town where the Temple of Ceres
was located> 4<Type: \i{}E. coracana\i0{} (L.) Gaertn.> 7,1/2<the culms
flattened> 9,3<or mat-forming> 11,- 13,10-150 14,2 19,1/2 23,1/2 27,2
37,1/2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 49,2 50<the sheaths keeled> 52,1 55,2 59,1/2
61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,2 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2 82,2
85,1<sometimes>/2 89,2 91,1/2<sometimes forming a capitulum> 94,-
95,1/2<then shortly racemose, but clustered at the top of the culm> 96,1-16
99,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1 106,- 107,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1
122,1 123,1-2 125,1 126,- 141,3.5-11 144,2 145<strongly>,1 147,1/4<\i{}E.
coracana\i0{}> 148,2<except in \i{}E. coracana\i0{}> 154,1 155,1/2 157,2
160,1 163,2 165,1/2 166,1 167,1 170,1-2 174,- 176,2 177,1 178,1/2 187,1
189,3-5(-7) 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,3-15 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1-2 240,2
243,1 244,1 248,3 250,1 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,1/2 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,1/2 268,1/2 269,2 270,1/2 272,3 274,0.5-0.8 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,1/3 286,2 287,1<0.9-2 mm long> 289,4-5 290,1<\i{}E. multiflora\i0{}>/2
291,3<globose>/4 294,1 295,1 296,1<hyaline> 297,1 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2
303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,6-12 316,1 317,2
318,2 319,2 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1/2
334,1/2 335,2<often with hidden bases> 336,3 337,1<in \i{}E. indica\i0{}>
338,1 339,19-21 340,12-14 341,7.5-9 342,2.17-2.8 343,13.5-16.5 344,0.64-0.8
345,1 346,30-33 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,3-4 370,1
373,2<2 species> 374,1 375,2 376,1 378,2 380,2 382,1 383,2 385,1 389,1
393,3 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,2/1&2<often linked with traversing
colourless girders> 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 409,1 410,1/2 414,3.43-4.3
416,1 469,9 470,18&20&36&40 471,2&4 473<small> 474,0.7-0.8<2 species,
2\i{}x\i0{} and 4\i{}x\i0{}> 475,1.4<1 species> 476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,80 491,9 492<tropical and subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4 497,2&3&4 498,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&3&4
501,3 502,1&2&3&4&5 504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,2 507,1 508,1&2&3&4
511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<savanna, grassland, weedy places> 516<\i{}E.
africana\i0{}, \i{}E. coracana\i0{}, \i{}E. indica\i0{}, \i{}E.
tristachya\i0{}> 519<\i{}E. coracana\i0{} (Finger Millet, Ragi) widely
grown in uplands of India, China and Africa> 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}Eleusine indica\i0{} (L.) Gaertn.> 540<eleusine> 
 
# \i{}Elionurus\i0{} <Humb. & Bonpl.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eleuin\i0{} (to bend, curve) and \i{}oura\i0{} (tail),
alluding to curved, cylindric inflorescences> 5<\i{}Callichloea\i0{}
Steud., \i{}Habrurus\i0{} Hochst.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,10-150 14,2 19,1/2
23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 43,1<with a bitter taste>/2 44,2 47,2 55,2 58,1/2
59<sometimes>,1/2<tightly> 65,2 66,2 69,2<very short>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&3 78,2 79,2 89,4/5<of single racemes, terminal or sometimes axillary
and gathered into false panicles> 92,- 94,- 99,2 101,1 102,1/2
103,4<flexuous> 106,1 107,2<these flattened> 108,1 109,2 111,1/2 113,1<with
a scarious lobe, in \i{}E. elegans\i0{} and relatives>/2 114,2 115,1 120,2
121,1<all the sessile spikelets on one side> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1
128,2<resembling the internode> 129,1 130,3 131<the pedicelled, male
spikelets well developed, muticous or aristulate> 133,1 135,2 136,1 145,3
147,3 154,2 157,1 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,1/2
173,1/2 174,- 176,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often cuspidate to a bifid
tip, with tails several mm long>/2 177,- 179,1<the lower tougher, carinate
on the edges, its keels generally glandular or with tufts of hairs, the
upper membranous, lanceolate, not 2-keeled>/2<rarely, then both subulate>
183,1<keels not winged, but often ciliate and bordered by a dense oil
streak> 184,1-2 185,2 186,1/4<then with ciliate or hair-tufted tubercles on
the keels> 187,9 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 205,3
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 248,0 250,1/2
251<when present,>,3 258,2 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1
301,2 302,2 323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,45-80 343,22-51 344,0.53-0.6 345,1
348<tall>,2/3 350,2 351,1/2 353<when present,>,1/1&2 354,1 356<when
present,>,1/2/3 360,2 363,5/8 364,1/2/3/4 365,1 370,1 374,2 383,1 385,1
393,2 394,1 395,1<sometimes with an adaxial bulliform group> 396,2
397,1<the colourless tissue sometimes extending across the lamina
adaxially> 399,2<in irregular groups, the epidermis extensively bulliform>
401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1<rarely>/2 406,1 413,2<2 species> 442,- 469,5&10
470,10&20 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,15
492<tropical and subtropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3
497,4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&4 502,1&2&4&5&6 503,1 504,6&7 507,2&3
508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna, often on dry soils>
518<several, especially in tropical America and Africa (e.g. \i{}E.
royleanus\i0{}, \i{}E. tripsacoides\i0{})> 531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}E. citreus\i0{} (R. Br.) Munro ex Benth.> 540<elionuru>
 
# \i{}Ellisochloa\i0{} <P.M. Peterson & N.P. Barker>/
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{}, \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}> 4<\i{}E. rangei\i0{} (Pilg.)
P.M. Peterson & N.P. Barker> 7,2 9,3 13,12-50 52<filiform or>,1 55,2
56<3.5-30 cm long,>,1-3 69,3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92<lanceolate to oblong>
95,3 101,1<or embraced by the flag leaf>/2 102,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,9-18
142,5 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1/2 157,1<pubescent or pilose>
163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<1.3-1.7 times the length of the lowest lemma>
174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,2 179<membranous, lanceolate,>,2
187,1/3 189,1/3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3 210<oblong>
214<chartaceous,>,3 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1<to about half the lemma length>
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231<9-18 mm long,>,2 238,1 240,1 241,1 242,1<with a
transverse row of tufts> 244,2 247<presumably>,2 248,9 250,1 251,1<more or
less equalling the lemma> 261,1/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268<truncate,>,1 269,2
272,3 285,2 297,3 329,U 332,2 348,3 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U
367<almost>,3<circular in section> 369,5 370,2 374,1 385,2 387,U 388,U
389,U 390,U 391,U 395,2 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,5 488,7 489,15 490,80
491,2<\i{}E. papposa\i0{}, \i{}E. rangei\i0{}> 492<Namibia and South
Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 515<species of coarse alluvial sands>
534<Grassbase (2016)> 538,4 540<ellisoch> 
 
# \i{}Elymandra\i0{} <Stapf>/
6<\i{}Pleiadelphia\i0{}> 7<coarse>,1/2 9,3 13,50-250 14,2 19,1 44,2 47,2
48,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-9<(3-)10-60 cm long> 58,2<rolled or with revolute
margins> 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,(0.5-)1-3 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4
78,1<only the female-fertile spikelets awned> 79,1<each raceme with 1-6 or
more male-only or sterile pairs at the base, then one or more heterogamous
pairs above and a heterogamous terminal triad> 80<seemingly>,2<the
long-pedunculate racemes enclosed in the spatheoles>/1<?> 89,5<of
long-exserted racemes gathered into a false panicle> 101,1<and
spatheolate> 102,1<the spathes and spatheoles narrow, with subulate or
setaceous tips> 103<elongated>,3 104,3-5<(4-)-18 pairs> 106,2<in each
spatheole> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,1 112,2 113,2 114,2 115,2-3 120,2&3<pairs
below, with a terminal heterogamous triad> 123,1&3 126,1<in the upper part
of the raceme, those of the lower homogamous pairs all being sessile> 127,1
128,2 129,1<i.e., in the heterogamous combinations> 130,3/4<rarely> 131<the
pedicellate spikelets male or rarely sterile, awnless, with an elongated
linear callus> 133,1 135,2 136,1 141,7-11(-12) 145,2-3 147,3 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,1 159,1<short> 161,1-2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,1<with white or
yellowish hairs> 173,3 176,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, except sometimes in
\i{}E. androphila\i0{}> 177,2 178,- 179,1<leathery, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} obtuse or truncate, the thinner G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
pointed with an awn or subule, dorsally rounded and grooved> 183,2 184,1
185,2 186,1 187,7 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2
205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<stipitate, with hyaline wings and
teeth> 214,1 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
233,2 234,3 240<with the hyaline part ciliate> 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2<small> 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280<basally>,1 283,2 322,1 323,2 327<mostly>,2<the costals generally
narrower and more regularly rectangular> 328,1 329,1-2 330,1/1-2 331,1-2
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339<of \i{}E. grallata\i0{},>,48-54(-60) 341,6
342,8-10 343,15-18 344,0.3-0.4 345,1 346<of \i{}E. grallata\i0{}>,34.5-43.5
348<tall>,3/2 350,2 351,1<in \i{}E. archaelymandra\i0{}>/2<but \i{}E.
grallata\i0{} with numerous small prickles> 353<of \i{}E.
archaelymandra\i0{}>,1/- 354,1/- 356,2/3 360,1 361,1 363,8 364<mostly>,3
370,1 374,2 378,2 385,1 389,1<associated with the arches>/2 393,1/3 394,-
395<very>,1<and abaxially prominent> 396,2<with several small laterals each
side of a usually very large median> 397,1 399,1-2<the epidermis often
largely, more or less irregularly bulliform between the costae>
401<sometimes, irregularly>,1/2 402,1<these especially spectacular in
\i{}E. androphila\i0{}> 403,1/2 404,1<primaries> 405,1<these usually
slender, massive in \i{}E. androphila\i0{}> 406,1 442,- 470,20 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,4 492<tropical Africa> 493,4
494,2&3 496,1 499,2&3&4 502,4 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,3 513,1/2 514,2
515<savanna woodland> 531,1&2 532,4 533,2 535<studied by us (mostly poor
material)- \i{}E. androphila\i0{} (Stapf) Stapf, \i{}E. archaelymandra\i0{}
(Jac.-Fl.) W.D. Clayton, \i{}E. grallata\i0{} (Stapf) Clayton, \i{}E.
subulata\i0{} Jac.-Fl.> 540<elymandr> 
 
# \i{}Elymus\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Elumos\i0{}: old Greek name for a kind of grain>
2<\i{}Wheatgrass\i0{}> 5<\i{}Anthosachne\i0{} Steud., \i{}Asperella\i0{}
Humb., \i{}Campeiostachys\i0{} Drob., \i{}Clinelymus\i0{} (Griseb.) Nevski,
\i{}Goulardia\i0{} Husn., \i{}Gymnostichum\i0{} Schreb., \i{}Roegneria\i0{}
C. Koch, \i{}Semeiostachys\i0{} Drob., \i{}Terellia\i0{} Lunell,
\i{}Zeia\i0{} Lunell> 6<\i{}Cockaynea\i0{} (\i{}Elymus\i0{} sect.
\i{}Stenostachys\i0{}), \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}, \i{}Festucopsis\i0{},
\i{}Hystrix\i0{}, \i{}Lophopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Leymus\i0{},
\i{}Pascopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoroegneria\i0{}, \i{}Sitanion\i0{},
\i{}Taeniatherum\i0{}, \i{}Thinopyrum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3<or turf-forming>
13,20-150(-200) 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 42,2 44<usually>,2 47,1<the basal
leaves>/2<the stem leaves, sometimes> 49,1/2 52,1 53,2 55,1/2 56,1-18
59,1/3<involute or convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.1-2 72,2 73,2
74,1 75,2 80,2 81,1/2 84,1<in \i{}E. scaber\i0{} (\i{}E. scabrus\i0{}) =
\i{}Agropyron scabrum\i0{}>/2 89,1/3<erect or drooping> 101,2 102,2
108,2<i.e. with \i{}Hystrix\i0{} and \i{}Sitanion\i0{} excluded>
120,1/2/3<rarely up to four> 121,2 122,2/3<sometimes not in regular rows,
e.g. \i{}Clinelymus\i0{}> 123,1-2<the pedicels 0.3 - 1.5 mm long>
125<usually>,1 141,8-25(-35) 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1<<10%>>/2<usually, the
joints well developed> 154,1 155,1<shortly pilose>/2<scabrous> 156,1
157,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 160<fairly>,3 161,2<obtuse-triangular> 163,2<well
developed> 164,2 165,1-2 167,1/2 168,1<basally>/2 170<when scoreable,>,2/-
171,2 172,1<or scabrid on the veins> 173,3 174,1<often>/2<sometimes blunt>
175,2 176,1<often, up to 8 mm long>/2 177,2<but the veins usually raised>
179,2<from lanceolate-ovate to narrow lanceolate> 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,(2-)3-7(-9) 210<lanceolate-oblongate> 214,1-2 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,1/2
234,1-3<usually longer, up to 50 mm long, erect or more often divergent>
235,2 240,1<shortly pilose>/2 243<when hairless>,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,5
249,1 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 263<usually>,2/3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269<usually>,1 270,1<<10%>>/2<usually entire> 272,3
274,1-4<rarely to 5 mm, nearly always short> 275,2 277,2 278,1<rarely,
below the styles>/2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286<usually>,1 287,2<5-9 mm long>
290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,2 306,2 307,1
308,1 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,2 314,3-5 322,1/2 323,2 331,1/2<thin> 332,2
345,2<e.g. \i{}E. caninus\i0{}>/1 348,1/2/1&2/- 351,1/2<e.g. \i{}E.
interruptus\i0{}> 353<when present,>,1/2 354,1/2 356<when present,>,1<or
oval>/2/3 358,1/2 360,2/3<mostly solitary> 363,1/2/3/5<usually>/6/4<a
tendency, in \i{}E. caninus\i0{}> 370,2 374,1 393,1<low, rounded>/3
394<when present,>,1 395,1/2 396,1/2<e.g. \i{}E. interruptus\i0{}> 399,1
401,1 403,1<e.g. \i{}E. caninus\i0{}>/2 404,1 406,1 411,2 412,1 469,7
470,28&42/56<rarely> 471,4&6&8<self pollinated>
472,8&19/19&25<\i{}Roegneria\i0{}> 473<large> 476,2 477,2 478,1 479,1
487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491<about>,150 492<widespread extratropically in
both hemispheres> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&5&6 495,1&2 496,3 497,2&3&4&5
498,2&3 500,4 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1 506,1&2 507,1&3 509,1&2
511,1 512,3/4 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Sitanion\i0{},
\i{}Triticum\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,25 534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}E. scabrus\i0{} (R.Br.) Lve> 540<elymus> 
 
# \i{}Elytrigia\i0{} <Desv.>/
3<\i{}Agropyron\i0{}, \i{}Elymus\i0{}> 5<\i{}Trichopyrum\i0{} (Nevski)
Lve> 6<\i{}Lophopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Pascopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoroegneria\i0{},
\i{}Thinopyrum\i0{}> 7,2 9,1<or densely turf-forming> 11,- 13,20-150 14,2
19,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 49,1<often, on vegetative shoots>/2 52,1 53,2
55,2 56,1.2-10 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1 70,1 71,0.2-1<tough
membranous> 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<sterile spikelets, when present,
localised at the tip of the rachis> 80,1 89,1<erect or drooping, linear>
98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
122,2 123,1-2<the pedicels less than 0.3 mm long> 141,7-23 144,- 145,1-2
147,1/3 148,1/2<the joints poorly developed> 154,1 155,1<rarely>/2<usually
scabrous> 156,1 157,1/2 158,2 160,2 162,1 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 168,2 170,2
171,1<rarely>/2<glabrous> 174,1/2 175,2 176,1/2 177,2<or slightly so only
towards the tip> 179,2<ovate, oblongate or lanceolate, not awnlike> 183,-
187,3-11 189,3-11 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-7(-10) 214,2<leathery,
lanceolate> 218,1/2 219,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1
234,1-3<to 20 mm long> 235,2 240,1<somewhat pilose>/2 243<when
hairless>,1/2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 249,1 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3<the
keels scabrous or ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1
270<usually>,2 271,2 272,3 274,5-8<relatively long> 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1
286<usually>,1 287,2<4-6 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2
303,1 304,1<cf. Reeders illustration of \i{}E. repens\i0{}> 305,2 306,2
308,1 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,2/3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1&2 331,1&2
332,2 345,1 348<low>,2/1<a few> 350,1 351,1 353,2<mostly solitary, a few
pairs> 354,1 356,3/7/9/1 358,1/2 360,2/3<e.g. mainly solitary in \i{}E.
repens\i0{}> 363,1/3<commonly>/4<sometimes more or less cubical>/5/6/8<some
in \i{}E. repens\i0{}> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1
399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,1<occasionally>/2 404,1 405,1 406,1 411,2
412,1 415,1<\i{}E. repens\i0{}> 469,7 470,42/56/84<rarely> 471,6&8&12
472,5&10&19/19&24/5&19<\i{}Trichopyrum\i0{}> 474,4.3-5.9<2 species> 477,2
478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,8 492<north and south temperate>
493,1&2&3&4&6&8 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,1&2&4&5&8 511,1 512,3/4
514,1/2 515<diverse habitats, including sand dunes> 516<\i{}E. repens\i0{}
(Quick Grass, Scutch, Couch)> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Agropyron\i0{} (\i{}Agrotrigia\i0{} Tsvelev), \i{}Hordeum\i0{}
(\i{}Elytrordeum\i0{} Hylander, \i{}Elyhordeum\i0{} Zizan & Petrowa),
\i{}Aegilops\i0{}, \i{}Leymus\i0{} (\i{}Leymotrigia\i0{} Tsvelev),
\i{}Lophopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Secale\i0{}, \i{}Triticum\i0{}
(\i{}Trititrigia\i0{} Tsvelev), \i{}Thinopyrum\i0{}> 534<Lve 1984>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}E. pycnantha\i0{} (Godron) A. Lve,
\i{}E. repens\i0{} (L.) Nevski> 540<elytrigi> 
 
# \i{}Elytrophorus\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}elytron\i0{} (sheath) and \i{}forov\i0{} (bearing),
alluding to sheathing glumes> 4<Type: \i{}E. articulatus\i0{} P. Beauv. =
\i{}E. spicatus\i0{} (Willd.) A.Camus> 5<\i{}Echinalysium\i0{} Trin.> 7,1
9,3 11,- 13,10-50 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1 61,1 65,2
66,2 67,1 69,1-2 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1/1&4<reduced, sterile spikelets
often present at the bases of the spikelet clusters> 89,3<the glomerules
sometimes confluent to form a cylinder> 91,- 94,- 101,2<but the glomerules
and the clusters within them subtended by the enlarged, spreading glumes of
the lower spikelets> 102,2 103,1<to glomerules> 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 116,4<these constituted by the enlarged glumes of the lower
spikelets> 121,2 126,- 145<strongly>,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1 157,2
163,2 165,2 166,1/2 167,2 171,1<sparsely hispid on the margins>
174,1<acuminate> 176,1<shortly aristulate>/2<muticous> 177,1 179,2<narrowly
lanceolate, persistent, membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-7
210<drawn out into the awn> 214,2<membranous, granular, ovate> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3<lemma becoming setaceous at the summit> 229,-
231,1 234,1 235,1 240,2<or scabrid ciliate on the keel and margins>
244,1<naviculate> 248,3 250,1 251,2 255,3 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3<or
more?> 260,3 262,1<the wings narrow or broad, dorsal> 264,1 265,1/2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,2 272,1-3 274,0.5 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 286,2
287,1 291,3 295,1 297,1 298,1<half the fruit length> 299,2 303,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 315,1 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2
321,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals long-rectangular, the intercostals much
longer and fusiform> 328,1 329,1<though these very long> 330,2 331,2 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 340,12-15 345,1 348,1 350,2 351,2 352,1 355,1 360,1
362,4 363,8 364,4 367,1 370,2 374,1 385,1 391,2<but with intercostal
lacunae> 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in some species, between the
vascular bundles>/2<the groups inconpicuous, or restricted to midrib
hinges> 400,1 401,1 403,1 404,2 406,1/2 407<when present,>,1 408,1<opposite
the furrows> 409,2 410,1 469,12/13<?> 470,24/26<?> 471,2 477,5 483,3<?>
487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,2-4 492<tropical Africa, tropical Asia,
Australia> 493,3&4&5 494,2&5 496,1&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2 503,1&3
504,2&4&5&6&7 508,1&2&3 509,1&2 511,1 512,2 516<\i{}E. articulatus\i0{} (in
North America)> 531,1 532,4 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}E.
spicatus\i0{} (Willd.) A. Camus> 540<elytroph> 
 
# \i{}Elytrostachys\i0{} <McClure>/
7<scrambling, sympodial>,2 11,2 14,1 17,1-2<culms self-supporting below,
typically weak and pendulous or clambering above> 19,1 20,1 21,11-20 22,3
23,4 30,1 31,2 34<where recorded,>,2 35,1 37,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,1 55,1
63,1 65,1/2 66,1 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 85,1 86,2 87,1 89<of
pseudospikelet clusters terminating leafy or leafless axes> 94,- 96,- 101,1
102,1 103,5-6 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 126,- 140,2
142,9 144,- 145,1<?> 147,1 148,- 149,3 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2<in
accordance with the definition of glumes applied here> 165,1 167,1 170,-
176,2 179,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1/2 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1/2<?>
250,1 251,1 256,1 258,2 260,3<sulcate> 262,2 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2
269,1 270,2 271,1 272,6 277,1 278,1 279,2 280,1<the ovary attenuate to the
stigmas> 283,2 290,1 295,2 296,2<leathery, thickened at the apex> 322,1<and
the intercostal zones with broad stomatal and astomatal bands> 323,1
324,1&2 325,1<almost covering them> 326,3<mostly with a single median row
of 6-10 circular or somewhat bifurcated papillae per long-cell> 327,2<the
costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,57-60
341,6-6.3 342,9.5-10 343,36-40.5 344,0.6-0.7 345,1 346,21-24 348,3 351,1<in
the astomatal regions> 353,2<solitary> 354,2 357<macrohairs present
costally, a few prickles present costally and intercostally> 358,2 360,3
363<scarce,>,5-6 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,3<one large
bundle, and assorted small ones> 398,2 399,1<with a large group in the
middle of each intercostal zone> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles
with a conspicuous anchor> 406,2<there being adaxial hypodermal fibres
lining the sides of the bulliforms, but no abaxial groups opposite them>
407,4 408,3 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,2 492<South
America: Honduras to Venezuela> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&6 504,11 512,3 514,2
515<rain forest> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. clavigera\i0{} McClure>
540<elytrost> 
 
# \i{}Enneapogon\i0{} <Desv. ex P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ennea\i0{} (nine) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to the nine plumose awn tipped lobes of the lemmas> 2<\i{}Nineawn
Grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}E. desvauxii\i0{} P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Calotheria\i0{}
Wight and Arn.> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3 11,- 13,(3-)5-100(-110) 14,2 19<sparsely
to amply>,1/2 23,1 27,1 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3<often
convolute> 61,1 65,2 66,1/2 67,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<(when
present)>,1<often basal and very modified> 89,5 91<feathery,>,2 92,1/2/3/4
94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123<shortly>,3 141,3.5-11 145,1/2/3 147,1 148,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 160,2
163,2 165,1-2 166,2/3 167,2 171,1/2 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,5-21
189,5-21 191,2 192,2 194,1<sterile or rudimentary>/2<sometimes reduced to
awns and forming a brushlike appendage> 196,2 208,1-3 214,3<firm or
leathery> 216,2 218,2 220<usually>,9 221,1<into awns> 223,3 225<usually>,9
226,2 227<the median>,2 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1/2/3 234,2-3 235,- 237,2
240<villous>,1<with a transverse fringe of hairs inside at base of lobes>
244,2 248,9<smooth or ribbed> 250,1 251,1<longer than the body of the
lemma> 255,1<pointed> 258,2<thinly membranous> 259,3 260,3<the keels
ciliate> 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 270,2 272,3
274,0.2-1.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 296,2
297,3 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,1 311,1
312,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<the costals only slightly thicker walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1<but sometimes rare - e.g., in \i{}E. clelandii\i0{},
where they are, however, abundant on the glumes and lemmas> 333,2 334,2/2-3
335,3<sometimes up to 8 times the length of an average panicoid-type
microhair, and occasionally exhibiting a thin transverse septum in the
elongated basal cell> 336,3 337,1<in \i{}E. nigricans\i0{}> 338,2 340,60
342,8 344,0.6 345,1 348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,1/2 352,3 353,2<when present>
354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1-3/4<occasionally> 367,1 370,1 373,2<in
the 7 species typed, although some exhibit PCK-like leaf blade anatomy>
374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,1<usually> 380,1 381,2 382,1 383,1-2
385,1 389,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2/1&2<often linked with
traversing colourless columns> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 410,1
414,3.66-4.44 435,1 469,9&10 470,18&36&40 471,2&4 473<small> 477,6 484,1
487,5 488,7 489,22 490,25 491,30 492<in warm regions> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3 497,4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4 500,1&2&4 502,1
503,1&3 504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 507,3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,4 513,2 514,2
515<bushland and semidesert> 516<\i{}E. cenchroides\i0{}, \i{}E.
scoparius\i0{}> 518<several important in dry regions, e.g. \i{}E.
gracilis\i0{}, \i{}E. nigricans\i0{}, \i{}E. desvauxii\i0{}> 531,2 533,2&5
534<Burbidge 1941> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}E. avenaceus\i0{}
(Lindl.) C.E. Hubb., \i{}E. brachystachyus\i0{} (Jaub. &amp; Spach.) Stapf,
\i{}E. caerulescens\i0{} (Gaudich.) N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E. cenchroides\i0{}
(Roem. & Schult.) C.E. Hubb., \i{}E. clelandii\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E.
cylindricus\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E. desvauxii\i0{} Beauv., \i{}E.
elegans\i0{} (Nees) Stapf, \i{}E. glaber\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E.
gracilis\i0{} (R. Br.) Beauv., \i{}E. nigricans\i0{} (R. Br.) Beauv.,
\i{}E. oblongus\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E. planifolius\i0{} N.T. Burbidge,
\i{}E. polyphyllus\i0{} (Domin) N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E. purpurascens\i0{} (R.
Br.) N.T. Burbidge, \i{}E. scoparius\i0{} Stapf> 540<enneapog> 
 
# \i{}Enteropogon\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}enteron\i0{} (intestine) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (a beard),
perhaps alluding to the beards on the callus or in the axils of the spikes>
2<\i{}Windmill Grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}E. monostachyos\i0{} (Vahl)
K.Schum. ex Engl.> 5<\i{}Macrostachya\i0{} A. Rich.> 6<\i{}Saugetia\i0{}>
7,2 9,3 11,- 13,20-120 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,1/2 38,-
44,1/2 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3<then involute-filiform> 61,1 63,2 65,2
66,2 67,1 69,2<short> 70,- 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 82,1<in \i{}E.
chlorideus\i0{}>/2 83<of \i{}E. chlorideus\i0{}>,2 89,1/2/4<with short
pedicels> 91,- 94,- 95,1/2/3<when consisting of a single raceme> 96,1-15
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1
123,1-2 141,5-8 144,2 145,3 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2-1
163,2<thin> 165,1 166,1/2 167<(the longer)>,2 170,1 171,2 172,1
176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, often>/2 177,1 179<subulate to lanceolate,
minutely bidentate, membranous or hyaline, divergent> 187,1 189,1 191,2
192,2 193,1/2-4 194,1/2<sometimes represented by a cluster of awned
rudiments> 195,1 196,2 208,1/2<the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} male or with a
hermaphrodite floret> 214,3<leathery, rigid> 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2
221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,1 234,2-3
235,1/2<rarely, a pair of spikes> 240,2<glabrous or scaberulous> 243,1-2
244,2<rounded to flat on the back> 246,2 248,3<the median raised> 250,1
251,1 255,1-2 256,1 258,2<membranous or scarious> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 289,4
290<shallowly>,1 291,2<concavo-convex> 295,1 297,1<according to Clayton and
Renvoize 1986>/3 298,2-1<up to 1/3 of the grain length> 303,1 322,1 323,1
324,2 325,1 326,2/1 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,21.6-24 340,12-15 341,(6-)9-11.4(-12) 342,1.8-4 343,9.6-15
344,0.43-0.63 345,1 346<about>,15 348,3 350,2 351,1/2 352,2 353,2<mainly
solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1/3 362,4 363,3<some>/4<mainly>/6 367,1 370,1
374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1-2 383,2 385,1 389,1/2
393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1<rarely>/2 396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1 400,2 401,1/2<linked
or not with traversing colourless columns> 403,1/2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1
409,1 413,2<2 species> 469,10 470,20 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,80 491,11 492<Africa, Seychelles, India, Formosa, Australia, Pacific>
493,3&4&5 494,1&2&5 495,2 496,1&2&3 498,1 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3 503,1&3
504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,3-4 513,1/2 514,2 515<savanna on
sand or clay> 518<\i{}E. acicularis\i0{}, in arid/semiarid places; \i{}E.
macrostachyus\i0{}> 524,5 525,2&5 527,1 530,13 534<Jacobs and Highet 1988>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}E. acicularis\i0{} (Lindl.)
Lazarides> 540<enteropo> 
 
# \i{}Entolasia\i0{} <Stapf>/
4<Type: \i{}E. olivacea\i0{} Stapf> 7,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,20-120 14,1<wiry,
bushy>/2 17,1<sometimes straggling/climbing>/2 19,1/2 24,1/2 27,1/2 32,3
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1/2 57,1/3 63,1/2 65,2 66,1<in Australia>/2<in
southern Africa - evidence of shaky generic circumscription> 67,1 69,3 70,-
73,2 74,1 89,2/5<but usually with sessile spiciform racemes, appressed to
the common axis> 91,1/2 94,- 97,3 99,1-2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,1 124,3 126,1<rarely>/2 141,2.5-6
142,8/9/12 144,2 145<usually>,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,1
167<(the upper, longer)>,2 170,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<the lower tiny,
hyaline, the upper membranous and equalling the spikelet> 187,0-3 189,3-7
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5 205,2-3 206,1-2<but shorter
than the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, which it resembles much more than does the
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<membranous to leathery> 215,1-2
216,2 217,1/2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240<densely silky->,1<all over> 244,2 246,2
247,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3<the margins inrolled>
261,3<between the keels> 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1
308,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,6-12 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 329<sometimes>,2
330,1-2<and sometimes very short> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,45-75(-78) 341,6-9
342,5.4-10 343,(19.5-)21-30(-33) 344,0.33-0.65 345,1 346,33-51 348,3 350,2
351,2 353,2<usually solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8 364,3 370,2 374,1 385,1
386,2 387,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 406,1 416,1
469,9 470,18 471,2 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,5
492<tropical Africa, eastern Australia> 493,4&5 494,2&5 496,1&3&5 499,2&3&4
500,4 503,1 504,2&4&6&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,2&3&4 513,1&2 514,2
515<marshy places, damp grassland and dry forest> 524,5 525,3 528,6 530,18
535<studied by us - \i{}E. imbricata\i0{} Stapf, \i{}E. marginata\i0{} (R.
Br.) Hughes, \i{}E. olivacea\i0{} Stapf, \i{}E. stricta\i0{} (R. Br.)
Hughes, \i{}E. whiteana\i0{} C.E. Hubb.> 540<entolasi> 
 
# \i{}Entoplocamia\i0{} <Stapf>/
7<robust>,1 13,(20-)40-110 14,2 15<to>,0.3 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1
47,2 49,2 52,2 55,2 56,2-10<to about 30 cm long> 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3
70,- 71<about>,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,3/1/4<the spikelets solitary or in
clusters or short secondary spikes, on the rachis of a simple or compound
spike> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1 141,9-20
145,1<becoming twisted when mature> 147,3 148,1<falling whole> 149,1 154,1
155,2 156,1 160,1 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 171,1<at the margins>/2
174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1<the keel scabrid> 179,2<thin, membranous, ovate>
187,3 189,5 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2 203<mucronate to>,1/2
204,6-8 206,1-2<intermediate in texture between glumes and fertile lemmas>
208,4-20 214,3<cartilaginous at the base, chartaceous above, hyaline at the
margins> 218,1 219,1 223,2-3<via the excurrent mid-nerve> 225,1 226,1
228<stout,>,3 233,1 234,1 240,1<villous along the lower margins> 244,1
247,2 248,9-11 249,2 250,1 251,1 255,2 257,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,1<the
margins and wings villous> 264,2 266,- 272,3 274,4-5 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,1 283,2 284,1 286,2<loosely enclosed> 287,1<2 mm long> 289,4 291,1
295,1 297,1 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<intercostals
much broader> 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,2 336,1-2 339,(34.5-)36-39 340,18-21 341,9.6-12 342,3-4.1
343,16.5-21 344,0.42-0.56 345,1 346,22.5-27 348,2-3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1
354,1 355,3 356,3/7 360,1/2 362,4 363<predominantly large, broad>,4 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1-3 378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1<in places>
393,3<with no more than slight abaxial ribs over primary bundles>
395<rather>,1<with a slight, rounded, abaxial keel> 396,2<the median with a
smaller lateral on either side> 397,1/2 399,1 400,2 401,2<these sometimes
linked with traversing colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries
only> 405,1<in the large bundles> 406,1 409,1 469,10 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,22 490,77 491,1<\i{}E. aristulata\i0{}> 492<Angola, southwest and
southern Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,4 504,11 512,4<but often grows in
depressions where moisture collects> 513,2 514,1<sometimes>/2<usually>
535<\i{}E. aristulata\i0{} studied by us; photos of '\i{}E. africana\i0{}'
provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<entoploc> 
 
# \i{}Eragrostiella\i0{} <Bor>/
1<\i{}Eragrostiella\i0{}: a diminutive of \i{}Eragrostis\i0{} (a related
genus, q.v.)> 4<Type: \i{}E. leioptera\i0{} (Stapf) Bor> 7,2 9<compactly>,3
11,- 13,20-50 14,2 19,2 37,2 38,- 44<usually>,1 47,2 55,2 58,1/2<often
filiform, rarely flat> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,- 71<short> 73,2 74,1 75,2
89,1/4<long-pedunculate> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1 122,1 123,2/3 141,6-20 144,- 145,1 147,1
148<tardily>,2/1<the paleas persistent> 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,2 162,1 163,2
165,2 166,1 167,1/2 176,2 177,1<the lower>/2<the upper being keeled only at
the tip> 179,1 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,6-50
214,1-2<membranous to cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1-2<acute to emarginate>
221,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 245,2 246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1<persistent>
251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 262<narrowly to broadly>,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
268,1 275,2 277,1 283,2 289,4 291,3<terete>/4 293,-
294,1<reticulate-striate> 297,3<?> 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,14-18 340,9
341,12(-13.5) 342,1.4-1.8 343,7-12 344,0.4-0.73 345,1 346,22.5-25.5
348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1 354,1 355,2 356,7<small>/3 360,1/3
362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,1/2 379,1-2 385,1 389,1
393,1/3 394,1/- 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked with traversing
columns of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,74 491,5 492<India, Burma, Ceylon, Australia>
493,3&5 494,2&5 496,1&3 499,1&2 500,1&2 503,1 504,6&7 508,2 509,1 512,4
513,2 515<dry grassland and bush, on thin soils> 531,1 532,4 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}E. bifaria\i0{} (Vahl) Bor> 540<er_stiel> 
 
# \i{}Eragrostis\i0{} <N. M. Wolf>/
1<from the Greek, \i{}eros\i0{} (love) or \i{}era\i0{} (earth) and
\i{}agrostis\i0{} (a grass), probably alluding to the characteristic,
earthy (human) female aroma of the inflorescences of many species. More
decorous but less perceptively descriptive published interpretations
include gracefully dancing spikelets, pretty spikelets, low growing,
and meaning of name doubtful> 2<\i{}Lovegrasses\i0{}>
5<\i{}Boriskerella\i0{} Terekhov, \i{}Erochloe\i0{} Raf., \i{}Erosion\i0{}
Lunell, \i{}Exagrostis\i0{} Steud., \i{}Kalinia\i0{} (E. Fourn.) H.L. Bell
& Columbus, \i{}Macroblepharus\i0{} Philippi, \i{}Pratochloa\i0{} (Pilg.)
Hardion, \i{}Psilantha\i0{} (K. Koch) Tzvelev, \i{}Roshevitzia\i0{}
Tsvelev, \i{}Triphlebia\i0{} Stapf, \i{}Vilfagrostis\i0{} Doell>
6<\i{}Acamptoclados\i0{}, \i{}Cladoraphis\i0{}, \i{}Diandrochloa\i0{},
\i{}Neeragrostis\i0{}, \i{}Stiburus\i0{}, \i{}Thellungia\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,3<sometimes shrubby>/4/2<<2%> rarely - e.g. \i{}E. hypnoides\i0{}, \i{}E.
barbinodis\i0{}> 11,- 13,10-300 14,2<usually>/1<<<5%>> occasionally>
19<amply to sparsely>,1/2<commonly> 23,3<e.g., \i{}E. mahrana\i0{}>/2<e.g.,
\i{}E. fastigiata\i0{}>/1<mostly> 24,1<rarely>/2 25,1-5(-20) 27<nearly
always>,2<<99%>>/1<very rarely, e.g. \i{}E. annulata\i0{}, \i{}E.
kennedyae\i0{}> 37,1/2 38,- 41,2/1<commonly, on various organs: buttonlike,
elevated pitted glands mostly on leaf blades (e.g. \i{}E.
cilianensis\i0{}), crateriform glands (e.g. \i{}E. annulata\i0{}), spot- or
band-shaped glands often beneath nodes (e.g. \i{}E. trichophora\i0{}),
gland-based macrohairs common on leaf sheaths, blades or collars (e.g.
\i{}E. trichocolea\i0{})> 44,1/2 47,1<rarely>/2<mostly <90%>> 49,2 50<the
sheaths keeled or not, glabrous or hairy and glandular> 52,1 55,1-2<mostly
narrow> 59,1/2/3 61,1/2<sometimes> 62,1/2 65,2 66,1<<10%> rarely, e.g.
\i{}E. australasica\i0{}>/2<usually> 67,1 68,1 69,3<perhaps always, with
\i{}Diandrochloa\i0{} etc. excluded> 70,- 73,2<with the exception of \i{}E.
contrerasii\i0{} Pohl - see \i{}Neeragrostis\i0{}> 74,1 75,1<<10%>
occasionally>/2<usually> 76<sometimes>,1&3<e.g. \i{}E. superba\i0{}, with
reduced spikelets towards the extremities of the panicle>/- 80,1&2 81,1/2
82,1<<5%> rarely, e.g. \i{}E. scaligera\i0{}, \i{}E. riobrancensis\i0{}>/2
83<when present,>,1 84,1/2 85,1<sometimes>/2 88,2/3 89,3<<10%>
occasionally, e.g. \i{}E. chapelieri\i0{})>/5<mostly a decompound panicle,
often with multicellular glands, characteristically scented> 90,1<rarely,
e.g. \i{}E. curtipedicellata\i0{} <5%>>/2 91,1/2 93,1/2
94,1<<20%>>/2<mostly <80%>> 98,1<nearly always>/2<<2%> ending in bristles
in no more than two or three species, e.g. \i{}E. canescens\i0{}, \i{}E.
hispida\i0{}> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,2/3 141,1-6.5-25(-40)<and 0.5-3-8 mm wide, often lead coloured or
purple tinged> 145,1<usually strongly so, but sometimes subterete in
Section Cylindrostachya> 147,1<usually>/3<<10%> e.g. \i{}E. superba\i0{}>
148,1<commonly, the paleas persistent>/2 149,1 154,1
155,1<occasionally>/2<usually> 156,1<mostly>/2<sometimes> 157,2
160,1<usually>/2 161<when present,>,2/- 163,2<persistent most frequently in
subgenus Caesiae, deciduous most frequently in subgenus Eragrostis> 165,1-2
166,1 167,1 168,2 170,- 171,2 172,1/2<on the veins> 174,1<mostly
<90%>>/2<occasionally blunt> 176,2 177,1<<80%> mostly>/2<a few> 179,2<<95%>
mostly, membranous>/1<\i{}E. stenostachya\i0{}> 181,1-2 187,1 189,1 191,1/2
192<(when present) nearly always>,2<a very few species with 1-3 incomplete
lower florets> 193,1-2(-3) 194,1<mostly with reduced palea and 1-2-3 veined
lemma> 195,2 196<nearly always>,2 208,(2-)3-10-50(-80)<or more, the highest
counts representing \i{}E. cilianensis\i0{} var. \i{}thyrsiflora\i0{}>
214,2-3<narrow, membranous to papery> 216,2 218,1/2 219<usually>,1 
221<when
incised,>,2<emarginate> 223,1<nearly always>/2-3<e.g, in
\i{}E. aristata \i0{} with a median awn to 1.5 mm long, and 
mucronate from the lateral nerves> 225<when present, i.e. rarely,>,1
226,1 234,1 235,1 240,2<usually glabrous> 243,1/2
244,1<mostly <90%>>/2 245<when present,>,2 247,2 248,(1-)3(-5)<1-3 in
\i{}E. kennedyae\i0{}> 249,2<the lateral veins more often conspicuous than
inconspicuous, usually with only the midvein reaching the margin>
250,1<often persistent on the rachilla after the lemma and fruit have
dropped> 251,1<usually, but shorter than the lemma>/2<<10%>>
255,1<mostly>/2<then usually bifid, rarely trifid> 256,1
257,1<membranous/hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,1<<10%> rarely>/2
263,3<<80%> usually>/1-2 264,1<usually <80%>>/2 265<when present,>,2
266,2/- 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,(2-)3<mostly 3, but sometimes 2-3 or 2
(\i{}E. ciliaris\i0{})> 274,(0.1-)0.2-0.6-1.8(-2.5) 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,1/2 286,2 287,1<0.4-0.8-2.4 mm long> 289,4/5<or obovate>/-
290,2<mostly>/1<<20%>> 291,1<commonly, e.g. \i{}E. pilgerana\i0{}>/2<rarely
<3%>>/3<mostly>/4<rarely <3%>> 292,2 294,2/1<sometimes finely striate or
reticulate> 295,1 297,3<usually>/2<<10%> rather readily detachable in some
species>/1<<2%> e.g. in \i{}E. megalosperma\i0{}, \i{}E. stapfiana\i0{}>
298,1<0.3-0.5-0.7 times the length of the caryopsis> 299,1<usually>/2 301,2
302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,3-5
322,1 323,2<nearly always <99%>>/1<\i{}E. obtusiflora\i0{}> 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1<nearly always>/2<rarely <5%>> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<subgenus
Caesiae>/2<subgenus Eragrostis, or some species with more or less
intermediate forms>/3<known only in \i{}E. annulata\i0{} <1%>>
336,1<subgenus Caesiae>/2<few>/3<subgenus Eragrostis> 337,2<\i{}E.
cilianensis\i0{}, \i{}E. parviflora\i0{}, \i{}E. elongata\i0{}, despite the
first two being chloridoid-type> 339,(30-)33-75(-156)
341,(6-)7.5-11.5-15(-22) 342,2.75-12.7 343,(10-)12-41(-48) 344,0.3-0.61
345,1 346,(16.8-)19-36(-45) 347,2 348<low>,2<usually>/3 350,2 351,1
352,2<subgenus Eragrostis>/3<subgenus Caesiae> 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1<when
paired>/2 355,1/2/3 356<when present,>,1/2/3<most frequently>/7
357<intercostal macrohairs sometimes present, often associated with
rosettes of specialized cells. Marginal and/or costal prickles often
present, intercostal prickles sometimes present, these sometimes paired
with short-cells> 360,1/2/3<not infrequently> 361,1 362,1<subgenus
Caesiae>/3<rare>/4<subgenus Eragrostis> 363,4<commonly>/3/5<<10%>
rarely>/6/8 364<sometimes>,1/4 367,1 370,1<with the former startling
exception, \i{}Eragrostis walteri\i0{} now referred to Arundinoideae
as \i{}Pratochloa\i0{}: see Ingram \i{}et al\i0{}., \i{}Ann\i0{}.
\i{}Bot\i0{}. Nov. 23, 2010> 373,2<in all 14 species typed, although some
exhibit PCK-like leaf blade anatomy> 374,1 375,1/2/1-2 378,1<subgenus
Caesiae>/2<subgenus Eragrostis> 379,1-3-7 380,1/2 381,1/2 382,1 383,1/2/1-2
385,1/2 386,2 389,1<rarely <4%>>/2 393,1<commonly>/2<usually>/3<\i{}E.
chapelieri\i0{} <1%>> 394<when ribbed,>,1<but larger above the primary
bundles>/2<rarely <5%>> 395,1<<20%>>/2<mostly> 396,1/2<rarely <5%>>
399,1<nearly always <95%>>/2<\i{}E. pergracilis\i0{}, no bulliforms in
\i{}E. plana\i0{}> 400,1<usually>/2<15%> 401,2<mostly>/1&2<these sometimes
linked to traversing columns of colourless cells> 403<usually>,2/1<not
uncommonly, especially towards the blade margins> 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,2/1
410,1 411,1 413,1<\i{}E. horizontalis\i0{}>/2<4 species> 414,3.39-4.48
416,1 469,10 470,20&40&50&60&80&100&108 471,2&4&5&6&8&10 473<small>
474,0.32<1 species, 4\i{}x\i0{}> 476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22
490,32 491,350 492<cosmopolitan, mostly subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4&5
500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1&2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10
505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1 512,2<rarely>/3/4
513<mostly>,2 514,1/2 515<often on poor or sandy soils or disturbed ground>
516<\i{}E. amabilis\i0{}, \i{}E. aspera\i0{}, \i{}E. aethiopica\i0{},
\i{}E. atrovirens\i0{}, \i{}E. barrelieri\i0{}, \i{}E. cilianensis\i0{},
\i{}E. curvula\i0{}, \i{}E. diffusa\i0{}, \i{}E. diarrhena\i0{}, \i{}E.
ferruginea\i0{}, \i{}E. japonica\i0{}, \i{}E. malayana\i0{}, \i{}E.
megastachya\i0{}, \i{}E. mexicana\i0{}, \i{}E. minor\i0{}, \i{}E.
multicaulis\i0{}, \i{}E. neomexicana\i0{}, \i{}E. pectinacea\i0{}, \i{}E.
pilosa\i0{}, \i{}E. superba\i0{}, \i{}E. tenella\i0{}, \i{}E.
tenuifolia\i0{}, \i{}E. tremula\i0{}, \i{}E. unioloides\i0{}, \i{}E.
virescens\i0{}, \i{}E. viscosa\i0{}, \i{}E. zeylanica\i0{}> 517<\i{}E.
tef\i0{}; \i{}E. curvula\i0{} and \i{}E. superba\i0{} drought resistant,
used for reseeding denuded land> 518<mostly more or less unpalatable, but a
few useful - e.g. \i{}E. capensis\i0{}, \i{}E. cilianensis\i0{}, \i{}E.
ciliaris\i0{}, \i{}E. curvula\i0{}, \i{}E. patens\i0{}, \i{}E. pilosa\i0{},
\i{}E. rigidior\i0{}, \i{}E. superba\i0{}> 519<\i{}E. tef\i0{} (Teff) a
staple cereal in Ethiopia, potentially of wide interest> 524,3&5
525,2&4&5&6 527,1 529,4&5 530,44 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2&3&5 534<Koch 1978;
Van den Borre and Watson 1994> 535<Metcalfe 1960; Prendergast \i{}et
al.\i0{} 1986; Van den Borre and Watson 1994; studied by us, \i{}E.
chloromelas\i0{} Steudel, \i{}E. cilianensis\i0{} (All.) Lutati, \i{}E.
benthamii\i0{} Mattei, \i{}E. elongata\i0{} (Willd.) Jacq., \i{}E.
eriopoda\i0{} Benth., \i{}E. neomexicana\i0{} Vasey, \i{}E. nindensis\i0{}
Fical. &amp; Hiern, \i{}E. pallens\i0{} Hack., \i{}E. parviflora\i0{} (R.
Br.) Trin.> 540<er_stis> 
 
# \i{}Eremium\i0{} <Seberg & Linde-Laursen>/
1<Latin \i{}eremium\i0{}, small desert, re ability of the type species to
withstand extreme drought> 3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Leymus\i0{}> 4<Type:
\i{}E. erianthum\i0{} (Phil.) Seberg and Linde-Laursen> 7,2 9,3 13,30-70
14,2 19,2 27,2<brownish> 29,1 42,2 44,2 47,1 49,2<?> 50<sheaths usually
covering most of the internodes, pubescent to glabrescent> 52,1 55,1-2
56,(2-)7-14.5(-20) 59<(in-)>,3 65,2<?> 66,2 69,2<sic, with a fringe of
hairs> 70,1 71,0.3-1 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 80,2 89,1/3<since the spikelets
are not all solitary> 120,1&2 121,2 122,2 123,1-2 125,1 141,10-20<and 2-4
mm wide> 144<not described re orientation> 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,2<glabrous> 156,1<terminated by an empty lemma> 163,2 165,2 166,1-2
167,2<about 10-20 mm long> 170,2<? - not specified> 171,2 172,1/2<on the
nerves> 174,1 175<(linear-)>,1 176,1<awnlike> 179,2 187,1(-3) 189,(1-)3
191,2 192,2 193,1/2 194,1 196,2 208,1-3(-5) 218,1<?> 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3<? - not described, illustration not reliably interpretable> 231,1
232,1 233,1 234,1-2<1.8-10.2 mm long> 238,2 239,2 240,1<the margins densely
ciliate, and sometimes hairy abaxially as well> 247,2 248,5-7 249,1 250,1
251,1 255,1-2 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 272,3
274,2.2-4 275,2 276,2 277,2 283,2 286,1/2<? - not mentioned> 287,2<5.5 mm
long> 294,2<?> 295,2<?!> 298,2 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U
388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 469,7 470,42 471,6 472<uncertain, but
lacks S and H genomes> 473<large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49
490,41 491,1<\i{}E. erianthum\i0{}> 492<Argentina> 493,7 494,3 502,5&6
512,4 513,2 523<Possible hybridization with \i{}Elymus glaucescens\i0{}>
534<Seberg ansd Linde-Laursen (1996)> 536<The morphological description is
fairly inadequate (e.g. lacking information on sheath margins, spikelet
orientation, fruit), and if the fringed ligule is an error of
interpretation, the difference from \i{}Elymus\i0{} is limited to the
long-ciliate lemmas, the genome, and geographical distribution.> 537,2
538,4 540<eremium> 
 
# \i{}Eremochloa\i0{} <Buese>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eremos\i0{} (desert) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass),
referring to habitat> 5<\i{}Pectinaria\i0{} (Benth.) Hack.> 7,2 9,3 11,-
27,1 37,1 38,- 42,1 44,1 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4 78,1<the pedicelled spikelets very reduced> 79,2 80,1 86,1/2
89<comprising axillary or terminal spike-like, slender flattened racemes>
91,- 94,- 100,1 101,2 102,2<or not usually interpreted as such>
103,4<exserted on long slender peduncles, curved, with imbricate spikelets>
106,1/2<rarely> 107,2<these swollen, 3-angled> 108<tardily>,1 109,2
111,2<clavate> 112,1 115,1-2 120,2 121,1<the sessile members in two
alternating rows, on one side of the rachis> 123,1&3 125,1 126,1 127,1
128,2<flattened> 129,1<or those near the tip o sterile> 130,4<reduced to a
pedicel only, or with rudiments of a spikelet which may take the form of a
bristle or mucro> 131<vestigial> 145,3 147,3<and with the adjacent
internode and pedicel> 154,2 157,1/2 163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2 170,-
176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower 2-keeled and spiny on the margins, the upper
naviculate, smooth, glabrous> 183,1 185,2 186,6<the lower keels with
filiform or flattened scabrid curved or horizontal spines> 187,5-9 189,3
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2
208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,0 250,1
257,2<hyaline> 258,2 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1
306,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1<but sometimes with rounded ends> 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,53.7-58.6 341,10.7-12.2 342,4.4-5.5 343,29-39 344,0.55-0.67
345,1 346,36.6-41.5 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2
375,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1<with a large adaxial bulliform
group> 396,2 397,1 399,2<the epidermis extensively bulliform> 401,- 403,1
404,1 405,1 406,1 469,9 470,18 471,2 476,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,63 491,9 492<India, Ceylon, southern China, Southeast Asia,
western Malaysia, Australia> 493,3&5&6 494,2&5 496,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1
504,2&6&9 509,1 512,3 513,2 515<short grassland> 520<\i{}E.
ophiuroides\i0{}> 531,2 533,1&2 535<studied by us - \i{}E. bimaculata\i0{}
Hackel> 540<eremochl> 
 
# \i{}Eremopoa\i0{} <Roshev.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eremos\i0{} (a desert, uninhabited area) and
\i{}poa\i0{} (grass, fodder), alluding to locality> 3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7,1
9,3<or the culms solitary>/- 11,- 13,5-60 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 47,2
52,1 55,2 56,1-4 59,1/3 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,1-2.5 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5<the
branches whorled, the lower sometimes sterile> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-8 144,- 145,1-2 147,1
154,1 156,1 157,2 158,2 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,-
174,1 176,2 179,2<membranous> 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,(1-)2-6 210<lanceolate to narrowly oblong in lateral view, by contrast
with \i{}Poa\i0{}> 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute to acuminate>/2 223,1-2 240,1
244,2<keeled only towards the tip> 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.4-2.5
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1 287,2<5 mm long> 291,2 295,1 298,2 303,2
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals smaller, more nearly rectangular> 328,2<the
intercostals thin walled, the costals quite thick walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2
345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2<there being a few solitary cells apparently
representing uncompleted stomatal apparati> 360,3<mostly solitary>
363<exclusively>,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3<apart from a constriction
on either side of the midrib> 395,1 396,1 399,2<save for the midrib
hinges> 403,1<the blade being very depauperate of sclerenchyma> 404,2<only
small abaxial strands seen> 406,1 469,7 470,14&28&42 471,2&4&6 473<large>
477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,4 492<western and central
Asia to the Himalayas> 493,1&3&6 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,2&3 499,1
504,11 506,1 512,3 535<studied by us - \i{}E. altaica\i0{} (Trin.) Roshev.>
540<eremopoa> 
 
# \i{}Eremopogon\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Dichanthium\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,1 38,- 47,2 65,2
68,1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1<the pedicellate members awnless> 79,2
89,-<of racemes, each branch with a basal bladeless sheath and a terminal
raceme> 91,- 94,- 101,1 102,1 103,3 106,1 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2
114,1 120,2/- 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 136,1 145,3 147,3
154,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 174,- 176,2 177,- 178,- 179,1<the lower
bicarinate, the upper naviculate> 183,1<the keels not winged> 185,1 186,1
189,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 207,2<hyaline> 208,1
210<reduced to a linear stipe beneath the awn> 214,1 216,-
218,1/2<sometimes> 220<sometimes>,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3
229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3 240,2 244,- 248,0-1 250,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 295,1 298,1 322,1<on focusing through the
overlying papillae> 323,1 325,1<and obscuring all else in high focus>
326,2<unusually large, bulbous, overlapping one another as well as the
stomata> 327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1<but the sinuosity very small
scale> 332,1 335,1 339,51-66 341,6.9-9 342,5.7-8.6 343,27-39 344,0.53-0.6
345,1 346,27-30 348,2&3 350<with the guard-cell insertion obscured> 351,2
357<a few small prickles present> 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,-
395,1<via an abaxial keel and the conspicuous sclerenchyma group beneath
its main bundle> 396,1-2<the large bundle flanked on either side by one or
two small ones, these arguably within the limits of the midrib>
397,2<though there appear to be one or two colourless cells adjoining the
adaxial sclerenchyma of the main bundle> 399,2<the entire epidermis being
bulliform, all its cells tanniniferous except over the midrib> 403,1
404,1<with all the primaries> 405,1<the midrib with an anchor> 406,1 469,10
470,40 471,4 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7<?> 491,4
492<warm Old World> 493,1&2&3&4&5 494,2 496,1&3 499,2&3 500,1&2&4 504,11
524,5 525,4 529,5 530,43 531,2 533,2&5 535<studied by us - \i{}E.
foveolatus\i0{} (Del.) Stapf> 540<eremopog> 
 
# \i{}Eremopyrum\i0{} <(Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eremos\i0{} (desert) and \i{}puros\i0{} (wheat), re
habitat and resemblance of the inflorescence to that of wheat> 7,1 9,3 11,-
13,20-40 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1 49,1/2 52,1-2 56,1-7 59,1 65,2 66,2
67,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.4-2 73,2 74,1 89,1<the spikelets often divergent from
the rachis> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108<usually>,1
109<usually either>,1/2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
122<alternately>,2 123,1 126,- 141,9-25 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1
161,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,1/2 168,1/2 170,2 174,1/- 175,2
176<shortly>,1/2 177,1 179,2<becoming very hard at maturity> 187,1-4
189,1-4 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-6 214,2<leathery> 216,2 223,1/2/3 225<when
present,>,1 228,3 231,1 235,2 240,1/2 244,1 248,5-7 249,1 250,1 251,2
255,1-2 256,1/2<via prolongation of the keels> 257,1<membranous> 258,2
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2 272,3 274,0.5-1.3
275,2 277,2 278,1<below the styles> 280,2 283,2 284,1 286<somewhat>,1
287,1-3 290,1 291<slightly>,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,2 330,1&2
331,2<these thin> 332,2 345,1 346,41.5-56 348,1 350,1 351,2<excluding
macrohair bases> 353,- 354,- 357<macrohair bases abundant> 360,3<solitary>
363,1/2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<the epidermis
large-celled> 401,- 403,2 404,2<strands only> 406,1 469,7 470,14&28 471,2&4
472,6 474,5.5<1 species, 2\i{}x\i0{}> 475,11<1 species> 477,2 478,1 479,1
487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,5 492<Mediterranean to central Asia>
493,1&2&3 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,2 506,1 512,4 513,2 515<stony
slopes, steppe, semi-desert> 518<\i{}E. bonaepartis\i0{}> 531,1&2 532,4
533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. bonaepartis\i0{} (Spreng.)
Nevski \i{}E. distans\i0{} (C. Koch) Nevski, \i{}E. orientale\i0{} (L.)
Jaub. & Spach, \i{}E. triticeum\i0{} (Gaertn.) Nevski> 540<eremopyr> 
 
# \i{}Eriachne\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}erion\i0{} (wool) and \i{}achne\i0{} (a scale),
alluding to cataphylls (or lemmas?)> 2<\i{}Wanderrie grasses\i0{}>
5<\i{}Achneria\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Massia\i0{} Bal.> 7,1/2 9,1/3 11,-
13,5-100 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1/2 24,1<rarely>/2 27,1/2 37,1/2
38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 58<often more or less>,1/- 59,1/3<sometimes pungent>
65,2 66,2 67,2 69,3 70,- 72,1<of hairs>/2 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5/4<<10%>
rarely> 91,1/2 92<sometimes>,3/- 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,2-15 145,1-3 147,1 148,1/2 149,1
154,1<<10%> rarely>/2 156<(when present)>,1 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2
166,1-3 167,1/2 170,- 176,1/2 177,1<<10%> rarely>/2<usually, rounded on the
back> 179,2<persistent, broad, scarious to subhyaline or cartilaginous>
187,(7-)9-15 189,(7-)9-15 191,1/2 192,2<i.e. the upper of the two florets
sometimes reduced> 196,2 208,(1-)2 214,2-3<scarious to cartilaginous>
216,1-2 218,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1 234,1-3
240,1<with long white hairs> 244,1-2 246,2 247,1 248,5-7 250,1
255,1<pointed>/2 256,1/2/3<sometimes with 1 or 2 apical setae or awns>
257,2 258,1/2 259,3 260,3-1<the lateral keels blunt> 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,(2-)3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1/2 286,2
287,1/2/3 289,4 291,2<plano-convex> 295,2 298,1/2 299,1/2 301,2 303,1/2
304,2 305,1 306,1 308<slightly>,2 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1 313,1 314,6-12
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,45-68
341,(5.1-)5.4-9(-9.8) 342,5.7-11.7 343,25.5-36(-44) 344,0.42-0.62 345,1
346,19-48 348,2 350,2 351,1/2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1 356,8 360,1 363,7/8
365,1<the oryzoid forms, sometimes>/2 370,1 373,3<in all 5 species studied>
374,1<this XyMS/C\sub{}\nosupersub{}4 type combination being extremely
unusual> 375,1<usually>/2/1-2 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1-3 380,2 381,1
382,1 383<usually>,1/2<e.g. \i{}E. pulchella\i0{}> 385,1/2 393,1/2 394,1/2
395,2 396,1/2<rarely> 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
414,4.12-5 477,5<or Panicoideae> 483,8 487,7 488,7 489,23 490,80 491,40
492<China, Indomalayan region, Australia> 493,3&5 494,1&2&5 495,1 496,3
497,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8&9 509,1 513,2 515<savanna> 531,2
533,1 534<Van Eck-Borsboom 1980> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}E.
anomala\i0{} Hartley, \i{}E. aristidea\i0{} F. Muell., \i{}E. glabrata\i0{}
(Maiden) Hartley, \i{}E. mucronata\i0{} R. Br., \i{}E. nervosa\i0{} Ewart &
Cookson, \i{}E. obtusa\i0{} R. Br., \i{}E. ovata\i0{} Nees, \i{}E.
pulchella\i0{} Domin> 540<eriachne> 
 
# \i{}Erianthecium\i0{} <L. Parodi>/
1<alluding to hairy florets> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-45 14,2 24,1 27,2 38,- 47,2
52,1 55,2 56,3-5 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1-2 71,3-4 73,2 74,1 81,1 88,2<8-12>
89,5 91,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,7-8 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 157,2 158,2 163,2
164,2 165,1-2<the upper somewhat longer> 166,1 167,2 170,- 171,2 172,1
174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 178,- 179,2<lanceolate-acute, papery>
181<somewhat>,1 183,- 187,3/5 189,7 191,1/2 192<if present,>,2 194<if
present,>,1 196,2 208,3-5 214,2<papery or leathery> 216,2 218,1<according
to the original description>/2<according to Clayton and Renvoize 1986>
220<if incised,>,2 221,2<bidentate, according to Clayton and Renvoize>
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2<according to the original description>/1<or from
behind it?> 229,1 231,1 233,1 234,1-2 235,1 240<densely>,1 244,2 246,-
247,2 248,7/9 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,3
262,2 263,3<long-ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2
272,3 274<about>,1.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2<pubescent, terminally
exserted> 287,1<1 mm long> 289,4-5 291,2<dorsally convex, ventrally flat>
293,- 295,1 298,2 301,1/2 302,1 303,2 304,1 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 330,2
331,2 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<macrohair bases
common> 360,3 363,1/3<a few>/8<some> 364<when panicoid type,
mainly>,1&4<the latter elongated> 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2-3 394,1/- 399,1
401,1 403,2 404,1 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19
491,1<\i{}E. bulbosum\i0{}> 492<Uruguay> 493,7 494,3 502,5 504,11 513,2
515<stony slopes> 534<Parodi 1938> 535<studied by us> 540<erianthe> 
 
# \i{}Erianthus\i0{} <Michx.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}erion\i0{} (wool) and \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower),
alluding to woolly glumes> 3<\i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Ripidium\i0{} Trin.>
7,2 8<sometimes>,1<or reedlike>/- 9,3 11,- 13,200-400 19,2 27,2 37,1 38,-
44,2 47,2 55,1<always?> 65,2 66,2 69,1-2 73,2 74,1 78,2<save in glume
nervation> 81,1/2 89,5<silky-hairy> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,- 107,1
108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2 114,1 115,1<plumose>/2 120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 145,3 147,3<the pedicelled member falling from its
pedicel, the sessile falling with the joint and pedicel> 154,2 157,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 173,- 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower bicarinate, the upper
naviculate> 183,1 185,2 186,1 187,2 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2
201,2 203,2 204,1 205,2 206,2<thinly membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline>
216,2 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1<to aristate>/2 221,2 223,2/3 225,1 226,1
228,3 231,1 233,1 234,1-3 240<ciliate> 244,2 248,3 250,1 251<(when
present)>,2/3 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1/- 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 295,1 301,2
302,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,42-54 341,3.3-5.4 342,8.5-13.8 343,(10-)19.5-25
344,0.39-0.47 345,1 346,24-25.5(-27) 348,3 350,2 351,2 353,2<solitary>
354,2 360,1 363,8 364,1-3 370,1 374,2 382,2 385,1 393,1/2 394,2 395,1 396,2
397,1 399,1 401,1/2 402,1/2 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 413,1<\i{}E.
maximus\i0{}>/2<8 species> 469,5&10 470,10&15&20&30&60 473<small> 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,28 492<tropical America,
southeast Europe to eastern Asia, Indomalayan region, Polynesia, Sahara,
Madagascar> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&2 496,1&2&3&4 497,2 498,3
499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 501,2&3 502,2&3&6 504,9 512,2/3 523<intergeneric
hybrids with \i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&3&5 526,1&2 528,5 530,7 531,2
533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}E. fastigiatus\i0{} (Nees ex
Steud.) Stapf> 540<erianthu> 
 
# \i{}Eriochloa\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<from the Greek \i{}erion\i0{} (wool) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass),
referring to the hairy spikelets and pedicels> 2<\i{}Spring Grasses\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}E. distachya\i0{} Kunth> 5<\i{}Aglycia\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Glandiloba\i0{} (Raf.) Steud., \i{}Helopus\i0{} Trin.,
\i{}Oedipachne\i0{} Link> 7,1/2 9,2/3-4 11,- 13,20-170 14,2 19,1/2
23,1/2<rarely> 27,1 32,3 37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 58,1<sometimes?>/2
59<usually>,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2<very reduced>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 84,1/2
89,2/5<usually of simple or compound racemes, very rarely a single raceme
(\i{}E. distachya\i0{}) or a contracted panicle (\i{}E. meyeriana\i0{})>
91,1 94,- 97,1/3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1/2<or in clusters>/- 121,1 124,3 126,1/2 142,8/9/10 144,2<nearly
always with a small basal swelling representing fusion of the usually
vestigial G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} to the swollen internode> 145,3 146,2 147,3
154,2 157,2 163,2<but G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} nearly always very reduced>
165,1<nearly always>/2<<5%> the lower usually vestigial, but as long as the
spikelet in \i{}E. rovumensis\i0{}> 167<(the upper)>,2 168,- 170,1
174,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} pointed to aristulate>
176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, when aristulate>/2 177,2 179,1<the lower
nearly always reduced to a small cupuliform strip adherent to the thickened
rachilla internode> 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<(when
present)>,1-2 201,1/2 203,2 204,5<similar to the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, or
shorter> 205,3 206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,3 216,1-2<papery to
crustaceous> 217,2 218,1 223,2-3<the mucro or awn barbellate> 228,3 231,1
234,1 240,2<glabrous or apically puberulous> 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1
251,1 255,1<rounded apically> 256,1 257,2 259,3 260,3<the keels thickened>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2
284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,54-64.5 341,6-6.6
342,9-10 343,22.5-27 344,0.4-0.42 345,1 346,33-36 348,2/3 350,2 351,1
353,1/2<solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2 360,1 363,8 364,1/3/4 370,1 373,1<5
species> 374,1 375,1 378,2 380,1 382,1 383,1 385,1/2 393,3 394,1 395,1
396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 436,1<representing
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 469,9 470,36&54&72 471,4&6&8 473<small> 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491,30 492<subtropical>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4 498,3
499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,3 502,1&2&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8&9
506,1&2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 509,1&2 511,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<damp ground
and weedy places> 516<\i{}E. gracilis\i0{}, \i{}E. punctata\i0{}>
517<\i{}E. polystachya\i0{}> 518<\i{}E. gracilis\i0{}, \i{}E. procera\i0{}>
524,5 525,3 528,6&7 530,18&20 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&5 535<studied by us -
\i{}E. australiensis\i0{} Stapf ex Thell., \i{}E. crebra\i0{} S.T. Blake,
\i{}E. decumbens\i0{} Bailey, \i{}E. procera\i0{} (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.,
\i{}E. pseudoacrotricha\i0{} (Stapf ex Thell.) Black> 540<eriochlo> 
 
# \i{}Eriochrysis\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
5<\i{}Plazerium\i0{} Kunth> 6<\i{}Leptosaccharum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,40-120
14,2 19,2 27,1/2 37,2 44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1<usually>/2<rarely> 65,2
69,2/3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&2 78<more or less>,2<but the pedicelled members
smaller> 79,2 89,2/5<of spiciform racemes, in a raceme or panicle, with
tawny-red hairs> 91,2<narrow> 95,3 96,6-12 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,1 107,2
108,1 109,2 111,1-2<clavate> 113,2 114,1 115,1<at the disarticulation line>
120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,2 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 171,1 176,2 177,2 179,1<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, not 2-keeled> 183,1 184,1 185,2 186,1
187<indistictly many nerved> 189,1/3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 204,0 205,3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2
218,1-2<truncate to serrate> 221,2 223,1 244,2 247,2 248,0 250,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3<in the sessile spikelets,
rudimentary in the pedicellate spikelets> 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284,2/3
295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1&2 331,1
332,2 345,1 346,24-28.5 348,3 350,1<sic> 351,2<unless the rows over minor
veins called intercostal> 353,- 354,- 357<with numerous complex-based
macrohairs over the veins> 360,2 363,8/9<a few> 364<short>,3/1 365,1<a few
crosses of \i{}Isachne\i0{} type> 370,1 374,2<but the PCR sheath cell
walls very thick and pitted, resembling a mestome sheath> 383,1 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,2<one large keel bundle, 3 small ones on each side> 397,1<this
colourless tissue lignified> 399,1<the groups of large cells> 401,1 403,2
404,1<nearly all bundles> 405,1<mid-rib constituting a large anchor. Other
main bundles with Is> 406,1 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1
489,2 490,80 491,7 492<tropical America and tropical Africa> 493,4&7
494,2&3 496,1 499,2&3 502,1&2&4&5&6 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,2 513,2 514,2
515<in swamps and moist places> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. cayennensis\i0{}
Beauv.> 540<eriochry> 
 
# \i{}Erioneuron\i0{} <Nash>/
7,2 9<densely>,3 11,- 13,15-40 14,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 56,1-1.5 59,1/2/3
61,2<at the base of macrohairs> 62,3 65,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 88,2 89,5
91,2 92,1/2 94,- 98,1 101,2 102,2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,2-3 141,5.5-20 145,1<plump> 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1 163,2
164,2 165,1-2 166,1-2 167,1-2 168,2 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,1-2
179,2<membranous to leathery> 182,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1
196,2 208,4-18 216,2 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1<often
accompanied by two lateral mucros> 226,1 228,1<or from between the lobes>
229,- 231,1 233,1 234,1-2 235,1 240,1<on the nerves, at least below>
244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,2 248,3<the laterals marginal> 250,1<pilose
below> 251,2 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 261,3<villous below> 263,3<ciliolate
to ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267<sometimes joined to the palea> 268,1
269,2 272,1-3 274,0.5-1.2 277,1 283,2 284,1 287,1<about 1.6 mm long> 289,4
291,1 294,2<translucent> 295,1 297,3 298,1<projecting downwards> 299,1
301,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<large, the apical cells massive, bulbous,
thick walled> 336,3 339,(25.5-)28.5-34.5(-39) 340,15 341,12-15 342,2.1-2.6
343,15-22.5 344,0.5-0.75 345,1 346,24-28.5 348<predominantly low to high>,2
350,2 351,2 352,1 355,1 360,1/2 362,1/3 363,3-4<predominating over the
midrib>/5<a few, over minor veins>/8<predominating over the minor veins>
364<when panicoid type, short>,3/1 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,1 378,2
383,2 385,1 389,1 393,2-3 395,1<via the rounded keel and a large abaxial
sclerenchyma group, and lack of an adaxial strand> 396,1 399,1 400,2
401,2<these incorporated in the traversing colourless columns> 403,1
404,2<adaxial strands only, and abaxial strands or girders> 406,1
409,1<large> 442,- 469,8 470,16 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,65
491,5 492<southwest U.S.A. and Mexico> 493,6 494,1&6 495,1&3 497,4 504,11
505,2 507,2&3 513,2 515<rocky slopes> 535<studied by us - \i{}E.n
pilosum\i0{}> 536<formerly a segregate of \i{}Tridens\i0{}> 540<erioneur> 
 
# \i{}Erythranthera\i0{} <Zotov>/
3<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}, \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,2 9,1/3/4<often
sward-forming> 11,- 13,3-12 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 58,1
59,1/2<to 3 cm long> 65,2 66,1 69,2<very short>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 88,2
89,4/5 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123,3 141,2.5-5 145,1 147,1 149,4<internodes up to 1/3 as long as the
lemmas> 154,1 157,2 160,2 161,2<flattened> 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 170,-
176,2 179,2 187,3-5 189,3 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,3-5 216,2 218,2
220<minutely>,3 221,2<with 3 minute apical teeth> 223,1 240,1/2<glabrous>
241<when present,>,2 242,2<scattered> 244,1-2 248,7-9 250,1 259,3 260,3
263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,1/2 269,2 270,1 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 287,1 295,1 298,1 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 315,2
316,2 317,1 318,1 319,2 320,1 321,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<long and narrow>
328,1<thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,45-55.5(-60) 341,9.6-14.4
342,3.1-5.8 343,24-36 344,0.43-0.59 345,2 348,2/3 350,- 351,1 353,1 354,1
356<mainly>,2 360,1/3 363,3<including potato-shaped>/6/8 370,2 374,1
385,1/2 386,2 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,3
492<Australia, New Zealand> 493,5 494,5&6 503,1 504,1&2&4&10 505,1 509,2
513,2 515<alpine> 534<Zotov 1963> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. australis\i0{}
(Petrie) Zotov> 540<erythran> 
 
# \i{}Euchlaena\i0{} <Schrad.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eu\i0{} (well) and \i{}chlaina\i0{} (cloak), re the
well covered (husked) fruiting spikes> 3<\i{}Zea\i0{}> 7<robust>,1/2
13,200-500 14,2 19,2 37,1 44,2 47,2 48,2 52<broadly>,2 55,1 56,20-80 59,1
65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2/3 77,1 78,1 79,-
89,-<comprising terminal panicles of male spikelets, and axillary spikes of
pistillate spikelets> 99<of female inflorescence>,1 100,1<female spikelets
sunken in the hardened joints of the rachis>/2<male panicles> 101,1 102,-
103,2<female, these borne two to several, enclosed in foliaceous spathes or
husks, in the leaf sheaths>/3<male> 107<(the females)>,2 108,1<i.e., the
female rachides> 109,2 111,2 112,2 113,2 114,2 115,2/3
120,1<females>/2<males> 121,1<male pairs on one side of the
rachis>/2<females> 122,1<the male pairs>/2<female> 123,1<female>/1&3<the
males in sessile-pedicellate pairs> 126,1<male>/2<female> 131<male
inflorescence and spikelets like those of \i{}Zea\i0{}> 132,2 133,1<two,
many nerved> 134,2 135,2 136,1 137,2 138,3 144,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
covering the rachis cavity> 145,1 147,3<and with the joint> 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 170,1 171,2 172,1 174<apiculate> 176,2 177,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} indurate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} membranous>
183,2 184,1 185,2 186,1 187<about>,11-13 189,9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2/3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2
218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1 251,1 255,2 257,2<hyaline> 258,2
259,3 260,1 264,2 272,0 277,1 280,1<nearly to the tip> 283,2 295,1 298,1
322,1 323,2 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1<but the distal cells rather inflated>
339,60-72 343,36-48 344,0.64 345,1 348,3 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,5&3&6 360,1
363,8 364,1 370,1 373,3<\i{}E. mexicana\i0{}> 374,2 382,2 383,1 385,2 393,3
394,- 395,1 396,2<a large median, flanked on either side by a large lateral
and smaller bundles of various sizes> 397,1 399,1 401,1<the cells large>
403,1 404,1<with the larger bundles> 406,1 415,1 467,2<the female spikelets
free of one another, falling, not forming a cob> 469,10 470,20&40 471,2&4
477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9<? - as a synonym of Zea> 488,1 489,2 490,75 491,4
492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1&3 495,3 502,1 504,6 512,3 515<field margins>
517<\i{}E. mexicana\i0{} (Teosinte)> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Zea\i0{} - \i{}Euchlaezea\i0{} Janaki ex Bor> 524,3&5 525,1&3 526,1
528,9&10 530,8 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960> 536<the descriptions of maize
relatives require updating, to conform with modern taxonomic views (e.g.
Doebley and Iltis 1980, Iltis 1987). The older and convenient but
artificial treatment, separating the readily distinguishable \i{}Zea
mays\i0{} from the rest, is retained here pending acqisition of detailed
comparative morphological data> 540<euchlaen> 
 
# \i{}Euclasta\i0{} <Franch.>/
5<\i{}Indochloa\i0{} Bor> 7<rambling>,1 13,30-200 14,2 19,1 27,1 43,1 44,2
55,2 56,2-8 59,1 65,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1 79,1<the proximal 1-3
pairs imperfect and homogamous> 89,2<terminal and axillary, the racemes
delicate, solitary or clustered, peduncled, 3-6 cm long> 95,3<corymbiform
or sub-paniculate>/2 96,1-15 99,2 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,1-3 107,1<these
flattened, sinuous> 108,1 109,2<above, but the basal homogamous spikelets
persistent> 110,1 111,1<hyaline and glandular down the middle> 113,2 114,1
115,1 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1<except at the base of the
raceme, where both sessile and pedicellate spikelets are male or neuter and
persistent> 130,3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelets large, herbaceous>
141,3.6-4 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 157,1<minutely bearded> 160,2 163,2 164,2
165,2 167,2<much exceeding them> 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 176,2 177,-
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} truncate or obtuse and 2-keeled, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate and 1-keeled> 183,1<truncate or obtuse>
185,2 187,9 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0
207,2<very small, hyaline> 208,1 210<reduced to a linear, hyaline stipe
beneath the awn> 214,1 216,2 218,1 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3<continuous
from the stipe> 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,3 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 271,2 272,3 273,1 274<as broad as long> 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 326,1 331,2<mostly, the walls
thin> 332,1 335,1 339,40-54 343,12-18 344,0.32 345,1 348,2-3 351,2 353,-
354,- 357<cushion-based macrohairs present> 360,1 363,8
364,3<mostly>/4<some, and some tending to saddle-shaped> 370,1 374,2 385,1
393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<one large median, 2-3 small laterals on either
side> 399,2<irregularly grouped> 401,- 403,1 404,1 406,1 469,10 470,40
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,68 491,2 492<tropical
America, Africa, Madagascar, India> 493,4&7 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3 504,11
508,2&3 512,3 513,1/2 515<in partial shade, or among taller grasses>
535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<euclasta> 
 
# \i{}Eulalia\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<named for Eulalie Delile, botanical artist> 5<\i{}Puliculum\i0{} Haines>
6<\i{}Pseudopogonatherum\i0{}> 7,2<usually>/1 9,3/4 11,- 13,10-150 14,2
19,2 24,1/2 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1/2
73,2 74,1 78,2 89,2<very hairy or silky, often brown or purple> 91,- 94,-
95,1/2<usually, with a short axis> 96,1-20 101,2 102,2 103,3<spiciform>
106,- 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2 114,2 115,1 120,2 121,1/2 123,1&3 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 145,3 147,3<the pedicelled falling from the
pedicel, the sessile falling with the joint and pedicel> 154,2 157,1 160,2
161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1 173,3 176,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
being rarely bilobed or 2-awned>/2 177,- 179,1<both villous and rigid to
leathery, the lower flattened to depressed on the back and more or less
bicarinate, the upper naviculate> 183,1<the keels not winged> 184,2-3 185,2
186,1 187,1-9 189,1-5 191,1/2 192,1 196,1/2 197<when present,>,1 198<when
present,>,2 201<when present,>,2 203,2 205,1 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<concurrent with the awn, or bilobed> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2
220<when incised,>,2 221<when incised,>,1/2 223,3<nearly always>/1<in
\i{}E. manipurensis\i0{}> 225,1 228<usually>,1 231,2 233<usually>,1 234,3
240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1-3 250,1/2 251<when present,>,3 255,1 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2 270,- 272,(2-)3
275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 291,2/3 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 322,1 323,1 325,2 326,3<finger-like> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,24-48 341,(4.5-)5.4 342,5.6-7.8 343,12-29 344,0.56-0.8
345,1 346,19.5-24 348,2<low to high>/3 350,2 351,2 353,2<solitary> 354,2
360,1/3 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 370,1 374,2 382,2 383,1 385,1 389,1/2 393,1/2/3
394,1/- 395,1 396,1/2 399,1 401,2/1&2<sometimes linked with traversing
colourless columns, sometimes with large-celled groups of the \i{}Zea\i0{}
type> 403,1 404,1/2 405,1/2 406,1 410,2 413,2<2 species> 469,5&10 470,20&40
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,30 492<tropical and
subtropical Africa, Asia, Australia> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1
496,1&2&3 497,3 499,2&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,6 503,1&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8&9
508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,2-3 513,2 514,1/2 515<grassland, sometimes in moist
places, and \i{}E. ridleyi\i0{} in maritime sand> 516<\i{}E. villosa\i0{}>
518<\i{}E. aurea\i0{}> 524,5 525,6 531,2 533,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}E. fulva\i0{} (R. Br.) Kuntze> 540<eulalia> 
 
# \i{}Eulaliopsis\i0{} <Honda>/
5<\i{}Pollinidium\i0{} Haines> 7,2 9,3 13,40-100 14,2<with thickened,
woolly rootstock> 19,2 52,1 55,2<long, rigid> 56,2-3 59,2/3 65,2 69,2/3<the
fringe dense> 73,2 74,1 75,2 76,1 78,2 89<axillary,>,2<racemes> 95,2
96,(1-)2-4 101,2 102,2 103,3<spicate, longer than the common peduncle>
105,2<pedunculate> 106,2-3<very rarely solitary> 107,1 108,1 109,2
115,1<with basal tufts of brown hairs> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2
129,1 130,1<i.e., the spikelets homogamous> 141,3.5-7<silky-villous> 145,3
147,3<the pedicellate spikelet falling from the pedicel, the sessile one
falling with the joint> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<with tufts of hairs on the
sessile spikelet/joint unit and at the base of the spikelet> 159,2 161,2
163,2 165,2<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} somewhat longer> 167,2
171<rufously>,1 173,1 176,1<the upper shortly so, sometimes>/2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} rounded dorsally, 2-3 toothed, muticous, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} keeled, notched or cuspidate or aristulate> 183,2
184,1<with raised nerves> 185,2 186,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1<better
developed than in \i{}Eulalia\i0{}> 198,1 199,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,0
207,2<hyaline> 208,1 210<linear> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220<minutely>,2
221,2<2-toothed> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,3 244,2 247,2
248,1 250,1 251,2<short, broadly ovate> 255,1<obtuse> 256,1<ciliate or
glabrous> 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,1<each with a tuft of
long hairs> 272,3 277,1 283,2 289,4 290,U 296,U 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals narrower, more regularly rectangular> 328,1<the walls of medium
thickness> 330,1-2 331,1-2<the sinuosity fairly fine to negiligible> 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348,2<mostly low domes> 350,2 351,1 353,1/2
357<no macrohairs or prickles seen> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,2-3 370,1
371<somewhat>,2<in that the minor bundles are so crowded as to be almost
superposed> 374,2 393,3<with slight abaxial ribs beneath the primary
bundles> 395,1<with a pointed keel, an adaxial group of bulliforms, and
midrib hinges> 396,2 397,1<in that there may be a few colourless cells
beneath the adaxial bulliform group>/2<?> 398,2 399,1 402,1 403,1
404,1<with the primaries> 405,1<large anchors and Is> 406,1 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,2 492<India and Southeast Asia>
493,3&5 494,1&2 495,2 496,3 498,3 500,1&2&3 504,11 513,2 515<dry hillsides>
522<\i{}E. binata\i0{} used for making paper, mats, rope and string> 531,2
533,5 534<Bor 1957a> 535<studied by us - \i{}E. binata\i0{} (Retz.) C.E.
Hubb.> 537,2 540<eulaliop> 
 
# \i{}Eustachys\i0{} <Desf.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eu\i0{} (good or nice) and \i{}stachys\i0{} (ear of
wheat, spike), the numerous spikes and dark brown lemmas rendering the
inflorescence distinctive> 4<Type: \i{}E. petraea\i0{} (Sw.) E.Desv.>
5<\i{}Chloroides\i0{} Regel, \i{}Langsdorffia\i0{} Regel,
\i{}Schultesia\i0{} Spreng.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,20-100 14,2 19,2<where
recorded> 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 50<the sheaths laterally folded and
keeled> 52,1 55,1/2 59,1/2 61,1 63,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1/2
76,1/1&4 89,2<pectinate spikes or spicate racemes> 91,- 94,- 95,1 96,2-45
99,1/2<or angular> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1 122,1 126,- 141,1.7-5 144,2 145,1-2 147,1 154,1<<but
terminating in the incomplete floret>> 155,2 156,1 157,2 163,2 164,2<thinly
membranous> 165,1-2 166,2 167,1 170,1 171,2 172,2 174,2<notched or blunt>
176<the upper>,1<from below its apex> 177,1 179,1<both membranous, but the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader and awned> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
193<usually>,2 194,1<greatly reduced, or the lower male> 196,2 208,1
214,3<firmly membranous to leathery> 216,2 217<dark>,3 218,1/2 220<when
incised,>,2 221,2<notched> 223,1/2 240,1<on margins and keel> 244,1 248,3
250,1 255,1<oblanceolate> 256,1 257,1<scarious> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,1<and
ciliolate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 289,4 291,4 295,1 297,2/3 298,1 299,2 315,1 316,1
317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1 326,1/3<usually with
two diverging, oblique swellings> 327,1 328,1 329,1<though these rather
short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,1 335,2 339,18-22 345,1 346,(18-)28-30
348,3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1
373,2<\i{}E. distichophylla\i0{}> 374,1 375,1/2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,1/2
385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1<with a large adaxial bulliform group> 396,1
397,1<this extending across the lamina and adaxial to most of the bundles>
399,1<more or less, but the groups large, occupying most of the intercostal
regions, and separated by few smaller epidermal cells from the colourless
and bulliform tissue adaxial to the vascular bundles> 400,2 401,2 403,2
404,2 406,1 469,10 470,40 471,4 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80
491,10 492<tropical America, West Indies, tropical and South Africa>
493,4&7 494,1&2&3 495,1 496,1&3 497,4 499,2&4 500,1&2&3 502,1 504,5&6
507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 511,1 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna, on a variety of
soils> 518<\i{}E. paspaloides\i0{}> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}E. distichophylla\i0{} (Lag.) Nees> 540<eustachy> 
 
# \i{}Euthryptochloa\i0{} <Cope>/
3<\i{}Phaenosperma globosum\i0{}> 7,2 9<loosely>,3 13,20-100 14,2 19,2 44,2
47,2 52,3-6 55,1 56<up to>,25 63,1 69,1 70,2<herbaceous, many nerved,
blunt> 71,20-30 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1-2 98,1 101,2 102,2 121,2 123<shortly>,3
141,3.6-4.3 145,3<according to the available description> 147,3 154,2 157,2
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 174,1
176,2 179,2<thinly membranous> 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<oblong-ovate> 214,2-3<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1<sub-acute> 223,1
240,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3<?> 260,3<with a dorsal sulcus>
262,2 264,1 265,2<?> 266,2<?> 268,2 272,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U
332<probably>,2<the leaf anatomy being described merely as pooid> 349,U
358,U 359,U 365,U 370<said to have pooid leaf anatomy, so presumably>,2
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,2<according to Cope>/3<? - at
least equally likely, from the available description> 478,2<if really
pooid>/3<if bambusoid> 479<if pooid>,4<?> 481<if bambusoid>,6<? - the only
available description matches that of \i{}Phaenosperma\i0{}>
487<cf.>,11<omitted> 488,7 489,38<?> 490,80 491,1<\i{}E. longiligula\i0{}>
492<China> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11 512,3 513,1 515<in montane
forest> 534<T.A. Cope 1987. \i{}Kew Bull.\i0{} \b{}42\b0{}, 707-709>
536<data limited to the original, inadequate description and illustration>
537,2 538,4 540<euthrypt> 
 
# \i{}Exotheca\i0{} <Anderss.>/
7,2 9<densely>,3 13,30-200 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 44,2 47,1<on the sheaths> 52,1
55,2 56,2-4 65,2 69,1<adnate to the sheath auricles> 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&3&4 78,1<the imperfect spikelets awnless> 79,1<with two proximal male
or sterile, homogamous and homomorphic pairs and a terminal heterogamous
triad> 89<with long-pedunculate racemes of few spikelets, terminating culms
on their distantly spaced branches> 101,1 102,1 103,3<short, of few
spikelets> 106,2<the upper raceme base terete, 15-25 mm long so that the
pair align end to end, by contrast with \i{}Hyparrhenia\i0{}> 108,1
109,2<disarticulating readily beneath the triad, persistent or tardily
disarticulating between the basal homogamous pairs> 113<somewhat auriculate
beneath the terminal triad> 114,2 115,3 120,3<at the raceme
tip>/2<proximally> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1<the solitary sessile
spikelet of the triad>/3-4<the rest> 130,3/4 136,1 141,12-16 145,2<terete>
147,3 148,- 154,2<the triad falling> 155,- 157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2
171,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<both somewhat leathery, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} ending in a 2-keeled, bidentate, herbaceous beak, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, rounded on the back, 1-keeled at its
membranous tip> 183,2 184,1 185,2 186,1 187,9 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 203,2 204<faintly>,2-3 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<stipitate, the teeth hyaline> 214,1 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<2-toothed>
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,2<pilose> 234,3 240<lemmas ciliate>
244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1 251,2 255,1 256,1<but long-ciliate> 258,2<hyaline>
259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 272,3 277,1 283,2
289<claviform-oblong> 290,U 294,U 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much
narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,54-60-66 341,5.4-6-6.6 342,8.6-9.9-11.7 343,25.5-29-33
344,0.45-0.48-0.53 345,1 346,25.5-26.4-27 348<predominantly high>,2&3 350,2
351,1 353,2<mostly ostensibly solitary> 360,1 363,8 364<predominantly
short>,3 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 393,3 395,1 396,2<the large median flanked
on either side by several smaller bundles, all displaced towards the
abaxial surface> 397,1 398,2 399,2<in that the epidermis is extensively
bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1<the primaries with Is and Ts> 406,1
413,2<1 species> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80
491,1<\i{}E. abyssinica\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1&3
499,2 500,2 504,11 508,1&2&3 513,2 515<upland grassland> 524,2&5 525,4
529,5 530,2&43 534<Clayton 1966> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<exotheca> 
 
# \i{}Fargesia\i0{} <Franch.> sensu stricto/
3<\i{}Thamnocalamus\i0{}> 6<\i{}Ampelocalamus\i0{},
\i{}Chimonocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Drepanostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}
(see comments)> 7,2 14,1 16,1<by contrast with \i{}Phyllostachys\i0{}> 19,1
20,1<nearly always, where recorded>/5-9<in \i{}F. stenoclada\i0{}>
21,4-10/11-20 22<where recorded,>,1 23,4<nearly always>/3<e.g., \i{}F.
hackelii\i0{}> 26<without roots> 30,1 31,1/2 33,1/2 34<usually>,2 35,1
36,1/2/4 38,1 40,2 44,2 48,U 63,1 65,1 66<demarcated, nearly always>,1 67,1
72,1<rarely>/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 87,1 89<dense>,5 92,- 101,1 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,1<racemes almost one-sided>/- 123,3 142<where
recorded,>,7<mostly>/7/9/13 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,1 163,2-3 170,-
171,1<slightly pilose> 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 179,2 187,5 189,7-9 191,2
192,2 193<usually>,2 194,1 196,2 208<usually>,2 210<acuminate> 214,2 216,2
218,1 219,1 221,- 240<without tessellate venation> 250,1<without tessellate
venation> 252,2 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 269,1 272,3 276,1 278<where
recorded,>,2 280,1<into one> 283,3 290,1 294,U 295,2 303,2 322,1 323,1
325,1 326,3<small, variously shaped, cuticularized, mostly one row per
cell> 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 334,2 335,1 339,55-88<the basal cells longer
than the apicals> 340,33-66 343,18-29 345,1 348,2<\i{}F.
nitida\i0{}>/3<\i{}F. murielae\i0{}> 351,1 357<lacking macrohairs adaxially
and abaxially, prickles present on both surfaces> 360<solitary, paired and
in short rows> 361,1 363<variously>,4/8 370,2 374,1 385,2 389,U 390,U 391,1
393<with low, wide ribs> 395,1 396,3 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1
442,- 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,2 492<China> 493,3
494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11 534<See Stapleton, C.M.A. (1013).
\i{}Bergbambos\i0{} and \i{}Oldeania\i0{}, new genera of African bamboos
(Poaceae, Bambusoideae). PhytoKeys 25: 87-103> 535<Metcalfe (1960, for
\i{}F. murielae\i0{} and \i{}F. nitida\i0{} under \i{}Arundinaria\i0{})>
536<Clayton and Renvoize (1986) and Soderstrom and Ellis (1987) proposed
very different generic interpretations of the species in this circle of
affinity. Soderstrom and Ellis (1987) proposed including
\i{}Ampelocalamus\i0{} Chen, Wen and Shang, \i{}Chimonocalamus\i0{} Hsueh
and Yi, \i{}Drepanostachyum\i0{} Keng f. and \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{} Nakai,
and spoke elsewhere (1988) of fargesioid \i{}Arundinaria\i0{} species.
Clayton and Renvoize included the first three in \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{},
and \i{}Fargesia\i0{} in \i{}Thamnocalamus\i0{}. To further complicate
matters, \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{} was sometimes presented as a synonym of
\i{}Phyllostachys\i0{} Sieb. and Zucc.> 537,2 538,4 540<fargesia> 
 
# \i{}Farrago\i0{} <W. Clayton>/
1<name (= potpourri, hodge-podge) alluding to the morphologically
difficult spikelets> 7<wiry>,1 9,3 11,- 13,25-50 14,2 15,0.07 19,2 27,2
40,2 44,2 47,2 52,1<acuminate> 55,2 56<about>,1.5<and 3-8 cm long,
glabrous> 58,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<the
basal spikelet of the triplet reduced to a long-aristate glume, the middle
one fertile, the upper reduced to a linear, long-aristate glume> 78,-
89,3<a pseudo-raceme> 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<to glomerules> 106,-
107,- 108,1 109,1<the glomerules falling> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
116,3<these constituted by the basal sterile spikelets> 118,2<?> 120,3
121,1<the glomerules in two ranks on one side> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1<the
sessile, fertile spikelet accompanied by two bristle-like sterile
spikelets, the one sessile, the other pedicellate> 128,- 129,- 130,-
140,2<the present description and interpretation after Clayton (1967)>
141,2.5-3.5 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<at the bases of the
glomerule and of each spikelet> 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<much exceeding
them> 176<(the lower)>,1<with an 8 mm scabrid awn> 177,1 179,1<membranous -
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} asymmetric, ciliate-keeled, long-aristate,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} symmetrical, scabridulous, shortly aristulate> 187,1
189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<only about 2 mm long> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2
218,1 219,2 221,- 223,1 240,1<dorsally pilose above> 248,0 250,1
251,2<about half the lemma length> 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,1 260,1 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280<basally>,1 283,2
287,1<1.6 mm long> 289,4 291,2 293,- 294,U 295,1<?> 297,3 298,1<?> 304,1
305,1 306,1 307,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,12
342,3 344,0.5 345,1 348,3 352,1 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<mostly>,3 367,1
370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 385,1 393,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 400,2 403,2
406,1 409,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,33 491,1<\i{}F.
racemosa\i0{}> 492<Tanzania> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,4
513,2 515<rock crevices> 534<Clayton 1968> 535<Van den Borre 1994>
540<farrago> 
 
# \i{}Fasciculochloa\i0{} <B.K. Simon & C.M. Weiller>/
1<from the Latin \i{}fasciculus\i0{} (a small bundle), in reference to the
fasciculate spikelets on the mature panicle branches> 3<\i{}Steinchisma
hians\i0{}, \i{}Panicum milioides\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}F. sparshottiorum\i0{}
B.K. Simon & C.M. Weiller> 7,2 9,3 13<about>,40-70 14,2 19<sparingly>,1
25,3-4 26,1 27,2 29,1 37,1 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<to>,3.5 59,1 64,3
65,2 66,2 69,2 70,1 71<to>,0.4 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5<fully exserted when
mature, the spikelets fasciculate towards the ends of the branches> 91,1
98,1 101,2 102,2 103,2 120<obscurely>,2/1 121,2 123,3 124,4 125,1
141<to>,2.5 144<obscurely>,2 145,1-2 147,3 148,1 149,1 150,2 154,2 155,2
157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1-2<the upper slightly shorter than the spikelet, the
lower about half as long> 167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1-2 176,2 177,2 180,0.6
182,1 187,3 188,2 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200<becoming
hardened> 201,2 203,2 204,5 205,2-3 206,2<membranous> 207,2 208,1
210<elliptic> 212,2 214,2<chartaceous> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute> 222,2
223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,2<?> 248<obscurely>,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1
256,1 257,2 258,2 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267<seemingly basally>,1 269,2
271,2 272,2 274<about>,0.75 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 283,2 285,2
287,1<about 2.2 mm long> 290,2 292,1 295,1<about 5% of the fruit length>
298,1<about 30% of the fruit length> 299,1 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 339,51-69 341,6 343,27-30
345,1 346,18-27 347,2 348,2 349,2 350,2 351<fairly>,1 353,2<solitary> 354,2
355,1 357<intercostal prickles present, macrohairs absent> 358,2 360,1
361,1 363,8 364,3 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 387,2 389,2 393,2-3 394,1 395,2
396,1 397,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1-2<some slight anchors> 406,1
477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,53 491,1<\i{}F.
sparshottiorum\i0{}> 492<Southeast Queensland> 493,5 494,5 504,6 509,1
512,2-3 514,2 534<Simon and Weiller (1995)> 535<Simon and Weiller (1995)>
540<fascicul> 
 
# \i{}Ferrocalamus\i0{} <Hsueh & P. C. Keng>/
3<\i{}Indocalamus\i0{}> 7<shrubby>,2 9,1&3 13,200-300 15,8-12 16,1 17,1-2
18,1/3 19,1 20<presumably>,1 21,1<below>/3-5<above, erect, almost as thick
as the culm> 23,3 27<prominent,>,1<via a ring of white hairs beneath> 30,1
31,1/2 34,2 35,1 36,1/2 37,2 38<erect,>,2 39<elongated,>,2 47,1-2 48,1 55,1
56<about 32 cm long,>,80 63,1 64<with 20-24 secondary veins> 65,1 68,1
71<short> 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87,2 88,3 89,5<about 6 cm long, on leafy
flowering branches> 91,1 101,2<?> 102,2<?> 120,1 121,2 123,3 140,1-2
141,15-20 142<slender,>,7 145,2<subterete> 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1
163<persistent,>,2 166,1 174<blunt,>,2 177,2 179<oblong, chartaceous,>,2
187,16-24 189,16-24 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-3<according
to Clayton \i{}et al\i0{}., to 10 according to \i{}Flora of China\i0{} ...>
210<oblong> 214,2-3<chartaceous or leathery> 244,2 248<with obscure
transverse venation,>,22 250,1 251,1<longer than the lemma>
255,2<emarginate> 264,1 265,3 266,1 272,3 273,1 277,1 280<short>
283<plumose,>,2 289<ovoid or>,5/- 296,3 297,1/3<with no hardened endocarp>
300,2 324,U 344,U 348,U 349,U 353,U 354,U 357,U 360,U 366,U 382,U 383,U
384,U 385,U 386,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U 397,U 470,48 477,8 487,4 488,2
489,5 490,12 491,2<\i{}F. fibrillosus\i0{} and \i{}F. strictus\i0{} (syn.
\i{}F. rimosivaginus\i0{}, based on non-flowering material)> 492<tropical
Asia, Indochina> 493,3 494,1&2 496,3 500,2 522<culms formerly used for
making arrows> 536<the morphological descriptions seen are impossible to
reconcile re. number of female-fertile florets, etc.> 538,4 540<ferrocal> 
 
# \i{}Festuca\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Festuca\i0{}: Latin (e.g. Pliny) for culm, stem or straw, also the
name for a weed growing among barley> 2<\i{}Fescues\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}F.
ovina\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Amphigenes\i0{} Janka, \i{}Anatherum\i0{} Nabelek,
\i{}Argillochloa\i0{} Weber, \i{}Bucetum\i0{} Parnell, \i{}Drymochloa\i0{}
Holub, \i{}Drymonaetes\i0{} Fourr., \i{}Festucaria\i0{} Fabric.,
\i{}Gnomonia\i0{} Lunell, \i{}Gramen\i0{} Krause, \i{}Hellerochloa\i0{}
Rauschert, \i{}Leiopoa\i0{} Ohwi, \i{}Lojaconoa\i0{} Gand.,
\i{}Nabelekia\i0{} Roshev., \i{}Patzkea\i0{}, \i{}Wasatchia\i0{} M.E.
Jones> 6<\i{}Austrofestuca\i0{}, \i{}Helleria\i0{}, \i{}Leucopoa\i0{},
\i{}Parafestuca\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobromus\i0{}, \i{}Tsvelevia\i0{}> 7,2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,2-200 14,2 19<nearly always>,2/1<e.g., \i{}F.
multinodis\i0{}> 24,1/2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 42,1/2 44,1/2 47,1/2 49,1/2 52,1-2
53,1 55,2 56,0.2-15 58,1/2 59,1/2/3<convolute or involute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2
69,1<sometimes ciliolate> 70,1 71,0.1-1.5(-5.5)<usually less than 1 mm>
73,2<\i{}Leucopoa\i0{} being excluded> 74,1 75,2 80,1&2<by cleistogamy>
81,1/2 85,1<sometimes>/2 89,5 91,1<usually>/2<<15%> rarely> 92<when
contracted>,3/4 94,1/2 97,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-20 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1/2
156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1-2 179,2<usually
narrow to ovate-lanceolate> 187,1-3 189,(1-)3-5 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,2-14<rarely 1> 214,2-3 216,2 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 221<when
incised,>,2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1
234,1<usually>/2<sometimes, rarely somewhat longer> 235,1 240,1<<20%>
rarely>/2 244,2 248,3-7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,2
258,2<submembranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2
270,1 272,3 274,0.4-6 275,2 277,1/2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1/2 287,1/2/3
289,2/4 290,1 291,2 293,1/- 295,2<usually about as long as the grain, but
sometimes elliptical and only half as long> 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2
303,2<mostly?>/1<e.g., \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{}> 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2
310,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5 315,1 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2
322,1 323,2 327,1/2 328,1 330,1/2 331,1<rarely almost straight> 332,2
345,2/1 346<when stomata present,>,39-51/- 348<low>,2/1/1&2/- 350,1/2 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,1/3/2 360,2/3
363,3<commonly>/5/6/1<occasionally>/2<occasionally> 370,2 374,1 385,2
393,1/3 394,1-2/- 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<usually, in the furrows>/2
401<usually>,1/- 403,1/2 404,1/2 405,1/2 406,1/2 407<when
present,>,1/2<often> 410,1 411,2 412,1 413,2<4 species> 415,1 416,1 469,7
470,14&28&35&42&56&70 471,2&4&5&6&8&10 473<large> 474,(1.5-)1.8-3.6<13
species, mean 2.6 - the lowest values representing high polyploids>
475,6.5<9 species, 3.4-9.5> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43
491,360<or more> 492<worldwide temperate & mountains> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8
494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3
500,1&2&3&4 501,1 502,1&4&5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1&2
507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3 509,2 511,1 512,2<rarely>/3<mostly>/4<rarely> 514,1/2
515<hillsides, mountains, plains, meadows> 516<\i{}F. arundinacea\i0{},
\i{}F. ovina\i0{}, \i{}F. rubra\i0{}, \i{}F. tenuifolia\i0{}> 517<\i{}F.
arundinacea\i0{}, \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}, \i{}F. rubra\i0{} etc. (Fescues)>
520<several fine-leaved species - \i{}F. rubra\i0{}, \i{}F.
tenuifolia\i0{}, \i{}F. ovina\i0{} etc.> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Vulpia\i0{} (\i{}Festulpia\i0{} Melderis ex Stace & R. Cotton), with
\i{}Lolium\i0{} (\i{}Festulolium\i0{} Aschers. & Graebn.) and supposedly
with \i{}Bromus\i0{} (\i{}Bromofestuca\i0{} Prodan. - \i{}Bull. Grad. Bot.
Univ. Cluj\i0{} \b{}16\b0{}, 93 (1936))> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1&5
530,17&24&25&27&29&31&33&34&36&37 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 534<Vickery 1939;
Alekseev 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960; Aiken \i{}et al.\i0{} 1985; studied by us
- \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{} Schreb., \i{}F. asperula\i0{} Vickery,
\i{}Festuca leptopogon\i0{} Stapf, \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} L.> 540<festuca> 
 
# \i{}Festucella\i0{} <E. Alekseev>/
3<\i{}Hookerochloa\i0{}, cf. \i{}Austrofestuca (Festuca) eriopoda\i0{}> 7,2
9<densely>,3 13,50-160 14,2 19,2 25,2-3 26,1 27,2 37,2 42,2 44,1 47,2
49,1<in the basal leaves>/2<upper leaves> 50<sheaths terete> 52,1 53,2 55,2
56,0.5-0.7 59<tightly>,2/3-4 65,2 69,1<ciliolate> 71,2-3 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 141,6.8-12 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1
157,1 160,2 161,2<villous> 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 174,1 176,2 177,1-2
179,2<lanceolate, membranous with thin margins> 187,3 189,3/5 191,1/2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,3-5 214,2 216,2 218<more or less>,2 220,2 221,2<minutely
bidenticulate or erose> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,1 233,1<scabrous>
234,1<0.5-2 mm long> 240,2 243,2<on the keel and below> 244,1 248,5 249,2
250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1-3 262,2 263,2-3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269<sparsely>,1/2 270,1 271,2 272,3
274,3.6-5.5 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,2<3.8-4.5 mm long> 289,2/4
290<ventrally>,1 291<slightly>,2 295,1<oval> 298,2 299,2 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower, longer, more rectangular> 330,2 331,1
332,2 345,2 348,- 351,2 357<abundant costal prickles present, with pitted
bases> 358,2 360,2<and a few short rows> 363,2<almost exclusively, some
quite short>/1<very few> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 395,1 396,1 399,2<confined
to the conspicuous midrib hinges in the near acicular blade> 401,- 403,2
404,2<abaxial strands only, with all the bundles> 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,7
487<cf.>,11<as a synonym?> 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}F. eriopoda\i0{}>
492<eastern Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2 512,2/3<?> 514,2
534<Alekseev 1985, Jacobs 1990> 535<studied by us> 540<festucel> 
 
# \i{}Festucopsis\i0{} <(C.E. Hubb.) Melderis>/
3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Brachypodium\i0{}> 6<\i{}Peridictyon\i0{}> 7,2 9,3
11,- 13,25-60 14,2 25,2/2-3 27,2 38,- 42,2 47,2 49,1<innovation
leaves>/2<culm leaves> 50<the connate basal sheaths disintegrating into
more or less discrete fibres> 55,2 56,0.4-1 58<filiform or>,1
59,2/3<involute> 65,2 69,1<but ciliolate> 70,1 71<very short,
about>,0.1-0.5 73,2 74,1 88<rather>,2<about 8-12> 89,1<5-15 cm long> 91,-
94,- 99,1<concave against the spikelets> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,1 141,10-25(-26) 145,1-2 147,1
148,2 154,1 157,2 158,2 160<very>,2 161,2<to truncate> 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,1 168,2 170,1 174,1<acute> 175,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<somewhat
asymmetrical, leathery, with narrow membranous margins> 183,- 187,1-3/3-4
189,3-5(-6) 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,(2-)3-8(-12) 214,2<leathery> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,1<\i{}F. festucoides\i0{}>/3<at least the lower ones, in
\i{}F. serpentini\i0{}> 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 234,1-2
240,1<puberulent basally>/2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,2<up to two
thirds the lemma length>/3 255,2 259,3 260,3 263,3<stiffly ciliate above>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,2 272,3 274,(1.6-)3-5.5 277,2
280,2 283,2 287,2<4-6 mm long> 293,1 295,2 298,2 303,1 329,U 349,U 358,U
359,U 365,U 370<probably>,2 387,U 388,U 389,2 390,U 391,2 393,1/2 396,1
397,2 402,U 403,2 404,1 405,1<Is and anchors> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14
471,2 472,7 475<unknown, but chromosomes large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11
488,6 489,49 490,41 491,2<\i{}F. serpentini\i0{} (C.E. Hubb.) Melderis, and
the poorly known \i{}F. festucoides\i0{} (Maire) Lve> 492<Albania, High
Atlas of Morocco> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1 513,2
514,2 515<rocky or stony slopes or gullies> 534<Lve 1984, Seberg \i{}et
al\i0{}. 1991> 535<scanty - Seberg \i{}et al\i0{}. 1991> 536<description
scarcely adequate, e.g. lacking information on spikelet orientation> 538,4
540<festucop> 
 
# \i{}Fimbribambusa\i0{} <Widjaja>/
3<\i{}Bambusa\i0{} spp.> 6<numerous species transferred to other genera>
7,2 9,3 11,2 13<leaning,>,700-1400 14<without nodal roots,>,1 15,0.8-1<in
\i{}F. horsfieldii\i0{}>/- 16,1 19,1 21<in \i{}F. microcephala\i0{}>,4-10/-
23,4 29,1/2<on those bearing inflorescences, at least in \i{}F.
horsefieldii\i0{}> 30,1 31<in \i{}F. microcephala\i0{},>,1/- 33,1 37,2
39<short,>,1 47,1<the 4-7 mm high auricles falcate> 52<acuminate or
attenuate,>,1/6 55,1 56<17-35 cm long>,30-90 63,1 65,1 69,1 70<entire, in
\i{}F. hordfieldii\i0{}>,1 72,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1<with glumaceous
subtending bracts, axillary buds at spikelet bases and prophylls below the
lateral spikelets, leafless between the clusters> 89<comprising untidy
nodal tufts, on separate, leafless culms> 102,1 140,2 141,6-8/12-16 142,7/9
145,1-2 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163<persistent,>,2 166,1 176,2 191,2
192,2<male or sterile> 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,(2-)4-6 210<ovate or
lanceolate> 218,1 223,1/2 240,2 244,2 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,4<8-10 in
\i{}F. microcephala\i0{}> 261<in \i{}F. horsefieldii\i0{}>,3 264,1 265,2<F.
microcephala>/3<\i{}F. horsefieldii\i0{}> 266,1/2 268,2 269,1<\i{}F.
microcephala\i0{}>/2<\i{}F. horsefieldii\i0{}> 272,6 277<umbonate,
apically>,2 278,1 279,2 283,3 286,U 290,U 292,U 293,U 296,U 297,U 325,U
345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U
389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,2<\i{}F.
horsefieldii\i0{}, \i{}F. microcephala\i0{}> 492<Malesia. Papuasia> 493,5
494,2 496,3 504,9 534<Clayton et al, (2016), Grassbase> 537,2 538,4
540<fimbriba> 
 
# \i{}Fingerhuthia\i0{} <Nees>/
5<\i{}Lasiotrichos\i0{} Lehm.> 7,2<usually>/1<rarely, in desert areas> 9,3
13,5-117 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 52<long>,1 55,2 56,2-5
59,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 71,0.1-0.7<and the base of the blade
sometimes hairy above the ligule> 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<the lowest
sometimes barren> 84,1<peculiarly so>/2<?> 89,4/5<to 12 cm long>
91<densely>,2 92,2-3 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 125,1 141,4-7 145<strongly>,1 147,3<disarticulating
from persistent pedicels> 148,1 149,1 154,1 155<tough> 156,1 161<of
spikelet>,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,1<with straight hairs on the keels
and margins> 174,1 176,1/2<shortly awned or mucronate> 177,1<ciliate on
keel> 179,2<narrow, folded, thin> 183,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1-3
194,1<male or rudimentary> 196,2 208,1 214,2-3<rather firmly membranous>
216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,2<via the excurrent median nerve>
240,1<long-ciliate on the keels and margins>/2<\i{}F. sesleriformis\i0{}>
244,1 247,2 248,(3-)5/7 249,1 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,2
258<basally>,1-2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 274,2-2.5 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 289,4 291<somewhat>,1
296,U 297,U 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 315,1 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2
321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the costals smaller> 328,1<quite thick walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2-3<suggestive of a small version of the
latter> 336,2-3 339,52.5-67 340,33-36 341,9-10.5 342,5.1-6.3 343,18-24
344,0.34-0.44 345,1 346,24-27 348,3 350,1<very slightly> 351,1 352,3
353,1<and some solitary> 354,1 355,2 356,1/7/2/9 360,2 362,1 363,4<a round
version, predominating everywhere>/3<a few, merging with the saddles>/6<a
few, plus a few more or less cubical> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3
378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1 393,2-3 394,1<somewhat larger over large bundles>
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these incorporated in the traversing columns
of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries> 405,1<anchors, but
only in the primaries: the smaller bundles with strands only> 406,1
409,1<large> 469,10 470,20&40 471,2&4 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,77
491,2 492<Southern Africa, Afghanistan and Arabia> 493,4 494,1&2&4 495,2
496,1 498,3 499,1&2 504,11 508,3&4 512,2/3/4 513,2 514,2 531,2 533,5
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}F. africana\i0{} Lehm.> 537,2
540<fingerhu> 
 
# \i{}Froesiochloa\i0{} <G.A. Black>/
1<named for R.L. Fres, botanical explorer of the Amazon region> 7,2 11,2
14,2 44,2 48,2 52,3-5<?> 63,1 67,1 69,1 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,4<a
central female surrounded by 6-10 males, in each cluster> 78,1<the female
spikelets lanceolate> 87,2 89,3<of 2-4 deciduous clusters on a central
axis> 108,1 109,1<the clusters falling> 131<male spikelets 1 flowered,
lemma membranous and 3 nerved, lodicules 3, 6 stamens with joined
filaments> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 136,1 137,1 138,6 139,2 142,9 145,3
147,3<i.e. with the clusters> 154,2 163,2 166,2-3 167,2 174,1<acuminate,
herbaceous> 176,2 177,2 179,2 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,3<leathery> 218,1 219,1<subacute> 223,2 244,2 248,5-7 250,1 256,1
259,3/4<?> 264,1 265,3 266,1 272,0 277,1 285,8 290,U 296,U 297,U 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,2 492<Brazil, Guiana> 493,7
494,3 502,1&2&3&4 512,3 513,1 515<in forests> 534<G.A. Black (1950: not yet
seen - data here from Clayton and Renvoize 1986)> 537,2 538,4 540<froesioc>
 
# \i{}Gaoligongshania\i0{} <D.Z.Li Hsueh & N.H.Xia>/
3<\i{}Arundinaria megalothyrsa\i0{} Hand.-Mazz.> 4<\i{}G.
megalothyrsa\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,100-350(-800) 14<erect,>,1 15,0.5-1.5 16,1
19,1 21,1<as thick as the stem> 23,3 30,1<about half the length of the
internodes> 31,2 34,1<setose on the shoulders> 35,1 36<about 4 cm long,
spreading,>,2 39,1 47,1<the auricles falcate, purple> 48,1<these dark>
50<the sheaths about 10 mm long, glabrous, keeled> 52<apically
attenuate,>,3/6<basally cuneate> 55,1 56<15-30 cm long,>,30-57 63,1 65<with
18 secondary veins, and indistinctly>,1 68,1 69,1 70,1 71,1-2 73,2 74,1
76,1 86,1 87,2 89,5 91,1 92<effuse, about 40 cm diameter>,1 96<1-nate>
101,2 102,2 120,1 121,2 123,3<the pedicels 10-40 mm long> 141<2-3 mm
wide,>,20-40 142,13 145,1-2<subterete> 147,1 148,2 149,4<these about 4 mm
long> 154,1 155,1<pubescent> 156,1 157,1<the hairs about 1 mm long> 163,2
166,1 167,1 171,2 172,2 174,1 176<attenuate or acuminate,>,1<the upper,
with a 4 mm awn>/2<the lower> 177,2 179<persistent, chartaceous,>,2 187,5
189,5 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,4-9 210<lanceolate,, about 8 mm
long> 214<chartaceous,>,2 215,1 218,1 219,1 223,2-3/3<with a 5 mm awn>
225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 234,1 240,2<puberulous> 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
257,2 260,3 263<ciliolate> 264,1<abour 2 mm long> 265,3 266,1 269,1 272,3
277,1 281,U 283,3 285,U 287,U 288,U 291,U 292,U 295,U 297,3 320,U 340,U
344,U 345,U 349,U 350,U 353,U 356,U 362,U 378,U 379,U 380,U 381,U 382,U
385,U 386,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5
490,12 491,1<\i{}G. megalothyrsa\i0{}> 492<China> 493,3 494,1/2 496,3 500,2
534<Clayton et al. (2016), GrassBase; Flora of China vol. 22> 537,2 538,4
540<gaoligon> 
 
# \i{}Garnotia\i0{} <Brongn.>/
1<named for Prosper Garnot (1794-1838), French naval surgeon and
naturalist> 4<Type: \i{}G. stricta\i0{} Brongn.> 5<\i{}Berghausia\i0{}
Endl., \i{}Miquelia\i0{} Arn. & Nees> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,1/3<<75%> mostly>/4
11,- 19<where recorded, sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,1<usually>/2<<20%>> 37,1/2
38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,1/2 68,1 69,2 70,- 71<short> 73,2 74,1 81,1/2
82,1/2 83<(when present)>,1<in concealed, contracted panicles> 89,2/5
91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1<rarely>/3<rarely>/2 121,2 123,3 126,1/2 127,2 129,1 130,1 141,2-5<?>
145,2-3 147,3 154,2 157,1/2 163,2 164,2<membranous> 165,2<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} usually slightly longer than the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166,2 167,2 170,- 176,1/2 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} more or less convex, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
flattened and often furrowed on the back> 184,1 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,3<cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221<when
incised,>,2<shortly bidentate or bisetaceous>
223,1<rarely>/2<rarely>/3<usually> 225<when present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1/2
234,1-3 240,2 243,1 244,2<convex> 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1<with ciliate
margins, and auricles near the base> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,1/2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 295,1<round> 298,1/2 322,1
323,2 327,1/2<with the costals longer and narrower> 328,1 330,1<narrow>
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,48-98 341,9-11.4 342,7.4-10.2 343,24-48 344,0.4-0.52
345,1 346,40-42 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1/2/3
363,8<mostly>/6/4<rarely> 364<when panicoid,>,1-3 370,1 371,1/2 372<when
unconventional,>,4 374,2 375,1 378,2 385,2 388,1/2 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1
396,2 397,1/2 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 413,2<1 species> 470,20
477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9 488,1 489,7 490,80 491,30 492<eastern Asia,
Northeast Australia, Pacific> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3
503,1 504,6&9 509,1 512,3 515<light woodland and moist rocky slopes>
534<Gould 1973> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}G. stricta\i0{}
Brongn.> 540<garnotia> 
 
# \i{}Gastridium\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<diminutive of the Greek \i{}gaster\i0{} (belly) referring to the basally
swollen glumes> 4<Type: \i{}G. australe\i0{} P.Beauv., \i{}nom.
illeg.\i0{}> 7,1 9,3<or the culms solitary>/- 11,- 13,10-60 14,2 27,2 37,2
38,- 44,2 47<vestigially>,1/2 52,1 53,2 55,2 56,1.5-4 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,2<veined> 71,4-6 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3 94,- 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-6.5 145,1 147,1
154<shortly>,1<or rarely not prolonged?> 156<when present,>,2 157,2 160,2
161,2 163,2 164,2 165,1-2<the lower somewhat longer> 166,3 167,2<the floret
enclosed by their swollen bases> 169,1 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1
179,2<swollen, globular and more or less cartilaginous at the base,
membranous above> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1 216,2 218,2<more or
less dentate> 223,2-3<the midvein usually excurrent> 225<when present,>,1
228,2 229,1 231,2 234,1-3 235,1 240,1/2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3
274,0.5-0.7 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286<slightly>,1 287,1 291,2<slightly>
295,1 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1 311,1 312,2
313,1 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals shorter> 328,1 330,1 331,2 332,2
345,1 346,36-54 348,1 350,1 351,2 353<when present,>,2<solitary> 354,1
360,3 363,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the
furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,7 470,28 471,2 473<large>
477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2 491,2 492<Canaries, western
Europe, Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4&5&6 494,1&2 495,1&2&3 496,1 497,2 498,1&3
499,1&2 504,1&2&4&5&8&10 506,1 508,1&2 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 515<grassy
places and arable land> 535<studied by us - \i{}G. ventricosum\i0{} (Gouan)
Schinz & Thell.> 540<gastridi> 
 
# \i{}Gaudinia\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<named after J.F.A.P. Gaudin (1776-1833), Swiss clergyman and honorary
professor of botany at Lausanne> 4<Type: \i{}G. fragilis\i0{} (L.)
P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Arthrostachya\i0{} Link, \i{}Falmiria\i0{} Reichenb.,
\i{}Cyclichnium\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Meringurus\i0{} Murbeck> 7<biennial or>,1
9,3 11,- 13,15-120 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2 56,1.5-4
59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1<minutely serrated> 71,0.5-0.9 73,2 74,1 89,1 91,-
94,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1/2<variable> 109<when
disarticulating,>,2<above the insertions of the spikelets> 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1<appressed to the concave rachis> 121,2 122,2 123,1 141,5.5-20
145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1-2
167<(the longer)>,2 170,2 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 187,3-5 189,5-11
191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-11 214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,1-2<or bicuspid>
223,3/1<\i{}G. hispanica\i0{}> 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,2 235,1 240,1/2
244<weakly>,1 248,5/7/9 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3 274,2.5-6 275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 293,1
295,1<round> 298,2 301,1 302,1 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,2
332,2 345,2<\i{}G. fragilis\i0{}>/1 346<in \i{}G. maroccana\i0{},>,28-33/-
348,1/- 350,1 351,2 353,1/2 354,1/2 360,3 363,1/2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1/2 394,1 395,1<rarely>/2 396,1 399,1<between the bundles> 401,1 403,2
404,2 406,1 469,7 470,14<and 14+1> 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,4 492<Mediterranean, Azores> 493,1&2&4&5
494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,2 499,1 504,1&4 506,1 511,1 512,3-4 513,2
514,2 515<weedy places> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,25&32&33 531,1 532,1
535<studied by us - \i{}G. fragilis\i0{} (L.) Beauv., \i{}G. maroccana\i0{}
Trab. ex Pitard> 540<gaudinia> 
 
# \i{}Gaudiniopsis\i0{} <(Boiss.) Eig>/
3<\i{}Ventenata\i0{}> 7,1 9<erect or ascending> 11,- 13,10-50 14,2 38,-
47,2 52,1 56,1-3.5 59<often>,3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,2<lacerate> 71,3-6
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2<the ends of the branches minutely hispidulous> 92,3
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,9-13 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 157,1/2 158,2 163,2 165,1 166,1
167,1 168,2 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<lanceolate> 183,- 187,3
189,3-5 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-10 214,2<papery> 216,2 218,1/2
219<when entire,>,1/- 223,3<apart from the lowest, which is acute and
awnless> 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2 231,2 234,3<about 10 mm long> 235,1
240,1/2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,2<about two thirds the lemma
length> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3
277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,1
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<pitted and rather thick> 332,2 345,1
346,37.5-52 348,1 350<mostly only slightly>,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 358,1 360,2
363,1-2<few, shortish>/3<mainly> 370,2 374,1 442,- 473<large> 477,2 478,2
479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}G. macra\i0{}> 492<Asia Minor>
493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1 535<studied by us>
540<gaudinio> 
 
# \i{}Gelidocalamus\i0{} <T.H. Wen>/
3<\i{}Indocalamus\i0{}> 7,2 9,1&3 14,1 16,1 19,1 21,7-12(-20)<rarely more>
23,1<according to FOC>/3/4<?> 30,1 31,1/2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1<usually>/2
38<erect,>,2 39,2 47<cauline, 1-5 per branch,>,1/2 52,3/6 55,1 56<8-23 cm
long,>,13-30 63,1 65,1 69,1/2 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 89<large, terminal on
leafy branches,>,5 91,1 120,1 123,3 140,1 141,5-14 142<where
recorded,>,7/9/- 143<mostly green> 148,2 149,4 154,1 156,1
163<persistent,>,2 166,1 174,1 176,2 179<lanceolate, chartaceous,>,2 184,1
191,2 192,2 194,1-2 196,2 208,2-5 210<lanceolate> 214<chartaceous,>,2 215,1
216,2 218,1 219,1<acuminate> 223,1 244<laterally compressed,>,2 248,5/7
250,1 251,1<equalling the lemma> 255,1 256<truncate,>,1 260,3 264,1 265,3
266,1 269,1/2 272,3 277,1 278<probably>,2 283,1/2 287<beaked> 289<obovoid>
290,U 297,3 300,1 324,U 344,U 348,U 349,U 353,U 354,U 357,U 360,U 366,U
382,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U 397,U 477,8 487,4
488,2 489,5 490,12 491,12<9 known from vegetative material only>
492<temperate Asia, China> 493,3 494,1 534<Clayton et al. (2016),
GrassBase; Zhu & Stapleton, \i{}Flora of China\i0{}> 536<this compilation
mainly represents \i{}G. multifolius\i0{}, \i{}G. stellatus\i0{} and \i{}G.
tessellatus\i0{}> 538,4 540<gelidoca> 
 
# \i{}Geochloa\i0{} <H.P. Linder & N.P. Barker>/
4<\i{}G. lupulina\i0{} (L. f.) H.P. Linder & N. P. Barker> 7,2 9,3 10,1
13,25-75 14,2 24,1 41,2 59<tough,>,1/3 61,2 66,2 69,3<1 to several-rowed>
73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91,1/2<usually with branches shorter than the
spikelets> 101,2 102,2 141<about>,7-55 145<presumably>,1 147,1
148<probably>,1 154<probably>,1<despite the Linder et al. 2010 description>
156<probably>,1 157,1<villous> 161,2<about as long as the rachilla
internode> 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 179,2 181,2 187,1-5 189,1-5
191<probably>,2/1 192,2 194<if present,>,1 195,1 196,2 208,(2-)3-7 216,2
218,2 220,2<these sometimes extended into 2 mm setae> 221,2 223,3
225,1<much exceeding the laterl setae> 226,1 228,1 231,1 232,1/3 238,1/2
240,1 241,2 242<but the scattered dorsal indumentum sometimes longer
towards the apex> 248,9 250,1 251,1<sometimes overtopping the lemma sinus>
260,3 261<between the keels>,1-3 263,3<wwith hair tufts> 264,1 265,2 266,2
268,1<rhomboid> 269<shortly>,1<without microhairs> 271<3-veined> 272,3<?>
285,2 289<obovate> 292,1 295<linear, but less than a quarter of the
caryopsis length> 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U
389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 469<of \i{}G.decora\i0{}>,48 477,1 487,6
488,7 489,19 490,80 491,3<\i{}G. decora\i0{}, \i{}G. lupulina\i0{}, \i{}G.
rufa\i0{}> 492<restricted to the South African Cape> 493,4 494,4 515<in
well drained habitats> 534<Linder \i{}et al\i0{}. (2010)> 538,4
540<geochloa> 
 
# \i{}Germainia\i0{} <Bal. & Poitr.>/
5<\i{}Balansochloa\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Sclerandrium\i0{} Stapf & Hubbard>
6<\i{}Chumsriella\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,2<rarely>/3 11,- 13,6-100 14,2 19,1/2 23,1
37,2<or variable?> 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 65,2 69,1/2<?> 70,1 71,0.5-2 73,1
74,2 75,1 76,2&3/2&3&4 77,4 78,1<the sessile and involucral spikelets
awnless, with dissimilar glumes> 79,1<each raceme with one or two basal,
homogamous pairs> 89,-<peduncled, often long-exserted, solitary, capitate
to elongate and consisting of few- to many-jointed racemes> 95,1<the
racemes appressed or divergent> 101,2<but the peduncle sometimes enclosed
in the uppermost sheath> 102,2 103,1<to a peduncle, with two sessile
spikelets and a pedicellate one on a short axis>/3 106,1/2-3<1-2(-6)
racemes, fused at their bases> 108<tardily>,1 109<finally>,2 116,4<the
basal, sessile, homogamous spikelets forming an involucre round the
heterogamous pairs> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,3/4<when
involucral> 130,2 131<the sessile spikelet larger, male or barren,
dorsally compressed. Male spikelets with 2 stamens in the upper floret>
132,2 133,1 134,1 135,2 136,1 137,2 138<(the upper floret)>,2 144,-
145<somewhat>,3<subterete> 147,3 148,- 154,2 157,1 159,2<to yellow>/-
161,1/2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1/2 174,1/2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<papery, narrow, blunt> 183,2 185,2 186,1 187,0-5 189,0-3
191,1/2<\i{}G. truncatiglumis\i0{}> 192<when present,>,1<sometimes
suppressed> 196,1<e.g. \i{}G. truncatiglumis\i0{} =
\i{}Sclerandrium\i0{}>/2 197<when present,>,1 201,2 203,2 208,1 210<without
apical teeth, reduced to the membranous or stipitate awn-base> 214,1 218,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2 233,2 240,2 244,- 246,- 248,1 250,1
251,1 255,1/2/3 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,2 266,- 272,0 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1<0.6-3.2 mm long> 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 325,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 345,1 347,1 348,3 350,2 351,1 360,3 363,8 370,1 374,2 385,1
393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1/2 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 470,14
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,34 491,8 492<Asia, Malesia &
North Australia> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3 500,2&3&4 503,1 504,5&6&7&9 509,1
534<Chaianan 1972> 535<studied by us - \i{}G. truncatiglumis\i0{} (Muell.
ex Benth.) Chaianan> 540<germaini> 
 
# \i{}Gerritea\i0{} <Zuloaga & Morrone>/
1<named for Gerrit Davidse, agrostologist> 7,2 9,3 13,20-100<procumbent, to
120 cm long> 14,2 19<profusely>,1 23,1 25<many> 26,2 27,1<pilose, with long
whitish hairs> 37,2 42,2 44,2<mostly cauline> 47<minutely>,1 48,2
50<strongly keeled> 52,2 55,1-2 56,7-15 59,1 63,1<attenuate to a 2 cm long
pseudopetiole> 65,2 66,1 69,2<abaxially pilose> 70,1 71,0.3-0.6 73,2 74,1
75,2 76,1 88,3 89,5<terminal, exserted, lax, pyramindal> 91,1<14-30 cm
long, 4-12 cm wide with divergent first-order branches, the peduncle up to
10 cm long> 94,1<?> 101,2 102,2 120,1 121,2 123<long>,3<the pedicels
flexuous, to 8 mm long> 141,1.8-2.2<0.5 mm wide> 142,8 143<greenish or
tinged with purple> 145<slightly>,1 147,3<?> 148,2 149,1 150,2 154,2
157,2<?> 163,2 165,1-2<subequal, or the lower somewhat shorter> 167,2
171,1<with long, papillose-based hairs towards the margins>
174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2 179,1-2<the lower acuminate, the upper acute>
180,0.75-1 182,2 187,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199<more or
less>,1<0.7-1 mm long, hyaline, 2 nerved> 201,2 202<glumiform, acute> 203,2
205,2/3<?> 206,2<?> 207,2 208,1 210<narrowly ellipsoid> 214,2<? -
membranous> 215,1 216,2 217<pale> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2
246,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,1<free of the lemma at the tip> 256,1 258,2
259,3 261,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<truncate> 269,2 271,2 272,3
274,0.6-0.7 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1<whitish> 285<unknown>
322,1 323,2 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<the distal cells
sharply pointed> 339,70-98 345,1 346,26-32.5 347,2 348,3 351,1<irregularly
dispersed> 353,1&2<solitary and paired> 354,1 356,5<or irregular> 357<small
hooks and macrohairs present> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3 370,2 374,1 385,1
387<more or less>,1 393<slightly>,2 394,1<low round topped> 395,1<by the
large median bundle and keel> 396,1/2<sometimes with two small laterals>
398,2 399,1<in each furrow> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<anchors> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58
491,1<\i{}G. pseudopetiolata\i0{}> 492<La Paz, Bolivia> 493,7 494,3 502,6
512,3 513,1 514,2 534<Zuloaga and Morrone 1993> 535<Zuloaga and Morrone
1993> 537,2 540<gerritea> 
 
# \i{}Gigantochloa\i0{} <Kurtz ex Munro>/
1<from the Greek \i{}gigas\i0{} (giant) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass)>
3<\i{}Dendrocalamus \i0{}> 7<arborescent>,2 9<sympodial,>,3 11,1/2
13,300-3000 14,1 15,2-14 17,1/2 19,1 20<in the few cases where recorded,>,1
21,(1-)4-20 23,4 30,1 31,1/2 33,1<occasionally>/2 34<nearly always>,1 35,1
36,2/3/4 37,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 46,- 47,1<low sheath auricles, bristly or not>
48,1/2 55,1<and the leaves rather large> 58,- 60,- 63,1 65,1
66<demarcated,>,1/2 67,1 69,1/2 72,1<nearly always>/2<e.g., \i{}G.
felix\i0{}> 73,2 74,1 75,1<?>/2 78,- 86,2 87,1<the spikelets with several
basal bracts and glumes> 89<of paniculate pseudo-inflorescences, in
alternate clusters along leafless branches> 92,- 101,1 102,1 103,5 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 140,2 141,9-50 142,9<mostly>/10/13<e.g.,
\i{}G. macrostachya\i0{}> 144,- 145,1 147,3<spikelets falling whole>
148,- 154,1 162,1 163,2-3 167,1 170,- 176,2<mucronate> 179,2 188,- 191,2
192,2/3<if upper glumes (which may subtend young spikelets) are regarded
as proximal lemmas> 194,1 196,1 201,- 203,2<mucronate>/- 205,1 208,2-5
210<increasing in length acropetally> 223,2<or at least apiculate> 248<with
more than 5 nerves> 250,1<much narrower than lemmas> 251,1/2 252,2 255,1<in
upper florets>/2<in lower florets> 256,1 257,1<thin, translucent> 258,2
259,4<2-5 between the keels, 0-3 on either side> 260,3 264<usually>,2 266,-
272,6 273,2<the tube longer than the palea> 274,4-9 275,1 276,1 277,2
278,1/2 279<when present,>,2 280,1<into one long style, not rigid, not
hollow> 283,1(-3) 289<narrowly>,2 290,1 291,3 293,1 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,1
325,1 326,3<of various shapes> 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1<obscured by
papillae> 348,- 349,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3 360,1<by amalgamation of
pairs>/2 363,4 370,2 374,1 389,1 390,1 391,1 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,3 399,1
401,2<these linking with traversing colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 406,1
413,2 436,- 442,- 469,12 470,70&72 471,6 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,14 491,20 492<Indomalayan> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,3 504,11
515<forests> 522<culms of \i{}G. apus\i0{}, \i{}G. maxima\i0{}, \i{}G.
nigrociliata\i0{} etc. used for house construction, as well as for
furniture, household appliances etc.> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<gigantoc> 
 
# \i{}Gilgiochloa\i0{} <Pilger>/
7,1 13,30-90 14,2 27,1 40,2 52,3 55,2 59,1 65,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5
91,2 92,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 123,3<the
pedicels accrescent to the axes> 140,1 141,7-10 143<purplish> 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2<as
long as the spikelet> 170,- 171,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} usually
sparsely hairy>/2<glabrous> 174,1 176,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} with a
4-5 mm awn, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} pointed or continued into a bristle>
179<thin-membranous> 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,1<becoming conspicuously indurated, thickened between the keels> 201,2
203,2<pointed> 204,5-7 208,1 214,2-3<thinly leathery> 216,2 218,2 221,1
223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,3 237,1<straight>
240,1 241,1<on the lemma margins and at the awn base> 242,1 244,2 248,5
250,1 251,1 255,2 259,3 260,3 262<narrowly>,1<the wings terminating in
clavate appendages> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1
283,2 295,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,58-72 341,3.6-5.4
342,11.7-17.1 343,28-36 344,0.48-0.52 345,1 346,25-29 348,2&3 350,2
351,1<in places> 353,2 354,2 360,1 363,8 364<mostly shortish>,3 370,1 374,2
385,1 388<seemingly>,2<in the material seen> 395,1/2 396,1 403,1
406,1<rather depauperate> 442,- 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80
491,1<\i{}G. indurata\i0{}> 492<East tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,2&3 512,3 513,2 515<clearings in thickets and woodland>
534<Phipps 1967> 535<studied by us> 540<gilgioch> 
 
# \i{}Glaziophyton\i0{} <Franch.>/
7<sympodial, juncoid>,2 9,3<the first internode of the primary culm
disproportionately elongate, the upper nodes condensed> 11,1<but after
burning, small secondary culms arise by tillering from the stumps> 14,1
19,2 30,2 37,2<but partitioned by numerous thin septa of pith> 38,2 39,1
40,2 47,1<the auricles weakly developed>/2 48,2 52,3<acuminate> 55,1
56<about>,10 63,1 65,1 66,1 67,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 89<falsely>,5<to 1 m
long, never terminal to a culm> 91,1<effusely branched, the main axis often
trigonous> 101,1<with bracts and prophylls> 102,1 108,2 121,2 126,2
141<to>,24<maximum> 142,9 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2 149,3 154,1 155,2 157,2
163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1 176,2<somewhat apiculate> 177,2 178,-
179,2 191,2 192,2/3 194,1 196,1/2 197,0/1 201,1/2 203,2 205,1 206,2
208,(1-)2/3 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1/2<?> 240,2 243,1 244,2 250,1 251,1
252,2 255,2 256,1 260,3<dorsally sulcate, the keels ciliate> 264,1 265,3
266,1<posterior, symmetrical and smaller> 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,1
272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,2 397,U 402,U
460,1<but the juncoid primary culms sprouting typical bamboo twigs from
their bases after burning> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11
491,1<\i{}G. mirabile\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,3&4 504,11 537,2
538,4 540<glazioph> 
 
# \i{}Glyceria\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}glykeros\i0{} (sweet), referring to the seeds of
\i{}G. fluitans\i0{} and perhaps the leaves and roots of some other
species> 2<\i{}Sweetgrass\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}G. fluitans\i0{} (L.) R.Br.>
5<\i{}Devauxia\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Exydra\i0{} Endl., \i{}Heleochloa\i0{}
Fries, \i{}Hemibromus\i0{} Steud., \i{}Hydrochloa\i0{} Hartm.,
\i{}Hydropoa\i0{} (Dumort.) Dumort., \i{}Nevroloma\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Plotia\i0{} Steud., \i{}Porroteranthe\i0{} Steud.> 7<glabrous,>,2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,25-200 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 49,1 52,1 53,2
55,1/2 56,1.5-18 59,1/2 65,1/2<when narrower> 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,2 73,2 74,1
80,1&2 89,5<usually>/4<rarely> 91,1 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1/2 141,2-35 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,2 156,1 157,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2 166<nearly always>,1 167,1
170,- 174,1/2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<herbaceous> 187,1(-3) 189,1(-5) 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-16 214,2-3<membranous to thinly leathery> 216,2
218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 220<when incised,>,3/5 221,2<toothed> 223,1
240,2 244,1/2<then rounded on the back> 248,(5-)7(-11) 249,2 250,1 251,1
255,1-2 256,1/2 257,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 262<sometimes,
slightly>,1/2 264,1 266,2 267,1/1-2 268,1 269,2 270,1/2 272,2/3 274,0.3-3
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 290,1/2 291,2 295,2 298,2 299,2
301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,3
322,1 323,1/2 325,1/2 326,1 327,1/2<the costals often fusiform> 328,1
329,1/2<\i{}G. australis\i0{} having many short long-cells> 330,1 331,2
332,2 345,1 346,24-36 348<low>,2/1/1&2 350,1<at least in \i{}G.
australis\i0{}> 351,1/2 360,3 363,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 391,2<but at
least sometimes with large cavities> 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1-2 396,1
399,1/2<sometimes restricted to midrib hinges> 401<when grouped,>,1/-
403,2 404,1/2 405,1<e.g. \i{}G. australis\i0{}>/2 406,1 410,1 416,1 469,10
470,20&28&40&56&60 471,2&4&6<and aneuploids> 473<small to medium sized>
477,2 478,2 479,5 487,11 488,7 489,30 490,80 491,40 492<cosmopolitan>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,3 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3
500,1&2 502,5&6 503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 505,2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 509,2
511,1 512,1-2 514,2 518<in swampy places, \i{}G. elata\i0{}, \i{}G.
grandis\i0{}, \i{}G. maxima\i0{}, \i{}G. pauciflora\i0{}, \i{}G.
striata\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&29&33 531,1&2 532,1&5
533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}G. australis\i0{} C.E. Hubb.,
\i{}G. septentionalis\i0{} Hitchc.> 540<glyceria> 
 
# \i{}Glyphochloa\i0{} <W. D. Clayton>/
7,1 13,10-60 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1 23,1 44,2 52,1 55,1-2 56,5-15
69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 77,4 78,1 79,2 89<of single, dorsiventral
racemes terminating the culm branches> 99,1/2 100,1 101,1 103,4 106,1
107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<inflated, clavate or turbinate> 112,1 114,1/2 120,2
121,1<the raceme dorsiventral, with the sessile members in two alternating
rows on one side of the rachis> 126,1 127,1 128,1 129,1 130,3/4<?> 131<the
pedicelled spikelets as large as the sessile, male or neuter,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} smooth and asymmetrically or unilaterally winged,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} variously keel-winged> 140,1<but the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} curiously winged, ornamented and awned> 144,1 145,3
147,3<and with the joint plus the pedicelled spikelet from the same joint,
by contrast with \i{}Manisuris\i0{} sensu stricto> 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,2
167,2 171,1/2 173,3 176,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 1-2 aristate or
tailed>/2<\i{}G. clarkei\i0{}> 177,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
hardened, curiously ornamented and winged above, and aristate> 183,1 184,1
186,2/3/4/6<and laterally winged above the middle> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
201,2 203,2 204,0/2 206,2<hyaline> 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1
248,0/2 250,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3 295,1 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U
359,U 365,U 370,1 371,U 374,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,8 492<central and
peninsular India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 515<on rocks> 534<Jain
1970> 538,4 540<glyphoch> 
 
# \i{}Gouinia\i0{} <Fourn.>/
5<\i{}Pogochloa\i0{} S. Moore, \i{}Schenkochloa\i0{}> 7,2 13,30-350
14,1<sometimes, somewhat>/2 17,1<in one species>/2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,1
44,2 47,2 52,2 55,1/2 59,1/3<involute> 61,1 65,2 69,2/3 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,2 91,1 95,3<the branches racemosely arranged> 99,- 100,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 105,2 106,- 107,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,2-3
141,6-15 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2
162,1 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,1 174,1<to attenuate> 176,2 177,1
179,2<lanceolate> 181,1 187,1-5 189,(1-)3-7 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1
195,1<awned or reduced to the awn, by contrast with \i{}Leptochloa\i0{}>
196,2 208,2-5 214,2<thin> 216,2 218,1/2 219,1/2 220<when incised,>,2
221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 231,1 233,1<scabrid>
234,1<rarely>/2-3 236,2 240,1<densely ciliate below adjoining the midnerve,
and often ciliate or pilose on the margins> 244,1 247,2 248,3/5(-7) 249,1
250,1 251,1/2 255,2<two-toothed> 256,1/2-3<via the teeth> 257,2 258,2 259,3
260,3 262<somewhat>,1 264,1 265,2<tiny> 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3
274<about>,0.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 286,2 287,1<3-4 mm long> 288<brown
or black> 289,4 290<strongly>,1<ventrally> 291,1<slightly> 294,2 295,2
297,3 298,2<i.e. generally less than a third of the fruit length> 299,2
301,2 322,1 323,1<in \i{}G. latifolia\i0{}, Diaz 1993>/2<mostly> 324<in
\i{}G. latifolia\i0{},>,2 325,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1
331,1<these pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1-2<but fairly narrow, with
longish basal cells> 336,2 339,(28.5-)31-36(-37.5) 340,21
341,(7.5-)8.4-11.4(-11.7) 342,2.9-5 343,10-13.5 344,0.32-0.43 345,1
346,18-22.5 348,2/3<but their apices truncated> 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1
354,1 355,3 356,3&8 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<mostly>,3<short to elongated>
367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1<the abaxial 2 or 3 PCR cells very small, the lower
laterals much wider than the upper ones> 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,3<or the
ribs broad and flat topped, scarcely prominent> 395,1 396,2<one large
median bundle, with two laterals on either side> 397,1 399,1 400,1
401,1&2<only one example of the latter seen, but the simple fans all with
deeply penetrating median cells> 403,2 404,1<with all but those in the
midrib> 405,1<all the lateral bundles with conspicuous Is> 406,1 409,1
469,10 470,40<where available, but with \i{}n\i0{} counts of 20, 32, 38 and
40> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,35 491,9<according to Diaz, 1993>
492<Mexico to Argentina, West Indies> 493,7 494,3 502,1&3&4&6 504,11
513,1&2 515<thickets and open places on hill slopes> 524,5 525,3 528,8
534<Swallen 1935> 535<studied by us - \i{}G. guatemalensis\i0{} (Hack.)
Swallen (= \i{}G. latifolia\i0{} (Griseb.) Vasey var.\i{}guatemalensis\i0{}
(Hack.) Ortiz)> 540<gouinia> 
 
# \i{}Gouldochloa\i0{} <Valds, Morden & Hatch>/
1<named for Frank Gould (North American agrostologist), with Greek
\i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass)> 3<\i{}Chasmanthium\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,2<but
differing from the non-flowering culms in having elongated internodes>
13,30-60<usually erect, sometimes decumbent to ascending> 14,2 15,0.08-0.26
19,2<seemingly> 44,2 47,1 48,1<or at least, the auricles pilose> 52,1 55,2
56,2-3.1<and 3-7 cm long> 59,1/3<inrolled or involute> 65,2 66,2<the
senescent tips becoming spirally coiled> 68,1 69,2 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,2<spikelike, with short, rigid, closely appressed primary branches> 92,3
101,1 102,1<in that the lowermost spikelets of primary branches are often
subtended by a 0.5-3.5 mm scale> 108,2 120,1 121,2 141,8-16 145,1 147,1
148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 163,2 165,2<subequal, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
being slightly longer> 167,1 171,2 176,2 177<seemingly>,2<but the nerves
protruding abaxially> 179,2<pale green, chartaceous, with hyaline
margins> 187,7/9 189,7/9 191,2 192,2/3<the lowemost floret staminate or
perfect, the upper florets male or neuter> 193<usually several> 194,1
196,1/2 197<when present,>,1 198<when present,>,1 201<when present,>,1
203,2 204,7/9 205,1 206,2<rigid, chartaceous> 207,2 208,1/2<the second, and
sometimes the third> 214,2<rigid, chartaceous, with hyaline margins> 216,2
218,1 223,1 243<glabrous except for a tuft near the callus>
244,2<seemingly, though the nerves prominent> 247,2<or at least, no flap
mentioned> 248,7/9 250,1 251,1-2<subequal with to 3mm shorter than the
lemma> 255,2<the teeth 0.3-0.4 mm long> 256,1 257<texture unstated> 258,2
259,3 260<sharply>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 270<regularly 3-lobed>
271,2<obscurely 3 nerved> 272,1<anterior to the pistil> 274,1.5-2.1 275,2
276,2 277,1 283,2 284,2 287,1<about 3 mm long> 291,1<ovate to triangular in
section> 295,1<probably, but unstated> 297,3<yellow brown above, golden
brown below> 298,2<1/5 of the caryopsis length> 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1
348,3 351,2<seemingly> 360,1 363,8 364,1&3 370,2 374,1 385,2
390<seemingly>,2 391,2 393,1-2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,12
470,24 471,2 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,16 490,80 491,1<\i{}G.
curvifolia\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1 495,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<in
desert scrub> 534<Valds, Morden and Hatch 1986> 540<gouldoch> 
 
# \i{}Graphephorum\i0{} <Desv.>/
3<\i{}Trisetum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,50-100 14,2 19,2 42,2 47,2 48,2 52,1 55,2
56,2-8 59,1 65,2 69,1<?> 73,2 74,1 75,2 76,1 89,5 91,1-2<8-20 cm long,
nodding or erect> 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 125,1 141,5-7 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 155<copiously>,1<pilose> 157,1 158,1<0.5-2 mm long> 160,2 163,2
165,1-2 166<(the upper)>,2 167,2<about as long> 171,2 172,2 174,1 176,2
177,1 179,2 191,1/2<?> 192<(if they occur)>,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3(-4)<two
to several> 216,2 218,1 219,1-2 223,1<usually>/2<rarely with a dorsal,
subapical awn-point> 240,2<above the callus> 243,2 244,1 247,2 248,5<or
more?> 249,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 277,1 294,2 295,1<?> 296,1
298,2<?> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 477,2 478,1 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,3<Clayton and
Renvoize 1986> 492<North and central America> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1&3
497,4&5 502,1 512,2/3 513,2 514,2 515<boggy meadows and moist ground, or
montane> 534<Hitchcock and Chase (1950: \i{}Trisetum melicoides\i0{},
\i{}T.wolfii\i0{}); Clayton and Renvoize (1986)> 536<description very
inadequate> 537,2 538,4 540<grapheph> 
 
# \i{}Greslania\i0{} <Bal.>/
7<shrubby>,2 13,100-300 14,1 19<sparsely>,1/2 20,1 23,1 30,2 39,1 48,U 63,1
72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 89<large, falsely>,5<apical, of aggregated
1-spikelet racemes and their bracts and prophylls> 95,3 101,1 102,1 103,1
108,2 142,9/10 144,- 154,1 156,1 163,2 176,2 179,2 191,2 192,2
194,1<rudimentary, pistillate> 196,2 208,1 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1
248<lemma nerves obscure> 250,1 252,2 256,1 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 272,6
277,1 278,1 279,2 280,1<short> 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,3 297,1 322,1 323,1
324,2<in the stomatal bands only> 325,1 326,3<various shapes,
cuticularised> 331,1<these pitted, thick> 332,1 335,1 345,1<obscured by
papillae> 348,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3 360,1/2 363,4 370,2 374,1 385,2
390,1 391,1<large> 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1<in the furrows>
403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14
491,4 492<New Caledonia> 493,5 494,2 496,5 504,11 535<Metcalfe 1960> 537,2
540<greslani> 
 
# \i{}Griffithsochloa\i0{} <G.J. Pierce>/
1<named for David Griffiths, who collected and described the type species>
3<\i{}Cathestechum\i0{}, \i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 7<short, erect,
delicate>,2 9,3 13<about>,40-50 14,2 19,2 27<minutely>,1 44,1 47,2 52,1
55,2 56<about>,1-2<and 5-6 cm long> 59,1 61,1 65,2 69,3 73,2 74,1<at least
the first floret of the central spikelet of the triplet being usually
hermaphrodite>/2 75,1-2 76,1/1&3/1&3&4/2&3&4<the lateral spikelets of the
triplets tending to be staminate or sterile, the central one hermaphrodite
or occasionally female> 78,2 89,3<a raceme of spikes, each reduced to
three spikelets> 98,2<the main branches bare-tipped, the clusters with the
rachis prolonged as a short, sometimes winged awn> 101,2 102,2 108,1
109,1<the triplets falling> 116,2<i.e. by the rachis prolongation> 120,3
121,1<the main branches on one side of the culm> 141,2-2.5 145,1 147,3<the
triplets falling whole> 148,2/- 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1<constituted by the
hairy axis of the triplet> 163,2 165,1<but the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} longer
than in \i{}Cathesticum\i0{} sensu stricto> 166,1 167<(the upper)>,2
171,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hirsute> 174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
acuminate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} trullate> 176,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acuminate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} trullate>
180<about>,0.7 187,1<?> 189,1<?> 191,2 192,2<the first floret being female
or hermaphrodite, the second hermaphrodite or male or sterile, the
remaining 2-3 florets sterile> 193,2-4 194,2<for dispersal> 195,1<the
terminal florets being reduced to multiple-awned lemmas> 196,2 208,1-2
214,2<thin> 216,2 218,2 220,3 221,1-2<less deeply than in the upper,
sterile florets> 223,3/2 225,3/5<the lowermost lemma 3 awned, the others 3
to 9 awned, the awn number increasing with the degree of sterility> 226,2
227<the median>,2 228,3 231,1 234,1 237,1 240,1<with a few scattered hairs>
244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,2/3 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,0/3 277,1 283,2 289,4 291,2 295,1 297,3 298,1
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2<?> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2
336,3 340,15-18 342,5-6 344<about>,0.4 345,1 348<mostly>,2<?> 352,2 353,2
355,1 360,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 389,1 399,1
400,2 401,2<these linked with traversing columns of colourless cells> 409,1
469,10 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}G.
multifidum\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,3 502,1 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<dry
scrub> 534<Pierce 1978> 535<Pierce 1978> 540<griffith> 
 
# \i{}Guadua\i0{} <Kunth>/
3<Bambusa> 7,2 9,1<usually, short to elongated> 11,1 13,300-3000 14,1
16<more or less> 17,1/2 19,1 20,1 21<thinner than the
stem,>,1/2/3/4-10/11-20 22<when not solitary,>,1/3<often with one
dominating>/- 23,4 30,1 31,1/2 33,2 34,1<rarely>/2 35,1 36,2/3/4<commonly>
39,1 40<usually>,1<with root thorns at the nodes> 47,1/2<when present, the
auricles erect or falcate> 52<often with the midrib conspicuous,>,1-2/3/5/6
63,1 65,1-2 66,1<rarely>/2 69,1/2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1 89<comprising
bractiferous synflorescences, these usually untidily clustered at the
nodes, but occasionally simple or paniculate> 102,1<with glumaceous or
spathaceous subtending bracts> 123<variously appressed, ascending,
spreading or deflexed,>,1 140,2 141,3-170 142,7/8/9/13 145,1/1-2 147,1
148,2 149,4 154,1 155,1/2 156,1/2<very rarely> 163<usually persistent,>,2/3
166<consistently>,1 167,1 171,1/2 174,1/2 176<blunt, acute or rostrate,
muticous or mucronate> 177,2 179<membranous to coriaceous, the lower ovate,
the upper ovate to lanceolate,>,1-2 181,1 187,7-17 189,7-19 191,2 192,2/3
194,1 196,1/2 197<when present,>,1/2 198,1/2 201,2 202<ovate, elliptic or
lanceolate> 203<variously acute, obtuse or mucronate,>,2 204,10-27<the
laterals obscure> 208,1-17 210<lanceolate, elliptic or ovate>
214,2<coriaceous> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1/2/3<rarely> 225<when
awned,>,1 226,1 228,3 240,1/2<glabrous to pilose> 244,2 250,1 251,1
252<nearly always>,2 259,4<6-13> 260,3 261,1/2/3 262<nearly always>,1
263,1/2/3 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 269,1/2 272,3<rarely>/6 277,2<and
sometimes hairy all over> 278,1/2 279<when present,>,2 289<fusiform,
oblong, ovoid or obovoid> 290,U 295<when recorded,>,2 296,1/3<rarely>
297,2/3 298,1-2 322,1 323,1<small, rather obscure, variously shaped> 325,2
331,1 345,1 348<low>,2 351,1<but more numerous and larger over the veins>
353<nearly all>,1 354,1 356<small, mostly somewhat>,2 357<prickles and
macrohairs costally, and hooks intercostally> 359,1 360,2 361,1 363,4 370,2
374,1 385,2 390,1<?> 391,1<these small, scarce> 393<with only slight
adaxial ribs and furrows> 395,1 396,3 399,1 400,1 401,1&2 403,2 404,1 405,1
470,46 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,36 491<about>,30 492<the Americas>
493,6&7 494,1&3 535<Metcalfe (1960) for \i{}G. paniculata\i0{} only>
540<gdua> 
 
# \i{}Guaduella\i0{} <Franch.>/
5<\i{}Microbambus\i0{} K. Schum.> 7,2<of zingiberaceous aspect> 9,1
11,1/2<with some segregation into fertile/sterile-vegetative> 14,2
19<sparsely>,1-2 23,1 26,1/2 27,2 29,1 30,1 31,1 37,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,2
48,2 52,4-6 55,1 56,25-75 59,1 63,1 65,2 66,1 69,2 72,2 73,2 74,1
89,4/5<branching at the base> 91,1 101,2 102,2 120,1 121,2
123<shortly>,3/1-2 140,1 141,20-90 142,8/9/10/13<\i{}G. macrostachys\i0{}>
145,1-2 147,1 148,2 149,4 154,1 160,1 163,2 165,1 167,1 168,2 171,1/2
172,1/2 174,1/2 176,2 177,1-2 179,2 180<about>,0.5-0.75 187,3/5/7
189,5/7/9/11 191,2 192,1/3 194,1 196,1 197,1-3 198,1 201,1 203,2 205,2
206,2 208,5-12 210<ovate-lanceolate> 214,3 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,1/2 244,1-2 247,2 248,9/11-12 249,2 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1<truncate>/2
256,1<apically fringed> 257,1-2 258,2 259,4<5-11 nerved> 260,3 261,3
262<more or less>,1/2 263,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 272,6
274,4-6 275,1 276,1 277,2 278,2 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 295,2 296,U 297,U
298,2 322,1 323,1<in \i{}G. oblonga\i0{} (Metcalfe 1960)>/2<in the three
species seen> 325,1 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<of medium
thickness> 330,1 331,1<coarsely, fairly evenly sinuous> 332,1 333,2
334<consistently>,3<all three celled, very large in \i{}G. foliosa\i0{}>
335<ostensibly panicoid type, but with two collapsing apical cells> 345,1
347,2 348,2 350,2<when recordable>/- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,7<smaller and
narrower than the costals> 357<small macrohairs and bulbous prickles
abundant intercostally in \i{}G. zenkeri\i0{}, scarce in \i{}G.
marantifolia\i0{}, absent in \i{}G. foliosa\i0{}> 360,1 361,1 363,4 370,2
374,1 386,1<fairly clear in \i{}G. foliosa\i0{} and \i{}G.
marantifolia\i0{}>/2 390,1<very conspicuous in \i{}G.
marantifolia\i0{}>/2<seemingly, in \i{}G. foliosa\i0{}> 391,1 392,2 393,3
394,1 395,1 396,1<this large, in \i{}G. zenkeri\i0{}>/2<three bundles, in
\i{}G. foliosa\i0{} and \i{}G. marantifolia\i0{}>/3<\i{}G. oblonga\i0{}>
397,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 477,3 478,4 481,11 487,12 488,7
489,24 490,80 491,8 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11
513,1 515<rainforest> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}G.
foliosa\i0{} Pilg.,\i{}G. marantifolia\i0{} Franch., \i{}G. zenkeri\i0{}
Pilg.> 537,2 540<guaduell> 
 
# \i{}Gymnachne\i0{} <L. Parodi>/
3<\i{}Rhomboelytrum\i0{}, \i{}Chascolytrum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,25-40 14,2
19,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,1 55,2 59,1/3<subconvolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,1/2 71,1.5-2 73,2 74,1 81,1 89,5 91,2 92,3-4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,4-6.7 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,1 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 157,1 158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,1/2 170,- 171,2 172,2 174,1-2 176,2 177,1 179,2 182,2 183,- 187,3 189,3
191,1/2 192,2 194<(if present)>,1 195,2 196,2 208,3-6 210<lanceolate> 214,2
216,2 218,2 220<briefly>,2 221,2 223,1/2<in the notch> 240,2 243,1 244,1-2
246,- 247,2 248,(1-)3(-4) 250,1 251,1 253,2 255<minutely>,2 256,1 258,2
259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2
272,1 273,- 274<about>,0.6 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.5 mm long>
289,2 290,1 291<somewhat>,4 293,- 295,1 298,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals smaller, narrower, more regularly rectangular>
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1&2 331,1<these conspicuously pitted> 332,2
345,2 348,- 351,1 353<mostly>,1<a few solitary, and a few short rows> 354,1
356,2 360,1&3<some costae with long rows and high concentrations of silica
bodies and only occasional interrupting prickles, other costae with
predominently short rows> 363,1<these predominating, but variable in lenght
and shape to approach panicoid forms>/8<some unambiguously referable to
these> 364<when panicoid type,>,1/3/4 370,2 374,1 385,1<in places>/- 386,2
393,1 394,1<round topped> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<a large group in every
furrow> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the primaries> 405,1<the larger bundles
with slight Is> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19
491,1-2 492<Chile> 493,7 494,3 502,6 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}G.
koelerioides\i0{} (Trin.) Parodi> 536<nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion
involves this genus and \i{}Rhomboelytrum\i0{}. This morphological
description includes \i{}R. berteroanum\i0{} = \i{}G. jaffuelii\i0{} or
\i{}G. filiformis\i0{}> 540<gymnachn> 
 
# \i{}Gymnopogon\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}gumnos\i0{} (naked) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
alluding to a naked rachilla extension> 5<\i{}Anthopogon\i0{} Nutt.,
\i{}Alloiantheros\i0{} Elliott ex Raf., \i{}Biatherium\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Sciadonardus\i0{} Steud., \i{}Monochaete\i0{} Doell.,
\i{}Doellochloa\i0{} Kuntze> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3<with short, scaly rhizomes>
11,- 13,20-60 14,2 19,2 38,- 44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2 50<sheaths
keel-less> 52,1-4 55,1/2 57,1/3 58,2<short, stiff, often folded when dry>
61,1 63,1/2 69,2 73,2 74,1 75,2<except that the lowermost spikelets of the
branches may be sterile> 81,1/2 89,2 91,1 95,2-3 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1/2
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<appressed> 121,1<in two rows
along one side of rachis> 122,1 125,2 141,3-6 145,1-2 147,1 148,1 154,1
156,1 157,1<short or linear>/2<?> 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 168,2 170,1
174,1 176,1/2 179,2<narrow, acuminate> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1/2
195,1<the terminal rudiment sometimes 2-3 awned> 196,2 208,1(-3)
216,2<membranous> 218,2 220,2 221,2<minutely notched>
223,2<rarely>/3<usually> 225<when present,>,1 228,1 231,1<?> 234,1-2
240,1/2 246,- 248,3 250,1 251,1 259,3 277,1 283<probably>,2 289,4 290,U
291,2-3 294,U 295,1 297,U 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1<the intercostal zones very narrow> 323,1 324,1&2 325,2 326,3<on some
costal and intercostal long-cells and some interstomatals, small, sometimes
obscure> 328,1<thick walled> 330,1 331,2<distant sinuations> 332,1 333,1/2
334,2 335,2 336,3 339<about>,19 340,6-9 341<about>,7.5 342,0.25
343<about>,12.3 344,0.66 345,1 346,18-21 348<predominantly>,3/2&3/1<in
\i{}G. ambiguus\i0{}, according to Metcalfe> 350,2 351,2<rare, solitary or
paired> 352,1 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,3 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2
377,1 378,1/2 379,1/2 383,2 385,1 389,1<\i{}G. ambiguus\i0{}>/2<in \i{}G.
foliosus\i0{}, none of the columns seems to fully traverse> 393,1<the ribs
low, round topped> 394,1<slight ribs only> 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1
401,1&2<sometimes linked with traversing colourless columns> 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all the bundles with conspicuous anchors>
406,1<but in \i{}G. foliosus\i0{} the abaxial anchor groups are so wide as
to form an almost continuous abaxial layer> 413,2<2 species> 442,- 469,10
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,37 491,15 492<America, West Indies>
493,3&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1 496,3 497,4 500,1&2 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,11
507,2&3 512,4 513,1&2 515<open places or light woodland on dry sandy soil>
524,5 525,4 529,4 530,40 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}G.
foliosus\i0{} (Willd.) Nees> 536<lacking reliable data on ligule form,
spikelet orientation, lemma form, number of stigmas, etc> 537<somewhat>,2
540<gymnopog> 
 
# \i{}Gynerium\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}gune\i0{} (female) and \i{}erion\i0{} (wool),
referring to the pistillate spikelets> 5<\i{}Gynerium\i0{} Humb. & Bonpl.>
7<very large, soil-binding,>,2 8,1 9,1 13,200-1000 37,1 44,2<clustered
towards the culm tips> 47,2 48,2<but with tufts of longer hairs at the
auricle positions> 52,2-3 55,1 56,4-8<and to 2 m long, sharply serrulate>
59,1 65,2 66,1<so that the still-laminate leaves forming large flabelliform
crowns on the culms> 69,2-3 70,- 71<to 4mm long> 72,1<a membrane>/2 73,3
74,2 75,2<on the same plant> 76,2/3 80,1 89,5<very large> 91,1 94,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 131<male
spikelets with glabrous lemmas, short paleas, fleshy lodicules and two
stamens> 138,2 140,- 141,6-9<approximately 8 mm> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
150,- 154,1 155,2 156,2 157,1 158,- 160,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the
upper)>,2<exceeding them> 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2<but long attenuate>/1
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} rounded on the back>
179,1<the lower hyaline, the upper acuminate-subulate and recurved>
180<about>,0.3 182,- 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,2 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1<but long-attenuate, the tip with long villous hairs> 240<silky>,1
244,2<but keeled above> 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3<and
ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2<poorly developed> 269,1 270,2
272,0<2 staminodes> 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 290,U 294,U 322,1<but
impossible to distinguish between costal and astomatal intercostal regions>
323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<at least adaxially - the abaxial
ones mostly damaged in material seen> 345,1 346,33-39 348,2<but becoming
somewhat triangular at lower levels of focus>/- 350,2 360,2 363,3&4&6 370,2
374,1<the mestome sheath often several cells thick, heavily lignified>
385,2 386,2 389,1<these very broad, extending from the adaxial bulliforms
to join with conspicuous abaxial sclerenchyma columns, rather than
extending from epidermis to epidermis> 390,1<very conspicuous> 393,1<the
ribs low and broad> 395,1<large, with a wide abaxial keel and big air
spaces between the major vascular bundles> 396,3<comprising an arc of
several large primary bundles situated towards the adaxial surface, and an
abaxial arc of numerous minor bundles some of which occur in the abaxial
sclerenchyma girders of the primaries> 397,1 398,2 399,1<in each furrow>
401,2<these linked with the traversing colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with
all the bundles, save some in the midrib> 405,1<most bundles with very
tall, narrow Is> 406,2 407,1&4 408,2&3<there being conspicuous intercostal
abaxial girders linked with the colourless columns, which constitute
false costae in the abaxial epidermis, and some adaxial groups lining the
sides of the bulliforms> 413,1<\i{}G. sagittatum\i0{}> 421,- 436,- 442,-
464,- 470,72&76 477,5 483,2 487,9 488,7 489,25 490,80 491,1<\i{}G.
sagittatum\i0{}> 492<Mexico to subtropical South America> 493,6&7 494,3
502,1&3&6 504,11 512,2<streamsides and wet places> 522<used for
construction work, basketry etc.> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us>
537,2 540<gynerium> 
 
# \i{}Habrochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7<slender>,1 13,5-50 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-2.5<and 1-8 cm long>
59,1 65,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 81,1 89,5 91<delicate,>,1 94,1 95,3
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 141,2-2.5 144,-
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1<small> 158,2 160,2 163,2
164,2 165,2<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} slightly shorter> 166,1-2
167,2<exceeding them> 170,- 171,2 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,1
179,2<linear-lanceolate, hyaline> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,2-5 214,2-3<thinly membranous, translucent> 216,2 218,2 220<very
shortly>,2<the lobes themselves obtuse or minutely bidentate> 221,2 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 232<gently>,2/3 233,1<scabrid> 234,3<to about
7 mm long, very slender> 240,1 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1
258,2<thinly membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 274,0.1-0.3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<0.8-1 mm long>
289,1/4 291,4 293,- 295,1 298,2<about 1/4 of the fruit length> 322,1 323,2
330,1&2 331,1<but the sinuations gentle> 332,1 335,1<the apical cells all
missing in material seen> 339,30(-37.5) 341,5.4 342,5.56-6.94 343,16.5-21
344,0.55-0.6 345,2<though surprisingly so, in this relatively thin-walled
epidermis> 346,21-22.5 348,- 351,2<none seen> 360,1<though some files have
relatively long short-cells> 363,8 364<more or less exclusively>,3<large>
370<almost certainly>,2<though the material seen poor> 374,1 393,3 395,2
396,1 399,2 404,1 405,1<small anchors in the primaries only, the other
bundles depauperate in sclerenchyma> 406,1 442,- 477,5 483,3 487,5 488,7
489,47 490,80 491,1<\i{}H. bullockii\i0{}> 492<East tropical Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 513,1 514,2 515<on slopes> 534<Hubbard
1967a> 535<studied by us> 540<habrochl> 
 
# \i{}Hackelochloa\i0{} <Kuntze>/
1<named for agrostologist Eduard Hackel, plus Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass)>
3<\i{}Mnesithea\i0{}> 5<\i{}Rytilix\i0{} Rafin.> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,(5-)30-100
14,2 19,1 23,1/2 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,2 55,1/2 56<up to>,10-15
59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2<the pairs sometimes homogamous>
76,1/1&3/1&3&4 77,4 78,1<the pedicellate spikelets narrowly ovate and
winged, herbaceous> 79,1/2 89,5<the numerous racemes solitary in their
spathes, usually in fascicles> 91,- 94,- 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,1 103,4
106,1<in their spathes> 107,2 108,1 109,2<the sessile spikelets falling
with the joint and the pedicelled spikelet> 111,2<grooved, concave> 112,1
114,2 115,3 120,2 121,1<the sessile members in two alternating rows, on one
side of the rachis> 126,1 127,1 128,1 129,1 130,1<the glumes herbaceous and
similar, the lower lemma present or absent>/3/4 131<the pedicellate
spikelets sometimes male-only or sterile> 141,1-3 144,1 145,3<to globose>
147,3 154,2 163,2 164,2 165<not greatly different in length, but
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} hooded by G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 167,2 170,- 173,-
174,- 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower cartilaginous, globose,
reticulate-pitted, the upper thinner and embedded in the axis> 183,2 184,1
185,- 186,2 187,7-10 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0
205,3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<ovate-obtuse> 214,1<hyaline, flimsy>
216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,0 250,1/2 251<when
present,>,1/2/3 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1<hyaline, flimsy> 264,1
266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 291,2 295,1 298,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,43.5-54 341,4.5-7.5 342,6.4-10.3 343,21-34.5 344,0.44-0.72
345,1 346,24-39 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,5 360,1 363,8 370,1 374,2
385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1/2<rarely> 399,1<and also in irregular groups>
401,1<some of these of the large celled, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,1 404,1
405,1 406,1 437,1 442,- 469,7<?> 470,14<?> 471,2 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,2 492<tropics, southern China and southern
U.S.A.> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,2&3&5 496,1&2&3 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&4&6
503,1 504,5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3 509,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<grassland and
disturbed ground> 524,5 525,1&3 526,1&3 528,6 530,18 531,2 533,2
535<studied by us - \i{}H. granularis\i0{} (L.) Kuntze> 540<hackeloc> 
 
# \i{}Hainardia\i0{} <Greuter>/
1<named after P. Hainardi, phytogeographer and colleague of Greuter>
4<Type: \i{}H. cylindrica\i0{} (Willd.) Greuter> 5<\i{}Monerma\i0{}
(Willd.) Coss. & Dur.> 7,1 9,3/- 11,- 13,5-40(-47) 14,2 19,1 25,2-5 26,1
27,2 37,1 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths keeled or not, terete to inflated>
52,1 53,1 55,2 56,1.5-2.5 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1
71,(0.2-)0.6-1 73,2 74,1 75,1<with rudiments at the base of the spikelet>/2
76,1/1&4 89,1<with a hard, cylindrical, articulated rachis, the spikelets
embedded in alternate notches> 91,- 94,- 95,- 99,1<notched> 100,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
122,2 126,- 141,4-8 144,2<with reference to the missing
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,1 155,- 156,1/2 157,2 160,1
163,1<in all but the two-glumed terminal spikelet, the leathery
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} alone is present and covers the hollow of the rachis>
164,2<firm> 165,- 167,2 168,- 170,1 171,2 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,- 182,- 183,- 187,- 189,3-7(-9)<the nerves raised> 191,1/2
192<when present,>,2 193,1 194,1<rudimentary> 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate>
214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3(-5) 249,2<the
laterals short> 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,3
260<weakly>,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 272,1-3
274,1.8-3.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1-2<3-4.3 mm long>
289<oblong to>,4 290,2 291,2-3 295,1<ovate to elliptic, about 0.6 mm long>
298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,1 353,1
354,1 360,2 363,3&5 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1
399,1<at the bases of the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,13
470,26&52 471,2&4 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,56
491,1<\i{}H. cylindrica\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean to Iraq> 493,1&2&4&5&6
494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&8 506,1 511,1 512,3 513,2
515<meadows, etc., often coastal> 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us>
540<hainardi> 
 
# \i{}Hakonechloa\i0{} <Makino>/
7,2 9,1 13,30-60 14,2 15,0.5-2 19,2 27,2 39,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-8
65,2 69,2 72,1<the adaxial ligule continued as a fringe of hairs around the
back> 73,2 74,1 89,5<small> 91,1 94,1 99,- 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,9-11 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
150,- 154,1 155,1<with long white hairs, above the disarticulation zones>
156,1 157,1<slender> 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,1 182,- 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-6
210<acuminate> 214,2<herbaceous/membranous> 216,2 218,1<or sometimes with a
slight notch> 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid>
234,1-2 240,1<along the margins> 244,2<rounded> 246,1 247,2 248,3 250,1
251,1 255<slightly>,2 256,1 258,2<thinly membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,3<apparently> 286,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1<both cells long, the apical very
flimsy> 339,(44-)48-60(-62) 343,29-39 344,0.62 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,-
351,1 353,2<solitary> 354,2 357<costal prickles present> 358,2 360,1<some
veins>/3<the long-cells often short> 363,8 364,1&2&3/4 370,2 374,1 385,2
391,1<seemingly>/2<need to see fresh material> 393,3<low abaxial ribs>
394,- 395,1<a larger bundle, with a slight double keel> 396,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<in the midrib> 406,1 413,2<\i{}H.
macra\i0{}> 421,- 436,- 442,- 454,- 470,50 477,5 483,2 487,3 488,7 489,32
490,80 491,1<\i{}H. macra\i0{}> 492<Japan> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11
512,3 514,2 515<on wet cliffs> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 537,2
540<hakonech> 
 
# \i{}Halopyrum\i0{} <Stapf>/
7,2 9,2&3 11,- 14,2<tough> 19<sparsely>,1 23,1 38,- 47,2 55,2<junciform>
59,3<convolute, stiff, filiform-tipped> 61,1 65,2 66,1 69,3 73,2 74,1
89,2<the short, erect branches being themselves unbranched>/5<elongated,
contracted> 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 141,10-30 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1<the internodes
bearded at the tip, with long hairs up to half the lemma length> 156,1
157,1 163,2 165,2<subequal> 166,1 167,1-2 171,2 174,1<acuminate> 176,2
177,1 179,2<leathery, ovate-lanceolate> 181,1-2 187,3-5 189,5-7 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,6-20 210<ovate-oblong, acute> 214,2<leathery> 218,1/2 219,1
220<if incised>,2 221,2<bidenticulate> 223,2 240,1<asperulous or minutely
hairy> 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3<the keels
scaberulous> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2
283,2 289,4 290,1 291,2<concavo-convex> 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1
308,1 322,1 323,1<in the deep grooves, and abundant adaxially> 324,2 325,1
326,1/2<finger-like> 328,2<the costals thick-walled> 332,1<in deep
intercostal grooves> 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,27-33-34.5 341,21-22.5
342,1.2-1.6 343,17.4-27 344,0.54-0.78 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 352,1<all
cells relatively similar in size> 355,1 360,3 362,1 363,4<mainly>/5/8<a
few> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,1-5 385,1 389,1 393,2 394,2
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,1&2<sometimes linked with traversing columns of
colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}H. mucronatum\i0{}> 492<coastal Indian Ocean>
493,3&4&5 494,1&2 495,2 496,1&2&3 498,3 499,1&2 500,1 504,11 508,1&2&3
512,4 513,2 514,1 515<a coastal sand stabilizer> 534<Stapf 1896>
535<studied by us> 540<halopyru> 
 
# \i{}Harpachne\i0{} <Hochst.>/
7,2 9,3 13,20-75 14,2 19,2 27,2 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-5
61,2<maybe at base of hairs?> 62,3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 72,1<of
inconspicuous hairs, more pronounced laterally> 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,4/5/3<bottlebrush-like, spiciform, the lowermost pedicels sometimes
branching, the solitary or paired spikelets interpretable as reduced
clusters> 91,- 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 108,2<the main axis
persistent>/1<if the deciduous spikelet-plus-pedicel is interpreted as a
reduced branch> 109<(if interpreted as reduced branches)>,1 111,- 113,-
120<almost in verticils on the rachis> 121,1<symmetrically disposed, but
turned to one side and deflexing> 126,- 141,5-11 143<purplish> 144,-
145<strongly>,1 147,3<abscising near the bases of the pedicels, to leave
hairy stumps (true pedicels?) on the rachis> 148,2 149,4<curved> 154,1
155,2<glabrous, flexuous> 157,1<consisting of the main part of the
pedicel> 160,3 161,1 162,1 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about
two-thirds the length of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2
172,1 173,- 174,2<rounded> 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous, narrow, oblong>
183,2 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2/3<the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
being smaller than those above, and sometimes lacking stamens in the
material seen> 194,1 196,1/2 197<when present,>,1 208,4-16<increasing in
size acropetally> 210<enlarged at the base, then acuminate to the tip>
214,2-3<membranous, or cartilaginous below> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,-
223,2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,2 234,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 247,2
248,3 250,1 251,2<to about two-thirds of the lemma length> 255,1 256,1
258,2<membranous> 259,3<and deeply hollowed between> 260,3 262,1<the wings
ciliolate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 273,1<short>
274<relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1<0.75-1.3 mm
long> 291,1 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<medium thick
walled> 330,1 331,1<pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1-2<the apical cells
round-tipped, not collapsing, short (chlorioid) to quite elongated
(panicoid)> 336,2 340,18-21 342,4 344,0.5 345,1 348<high>,2&3 350,2 351,1
352,1-2 353,2<mostly solitary> 354,2<apparently> 355,1 360,2
362,1<mostly>/4 363,4<plus various imperfect forms>/3<merging into broad
saddles>/6<a few> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,1-2 393,3 394,-
395,1<somewhat: a wider abaxial rib and a large anchor of abaxial
sclerenchyma> 396,1 399,1<between all the bundles> 400,1 401,1<but the
median cels of the simple fans deeply penetrating> 403,2 404,1<with all the
main bundles> 405,1<all the main bundles> 406,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,22 490,32 491,2 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,1&2
504,11 508,1&2&3 513,2 515<savanna> 535<studied by us - \i{}H.
schimperi\i0{} A. Rich.> 540<harpachn> 
 
# \i{}Harpochloa\i0{} <Kunth>/
7,2 9<densely>,3 13,30-90 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2<but with
auricular hairs> 50<the basal sheaths persistent, keeled> 52<stiffly>,1
55,2 56,1-4<by 7-25 cm long> 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,1 71,0.2-0.3
72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,1<very rarely two> 95<usually>,3 98,2<conspicuously
bare-tipped> 99,1&2<crescentic in section, the edges ciliate> 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1
122<alternately>,1<along the midrib of the rachis> 125<very densely>,1
141,6-7<darkly pigmented> 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,1 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,2 160,1 163,2<dark grey-green> 165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} much larger>
166,2<i.e. the upper glumes> 167<(the upper)>,2 170,2
171,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} keels scabrid> 172,1 173,3 174,1 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} being 2-keeled>
179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} smaller, 1-keeled, thinner, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} 2-keeled, firm> 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2<the
second and third male, the fourth if present sterile, these all enclosed in
the lemma of the lower male floret and not exceeding the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 193,2-3 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1 214,2<firmly
membranous> 216,2<membranous to papery, grey> 218,1 219,2 221,- 223,1
240,1<the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} being long-ciliate on its keel and margins>
244,1<folded> 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1<hairy near its tip> 251,1
255<slightly>,2 256,1 257,2 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 262<slightly>,1
263,1 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1<winged> 269,2 271,2 272,3<in hermaphrodite
and male florets> 274<to>,2.5<larger than in the male florets> 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 286,2<but embraced> 287,1<3 mm long> 289,4
291<obtusely triquetrous> 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1
326,2<long-cells and interstomatals mostly each with one large, tall,
thick-walled cylindrical papilla> 327,1 328,1<walls thick, pitted>
329,1<though these rather short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,1 335,2 345,1
348,3<detectable despite the papillae> 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,2<solitary>
355,1 360,1 362,3 363,4 367,1 370,1 371<somewhat>,2/- 372<almost>,1<though
no linking across adjacent PCR sheaths seen>/- 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2
383,2 390<perhaps>,1<?>/- 393,3<except over the midrib, but with deep
abaxial clefts between the bundles> 394,- 395,1<by its position, and its
small adaxial ribs> 396,2 397,1<the entire adaxial two-thirds of the blade
comprising colourless tissue of large (apparently lignified) cells, which
broadly truncates the PCR sheaths> 399,2<no bulliforms seen> 401,- 402,-
403,2 404,2<all bundles with abaxial girders only> 406,2 407,4<there being
an irregularly discontinuous adaxial hypodermis of thick-walled fibres>
408,- 469,10 470,40 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,2<\i{}H.
falx\i0{}, \i{}H. pseudoharpechloa\i0{}> 492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<grassland> 535<studied by us
- \i{}H. falx\i0{} (L.f.) Kuntze; photos provided by R.P. Ellis>
540<harpochl> 
 
# \i{}Helictotrichon\i0{} <Besser ex Roem. & Schult.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}helictos\i0{} (twisted) and "trichon", presumably
referring to the awn> 5<\i{}Avenastrum\i0{} Opiz, \i{}Avenochloa\i0{}
Holub, \i{}Avenula\i0{} (Dumort.) Dumort., \i{}Danthorhiza\i0{} Ten.,
\i{}Heuffelia\i0{} Schur, \i{}Stipavena\i0{} Vierh., \i{}Tricholemma\i0{}>
6<\i{}Amphibromus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudarrhenatherum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,15-150
14,2 19<nearly always>,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-10
59,1/2/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1<sometimes puberulent> 70,2 71,2-8
73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 91,1<usually narrow> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,8-25 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1
156,1 157,1 160,2<0.5-1.2 mm long> 161,1 163,2 165,1<usually>/2<<20%>>
166<usually>,1 167<(the upper usually)>,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1
179,2<persistent, hyaline to scarious or firm and herbaceous> 187,1-3
189,3(-5) 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,2-7 214,3<firmly membranous to
leathery> 216,2 218<usually>,2 220,2<usually>/4<<10%>> 221,2<bidentate or
bisetulose, rarely 4-dentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1/2<but from
above the middle> 231,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 232<occasionally>,1/2
234,3<always?> 235,1 240,1/2 244,1-2<weakly keeled to dorsally rounded>
248,5-7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2
287,2 290,1 291,1/3 293,1/- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,1 302,1 303,2 304,1 306,2
309,2 310,2 311,1 312,2 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,1/2 332,2
345,1 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2<none seen> 360,2/3 363,1/2/3 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1 399,2<limited to midrib hinges> 401,-
403,2 404,1 406,1 413,2<1 species> 469,7
470,14&28&42&70&81&98&112&126&133&147 471,2&4&6&10&12&14&16&18&19&21
473<large> 474,3-5<2 species> 475,10.1<\i{}pubescens\i0{}> 477,2 478,2
479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13/3<\i{}Avenula\i0{} p.p. only>
491<about>,90 492<Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, North & South America>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3 497,2&3&4&5 498,2&3
499,2&3 500,2&3 502,5&6 504,11 506,1 507,1 508,1&2&3 512,3-4/2<rarely>
513<mostly>,2 515<dry hillsides, meadows, margins of woods> 518<\i{}H.
milanjianum\i0{} in Kenya> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24 531,1&2
532,5 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}H. pubescens\i0{}
(Huds.) Pilger> 540<helictot> 
 
# \i{}Helleria\i0{} <Fourn.>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{} subgenus \i{}Helleria\i0{}> 6<\i{}H. fragilis\i0{}
Luces, = \i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 58,1 65,2 68,1
69,1 70,1 71,0.5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,10-15 144,- 145,2 147,1 154,1 156,1 157,2
158,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 170,-
174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 183,- 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,2-5 214,2 216,2 218,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 232,1 233,1
234,1-2 235,1 240,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<5
mm long> 288<deep purple> 291,2 293,- 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1
322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<walls thick, conspicuously pitted>
332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1&2<commonly solitary> 354,1
356,3/2/8/1 360,2/3<mostly solitary but some paired> 363,5&7<the
tall-and-narrows expanded top and bottom> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1
395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,2<most with a small adaxial strand
in the top of the overlying rib, and none in contact with the abaxial
fibres> 406,2 407,1/2<this 2-3 cells thick> 408<(when
non-continuous)>,1<opposite the furrows> 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7
487<cf.>,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,1<\i{}H. livida\i0{}, with \i{}Festuca
fragilis\i0{} excluded> 492<Mexico, Venezuela> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1&2 504,11
534<Alekseev 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. fragilis\i0{} Luces, =
\i{}Festuca\i0{}, \i{}H. livida\i0{} Fourn. ex Hemsl.> 536<\i{}H.
fragilis\i0{} differs conspicuously from \i{}H. livida\i0{} in both
spikelet morphology (see illustration under \i{}Festuca\i0{}) and leaf
blade anatomy> 540<helleria> 
 
# \i{}Hemarthria\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hemi\i0{} (half) and \i{}arthron\i0{} (joint),
referring to inflorescence joints (internodes) which are hollowed out
(halved) to take the sessile spikelet; alternatively (more likely,
acknowledging Robert Browns perceptiveness), referring to a peculiar,
ostensibly articulated but non-disarticulating rachis>
5<\i{}Lodicularia\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7,2 9,2/3/4 11,- 13,30-150 14,2
19<amply>,1 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,2<usually>/1 55,2 59,1 65,2
66,2 67,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,1<the sunken, sessile spikelets with
dissimilar glumes, the non-sunken pedicelled spikelets with similar
glumes> 81,1/2 89,2/4<of flattened, dorsiventral spicate racemes, arising
one or more from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves> 91,- 94,-
99,1<the sessile spikelet embedded> 100,1 101,1<usually> 102,1 103,4<often
curved> 106,1/3<fascicled> 107,2 108<tardily>,1<the rachis initially tough>
109<ultimately>,2 111,2<clavate> 112,1<rarely>/2<usually> 113,2 114,1-2
115,3 120,2<each pair comprising a sessile spikelet and the pedicelled
member of the pair below> 121,1<the sessile members in two alternating
rows, more or less on one side of the rachis> 126,1<the fused pedicels
discernible> 128,1 129,1 130,1 141,3-7 144,1 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2
160,2<obtuse or truncate, in the sessile spikelet>/1<in the pedicelled
spikelet> 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,1 171,2 172,1 173,- 176,1<the lower
biaristate in \i{}H. debilis\i0{}, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes
long-acuminate/aristate>/2 177,2 179,1<in the embedded spikelet, the outer
tough, the inner membranous>/2<both tough in the pedicelled spikelets>
183,1<the keels not winged> 184,1-2 185,2 186,1 187,5-7 189,5-7 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,3 206,2 207,2 208,1 210<not
indented> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,0 250,1 251,2
255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,2
306,1 309,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals smaller and narrower than the
unusually large intercostals, at least in \i{}H. uncinata\i0{}> 328,2<the
intercostals thicker walled, in \i{}H. uncinata\i0{}> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,48-84 341,11.4-14.4 342,4.8-6.5 343,20-51 344,0.46-0.65 345,1
346,33-39 348<mostly>,3<in \i{}H. uncinata\i0{}> 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1
356<mostly>,5/6 357<heavily pitted, thick walled prickle bases present in
\i{}H. uncinata\i0{}> 358,2 360,3<sic> 363,8 364,1&2/3 370,1 374,2 382,2
383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1<the colourless tissue extending
across the adaxial part of the blade, contiguous with the epidermis>
399,2<the epidermis extensively bulliform> 403,1 404,1<with the main
bundles> 405,1/2 406,1 410,1 413,2<1 species> 437,2 442,- 469,9/10
470,18/20<18+2B>/36/54 471,2&4&6<and aneuploids> 473<small> 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,12 492<tropical Africa,
Madagascar, eastern Asia, Indomalayan region, Australia> 493,1&2&3&4&5
494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4 500,1&2&3&4
502,5&6 503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9 506,2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1
512,1-2 513,2 514,2 515<in water or in wet places> 516<\i{}H.
altissima\i0{}, \i{}H. compressa\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&3&4 526,1 528,6 529,5
530,7&18&43 531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}H.
uncinata\i0{} R. Br.> 540<hemarthr> 
 
# \i{}Hemisorghum\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7<stout>,2 9,3 14,2 37,1 52,2 55,1 59,1 69,2<?> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4
78,1<the pedicelled smaller, lacking the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 79,2 89,5<a
large decompound panicle with whorled, triquetrous or angular, scabrid
branches> 91,1 101,2 102,2<?> 103,3<few to several-noded> 106,1 107,1 108,1
109,2 111,1<slender> 113,2 114,1 120,2 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,4
131<the sterile pedicelled spikelets without an L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
145,3<?> 147,3<falling with the joint and the pedicelled spikelet> 148,-
154,2 155,- 157,1<with a ring of minute hairs> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2
167,2 171<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with ciliate margins> 176,2 179,1<leathery,
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} obtuse, dorsally flat or slightly convex,
2-keeled for most of its length with the margins inflexed towards the base,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} lanceolate, acute, dorsally rounded, becoming
1-keeled upwards> 183,1 184,1-2 185,2 186,1 187,8-11 189,7 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,2-3 206,2<thinly membranous to hyaline>
207,2 208,1 214,1<thin> 216,2 218,2 220<minutely>,2 221,2<minutely
bidentate> 223,1/2<between the teeth> 240<ciliolate> 244,2 247,2 248,1
250,1 251,1<about as long as the lemma> 255<linear oblong> 256,1 257,2
258,2 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1
280,1<at base> 283,2 284,2 291,2<plano-convex> 295,1 298,1 329,U 349,U
358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 442,-
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,68 491,2 492<India, Burma,
Southeast Asia> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 515<on hillsides and
riverbanks> 538,4 540<hemisorg> 
 
# \i{}Henrardia\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<named for Dutch agrostologist J.Th. Henrard> 7,1 9,- 11,- 14,2 38,-
47,1/2 52,1 55,2 56,1-3 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70<unevenly>,1
71,0.2-0.5 73,2 74,1 89,1<with embedded spikelets> 91,- 94,- 98,- 99,1
100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 122,2 141,7-10 144,- 145,2 147,3 154,1 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,2
166,3 167,2 170,3<side by side, both abaxial> 173,3 174,1/2<acute to
obtuse> 175,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<asymmetrical> 187,3-7 189,5-9 191,1/2
192,2 196,2 208,1-2 210<acute> 214,1<very soft> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,1 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.5-2.2 277,2 280,2 283,2
286,1<slightly> 287,2<4-6.2 mm long> 290<shallowly>,1 291,2 293,1 295,2
298,1-2<up to 1/3 the length of the caryopsis> 303,1 304,1 322,1 323,2
327,1 328,2<costals with thicker walls> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 346,60-63
348<low>,2/1 350,1<mostly, slightly> 351,2 353,- 354,-
357<prickle/macrohair bases abundant> 360,3<mostly solitary> 363,1<some
almost qualifying as nodular>/3<a few> 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1
395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1<large bundles
only> 405,1 406,1<except for massive groups in the blade margins> 442,-
469,7 470,14 471,2 472,15 473<large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6
489,49 490,41 491,2 492<southwest & Central Asia> 493,1&3 494,1 495,1&2
497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1 513,2 515<dry slopes> 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied
by us - \i{}H. persica\i0{} (Boiss.) C.E. Hubb.> 540<henrardi> 
 
# \i{}Hesperostipa\i0{} <(Elias) Barkworth>/
1<from the Greek \i{}esperis\i0{} (western) and \i{}Stipa\i0{} (q.v.)>
3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}> 5<\i{}Sparteum\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7,2 9<densely>,3 13,30-100
14,2 19,1/2<?> 27,1/2<?> 37,1/2<?> 38,- 42,2 44,1/2<?> 47,1/2<?> 52,1 55,2
56,1-5 58,1/2 59,1/2/3<involute or convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1/2<?>
72,1/2<?> 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2/1&2 82,1/2<?> 83<(if present)>,1<?>
88,2-3<?> 89,5 90,2 91,1/2<usually> 94,1/2<?> 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,15.2-50<always more than 15
mm> 145,2<?> 147,1 154,2 157,1 159,1/2 160,3<2.5-7 mm long> 161<sharp>,1
163,2 165,1-2 166,2-3<?> 167<nearly always>,2<?> 170,- 174,1<lanceolate,
long-acuminate> 176,1/2<?> 179,2<lanceolate> 187,1-4<? - evident>
189,3-6<?> 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<narrowly cylindrical> 211,2<the margins
tightly involute, not overlapping> 212,2 213,1 214,3 215,1<lacking
abaxial-epidermal silica bodies> 216,1<horny> 217,1-2<or cream> 218,1<the
upper portion fused, without lobes> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,-
231,2<bigeniculate> 233,1/2<but not long-plumose> 234,3<50-200 mm long>
235,2<?> 236,2 240<sparsely>,1 244,2<terete> 246,2<the median zone of the
palea exposed> 247,2 248,3-7<?> 250,1 251,1<subequal to the lemma> 253,2
254,1 256,1 257,1/2<?> 258,1<more or less, at least the exposed part>
259,3<the veins extending to the apex> 260,1 261,1<often>/2/3<?> 264,1
265,3<???> 266,1<???> 267,2 268,2<? stipoid> 269,2 270,2 272,3<often short>
274,1.2-9<?> 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1/2/3<?> 289,2
291,1/3<?> 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1/2<?> 304,1<the epiblast long
and apically notched> 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1/2<?> 311,1 312,2 313,1
314,3-5<?> 322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals narrower> 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 330,1 331,1<conspicuously pitted> 332,2 345,1 347,2
348<broadly>,1-2 350,2 351,1 353,1&2<many solitary> 354,1 355,2-3
356<irregularly>,1-2 357<exhibiting numerous small prickles costally and
intercostally> 360,2 361,1-2 362,1 363<irregularly, imperfectly>,3&5&6
370,2 374,1 385,1-2 393,1 394,2<alternately large and small> 395,2 396,1
399,1<these small, in the bases of the furrows> 401,1 403,2<except ajoining
the blade margins> 404,1 405,1<the large bundles with Is, most of the
small ones with anchors, Is or Ts> 406,1 409,1 415,2 476,2<?> 477,1
480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491,5 492<North America> 493,6 494,1&3<?>
495,1 497,4&5 507,1&2&3<?> 511,1<?> 512,3-4 513,2 515<seasonally dry
grasslands> 516<the pointed calluses of \i{}S. comata\i0{} and \i{}S.
spartea\i0{} sometimes injure livestock> 524,5 531,1&2<?> 534<Barkworth and
Everett 1987; Barkworth 1993> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. comata\i0{} only>
536<This is an inadequate description of a \i{}Stipa\i0{} segregate,
consisting of \i{}S. comata\i0{}, \i{}S. curtiseta\i0{}, \i{}S.
neomexicana\i0{} and \i{}S. spartea\i0{}. See further comment under
\i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu lato.> 537,2 540<hesperos> 
 
# \i{}Heterachne\i0{} <Benth.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}heteros\i0{} (different) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff or
scale), referring to different proximal (female-fertile) and distal
(sterile) lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}H. gulliveri\i0{} Benth.> 7,1 9,3 11,-
13,10-50 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2<but sometimes hairy at the
auricle position> 55,2 58,1/2 59,3<when dry> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2<very
reduced>/3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<there being abortive
spikelets in all the clusters, and a lowermost cluster of imperfect
spikelets, in the material examined of \i{}H. abortiva\i0{}> 81,1/2
89,3<several globular heads in an interrupted spike>/5<with sessile heads
of spikelets in the upper leaf sheaths>/2 91,2 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<to
globular heads> 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,2
141<about>,3-4 142,4-7 145<very much>,1 147,1<these deciduous> 148,1
154,1<and the prolongation sharply bent> 155,2 156,1 157,2 160,1 163,2
164,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<very
compressed-complicate> 187,1 189,1-3 191,2 192,2 193,1-4<in a fan-shaped
cluster> 194,1 196,2 208,1(-3) 214,2<membranous> 216,1<near the keel>/2
218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 245,1 247,2 248,1-3 250,1 251,1 255,1
256,1 259,3 260,3 262,1<the wings broad, ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274<minute> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2<short> 283,2
286,2<but enclosed> 287,1 289,4 291,1 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 303,2 304,1
305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1<or the zonation fairly obscure, in \i{}H.
abortiva\i0{}> 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 339,54-63 340,24 341,9-12.5 342,4.5-6.3
343,(25.5-)29.4-30 344,0.47-0.54 345,1 346,30-33 348<predominantly>,3<in
\i{}H. abortiva\i0{}> 350,2 351,1<e.g. in \i{}H. abortiva\i0{}>/2 352,3
353,1-2 354,1 355,1/2 356,3-2<in \i{}H.abortiva\i0{}> 360,2 362,1 363,3<a
few>/4/5/6 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,3-5 393,1 394,1
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<their large median cells deeply
penetrating>/2 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22
490,32 491,3 492<northern Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,5&6&7 509,1
512,3 515<in damp depressions> 534<Hubbard 1935> 535<studied by us - \i{}H.
abortiva\i0{} (R. Br.) Druce> 540<h_achne> 
 
# \i{}Heteranthelium\i0{} <Hochst.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}heteros\i0{} (different) and \i{}anthele\i0{} (a
floret of a reed), alluding to an inflorescence comprising fertile and
sterile/modified spikelets> 7,1 9,- 11,- 13,5-30 14,2 27<with short
bristles below the nodes> 38,- 47,1 49,1/2 55,2 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.2-0.8 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<each spikelet cluster with the lowest one
or two members fertile, the other sterile> 89,3<in clusters> 94,- 95,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e., the clusters falling> 111,-
113,- 114,- 115,- 120<in clusters of 1-2 fertile and 1-3 sterile> 121,2
122,2 141,8-15 144,- 145,1 147,3<i.e., in the clusters> 148,1 154,1
155<somewhat spinulose> 156,1 158,- 160<very>,2 163,2 164,2 167,-
170,3<side by side away from the rachis> 174,- 175,1 176,1<both awn-like>
179,2<thinly leathery, linear-subulate, with basal capitate hairs> 183,-
187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1-3 194,2<forming a tuft of awns> 196,2
208,1-2<usually the first two> 210<modified into the awn>
214,3<cartilaginous to leathery> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1
234,1 235,2 240,1<tuberculate on the back, with capitate hairs on the
margins> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,2<apical cusps,
about 1 mm long> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2
271,2 272,3 274,0.8-1.2 277,2 278,1<below the styles> 280,2 283,2
286<somewhat>,1 287,2<4.5-7.5 mm long> 289,4 290,1 291,1 293,1 295,2
298,1-2<up to 1/3 the caryopsis length> 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<costal long-cells often short> 330<mostly>,1 331,2 332,2 345,1
346,39-45 348,1/1&2 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<abundant macrohairs
present> 360,3 363,1/2/3<few> 370,2 374,1 386,2 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<in
the furrows> 401,1 403,2<but the smallest with minute strands only> 404,1
405,1<Is and anchors> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 472,17 477,2 478,1
479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,1<\i{}H. piliferum\i0{}> 492<southwest
Asia> 493,1&3 494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<on dry slopes> 524,5
525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&25 534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied
by us> 540<h_anthel> 
 
# \i{}Heteranthoecia\i0{} <Stapf>/
7,1 9,4<mat-forming> 11,- 13,20-30 14,2 19,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,3 55,2
56,2-5 65,1 69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1<the lower floret
hermaphrodite, the upper female-only> 89,2<a panicle of short, unilateral
spikes> 94,- 98,2<the rachides ending in blunt naked tips> 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1 122,1 125<contiguous> 126,-
141,1.7-2.3 144,1 145,3 147,1 148,2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 171,2
174,1 176,2 179,2<firmly membranous, with hyaline margins> 187,4-7 189,4-7
191,1 196,2 208,2<but the upper usually female-only, much shorter and
blunter> 214,2-3<papery>
216,1<L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 218,1 219,1<L1
acuminate>/2<L2 obtuse to subacute> 223,1 240,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5
250,1 251,1 255,1/2<slightly> 256,1 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291<slightly>,2 295,1 298,1
303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 322,1 323,1 329,3<these being cubical> 331,2 332,1
335,1 339,15-22 343,9-16 344,0.68 345,1 348,1-3 349,1 351,2 360,1 363,9
365,1 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows>
401,1 403,2 404,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,1 487,7 488,7 489,27 490,80
491,1<\i{}H. guineensis\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2&3 504,11 508,1&2 512,2<swamps and shallow water> 535<Metcalfe 1960>
540<h_anthoe> 
 
# \i{}Heterocarpha\i0{} <Stapf & C.E. Hubb.>/
3<\i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{}, \i{}Dinebra\i0{} sensu lato> 7,2 9,2&3
13,15-63 14,2 19,2 27,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 49,2 52,3 55,2
56,(2-)3-7(-9.5)<and 3-18 cm long> 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,2<a short
rim, with a conspicuous fringe> 70,- 71,1-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,2<3.5-11 cm long, rather narrow, with short, dense racemes which are
reflexed terminally> 96,(5-)8-12 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,2 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1<in two ranks on one side of rachis>
123,2 125,1 141,6-10(-14) 144,2 145<markedly>,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1
155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,1-2 171,2<scabrid
on the keels> 173,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,2<ovate, membranous> 184,-
185,- 186,- 187,1/2 189,5-8 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,(4-)5-10
214,2<membranous> 215,1 216,2 218,1-2 221,2<blunt to slightly notched>
223,2<minutely, from the slight apical sinus> 240,1<villous on margins and
keels>/2<?> 243,1 244,1 247,2 248,5-7<with 2-4 very thin nerves between the
three heavy ones> 250,1<bent> 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3
260,3<hairy between the keels, deeply furrowed> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274<short> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2<but
sometimes with a vestigial third> 284,2 286,2 287,1<1 mm long>
291<somewhat>,1 293,- 295,1 296,- 297,1<thin> 298,1 329,U 349,U 352,2 358,U
359,U 365,U 367,1 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 400,1 402,U
442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}H. haareri\i0{}>
492<tropical East Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 513,2
514,1 515<in maritime sands, in dry rather saline soils fringing
\i{}Suaeda\i0{} bush and in dry \i{}Acacia\i0{} bush> 534<Stapf and Hubbard
1929> 536<referred to \i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{} by Phillips (1974), but in
view of the morphological differences, anatomical data are badly needed for
\i{}H. haareri\i0{} and \i{}B. fragilis\i0{}> 537,2 538,4 540<h_carpha> 
 
# \i{}Heteropholis\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
3<\i{}Mnesithea\i0{}> 7,1/2 9<mostly>,4 13<slender,>,60-170 14,2
19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 37,1 44,2 47,1<with sheath auricles>/2
52,1-3 55,1/2 57,1/3 59,1/2<conduplicate when young, later flat> 65,2 69,1
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 77,4 78,1 79,2 89<of single, cylindrical to
flattened, dorsiventral racemes terminating culms and branches> 91,-
99,1<with small cavities> 100,- 101,1 102,1<the racemes spatheate>
103,4<the spikelets apparently opposite, by fusion of joints and pedicels>
106,1 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<clavate, with 2 small cavities> 112,1 113,2
114,1 115,3 120,2 121,1<dorsiventral racemes> 126,1 127,1 128,1 129,1
130,3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelet thinly leathery, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} not lacunose> 133,1 136,1 144,1 145,3 147,3<and with
the joint> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,1 171,2 172,1
173,- 176,2 177<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} one-keeled, often obscurely so>
179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, transversely rugose or pitted and
with two keel-wings above, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} smooth, membranous,
more or less naviculate> 183,2<winged only at the tip> 184,1 185,2
186,2/3<transversely> 187,7-9 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2
199<when present,>,2 201,1/2 203,2 204,2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,0/3 250,1
251,1/2/3 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3/1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1
323,2 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335<more or less>,1<but relatively broad>
339,52.5-72 341,6-9 342,7-10 343,30-45 344,0.57-0.63 345,1 346,43.5-46.5
348,3<with tall points> 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1<sometimes> 360,1 363,8
364,1&3&4 370,1 374,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<a large keel bundle, with
several smaller laterals> 397,1 399,2<the adaxial epidermis mainly
bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1<each primary bundle> 406,1 442,- 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,5 492<tropical Africa, Asia,
Australia> 493,3&4 494,2&5 496,1&3 499,2 500,1 503,1 504,5 508,3 509,1
515<in wooded grassland> 534<Hubbard 1956> 535<studied by us - \i{}H.
nigrescens\i0{} (Yhw.) C.E. Hubb.> 540<h_pholis> 
 
# \i{}Heteropogon\i0{} <Pers.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}heteros\i0{} (different) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
re awned female-fertile and awnless male-fertile spikelets>
5<\i{}Spirotheros\i0{} Raf.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,20-100 14,2 19,1/2 23,1/2
27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,2 50<the sheaths keeled> 52,1 55,2 59,1 65,2
66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1/2 75,1<heterogamous, but only in the upper parts of the
raceme> 76,1&3&4/2&3&4 78,1 79,1<lower pairs homogamous and homomorphic,
male or sterile> 84,1/2 89,4/5<the single racemes sometimes in false
panicles> 94,- 101,1/2 102,1<when having axillary fascicles>/2 103,3<of
several to many joints> 106,1 108,1 109,2<between the heterogamous upper
spikelet pairs> 111,1 114,2 120,2 121,1 126,1 127,1<but the pedicel reduced
to a short stump, the spikelet being supported on a long, slender callus>
128,2 129,1<in upper regions of spike-like panicles only>/2 130,3/4 131<the
pedicellate male or sterile spikelets larger, with a pedicel-like callus
(the true pedicel represented by a stump); awnless, dorsally flattened,
rather asymmetric. G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} herbaceous, many nerved, winged
above> 133,1 136,1 145,2-3<subterete> 147,3 154,2 157,1 160,3 161,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1 173,3 176,2 177,- 179,1<the upper with deep
longitudinal grooves> 183,2 184,1 185,2 186,1/4 187,5-9 189,3 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<stipitate-cartilaginous below, produced into the awn> 214,1<hyaline>
216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,3 244,2 248,3
250,1/2 251<when present,>,3 259,1 264,1/2 265<when present,>,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,0-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 290,1<channelled on
one side> 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 311,1 312,1 313,2
314,21-30 322,1 323,1<e.g. \i{}H. contortus\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}H.
triticeus\i0{}> 326,1<in \i{}H. contortus\i0{}> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,61.5-82 341,7.2-9.6 342,6.4-8.8 343,24-38 344,0.41-0.51 345,1
346,42-45 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1/2<many solitary, some twos, some short
rows - being an unusual feature in Poaceae> 354,2 360,1 363,8 364,1-3 370,1
374,2 375,2<the walls thick> 378,2 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 389,1<in places,
apparently, in \i{}H. triticeus\i0{}>/2 393,3<the furrows scarcely
detectable> 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1<e.g. in \i{}H. triticeus\i0{}>/2<e.g.
in \i{}H. contortus\i0{}> 399,1 401,2<sometimes linked with traversing
columns of colourless cells, or in places irregularly grouped> 402,1<in
places,in \i{}H. triticeus\i0{}>/2 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,3 413,2<2
species> 442,- 469,10&11 470,20&22&40&44&50&60&80 471,2&4&6&8 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,7 492<tropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&5 497,2&4 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4
502,1&4&6 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9 506,1 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,3-4 513,2
514,2 515<dry places, often on poor soils> 516<\i{}H. contortus\i0{} (with
needle-sharp, penetrative callus)> 518<\i{}H. contortus\i0{}> 524,5 525,4
529,4&5 530,39&43 531,2 533,1&2&4 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}H.
triticeus\i0{} (R. Br.) Stapf> 540<h_pogon> 
 
# \i{}Hickelia\i0{} <A. Camus>/
6<\i{}Pseudocoix\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 14,1<slender> 17,1 19,1 20,1 21,11-20 23,4
30,1 35,1 36,2 44,2 48,2 52,3<acuminate> 55,1 56<to>,10-15<to 10 cm long>
57<rounded at the base> 63,1 66,1<presumably> 68,1 71<small> 72,2 73,2 74,1
78,- 86,1 89<with stellate spikelet clusters around the nodes> 103,6
106,3<the dense capitula aggregated> 108,2 141,10-18 142,10 144,-
145<becoming ventricose> 147,1<the glumes persistent> 154,1 163,3<3-5>
164,2 171,1<long-pilose> 174,1 176,2 179,1<the lower short and membranous,
the two upper crustaceous and like the lemma> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 203,2
205,2-3 206,2 207,1<shining, ventricose> 208,1 210<broad, convolute, ovate>
214,3 216,1<and inflated> 218,1 223,1 244,2 248<many-nerved> 250,1 251,1
252,2 256<apically pilose> 258,1<shining> 259,4<16-20 nerves> 260,1
264,1<acute, small> 272,6 277,2 278,1 279,2 283,3 287,2<9 mm long> 290,1
296,1<becoming dilated at the base of the style> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,4 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11
514,2 515<forest> 538,4 540<hickelia> 
 
# \i{}Hierochlo\i0{} <(Gmel.) R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hieros\i0{} (sacred) \i{}chlo\i0{} (grass), alluding
to "strewing (\i{}H. odorata\i0{}) before the doors of churches on festival
days"> 3<\i{}Anthoxanthum\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}H. odorata\i0{} (L.) Wahlenb.
(type cons.)> 5<\i{}Ataxia\i0{} R. Br., \i{}Dimeria\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Disarrenum\i0{} Labill., \i{}Savastana\i0{} Schrank, \i{}Torresia\i0{}
Ruiz & Pavon> 7,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,7-120 14,2 19,1-2 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1
43,1<coumarin-scented> 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 53,2 55,2 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 67,1
69,1 70,2 71,2-5.5 73,2 74,1 84,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1/2 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,3.5-7 145,1 147,1 148,1
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1
179,2<membranous, ovate> 187,1-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,1
201,1<with 3 stamens, or rarely neuter> 203,1/2 204,5 205,2-3
206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 216,1<usually>/2<<4%> in only 1 species>
218,1 219,2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 234,1 235,1
240,1/2 244,2 248,3-5(-7) 250,1 251,1 259,2 260,1<2-keeled in male florets>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 272,2<3 in male florets>
274,1-3.5 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,1/3 286,2 287,1 291,1 295,1 298,2
299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 311,1 312,2 314,3-5 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,2<the costals thicker> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1/2
348<low>,2/1 350,- 351,1/2 360,1<<10%> rarely>/3 363,1/2 370,2 374,1 385,2
393,2 394,1 395,1/2 396,1/2 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1<and sometimes in
ill-defined groups of small cells, cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 403,2 404,1
405,1/2 406,1 413,2<1 species> 469,7 470,14&28&42&56&64&66&68&71&72/74-78
471,2&4&6&8&9&10&11<and aneuploids> 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11
488,5 489,41 490,8 491,30 492<temperate & cold regions> 493,1&3&5&6&7&8
494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,3 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,2&3 500,2&3&4 502,1&6 503,1
504,1&2&3&4&6&9&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1 509,2 512,2-3 513,1&2 515<woods,
marshes, grasslands, tundra> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&30&33
531,1&2 532,5 533,5 534<Schouten and Veldkamp 1985> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}H. rariflora\i0{} Hook. f., \i{}H. redolens\i0{} (Vahl)
Roemer & Schultes> 540<hierochl> 
 
# \i{}Hilaria\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<named for Auguste St. Hilaire> 5<\i{}Hexarrhena\i0{} Presl,
\i{}Pleuraphis\i0{}, \i{}Scleropelta\i0{} Buckley, \i{}Symbasiandra\i0{}
Steud.> 7,2 9,1/2/3 11,- 13,65-100 14,2 19,1/2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,1<e.g.
\i{}H. jamesii\i0{}>/2 55,2 56,1.5-5 59,1/2/3 61,1 63<tending to>,1/2 65,2
66,2 69,2-3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3<in triplets, two staminate and
one hermaphrodite> 78,1 84,1/2 89,3 91,2 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<to triplets
of spikelets> 106,- 107,- 108,1<though the main axis persists> 109,1<i.e.,
the triplets falling> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,4<constituted by the
glumes of the three spikelets, which surround the triplet and are shed with
it> 119,2 120,3 121,2 123,1&2<the central member subsessile, the others
sessile> 131<the lateral spikelets male, dorsally compressed, 2-3 flowered,
their asymmetric glumes 4-5 nerved and awned at the side. Lodicules
present> 133,1 135,2-3 141,6-10 144,- 145,-<asymmetrically compressed, the
floret being flattened laterally, and the glumes being displaced and
flattened against the rachis> 147,3<the clusters disarticulate> 148,- 150,-
154,2 163,2 165,2 166,1/2 167,1/2 168,1/2 170,3<against the rachis>
171,1<ciliate> 174,2<cleft and ciliate> 176,1<dorsally from the mid-nerve,
and in some species terminally from the laterals as well> 177,1 178,- 179,2
182,- 187,5-7 188,- 189,5-7 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1 216,2<membranous or
hyaline> 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1
226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 233,1 234,1 235,1 244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1
251,1 255,1-2 256,1 257,2<thin, hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,2<at
least, in the material of \i{}H. jamesii\i0{} seen> 266,- 272,3
274,2.3-4<i.e. relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2 289,4
290,U 294,U 295,1 296,U 297,U 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1
324,2 325,1 326,2/1<small, very thick walled, mostly towards one end of
each long-cell and interstomatal> 328,1<quite thick walled> 330,1
331,1<these pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<small, the basal cells
relatively long, the distal cells very short> 336,3 339,27-33 340,24
341,7.5-10.5 342,3-4.2 343,7.5-10.5 344,0.23-0.35 345,1 346<about>,24
348,2&3 350,1<very slightly> 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary, except that they
are frequently paired with the bases of the abundant prickles> 355,1 360,1
362,4 363,8 364<consistently>,3<large> 367,1 370,1 373,1<1 species> 374,1
375,2 376,2 377,1/3 378,1 379,1 383<seemingly>,2<in the poorish material
seen> 385,1 389,1<broad and conspicuous, between all the veins> 393,2
394,1<broadly round topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in each groove> 400,2
401,2<these linked with traversing columns of colourless cells> 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<anchors or Is with all the bundles>
406,1 409,1 436,- 442,- 469,9 470,36&72&86&90&120 471,4&8&10<and higher>
476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,39 491,9 492<southwest U.S.A. and
Mexico to Venezuela> 493,3&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&3 496,2 497,4 502,1 504,11
507,2&3 512,4 513,2 515<arid and semi-arid plains> 518<\i{}H.
belangeri\i0{}> 524,5 525,4&5 529,4 530,48 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us -
\i{}H. jamesii\i0{} Torr.> 537,2 540<hilaria> 
 
# \i{}Himalayacalamus\i0{} <Stapleton>/
7,2 9,1 11,1/2 13<without nodal roots,>,200-900 14,1 19,1 20<(where
recorded)>,3 21,(5-)11-20 23,4 27<flush or swollen, not ridged> 30,1 31,1
33,1/2 34<usually>,2 35,1 36,1/2/4 47,2 48,2 52<with conspicuous
midrib,>,1/4/6 63,1 65<obscurely>,1-2 66<demarcated,>,1<rarely>/2 72,1/2
73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1/2 89,2<racemes>/5 91,1 101,1 102,1 103,3/5 120,1
121,2 123,3 140,1/2 141,7-12 142<where recorded,>,9/- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,1<the internodes apparent> 154,1 156,1/2 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,1
171,1/2 174,1 176<muticous or mucronate,>,2 177,2 179<membranous or
chartaceous,>,2 181,1<about half as long> 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,1/2 192<if
present,>,2 193<if present,>,1 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1/2 210<lanceolate or
ovate> 214<chartaceous,>,2-3 215,1<unwrinkled, not grooved> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223<muticous or mucronate,>,1 240,1<woolly>/2 244,2 248,3/5/7 250,1
251,1<equalling the lemma> 252,2 255,1/2 256,1/2<via excurent keel veins>
259,3/4 260,1/3 264,1 265,3 266,1 269,1/2 272,3 277,1 278,2<where recorded>
283,3 289<not apically appendaged, oblong or>,4 297,3 325,U 345,U 354,U
355,U 358,U 361,U 363,4 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,8 492<temperate and
tropical Asia, Australasia> 493,3&5 494,2&5 538,4 540<himalaya> 
 
# \i{}Hitchcockella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<named for A.S. Hitchcock, American agrostologist> 7,2<shrub> 11,2
14,1<slender> 17,2<?> 19,1 21,3-10 23,3<the fascicles more or less curved>
30,1 39,2 44,2 48,U 52,3-6<acuminate and mucronate> 55,2 57<rounded at the
base> 63,1<one supposes> 65,2<apparently> 66,1 68,1<nearly none> 72,2
73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 89<of 1-3 spikelets at the apices of branchlets and
rather hidden by leaves> 101,1 102,1<presumably> 103<presumably>,1 120,1
121,2 126,2 141,12 142,9 145<strongly>,1 147,1<the assumed proximal
lemma(s) falling with the floret> 148,1 154,2<?> 163,2/3<?-with abundant
scope for confusing glumes and proximal sterile lemmas, at least in the
available description> 167,1 171<(G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,1 174,1 177,1
179,2<lanceolate, acuminate, subulate> 187,7 189,7-9 191,2<probably?>
192<(if to be interpreted as such)>,1 196,1<?> 197,1 201,2 202<lemma-like -
subulate, compressed, keeled, hairy> 204,13 205,1 206,2 208,1
210<acuminate> 218,2<obscurely bidenticulate> 223,1 240,1<ciliate> 244,1
250,1 272,6 277,1<rostrate> 278,2 280,1<into one long style> 283,2 290,U
294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U
390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38
491,1<\i{}H. baronii\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11
534<Camus 1925a> 536<from the original, very inadequate description> 537,2
538,4 540<hitchcoc> 
 
# \i{}Holcolemma\i0{} <Stapf & C.E. Hubb.>/
4<Type: \i{}H. canaliculatum\i0{} (Nees) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.> 7,1/2
9<loosely>,3<with a knotty rootstock and geniculately ascending culms> 11,-
13,30-60 14,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,2 71<very short> 73,2 74,1
89,5 91,2 92,3 94,- 98,2<at least the larger branchlets terminated by a
usually fairly inconspicuous bristle, which subtends the terminal
spikelet> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116<(at
least at the branch tips)>,2 118,1 120,- 121,2 141,2.5-3.5 144,1 145,3
147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} a quarter,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} a half the spikelet length> 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2
174,1/2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous or chartaceous> 187,3-9
189,3-5/11/13 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200,1<after anthesis,
when the large leathery keels come to clasp the side of the upper floret>
201,1/2 202<doubly saccate, with a deep, grooved fold down the back> 203,2
204,5-13 205,2-3<the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes much the shorter>
206,1-2<membranous or herbaceous> 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,3 216,1<thinly
crustaceous>/2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 250,1
251,1 257,2 258,1/2 259,3 260,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2
272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1
323,2 329,2<typical long-cells only alongside the veins: the rest rounded,
irregular or isodiametric> 330,1/2 331,-<long-cells bordering veins
sinuous, most intercostal cells not sinuous> 332,1 335,1
339,(52.5-)54-57(-60) 341,7.5-9 342,6.2-7.2 343,30-34.5 344,0.53-0.61
345,1<but only alongside veins> 346,40-46.5 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,-
360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,3 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 393,2-3 396,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,4
492<East Africa, southern India, Sri Lanka, Queensland> 493,3&4&5 494,2&5
496,1&3 499,2 500,1&2 503,1 504,6 508,2&3 509,1 513,1/2 515<weedy places>
534<Stapf and Hubbard 1929; Clayton 1978a> 535<studied by us - \i{}H.
canaliculatum\i0{} (Steud.) Stapf & Hubbard> 540<holcolem> 
 
# \i{}Holcus\i0{} <L.>/
1<the Latin form of the Greek \i{}holkos\i0{} (attractive, also some
species of grass> 2<\i{}Fog grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}H. lanatus\i0{} L.,
\i{}type cons.\i0{}> 5<\i{}Arthrochloa\i0{} R. Br., \i{}Ginannia\i0{} Bub.,
\i{}Homalachna\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Nothoholcus\i0{} Nash, \i{}Notholcus\i0{}
Hitchc., \i{}Sorghum\i0{} Adans.> 7,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}H. setiger\i0{}>/2
9,1-2/3 11,- 13,8-150 14,2 19,2 27,1/2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-2 53,1/2
55,1/2 56,2-16 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1-2 70,2<rounded> 71,1-5 73,2 74,1
80,1 89,5 91<fairly>,1-2 92<when contracted>,3/4 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,3-8 144,- 145,1 147,3
149<usually>,3&4<with the lower floret elevated on a markedly curved
internode, which in \i{}H. setiger\i0{} is U-shaped, thickened and attached
to the main axis at the middle of the U - i.e. highly modified> 154,1<and
sometimes prolonged beyond the upper, sterile or male-only floret> 155,1/2
156<usually>,1<in the sense that the upper floret is usually male-only or
sterile, regardless of whether there is an extension beyond it> 157,1/2
160<very>,2 163,2 165,2<the upper sometimes somewhat longer>
166,2-3<enclosing them> 167,2 170,- 174,1/- 176,1<both, or only the
upper>/2 177,1 179,1-2<membranous, complanate, the upper often broader and
longer-awned> 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2<spikelets 2-flowered, the lower
hermaphrodite, the upper usually male-only or sterile> 193,1 194,2<male or
sterile, falling entire> 195,1<with a conspicuous short, hooked or
geniculate dorsal awn from above the middle> 196,2 208,1<very rarely, both
florets hermaphrodite> 214,3<leathery or cartilaginous, shiny> 218,1/2
219<when entire>,1/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,1/3 225<when
present,>,1 228,2 229,1/2 231,2 240,1/2 244,1 248<indistinctly>,3-5 250,1
251,1 253,2 257,2 258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1/2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1/2 287,1
290,1<rarely>/2 291,1 295,1/2<rarely> 298,2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 304,1 305,2
306,2 308,1 309,1/2 310,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the
intercostals much larger> 328,1 330,1 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2
357<prickles abundant> 360,3 363,1/2/3 370,2 374,1 385,1<rarely>/2 393,1/2
394,1 395,2 396,1 397,1<sometimes, in \i{}H. lanatus\i0{}>/2 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 411,2 413,2<1 species> 415,1 416,1
469,7<sometimes + 1B>/4 470,7&8&14&28&35&42&49 471,2&4&5&6&7 473<large>
477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,40 491,9 492<8 Canary Is., North
Africa, Europe to Asia Minor & Caucasus; 1 South Africa> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4 495,1&2 496,1 497,2&4 498,1&2 499,2 502,6 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10
506,1 507,1&2&3 508,3 511,1 512,3 513,1&2 514,2 515<grassland, open
woodland, disturbed ground> 516<\i{}H. lanatus\i0{}, \i{}H. mollis\i0{}>
517<\i{}H. lanatus\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1&5 530,24&25&32 531,1&2 532,1&4
533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}H. lanatus\i0{} L.>
540<holcus> 
 
# \i{}Holttumochloa\i0{} <K.M. Wong>/
3<\i{}Bambusa\i0{}> 7,2 9<shortly>,1&3 11,2 13,300-500 14,1<without nodal
roots> 15,4-4.6 16,1 19,1 20,5-20<? - many> 21<the bud prophylls
multi-lobed,>,11-20<the branches subequal> 22,3 23,4 30,1 34<where
recorded,>,1/- 35<where recorded,>,1/- 36,2/- 39,1 47,2 52,3 56<3.5-11 cm
long,>,4-10 63<shortly>,1 69,1/2 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1<these
borne in clusters on branches that themselves remain unbranched, with
glumaceous or leafy subtending bracts that are smaller than the lemmas and
axillary buds at the spikelet bases> 102,1 121,2 140,2 141,10-25 142,9
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,4 154,1 155,1/2 156,1 163,1/2-3<description
ambiguous> 166,1 167,1 185<not pitted> 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,2-4 210<lanceolate or ovate> 215,1 216,2 218,1 223,1-2<acute or
apiculate> 244,2 250,1 251,1-2<shorter than the lowest lemma> 252,2 256,1
259,4 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 269,1/2 272,6 273,1 275,2 276,2
277<umbonate,>,2 278,1 279,2 283,3 286,U 290,U 292,U 293,U 296,U 297,U
300,U 325,U 345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U
386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14
491,2<\i{}H. corbuensis\i0{}, \i{}H. pubescens\i0{}> 492<Malesia> 493,5
494,2 496,3 534<K. M. Wong (1993): Four New Genera of Bamboos (Gramineae:
Bambusoideae) from Malesia. Kew Bulletin 48, 517-532. Clayton \i{}et
al\i0{}(2016), Grassbase> 536<flowering material of \i{}H. pubescens\i0{}
not known> 537,2 538,4 540<holttumo> 
 
# \i{}Homolepis\i0{} <Chase>/
7,1/2 9<rooting at the nodes and then erect, rarely caespitose (\i{}H.
longispicula\i0{})> 11,- 13,15-120 14,2 17,1/2 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,2
37,2 38,- 40,2 44,1<\i{}H. longispicula\i0{}>/2 47,1<the auricles small, on
the sheath> 50<the sheath margins with stiff hairs> 52,1<in \i{}H.
longispicula\i0{}>/2-4<usually, and acuminate> 55,1<usually>/2<in \i{}H.
longispicula\i0{}> 57,1<usually>/3<\i{}H. longispicula\i0{}> 58,-
63,1<usually>/2<\i{}H. longispicula\i0{}> 65,2 66<seemingly>,2 68,1
69,1<\i{}H. glutinosa\i0{}>/2<\i{}H. isocalycina\i0{}>/3<\i{}H.
longispicula\i0{}> 72,1<\i{}H. aturensis\i0{}>/2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 126,2
141,2.7-11 142,9 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 149,1-2 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2
165,2 166,3 167,2 170,- 171<sparsely>,1/2 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2
187,5-9 189,7-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<membranous> 201,1/2
203,2 204,5-7<with dense long stiff white hairs on the back, the folded
margins enclosing the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} in palea-like fashion> 205,3
206<ultimately>,1 207,2 208,1 214,3<ultimately> 215,1 216,1<cartilaginous>
223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1
258<thinly cartilaginous, with hyaline infolded margins above> 259,3 260,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280<basally>,1/2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,2 298,1 304,2 305,1 306,1
307,2<3> 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1<but the distal cells large and fat> 339,(52-)54-69(-70.5)/36-42<in
\i{}H. longispicula\i0{}> 341,(6.6-)7.5-12(-13.5)
342,5.5-9.3/3.1-3.6<\i{}H. longispicula\i0{}>
343,(30-)33-39(-41)/18-24<\i{}H. longispicula\i0{}> 344,0.5-0.7 345,1
346,27-43.5 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1<e.g., \i{}H.
aturensis\i0{}>/2<\i{}H. glutinosum\i0{}, \i{}H.
longispicula\i0{}>/1&3<\i{}H. isocalycina\i0{}>
363<basically>,8/5-6<intergrading with narrow crosses> 364<mainly>,1&3&4
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 391,1<these very large and regular in \i{}H.
aturensis\i0{}, \i{}H. isocalycia\i0{}, \i{}H. glutinosum\i0{}>/2<\i{}H.
longispicula\i0{}> 392,2<contiguous with laterally extended PBS cells>
393,2-3 394<when present,>,1<broad, low>/- 395,1<by virtue of its large
bundle, with heavier abaxial sclerenchyma> 396,1 399,1 401,1<the groups
large> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<in the primaries, but the
sclerenchyma masses small except in \i{}H. longispicula\i0{}> 406,1
470,22&24&40 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10 491,4 492<tropical
South America> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4&6 504,11 512,2-3 513,1&2 514,2
515<in moist woods and wet places> 535<studied by us - \i{}H.
aturensis\i0{} Chase, \i{}H. glutinosa\i0{} (Swartz) Zuloaga & Soderstrom,
\i{}H. isocalycina\i0{} (Meyer) Chase, \i{}H. longispicula\i0{} (Doell)
Chase> 540<homolepi> 
 
# \i{}Homopholis\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
4<Type: \i{}H. belsonii\i0{} C.E.Hubb.> 7,2 9,2<often>/3 11,- 13,20-50 14,2
27,2 32,3 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-2.5 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 71,1.5
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<up to 25 cm long, the branches to 15 cm with one or few
spikelets towards their ends> 94,1 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 124,4 141,4.5-6 142,9 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} slightly longer> 167,2 170,- 174,1
176,2 179,1-2<the upper shortly hairy on the back> 187,3-7 189,7/9 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<(when present)>,2<nerveless> 201,2
202<similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 203,2 204,7/9 205,3 206,1 207,2 208,1
210<about half the spikelet length, shortly beaked> 214,3 215,1
216,1<slightly so, and shiny> 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,1<but rostrate> 240,2
244,2<rounded on the back> 246,1 247,1 248,5-7 250,1<shortly auriculate at
the base> 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,1<membranous> 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,1.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1
291,2 295,1 298,1 323,2<except on the subsidiaries> 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,33-39 341,13-17.4 342,5-6.1 343,5.4-7.2 344,0.39-0.45 345,1 346,29-33
347,1 348,3 363,8 370,2 374,1 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80 491,3
492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2&6 509,1 513,1 514,2 515<in forests>
518<\i{}H. belsonii\i0{}> 534<Hubbard 1934; Webster 1987> 535<studied by us
- \i{}H. proluta\i0{} (F. Muell.) R. Webster> 540<homophol> 
 
# \i{}Homozeugos\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}homos\i0{} (alike, same) and \i{}zugon\i0{} (a pair, a
yoke), alluding to homomorphic spikelet pairs> 7,2 9,3 13,60-200 14,2
19<sometimes>,2/- 27,1 42,2 47,1<with sheath auricles>/2 52<narrowly>,1<or
junciform> 55,2 65,2 69,1 70,1/2 73,2 74,1 75,2<in homogamous pairs> 78,-
89,2<of few fascicled racemes, or a solitary raceme>
95,1<usually>/3<when the raceme solitary> 96,1-6 101,2 102,2
103<slender>,3 106,3 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2 114,2 115,1 120,2 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,6-14 145,2<almost cylindrical> 147,3 148,-
154,2 155,- 157,1<spiny> 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 170,- 171,1
173,3 176,2 177,- 179,1 183,2<except towards the tip> 184,1<leathery> 186,1
187,7-8<these evenly spaced> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2
206,1<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<linear> 214,1<scarious below, leathery
above> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,-
231,2 233,2-3 234,3 240,1<ciliate> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1
324,2 325,1<slightly, at one end> 326,1<mostly on the interstomatals, in
the form of one large, thick-walled papilla to each cell> 327,2<the costals
much narrower> 328,1<walls medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1 339,36-41-45 341,4.5-4.8-5.4 342,8-8.8 343,16.5-20-22.5 344,0.46-0.5
345,1 346,27(-30) 347,2 348<low>,2&3 350,2 351,2<ignoring the prickles>
357<small prickles abundant> 358,2<but with abundant costal prickles> 360,1
363,8 364<mostly>,4 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 393,1<over the primary bundles>
394,1<round-topped> 395<very>,1 396,2<several small bundles on either side,
between the large median and two large laterals, all the bundles towards
the abaxial surface> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,1&2 402,1 403,2<the numerous
small bundles each with an abaxial strand> 404,1<with all the primary
laterals, and some of the lower order bundles> 405,1<especially Ts> 406,1
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,5 492<tropical Africa>
493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3 515<savanna> 534<Stapf 1915>
535<studied by us - \i{}H. eylesii\i0{} C.E. Hubb.> 537,2 540<homozeug> 
 
# \i{}Hookerochloa\i0{} <E. Alekseev>/
3<\i{}Austrofestuca (Festuca) hookeriana\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,55-180 14,2 19,2
25,2-3 26,1/2 27,2 37,2 42,2<in our material> 44,1 47,2 49,1<to 2/3 of
their length, in the lower leaves>/2<upper leaves> 50<sheaths terete, not
splitting longitudinally into fibres> 52,1 53,1 55,2 56,3-6.8<11-70 cm
long> 59,1-2 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,1/2 71,0.2-2.5<basal
leaves>/2.7-6.8<culm leaves> 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<diffuse> 101,2 102,2
108,2 121,2 141,7.7-14 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155<usually>,1 156,2
157,1 160,2 161,2<densely villous> 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,2
174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous, with thin margins> 187,3 189,3/5 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-5 210<lanceolate> 214,2<membranous to chartaceous>
216,2 218,1<usually>/2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<sometimes minutely
bidenticulate or erose> 223,3/2-3<the lower lemmas usually conspicuously
awned, the upper lemmas sometimes awnless> 225,1 226,1 228,1/3<subapical>
231,1 233,1<scabrous> 234,1<0.2-3.4 mm long> 235,1 240,2 243,2<below> 244,1
247,2 248,5-7 249,1 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1-2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3
261,1/2 262,2 263,3<densely puberulous> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269<sparsely>,1/2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,3.4-4.7 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<2.6-3.4 mm long> 289,4 290<ventrally>,1 291,2 292,1
295,1<oval> 298,2 299,2 301,2 304,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,2 345,1 346,45-54 348<mostly>,2<but some truncated and approaching
parallel-sided> 350,1 353,1 354,1 356<irregularly>,1<potato shaped>/2
357<with a few costal prickles> 358,2 360,3<mostly in pairs and short rows>
363,3<predominating>/6<a few, intergrading with the rounded forms> 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 395,1<by its abaxial keel and flanking hinges>
396,1 399,2<save for the midrib hinges> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1<with all
the bundles> 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1/2<? -
\i{}\i{}H. hookeriana\i0{}\i0{}, and cf. \i{}Austrofestuca eriopoda\i0{}>
492<eastern Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2 512,2 514,2 515<alpine and
subalpine swamps> 534<Alekseev 1985; Jacobs 1990> 535<studied by us -
\i{}H. hookeriana\i0{} (F. Muell. ex Hook. f.) E. Alexeev> 540<hookeroc> 
 
# \i{}Hopia\i0{} <Zuloaga & Morrone>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{}> 4<\i{}Hopia obtusa\i0{} (Kunth) Zuloaga & Morrone> 7,2
9,1 13,15-80 14,2 27,1/2 37,2 52,2 55,2 56<3.5-20 cm long,>,2-4 59,1<or
slightly involute marginally> 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 89,5<with ascending
first-order branches appressed to the main axis> 95,3 99<triquetrous,>,4/-
101,2 102,2 120,2 121,2<the rachides not unilateral> 123<shortly>,2<with
the lower spikelet often aborted> 141<perfect>,3-3.8 142,8/11 144,1 146,2
147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,1-2<somewhat shorter> 167,2<the upper one
subequalling the lower lemma> 171,2 174,2<the upper>/1<the lower> 176,2
177,2 181<only somewhat>,1 182<much>,2 187,3-7 189,7-11 191<(the perfect
ones)>,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1<with three stamens and two
lodicules> 202<obtuse or acute> 203,2 204,7-9 205,1-2 208,1 210<obovoid>
214,3 216,1 218,1 223,1 240<apically>,1<with simple papillae, macrohairs
and microhairs> 244,2 246,2 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 272,3 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 329,1 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 345,1 348,3 360,1 361,1 363,8 370,1 371,1
373,3 374,2 393,3 395,2 399,1 400,2 401,1 403,1 404,1 406,1 470,20&40 477,8
487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,1<\i{}H. obtusa\i0{}> 492<southwestern United
States, northern and central Mexico> 493,6&7 494,1&3 513,2 534<Zuloaga,
F.O. Giussani, L. and Morrone, O. (2007). Hopia, a new monotypic genus
segregated from \i{}Panicum\i0{} (Poaceae). \i{}Taxon\i0{} 56(1):145-156>
535<\i{}Zuloaga\i0{} et al. (2007)> 537,2 540<hopia> 
 
# \i{}Hordelymus\i0{} <(Jessen) C.O. Harz>/
5<\i{}Cuviera\i0{} Koel.> 7,2 9,3<from short, creeping rhizomes> 11,-
13,40-110 14,2 27,1 38,- 47,1 52,1 55,1/2 56,4-14 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.7-1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4<the central spikelet of each triplet
imperfect> 89,3<the spikelets in triplets on reduced axes, like
\i{}Hordeum\i0{} but all pedicellate> 91,2 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2<the rachis tough> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3 121,2 122,2
126,1 127,2 128,- 129<(i.e. the central member of each triplet)>,3/4
130<(i.e. the lateral members)>,1 141<about>,12 144,- 145,3 147,1 154,1
156<usually>,1<the upper of the two florets usually being imperfect, and
with bristle beyond it> 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,1 170,3<side by side> 171,2
172,2 174,- 175,1-2<linear subulate to linear> 176,1<but not awnlike>
177,1/2 178,- 179,2 183,- 187,3 189,3 191<usually>,2 192,2 193,1 194,1
196,2 208,1(-2)<the upper floret occasionally being also perfect>
210<lanceolate acuminate to the awn> 214,2 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,2-3 235,2 240,2 243,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5-7
250,1<narrow> 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2
271,2 272,3 274,3-4 277,2 278<below the styles> 280,2 283,2 286<slightly>,1
287,2<7-8 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,2 328,2<costals
thicker-walled> 330,1 331,1/2 332,2 345,2 348<low>,2/1/- 349,- 350,- 351,2
353,- 354,- 357<small prickles numerous> 360,3<the few seen mostly
solitary> 363<(the feww seen)>,1/2 370,2 374,1 394,2 395,1<the girders more
massive> 399,1 401,1 404,1 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,28&70 471,4&10 472,8&20
473<large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,1<\i{}H.
europaeus\i0{}> 492<Europe, Western Asia> 493,1 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,3
504,11 506,1 513,1 515<woodland> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&25
534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 540<hordelym> 
 
# \i{}Hordeum\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Hordeum\i0{}, the ancient Latin name for the barley> 2<\i{}Barley,
Barley grasses\i0{}> 5<\i{}Critesion\i0{} Raf., \i{}Critho\i0{} Meyer,
\i{}Zeocrithon\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Zeocriton\i0{} Wolf> 7,1/2 9,3<or the
culms solitary>/- 11,- 13,5-130 14,2 19,2 24,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2
52,1 53,2 55,1<<20%> rarely>/2 56,1.5-15 58,2 59<usually>,1/3<convolute>
65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.5-1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4<the lateral
spikelets sterile in \i{}Critesion\i0{}, male in \i{}Hordeum\i0{} sensu
stricto> 80,1&2 81,1/2 89,3<the spikelets in triads> 91,2/- 94,- 98,1/2<the
main axis lacking a terminal spikelet> 99,1 100,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,1/2<<10%> in cultivated forms> 109,1<the triplets shed, in
\i{}Hordeum\i0{} sensu stricto>/2<the main axis fragile, e.g. in
\i{}Critesion\i0{}> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3<the triplets shed together>
121,2 122,2/3<in 2-6 rows> 126,1/2<<10%> rarely, the laterals also sessile>
127<usually>,1<the central spikelet of each triplet sessile, the laterals
pedicellate> 129,1 130,1/3/4<in \i{}Critesion\i0{}> 131<the lateral
spikelets usually smaller, when sterile sometimes reduced to clusters of
awns> 145,1-3 147,3<in the deciduous triplets>/4<<10%> in cultivated forms>
154<usually>,1<at least in the central spikelets of the triplets> 155,1/2
156,2 163,2<unless the side by side pair in such forms represent a split
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, with G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} lacking (Butzin 1965)>
165,2 168,2 170,3<side by side> 174,- 175,1-2 176,1 177,- 179,2<persistent,
awn- or bristle-like above> 187,1(-3) 189,1(-3) 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<acuminate to an awn or awn point> 214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,1/2
220<when incised,>,2/3 223,3<nearly always>/2<in some South American
species> 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 234,1-3 235,2 240,2 244,2 248,5 250,1
251,1 255,1/2/3 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2
272,3 274,0.2-5 275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1/2 287,1-3 290,1 291,2
293,1 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1
310,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-7 322,1 323,2 327<the intercostals much
larger> 328,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,2 345,1 348,1/1&2 350,1 351,1/2 353<when
present,>,1/2<solitary> 354,1 356<when present,>,1/2 360,1/2/3 363,1/2/3/6
370,2 374,1 384,2 385,2 393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<in the
furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 410,1 411,2 412,1 413,2<2 species>
415,1 416,1 469,7 470,14&28&42<the polyploids supposedly only in
\i{}Critesion\i0{}> 471,2&4&6
472,8<\i{}Critesion\i0{}>/9<\i{}Hordeum\i0{} sensu stricto> 473<large>
474,5.4-5.6<15 species, mean 5.5> 475,11<11 species, 10.8-11.1> 476,2 477,2
478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491<about>,40 492<North temperate &
South America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,2&3
499,2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&10 506,1 508,2 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 514,1&2
515<open weedy or sandy places, mostly in dry soils> 516<\i{}H.
jubatum\i0{}, \i{}H. leporinum\i0{}, \i{}H. marinum\i0{}, \i{}H.
murinum\i0{} (the fruiting inflorescence parts of these causing eye and
other damage to livestock, and problems with wool)> 519<\i{}H. vulgare\i0{}
(Barley); including (e.g.) \i{}H. distichon\i0{}, \i{}H. aegiceras\i0{}>
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Elytrigia\i0{} (\i{}Elytrordeum\i0{}
Hylander, \i{}Elyhordeum\i0{} Zizan & Petrowa), \i{}Agropyron\i0{}
(\i{}Agrohordeum\i0{} A. Camus), \i{}Secale\i0{} (\i{}Hordale\i0{}
Ciferri & Giacom.), \i{}Sitanion\i0{} (\i{}Sitordeum\i0{} Bowden),
\i{}Triticum\i0{} (\i{}Tritordeum\i0{} Aschers. & Graebn.)> 524,5 525,3&4
528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&26&32&33&34&35&37 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 534<Lve
1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}H. glaucum\i0{} Steud., \i{}H.
leporinum\i0{} Link, \i{}H. vulgare\i0{} L.> 540<hordeum> 
 
# \i{}Hubbardia\i0{} <Bor>/
1<named for C.E. Hubbard, distinguished agrostologist> 7<delicate>,1 9,2
14,2 44,2 47,2 52<narrowly>,6 54,2 55<relatively broad> 56,3-7<and about
1.5-4 cm long> 59,1 65,2 68,2 73,2 74,1 89,5<small, scanty, terminating the
leafy branches> 91,1 92,- 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 126,2 140,2<said to have two lemmas, both lacking
paleas> 141,2.7 144,- 145,2-3 147,1<the glumes persistent> 148,1 154,2<?>
157,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,- 171,2 176,2 177,2<lanceolate,
round-backed> 179,2<thinly membranous> 187,5-7 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,2 201,2 202<lanceolate> 203,2 204,7-9 205,2 206,2 207,2 208,1
216,2<membranous> 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,7-9 250,2<unless the
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} is a many-nerved palea> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.5 mm long> 289,2 291,2 293,-
295,1<very shortly linear> 298,1<about a third of the fruit length> 303,2
322,1 323,2 329,2 331,2 332,2<but present adaxially> 335<panicoid type>
345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,2 363,9<cuboid> 365,1<square to rectangular>
370,2<seemingly with only two layers of mesophyll, the cells of upper layer
irregularly lobed, those of the lower forming a palisade> 438,1 477,7 478,5
485,1 487,7 488,7 489,26 490,80 491,1<\i{}H. heptaneuron\i0{}> 492<southern
India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 512,2<discovered in wet soil and high
humidity, in the spray from a waterfall> 535<Clifford 1967> 536<extinct?>
540<hubbardi> 
 
# \i{}Hubbardochloa\i0{} <Auquier>/
1<named for C.E. Hubbard, distinguished agrostologist, with Greek
\i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass)> 3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}?> 4<\i{}H. gracilis\i0{}
Auquier> 7<slender>,1 13,4-12(-17) 14,2 19,1 44,2 47,2 52,2 55,2 56,2-5
59,1/3<convolute when dry> 61,1 63,1<the base very abruptly contracted>
65,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 75,2 80<seemingly>,2 81,1/2<?> 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2
102,2 108,2 120,1 121,1/2 140,- 141,1.2-1.4 142,1 145<somewhat>,1 147,1
154,2 157,1<minute> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,2 172,1-2
174,1<the upper being acute>/2<the lower being obtuse-erose> 176,2
177,1<the upper>/2<the lower> 179<slightly dissimilar> 187,1 189,1 191,1
196,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline-membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,2<truncate> 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,3 233,1<scaberulous> 234,3 235,1 240,1<on the
margins> 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,1 250,2 264,2 266,2 272,3 274,0.3-0.4
277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<0.9-1 mm long> 289,2 291,3<almost cylindrical>
295,1 297,3 298,2 322<fairly>,1 323,1 324<very abundant,>,1&2 325,-
326,3<nearly every cell with one or two rows of smallish, round or
branch-paired papillae> 327,1 328,1<rather thin walled> 330,1 331,1<the
sinuosity coarse> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,12 342,3 344,0.33 345,2
351,2 352,2 353,2 355,1 357<no macrohairs or prickles seen> 360,1 361,1
362,4 363,8 364,1&2&3<mostly dumb-bells> 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2
377,1 378,2 385,1 389,2 393,1 394,1<round topped, one per bundle> 395,2
396,1 399,1<in every furrow> 400,1 401,1<deeply penetrating> 403,2
406,1<scanty> 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}H.
gracilis\i0{} Auquier> 492<Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3
504,11 508,3 513,2 515<stony slopes, in savanna> 534<Auquier (1980)>
535<studied by us> 540<hubbardo> 
 
# \i{}Humbertochloa\i0{} <A. Camus & Stapf>/
7,2 11,2 13<about>,20-100 14,1<slender, bamboo-like> 19,1 37,2 40,2 44,2
47,2 48,2 55,1 56,10-30<and 2-9 cm long> 57<conspicuously>,1 63,1 65,1 66,1
67,1 68,1 70,1<short> 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3<separate male and female
spikelets in the conspicuous terminal inflorescences, and sometimes with
small, few-spikeleted female inflorescences in the upper leaf sheaths> 77,1
78,1<the males much smaller> 79,- 82,1/2 83<(when present)>,1<in the form
of few-spikeleted female inflorescences, in the upper leaf sheaths>
89,-<with the spikelets in secondary, short spiciform subsessile racemes,
the latter borne alternately along the thickened midrib on one side of the
thickened, leaf-like primary axis> 99,2&3<spathiform> 101,1 103,1<the
female racemes with one spikelet, the males with 1-4> 108,1 109,- 116,3<the
glumes of vestigial spikelets?> 118,1 121,1<i.e., on one side of the main
axis> 131<male spikelets borne 1-4 per raceme, smaller than the females,
the upper (fertile) floret with 3-6 stamens and a vestigial ovary> 138,3-6
141,10-11 142,7 144,1 145,1<asymmetric> 147,3 148,- 154,1 157,2 163,2 165,1
167,1 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter, rigid and subulate,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} membranous, keeled, folded, lanceolate or
ovate-oblong> 187,0 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 206<rigid,
thick> 208,1 210<lanceolate-acuminate> 214<thinly leathery> 218,1 219,1
223,1 240,2 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,7-11<the nerves anastomosing above>
250,1 251,2<about two-thirds the lemma length> 255,1<lanceolate> 256,1
258,2<thinly leathery> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2<hyaline> 271,1
272,0/3-6<staminodal> 277,1 280,1<into one long style> 283,2 286,2 295,2
298,2 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,57-69
341,7.5-9 342,6.3-9.2 343,30-37.5 344,0.5-0.57 345,1 346,24-27
348<mostly>,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<these abundant, small> 354,1
356,2/3/8<small> 357<a few bulbous-based prickles present> 358,2
360,3<seemingly nearly all solitary> 363,4/7<predominating, intergrading
with the saddles> 370,2<the bundles very widely separated> 374,1<the
mestome sheath itself double in the midrib bundle> 385,2
386<probably>,1<judging from the distorted material seen> 390,1 391,2 393,2
395,1<by virtue of its large bundle and small, blunt, abaxial keel> 396,1
398,2 399,1<these large and wide> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<the median with a
large, pronounced I, the other bundles with slight anchors or Is> 406,1
456,1 477,3 478,3 481,7 487,8 488,7 489,40 490,80 491,2 492<tropical East
Africa, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 513,1 515<in
forests> 534<Hubbard 1939> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. greenwayi\i0{} C.E.
Hubbard> 540<humberto> 
 
# \i{}Hyalopoa\i0{} <(Tzvelev) Tzvelev>/
3<\i{}Colpodium\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,15-70 14,2 19,2 27,2 44,2 55,2 56,1-6<by
4-15 cm long> 59,1 65,2 66,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<effuse, nodding, the
branches flexuose> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 126,2 141,5-10 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 157,2 158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2
165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,2<rounded-denticulate> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<cuneate to lanceolate, often purple-tipped> 182,2 187,1 189,1/3
191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-4 214,3<leathery below> 216,2 218,1/2<very
slightly> 219,1/2 221,2 223,1 240,1<pilose below, between the ciliate
nerves> 244,1 245<slightly>,1/- 247,2 248,3/5 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,3 260,3
262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 274,1.5-3.5
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.8-2.5 mm long> 295,1 298,2 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
469,7 470,42 471,6 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,24 491,4 492<Caucasus, Turkey, northwest Himalaya, northeast Siberia>
493,1&2&3 494,1 495,1&2 497,2&3 498,3 504,11 506,2 512,2<moist upland
habitats> 513,2 514,2 534<Bor 1970 (under \i{}Colpodium\i0{})> 538,4
540<hyalopoa> 
 
# \i{}Hydrochloa\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hudor\i0{} (water) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass),
alluding to habitat> 3<\i{}Luziola\i0{} (\i{}L. fluitans\i0{}, = \i{}H.
caroliensis\i0{}> 7,2 9<a slender aquatic, floating or with trailing culms
30-100 cm long> 11,- 13,- 14,2 19,1 38,- 44,2 48,1<usually 2 or 3 on either
side> 55,2 56,2-5<by 2-6 cm long> 59,1 69,1 71,0.5-1 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3
77,1<male spikelets in small few-flowered terminal panicles or racemes,
female spikelets axillary, solitary or in few-flowered racemes> 78,1 88,1/2
89,4/5 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
131<male spikelets about 4 mm long, 1-flowered, the lemma thin and 7-nerved
the palea thin and 2-nerved, the floret with 6 free stamens> 133,2 135,1
138,6 139,1 140,2<through lacking organs, presumably glumes> 141,2 145,2-3
147,-<abscising below the spikelet> 148,- 154,2 157,- 162,2 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,- 216,2<thin> 218,1 219,1 240,2 247,2 248,5-7 250,1 251,1<thin>
258,2 259,4<4-7> 260,2 272,0 280,1<?> 283,2<long> 290,U 294,U 296,U 322,1
323,1 324,1 326<complex - one large papilla on each long-cell and
interstomatal, itself covered by the numerous, minute papillae which extend
over most of the cell surface> 327,2<the costals much narrower and more
regular> 328,1<thin walled> 330<irregular, but>,1 331,1 332,1<detectable by
the bases, but hard to locate and none seen in good condition> 334,1<cf.
\i{}Luziola\i0{}?> 335<minute> 345<fairly>,1<in single files near the
costal zones> 346,18-21 347<often>,1<two papillae each, near their ends>
348,- 350<deeply sunken amongst the surrounding papillate cells> 351,1
354,1 356,8 360,1 363,8 364<exclusively>,3<short> 370,2 374,1 386,2
390<probably>,1<but the material seen very poor> 391,2 395<fairly>,1<by its
larger bundle> 396,1 398,2 399,1<a large group in each intercostal zone>
401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 406,1 442,- 469,12 470,24 477,3
478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,1<\i{}H. caroliniensis\i0{}>
492<southeast U.S.A.> 493,6 494,1 495,1 497,4 504,11 507,2 512,1
535<studied by us> 537,2 540<hydrochl> 
 
# \i{}Hydrothauma\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7<aquatic>,1 11,- 14,2 19,1 38,- 44,2 52,1<the emergent blades with sinuous
longitudinal lamellae adaxially> 55,2 63,1<the blades of the lower leaves
floating on their long petioles> 69,1 73,2 74,1 89<short,
slender,>,4<with paired spikelets>/5 92,3 94,- 95,3/- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,1 126,1 128,- 129,1 130,1
144,1 145,3<asymmetrical in profile> 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2
165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1<the lower short, orbicular-truncate, membranous-hyaline, the upper
elongated, gibbous, equalling the spikelet, membranous-herbaceous> 187,0
188,1<cf. \i{}Sacciolepis\i0{}> 189,7-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2
201,1/2 203,2 204,7 205,3<resembling G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 206,1 207,2
208,1 214,3<leathery to crustaceous> 216,1 218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2
248<obscurely nerved> 250,1 251,1<somewhat leathery> 253,2 255,1<pointed>
256,1 257,2 258,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 275,2
276,2<anthers divaricate> 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,2<though very abundant adaxially, both intercostally and over the
lamellae> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse and
irregular> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 337,2<the costals very much narrower>
345,2 351,1<in places - exclusive of abundant microhair bases>
353,2<seemingly solitary> 354,2 360,1 361,1 363,8 364<nearly all>,4
366,2<very unusual, with high densely papillate lamella-ribs running
longitudinally in association with each vascular bundle> 370,2 374,1 386,2
387,2 391,2<but with rounded or angular lacunae in the abaxial part of the
mesophyll> 393,1<i.e., the lamellae> 404,2<the sclerenchyma very scanty>
406,2 407,4<there being small groups of hypodermal fibres, and single large
lignified hypodermal cells, in the lamellae> 439,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,80 491,1<\i{}H. manicatum\i0{}> 492<southern tropical
Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,1<in shallow pools>
534<Hubbard 1947> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 536<worthy of
detailed anatomical study based on better material than that seen. The
presence of abundant microhairs on the submerged, astomatal abaxial blade
surface is odd, and many of the vascular bundles are associated with an
abaxial sclerenchyma group incorporating an extraordinarily large,
lignified element> 537,2 540<hydrotha> 
 
# \i{}Hygrochloa\i0{} <Lazarides>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hygros\i0{} (wet, moist) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass),
referring to habitat> 4<Type: \i{}H. aquatica\i0{} Lazarides> 7,1/2<aquatic
to hydrophytic> 9,3<\i{}H. cravenii\i0{}, erect, not submerged, to 1 m
high>/4<\i{}H. aquatica\i0{}, floating from submerged tufts> 11,-
13,50-100/- 14,2 19,1<at least sometimes>/2<?> 23,1/2<in \i{}H.
cravenii\i0{}> 32,3 37,2<and aerenchymatous> 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2
69,3 71,- 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,2<female spikelets in appressed
spiciform racemes below, male spikelets on the main axis above> 78,1 89,2
97,1 98,2<the branch rachides and the panicle axis briefly bare-tipped>
99,1 100,1<to some extent> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 124,3 131<male spikelets 3.5-5 mm long, with 2
florets, both staminate with three stamens or one neuter> 133,1 135,2 136,1
137,1/2 138,3 140,- 141,2-2.75 142,7/8/11 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1 167,1/2 170,1 171,2 174,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1<both membranous, the upper much larger and more substantial> 187,0-3
189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5-7 205,2
206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,3<leathery to crustaceous> 215,2<or
striolate> 216,1 217,2/3 218,1 219,1 223,1<apiculate> 240,2 244,2 246,1
247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1/2 259,2 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,0 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2 287,1<1.5-1.75
mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<long-rectangular>
328,1<thin walled> 331,1 332,1 335,1<distal cells very flimsy and often
missing> 339,34.5-36 341,5.4-7.5 342,4.8-6.7 343,18-21 344,0.52-0.58 345,1
346,33-39 348,3 350,2<flush> 351,1 353,1<mostly superposed> 354,1/2 360,1/3
363,8 364,4 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 393<adaxially with numerous large,
inflated hairs, clustered on the ribs and less frequent intercostally>
395,2 396,1 399,2<the epidermis extensively bulliform> 401,- 403,1
404,2<with the adaxial sclerenchyma confined to tiny strands, associated
with the larger bundles> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20
491,2 492<North Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,7 509,1 512,1-2
534<Lazarides 1979> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. aquatica\i0{} Lazarides,
\i{}H. craveni\i0{} Lazarides> 540<hygrochl> 
 
# \i{}Hygroryza\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hygros\i0{} (wet, moist) and \i{}Oryza\i0{} (a related
genus)> 5<\i{}Potamochloa\i0{} Griff.> 7<aquatic>,2 9,2<with adventitious
roots> 11,2 14,2 19,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 49,2 50<sheaths inflated,
tessellate-veined> 52,4-6 55,1 56<to>,20 57<somewhat>,1 59,1 63,1<floating>
65,1 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.8 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 88<relatively>,2<partly
enclosed in the upper leaf sheath> 89,5 91,1 99,- 101,2<but the uppermost
leaf quite reduced> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 125,1 140,2<by virtue of the vestigial glumes> 142,9 144,- 145,1
147,3<at least, disarticulating well below the annular rim which presumably
represents them: the floret falling on its long, slender stipe>/- 148,-
154,2 155,- 157,2 162<more or less>,2<being represented at the most by an
annular rim> 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<attenuate> 214,- 216,2<papery or firmly
membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,2-3
240,1<hispid, especially on the veins> 244,1 247,2 248,5<the laterals close
to the margins> 249,1 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma> 255,1<acute>
256,1 257,2 258,2<papery> 259,4<3> 260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,2 271,1 272,6 274<about>,1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2
287,1<about 3.5mm long> 291,3<terete> 295,2 298,2 301,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2
325,1<but only very slightly, at the ends> 326,3<each long- and
interstomatal cell with one large central papilla, this and the entire cell
surface ornamented by numerous small cuticular papillae - only the guard
cells and subsidiaries lack ornamentation> 328,1<walls of medium thickness>
329,2<most being short to more or less isodiametric> 330,- 331,1 332,1
333,2 334,1 335<these in the form of minute, seemingly 1-celled trichomes -
their bases presenting the appearance of those of conventional microhairs
at first sight> 345,1 347,2 348,2&3 350,1<very slightly>/2 351,1
353,2<solitary> 354,1 356<minutely>,8 360,1 363,7<exclusively, a large
version> 370,2 385,2 390,1/2<? - these not apparent in the poor material
seen> 391,1 392,2 393,1 396,1 404,1 406,1 440,1 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,3
478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,1<\i{}H. aristata\i0{}>
492<eastern Asia> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1&2 504,11 512,1 516<\i{}H.
aristata\i0{} (in rice)> 535<studied by us> 540<hygroryz> 
 
# \i{}Hylebates\i0{} <Chippindall>/
7,1/2 9,4 13,40-300 14,2 44,2 52,1-3 55,1 56,10-40 57,1<amplexicaul, in
\i{}H. cordatus\i0{}>/3 68,1 69,2 71<very short> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1
101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 141,2-3.5 144,- 145,3 147,3 149,2 154,2 157,2 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about a third the length of
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 176,2
177,2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} much smaller, ovate, basally clasping the
spikelet> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203<shortly>,1<terminally>
206,1-2<membranous> 207,2 208,1 211,U 214,2-3<thinly papery> 215,1<? -
dull> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1<enfolding and concealing
it> 250,1 253,2 256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3 283,2 290,U 294,U
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrow, rectangular> 328,1<very thin walled>
329,3<the cells more or less irregularly isodiametric> 330,- 331,1&2<often
very coarsely and irregularly sinuate> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<but unusual,
with a vase-shaped basal cell which narrows abruptly towards the apical
cell> 345,1 347,2 348<low>,2-3 350,2 351,2 357<large, cushion-based
macrohairscommon intercostally> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3&4 370,2 386,U 395,1
396,1/2<depending on the interpretation of its limits, which might take in
a small lateral on eiter side> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 406,1 413,2<\i{}H.
chlorochlo\i0{}> 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80 491,2
492<central Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 512,3 513,1
515<in woodland and riverine forest> 518<\i{}H. chlorochlo\i0{}>
535<studied by us - \i{}H. cordatus\i0{} Chippindall> 537,2 540<hylebate> 
 
# \i{}Hymenachne\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hymen\i0{} (a membrane) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff),
alluding to membranous glumes, lemmas and paleas> 4<Type: not designated.
Lecto: \i{}H. amplexicaulis\i0{} (Rudge) Chase, \i{}fide\i0{} G.Panigrahi &
A.K.Dubey, \i{}Taxon\i0{} 35: 338-340 (1886)> 6<\i{}Dallwatsonia\i0{}> 7,2
9<decumbent aquatics> 11,- 13,50-200 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 32,3 37,1<but
aerenchymatous> 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2 57,1/3 65,1/2 66,2 68,1 69,1
70,- 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,2/5<spiciform or contracted, often with appressed
branches> 94,- 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,1<the branches unilateral> 124,2/3 142<narrowly>,9 144,1 145,2-3 147,3
149,2 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 166<(the
upper)>,1-2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about half as long> 167,1-2 168,2<widely
separated> 170,- 176,2 179,2<hyaline, not gibbous> 180<about>,0.5 187,1-3
189,3-7<usually acuminate> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 202<acute,
acuminate or awnlike> 203<more or less>,1/2 204,3-5 205,2-3
206,1-2<hyaline, lanceolate, acuminate> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<membranous to
leathery> 215,1 216,2 217,1 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1<except at
the base> 247,2 248,2/3 250,1 251,1 253,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 286,2
287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1-2 331,1 332,1
335<more or less>,2<though the apical cells fairly thin walled> 339,27-36
341,7.5-9 342,2-4.3 343,(12-)13.5-15(-18) 344,0.44-0.54 345,1 346,30-34.5
348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2 360,1 363,8 370,2
374,1 385,2 393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,2<a small lateral on each side> 399,1
401,1 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 470,24 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37
490,53 491,5 492<tropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,2&3&5 496,3 500,1&2&3&4
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,6&7&9 509,1 512,1-2<in swamps> 514,2 518<\i{}H.
acutigluma\i0{}, in swamps> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. amplexicaulis\i0{}
(Rudge) Nees> 540<hymenach> 
 
# \i{}Hyparrhenia\i0{} <Anderss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hypo\i0{} (under) and \i{}arrhen\i0{} (male), alluding
to male-only spikelets at raceme bases> 6<\i{}Dybowskia\i0{},
\i{}Hyperthelia\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2<usually large> 9,3 11,- 13,30-300(-400)
14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 43,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2
59<usually>,1/2<sometimes> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1<the lower
spikelet pairs homogamous, the upper pairs heterogamous> 76,1&3/1&4
78,1<imperfect spikelets sometimes with awned glumes, the
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} awnless> 79,1<the proximal 1-2 pairs homogamous, male
or neuter> 80,2 84,1/2 89<falsely>,5<leafy, often with coloured spatheoles>
92,- 94,1<i.e., the articles of the racemes, and the peduncles slender>
101,1 102,1 103,3 106,2<the racemes with a common peduncle, often deflexed,
their bases terete or flattened, that of the upper usually much shorter
than 9 mm by contrast with \i{}Exotheca\i0{}> 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1
113,1/2 114,2 115,1/2/3 120,2<with terminal triplets> 121<somewhat>,1/2
126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1<in the upper pairs only> 130,3/4 131<the pedicelled
spikelets male or sterile, without a callus, usually longer than the
sessile, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often mucronate or aristate.
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} awnless, sometimes suppressed> 133,1 135,1/2 136,1
141,3.5-10 145,2-3 147,3 154,2 157,1 161,1-2 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 170,-
174,2<truncate> 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower dorsally rounded or flattened,
the upper narrower, shallowly naviculate> 183,2<striate or grooved>
184,1<rarely slightly concave or with two or more shallow depressions>
185,2 186,1 187,7-9 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0/2
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<hyaline below, stipitate to the awn>
214,1<hyaline, but hardening into the awn> 216,2 218,2 220,2<usually
minutely bidentate> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<flanked by tiny teeth>
229,- 231,2 233,2/3 234,3 240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1/2 251<when
present,>,1/2/3 258,2 259,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 291,2/3 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1
306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,1 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(46.5-)52-66(-72) 341,6-7 342,6-8.5 343,15-30 344,0.33-0.55 345,1
346,21-25.5 348,3/2&3 350,2 351,1 353,1<a few>/2<mainly solitary>
354,1<when paired>/2 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 370,1 373,3<\i{}H. hirta\i0{}>
374,2 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1<the
groups of large cells (cf. \i{}Zea\i0{}) or of small cells, sometimes the
bulliforms irregularly grouped> 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 413,2<2 species>
442,- 469,10&15 470,20&30&40&44&45&60 471,2&4&6 476,1 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5 491<about>,55 492<Mediterranean, Africa,
Arabia, America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&4&5 495,1&2 496,1&2&3 497,2
498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&5&6&8&9 506,1 508,1&2&3&4
509,1 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna> 516<\i{}H. hirta\i0{}, \i{}H.
rufa\i0{}> 517<\i{}H. rufa\i0{}> 518<most more or less unpalatable, but
sometimes useful, especially when young: \i{}H. anamesa\i0{}, \i{}H.
cymbaria\i0{}, \i{}H. dregeana\i0{}, \i{}H. filipendula\i0{}, \i{}H.
poecilotricha\i0{}, etc.> 524,5 525,1&2&3&4 526,3 527,2 528,5&6 529,4&5
530,18&39&43 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2&5 534<Clayton 1969> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}H. filipendula\i0{} (Hochst.) Stapf> 540<hyparrhe> 
 
# \i{}Hyperthelia\i0{} <W. Clayton>/
3<\i{}Hyparrhenia\i0{} (including \i{}H. dissoluta\i0{})> 7,1/2 9,3
13,100-750 14,2 15,0.4-1 19,1<to form compound inflorescences> 27,2 37,2
42,2 43,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,1/2 56,3-40 59,1/3<on drying>
63,1<pseudopetioles to 16 cm long>/2 65,2 66,2 69,1<usually>/2<rarely>
70,1/2<rounded to acute, the upper edges of the sheath adnate to its sides>
71,3-4 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3 77,4 78,1 79,1<with one homogamous pair,
at the base of the lower raceme> 89<falsely>,5<large, leafy> 101,1 102,1
103,1<usually>/3<rarely> 104<usually>,1<rarely with 4 or 5> 106,2<the pair
subtended by a linear to lanceolate spatheole, the bases terete, sometimes
deflexed> 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 113,1<the raceme-base with a long
scarious appendage at the tip, 3-20 mm long, flat or rolled into a funnel
around the raceme base> 114,2 120,2/3<sometimes having one female-fertile
spikelet with a pair of pedicelled male spikelets, the triplet
disarticulating in its entirety> 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1<in the
heterogamous combinations>/3<in the homogamous combinations> 130,3 131<the
homogamous and pedicellate spikelets male, linear-lanceolate, with two
hyaline lemmas; pedicellate spikelets with a short basal callus> 135,2
141,8-35 144,1 145,2-3 146,2 147,3 148,1 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,3
161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, towards
the tip>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 173,3 174,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
bifurcate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} blunt> 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{},
sometimes>/2 177,2 179,1 181,3 183,2 184,4 185,2 186,1 189,1 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline at margins and tips> 216<becoming indurated along a central
sulcate column below the awn> 218,2 220<shortly>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,1 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,3 240,2<or with a few hairs only, at the edges>
244,2<flat, sulcate> 247,2 248,1 250,1/2 251<when present,>,2/3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,3-4 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284<dark>,2 286,2 289<narrowly>,4 295,1 298,1 345,1 348,2&3 351,2 360,1
363,8 370,1 374,2 383,1 386,2 393,3<practically smooth> 394,- 395,1 396,3
399<somtimes>,1<but mostly in irregular groups> 401<sometimes>,1/- 403,1
404,1<with most large bundles> 417,1<sometimes>/2 469,10 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,6 492<tropical and southern Africa>
493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3&4 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<grasslands and savanna> 519<\i{}Hyperthelia edulis\i0{} harvested wild>
534<Clayton 1966> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. dissoluta\i0{} (Steud.)
Clayton> 540<hyperthe> 
 
# \i{}Hypogynium\i0{} <Nees>/
3<\i{}Andropogon\i0{}> 7,2 9<densely>,3 13<about>,20-100 14,2 27,2 40,2
42,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths glabrous> 52,1 55,2 56,2-4 59,1<at the
base>/3<convolute above> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<rounded to acute> 73,1 74,2
75,1 76,2&3 77,4 78,2 79,2<?> 89,5 92,- 94,- 96,- 101,1 102,1<often
decompound> 103<short>,3 106,1 107,1<filiform> 108,1 109,2 113,2 114,2<or
at least, sub-obliquely> 115,3 120,2 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,2 130,3 131<the
pedicelled spikelets very similar in form to the sessile, but glumes
stronger nerved, lemmas slightly shorter, and with 3 functional stamens>
133,1 135,2 136,1 138,3 141,3-4 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1<small, glabrous on the back, bearded on sides and front> 163,2 165,2
167,2<exceeding them> 170,- 173,3 176,2 179,1<both papery,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} bicarinate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate> 183,1
185,2 186,1 189,1-3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 205,2-3
206<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,1 250,1/2<in \i{}H. virgatum\i0{}> 251<when present,>,2/3 255,1 256,1
258,2 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 272,0<but with 3 staminodes>
277,1 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long in \i{}H. virgatum\i0{}> 288<brown> 289,2
294,2 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1
330,1/1&2 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348,3 351,1 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,3
370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 383,1 393,3 395,1<via a conspicuous abaxial keel,
and a large adaxial bulliform group> 396,1/2<if two small flanking bundles
are regarded as part of the midrib> 397,1/2 398,2 399,2<restricted to a
single group over the midrib> 401,- 403,1 404,1<with the larger bundles>
405,1 406,1 469,5 470,30 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,5
491,2 492<tropical America and Africa> 493,4&7 494,2&3 496,1 499,2
502,2&3&4 504,11 508,3 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna> 535<based mainly on
photos of \i{}H. festuciformis\i0{} supplied by R.P. Ellis, but see also
Metcalfe 1960> 540<hypogyni> 
 
# \i{}Hypseochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7<slender>,1 9,- 11,- 13,4-16 14,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,2 71,1-3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,2-3 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 154,1
156,2<minute> 157,1 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<exceeding
them> 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 183,- 187,3/5
189,3/5 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,3<thinly leathery> 216,1<at least by contrast
with \i{}Agrostis\i0{}> 218,2 220,2<shortly bidentate> 221,2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,2 229,1/2 231,2 234,3 235,1 240,2 243,1/2 244,2 246,2 247,2
248,5-7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255<minutely>,2 256,1 258,2<hyaline/membranous>
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 277,1
280,2 283,2 287,1<1.2 mm long> 291,2/3 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 302,1 303,2
322,1 323,2 327,2<costals shorter, bulbous> 328,1<thin-walled> 330,2 331,2
332,2 345,1 346,42-57 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3<mostly solitary
or paired> 363,1<many deeply crenate, some almost nodular, sometimes with
pointed corners> 365,1<many of the crenate/nodular silica-bodies have
pointed corners> 370,2 374,1 385,1<in places> 386,2 393,1-2 394,1<low,
round-topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1<these broad> 403,2
404,2<mostly strands only> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,2 491,2 492<on mountains of Tropical West Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,3 504,11 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<mountain grassland> 535<studied by
us - \i{}H. cameroonensis\i0{} C.E. Hubb.> 540<hypseoch> 
 
# \i{}Hystrix\i0{} <Moench>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hustrix\i0{} (a porcupine), alluding to the
inflorescence> 3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}> 5<\i{}Macrohystrix\i0{},
\i{}Microhystrix\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,60-200 14,2 27,1<puberulent>/2 37,2
38,- 44,2 47,1 49,1 52,1-2 55,1/2 56,3-30 59,1 65,2 69,1<tough> 70,1
71,0.3-1 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<sometimes with sterile spikelets at the
tip of the rachis> 89,1/3 91,- 94,- 98,- 99,2<continuous> 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1-2 121,2 122,2<in regular rows>
141,8-18 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 161,2 162,1<in the lower
spikelets, but often missing from the upper spikelets> 163,2<but
small>/1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} minute or absent> 164,1/2 165,1/- 166,1
167,1 168,2/- 170,3<to one side> 174,- 175,1 176,1<the outer one
awn-like>/2 177,2 178,- 179,- 183,- 187,0-1 189,1-2 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,2-4 210<convex, tapering into long awns> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3 229,- 231,1 234,3 235,2 240,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,5-7 249,1 250,1 251,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,2 272,3 274,2-7 277,2
280,2 283,2 286,1 287,1-2<4-6 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2
302,2 303,1 304,2 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals smaller,
more regularly rectangular> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1-2 331,2 332,2 345,2
348,- 350,- 351,2 357<prickles common> 358,2 360,3<mostly solitary, or
adjoining prickle-bases, but occasionally in short rows> 363,1 370,2 374,1
386,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,28&56 471,4&8 472,8&19 477,2 478,1
479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,9 492<Asia, North America, New
Zealand> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1 495,1&2 497,4&5 498,3 504,10 507,1 512,3
513,1&2 515<woodland and meadows> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,24&25&26&33 531,2
533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}H. patula\i0{} Moench>
540<hystrix> 
 
# \i{}Ichnanthus\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chnos\i0{} (a footstep or mark), perhaps referring to
the appendages beneath the upper floret> 4<Type: \i{}I. panicoides\i0{}
P.Beauv> 5<\i{}Ischnanthus\i0{} Roem. & Schult., \i{}Navicularia\i0{}
Radd.> 7,1/2 9,3/4 11,- 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 32,3
37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-5 55,1/2 63,1/2 65,1/2 66,2 69<short>,2/3 70,-
73,2 74,1 89,5/2<the primary branches sometimes unbranched> 91,1 94,1 97,3
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 124,2/4
141,4-5 142,7/8/9/10/11/12 144,1-2<or not orientated>/- 145,1-3<the
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} dorsally compressed> 147,1/3 149,4 150,1 151,2
152,2<about 1 mm long, bearing a small, white, annular, membranous,
minutely two-lobed appendage below the palea> 153,2 154,2 157,2 163,2
165,1<the lower usually about 1/2 to 3/4 of the spikelet length> 167<(the
longer)>,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 179,2<membranous- herbaceous> 180,0.5-0.75(-1)
187,3-7 189,5-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 204,5/7
205,3 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,3<papery to leathery> 215,1 216,1 217,1/2 223,1
240,2 243<shiny,>,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1
257,2 258,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 285,-<often deciduous before the rest of the
spikelet, comprising the fruit and the P\sub{}2\nosupersub{} on the
stipe-like rachilla joint, enclosed by the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 287,1
291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1<these very thin> 332,1 335,1
339,88-92.7 341,5.8-8.8 342,10-15.4 343,46.4-53.7 344,0.53-0.58 345,1<in
rows adjoining the veins> 346,51-70 348<low>,2&3 350,2 351,2<very few>
353,2 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,3 370,2 374,1 393,2 395,1<as a larger bundle
and adaxial rib> 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<but most sclerenchyma in
strands> 405,1<few> 406,1 413,1<1 species>/2<1 species> 470,18&20&40&54
477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,33 492<tropical America,
Indomalayan region, Australia> 493,3&4&5&7 494,2&3&5 496,1&3&4 499,2&3
500,1&2&3&4 501,2 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,6 508,1 509,1 512,3 513,1&2
514,2 515<forest, grassland and disturbed ground> 524,5 525,3 528,6&8
530,18 535<studied by us - \i{}I. vicinus\i0{} (F.M. Bailey) Merr.>
540<ichnanth> 
 
# \i{}Imperata\i0{} <Cyr.>/
1<named for sixteenth century Neapolitan naturalist/pharmacist, Ferrante
Imperato> 5<\i{}Syllepis\i0{} Fourn.> 7,2 9,1 11,- 13,10-150 14,2 19,2
27,1/2 37,1 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,1/2 63,1<attenuate>/2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2
73,2 74,1 75,2 78,2 89,5<silky, spiciform or loosely contracted, the
branches with numerous short racemes> 91,2 92,3 94,- 101,2 102,2
103<short>,3 106,- 107,1 108,2 111,1 113,- 115,1<the hairs silvery> 120,2
121,2 126,1 127,2 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,2.5-5 145,2-3 147,3<falling entire
from their pedicels> 154,2 157,1 159,1<silky, silvery> 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,- 173,3 174,1/2 176,2 179,2<membranous, with long silvery hairs
especially towards the base> 183,2 184,1 185,2 186,1 187,5-7 189,3-5
191,1<rarely>/2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1<rarely>/2 201,1<rarely>/2 203,2
204,0/1 205,3<rarely, the latter may even be absent> 206,2 207,2 208,1
210<lanceolate to oblanceolate, reduced, sometimes absent> 214,1<hyaline>
216,2 218,1/2<denticulate> 219<when entire>,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,0-1
250,1 251,1/2/3<broad> 255,2 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,- 264,2 266,2
272,2<Section \i{}Imperatella\i0{}>/1<Section \i{}Eriopogon\i0{}> 275,2
277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 291,3 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1
306,1 308,2 309,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(40-)42-54(-60) 341,5.4-6 342,7.8-8.9 343,(16.5-)18.6-22.5(-24)
344,0.34-0.47 345,1 346,24-27 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1/2<solitaries and
triplets> 354,1/2 356<when present,>,5/7 360,1 363,8 364,3/4 370,1 374,2
382,2 383,1 385,1 389,1<rarely>/2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 399,1
401,2<sometimes linked to the abaxial epidermis by colourles cells> 402,1
403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1/2 413,2<2 species> 416,1 469,5&10 470,20&40&50&60
473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,8
492<tropical and subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,3
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1 507,3
508,1&2&3 509,1&2 511,1<\i{}I. cylindrica\i0{} being one of the worlds
worst weeds> 512,2/3/4 513,2 514,1/2 515<often in damp or weedy places,
some forms of \i{}I. cylindrica\i0{} in coastal sand> 516<\i{}I.
brasiliensis\i0{}, \i{}I. cylindrica\i0{}> 522<\i{}I. cylindrica\i0{} var.
\i{}major\i0{} cultivated for papermaking> 523<intergeneric hybrids
procured with \i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 524,5 525,1 526,1&2&3 530,7&9 531,2
533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}I. cylindrica\i0{} (L.)
Beauv.> 540<imperata> 
 
# \i{}Indocalamus\i0{} <Nakai>/
6<(supposedly) \i{}Gelidocalamus\i0{} Wen, \i{}Ferrocalamus\i0{} Hsueh &
Keng f., \i{}Monocladus\i0{}> 7,2<shrubs> 11,2 13<slender,>,60-300 14,1
19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,1-3<commonly>/4-20 23,1<commonly>/3<?>/4
30,1 31,2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4 39,2 40,2 44,2 48,1 55,1/2 56,5-25 57,1/3
63,1 65,1/2 66<where recorded,>,1 67,1 68,1 69,2 71<short>
72<consistently>,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 99,- 100,- 101,1/2<the panicles
spatheate or not, terminating leafy or leafless shoots> 102,1/2 103,5 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,8-18 142,7/9/13<commonly> 144,- 149,4
154,1 156,1 163,2 165,1 167,1 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,9<in material
seen> 189,9<in material seen> 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-8 214<sometimes
tessellate> 248,7/9<in material seen> 250,1 251,1 252,2 259,4<3-5 nerved in
material seen> 260,3 272,3 278<where recorded,>,2 283,2 290,1/2 296,3<at
least, in \i{}Ferrocalamus\i0{}, Wen and He 1989>/1<?> 297,3 300,1 303,2
322,1 323,1<large, thick-walled> 324,1&2 325,1 326,3<one row per cell>
330,1 331,1<these thin> 332,1 335,1 339,45-52.5<in \i{}I. debilis\i0{}>
341,5.1-6 342,7.5-10.2 343,21-25.5 344,0.47-0.5 345,1<alongside the veins>
346,24-28.5<in \i{}I. debilis\i0{}> 348,1&2 350,1 351,1 353,2 354,1 360,3
363,8 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 395,1<larger bundle> 396,1
399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<with most bundles> 406,1 469,12 470,48 471,4
477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5<including synonyms
\i{}Ferrocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Gelidocalamus\i0{}, etc.> 490,12 491,6
492<tropical Asia> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1&2 504,11 515<woodland, and
forming thickets in open country> 522<leaves of \i{}I. longiauritus\i0{}
and \i{}I. sinicus\i0{} used for wrapping Chinese tamales, for lining
baskets, for roofing boats etc.> 535<studied by us - \i{}I. debilis\i0{}
(Thwait.) Alston> 537,2 540<indocala> 
 
# \i{}Indopoa\i0{} <Bor>/
1<from the Greek \i{}poa\i0{} (grass, fodder) and geography> 7,1<sometimes
epiphytic> 13,10-16 14,2 19,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-2<to 12 cm long> 57,3
58,1<involute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1 70,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 80<presumed>,2
81<seemingly>,1 86,1 87,2 89,1<to 8 cm long> 91,- 94,2 95,3 101,2<but the
upper culm leaves sometimes reduced> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2<alternate> 140,1<but seemingly cleistogamous>
141,7-9 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1
167<(the upper)>,2 168,2 170,1 171,2<glabrous, the nerves and mucro
scaberulous> 173,- 174,1 176<shortly>,1/2<but then mucronate> 177,1
179,2<thin, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter and asymmetric at the tip>
187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-6 214,2-3 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1
223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,1 228,1 229,- 231,2<the base twisting>
233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,1 237,1 240,2 247,2 248,3<the median very broad,
later curving round so as almost to longitudinally enclose the slender
caryopsis> 249,2<extending into the 3 awns> 250,1 251,2<about 4 mm long,
compared with the 6 mm lemma> 255,1<oblanceolate> 256,1 258,2 259,3
260,3<the keels very shortly ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 272,3
274<minute,>,0.25-0.3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,1<this glabrous, emarginate,
fleshy> 279,- 283,2 284,1 287,1-2<3-4.5 mm long, very slender and
needlelike, with an apical, glabrous, emarginate, fleshy appendage>
289,1<needle-like> 293,- 295,1 297,U 298,2<about one-fifth of grain length>
300,1 301,2<of a peculiar, flinty texture> 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
more regularly rectangular, and much narrower> 330,1&2 331,1&2 332,1 333,1
334,2 335,2<of the sunken type> 336,3 339,15-18 340,6 341,9-12 342,1.3-1.9
344,0.76 345,1 346,36-43.5 348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1
360,1 362,4 363,4<almost exclusively>/7<some tending to this> 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<between the vascular bundles,
more conspicuous nearer the middle of the blade> 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1<with the primaries> 406,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,52 490,80
491,1<\i{}I. paupercula\i0{}> 492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11
515<on rocks> 534<Bor 1957b> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us>
536<\i{}I. paupercula\i0{}> 540<indopoa> 
 
# \i{}Indosasa\i0{} <McLure>/
7,2<shrub> 11,2 14,1 15,10-11 16,1 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1
21,(1-)3(-10) 23,4 28,2 30,1 31<usually>,1 33,2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4 39,2
44,2 48,1 55,1<large> 63,1 66<where recorded,>,1/2<then demarcated>
72<consistently>,2 73,2 74,1 86<weakly>,2/1<usually> 87,1 89<comprising
short espatheate branches loosely grouped about a node, the spikelets in
tight clusters> 101,1/2 102,1/2<\i{}I. hispidula\i0{} approaches a
compound inflorescence, with spathiform bracts> 108,2 120,1 123,1 140,2
142<where recorded,>,13/- 145,1<?> 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2 179,2
191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-20<several to many> 210<leathery> 223,1<?> 250,1
252,2 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 269,1-2 271,1 272,6 276,2 278<where known,>,2
280,1 283,3 287,3<8 mm long in \i{}I. sinica\i0{}> 289,4 290,U 294,U 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491<about>,12 492<Asia,
especially China and Vietnam> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 513,1 514,2
515<forest and roadsides> 534<Chao and Chu 1983, Chao and Renvoize 1989>
536<morphological description poor> 537,2 538,4 540<indosasa> 
 
# \i{}Isachne\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}isos\i0{} (equal) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff),
referring to two equal florets, or equal glumes, or glumes equalling
lemmas, or all these in combination?> 4<Type: \i{}I. globosa\i0{} (Thunb.)
O.Kuntz> 7,1<rarely>/2<often aquatic> 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,5-100 14,2<rarely
almost shrubby> 17,1<to 6 m in \i{}I. arundinacea\i0{}>/2 19<sparsely to
amply>,1/2 23,1/2<rarely> 27,2 32,3 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,2-5/1<<15%>
rarely> 55,1/2 56,0.5-12(-20) 57,1<<10%> occasionally - \i{}I.
polygonoides\i0{}>/3 65,2 66,1 68,1/2 69,2<very narrow>/3 72,1<of hairs>/2
73,2 74,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1/2 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 124,4 141,0.6-2 142,8/10/11 145,3 147,1 148,1/2
154,2 155,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,3-9
189,5-9 191,1/2 192<(when present)>,1/2<the distal floret may be
female-only, and rarely the proximal floret is male-only> 196,1/2 197<when
present,>,1 198<when present,>,1 199,1 201<when present,>,1 202<variable -
similar to L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} or much longer and membranous> 203,2
208,1<occasionally>/2<usually - typically with both florets perfect>
210<orbicular to broadly elliptic> 214,2-3<chartaceous to leathery> 215,1-2
216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,1<pubescent>/2<glabrous> 244,2 246,2 247,1
248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,2
298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,1/2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,6-12
322,1 323,1/2 325,2 326,2<nearly all the very short long-cells and
interstomatals with a single papilla occupying most of the outer surface>
327,2<the intercostals more or less hexagonal> 328,1 329,3<the long-cells
more or less cubical or even vertically elongated> 331,1/2 332,1
335,1<though the distal cell is rather thick-walled> 345,1 348,1-3 349,1
350,1/2 351,2 360,1 363,9<more or less cubical> 365,1 370,2 374,1 384,2
385,1 387,1 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1<in the shallow furrows> 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 410,1 413,2<2 species> 416,1 469,10 470,20&50&60
471,2&5&6 477,7 478,5 485,1 487,7 488,7 489,27 490,80 491<about>,100
492<tropical and subtropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2
496,1&2&3&4&5 497,3 498,3 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3 502,1&3&4&6 503,1
504,2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1 508,1&2&3 509,1&2 512,2/3 513,1/2 514,2
515<mostly in marshy ground> 516<\i{}I. globosa\i0{} (in rice)> 518<in wet
places, e.g. \i{}I. albens\i0{}, \i{}I. globosa\i0{}> 524,5 525,1 526,1&3
531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}I. confusa\i0{} Ohwi,
\i{}I. globosa\i0{} (Thunb.) Kuntze, \i{}I. pulchella\i0{} Roth. ex R. &
S.> 540<isachne> 
 
# \i{}Isalus\i0{} <J. Phipps>/
3<\i{}Tristachya\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,35-70 14,2 19,2 25<about>,4 26,1 27,2
29,1 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1-2 55,2 56,1.5-2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 72,2
73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<with the triads of spikelets terminating the
branches> 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3
121,2 123,1 126,2 141,9-14 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 149,1 150,2 154,2 157,1
161,1<with long hairs> 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,- 171,1<at least the
lower, with tubercle-based hairs>/2 173,2 174,1<to subulate> 176,2 177<(at
least the upper)>,1 179,2<lanceolate-acuminate, firmly membranous to
leathery> 181,2 186,4 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
201,1<with three stamens>/2 202<similar to the upper glume in shape and
texture, sometimes with tubercle-based hairs at the summit> 203,2 204,5/7
205,3 206,1-2<firmly membranous to leathery> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3 215,1
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<between the
setaceous-pointed lateral lobes> 229,- 231,2 233,1 234,3 235,2 238,2 239,2
240,1 241,1 242,1<the lemma hairy at the base and with 6-8 tufts aligned
transversely in the upper third> 244,2 246,2 247,2 248,7/9 249,1 250,1
251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,3 262,2<but thickened>
263,3 272,3 274<about>,3<in \i{}I. isalensis\i0{}> 276,2 277<sparsely>,2
280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2 284,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals much narrower> 328,1<fairly thin walled> 329,1-2<\i{}I.
humbertii\i0{} having very short long-cells in some files> 330,1-2<mostly
more or less rectangular, but the ends often fairly rounded> 331,1<the
sinuosity fine or coarse, heavily pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<narrow>
345,1 347,2 348<low>,2&3<often with a small point> 350,2 351,1 353,1&2<many
solitary> 354<mostly>,2<in the material of two species seen> 357<\i{}I.
isalensis\i0{} with large, cushion based macrohairs in the intercostal
zones, and prickles bordering the costae, \i{}I. humbertii\i0{} with
neither> 360,1 361,1/3<\i{}I. humbertii\i0{}> 363<in \i{}I.
isalensis\i0{}>,8 364<consistently short to medium>,3<in \i{}I.
isalensis\i0{}, the silica cells dumb-bell shaped in \i{}I. humbertii\i0{}>
370,1 371,1 374,2 378,2 388,2 389,1<in places> 393,1-2/3 394,1<low> 395,2
396,1/2<depending on interpretation> 398,2 399,1<a large group in every
furrow, overlying a small bundle> 401,1<in places>/2 402,1<these colourless
cells sometimes seeming to make traversing columns> 403,1 404,1<with all
the main bundles> 405,1<the large bundles with massive Is and anchors>
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9<?> 488,7 489,48<?> 490,80 491,3
492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}I.
isalensis\i0{} (Lam) Phipps, \i{}I. humbertii\i0{} (A. Camus) Phipps> 537,2
540<isalus> 
 
# \i{}Ischaemum\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ischaimon\i0{} (a styptic), name originally given to
\i{}Digitaria sanguinalis\i0{} for supposed styptic qualities>
5<\i{}Argopogon\i0{} Mimeur, \i{}Collardoa\i0{} Cav.,
\i{}Ischaemopogon\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Meoschium\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Schoenanthus\i0{} Adans.> 6<\i{}Digastrium\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,10-350 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2
47,2/1<with sheath auricles> 52,1<usually>/2-3 55,1<<10%> rarely>/2
57,1-2/3 59,1 63,1/2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1<<10%>>/2
76,1/1&3<<10%> rarely>/1&4<<10%> rarely> 78,1<the pedicelled spikelet
sometimes much smaller, often asymmetric>/2 89<terminal or axillary,>,2
94,- 95<usually>,1 96,(1-)2(-14)<usually paired, one-sided and locked back
to back to simulate a single spike> 101,1<the uppermost leaf reduced to a
spatheate sheath>/2 102,2 103,3 106,2/3<rarely solitary> 107,2<these stout,
triangular> 108,1 109,2 111,2<clavate or inflated> 115<glabrous, or more
often hairy> 120,2 121,1<the raceme dorsiventral, its segments usually
appearing U or V-shaped from the back owing to the thick internodes and
pedicels> 126,1 127,1/2 128,2<usually stoutly linear to obovoid, sometimes
very short> 129,1 130,1/3<<10%> rarely>/4<<10%> rarely> 131<the pedicelled
spikelet as large as the sessile or much reduced, variously compressed,
often asymmetrical> 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1/2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 173,-
176,1<the upper, sometimes>/2 179,1<the lower leathery and usually
2-keeled, the upper 1-keeled above and sometimes awned>
183<usually>,1<winged or not> 184,1-3 185,2
186,1<rarely>/3<transversely>/4<on the margins> 187,7-11 189,5-11 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,1<firmly
membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2 223,3<usually>/2<<10%>>/1<<5%> rarely>
225<when present,>,1 228<or mucros>,1 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,1-3 240,2
244,2 247,2 248,1-5 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,2 286,2 291,2/3 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2
309,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<but only from the subsidiary cells>
326,3<costal and intercostal long-cells with 1-2 irregular rows of small,
thick walled papillae, the subsidiaries each with a small papilla at each
end> 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<quite thin walled> 330,1&2
331,1 332,1 333,1/2 334,1/2 335,1<some in \i{}I. commutatum\i0{} being
balanoform>/2 339,18-48 341,7.2-9.6 342,1-4.4 343,4-19.5 344,0.29-0.61
345,1 346,34.5-42 347,1 348<predominantly>,3 350,2 351,2<ignoring the
bulbous bases of short prickles> 360,1/3 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 365,1 370,1
374,2 375,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1/2 397,1 399,2<the epidermis
extensively bulliform, the cells irregularly grouped> 401,- 403,1 404,1
405,2 406,1 410,1 413,2<2 species> 469,9/10 470,18&20&40&54&56&68
471,2&4&6&8<?> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42 491,60
492<tropical and subtropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1 496,1&2&3&4&5
497,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3 502,1&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9
508,1&2&3&4 509,1 511,1 512,2<mostly>/3/4 513,1/2 514,1/2 515<some in damp
or shady places, some (e.g. \i{}I. muticum\i0{}, \i{}I. triticeum\i0{}) in
coastal sand> 516<\i{}I. indicum\i0{}, \i{}I. muticum\i0{}, \i{}I.
rugosum\i0{} (in ricefields), \i{}I. timorense\i0{}> 518<\i{}I.
muticum\i0{}, \i{}I. rugosum\i0{}> 524,2&5 525,4 529,4 530,2&39 531,2
533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}I. fragile\i0{} R. Br.>
540<ischaemu> 
 
# \i{}Ischnochloa\i0{} <J.D. Hook.>/
3<\i{}Microstegium\i0{}> 7<small, delicate>,1 13,10-20 14,2 44,2
52<oblong>,6 55,2<but relatively broad> 58,2 69,2 73,2 74,1
75,2<homogamous> 78,- 89,-<a single terminal raceme> 99,2 101,2 102,2
103,3 106,1 107,1<these flattened> 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,2
123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 141<small> 145,3 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1 160,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 173,3 174,2 176,2 183,1<the keels
ciliolate> 184<deeply or shallowly>,4 185,2 186,1 187,5-6 189,3 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,1<glumes almost leathery, lemma hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,3 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1
258,2<scarious> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,64 491,1<\i{}I. falconeri\i0{}> 492<Himalayas> 493,3
494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1 504,11 515<growing in moss at 1800-2100 m
altitude> 534<Hooker 1896> 537,2 538,4 540<ischnoch> 
 
# \i{}Ischnurus\i0{} <Balf.>/
3<\i{}Lepturus\i0{}> 7<small>,1 9,3 13,15 14,2 42,1 55,2 61,1 65,2 69,2
73,2 74,1 75,2 78,- 89,1<cylindrical> 91,- 95,3 96,- 98,- 99,1&3 100,1
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 108,1 109,2 111,2<hollowed to receive the
spikelets> 113,1<with small, lateral auriculate wings> 120,1 121,2
122<alternately>,2 123,1 141<small> 144,2 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 163,1<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166<(the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,3<covering the
sunken floret> 167,2<shorter than the joint> 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 177,2
183,- 189<(i.e. the only one)>,5/7<?> 196,2 208,1 214,1<scarious> 216,2
218,1 219,1/2 221,- 223,1 240<the nerves ciliate> 247,2 248,3 250,1
258,2<scarious> 259,3 280,2 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 294,U 295,1 297,1
298,1 322,1 323,1 324<nearly all>,2 325,1 326,2/3<mostly large, thick
walled, more or less symmetrical> 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1<fairly
thick walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity irregular, coarse> 332,1 333,1
334,2 335,2 336,3 340,12 342,1.6 344,0.5 345,1 347,2 348,2&3 350,2 351,1
352,2 353,1-2 354,1 355,2 356,3-4 357<prickles present, confined to the
midrib> 360,1 361,1 362,4 363,4 366,1-2<largely dominated by the midrib,
with only 2-3 bundles in each small lateral flange, in the material seen>
367,1 370,1 371,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 393,- 395,1 396,2<a large
median primary, a smaller primary on either side, and 2-3 minor bundles in
between> 397,1 398,2 399<represented only by a pair of large midrib
hinges> 400,1 403,2 404,1<in the lamina bundles, but the fibre groups
scanty> 406,1 409,2 442,- 477,6 484,4 487<cf.>,5<as a synonym?> 488,7
489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}I. pulchellus\i0{}> 492<Socotra> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,2 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us> 540<ischnuru> 
 
# \i{}Iseilema\i0{} <Anderss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}isos\i0{} (equal) and \i{}eilema\i0{} (a cover),
referring to the four involucral spikelets> 2<\i{}Flinders grass\i0{}>
7,1/2<usually delicate, often with coloured leaves, culms and spathes> 9,3
11,- 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 43,1<from conspicuous
glands on the leaves and spathes>/2<rarely> 44,2 47,2 55,2 59,1/2 65,2 66,2
69,2 73,2 74,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 75,1 76,1&3/1&4/2&3/2&4 78,1
79,1<with two basal pairs of homogamous, male or sterile spikelets, connate
to form a false tetramerous whorl beneath the single heterogamous triplet>
89<falsely>,5<the single racemes or tight clusters gathered with their
spatheoles into a narrow false panicle> 91,1 101,1 102,1 103,1<with small,
short spike-like racemes, similar to \i{}Themeda\i0{} but disarticulating
below the involucral spikelets> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<complete with the
involucral spikelets, and sometimes with the investing spatheole, which may
then be indurated> 111,- 113,- 114,- 116,4<comprising the involucral
spikelets> 119<(i.e. the involucral spikelets)>,2 120<distal to the
involucral whorl>,3 121,2 123,1&3<two pedicellate members per heterogamous
triplet, the pedicels filiform> 126,1 127,1 128,- 129,1/2 130,3/4 131<the
two basal pairs of spikelets homogamous, male or sterile, all more or less
pedicelled, connate into a tetramerous false whorl beneath the single
heterogamous triplet, often indurated> 145,3 147,3<and with the whole
racemelet. the upper pedicellate pair usually smaller than the
sessile,sometimes much reduced, deciduous or not> 154,2 157,2 160,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 176,2 177,- 183,2 184,2 185,2 186,1 187,8-10 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0/3 205,1 207,2<hyaline> 208,1
210<stipitate beneath the awn> 214,1 216,2 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2/-
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,2 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,1-3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1
291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,1<not all the cells being
papillate> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,57-63 341,5.4-6
342,10.5-11.1 343,31.5-37.5 344,0.51-0.63 345,1 346,24-25.5 348,3 350,2
351,2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2 360,1 363,8 364,1&3 370,1
374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1/2 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,1
406,1 442,- 469,4/5<?> 470,6&8&18&28&36 471,2&7&9<?> 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,20 492<Indomalayan region, Australia>
493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3 500,1&2&3 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8 509,1 513,2
515<grassland> 518<\i{}I. vaginiflorum\i0{}> 531,2 533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}I. vaginiflorum\i0{} Domin> 540<iseilema> 
 
# \i{}Ixophorus\i0{} <Schlechtd.>/
7,1/2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1 58,- 65,2 66,2 69,2
70,1 71,1.5 73,2 74,2<the second floret being female-only> 89,2 91,1 98,2
99,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,2<each
subtended and exceeded by a single, sticky bristle> 118,1 120,1 121,1<the
branches dorsiventral> 141,3.5 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2
163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2<almost equalling the spikelet, the lower
much shorter> 170,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,2<herbaceous> 187,3
189,11 191,2 192,1<the latter being female-only> 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
200,1<hyaline at first, then developing expanded leathery flanks and winged
keels clasping the upper floret> 201,1 203,2 204,5 205,3
206,1<cartilaginous> 207,2 208,1 214,3 215<minutely>,2 216,2<tough> 223,2
240,2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1<firm, rugulose between the veins> 251,1
253,2<enclosed by it at its tip> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 271,2 272,0 277,1 280<basally>,1 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<about
3 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1
329,2<many being quite short> 330<intercostal long-cells variable - some
rectangular, some fusiform, many short> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,49-51
341,8.4-9 342,5.7-6.1 343,31.5-36 344,0.62-0.71 345,1 346,37.5-48
348<mostly>,2 350,1/2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 364<short>,2&3/1 370,1
374,2<median midrib bundle XyMS+, the rest XyMS-> 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2
397,1 399,1<in places, but the epidermis mostly irregularly bulliform>
401<occasionally>,1 403,1 404,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20
491,2-3 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,3 502,1 504,11 513,2 515<weedy places> 524,5
525,1 526,1 530,5 535<studied by us - \i{}I. unisetus\i0{} (Presl)
Schlecht> 540<ixophoru> 
 
# \i{}Jansenella\i0{} <Bor>/
7,1 11,- 14,2 19,2 44,2 52,3 55,2 56,3-7<to about 3.5 cm long>
57<slightly>,1 59,1 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3 96,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2<usually>/3<rarely> 121,2
141,6-9 143<purplish> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,- 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2
165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 174,1 176,1<aristulate, the points 1-2 mm
long>/2 187,3 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1<or the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
occasionally hermaphrodite> 197<when present,>,1 198,1 199,1<two keeled,
narrowly two winged> 201,1/2<or even female> 203,1<with a short, dorsal
capillary awn> 204,5-9 205,3<similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
206,1<membranous, leathery> 207,2 208,1(-2) 214,3 216<becoming leathery>
218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<the two lobes aristulate> 227<the
median>,1<if laterals considered present> 228,1 229,- 231,2 237,1 240,1
241,1<these thick, near the margins at the bases of the lobes>
242,1<transversely bearded with brown hairs in the lower half> 244,2
248,7-9 250,1 251,1 255,2 259,3 260,3 262,1<and with peculiar unicellular,
turgid hairs between the keels> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 283,2 287,1<1.3 mm long> 293,- 295,1 298,1 322,1 332,1 335,1
363,8 364,3 370<supposedly>,2<but needing further study: certainly the
anatomical drawings of Trpe (1970) show neither circular cells nor the
expected small bundles> 374,2<from Trpes detailed drawings, which if
accurate reveal this as the only known C\sub{}\nosupersub{}3 XyMS-
combination> 385,1 393,3 395,2 470,20 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,52
490,80 491,1<\i{}J. griffithiana\i0{}> 492<India, Burma> 493,3 494,2 496,3
500,1 504,11 512,3 515<moist places in hills> 535<Metcalfe 1960, Trpe
1970> 540<jansenel> 
 
# \i{}Jarava\i0{} <Ruiz & Pav.>/
3<\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}, \i{}Stipa\i0{}> 4<\i{}J. ichu\i0{} Ruiz & Pav.> 7,2
9,3 13,25-150 14,2 19,2<"simple"> 27,2 29,1 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,0.2-2
58,2 59,1/2/3<then involute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2<?> 69,1 70,1 71,0.1-0.5 73,2
74,1 75,2 76,1 82,2<?> 88,3 89,5 90,2<?> 91,2 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2
123,3<the pedicels flattened, scabrous in \i{}J. plumosa\i0{}> 141,6-10
142,10 145,1/2 147,1 154,2 157,1 158,1 159,1 160,3<1-1.5 mm> 161,1 163,2
165,1-2 166,1/2 167,1<usually>/2<rarely, about equal to slightly longer
than the lemma> 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,1/2<?> 179,2<lanceolate>
180,0.7-0.9 181,1<usually>/2 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<narrowly
fusiform> 211,2<?> 212,2 213,2 214,3 215,1 216,1-2<less firm than in most
Stipeae> 217,3<light brown to pinkish in \i{}J. plumosa\i0{}> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,3<?> 231,2<twice bent> 233,1<scabrous, sometimes only minutely
so> 234,3<15-30 mm long in \i{}J. plumosa\i0{}> 236,2 238,1 240,1<the hairs
long, restricted to the upper part of the lemma, characteristically
pappus-like> 244,2<terete> 247,2<?> 250,1 251,2<e.g., only about 20% of the
lemma length in \i{}J. plumosa\i0{}> 252,2 253,2 256,1 257,1 258,1/2<?>
260,1 261,1 272,3 274,3.5 286,2 287,1-2<3-5 mm long> 289<narrowly>,2 322,1
323,2 331,1&2 332,2 345,1 347,2 348,2 350,2 351,1 353,1&2<and also some
short rows>/- 354,1 355,3 356,2&5<plus some imperfect panicoid forms>
361,1 362,1 363,1&2&3&8<with intermediates> 364<including small, irregular
dumb-bells and nodular forms, some of the latter almost crenate> 370,2
374,1 385,2<the chlorenchyma spongy> 386,2 393,2-3 396,1 397,2 398,2 399,1
403,2 404,1<accompanying all the bundles> 405,1 409,1 441,1 477,1 480,4
487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491<about>,10<most of them not yet formally
transferred from \i{}Stipa\i0{} or \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}> 492<South and
Central America, including Andes; ranging from Mexico to Argentina and
Chile> 493,7 494,3 504,8 511,2 512,3-4 513,2 522<\i{}J. ichu\i0{} was, at
least at one time, used for thatching in the Andes> 534<Description encoded
by T.D. Macfarlane (1998) from Gardener, Jessop & Symon (1996) and Jacobs &
Everett (1997)> 535<this description restricted to incomplete observations
by L.W. on preparations from \i{}J. ichu\i0{}> 536<An as yet incomplete
description of a \i{}Stipa\i0{} segregate, previously \i{}Stipa\i0{} subg.
\i{}Jarava\i0{}. \i{}Jarava\i0{} includes \i{}S. ambigua\i0{}, \i{}Stipa
breviseta\i0{}, \i{}Stipa eriostachya\i0{}, \i{}S. gynerioides\i0{}, \i{}S.
ichu\i0{} (= \i{}Achnatherum ichu\i0{}), \i{}S. plumosa\i0{} (= \i{}Stipa
papposa\i0{}, \i{}Achnatherum papposa\i0{}), \i{}S. pseudoichu\i0{}, \i{}S.
pugionata\i0{}, \i{}S. pungens\i0{}, \i{}S. subaristata\i0{}. The present
morphological description is based mainly on \i{}J. plumosa\i0{} (=
\i{}Stipa papposa\i0{} nom. illeg., \i{}Achnatherum papposum\i0{})> 537,2
540<jarava> 
 
# \i{}Jardinea\i0{} <Steud.>/
3<\i{}Phacelurus\i0{}> 7<coarse, robust>,2 9,3 13,200-400 14,2
15<almost>,0.5-1 29,1 37,1 44,2 47,2 52,1/2 55,1-2 56,7-15<or more>
59,1<long> 65,2 66,2 69,2 71,0.2-0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2<the pedicellate
member hermaphrodite, male, female, sterile or vestigial, increasingly
reduced towards the raceme tips> 76,1/1&2/1&2&3/1&2&4/1&2&3&4 77<(when both
represented)>,4 78,1-2 79,1/2 89,2/5<long, slender, spiciform racemes,
borne racemosely on a common axis or some branched> 91,1 95,2<the axis
sometimes quite short>/3 99,1<to receive the sessile spikelets and the more
or less flattened pedicels> 101,2 102,2 103,4<by appression/embedding of
the spikelets and pedicels> 104,5 105,1 106,3<mostly numerous, the
occasional one solitary> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<hollowed below, expanded
at the apex> 112,1 113,2 114,1 115,3 120,2 121,1<the racemes somewhat
dorsiventral> 123,1&3 125,1 126,1 127,1 128,2<more or less flattened,
appressed> 129,1 130,1/2/3/4 131<the pedicellate spikelets usually smaller,
hermaphrodite or variously reduced (often to female-only rather than
male-only in the material seen) or vestigial> 132<represented only in
\i{}J. angolensis\i0{}, in the specimens seen,>,1 133,1 134,1 135,1 136,1
137,1 138,4<sic> 141,5-10 145,3 146,1 147,3<the sessile spikelets falling
with the adjacent joint and pedicel> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,2<beneath
the sessile spikelet> 161,1 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} longer>/2
166,3 167<(the longer)>,2<exceeding them> 171,2 172,2 173,- 174,1 176,2
177,1<the upper>/2<the lower> 178,1 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} dorsally
flattened with incurved margins, leathery and much firmer than
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} smaller, naviculate and
cartilaginous> 181,3 183,1-2<keeled above, incurved below> 184,1-2 185,2
186,5-6<mainly near the margins> 187,4-6 189,3 190,1<mainly along the keel>
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2<to a scabrous, awnlike structure> 199,1/2
201,2 202<lanceolate, one or two keeled with ciliate margins and scabrous
keels> 203,2 204,2/3 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline>
215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,1/2<with ciliate margins> 244,1
245,2 247,2 248,3 250,1/2 251<when present,>,1/2/3 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2
259,3/1 260,1 261,1/2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3
274,2.5-3.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2 284,2 291,2 322,1
323,2 327<narrower costally> 328,2<the costals thicker walled> 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348<high to medium>,2<mostly>/3<a few,
slightly> 350,2 351,1 353<mostly>,1 357<no macrohairs or prickles seen>
359,1 360,2/3<the pairs in places supplemented by short rows> 363,8
364<shortly>,3 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 385,1 393,1 394,2<mostly low,
encompassing more than one bundle> 395<very>,1 396,2<these abaxial, with a
large median primary, a large primary on each flank, and smaller bundles in
between> 397,1<and a narrow, adaxial lignified hypodermal layer> 399,1<in
places, in the furrows>/2<in places> 401,1&2 402,1<in places> 403,2<even
the tiniest bundles nearly all associated with at least one abaxial fibre>
404,1<with all but the smallest bundles> 405,1<Is and anchors> 406,1 442,-
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487<cf.>,9 488,1<?> 489,2<?> 490,80 491,3
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,2&3 512,2/3
535<studied by us - \i{}J. gabonensis\i0{} Steud.> 537,2 540<jardinea> 
 
# \i{}Jouvea\i0{} <Fourn.>/
5<\i{}Rhachidospermum\i0{} Vasey> 7,2 9,2&3 13,50 14,2 44,2 47,2 55,2
56,2-4<glabrous> 59,1/3<involute> 61,1 65,2 66,1 69,2<the membrane very
short, with a conspicuous fringe> 73,1/3 74,2 75,1<when monoecious>/2<when
dioecious> 76,2/3 77,1 89,-<with male spikelets in long-peduncled,
dorsiventral spikes, with a spikelet terminating the rachis and the spikes
in axillary fascicles (\i{}J. pilosa\i0{}) or groups of 1-3 (\i{}J.
straminea\i0{}); the female spikelets thornlike, each with an associated
prophyll and spathe, these units in axillary umbels (\i{}J. pilosa\i0{},
cf. female \i{}Spinifex\i0{}) or in small spiny clusters (\i{}J.
straminea\i0{})> 99,- 100,- 101,1<the female spikelet clusters with umbels
of spathes>/2<the male inflorescences> 102,- 116,4<i.e., the spathes> 120,-
121,1<males>/2<females> 131<male spikelets sessile, disarticulating above
the glumes, their 3-5 fertile florets with 2 large fleshy lodicules and 3
stamens> 133,1 134,2 135,3-7 137,3-5 138,3 140<so>,2<as to be only
dubiously interpretable as spikelets rather than spikes> 141,20-30/40-50
144,- 145,2<cylindrical, thorn-like> 147<falling whole> 148,1 154,1<as a
subulate point, which becomes a thorn at maturity> 155,2 156,1 157,2 162,2
191,2 192,2 193,1-3 194,1 196,2 208,2-4(-8)<completely embedded in the
thick, spongy, cylindrical rachilla> 210<forming a tube around the floret,
adnate to and embedded in the rachilla for most of their length, with an
apical pore through which the stigmas protrude> 214,- 216,1 223,1<?> 240,2
243,1 244,2 250,1<adaxially, but detected only on sectioning the
spikelet> 251<(in sections)>,2<not much longer than the ovary> 256,1
257,1<very flimsy> 258,2 259,1 264,2 266,- 272,0<reduced to three vestiges>
277,1 280,1<ovary attenuate into the long style> 283,2<long, exserted>
284,2/3<?> 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1
323,2 330,1 331,1<and pitted, with pits also in the outer walls> 332,1
333,1 334,2 335,2<basal cell embedded in \i{}J. straminea\i0{}, normal in
\i{}J. pilosa\i0{}> 336,3 339,30-39<\i{}J. pilosa\i0{}>/18-21<\i{}J.
straminea\i0{}> 340,6 341,18.6-21.6<\i{}J. pilosa\i0{}>/13.5-16.5<\i{}J.
straminea\i0{}> 342,1.4-2.1 343,(10.5-)12-16.5(-17.4)
344,0.32-0.52/0.64-0.67 345,1 346,43.5-48<\i{}J.
pilosa\i0{}>/28.5-33<\i{}J. straminea\i0{}> 348<high>,2<\i{}J.
straminea\i0{}>/1&2<\i{}J. pilosa\i0{}, where the domes are mainly low>
350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,7<tiny>/2 360,2 362,1
363,6<predominating>/4<a few, more or less imperfect> 367,1 370,1 374,1
376,1 378,1 379,2 389,1 393,3 395,1<with a large abaxial anchor-shaped
strand in \i{}J. straminea\i0{}>/2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked
with traversing columns of colourless cells> 403,2 404,2<most bundles with
scant abaxial strands, but many altogether lacking adaxial sclerenchyma>
406,1 409,1 464,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,2
492<California to Central America> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1 504,11 512,4 513,2
514,1/2 515<sandy places, coastal dunes and mud flats> 534<Weatherwax 1939>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}J. pilosa\i0{} (Presl) Scribn.,
\i{}J. straminea\i0{} Fourn.> 537,2 540<jouvea> 
 
# \i{}Joycea\i0{} <H.P. Linder>/
1<named in honour of Joyce Vickery, a very productive agostologist from
Sydney> 3<\i{}Chionochloa\i0{}, \i{} Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato,
\i{}Notodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}J. pallida\i0{}
(R.Br.) H.P.Linder> 7,2 9,1/3 11,1 13,25-160 16,1 19,2 25,2-4 26,1 27,2
37,1 42,2 44,1 47,2 48,2 52,2 54,3 55,2 56,3-20 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3
70,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 76,1 88,3 89,5 91,1 92,4 95,3 101,2 108,2 120,1
121,2 122,3 123,3 125,2 126,2 140,1 141,9-25 142,5 143<green to purplish>
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 150,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 158,1 159,1
160,2<slightly shorter than the rhachilla> 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2
170,- 171,2 172,2 174,1 175,2 176,2 177,1 178,2 179,2 181,3 186,1 187,1-7
189,1-7 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,3-6 210<deeply bilobed, the lobes
tapering into apical setae> 211,2 212,2 214,2 215,1/2 216,2 217,1 218,2
220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1/3 226<if solitary>,1/2<if three> 227<if three>,1
228,1 231,2 233,1 234,3 235,2 236,2 238,1 239,1 240,1<scattered on the
lower half of the lemma backs> 241,2<or scarcely so> 242,2 244,2 247,2
248,9 249,1 250,1 251,1 252,2 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,1 258,2 259,3 260,3
261,1/3 262,2 263,2/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 271,2 272,3
274,1.2-5.2 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,2 283,2 284,2 285,3 286,2 287,1
288<brown> 289,2<obovate> 290,2 291,2 292,1 294,2 295,1<linear to ovate,
almost half as long as fruit> 296,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 315,2 317,1 318,1
319,2 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1 370,2 374,1 406,1<\i{}J.
pallida\i0{}> 416,1 469,6 470,12 471,4/6/8 477,5 483,3 487<cf.>,6 488,7
489,19 490,80 491,3 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2/3/4/6/8 511,2
512,3 513,2<light shade> 514,2 515<gravelly soils> 534<This description
first drafted by H.P. Linder 1997).> 535<studied by us - \i{}J.
pallida\i0{}> 540<joycea> 
 
# \i{}Kampochloa\i0{} <W. Clayton>/
7,2 9<densely>,3 13,15-30 14,2 19,2 40,2 44,1 47,2 55,2 56,1-3<and 3-5 cm
long> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69<hyaline> 71,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,4<with very short
pedicels> 91<the raceme curved, 1-2.4 cm long> 96,- 98,2<in that the rachis
tip appears to be a naked point> 99,- 101,- 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3 141,3.5 145,1 147,1<?> 154,1
155,2 156,1 157,1 163,2 165,1 167,1 168,2 176,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
with 1 mm subule from a sinus, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} also incised, but
with a 2.7 mm dorsal awn> 177,2 178,- 179,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
green, puberulent, its longer awn from low on the back> 187,1 191,2 192,2
194,2<the second floret male or sterile, succeeded distally by several
florets represented by a bunch of vestigial lemmas in the form of hyaline
scales and long awns> 196,2 208,1 214,1-2<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 221,2 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,1<very short, scarcely more than a
mucro> 240,1 244,1<long-ciliate along the nerves> 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2
256,1<glabrous> 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,1/2 335,2<the basal cell often
sunken> 336,3 339,12-15 340,4-5 341,6-8.4 342,1.8-2.3 344,0.6-1 345,1
346,25.5-31.5 348<obscured by overlaps from the adjoining cells> 350,1<in
some files>/2 351,1<in some files> 352,2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1
362,4 363,8 364<mostly>,2&3 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 389,1
393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linking with the traversing
colourless cell columns> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all the
bundles with Is or anchors> 406,1 409,2 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}K. brachyphylla\i0{}> 492<Angola and Zambia> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<kampochl> 
 
# \i{}Kaokochloa\i0{} <de Winter>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass) and geography (Kaokoveld)>
7<pilose>,1 9<culms geniculate or prostrate at base, rooting at the nodes>
13,15-80 14,2 19,1 27,1 37,2 44,2 47,2 48,2<but with auricular hairs>
52,2-3 55,1/2 56,5-15<5-12 cm long> 59,1/3 61,2<at the bases of the
microhairs> 62,3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,1 71,0.5-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5
91,1-2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123<shortly>,3/2 125,1 141,5-8 145,2<subglobose> 147,2<the upper glume
falling with the spikelet> 148,1 149,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,2 160,1 163,2
165,2 166,2 167,2 171,1<villous and glandular> 173,3 174,1<subacute> 176,2
177,2<broadly rounded abaxially> 179,2 181,2 187,9/11 189,9/11 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,2<or with only minute vestiges of awns> 196,2 208,3-6 210<with an
incurved, emarginate apex and a narrow awned lobe at each margin, and
sometimes with 1-2 shorter, additional lobes> 216,1 218,2<between excurrent
nerves> 220,3-8 221,2 223,3 225,2/3/5 226,2<sometimes>/3<the two marginal
nerves excurrent into large awns, the median and other nerves occasionally
contributing smaller awns> 227<the median (when present)>,2 228,3 229,-
231,1 233,2<and glandular> 234<when present,>,1-2 235,1 237,3 240,1<the
lower two profusely so between the nerves, the upper ones hairy only at the
margins> 244,2<abaxially rounded to flattened> 247,2 248,9 249,2 250,1
251,1<but narrower than the lemma> 255<minutely>,2 257,1 258,2<thinly
leathery> 259,3 260,3 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274,3-4<yellow> 277,1 283,2 291,2<ventrally flattened> 295,1 297,3 298,1
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323<seemingly>,2 327,2<the costals much
narrower> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,3 336,3 340,210-480 342,30
344,0.01 345,1 348,2&3 351<seemingly>,2 352,1-2 353,2 355,1 360,1 362,4
363<predominantly>,8 364<mostly>,3 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,1 378,2
383,1 385,1 389,1<perhaps, in places>/2 393,3 395,2 396,1 399,1<between
adjacent bundles, and each group corresponding with an abaxial bulliform
group> 400,1-2 401,1&2<some of the simple fans of the deeply-penetrating
type, some of the others seeming to link with traversing colourless
columns> 403,1/2 404,2 406,1 409,1 435,4 477,6 484,1 487,5 488,7 489,22
490,25 491,1<K\i{}. nigrirostris\i0{}> 492<Southern Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,4 504,11 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<in semi-desert> 534<de Winter
1961> 535<photos provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<kaokochl> 
 
# \i{}Karroochloa\i0{} <Conert & Trpe>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass): a grass from the Karroo region
of South Africa> 3<\i{}Schismus\i0{}, \i{}Tribolium\i0{},
\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<Type: \i{}K. curva\i0{} (Nees) Conert &
Trpe> 7,1/2 9,2/3 13,4-40 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,1<rarely>/2 44,1-2
47,2 50<hair-tufted at the mouth of the sheath> 52,1 55,2 56<to>,2 59,1/2/3
65,2 66,2 68,1 69,3 70,- 72,1<as a line of hairs> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2<1-6
cm long> 92,2 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 123,3 141,4-6(-7) 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1
156,1 157,1 160,2/3 161,2 163,2 165,2<subequal> 166,2 167,2 170,- 171,2
172,1 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous, the margins and apices hyaline>
181,3 187,3-5 189,3-5(-7) 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,3-7 210<with
fringes or tufts of white hairs, except in \i{}K. curva\i0{}>
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<by small
extensions from the lobes> 227<the median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1
229,- 231,2 233,1 234,2-3 237,1<and straight> 240,1 241,1/2 242,1/2 244,2
247,2 248,9 249,2 250,1 251,1<almost equalling the lemma> 255,1-2
256,1<glabrous or pilose> 257,2 258,2<membranous, the margins hyaline>
259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1/2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 272,3
274,1.4-2.2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<but enclosed> 287,1<0.8-1
mm long> 295,1 298,2 315,2 316,2 317,1/2 319,2 320,1<strongly developed>
321,1 322,1 323,2 330,1/1&2 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1/2 348,2/- 351,1 353,1/2
354,1 360<usually>,1/3<in \i{}K. purpurea\i0{}> 363,5-6<\i{}K.
purpurea\i0{}>/8<usually> 364<usually>,1/3 370,2 374,1 385,2 387,1<or at
least tending to this>/2 393,1-2/3 394<when ribbed>,1 395,2<apart from
position> 396,1 399,1/2 401<sometimes>,1/- 403,2 404,2 406,1 449,1 450,2
469,6 470,12&24 471,2&4 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,4
492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,4 504,11 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<grassland and among rocks> 534<Conert 1969> 535<Conert and Trpe 1969;
photos of \i{}K. purpurea\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<karrooch> 
 
# \i{}Kengia\i0{} <Packer>/
3<\i{}Diplachne\i0{}> 5<\i{}Cleistogenes\i0{} Keng, \i{}Moliniopsis\i0{}
Gand.> 7,2 13,10-100 14,2 19,2<usually so in species referred to
\i{}Cleistogenes\i0{}> 40,2 44,2 52,2 55,2 59,1/3<convolute> 61,1 65,2
69,2-3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,1<especially associated with the upper
leaves> 89,2<of loose racemes on a central axis>/5 91,1-2 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 125,2 141,4-13 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,2 149,4 154,1 156,1 157,1 161,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,-
174,1-2 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,1/3-5<at base> 189,1/3-5(-7)<at base>
191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-6<to many?> 216,2 218<usually>,2
220<minutely>,2 221,2<two-toothed> 223,2-3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,1
240,1<pilose along margins>/2 244,1 248,3/5(-7) 250,1 251,1
255,2<two-toothed> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,2<usually, most
florets being cleistogamous> 272,3 274,0.7-3.5 286,2 290,U 294,U 295,1
296,U 297,U 298,1 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 323,1 324,1&2 326,1
330,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,21-27 342,2.2 344,0.3 345,1 352,2
353,2 354,1 355,3<but blurred by papillae> 356,1&3&8 360,1 362,4 363,8
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,1 379,2 389,2 393,1-3 395,2 396,1
397,2/1<at least, sometimes with a few colourless cells between the bundles
and the sclerenchyma> 399,1 400,1 403,2 404,2 406,1 409,1 469,10 470,40
471,4 473<small> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,10
492<temperate Eurasia> 493,1&3 494,1&2&6 495,1&2 496,3 497,2 498,2&3 500,1
504,11 505,1&3 506,1 510,1 512,3/4<mainly> 513,2 514,2 524,5 525,4 529,4
535<Van den Borre 1994; studied by us - \i{}K. serotina\i0{} (L.) Packer
(subsp. \i{}serotina\i0{}), \i{}Moliniopsis japonica\i0{} Hayata>
540<kengia> 
 
# \i{}Kengyilia\i0{} <Yen & J.L Yang>/
1<named for Yi-Li Keng, expert on Triticeae> 7,2 9,3 13,40-70<erect or
geniculate from the lowest node> 14,2 19,2 25,2-3 27,2 42,2 44,2 47,U 52,1
55,2 56<about>,3-6<(6-)7-19 cm long> 59,1/3/4<? - \i{}K. gobicola\i0{} has
short, rodlike leaves that form tubelike structures, while those of \i{}K.
mutica\i0{} are flat to involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.5-1 73,2 74,1
75,U 89,1<(5-12 cm long, 4-8 mm wide, erect or slightly curved, the densely
pilose internodes 3-10 mm long, decreasing in length acropetally> 101,2
102,2 108,2 120<seemingly>,1 121<probably>,2 122<probably>,2 123,1
141,11-20 142,10 143<yellow-green or green to purpling> 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,2<? - the rachilla articulated> 154,1 155,1<puberulent> 156,1 157,1
160,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1<\i{}K. mutica\i0{}>/2<the longer glume about
equalling the lowest lemma, in the illustration seen of \i{}K.
gobicola\i0{}> 170,2<and the spikelets borne flatwise, judging from the
Yang \i{}et al.\i0{} illustration of \i{}K. mutica\i0{}> 171,1<sometimes,
on the nerves>/2 172<mostly>,1 174,1<sometimes asymmetrically dentate>
176,1-2<muticous or mucronate> 177,1/2<the midnerve prominent in \i{}K.
mutica\i0{}> 179,2<herbaceous, oblong-ovate> 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,1/2 196,2 208,(3-)4-7(-8) 218,1 219,1-2 223,2-3 225,1 226,1 228,3
231,1 232,1 233,2 234,1<1-5 mm long> 238,2 240,1<white villous, or densely
hirsute> 244,2 247,2 248,5<at least in \i{}K. mutica\i0{}> 250,1
251,1<equalling or slightly shorter than the lemma> 253,2 255,1-2<truncate,
blunt or emarginate> 256,1 259,3 260,3 261,3<white-pilose, in \i{}K.
gobicola\i0{}>/1<\i{}K. mutica\i0{}> 262,2 263,3<at least above> 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1<at least in \i{}K. mutica\i0{}> 272,3 274,2-3
275,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 287,2<about 6-7 mm long> 288<dark brown> 289,2
290,U 292,3 293,1 294,U 295,2 296,U 297,U 298,2 300,U 329,U 349,U 358,U
359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 469,7 470,42
471,6 472,16&19&25<? - L.W. being insufficiently knowledgeable about
genomic analysis to interpret the garbled description of Yen and Yang,
1990> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,2<\i{}K.
gobicola\i0{}, \i{}K. mutica\i0{}> 492<Gobi Desert and Quinghai Province,
China> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 512,4 513,2 515<in dry, stony ground at high
elevation> 534<Yen and Yang (1990), Yang \i{}et al.\i0{} 1995> 536<based on
the very poor original generic description and illustrations of \i{}K.
gobicola\i0{}, with no information on spikelet orientation, lodicules,
fruit form, etc. (Yen and Yang 1990), supplemented by the brief illustrated
description of \i{}K. mutica\i0{} by Yang \i{}et al.\i0{} (1995)> 538,4
540<kengyili> 
 
# \i{}Kerriochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<named for the collector of the type specimen (Kerr 17718)> 7<slender>,2
9,4 13,20-25 14,2 19,1 44,2 47,2 59,1<short> 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4 78,1<the pedicelled member very reduced> 79,2 89<of solitary,
shortly peduncled terminal racemes> 95,3 101,1<the fragile, spicate
racemes partially enclosed by narrow spathes> 102,- 103,3 106,1 107,2 108,1
109,2 111,2<cuneate> 113,2 114,1 115,1 120,2 121<somewhat>,1 123,1&3 126,1
127,1 128,2 129,1 130,4<reduced to the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 131<the
pedicelled spikelet much smaller, reduced to its membranous, nerveless
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 141,5-6 145<slightly>,1 147,3<deciduous with the
adjacent internode and pedicel> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,2
161,2<truncate> 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 171,1 173,3 174,2<the
(G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}) obtuse, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} notched> 176<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>,1<from its sinus>
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} dorsally convex and awnless,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} cymbiform, awned> 183,2<wingless, the margins
incurved> 184,1 185,1 186,1 187,5 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2<much
shorter than the glumes> 203,2 204,3 205,3 206,2-3<thinly membranous, with
broad hyaline margins, entire> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1 234,3 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,3 250,1 251<shorter than the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 255,1<acuminate>
256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2
270,1<conspicuously bidentate> 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2
291,3 295,1 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U
390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42
491,1<\i{}K. siamensis\i0{}> 492<Thailand and Cambodia> 493,3 494,2 496,3
500,2 504,11 513,2 534<Hubbard 1951> 538,4 540<kerrioch> 
 
# \i{}Kinabaluchloa\i0{} <K.M. Wong>/
3<\i{}Bambusa\i0{}> 7,2 9<shortly>,1&3<the internodes 100-200 cm long> 11,1
13,700-1800 14,1 15<about>,2.5 16,1 17<leaning,>,2 20<(where recorded)>,1
21<from a single bud,>,4-10<subequal> 22,3 23,4 27<without roots> 30,1 35,1
36<where recorded,>,1/- 37,2 44,2 47,1-2<inconspicuous> 48,- 52,3 55,1
56<15-25 cm long,>,20-30 63,1 69,1 72,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1
101<(synflorescence)>,1<with glumaceous or spathaceous subtending bracts,
leafy between the clusters - with each pseudospikelet subtended by a bract
almost as long as the lemmas> 121,2 140,2 141,10-25 142,9 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4 154,1 156,1 163<ambiguously, in descriptions seen,>,1/2-3<? -
preceded by gemmiferous bracts> 167,2<about equalling the lowest>
185<without pits> 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1<?> 195,2 196,2 208,1-2
210<lanceolate or ovate> 215,1<neither wrinkled nor grooved> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1/2<acute to cuspidate> 244,2 248,9/14 250,1 251,1-2<somewhat
shorter than the lemma> 252,2 256,1 259,4<10> 260,3<with keels approximated
or well separated> 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2<neither fleshy nor basally
protruding> 269,1/2 272,6 274,4 277,1-2 278,1-2 279<when young,>,1<i.e.,
then not \i{}Bambusa\i0{}-like>/2 286,U 290,U 292,U 293,U 296,U 297,U 300,U
325,U 345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U
387,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14
491<supposedly>,2<\i{}K. wrayi\i0{}, \i{}K. nebulosa\i0{}> 492<Vietnam,
Borneo> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 534<Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase; K. M.
Wong (1993): Four New Genera of Bamboos (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) from
Malesia. Kew Bulletin 48, 517-532> 535<the Clayton et al (2016) index for
\i{}K. nebulosa\i0{} leads to \i{}Nianhochloa\i0{} ...> 537,2 538,4
540<kinabalu> 
 
# \i{}Koeleria\i0{} <Pers.>/
1<named for early German agrostologist, G.L.Koeler> 4<Type: \i{}K.
gracilis\i0{} Pers., \i{}nom. illeg.\i0{}> 5<\i{}Aegialina\i0{} Schult.,
\i{}Aegialitis\i0{} Trin., \i{}Airochloa\i0{} Link, \i{}Brachystylus\i0{}
Dulac, \i{}Ktenosachne\i0{} Steud., \i{}Leptophyllochloa\i0{} Cald.,
\i{}Lophochloa\i0{} Reichenb., \i{}Poarion\i0{} Reichenb.,
\i{}Rostraria\i0{} Trin., \i{}Wilhelmsia\i0{} Koch> 6<\i{}Avellinia\i0{},
\i{}Parafestuca\i0{}> 7,1<\i{}Lophochloa\i0{}, \i{}Rostraria\i0{}>/2
9,3<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 13,5-120 14,2 19<where recorded,>,2 24,1/2
27,2 37,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2 56,0.5-6 59,1/2/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
68,1 69,1<sometimes puberulent and ciliolate> 70,1/2 73,2 74,1 80,1&2 89,5
91,2<not interrupted> 92,2/3 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,(2.7-)4-7 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1/2
157,1/2 160,2 163,2 165,1/2 166,1/2 167,1<<10%> rarely>/2<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} usually equalling the first lemma> 170,- 174,1 176,2
177,1 179,1<sometimes, e.g. \i{}K. pumila\i0{}>/2 187,1-3 189,3/5 191,1/2
192,2 196,2 208,2-4 214,2 216,2 218,1<usually>/2<<20%> e.g. in
\i{}Lophochloa\i0{}> 219,2/- 223,1/2/3<but then the awns relatively
inconspicuous, by contrast with \i{}Trisetum\i0{}> 225,1 226,1 228,1/2
229,1 231,1 234,1-2 235,1 240,1/2 244,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1<usually>/2<e.g.
\i{}K. cristata\i0{}, \i{}K. pumila\i0{}> 253,1 255,2 257,1<hyaline or
membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
272,3 274,0.3-0.7<\i{}Rostraria\i0{}>/1.3-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1
291<slightly>,1 295,1/2 298,2 299,2 301,1 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2
308,1 309,1/2 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1/2 328,1<thin
walled> 329,1/2 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,2/1 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2
353,1/2<some solitaries, and abundant prickles> 354,1<when paired>/2 360,3
363,1-2/3/4<occasionally> 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1
399,1<between the vascular bundles>/2<e.g. \i{}K. cristata\i0{}, \i{}K.
pumila\i0{}> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 413,2<1 species> 442,1 469,7
470,14&26&28&40&42&43&56&70&84&112&126 471,2&4&6&8&10&12&16&18<and
aneuploids> 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41<involving
numerous synonyms> 490,13 491<about>,60 492<north and south temperate>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4&6 495,1&2&3 496,1 497,1&2&3&4 498,2&3
499,2&3 502,5&6&7 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2 508,1&2&3
511,1 512,3/4 513<mostly>,2 515<in dry grassland and rocky places>
516<\i{}K. phleoides\i0{}, \i{}K. pyramidata\i0{}> 518<e.g. \i{}K.
cristata\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Trisetum\i0{}:
\i{}Trisetokoeleria\i0{} Tsvelev> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1&2
530,17&24&25&31&32&33&38 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}K. australiensis\i0{} Domin> 536<the taxonomic situation around
\i{}Koeleria\i0{} and \i{}Trisetum\i0{} (involving \i{}Trisetaria\i0{},
\i{}Graphephorum\i0{}, \i{}Rostraria\i0{}, \i{}Lophochloa\i0{} and
\i{}Peyritschia\i0{}) is hopelessly unsatisfactory, and demands either a
world monograph of the approximately 150 species involved, or critical
assessment via extensive worldwide sampling and an adequate character list.
This sensu lato version of \i{}Koeleria\i0{} reflects the impossibility of
preparing adequate descriptions for segregate genera, and is poorly
separable from that of \i{}Trisetum\i0{}> 540<koeleria> 
 
# \i{}Lagurus\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lagos\i0{}, a hare and \i{}oura\i0{} a tail, referring
to the shape of the panicle> 4<Type: \i{}L. ovatus\i0{} L.>
5<\i{}Avena\i0{} Scop.> 7<slender>,1 9,3 11,- 13,8-50(-60) 14,2 19,2 27,1/2
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,2 53,2 55,2 56,1.5-10 58,2<pubescent> 59,1 65,2 66,2
67,1 69,1/2<rarely> 70<irregularly>,1 71,2.5-3 73,2 74,1 80,2 89,5 91,2
92,2<silky-white hairy and bristly> 94,- 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-10 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,1 156,2
157,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1<villous> 174,1/- 176,1 177,2
178,- 179,2<narrowly lanceolate, membranous, hairy, tapering into fine
bristles, thinly membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,2-3<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2<narrowed into 2 awn-tipped teeth>
221,2 223,3 225,3 226,2<with two short terminal laterals in addition to the
longer median> 227<the median>,1 228,2 229,1/2 231,2 233,1 234,3 235,1
237,1<terminal, straight> 240,1/2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1<but shorter than
the lemma> 255,2 256,1 258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3 274,1.5-2 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,1 286,2
287,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1 302,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1-2
331,2 332,2 345,1 346,37-45 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,1/2<solitaries, and pairs
adjacent to the prickles> 354,2 360,1 363,2<predominating>/3 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,1 399,2<ill defined, in material
seen> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 411,2 416,1 469,7 470,14 471,2
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,1<\i{}L.
ovatus\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&4 495,1&2 496,1
497,2&4 498,1&2&3 499,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 506,1 507,1 511,1 512,4 513,2
515<especially maritime sands> 516<\i{}L. ovatus\i0{}> 522<cultivated as an
ornamental> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,24&32 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us>
540<lagurus> 
 
# \i{}Lamarckia\i0{} <Moench mut. Koeler>/
1<after the great French biologist J.B.A.P.M. de Lamarck (1744-1829), who
recognised the fact of evolution fifty years before Darwin, and even
postulated a plausible (though subsequently mistranslated, misunderstood
amd maligned) causal mechanism> 4<Type: \i{}L. aurea\i0{} (L.) Moench>
5<\i{}Achyrodes\i0{} Boehmer, \i{}Chrysurus\i0{} Pers., \i{}Pterium\i0{}
Desv., \i{}Tinaea\i0{} Garzia> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,5-200(-300) 14,2 19,1-2
25,1-5 26,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,1<for up to two thirds their
length> 50<sheaths keeled> 53,2 55,2 56,2.6-7.5 58,2 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,2 71,(4-)5-10.2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3&4<only the terminal spikelet in
each fascicle being hermaphrodite, the other 3-4 male-only or with 3-6
empty, awnless, truncate lemmas> 89,3<the spikelets in peduncled fascicles>
91,2 94,- 97,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 108,1 109,1<the clusters of 3-5 spikelets
falling whole> 121,1 123,3<the pedicels villous> 131<the lateral, sterile
spikelets reduced to the glumes and lemmas, narrow-elongated, concealing
the hermaphrodite spikelets save for the awns> 141,2.5-4.3 142,5 145,1
147,3<in the clusters> 149,3&4 154,1 156,1 157,2 160,2 161,2<glabrous>
163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,1-2<acuminate to shortly
aristate> 177,1 179,2<membranous, linear-lanceolate, hyaline> 187,1 189,1
191,2 192,2 193,1 195,1<the sterile rudiment with a long awn> 196,2 208,1
214<papery> 216,2 218,1-2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 232,1/2 234,3<4.7-7.2 mm long> 235,1 240,2 244,2
248,4-5 250,1 251,1 253,2 257,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3 274,0.5-0.8 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1
286,1<slightly, to the palea> 287,1<1.6-2 mm long> 289<ovoid or>,4
290<ventrally>,1 292,1 293,- 295,1<elliptic> 298,2 301,1/2 302,1 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2<from material seen, but see Metcalfes
description> 327,2<many of the costals quite rectangular> 328,1<quite thin
walled> 330<strongly>,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,24-28.5/33-36<in different
specimens of \i{}L. aurea\i0{}> 348<low>,2/1 350,1<mostly, but only very
slightly>/2 351,2 360,1 363,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 394,- 395,1<via
a prominent abaxial keel> 396,1 397,1 399,2<restricted to midrib hinges>
401,- 403,1<and many others with only 1-celled strands> 404,1<some of the
primaries only> 405,2 406,1 410,1 413,2<1 species> 469,7 470,14 471,2 477,2
478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,28 491,1<\i{}L. aurea\i0{}>
492<Mediterranean to Pakistan> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1
497,2 498,2 499,1 504,2&4&5&6&8 506,1 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<dry places>
516<\i{}L. aurea\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25 531,1 532,1
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us> 540<lamarcki> 
 
# \i{}Lamprothyrsus\i0{} <Pilger>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lampros\i0{} (splendid) and \i{}thyrsos\i0{} (an
ornamental wand), referring to the large silvery inflorescence>
3<\i{}Cortaderia\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}L. hieronymi\i0{} (Kuntze) Pilger>
7<\i{}Cortaderia\i0{}-like>,2 9,3 13,100-230 14,2 42,2 44,2 52,1 55,2
59,3<long, involute> 65,2 66,1 69,3 73<(gyno?)>,3<males rarer than females>
74,2 76,1&2<?>/2/3 78,- 80,1 84,1<non-pseudogamous> 89,5 91,1-2<large, to
50 cm long, with many spikelets> 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 144,- 145,3 147,1 148,2<at the bases of
the rachilla joints> 154,1 155,1<long-villous> 156,1 157,1 160<linear>
163,2 165,1 166,1<1/2-2/3 as long> 167,2<slightly longer> 170,- 171,2 172,1
174,1 176,1-2 179,2<hyaline, acuminate to an awn point> 187,0/1 189,0/1
191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-10 214<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1<into
setae almost as long as the awns> 223,3 225,3 226,2<the lemma teeth
acuminate into long delicate awns> 227<(the median)>,1 228,1 229,- 231,1-2
232,2<flat, spreading from near the scarcely twisted base, flexuous or
loosely twisted above> 240,1<with silvery hairs> 244,2 248,5 250,1
251,1<longer than the body of the lemma> 255,2 256,1 260,3 261,3<pilose>
263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,1/2 272,0<3 staminodes> 277,1 280,2 283,2
290,U 294,U 295,2 296,U 297,U 300,U 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1 316,2 318,1
320,1<strongly developed> 322,1/2<\i{}L. peruvianus\i0{}> 323,2 330,1
331,1<rather thick> 332,1/2<\i{}L. peruvianus\i0{}> 335,1 345,2<\i{}L.
peruvianus\i0{}>/1<\i{}L. hieronymi\i0{}> 348<low>,2/3<slightly> 351,1
360,1<\i{}L. hieronymi\i0{}>/3<short-cells regularly spaced, solitary in
\i{}L. peruvianus\i0{}> 361,3<\i{}L. peruvianus\i0{}>/1<\i{}L.
hieronymi\i0{}> 363<of \i{}L. hieronymi\i0{}>,8/- 364<somewhat>,3/- 365,2/-
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1<round- and flat-topped> 394,2 395,1<the large
bundle having a slight abaxial keel> 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with
adaxial sheath extensions> 405,1<Is or anchors with all the bundles>
406,2<there being an abaxial, more or less interrupted lignified
hypodermis> 407,1 428,1 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,3
492<tropical South America> 493,7 494,3 502,5&6 504,11 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}L. peruvianus\i0{} Hitchcock> 537,2 540<lamproth> 
 
# \i{}Lasiacis\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lasios\i0{} (woolly) and \i{}akis\i0{} (point),
referring to the fruit (mature floret)> 5<\i{}Pseudolasiacis\i0{} A.
Camus> 7,2 9,1-2/4 11,- 14,1<usually>/2<10%> 17,1<to 10 m in some
species>/2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,3/1 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,1<with
sheath auricles>/2 49,2 52,1-6 55,1 57,1/3 58,- 63,1/2 65,2 66,1 67,1
69,1-2 71,0.1-9 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5<with the spikelets borne obliquely on
their pedicels> 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 126,2 140,1<usually>/2<<5%> \i{}L. anomala\i0{},
with an extra sterile lemma> 141,2.6-5 144,- 145<slightly>,3<subglobose>
147,3 148,- 149,1/4<in the form of a conical boss, in \i{}L.
grisebachii\i0{} and \i{}L. ruscifolia\i0{}> 154,1<occasionally>/2 155,-
156<when present,>,2 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the
upper)>,2 170,- 171,1<with webby white hairs at the apex> 174,1/2 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous, abruptly apiculate, blackening and
accumulating oil when mature> 187,5-13 189,7-15 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1/2<<5%> in \i{}L. anomala\i0{}> 198,1 200,2 201,1/2 202<apically
pubescent, blackening and accumulating oil like the glumes> 203,2 204,7-15
205,2<and the upper glume> 206,1 207,2 208,1 210<with a shallow excavation
and a tuft of hair at the tip> 214,3 215,1 216,1 217<usually turning
dark>,3 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1<with webby white hairs at the apex> 244,2
246,2 247,1 248,7 250,1 251,1 258,1 259,3 260,3<apically excavated, like
the lemma> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,1<basally>/2 283,2 284,1/2 287,1 289,4 290<broadly>,1/2
291,2 295,1 298,1 299,2 301,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 311,1 312,1 313,2-3
322,1 323,2 329,2-3<the long-cells relatively short> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,48-55.5 341,6-6.6 342,7.6-9.3 343,16.5-22.5 344,0.34-0.47 345,1
346,30-33 348,3 350,1<e.g. \i{}L. sorghoides\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}L.
procerrima\i0{}> 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,1 386,1 387,1 393,1/2/3 394,1 395,2 396,1/2 399,1<these broad,
between main bundles> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 413,2<1 species> 469,9
470,18&36 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,20 492<tropical
and subtropical America> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,11 512,3
515<forest margins> 524,3&5 525,3 528,7&8 534<Parodi 1938; Davidse 1978>
535<studied by us - \i{}L. ligulata\i0{} Hitchc. & Chase, \i{}L. nigra\i0{}
Davidse, \i{}L. procerrima\i0{} Hitchc. ex Chase, \i{}L. sorghoides\i0{}
Hitchc. & Chase> 540<lasiacis> 
 
# \i{}Lasiorhachis\i0{} <(Hack.) Stapf>/
3<\i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Lasiorrachis\i0{} Stapf> 7,2 9,3 13,50-100 14,2
19,2 26,1 27,1 29,1 37,1 42,1 44,1 47,2<hairy at the auricle positions>
52,1-2 54<harsh> 55,2 56,5-10 59,1/3<involute> 63,1<attenuate to the base,
cf. \i{}Imperata cylindrica\i0{}> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.7-1 72,2 73,2
74,1 75,1<at least towards the tips of the inflorescence branches>
76,1&3&4<in the material seen>/1&3<in other collections, according to Stapf
1926> 78,1/1-2 79,1<homogamous below, heterogamous above> 89,5<pilose, with
white hairs> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,5 104,5 107,1<these not channelled> 108,1
109,2 111,1 112,2 113,2 114,1 115,1 120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2
129,1 130,1&3&4<in the material seen, the much reduced members at the tips
of the branches>/1&3<all or nearly all male, in some specimens> 131<the
pedicelled spikelets falling from their pedicels, apparently very variable
in sexuality and completeness, hermaphrodite to male or rudimentary,
sometimes with two functional male florets in the material seen> 141,4-6
142,8-9 145,3 146,1 147,3<and in the case of sessile spikelets, with the
associated rachis joint and pedicel> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,2<hairy in
both sessile and pedicellate spikelets> 161,2<truncate> 163,2 165,2 166,3
167,2 171,1<both pilose> 174<(the upper)>,1/- 176,2 177<(the upper)>,1/-
179,1<both firmly membranous or papery, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} bicarinate,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate> 183,1 184,1-2 186,1 187,6-9 189,5-7 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2/3/5 205,2/3 206,3<membranous with
hyaline wings> 207,2 208,1 210<broad> 214,1<membranous or hyaline> 216,2
218,1-2 220<when incised,>,2 221,2<no more than minutely incised> 223,2-3
225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,1/3 231,1 232,1 233,1 234,1 235,1 238,2
239,2 240,1<along the margins only>/- 244,2 247,2 248,1/3 250,1 251,2 255,2
256,1<but ciliate> 257,2 258,2 259<inconspicuously>,3/1 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1<on their points, with deciduous needlike hairs, in
the material seen> 272,3 274<about>,2 275<minutely>,1 276,2 277,2<on the
appendage (q.v.), the hairs resembling those on the lodicules> 278,1<all
those examined with a rather to very conspicuous, linear, hairy appendage,
perhaps representing a vestigial style but originating distinctly lower on
the apex than the normal pair> 280,2 283,2<the putative vestigial style
without stigmatic papillae> 284,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals narrower and more uniform> 328,1<thin walled>
329,1/2<isodiametric to square, in places> 330,1<to rhomboid>/-
331<mostly>,1 332,1<large> 333,2 334,2 335,1 344<about>,0.5 345,1 347,2
348<high>,2-3 350,2 351,1 353,2<solitary> 354,2 357<no macrohairs or
prickles seen> 359,1 360,3<pairs or short rows> 361,1<in places, but
lacking in others> 363,8 364<short>,3<mostly>/1 370,1 371,1 374,2<the PCR
cell walls often thick, mestome sheath-like> 375,1 378,2 385,1 389,1<in
places, associated with the bulliform-plus-colourless cell arches> 393,3
395<very>,1 396,2<these numerous, abaxial> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,2 402,1
403,1 404,1<with the major bundles> 405,1<large Is> 406,1 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489<cf.>,2<?> 490,80 491,1<\i{}L.
hildebrandtii\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 535<studied by
us - \i{}L. hildebrandtii\i0{} (Hack.) Stapf> 536<description restricted to
\i{}L. hildebrandtii\i0{} (Hack.) Stapf. Stapfs (1926) dismissal of the
hairy ovary apex is untenable, and Bossers association of two
\i{}Miscanthidium\i0{} species with \i{}L. hildebrandtii\i0{} is
unconvincing. The material seen (Hildebrandt 3755) has most of the
pedicellate spikelets male, except near the branch tips. Glabrous
lodicules (seen in some of the florets examined, cf. Bosser 1968) may
reflect easily dislodged hairs (observed in other florets)> 537,2
540<lasiorha> 
 
# \i{}Lasiurus\i0{} <Boiss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lasios\i0{} (hairy) and \i{}oura\i0{} (tail),
referring to an erect, hairy inflorescence> 4<\i{}L. scindicus\i0{}
Henrard> 5<\i{}Loxodera\i0{} Launert p.p.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,1-2<woody and
persistent at the base> 38,- 42,2 47,2 65,2 68,1 69,2-3 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&3/1&4 78,1-2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} of the pedicelled members not
tailed> 79,2 89,2<of terminal, silky-hairy spiciform racemes> 91,1 94,-
95,1/2/3 101,1 102,1<with spathaceous sheaths> 103,3 106,1 107,2 108,1
109,2 111,2<stoutly clavate> 112,1 113,1<the appendages suborbicular> 114,1
115,1<bearded at the nodes> 120,2&3<mostly triplets> 121,2<the sessile
spikelets alternating> 123,1&3<the pedicels resembling the internodes>
126,1<two sessile and one pedicelled spikelet per triplet> 127,1 128,2
129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicellate spikelets well developed, with tailless
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 144,- 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1 163,2 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2 170,- 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} densely ciliate> 174,- 176,2
177,- 179,1<the lower flat-backed, bicarinate above, subleathery and hairy
with a short bidentate or flattened apical extension, the upper naviculate
and membranous> 183,U 184,2 185,2 186,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
201,1 203,2 204,3 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,2 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 291,2 295,1
298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals bulbous between the silica cells,
elsewhere more regularly rectangular> 328,1-2<thick walled, the costals
tending to be thicker> 329,1/2<in places> 330,1 331,1<with conspicuous
pitting, including in the outer wall> 332,1/2<seemingly, in the material
seen> 335<when recorded,>,1 345,1 347,2 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,2<mostly,
seemingly solitary>/1<sometimes, adjoining the costal zones> 354,1<in
places>/2<mainly> 357<the costal zones with small to large prickles,
grading into macrohairs> 360,2<mostly>/3<in places, solitary or in short
rows> 361,1 363<more or less>,8/3 364<mostly>,1<but with only slight
furrowing> 370,1 371,1 374,2 378,2 389,1<perhaps, in places>/2 393,1
394,1<low, wide> 395<very>,1 396,2<three primaries, separated by minor
bundles> 397,1<this extending outwards beneath the bulliform hinges>
398,2 399,1<with a large group in each furrow, overlying small vascular
bundles> 401<associated with internal colourless tissue, the latter thinner
walled and extending inwards asymmetrically> 402,1 403,1<most but not all
of the smallest bundles being associated with a small sclerenchyma group>
404,1-2<perhaps present with a few primaries, but in most cases there is
only an adaxial strand, with colourless tissue intervening> 406,1 413,2<1
species> 469,7/9 470,18&56 471,2&6 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1
489,2 490,63 491,3<with species now referred to \i{}Loxodera\i0{} included>
492<tropical East Africa, India> 493,3&4 494,1&2 495,2 496,1&3 498,3
499,1&2 500,1 504,11 508,1&2 512,4 513,2 515<subdesert> 518<\i{}L.
scindicus\i0{}, in arid conditions> 531,2 533,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}L. scindicus\i0{} Henrard> 540<lasiurus> 
 
# \i{}Lecomtella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7<bamboo-like>,2 13<about>,50-200 14,2 19,1 29,1 37,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,2
52,3<-acuminate> 55,1 56,10-20<12-22 cm long> 65,2 69,3 72,1<as a fringe of
hairs> 73,2 74,2<the upper floret of the hermaphrodite spikelet
female-only> 75,1 76,1&3 77,3<the short branches with the spikelets
male-only below, hermaphrodite above> 78,2 89,5 91,2 92,4 101,2 102,2 107,1
108,2 121,2 123,3 124,4 125,1 131<male spikelets similar to the
hermaphrodite, but both florets male with membranous lemmas> 132,2 133,1
134,2 135,2<both male> 136,1 137,2 138,3 141,10<or more> 145<weakly>,1
147,3 148,2 149,4<the upper floret borne on a short stipe with two apical
wings> 150,1 151,2 152,1 153,2 154,2 155,2 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1-2 166,1
167<(the longer)>,1 171,2 172,1 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1
179,2<herbaceous, ovate-lanceolate> 180<about>,0.7 187,3 189,7 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<hyaline, two keeled> 201,1<with 3 stamens>
202<lanceolate> 203,2 204,7/9 205,3<equalling the spikelet>
206,1<herbaceous> 207,2 208,1<female-only> 210<ovate> 214,3<crustaceous,
tuberculate at the tip, with 3 thickened cushions apically on the nerves>
216,1 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 249,2 250,1 251,1
253,2 255,1<tuberculate at the tip, with thickened cushions apically on the
nerves> 256,1 257,2 258<thickened apically> 259,3 260,1<with incurved
margins> 264,1 265,2 267,2 268,1<quadrangular> 269,2 271,2 277,1 280,2
283,2<very long, slender> 290,U 294,U 296,1 297,U 322,1 323,2 328,1<of
medium thickness> 329,2<these and the interstomatals frequently very short>
330,1 331,1<conspicuously pitted> 332<seemingly>,2<but these would be very
hard to detect amid the nemerous prickles> 345,1<unusually abundant> 347,2
348<high>,2&3 350,2 351,1 353,2<solitary, small> 354,2 357<with long,
almost continuous chains of large, bulbous prickles costally, and with vey
numerous smaller to tiny prickles intercostally; no macrohairs seen> 359,1
360,2<in places>/3<the pairs and short rows separated by prickles>
361,1<but relatively infrequent> 363,8 364<very shortly>,3/1 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 388,2 393,2 394,1 395,1-2<perhaps represented by a slightly
enlarged primary bundle> 396,1 399,1 401,1<these large, in each furrow>
403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with Is> 406,1 477,7 478,5
485,2<Boivinelleae> 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,1<\i{}L.
madagascariensis\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 512,3
515<forest margins> 534<Camus 1925b> 535<studied by us> 540<lecomtel> 
 
# \i{}Leersia\i0{} <Soland.>/
1<named for J.D.Leers, eighteenth century German physician and botanist>
4<Type: not designated; lecto: \i{}L. oryzoides\i0{} (L.) Sw. (\i{}typ.
cons.\i0{})> 5<\i{}Aplexia\i0{} Faf., \i{}Asprella\i0{} Schreb.,
\i{}Blepharochloa\i0{} Endl., \i{}Ehrhartia\i0{} Weber, \i{}Endodia\i0{}
Raf., \i{}Homalocenchrus\i0{} Mieg, \i{}Laertia\i0{} Gromov,
\i{}Pseudoryza\i0{} Griff., \i{}Turraya\i0{} Wall.> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,1/2/3
11,- 13,30-150 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2
48,2 52,1 55,2 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 81,1/2
82,1/2 83<when present,>,1 89,5/2<the primary branches sometimes simple>
91,1 94,1/2 95,3/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1/2 123,3 140,2<the dilated pedicel apices may or may not
represent glumes, the palea may really be a lemma, etc. - c.f.
\i{}Oryza\i0{}> 141,3-6 142,4/7/8/10 145<strongly>,1 147,1<or at least,
above the rim assumed to represent them>/- 149,-<with no more than a short
stipe beneath the floret, by contrast with \i{}Chikusichloa\i0{}> 154,2
157,2 162,2<apparently represented by a narrow rim at the tip of the
pedicel> 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,- 216,2<membranous to papyraceous> 221,-
223,1-3<often caudate> 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 234,1-3
240<usually>,1<hispid on the nerves> 244,1 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1<but
much narrower than the lemma> 255,1 256,1 258<tough> 259,4<3> 260,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,1-3/6 274,0.5-2.4 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 291,1 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2
302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,2 309,1/2 311,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1
326,3 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,22-30<\i{}L. hexandra\i0{}>/32-42<\i{}L.
oryzoides\i0{}> 341,(3.9-)4.2-5.7 342,4.7-7.1 343,10-16<\i{}L.
hexandra\i0{}>/16-24<\i{}L. oryzoides\i0{}> 344,0.52-0.54 345,1 346<in
\i{}L. hexandra\i0{},>,22-30 347,1 348,3 350,2 351,1/2 354,1/2 356<where
present,>,2/3/8/5/8 360,1 363,7 365,1<with corners>/2 370,2 374,1 385,2
389,1/2 390,1/2 391,2 393,1 394,1 395,1/2 396,1/3<rarely> 397,1<rarely>/2
399,1<in the furrows> 401,1<\i{}L. hexandra\i0{}>/2<\i{}L. oryzoides\i0{}>
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,1 413,2<1 species> 469,12 470,24&48&60
471,2&4&5 473<small> 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,52 491,18
492<tropical and warm temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&2&4&5&6
503,1 504,2&4&6&7&9 506,1 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1 512,2 513,1&2
516<\i{}L. hexandra\i0{} (in rice), \i{}L. oryzoides\i0{}> 518<\i{}L.
hexandra\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&3&4 526,3 528,4 529,1 530,17&25&33 531,1&2 532,4
533,1&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}L. hexandra\i0{} Swartz>
540<leersia> 
 
# \i{}Lepargochloa\i0{} <Launert>/
3<\i{}Loxodera\i0{} (\i{}L. rhytachnoides\i0{})> 7,2 9,4 13<about>,20-90
14,2 19,2 27,1 44,2 47,2 52<narrowly>,1 55,2 56<to>,6 59,1/3<involute> 65,2
69,1 71,2 73,2 74,1 78,2 89<a terminal, spiciform raceme> 100,-
101,2<seemingly> 102,2 103,3&4 106,1 107,2 108,2<seemingly>
111,2<subclavate> 113,2<but the tips bristly-hairy> 114<transversely
jointed> 115,1 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,7-9 145,3
147,3<presumably?> 154,2 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} with setaceous hairs, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
ciliate> 173,1<the setaceous hairs of the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} in tufts>
176,2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, rugose, convex to flattened on
the back, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner and boat-shaped> 183,2 184,1-2
185,2 186,3-4 187,7 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2
204,2(-3) 205,3 206,2<thinly membranous> 207,2 208,1 210<ovate-elliptic>
214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2<with ciliate
margins> 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1<acute or sub-acute> 256,1
258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2
277,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U
371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63<?> 491,1<\i{}L. rhytachnoides\i0{}> 492<tropical
southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 534<Launert 1961>
537,2 538,4 540<lepargoc> 
 
# \i{}Leptagrostis\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,2 9,3 13,22<slender> 14,2 19,2 40,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-6<10-25 cm long>
58<setaceous at the tip> 65,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,2<narrow,
5-12.5 cm long> 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 141,3.5-4 143<purple-tinged> 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,- 154,1 155,1/2 156,2 157,1 158,1 159,1<to 3.5 mm long, half as long as
the lemma> 161,2 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter> 167<(the
upper)>,2<the lower half as long> 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177<keeled above>
179,2<lanceolate, acuminate, thinly membranous> 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2
208,1 210<broadly lanceolate, flattened> 214,2<thinly membranous> 216,2
218,1/2 219<when entire,>,1<acuminate into the awn> 220<when incised>,2
221<when incised,>,2<bidenticulate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<i.e., from
between minute teeth>/3 229,- 231,1 232,1 234,1<little more than 1 mm long>
235,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,3-5 250,1 251,1
256,1<apically ciliolate> 258,2<membranous> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,2 269,2 272,3 274,1.5 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U
329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U
402,U 442,- 477,2<?> 478,2<?> 479,4<?> 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80
491,1<\i{}L. schimperiana\i0{}> 492<Abyssinia> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2
504,11 508,2 534<Hubbard 1939b> 536<description is hopelessly inadequate
for reliable classificatory assignment> 537,2 538,4 540<leptagro> 
 
# \i{}Leptaspis\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}leptos\i0{} (thin) and \i{}aspis\i0{} (a round
shield), alluding to the lemma of the female spikelet> 4<Type: \i{}L.
banksii\i0{} R.Br.> 6<\i{}Scrotochloa\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 11,2 13,30-100 14,2
27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 48,2 55,1 58,- 63,1 64,1<the laterals slanting
obliquely from the midrib> 65,1 66,2 67,1 68,1<short> 69,2 72,2 73,1 74,2
75,1 76,2&3 77,4 78,1<the male spikelets smaller> 89,5 91,1<with 1-3
primary branches at each of (1-)3-7 nodes> 99,1/2/3/4 101,1<the spikelet
branchlets often subtended by bracts>/2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<the female pedicels filiform, not clavate>
126,1 129,2 130,3 131<male spikelets smaller than the females, narrower,
the floret with 6 stamens, the anthers non-penicillate, the floret
caducous> 133,1 135,1 136,1/2<?> 138,6 145,3 147,1 154,2 155,2 157,2
163,2/3<often 3> 164,1/2 165,2 167,1 170,- 174,1<cuspidate> 176,2
179,2<herbaceous, persistent> 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,- 196,2 208,1
210<inflated, sacciform, cochleate, their margins joined to form utricles
which are closed save for a lateral pore from which the stigmas emerge>
214,3 216,1 223,1/2<?> 240,1 244,2 248,7-9 250,1<enclosed within the lemma,
linear> 255,2<bidentate> 258,1<when mature> 259,3 260,3 264,1<but small>/2
265<when present,>,2/3 266,1/2/- 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,0<and no
staminodes, or in \i{}L. banksii\i0{}, 6 minute staminodes present at the
base of the ovary> 277,1 280,1<into one> 283,3 286,2 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,2 345,2<in places>/1 348<tall>,2-3 350,1-2/- 351,2 360,1
363<small,>,2<a few, almost>/8<predominantly, but much reduced>
364<seemingly smoothed out>,3&4 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1<of cubical cells
and an abaxial one of tall cells> 389,1 390,2 391,1 392,2 393,2 394,1 395,1
396,3 397,1 399,2<ill defined or absent> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
443,1 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,8 487,10 488,7 489,39 490,80
491,5 492<tropical west Africa, Mascarene Is., Ceylon, Fiji, New Guinea,
Australia> 493,4&5 494,2&5 496,1&2&3&4&5 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 501,3 503,1
504,6&9 508,1&2&3 509,1 513,1 515<in forest> 534<Judziewicz 1984>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}L. banksii\i0{} R. Br.> 537,2
540<leptaspi> 
 
# \i{}Leptocarydion\i0{} <Stapf>/
7,1 9<loosely>,3/4<rarely, rooting at the nodes> 13,13-130 14,2 19,1/2 27,2
37,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2/1<at the base of the blade> 52,3-5 55,1 56,4-15
57,1/3 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,1 71,0.3-0.4 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2
91,2<to about 20 cm long, the thin spicate laterals appressed> 96,10-20<or
more -i.e. many> 99,4<very slender> 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1<or nearly so>
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,2 141,5-11 142,9
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1<slender> 160,2 161,1 163,2
164,2 165,1 166,1 167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 172,2<on the keels>
174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acuminate-mucronate> 176,2 177,1 179,2<reddish,
subhyaline, very narrow> 180,0.5-0.75 181,1 183,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,1 196,2 208,6-12 214,2-3<thin> 215,1 216,2 218,2 220,4<minutely 4
toothed> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1<the midnerve excurrent> 228,1 229,-
231,1<very slender> 233,1<scabrid> 234,2-3 235,1 240,1<pubescent below the
middle, the edges ciliate> 244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1<linear-oblong>
251,1/2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,2/3 274,0.4 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,3 286,2<tightly embraced> 287,1<to 1 mm long> 289,1 291<obtusely
triquetrous> 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2<more conspicuous
intercostally> 325,1 326,3 330,1 331,1<coarsely so> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2
336,3 339,18-20 340,12-14 343,4-8 344,0.3 345,1 348<high>,2-3 351,1 352,2
353<mostly>,2<but with a few pairs and threes> 354,2 355,1 360,1<the files
often interrupted by prickles> 362,4 363,8 364<mostly>,3<sometimes short>
365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 393,3 394,-
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<mostly>/2<a few only, in the material seen>
403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 406,1 409,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,37 491,1<\i{}L. vulpiastrum\i0{}> 492<East and southern Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1&2 499,2&4 504,11 508,2&3&4 512,3 518<\i{}L. vulpiastrum\i0{}>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us; photos provided by R.P. Ellis>
540<l_carydi> 
 
# \i{}Leptochloa\i0{} <P. Beauv.> sensu lato/
1<from the Greek \i{}leptos\i0{} (slender) and \i{}chlo\i0{} (a grass),
referring to inflorescences> 4<Type: \i{}L. virgata\i0{} (L.) P.Beauv.;
lecto, \i{}fide\i0{} Niles & M.A.Chase, \i{} \i0{} 180 (1925)>
5<\i{}Anoplia\i0{} Steud., \i{}Baldomiria\i0{} Herter, \i{}Diachroa\i0{}
Nutt, \i{}Diacisperma\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Diplachne\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Disakisperma\i0{} Steud., \i{}Ipnum\i0{} Phil., \i{}Leptostachys\i0{}
Meyer, \i{}Oxydenia\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Rabdochloa\i0{} P. Beauv.>
6<\i{}Kengia\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 14,1/2 19<usually sparsely>,1/2
23,1 24,1/2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 52,1/2 55,2 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2
67,1 68,1 69,1-2 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,2 81,1/2 89,2<spiciform racemes> 91,1
94,- 95,3<the racemes often whorled>/2 99,1/2/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1
106,- 107,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<clearly so, in
\i{}Leptochloa\i0{} sensu stricto>/2<or scarcely so, in \i{}Diplachne\i0{}>
123<shortly>,3 125<usually more or less>,1<\i{}Leptochloa\i0{}>/2<usually,
in \i{}Diplachne\i0{}> 126,2 141,1-15<615 in \i{}Diplachne\i0{}, 15(7)
in \i{}Leptochloa\i0{} sensu stricto> 144,2 145,1-2 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2
157,1/2 160,2<minute> 161,2 163,2 165,1-2 166<usually>,1/2/3 167<usually>,1
168,2<narrow, membranous> 170,1<the lower often asymmetric> 171,2 174,1
176,2 177,1 179,- 181,1 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 195,2 196,2 208,(1-)3-6
214,1-2<membranous to hyaline> 216,2 218,1<<10%> rarely>/2 219<when
entire,>,2/- 220<when incised,>,2<bidentate>/- 221<when incised,>,2
223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1 231,1 234,1 240,1<with appressed hairs
on the lateral nerves>/2 244<usually more or less>,1<in \i{}Leptochloa\i0{}
sensu stricto>/2<\i{}Diplachne\i0{}> 248,3 250,1 255,1-2 256,1
258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3<often glabrous between the keels, but hairy
outside them> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 270,- 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,1/2 287,1<0.5-2 mm long> 291,1/2 294,2<or striolate> 295,1
297,1/2/3 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,1/2
311,1 312,1 313,2 314,3-7 322,1 323<nearly always>,1 324,2 325,1/2 326,1/2
327,1 328,1/2 329,1/2<many long-cells very short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2
334<nearly always>,2/1<rarely> 335,2<of various forms, but very rarely of
the ostensibly one-celled type> 336,3 337,1<in \i{}L. digitata\i0{}> 338,1
339,(13-)19.5-36(-42) 340,(9-)27-30 341,(5.4-)9-10(-18) 342,1.3-3.3
343,(6-)7-15(-16.5) 344,0.21-0.7(-1) 345,1 346,15-25.5 348<low>,2-3 350,2
351,1 352,2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1/2 355,1/2 360,1/3 362,4 363,4/5-6/8
365,2 367,1 370,1 373,1<\i{}L. ciliolata\i0{}>/2<\i{}L. digitata\i0{}>
374,1 375,1/2 376,2 377,3 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1 380,1/2 381,1/2
382,1 383,1<\i{}L. ciliolata\i0{}>/2 385,1/2 389,1/2 393,2 394,1/2 395,1/2
396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1/2<?> 400,1 401<at least sometimes>,2/- 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 409,1 413,2<1 species> 414,3.41-4.26 469,10 470,20&40&60
471,2&4&6 476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491<about>,45
492<tropical and subtropical> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3&5 497,3&4 498,2 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&3&4&5&6 503,1&3
504,2&5&6&7&8&9 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 511,1 512,2&3&4 513,1&2 514,1&2
515<woodland, savanna, dry and swampy soils> 516<\i{}L. chinensis\i0{},
\i{}L. coerulescens\i0{}, \i{}L. fascicularis\i0{}, \i{}L. filiformis\i0{},
\i{}L. panicea\i0{}, \i{}L. fusca\i0{}, \i{}L. scabra\i0{}, \i{}L.
uninervia\i0{}, \i{}L. virgata\i0{}> 518<e.g. \i{}L. chinensis\i0{}, \i{}L.
dubia\i0{}, \i{}L. obtusiflora\i0{}, \i{}L. panicea\i0{}> 524,5 525,4&6
529,4&5 531,2 533,5 534<Lazarides 1980a> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}L. decipiens\i0{} (R. Br.) Stapf ex Maiden, \i{}L. digitata\i0{} (R.
Br.) Domin, \i{}L. filiformis\i0{} (Lam.) Beauv., \i{}L. neesii\i0{} (Thw.)
Benth., \i{}L. panicea\i0{} (Retz.) Ohwi, \i{}L. uniflora\i0{} Hochst.
(\i{}Trigonochloa\i0{}), \i{}L. virgata\i0{} (L.) P. Beauv.> 536<Tendencies
previously used to separate \i{}Diplachne\i0{} as a genus or Section of
\i{}Leptochloa\i0{} are indicated> 540<leptochl> 
 
# \i{}Leptochloa\i0{} <P. Beauv.> sensu stricto/
1<from the Greek \i{}leptos\i0{} (slender) and \i{}chlo\i0{} (a grass),
referring to inflorescences> 5<\i{}Anoplia\i0{} Steud., \i{}Baldomiria\i0{}
Herter, \i{}Diachroa\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Diacisperma\i0{} Kuntze,
\i{}Disakisperma\i0{} Steud., \i{}Ipnum\i0{} Phil., \i{}Leptostachys\i0{}
Meyer, \i{}Oxydenia\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Rabdochloa\i0{} P. Beauv.>
6<\i{}Diplachne\i0{}, \i{}Kengia\i0{}, \i{}Trichloris\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4
11,- 14,1/2 19<usually sparsely>,1/2 23,1 24,1/2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,1/2
47,2 52,1/2 55,2 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1-2 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,2
81,1/2 89,2<spiciform racemes> 91,1 94,- 95,3<the racemes often whorled>/2
99,1/2/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1 106,- 107,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121<clearly>,1 123<shortly>,3 125<usually>,1 126,2 141,1-5<rarely up to 7
mm> 144,2 145,1-2 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 157,1/2 160,2<minute> 161,2 163,2
165,1-2 166,1 167<usually>,1 168,2<narrow, membranous> 170,1<the lower
often asymmetric> 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,- 181,1 187,1 189,1 191,1/2
192,2 195,2 196,2 208,(1-)3-6 214,1-2<membranous to hyaline> 216,2
218,1<<10%> rarely>/2 219<when entire,>,2/- 220<when
incised,>,2<bidentate>/- 221<when incised,>,2 223,1/2/3 225<when
present,>,1 228,1 231,1 234,1 240,1<with appressed hairs on the lateral
nerves>/2 244<usually more or less>,1 248,3 250,1 255,1-2 256,1
258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3<often glabrous between the keels, but hairy
outside them> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 270,- 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,1/2 287,1<0.5-2 mm long> 291,1/2 294,2<or striolate> 295,1
297,1/2/3 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,2 311,1
312,1 313,2 314,3-5 322,1 323<nearly always>,1 324,2 325,1/2 326,1/2 327,1
328,2<thicker \i{}intercostally\i0{}> 329,1/2<many long-cells very short>
330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334<nearly always>,2/1<rarely> 335,2<of various
forms, but very rarely of the ostensibly one-celled type> 336,3 337,1<in
\i{}L. digitata\i0{}> 338,1 339,(13-)19.5-36(-42) 340,27-30
341,(5.4-)9-10(-18) 342,1.3-3.3 343,(6-)7-15(-16.5) 344,0.21-0.7(-1) 345,1
346,15-25.5 348<low>,2-3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1/2
355,1/2 360,1/3 362,4 363,4/5-6/8 364<when panicoid type,>,1/3 365,2 367,1
370,1 373,1<\i{}L. ciliolata\i0{}>/2<\i{}L. digitata\i0{}> 374,1 375,1/2
376,2 377,3 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1 380,1/2 381,1/2 382,1 383,1<\i{}L.
ciliolata\i0{}>/2 385,1 389,1/2 393,2 394,1 395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1/2
399,1/2<?> 400,1/2 401,1/2<at least sometimes> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
409,1 413,2<1 species> 414,3.41-4.26 469,10 470,20&40&60 471,2&4&6 476,1
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,27 492<tropical and subtropical>
493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&5 497,3&4 498,2 499,1&2&3
500,1&2&3&4 502,1&3&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8&9 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1
511,1 512,2&3&4 513,1&2 514,1&2 515<woodland, savanna, dry and swampy
soils> 516<\i{}L. chinensis\i0{}, \i{}L. coerulescens\i0{}, \i{}L.
fascicularis\i0{}, \i{}L. filiformis\i0{}, \i{}L. panicea\i0{}, \i{}L
scabra\i0{}, \i{}L. uninervia\i0{}, \i{}L. virgata\i0{}> 518<e.g. \i{}L.
chinensis\i0{}, \i{}L. dubia\i0{}, \i{}L. obtusiflora\i0{}, \i{}L.
panicea\i0{}> 524,5 525,4&6 529,4&5 531,2 533,5 534<Lazarides 1980a>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}L. decipiens\i0{} (R. Br.) Stapf ex
Maiden, \i{}L. digitata\i0{} (R. Br.) Domin, \i{}L. filiformis\i0{} (Lam.)
Beauv., \i{}L. neesii\i0{} (Thw.) Benth., \i{}L. panicea\i0{} (Retz.) Ohwi,
\i{}L. virgata\i0{} (L.) P. Beauv.> 536<note that there are serious
taxonomic problems involving \i{}Leptochloa\i0{}, \i{}Trichoneura\i0{},
\i{}Diplachne\i0{}, etc.> 540<l_chloa> 
 
# \i{}Leptochlopsis\i0{} <Yates>/
3<\i{}Uniola\i0{} (\i{}U. condensata\i0{} and \i{}U. virgata\i0{})>
7,2<robust> 9,3 13,100-200 14,2 40,2 52<attenuated from about 8 mm wide>
55,2 59,1/3<involute> 61,1 65,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2 91,2<the stiff branches
narrowly ascending> 96<numerous> 101,2 102,2 106,- 107<slender> 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 121,1<conspicuously on one side of the rachis, usually closely
imbricate> 122,1 123<shortly>,3 125,1 141,1.5-7 142,7/8 145,1 147,3 148,1
154,1 162,1 163,2 165,1<the upper longer> 167,1 171,2 174,1<acuminate>
176,2 177,1 179,2 191,2 192,1/3<?> 196,1 197,1-3<?> 201,2 203,2 204,5 205,1
206,2 208,3-6 210<acuminate> 216,2<firm, smooth, shining> 218,1 219,1 221,-
223,1/2<?> 244,1<compressed-keeled, especially above> 248,5 250,1 256,1
264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 283,2 290,1/2 291,3/4 295,1 297,3<?>
298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 311,1 312,2 313,1-2 322,1<but obviously
distinguished only by the distribution of stomatal bands> 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1<but scarce, and no good examples seen> 335,2<?> 345,1
346,24-27 348<low>,2 351,1 352,3 353,1<some solitary> 354,1 355,1 356,1&2
360,2<some solitary> 362,1 363,3/4<or rectangular>/6 365,2 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,2 377,3 378,1 379,6-10 380,1/2 389,1<connected to abaxial
sclerenchyma groups> 393,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked with traversing
columns of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1<in the large bundles> 406,2
407,1 408,1/2 469,10<n = 20> 470,40 477,6 484,4 487<cf.>,5 488,7 489,22
490,77<? - as a synonym> 491,2 492<Puerto Rico and South to Central
America> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 512,4 513,2 514,1/2 535<studied by us -
\i{}L. virgata\i0{} (Poir.) Yates> 540<l_chloop> 
 
# \i{}Leptocoryphium\i0{} <Nees>/
3<\i{}Anthaenantia\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-100 14,2 19,2 24<somewhat>,1
27,2 38,- 42,2 44,1 47,2 55,2 56<about>,5 58,2<tending to subulate> 59,1/2
65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 140,2<as a eu-panicoid, because
either a glume or the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is missing> 141<about>,4.8
144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,1<if the second organ is
assumed to be the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 165,- 167,1-2 168,- 170,- 171,1
174,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,- 183,- 187,- 189<(as interpreted here)>,5
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1<hairy> 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5 205,2 206,2 207,2
208,1 210<flat, becoming hyaline towards the tip> 214,2 215,1 216,1 217,3
218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2<but ciliate on the upper edges> 244,2 246,1<unusual
in not gripping it> 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3
260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 283,2
284,2 286,2 287,1<2.5 mm long> 289,4 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 330,1
331,1 332,1<but very scarce> 335,1 339,39-46.5 341,9-9.6 342,4.3-4.8
343,24-27 344,0.58-0.62 345,1 346,34.5-36 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1&2 354,2
360,1 363,8 364,1&3 365,2 370,1 371,2<somewhat, in that the minor vascular
bundles are scattered across the thickish blade portions between the major
bundles> 372<approaching the>,4/- 374,1 388,2<but the PCR cells of numerous
tiny bundles could be mistaken for these> 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2<large
median, small laterals> 397,1 399,2<\i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type groups of small
cells in the furrows, save for the midrib hinges> 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1
406,1 413,2<1 species> 469,10 470,40 471,4 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4
489,37 490,53 491,2<\i{}L. lanatum\i0{}, \i{}L. villaregalis\i0{}> 492<warm
America, West Indies> 493,7 494,3&6 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,11 505,2 513,2
515<savanna> 534<Parodi 1969> 535<studied by us - \i{}L. lanatum\i0{} Nees>
540<l_coryph> 
 
# \i{}Leptoloma\i0{} <Chase>/
1<from the Greek \i{}leptos\i0{} (thin) and \i{}loma\i0{} (border),
alluding to the lemma margins> 3<\i{}Digitaria\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/3<with a
knotty rhizomatous base> 11,- 13,25-80 14,2 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2
56,2-6<rather rigid> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,1 73,2 74,1 89,5 90,1 91,1 94,1
99,- 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,2-4 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2<although
there may be hair tufts from bases of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 163,2<the lower minute and vestigial>/1 164<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>,2 165<(when both present),>,1/- 167<(the upper)>,2
170,- 171<(the upper) often>,1<between the veins> 176,2 177,2 178,- 187,0/-
189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,2 201,2 203,2
204,5-7 205,2 206,1<membranous, often hairy between the veins> 207,2 208,1
214,3<thinly cartilaginous> 215,2<minutely rugulose> 216,2 217,3 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1<hyaline> 247,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 256,1 257,2
258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1
330,1&2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(51-)60-66(-75) 341,3.6-4.5(-5.4)
342,11.3-18.3 343,(16.5-)22.5-31.5(-39) 344,0.32-0.52 345,1 346,25.5-28.5
348,1&2&3 349,1 350,1<mostly, but a few more or less flush> 351,2 353,-
354,- 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,3<some with points> 365,1/2<some dumb-bells
have points> 370,1 374,2 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<constituting most of
epidermis> 401,- 403,1 404,1 406,1 411,1 470,72/36/70<mostly 72> 477,7
478,5 485,2 487<cf.>,9 488,4 489,36<?> 490<cf.>,6<?> 491,1<\i{}L.
cognatum\i0{}> 492<North America> 493,6 494,1 495,1&3 497,4 504,11
507,1&2&3 531,1&2 532,1 533,1 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<l_loma> 
 
# \i{}Leptosaccharum\i0{} <(Hackel) A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Eriochrysis\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,40-70 14,2 19,2 27,1 38,- 44,1 47,2
49,2 55,2 56,1.5-2 58,1 65,2 69,3 70,- 71,1-1.5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2<narrow>
98,1 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,1 107,- 108,2<distinctly articulated, but
tenacious?> 111,- 113,- 115,1<with conspicuous tufts of golden hairs at
each joint and beneath each spikelet> 120,- 121,2 126,1<but irregularly so>
128,- 129,1 130,1 140,2<because they have only one glume, with reduced
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and P2> 141,4-7 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1 163,1 165,- 167,2 168,- 170,- 171,1 174,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,-
183,- 187,- 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,3-5 205,3
206,3<hairy, similar to the glume> 207,2 208,1 210<greatly reduced>
214,1<flimsy> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,1 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,0-1
250,1<but reduced, similar to the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 251,2 256,1
257,2<flimsy> 258,2 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<large> 269,2
270,- 271,2 272,3<very small, shorter than the lodicules> 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,1-2 283,2 284,2 287,1 297,3 298,1 322,2 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2
346,22.5-27 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<no zonation, but pairs everywhere>
354,- 360,2 363,5&6&7<intergrading> 365,2 370,1 374,2<but bundles variable>
385,1 393,1 394,2 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,2 401,- 402,- 403,2 406,2 407,2
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,1<\i{}L.
filiforme\i0{}> 492<Brazil & Paraguay> 493,7 494,3 502,4&5 504,11 534<Camus
1933> 535<studied by us> 540<l_saccha> 
 
# \i{}Leptothrium\i0{} <Kunth>/
5<\i{}Latipes\i0{} Kunth> 7,2 9,3 13,10-75 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,1 40,2 44,2
47,2 49,2 55,2 56,1-2<to 8 cm long> 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 72,2 73,2
74,1 78,- 89,3<an elongated false raceme>/4<the clusters each reduced to
one peduncled spikelet in \i{}L. rigidum\i0{}> 91,2<the pedicels
(peduncles) flattened, cuneate, fringed, the rachis long and slender> 101,2
102,2 103,1<i.e., the panicle branches reduced to the pedicel-like peduncle
and one or two spikelets> 108,1 109,1<the peduncles falling> 120,1<\i{}L.
rigidum\i0{}>/2<\i{}L. senegalensis\i0{}> 121,2 123,1 141,3-8 145,1<except
for the larger asymmetric spikelet in \i{}L. senegalensis\i0{}> 147,3<and
the pedicels> 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2<asymmetric in
\i{}L. senegalensis\i0{}> 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2<exceeding the lemma>
174,1<subulate-acuminate> 176,2<subulate, muticate, leathery, shining>
177,- 178,1<in upper part of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} in \i{}L.
rigidum\i0{}>/2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} of \i{}L. rigidum\i0{} and of
one spikelet of the pair in \i{}L. senegalensis\i0{} dorsally flattened,
ciliate towards the tip, recurving, more or less free of the rest of the
spikelet; G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} shorter, laterally flattened towards the
tip, tuberculate-spiny or not> 186,4/6 187,1/3-5 189,5 190,1/2 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 247,2
248,1/3 250,1 251,3<and delicate> 255,1/- 256,1/- 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 271,2 272,3 274<relatively long> 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 291,1 295,1 297,2 298,1 299,1
322,1 323,1/2 324<when seen,>,2 326,1 327<the costal cells longer>
328,1<medium thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,21-33 340,18 341,11.4-13.5 342,1.7-2.8 343,7.5-8.4<\i{}L.
rigidum\i0{}>/9.6-12.6<\i{}L. senegalensis\i0{}> 344,0.23-0.48 345,1
346,16.5-18<\i{}L. rigidum\i0{}>/21-34.5<\i{}L. senegalensis\i0{}>
348<low>,2&3 350,2 351,1/2<very rare in \i{}L. senegalensis\i0{}> 352,2
353,1<and solitary> 354,1 355,1 357<costal prickles abundant> 360,1 362,4
363,8 364<mostly>,3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 385,1 393,1
394,1<round-topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1<the groups large, between each bundle
pair> 400,1 401,1<the large median cells deeply penetrating> 403,2
404,1<with most bundles> 405,1 406,1 469,10 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,37 491,2 492<Caribbean & Senegal to Pakistan> 493,3&4&7 494,2&3 496,1
499,1&2 502,1 504,11 508,1&2 512,4 514,1/2 515<dry bushland, open seashore,
sandy thickets> 517<\i{}L. senegalense\i0{} used for re-seeding denuded
ground> 518<\i{}L. senegalense\i0{}> 535<studied by us - \i{}L.
senegalense\i0{} (formerly \i{}Latipes\i0{}), \i{}L. rigidum\i0{} Kunth>
540<l_thrium> 
 
# \i{}Lepturella\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Oropetium\i0{} (\i{}O. aristatum\i0{} (Stapf) Pilger, = sect.
\i{}Lepturella\i0{})> 7<dwarf, cushion forming>,1 9,3 13,2-9 14,2 19,1 27,2
37,2 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<about>,2<to 4 cm long> 59<usually>,3
61,2<base of macrohairs> 62,1 65,2 66,1/2 69,1<laciniate, with only a few
hairs>/2 70,1 71<about>,0.2 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,1<straight or curved,
cylindrical, slender, short> 91,- 96,1<i.e., solitary spikes> 99,1 100,1
101,2 102,2 103,2 106,- 108,1 109,2<into segments each with one spikelet>
111,2 114,1 115,3 120,1 121,2 122,2<the ranks opposite> 123,1 141,2.5-3.5
144,2 145,1 147,3<and with the joint> 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1<short>
160,2 163,2/1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} reduced or missing, save in the
terminal spikelet> 165,1<save in the terminal spikelets, which have equal
glumes> 166,3 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,2 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
tapered into a long subule> 177,1 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} a scarious
scale or missing, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} large, covering the floret, awned,
rigid> 187,0 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrous> 234,2-3 235,1
240,2 247,2 248,3 250,1<oblong> 251,1 255,1 256,2<the keels shortly
excurrent> 257<membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284,3 291,1 295,1 297,3 298,1
322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,12 342,2 344,0.5
345,1 352,2 353,1 354,1 355,2 356,3 360,1 362,4 363,4 365,2<to squarish>
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,1 395,2 396,1 399,1
400,2 401,2<these linked with the traversing columns of colourless cells>
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,2 477,6 484,4 487<cf.>,5 488,7 489,17
490<cf.>,74 491,1<\i{}L. aristata\i0{}> 492<west tropical Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,2&3 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 535<Metcalfe 1960;
Van den Borre 1994; studied by us - \i{}L. aristata\i0{} Stapf>
540<lepturel> 
 
# \i{}Lepturidium\i0{} <Hitchc. & Ekman>/
3<\i{}Brachyachne\i0{}> 4<\i{}L. insulare\i0{} Titchc. & Ekman> 7<wiry>,2
9,3/4 11,2 13,10-30 14,2 19,2 44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2 50<sheaths
overlapping, pilose or villous above and around the base of the blade> 52,2
55,2 56,1-2<and 1-2 cm long> 59,1/3<becoming involute, the tips hard,
obtuse, boat-shaped> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 73,3<according to the original
description - no pistils found in the specimens examined; but Clayton et
al. descriptions do not mention this, while offering no information on
female components> 74<according to Hitchcock and Ekman,>,2 76,1/2/3<?>
80<presumably>,1 89,4<with appressed spikelets> 98,1 99<triquetrous> 101,2
102,2 108,2 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,2 125,2 131<the exclusively male
spikelets 3 mm long, with two equal, awnless, 1-nerved glumes. One proximal
male floret with three stamens, its lemma 3 nerved, mucronate between two
very short teeth. Second floret more or less reduced, sometimes paleate but
sterile> 132,1 133,1<two> 134,2 135,2<the lower fertile> 136,2 137,1 138,3
140<probably>,1<? - male only, on specimens described>/- 196<probably>,2/-
208<probably>,1<? - cf. \i{}Brachyachne\i0{}>/- 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals much narrower> 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity
fine to coarse, regular to irregular> 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3
340,15 342,2 344,0.5 345,1 347,2 348,3<mostly of the truncated type> 350,2
351<fairly>,1 352,2 353,1 354,1 355,2 356<short dumb-bell shaped, like some
of the costals> 357<no macrohairs or prickles seen> 360,1 361,1 362,4
363,8<large> 364,3<often with a quite long isthmus> 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,1-2<the lowermost, abaxial cell on each side often much enlarged> 376,2
377,1 378,2 389,1<perhaps, in places?>/2<?> 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 398,2
399,1 400,2 401,2 403,2 404,1 405,1<anchors with all the bundles, the
abaxial girders interrupting the PCR sheaths, the adaxial girders not doing
so> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<the rare \i{}L.
insulare\i0{}> 492<Cuba> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 513,2 514,1<on salt
flats> 534<Hitchcock and Ekman (1936), in Manual of the Grasses of the
West Indies, USDA Miscellaneous Publ. 243, Washington> 535<studied by us -
\i{}L. insulare\i0{} Hitchc. & Ekman> 537,2 540<lepturid> 
 
# \i{}Lepturopetium\i0{} <Morat>/
1<name a combination of \i{}Lepturus\i0{} and \i{}Oropetium\i0{} (related
grass genera)> 7<wiry>,2 9,4 13,30-50<slender> 14,2 19,1 27,2 40,2 44,2
47,2 52,1 55,2 56,2.8-4<5-7 cm long> 59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,- 73,2
74,1 78,- 89,1<\i{}L. kuniense\i0{}>/2<mostly paired, in \i{}L.
marshallense\i0{}> 91,- 95,1/3<when the racemes solitary> 96,1-3<each with
10-16 spikelets> 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1-2<somewhat so, according to Morat> 122,2 123,1 125,1 141,4.5-7
144,2 145,1 147,1/3<?> 148,1<the rachilla not articulated> 154,1 155,1
156,1 157,1<beneath the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 163,2 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2 170,1 174,1<both or only the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate>
176,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} sometimes shortly awn tipped>/2 177,2 178,-
179,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} covering the spikelet, rigid, leathery, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter and thinner - except in the terminal
spikelet, where both glumes resemble a normal G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 182,2
187,1 189,5-7 191,2 192,2 193,1<sterile> 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1<\i{}L.
kuniense\i0{}>/2<\i{}L. marshallense\i0{}> 214,1<papery> 216,2
218,2<minutely so> 220,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1
233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2<1.5-4.5 mm long> 235,1 236,2 240,1<shortly pilose,
at least apically> 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1<truncate-ciliate>
257,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1<reduced> 265,2 266,2 272,3
275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1<and very
abundant> 324,1&2 325,1 326,2/3<the interstomatals mostly with one large
papilla, the long-cells often with a median row> 330,1 331,1 332,1<hard to
find amongst the abundant papillae> 333,1 334,1-2 335,2 336,3 340,6 342,1.5
344,0.6 345,1 347,2 348,2&3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2 355,1 360,1 362,3
363<predominantly>,4<but many incompletely formed> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
375<conspicuously>,1<the minor bundles>/2<the primaries> 376,2 377,1 378,2
393,3 395,1 396,2 397,1 398,2 399,1<between all bundles> 400,1 401,1<the
median cells deeply penetrating>/2 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<the primaries with conspicuous Is> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,52 490,80 491,2 492<New Caledonia, Marshall Islands, Cocos
Islands> 493,5&7 494,2&3 496,4&5 501,2 502,1 504,11 513,2 514<presumably>,1
515<calcareous soil, in costal hinterland> 534<Morat 1981; Fosberg and
Sachet 1982> 535<studied by us - \i{}L. marshallense\i0{} Fosberg & Sachet>
536<possible intergeneric hybrids, involving \i{}Lepturus\i0{} as one
parent> 537,2 540<lepturop> 
 
# \i{}Lepturus\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}leptos\i0{} (slender) and \i{}oura\i0{} (tail),
referring either to the linear lanceolate glume or (more likely) to the
slender inflorescence> 4<Type: \i{}L. repens\i0{} (Forst.) R.Br>
5<\i{}Lepiurus\i0{} Dum., \i{}Leptocercus\i0{} Raf., \i{}Monerma\i0{} P.
Beauv.> 7,2 9,2&3 11,- 13,10-60 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2
52,1-2 55,2 58,2 59,1/3<involute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,- 73,2 74,1
89,1<almost cylindrical, the joints striate> 91,- 94,- 99,1 100,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<hollowed to receive the
spikelets> 113,2 114,1/2 115,3 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 141,3-15(-20) 144,2
145,3 147,3 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,1<the lower usually missing>/2 165,1/-
167<(the upper)>,2 168,2/- 170,1 174,1 176,2/1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
sometimes tapered into a short awn> 179,1<the lower, if present, reduced to
a minute triangular scale, the upper exceeding the spikelet, thickened,
with rows of minute bristles on the back>/- 183,- 187,1 189,5-12 191,2
192,2 196,2 208,1-2 214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,1<minutely so, at the base>/2<glabrous> 244,2 248,3 250,1<lanceolate>
251,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 289,4 291,2 295,1 297,1 298,1
299,2 301,2 303,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,2 326,3<finger-like> 327,1
328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,(22.5-)24-25.5(-28.5) 341,(9.6-)10.5-11.4(-13.8) 342,1.6-2.7
343,(7.5-)9-11(-12) 344,0.29-0.47 345,1 346,19.5-22.5 348,3 350,2 351,1
352,2 353,1/2 354,1<a few>/2 355,2 356,3 360,3 362,4 363,4 365,2 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,1/2 376,2 377,1 378,2 385,1 389,1/2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,2
397,1<adaxial colourless tissue sometimes also present in other parts of
the blade> 399,1 400,2 401,1/1&2<sometimes linked with girders of
colourless cells> 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 470,14&18&26&36&52&54 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491<about>,8 492<coastal east Africa,
Madagascar, to Australia, & Polynesia> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2&4&5 495,1
496,1&2&3&4&5 497,3 499,1&2 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&2&3 503,1 504,5&6&7&9 508,2&3
509,1 512,4 513,2 514,1 515<sandy beaches and coastal hinterland, usually
good sandbinders> 523<\i{}Lepturopetium\i0{} (q.v.) may be an intergeneric
hybrid involving \i{}Lepturus\i0{} as one parent> 524,5 525,4 529,4
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}L. repens\i0{} (Forst.) R. Br.>
540<lepturus> 
 
# \i{}Leucophrys\i0{} <Rendle>/
3<\i{}Brachiaria\i0{} sensu lato> 7,2 11,- 13,7-100 14,1<stiffly
geniculate> 19,1<the plants bushy> 27,2 37,1 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,2 55,2
56,2-4 59,1/3 60,1<sometimes spiny, hard and brittle>/2 65,2 66,1<leaving
the culms as the main organs of photosynthesis> 69,3 71,0.6-0.8 72,2 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1/2 121,2 123,3<and substipitate, with a short stalk fitting into the
pedicel apex> 124,4 126,1/2 141,4-6 144,1-2<the orientation variable> 145,3
146,2 147,3 148,1 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,1 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,2-3
167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,1 173,2<the upper with a transverse row above
the middle, the lower glabrous save at the base> 174,1<the tips minutely
truncate> 176,2<but the tips caudate, inrolled, membranous> 177,2 178,-
179,1<the lower obtuse or notched at the apex, pilose at the base, the
upper tapering, caudate, dorsally long-villous with a transverse fringe
just above the middle> 180,0.75-1 181,2 187,3 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1 199,1 200,2 201,1 203,2<the tip inrolled, membranous, sometimes
slightly caudate, the back with a transverse fringe of hairs> 204,3
205,3<about twice as long> 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,3 215,1 216,1<glossy>
218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,1<basal> 248,5 250,1 251,1
253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3 260,3 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,2-2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U
294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals relatively longer and
narrower> 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348<mostly>,2 351,1
353<seemingly>,2 357<with rosettes of isodiametric cells around each of the
abundant macrohairs> 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,1 378,2 383,1 385,1 393,3
395,2 396,1 399,1<and also some rather irregular groups> 401,1 403,1
404,1<with the major ones only> 405,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4
489,36 490,44 491,3 492<tropical and southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,4 504,11 512,2/4 513,2 514,2 515<sandy riverbeds in semidesert>
534<Rendle 1922; Launert 1970> 535<photos of \i{}L. mesocoma\i0{} provided
by R.P. Ellis> 537,2 540<leucophr> 
 
# \i{}Leucopoa\i0{} <Griseb.>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 5<\i{}Hesperochloa\i0{} Rydb., \i{}Xanthochloa\i0{}>
7,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,30-120 14,2 37,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.1-5 73,2/3<sporadically> 74,1<usually>/2 75,1/2 76,1/2/3 89,5 91,1/2
92,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,6-10 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,1
166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1/2 176,2 177,1 179,2 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,3-9 214,1 216,2 218,1-2<irregularly serrate> 221,2 223,1
240,2 244,1-2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 274,2.5-4.5 277,2 280,2 283,2 295,2
298,2 301,2 303,2 304,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1<mostly>/2<a few> 331,1<thick and pitted> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,-
350,- 351,1 353,1<but the silica cells without silica> 354,2 360,3
363,3<mostly>/6<some> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,2 395,2
396,1/2<minor bundles flanking midrib> 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1
413,2<1 species> 442,- 469,7 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,43 491,6 492<Western & Central Asia to Himalayas, North America>
493,1&3&6 494,1&2 495,1&2&3 496,3 497,2 498,3 500,1 504,11 506,2
535<studied by us - \i{}L. spadicea\i0{} (= \i{}Festuca paniculata\i0{}?)>
536<\i{}Leucopoa\i0{} is probably a nonsense genus, to which assorted
supposedly monoecious or dioecious species of \i{}Festuca\i0{} sensu lato
have sometimes been referred. Anyway, if the name is to be retained, this
description should be checked against direct observations on the morpholoy
and anatomy of \i{}L. carpatica\i0{} (F. Dietr.) H. Scholtz>
540<leucopoa> 
 
# \i{}Leymus\i0{} <Hochst.>/
5<\i{}Aneurolepidium\i0{} Nevski> 6<\i{}Malacurus\i0{}> 7,2 9,1<or
turf-forming> 13,20-150 14,2 19,1/2<commonly> 23,1/2<rarely, e.g. \i{}L.
ramosus\i0{}> 37,2 42,1 44,1<often>/2 47,1<the auricles
lanceolate-crescentic>/2 49,2 52,1<harsh, glaucus, pungent> 55,1/2 56,2-15
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1/2 71,0.2-1(-3) 72,2 73,2 74,1
80,1 89,1/3<erect, linear, rarely oblongate> 101,2 102,2 108,2
120,2-3<rarely solitary or in clusters of up to six> 121,2 122,2 123,2
125<usually>,1 141,(6-)8-20(-25) 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2<the joints well
developed> 154,1 155,1<shortly pilose>/2<scabrous> 156,1 157,1/2
161,2<triangular or rounded> 163,2 165,1-2 167,1-2 168,1<basally>/2
170<when scoreable,>,2/3<side by side> 171,1<short pilose>/2<scabrous or
rarely glabrous> 172<when hairless>,1<rarely>/2 174,1<linear lanceolate to
almost setiform> 175,1/2 176,1-2 177,1<often>/2 179,2 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,(2-)3-7(-12) 210<acute, with a cusp or awn>
214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3
231,1 234,1<up to 4 mm long> 235,2 240,1<pilose>/2 243<when hairless>,1/2
244,2 247,2 248,5/7 249,1 250,1 251,1<almost equalling the lemma> 256,1
258,2 259,3 260,3<pilose or scabrous along the keels, and often between
them> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2<usually entire> 272,3
274,5-7<relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1
287,1-2<2.5-9 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293<usually>,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2
303,1 304,2 305,2 306,2 307,1 308,1 311,1 312,2 322,1/2 323,2 328,1/2 331,1
332,2 345,1 348,2 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1 360,2<and solitary>
363,3/5<or more or less rectangular> 365,2 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1<e.g.,
\i{}L. condensatus\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}L. arenarius\i0{}> 395,2 396,1
399,1/2<in the furrows, often small and variable in size, cf.
\i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 401<sometimes>,1/- 403,2 404,1<with the primaries>
405,1/2 406,1 415,1 469,7 470,28&42&56&84 471,4&6&8&12 472,10&14
473<large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491<about>,30
492<in the non-tropical southern hemisphere and especially mountains of
central Asia and North America> 493,1&2&3&4&6&7&8 494,1 495,1 497,2&4&5
506,1&2 507,1 511,1 512,3/4<often littoral or halophytic> 513,2 514,1/2
515<with a wide habitat range, including coastal sand dunes> 522<including
useful sandbinders> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Agropyron\i0{}
(\i{}Leymopyron\i0{} Tsvelev), \i{}Elytrigia\i0{} (\i{}Leymotrigia\i0{}
Tsvelev), \i{}Psathyrostachys\i0{} (\i{}Leymostachys\i0{} Tsvelev),
\i{}Thinopyrum\i0{} (several species involved). See also
\i{}Elyleymus\i0{} Baum> 524,5 525,4 529,1 534<Lve 1984; Atkins,
Barkworth and Dewey 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960 (after nomenclatural
adjustments); studied by us - \i{}L. arenarius\i0{} (L.) Hochst.>
540<leymus> 
 
# \i{}Libyella\i0{} <Pamp.>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7<diminutive>,1 9,3 11,- 13,2-5/0<the internodes reduced>
14,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 49,1 52,1-2 55,2 56,0.4-1 59,2 65,2 66,2 68,1<its
margins connate> 69,1 70,2 71,0.5-1 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&2/1&2&3<the
lowest spikelet of the terminal inflorescence female and hidden in the
uppermost sheath, the rest hermaphrodite or rarely male> 77,3<the lowest
spikelet of the inflorescence, hidden in the uppermost leaf sheath, being
female> 82,1 83,1&2<in the radical leaf sheaths: solitary, lacking glumes,
with stigmas up to 25 mm long projecting from the sheaths> 88,2 89,1 91,-
94,- 98,1 99,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 123,1-2<occasionally>/3 125,2 141,3-4 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,2 157,2
163,1<in the hermaphrodite/male spikelets>/2<in the single female spikelet>
164<very small, scarious> 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,2/- 171,2 172,1 174,2
176,2 177,2 179,2 183,- 187,0/1 189,0/1 191,1 196,2 208,1<but cleistogamous
spikelets of \i{}L. cyrenaica\i0{} may have two> 210<lanceolate>
214,2<scarious> 216,2 218<more or less>,2/- 221,2<irregularly serrate or
erose> 223,1 240,1<shortly villous on the lower half> 244,1 246,- 247,2
248,5<though the laterals may be very short> 250,1 251,1 255<irregularly
serrate or erose> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,3 262,2 263,3 264,1/2
265<when present,>,2 266,2/- 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<1.4-2.5 mm long> 291,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2
303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1<rather thick walled>
329,1 330,2<these, and all the long-cells> 331,2 332,2 345<fairly>,1 347,2
348,1 350<conspicuously>,1 351,2 357<no prickles or macrohairs seen> 359,2
361,3 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 395<fairly>,1<via the large bundle and a
fairly prominent adaxial rib> 396,1<this being the only primary bundle in
the blade> 398,2 399<seemingly>,2 403,1<the blade apparently lacking
bundle-associated sclerenchyma> 404,2 406<confined to a tiny group in each
blade margin> 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,1<\i{}L. cyrenaica\i0{}> 492<Libya, Morocco> 493,2&4 494,1 495,2 498,2
504,11 515<in coastal sandy places> 535<studied by us> 540<libyella> 
 
# \i{}Limnas\i0{} <Trin.>/
7,2 11,- 13,15-60 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,0.6-4 58,1/2 59,1/2 65,2 68,1
69,1 70,2 71,1-3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91<fairly>,1<rather narrow, with short
branchlets> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,3-5 144,- 145,2 147,3 148,- 154,2 157,1<beneath the glumes>
163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,2<leathery> 183,-
187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute>
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2 231,2 235,1 240,2 244,2 246,- 247,2
248<prominently>,5 250,1 251,2<about 1/4 of the lemma length> 259,2 260,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,2/3 274,2-2.5 277,1
280,1 283,2 286,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1<many also in short
rows, interspersed with prickles> 354,1 358,1<common, in addition to the
numerous prickles> 360,3<in short rows and paired> 363,3&5&6 365,1<many
having sharp points, including tall, narrow and round forms> 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1<and the leaf margins inrolling> 394,2 395,1<by a
slight abaxial keel> 396,1 399,2<bulliforms not apparent in the poor
material seen> 401,- 403,2 406,2 407,2<constituting a lignified hypodermis>
436,- 442,- 469,7 470,28 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,61 491,2 492<Central Asia to Northeast Siberia> 493,1&8 494,1 495,1
497,2 504,11 506,2 512,3-4 514,2 515<open woods and stony slopes>
535<studied bu us - \i{}L. stelleri\i0{} Trin.> 537,2 540<limnas> 
 
# \i{}Limnodea\i0{} <Dewey ex Coult.>/
1<name derived from \i{}Limnas\i0{} (q.v.), another grass genus>
5<\i{}Greenia\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Sclerachne\i0{} Trin., \i{}Thurberia\i0{}
Benth.> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,20-50 14,2 19<branching basally> 38,- 44,2 47,2
55,2 59,1<pubescent> 65,2 69,1 70,2<lacerate> 71,1-2 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1<narrow> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,3-4 144,- 145,2 147,3 154,1<as a short bristle> 156,2 157,2
158,2 160<conspicuous, beneath the glumes> 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,-
171<often densely>,1<hispidulous or pilose> 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<firm, leathery> 183,- 187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<membranous>
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,2
233,1 234,3<slender, 8-10 mm long> 235,1 240,2 244<weakly>,1/2 246,- 247,2
248<inconspicuously>,3 250,1 251,2 257,1<hyaline> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<2.5 mm
long> 298,2 301,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1/2
330,1&2<mostly> 331,2 332,2 345,1<adjoining the veins> 348<low>,2/1 350,1
351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1/3 363,1<with a few deeply crenate examples
approaching nodular> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 394,1 396,1 403,2 404,1
406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 476,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2
491,1<\i{}L. arkansana\i0{}> 492<southern U.S.A.> 493,6 494,1 495,1&3 497,4
504,11 507,2&3 512,4 513,2 515<prairie> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17
535<studied by us> 540<limnodea> 
 
# \i{}Limnopoa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}limne\i0{} (pool, lake) and \i{}poa\i0{} (grass), re
habitat> 7,1/2 9<forming floating mats> 11,- 13,5-25 14,2 19,1 27,2 38,-
44,2 47,2 49,2 50<the sheaths rather inflated> 55,2<short> 58,1<towards the
tips> 65,2 66,2 69,3 73,2 74,2<the lower of the two in each spikelet male,
the upper female> 89,4<unilateral> 91,2<reduced, spicate, terminal, the
sessile spikelets embedded, the pedicellate ones closely applied to the
hollowed rachis> 92,- 94,- 99,1 100,1-2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,1 123,3 126,1 128,- 129,1 130,1 141,3-4 144,1
145,3 147,1 148,2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1<but exceeding the small
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 170,1 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<ovate,
membranous> 187,5-9<with three main veins> 189,5-9<3-4 main veins>
191,2<with 2 florets, the lower male, the upper female> 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 199,1 201,1 202<narrowly ovate, glabrous> 203,2 204,5-7 205,3
206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 210<elliptic, puberulous, about 2/3 the
length of L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 214,3 216,2<cartilaginous> 218,1 219,2
223,1 240,1<woolly> 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
258<cartilaginous, hairy> 259<about 5> 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 271,2 272,0<three with long non-penicillate anthers, in the
lower floret only> 277,1 280,1-2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,2 298,2 299,2
322,1 323,1 325,1 326,2 329,2 330,1/2 331,2 332,1<but very scarce> 335,1
339,(51-)57-60(-66) 341,9-11.4 342,5-6.9 343,(34-)36-41(-45) 344,0.6-0.68
345,1 346,21-27 348<mostly>,2 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8
364,1&3<with sharp points - prickly> 365,1<prickly crosses & dumb-bells>
370,2 374,1 387,1 393,1 394,1 395,2<but mid-zone of leaf distinguished by
presence of air-spaces> 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,2 406,1 477,7 478,5
485,1 487,7 488,7 489,27 490,80 491,1<\i{}L. meeboldii\i0{}> 492<India>
493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 512,1<in tanks, forming a thick mass of
tangled stems on the surface> 534<Hubbard 1943> 535<studied by us>
540<limnopoa> 
 
# \i{}Lindbergella\i0{} <Bor>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7,1 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-3 73,2
74,1 75,2 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3<the pedicels terete> 141,3-4.5 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1
156,1 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 170,- 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2
177,1 179,2 187,3 189,3/5 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-5 214,2<leathery> 216,2
218,2 220,2 221,2<notched> 223,2<with a tiny awn in the apical notch>
240,1<but asperulous, not webby, with appressed hairs on the nerves>
244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2
268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<2.5-2.8 mm long>
291,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower,
rectangular> 328,2<the intercostals thin walled, the costals quite thick
walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345<fairly>,1 347,2 348,1 350,1 351,2
357<strongly pointed prickles common costally> 360,3<mostly solitary,
fairly infrequent> 361,1 363,1&2 370,2 374,1 393,3/1 394,1<only slight ribs
apparent in the collapsed material seen> 395,1-2<perhaps slightly larger
and more prominent abaxially> 396,1 398,2 399<not determinable in the
material seen> 403,2 404,2<all the bundles seeming to have adaxial and
abaxial strands> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,1<\i{}L. sintenisii\i0{}> 492<Cyprus> 493,1&2 494,1 495,2 498,2 504,11
513,2 515<rocky slopes> 535<studied by us> 540<lindberg> 
 
# \i{}Linkagrostis\i0{} <Garcia, Blanca & Torres>/
3<\i{}Agrostis\i0{} (\i{}A. juressi\i0{} Link)> 7,2 9,2 13,40-80 14,2 19,2
25,2-4 26,1 29,1 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,2 56,(4-)5-8(-10)<4-15 cm long>
59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.2-0.5 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91,2<with short,
erect branches> 92,3<interrupted> 94,U 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3<the
pedicels much shorter than the spikelets, not clavate> 125,1 141,2.5-3.2
145,1 147,1 154,U 157,2 158,2 160<glabrous> 163,2 165,2 166,2-3
167,2<somewhat exceeding it> 171<puberulent> 174,2 176,2 177,1
179,2<herbaceous, lanceolate> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2<leathery,
green> 216,2 218,1-2 219<more or less linear, narrowed above> 221,2<obtuse,
truncate or denticulate> 223,1-2 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,5 249,2 250,1
251,2-3<no more than 1/5 the lemma length> 253,2 255,2 256,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2<falcate> 269,2 272,3 274<about>,1.2 277,1 283,2 284,1
287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 289,4 290,1 291,2 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 329,1
330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 363,1<?> 370,2 374,1 387,2 389,2 393,3 395,2 396,1
397,2 399,1 401,1 404,1 406,1 469,7 470,14 477,2 478,2 479,4 487<cf.>,11<as
a synonym?> 488,5 489,41 490<cf.>,2 491,1<\i{}L. juressi\i0{}> 492<Iberian
Peninsula and northeast Africa> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,2 498,2 512,3 513,1
514,2 515<in damp, shady places> 534<Garcia, Blanca and Torres 1987>
535<Garcia, Blanca and Torres 1987> 540<linkagro> 
 
# \i{}Lintonia\i0{} <Stapf>/
5<\i{}Joannegria\i0{} Chiov., \i{}Negria\i0{} Chiov.> 7,2 9,3/1&3 11,-
13,20-90 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,2 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1<tapered to a fine,
acuminate tip> 55,2 56,2-6 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1<minutely ciliolate,
with long hairs at the auricle positions> 70,1 71,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,2
91,1 94,- 95,1/3<\i{}L. brizoides\i0{}> 96,2-8 101,2<but often enveloped
below by the sheath of the uppermost culm leaf> 102,2 103,3 105,2 106,-
107<sinuous,>,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121<somewhat>,1/2 122,1/3
123,2-3 141,4-11 142<plump,>,5/8 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,1<the rachilla
tough> 149,1 154,1 155,1<below the lowest floret>/2<between the upper
florets> 156,1 157,1<i.e., below the lowermost floret> 158,- 160<on the
lower floret>,2 161,2 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter> 166,1
167,1 168,2 170,1 171,2 172,1<the keel sometimes scabrous> 174,1<the nerve
slightly excurrent>/2<slightly notched> 176,2<sub-mucronate>
177,1<slightly>/2<rounded on the back> 179,2<persistent,
hyaline-membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1-4 194,1 195<shortly>,1
196,2 208,2-4 214,3<tough and cartilaginous, at least in part> 216,2
218<shortly>,2 220,2 221,2<emarginate or 2-toothed> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2
229,1 231,1<curved> 233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2 235,1 236,- 240,1<the hairs
clavate and apiculate, in 5-6 longitudinal rows on the nerves>
244,2<abaxially rounded> 246,- 247,2 248,5-9 249,2 250,1 251,1<about 3/4
the length of the lemma> 255,1/2<between the prolonged nerve tips>
256,1/2<comprising the short scabrid nerve-tips> 257,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3
260,3<sharply complanate> 262,2 263,3<conspicuously ciliate> 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1<cylindrical rather than cuneate> 269,2 270,- 272,3
273,1<these attached at the base of the ovary, the androecium and gynoecium
being borne on a short stipe between the lodicules> 274,1 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2<dark purple> 286,2 287,1<1.3-2.2 mm long> 289,4
291<strongly>,2 295,1<elliptical> 297,1 298,1<about half the length of the
fruit> 299,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1<at one end> 326,2<to almost spherical>
327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2<large, with a
relatively short basal cell and a hemispherical distal cell> 336,3
339,18-21 340,6 341,(9-)11.4-12(-13.5) 342,1.5-2.2 343,12-13.5 344,0.6-0.75
345,1 346,22.5-25.5 348<mostly>,3 350,2 351,2 352,2 353<where detected,>,2
354,- 355,1 358,2<and prickles at leaf margins only> 360,1<but the
short-cells sometimes rather long> 362,4 363,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,1 385,1 395,1 396,2<large median, and 4 small
bundles on each side> 397,1 399,1 400,1 401,1&2<a few of the latter only,
with small internal colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries> 405,1
406,1 409,1 442,- 454,- 470,30 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,2
492<tropical east Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,1&2&3&4
512,2/3 513,1/2 514,2 515<savanna, heavy soils in seasonally wet places>
535<studied by us - \i{}L. nutans\i0{} Stapf; photos of \i{}L. nutans\i0{}
provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<lintonia> 
 
# \i{}Lithachne\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
7,2 9,3 11,2 13,15-60 14,1/2<wiry> 19,2 40,2 44,2 47,1<in the form of tiny,
membranous, erect appendages in \i{}L. pauciflora\i0{}>/2 48,2 52,4 55,1/2
56,8-30 57,3<the base asymmetric> 59,1/3<reflexing at night> 63,1 65,1/2
66,1-2 67,1 68,1<or with a tuft of hairs in its place> 69,1<minutely
ciliolate, the pseudopetiole hairy above it at least in \i{}L.
pauciflora\i0{}> 70,1 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,1/1&3<with a terminal
male panicle (sometimes absent), and axillary infloresences reduced to a
single female spikelet or the latter with males below> 78,1 79,-
86,1/2<2-many inflorescences per node in \i{}L. pauciflora\i0{}>
89,4/5<few-flowered axillary racemes or panicles, terminated by female
spikelets, or reduced to two spikelets, female above and male below.
Terminal panicle if present male> 101,1 102,1 103,3/5 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<male pedicels shorter than female, the
latter expanded above> 131<the male spikelets smaller than the female,
reduced to lemma, palea and 2-3 free stamens> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1
138,2-3 141,6-8<triangular> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,- 149,3<the segment under
the floret being distinctly swollen> 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,2<columnar>
163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,- 174,1<ovate-acuminateto caudate> 176,2
177,2<rounded on the back> 179,2<membranous> 187,9-11 189,9-11 191,1 196,2
208,1 210<bony, dorsally gibbous and asymmetrical> 212,1 214,3 215,1<shiny>
216,1 218,1 219,2<hooded> 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,1
248,7 249,1 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,4<3> 260,1 264,1<tiny,
in \i{}L. pauciflora\i0{}> 265,3 266,1 267,2 269,2 271,1 272,0 277,1
280,1<into one> 283,2 286,2 287,1 291<somewhat>,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2
309,1 311,2<the seedling with two sheaths> 322,1 323,1<and abundant
intercostally> 325,1<but only from the subsidiaries> 326,3<small, circular,
thick walled - several rows per cell, and a pair on each subsidiary> 330,1
331,1 332,1<very abundant> 335,1 339,52-57<in \i{}pauciflora\i0{}>
341,4.5-5.7 343,22.5-25.5 344,0.39-0.47 345,1 346,(24-)27-30<in \i{}L.
pauciflora\i0{}> 347,1 348,3<sharp pointed> 350<noticeably sunken, but the
guard cells not noticeably overlapped> 351,1 353,2<mostly solitary> 360,1
363<intergrading>,7&8 364,1<many fat, almost square>/3 365,2 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 390,1<almost certainly, but the material seen very poor> 391,1
392,2 393,3 395,1<via the large bundle with its heavy sclerenchyma girders>
396,1 399,1<these wide> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with an
anchor or an I> 406,1 469,11 470,22&44 471,2&4 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4
488,3 489,34 490,50 491,4 492<West Indies, Central and South America> 493,7
494,3 502,1&4&5&6 504,11 513,1 534<Soderstrom 1980> 535<studied by us -
\i{}L. pauciflora\i0{} Beauv.> 540<lithachn> 
 
# \i{}Littledalea\i0{} <Hemsley>/
7<robust>,2 9,1 11,- 13,12-35 14,2 19,2 38,- 47,2 49,2<for at least three
quarters of the lengths of the sheaths> 52,1 55,2 56,1-4 59,1/3<convolute>
65,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.5-3.5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,18-35<i.e., large>
143<purplish, papery> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2
158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1-2 176,2 177,2
179,2 183,- 187,1-3 189,5/7 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,7-9
210<apically rounded or erose> 214,2 216,2 218,2 219,1-2 220<when
incised,>,2 221,2 223,1/2-3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,1 231,1 233,1
234,1 235,1 240,2 243,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5-7 249,2 250,1 251,2<about
half the lemma length> 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2
263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1 271,2 272,3 274,6-7 275,2
276,2 277<apically>,2 278,1<fleshy above the styles>/2<? - not at all
\i{}Bromus\i0{}-like, in material seen> 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
303,1 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<rather thick, pitted> 332,2
345,2<none seen> 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1<frequent pairs, but no
silica bodies in the silica cells> 354,2 360,2<some solitary> 361,3 363,-
365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1-2 395,2 396,1 399,2 401,- 403,2
404,1<with the primaries only, the rest with strands> 405,1<in the
primaries> 406,1 442,- 473<large> 477,2 478,2<or Triticodae?> 479,7<?>
487,11 488,6 489,28 490,80 491,3 492<central Asia to western China> 493,1&3
494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11 512,3-4 513,2 515<stony slopes> 535<studied by us
- \i{}L. racemosa\i0{} Keng> 536<morphological description revised by E.A.
Kellogg, November 1988> 537,2 540<littleda> 
 
# \i{}Loliolum\i0{} <Krecz. & Bobr.>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7,1 9,- 11,- 13,5-20 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2
56,0.6-1.2 58,2 59,3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,1.5 73,2 74,1
89<unilateral,>,1/4 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 123,2 141,3-6 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,1
157,2 158,2 163,2 165,1-2 166<(the upper)>,2-3 167<(the upper)>,2 170,3<the
lower displaced to the outside> 174,1<subulate-acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,-
183,- 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-6(-9) 214,1<leathery> 216,2 218,1
219,1<acute> 223,3<save for the lowest one or two, which are awnless> 225,1
226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 235,1 240,1/2<sometimes, the lower lemmas only are
hairy> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1<subequalling the lemma>
255,2<bidentate> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
271,2 272,3 274,0.2-0.3 277,1 280,2 283,2 286<slightly>,1 287,1<2-2.5 mm
long> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrow,
rectangular> 328,1<the walls of medium thickness> 330<more or
less>,1/2<especially mid-intercostally> 331,2 332,2 345,1<mainly adjacent
to the costae> 347,2 348,1-2 350,1<and the stomata quite deeply sunken>
351,2 357<neither prickles nor macrohairs seen, except for the latter at
the margin> 360,3<solitary, in pairs and short rows - the intervening
long-cells sometimes fairly short> 361,1 363,1 370,2 374,1 386,2
395,1<mainly by its position in the infolded, almost acicular blade, which
has only three bundles in the material seen> 396,1 398,2 399,2<absent>
403,2 404,2<each bundle - the midrib and the two laterals - with small
adaxial strands only> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,43 491,1<\i{}L. subulatum\i0{}> 492<Turkey & Caucasus, East to
Baluchistan (Pakistan)> 493,1&2&3 494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11 513,2 515<dry
places> 535<studied by us> 540<loliolum> 
 
# \i{}Lolium\i0{} <L.>/
1<Latin \i{}Lolium\i0{}: name given by Virgil to a troublesome weed>
2<\i{}Ryegrasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}L. perenne\i0{} L.>
5<\i{}Arthrochortus\i0{} Lowe, \i{}Craepalia\i0{} Schrank,
\i{}Crypturus\i0{} Link> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-130 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2
38,- 44,2 47,1 52,1 53,1/2 55<usually>,2 56,2-12 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 67,1/2
69,1 70,1 71,0.8-2 73,2 74,1 80,1&2 89,1<with partially embedded spikelets>
91,- 94,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 122<conspicuously>,2 123,1 141,7-26 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,2 156,1 157,2 160,2 163,1<except that the terminal spikelet has two>
165,- 167,1/2 168,- 170,1 174,1/2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,- 183,- 189<(i.e.
the only glume)>,3-7<membranous> 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-22
214,1-3<membranous to papery, sometimes turgid or hardening in fruit>
216,1-2 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/2
229<when dorsal,>,1 231,1 233,1 234,1 235,1 240,2 244,2 248,5-7 250,1
251,1<usually ciliate> 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,1.3-4.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,1 286<somewhat>,1 287,1/2/3 290,1 291,2 293,- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2
302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1/2 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-7
322,1 323,2 327,2<costals rectangular, intercostals longer, fusiform>
328,1<but the walls of the costals sinuous> 330,2 331,2<those bordering the
veins sinuous, by contrast> 332,2 345,1 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2 360,2/3
363,1/2/3<some almost cubical> 365,2 370,2 374,1 384,2 385,2 393,1 394,1
395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1/2 405,2 406,1 411,2 412,1 413,2<1
species> 415,1 416,1 469,7 470,14&28 471,2&4 473<large>
474,(2.2-)3.2-6.9<8 species, mean 5.0> 475,9.9<5 species, (4.3-)6.4-13.6>
477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,8 492<temperate Eurasia,
north Africa> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4 495,1&2&3 496,3 497,2&3&4
498,1&3 500,1 502,5&6 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 511,1
512,3 513,2 516<\i{}L. multiflorum\i0{}, \i{}L. perenne\i0{}, \i{}L.
persicum\i0{}, \i{}L. remotum\i0{}, \i{}L. rigidum\i0{}, \i{}L.
temulentum\i0{} (darnel - with toxic grain)> 517<\i{}L. multiflorum\i0{},
\i{}L. perenne\i0{}> 520<\i{}L. perenne\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Festuca\i0{} - \i{}Festulolium\i0{} Aschers. & Graebn. (several
species of each genus involved)> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1
530,17&24&25&29&32&33 531,1&2 532,4&5 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}L. perenne\i0{} L., \i{}L. rigidum\i0{} Gaud.> 540<lolium> 
 
# \i{}Lombardochloa\i0{} <Rosengurtt & Arillaga>/
1<named after A. Lombardo, South American agrostologist> 3<\i{}Briza\i0{},
\i{}Chascolytrum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Poidium rufum\i0{} (Presl) Mattei> 7,2 9,3
13,50-150<?> 14,2 42,2 47,2 50<the fibrous remains of the sheaths
persisting> 55,2 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?> 89,5 91,1 94,U
101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,3 154,1 156,1 157,1
160,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 171,2 172,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<naviculate>
187,3 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-4 210<broad, with a succulent,
translucent region near the base of each wing> 216,2 218,1 219,1-2 223,1
240,2 244,1-2<slightly keeled when mature> 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1<acute or
obtuse> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
270,2 272,3/1<in cleistogamous florets> 277,1 283,2 286,1-2 290,1 295,1
302,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 413,2<1 species> 421,2 444,1 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,19 491,1<\i{}L. rufa\i0{}> 492<South America> 493,7 494,3 502,6
504,11 534<Rosengurtt and Arrillaga de Maffei 1979> 538,4 540<lombardo> 
 
# \i{}Lophacme\i0{} <Stapf>/
7,2 9,3 13,13-57 14,2 19,2<though branching below> 27,2 29,1 37,1 40,2 42,2
44,1 47,2 51,1<on upper culms>/2 52,2 55,2 56,2-4<to 6 cm long>
59,3<involute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1<in \i{}L. parva\i0{}>/2<in \i{}L.
digitata\i0{}> 70<when unfringed>,1/- 71,0.1-0.4 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,1<sometimes? - see below>/2 78,- 89,2<consisting of slender spike-like
racemes> 95,1 96,2-8 101,2/1<in that the spikelets are sometimes subtended
by very minute, sparsely hairy, hyaline scales - vestigial bracts or
spikelets?> 102,2 105,1 106,- 107,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1
122,1 123<shortly>,3/2 125<somewhat>,2 141,3.5-6 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4<between L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and above L2>
154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,1<minutely bearded> 160,2 161,1 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter>/2 166,1-2 167,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
sometimes>/2 171,2 172,1<the keel scabrous> 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2
177,1 179,2<linear-lanceolate, membranous> 181,1-2 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
193<about>,4 194,2<forming a tuft which remains attached to the upper
fertile floret> 195,1<reduced to awns> 196,2 208,1/2<the second floret
sometimes male-only> 214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,2
220,2<two-toothed> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 232,1/2<fine>
233,1<scabrous> 234,2-3 235,1 240,1 244,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<reaching
the bases of the lemma lobes> 255,1 256,1 258,2<thinly membranous or
hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,2<or sparsely ciliate> 264,1 266,2 267,2
268<somewhat>,1 269,2 270<conspicuously>,1 271,2 272,3 274,1.5<i.e.
relatively large> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 286,2 287,1<1.8 mm
long> 289,2 291,3 295,1 297,2<easily removable after soaking> 298,1<a
little more than 1/3 the length of the fruit> 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1-2<intermediate: apical cells broad and
rounded at tip, not tending to collapse, rather variable in length but
mostly longer than the normal chloridoid type> 336,2 339,(15-)18-21
341,5.4-6.9 342,2.2-3.3 343,9-12 344,0.57-0.67 345,1 346,19.5-21.6
348<mostly low>,3<with small points>/2<a few> 350,2 351,1<in some regions,
rare or missing in others> 352,2 353,1 354,1 355,2 356,5<perfect to
imperfect> 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<large>,3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2
376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 389,1<in places, but most of the columns fall short
of the abaxial surface> 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1<between each pair of
bundles> 400,2 401,2<mostly, the groups large, linked with colourless
columns which sometimes reach the abaxial epidermis>/1<a few of these, with
large, deeply penetrating median cells> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<all the bundles> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,37
491,2 492<southern tropical and southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2
504,11 508,3 512,2/3<open grassland or streamsides> 513,1<\i{}L.
parva\i0{}>/2<\i{}L. digitata\i0{}> 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}L.
digitata\i0{} Stapf; photos of \i{}L. digitata\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis>
540<lophacme> 
 
# \i{}Lophatherum\i0{} <Brongn.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lophos\i0{} (a crest, or tuft of hairs) and
\i{}ather\i0{} (beard of wheat, awn), referring to tufts of awns on sterile
lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}L. gracile\i0{} Brongn.> 5<\i{}Acroelytrum\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Allelotheca\i0{} Steud.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,50-120 14,2 24,2<but \i{}L.
gracile\i0{} with root tubers> 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,2-4 55,1
57,3<rather oblique at the base> 58,- 63,1<the pseudopetiole often winged>
65,1 66,2 68,1 69,1<ciliolate> 70,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2/5<the unilateral
racemes solitary to paired on the common axis> 91,1 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,8-13 145,1<to
sub-terete> 147,3 148,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 168,2
170,- 171<lower often with tubercle-based hairs submarginally near the
apex> 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 177,2<rounded on the back> 179<membranous with
hyaline margins> 187,5 189,7 191,2 192,2<reduced to their recurved,
retrorsely-scabrid lemma awns> 193,3-4(-9) 194,2<the fan of awns forming an
adhering apparatus> 196,2 208,1 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,3<the awns retrorsely
scabrid> 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,1 240,2 243,1 244,1
248<strongly>,7-13 250,1 259,3 260<strongly>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,1 272,2 275,2 280,1 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,31-54 341,(5.4-)6 342,8.2-9 343,(18-)22-30 344,0.5-0.6
345,1 346,(33-)36-42(-45) 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<usually>/2<some solitary>
354,1 356,5/6 360,1 363,8 364,3 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1<at least over the
bundles> 390,2 391,1<in the form of short, lateral PBS extensions, c.f.
\i{}Orthoclada, Centotheca\i0{} etc.> 392,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1
399,2<much of the intercostal epidermis irregularly bulliform> 401,- 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 469,12 470,48 471,4 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,50 490,80
491,2 492<eastern Asia, Indomalayan region, tropical Australia> 493,3&5
494,1&2&5 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,6&9 509,1 513,1-2 524,5
525,3 528,6 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}. gracile\i0{} Brongn.>
537,2 540<lophathe> 
 
# \i{}Lophochloa cristata\i0{} <(L.) Hylander>/
5<\i{}L. phleoides\i0{} (Vill.) Reichenb., \i{}Koeleria phleoides\i0{}
(Vill.) Pers., \i{}Rostraria cristata\i0{} (L.) Tsvelev, \i{}Trisetaria
phleoides\i0{} (Vill.) Nevski> 7,1 9,3 13,5-60 14,2 19,2 27,2 42,2 44,2
47,2 50<sheaths hairy> 52,1 53,1/2 55,2 56,1.2-8 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1
69,1<ciliolate> 70,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,2 92,2-3<in specimens
seen>/4 97,2 101,2 102,2 121,2 123,3 125,1 141,3-7.5 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4 154,1 155<shortly>,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1
171,1<on their keels> 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<glabrous, apart from the
ciliate keel, the lower smaller and narrower> 180,0.6-0.75
181<considerably>,1 187,1 189,3 191,1<if the terminal floret, which is well
developed in some of the material seen, is ever complete>/2 192,2 193,1
194,1 195,2 196,2 208,3-6<in material seen> 210<complanate> 214,2<thinly
membranous> 216,2 218,2 220<briefly>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1
231,1<and not twisted> 233,1<scabrous> 234,1 235,1 238,2 240,1-2<the lowest
lemma pubescent on the back, the others scabrous> 244,1 247,2 248,5 249,2
250,1 251,2<about two thirds to three quarters of the lemma length> 253,1
255,2 256,2<by short continuation of the keel nerves> 257,1<hyaline> 258,2
259,3 260,3 262,2 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 271,2 272,3
274,0.2-0.5<oblong> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1 295,1 298,2
301,1 322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals mostly narrower> 328,1 330,2 331,2
332,2 345,1<but mostly bordering the costae> 348,1 350,1 351,2 359,1 360,3
361,2<and scarce, in the material seen> 363,1-2<mostly ill defined, in the
material seen> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1-2 394,1<round topped>
395,2 396,1 398,2 399,2<or with a slight tendency to simple fans in the
furrows> 403,2 404,1<with all the major bundles, the minor bundles with
strands only> 405,1<sometimes with ill-defined Is>/2 469,7 470,14&21&28
471,2&3&4 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487<cf.>,11<? - as a synonym>
488,5 489,41 490,13 491,- 492<Mediterranean and southwest Europe to western
France and eastern Bulgaria> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,1&2&3&5&6&8 511,1 512,3-4 515<cultivated ground and dry sandy
grassland> 535<studied by us> 540<lopho-cr> 
 
# \i{}Lophochloa pumila\i0{} <(Desf.) Bor>/
5<\i{}Trisetum pumilum\i0{} (Desf.) Kunth, \i{}Koeleria pumila\i0{} (Desf.)
Domin> 7,1 9,3 13,5-35 14,2 19,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths somewhat
inflated> 52,1 55,2 56,2.5-3 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1<but ciliolate> 70,2
71<about>,1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,2 92,4 97,2 101,2 102,2 121,2
123,3 125,1 141,2.7-3.6 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1
160,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} densely pubescent
over the back, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} long-ciliate only on the keel> 173,3
174,1 176,2<but mucronate> 177,1 179,1<the lower densely pubescent, the
upper glabrous save on the keel> 181,2 187,1/3 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1<the
rachilla prolongation terminating in a reduced floret, or part of one>
194,1<though sometimes awned> 195,1/2 196,2 208,2 210<complanate>
214,1-2<thinly membranous to hyaline - cf. the upper glume> 216,2 218,2
219,1 220<shortly>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 233,1 234,1
235,1 238,2 240,2 243,1-2 244,1 247,2 248,5 249,2 250,1 251,2 253,1 255,2
256,1 257<somewhat>,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 271,2 272,3 274<about>,0.4-0.6<ovoid> 275,2 276,2 277,1
283,2 284,1 287,1 295,1<?> 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower>
328,1 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1<but mostly alongside the costae> 348,1 350,1
351,2 359,1 360,1<in places>/3 363,1-2 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1
395,2 396,1 398,2 399,2<seemingly, in the poor material seen> 403,2
404,1<with the main bundles only - the minor bundles with strands> 405,1
406,1 442,2 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487<cf.>,11<?
- as a synonym> 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,- 492<central and southern Spain>
493,2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,2&4&5&8 511,1 514,2 535<studied by us>
540<lopho-pu> 
 
# \i{}Lopholepis\i0{} <Decne.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lophos\i0{} (a crest) and \i{}lepis\i0{} (a scale),
referring keeled to the glumes> 3<\i{}Perotis\i0{}> 5<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}
Hook.> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,15-45 14,2 15,0.15 19,2 27,2 38,- 40,2 44,2 47,2
55,2 56,3-6 57<somewhat>,1<or amplexicaul> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 71,0.3-0.5
72,2 73,2 74,1 89<5-10 cm long, cylindric, dense, ostensibly>,3<best
interpreted as a raceme of one-spikeleted racemelets> 91,- 101,2 102,2
103,1<to a short, cuneate rachis with one spikelet> 106,1 107,-
108,1<interpreting the pedicel or callus as a reduced branch, which is
shed> 109,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2<the racemelets spiralled> 122,-
123,1 140,2<at least at first sight - of bizarre appearance, resembling a
caricatured birds head in outline> 141<about>,2<excluding the 2 mm
callus> 144,- 145,1 147,3<the disarticulation occurring at the base of a
1.5 mm hispidulous pedicel or callus, close to the main axis> 148,-
150,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<i.e. the pedicel> 163,2 165,2<although the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is larger, enclosing the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 167,2
169,- 170,- 171,1<with spicule-hairs on the keels> 174,- 176,2 177<both
strongly>,1 178,1 179,1<both beak- shaped, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
leathery with globose base, narrow, and boat-shaped above, with a narrow,
2-lobed cartilaginous keel-wing having pectinate spinules, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} shorter and pectinate-keeled, only the upper half
with a pectinate keel-wing> 182,- 183,- 187,1 188,- 189,1 191,1 196,2
208,1<small> 210<rounded> 212,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1
240,2 243,1 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,1 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline>
259,3<except at the base> 260,3 264,2 266,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2
287,1<about 1 mm long, shaped like a birds head, hollowed above both hilum
and embryo, curved and beaked above> 290,- 291,- 293,- 295,1 296,1 297,3
298,1 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals almost straight-walled> 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<the apical cells usually apiculate>
336,3 339,18-21 340,9 341,6-6.6 342,2.7-3.5 343,(7.5-)9 344,0.43-0.5 345,1
346,21-25.5 348,3/1<in that the apices of the triangles are to varying
extents truncated> 349,1 350,1<slightly> 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1
357<prickles absent> 358,2 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1<a few>/3<mostly> 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2
403,2 404,2<seemingly abaxial girders only> 406,1 421,- 436,- 442,- 445,1
454,- 464,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,59 491,1<\i{}L.
ornithocephala\i0{} Steud.> 492<India, Ceylon> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1
504,11 512,4 513,2 515<disturbed places in sandy ground: a sand stabilizer>
535<studied by us> 540<lopholep> 
 
# \i{}Lophopogon\i0{} <Hackel>/
7<low, delicate>,1/2 9,3 14,2 19,1/2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3 78,1<the
pedicellate spikelets awned, the sessile members of the lower pairs
awnless> 79,1<the upper pairs homogamous, the lower pairs with the sessile
spikelets male> 89,2 91,2 95,1 96,2<the two short racemes closely
appressed to form an ovate head> 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,2 107,1 108,1 109,2
114,2 115,1<the hairs reddish> 120,2 123,1&3<the pedicel tips oblique>
126,1 127,1 128,2 129,3<in the lower part of the inflorescence>/1<above>
130,1 131<the lower sessile spikelets male-only, dorsally compressed,
awnless> 133,1 135,2 136,1 145,1 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 161,1 163,2 165,1
173,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} truncate, with transversely placed tufts, at
least in upper spikelets> 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} only, the awn short>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hair-tufted, truncate, 3-toothed and awnless,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} short-awned> 183,2 184,1 185,2 187<distinctly
nerved> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 208,1 210<linear> 214,1 218,2 220,2 221,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 244,2 247,2 264,2 272,2 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 300,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U
390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64
491,2 492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 513,2 537,2 538,4
540<lophopog> 
 
# \i{}Lophopyrum\i0{} <A. Lve>/
3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}> 7,2<with stout, firm glabrous culms>
9,3 13,30-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 42,2 44,2 55,2<glaucous, stiff, with
thick veins> 59,3 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,1<the spikelets
appressed early, but becoming divaricate> 99,2<against the spikelets> 101,2
102,2 108,2<usually>/1 109<when disarticulating,>,2<the spikelet falling
with the internode above> 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 145,1 147,1/3 148,1-2<?>
154,1 156,1 157,2 160,2 161,1<glabrous> 163,2 165,2<or slightly unequal>
166,1 167,1 170,2 174,2<obtuse to truncate> 175,2 176,2 177,2 179,2<oblong,
leathery to hardened> 187,3-9 189,3-9 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-12<few
to many> 218,1 219,2 223,1 240<sparsely>,1/2 244,2 247,2 248,5 249,1 250,1
251,1<slightly shorter than the lemma> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 272,3 274,4-10 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1 287,2
290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 303,1 322,2<for the most part> 323,2 327,1
328,1<indistinguishable in form, fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2
345,2<in the material of \i{}L. elongatum\i0{} seen>/1<\i{}L.
elongatum\i0{} according to Metcalfe> 348<low>,2<recorded by Metcalfe>/-
351,1 353,1 354,1 358,1<common, fairly small> 360,2<some solitary>
363,4/5/6/3<integrading with the other forms> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1 394,2<the large ribs varying in shape, and the blade asymmetric in
section> 395,2 396,1 399,1<the groups very small, in the furrows> 401,1
403,2 404,1<with the main bundles - the minor bundles with abaxial girders
only> 405,1<the main bundles with massive Is> 406,1 469,7 470,14&28&56&70
471,2&4&8&10 472,5 474,5.6<1 species> 475,11.2<1 species> 477,2 478,1 479,1
487<cf.>,11<as a synonym> 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,11 492<Mediterranean to
Iran> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,2 506,1 511,1 512,4 513,2
514,1 515<coastal sands> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Elytigia\i0{},
\i{}Leymus\i0{}, \i{}Sitanion\i0{}, \i{}Triticum\i0{}> 534<Lve 1984>
535<studied by us - \i{}L. elongatum\i0{}> 540<lophopyr> 
 
# \i{}Lorenzochloa\i0{} <J. & C. Reeder>/
3<\i{}Ortachne\i0{}> 5<\i{}Parodiella\i0{} J. & C. Reeder> 7,2 9<densely>,3
13,15-38 14,2 19,2 44,1 47,2 55,2 59,4<erect, rigid, terete, pungent> 60,-
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<acute> 71,2-4 73,2 74,1 88,2-3 89,5 91,1<but narrow and
rather few flowered, the branches conspicuously pulvinate> 101,2 102,2
108,2 121,2 123,3 141,2.3-2.6 145,1/2<?> 147,1 148,- 154,2 157,1 160,2
163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 171,2 174,2<truncate or emarginate> 176,2 177,2
179,2<firm> 187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<tapered into the awn> 211,2
213,2 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 232,1/3<erect
or slightly flexuose, stout with a distinct line of demarcation from the
rest of the lemma> 233,1<scabrous> 234,2-3<to 5 mm long> 240,1<pubescent on
the margins and along the lower half of the mid-nerve> 244,2 247,2 248,5
250,1 251,1 254,1/2<?> 256,1 258,2<firm> 259,3 260,3 261,3<often pubescent
between the keels> 262,2 264,1 265,3<the posterior smaller> 266,1 267,2
268,2<stipoid> 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1<1.2 to 1.4 mm long> 289<broadly>,2 291,2-3 295,2 298,2 299,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 308,1 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,-
357<prickles abundant in the silica-cell files> 358,2 360,1<the rows
interrupted only by prickles> 363,8 364,3<mostly, short>/1<a few>/4<a few,
short> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 398,2
399,2<\i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type groups of small cells in the furrows> 401,-
403,2 404,1 405,1<each main bundle with a large anchor> 406,2<the feet of
the anchors joining> 407,2 469,11 470,22 471,2 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7
489,43 490,80 491,1<\i{}L. erectifolia\i0{}> 492<High Andes of Venezuela,
Colombia, Peru> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 535<studied by us> 540<lorenzoc> 
 
# \i{}Loudetia\i0{} <Hochst.>/
6<\i{}Loudetiopsis\i0{} sensu lato> 7,1<<10%> rarely>/2 9,3 11,-
13,(25-)40-500 14,2<usually erect, slender or robust> 19,1/2 23,1 27,1/2
37,1/2 38,- 42,2 44,1/2 47,2 48,2<but often with auricular hair tufts>
52,1<often rigid> 55,2 57,3 59,1/3<convolute> 63,1/2 65,2 66,2
69,2<narrow>/3 70,- 71,0.5-3 72,1<of hairs>/2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2<rarely
more or less spiciform> 92,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1/2<long-pedicelled triplets in \i{}L. togoensis\i0{}>
121,2 123,3 126,1/2 141,6-25 143<brown> 144,- 145,1-2 147,1
148,2<disarticulating between the two florets, less readily or not at all
between G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 149,1 150,-
154,1<<10%> very rarely>/2 155,2 156<when present,>,2 157,1 160,2/3
161,1/2<oblong to linear, bidentate or obliquely pungent> 163,2 164,2 165,1
167<(the upper)>,2<nearly as long as the spikelet> 170,-
171<coarsely>,1<with brown or black hair cushions>/2 173,3 174,1/2
176,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} may be setaceous-acuminate>/2 177,2 178,-
179,2 181,1 182,- 187,3 189,3(-5) 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2<<10%>
\i{}L. togoensis\i0{}> 199<when present,>,1<membranous, two keeled> 201,1/2
203,2<muticous> 204,3/5<<10%> \i{}L. togoensis\i0{}> 205,2-3 206,1-2
207,2<papery to leathery, similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 208,1 214,2-3
216,2<more or less leathery> 218<usually>,2<shortly so, rarely entire>
220<usually>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,3 235,1
236,1<usually>/2<<10%> \i{}L. phragmitoides\i0{}> 240,1-2<pilose to
glabrescent> 241,2 242,2 244,2<rounded on the back> 246,2 247,2 248,5-9
249,2 250,1<linear> 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3
260,3<the keels thick> 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
271,2 272,2(-3) 275,1<\i{}L. togoensis\i0{}>/2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,3 290<slightly>,1 295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 329,1/2/3<long-cells normal
to cubical> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,60-90(-106) 341,5.4-6.6 342,12-14.5
343,24-50 344,0.37-0.5 345,1 346,24-30 348<low to high>,2<mostly>/3 350,2
351,1/2<ignoring cells associated with macrohair bases> 353,- 354,- 360,1
363,8 364<mostly>,3 365,2 370,1 371,1<usually>/2 372<when
unconventional,>,4 374,2 375,1 378,1 379,1-5 383,1 385,1 388,1/2<absent
from \i{}L. flavida\i0{} and \i{}L. simplex\i0{}> 389,1 393,1/2/3 394,1
395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1 401,1/2<commonly linking with traversing
columns of colourless cells> 402,1 403,1<in \i{}L. simplex\i0{}>/2 404,1
406,1 413,2<2 species> 421,- 431,2 442,- 469,6&12 470,20&24&40&60 477,7
478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80 491<about>,26 492<tropical and
southern Africa, Madagascar, with 1 in South America> 493,4&7 494,2 496,1&2
499,1&2&3&4 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,2/3/4 513,2 514,2 515<in savanna
woodland, often on poor shallow soils> 516<\i{}L. simplex\i0{}> 519<wild
\i{}L. esculenta\i0{} harvested in Sudan> 524,2&5 525,1 526,1 531,2 533,1
535<Metcalfe 1960; pphotos of \i{}L. flavida\i0{} and \i{}L. simplex\i0{}
provided by R.P. Ellis, studied by us - \i{}L. simplex\i0{} (Nees) C.E.
Hubb.> 540<loudetia> 
 
# \i{}Loudetiopsis\i0{} <Conert>/
3<\i{}Loudetia\i0{} Section \i{}Pseudotristachya\i0{} C.E. Hubb., cf.
Jacques-Felix 1962> 6<\i{}Diandrostachya\i0{}, \i{}Dilophotriche\i0{}>
7<usually>,2 11,- 13,30-120 14,2<usually erect> 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1
27,1<\i{}L. kerstingii\i0{}>/2 37,2 38,- 40,2 44,2 47,2 52,1/3<\i{}L.
tristachyoides\i0{}> 55,2<rigid> 56,2-7 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
69,3<and the blade pilose immediately above it> 70,- 71,0.3-0.5 72,2 73,2
74,1 89,5 91<usually>,1/2<rarely, but not spiciform> 94,1/2 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3 121,2 123,3<the pedicels of
all three spikelets short, arising together at the tip of the peduncle,
which is often hooked> 126,2<but the pedicels somewhat unequal> 141,8-20
143<brown> 144,- 145,1/2 147,1 148,2<more readily than between
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, cf. \i{}Loudetia\i0{}>
149,1 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2<truncate or slightly bifid> 163,2 165,1
167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,1<usually with tubercle-based hairs> 173,3
174,1/2 176,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter, wider and hairier>
181,1 187,3/5 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<two keeled,
membranous> 201,1 203,2 204,3 205,3 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<leathery>
216,2 218,2<apically> 220,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
233,1<scabrous>/2<with short, appressed hairs> 234,3 235,1 240,1/2
244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1<linear> 255,2 256,1 257,1
258,2<membranous to leathery> 259,3 260,3<the keels leathery> 262,2 263,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 271,2 272,2 274,2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,2<purple> 290,1/2 295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<in \i{}L.
chrysothrix\i0{}, the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 335,1
339,66-75 341,6.6-8.4 342,7.9-11.3 343,28-33 344,0.42-0.46 345,1
346,30-40.5 348<low>,2<consistently, in \i{}L. chrysothrix\i0{}> 350,2
351,1 353,2<but often adjoining small prickles, in \i{}L. chrysothrix\i0{}>
360,1 363,8 364,3<but in the material of \i{}L. chrysothrix\i0{} seen,
these all seem to lack the isthmus, so that the actual silica takes the
form of more or less round, saddle-shaped or crescentic pieces, occurring
two per cell> 365,2 370,1 374,1<e.g. \i{}L. chrysothrix\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}L.
ambiens\i0{}> 375,1 378,1 379,3 383,1 389<in places>,1 393,1 394,2 395,2
396,1/2<the large bundle accompanied on either side by a minor one>
399,1<in each furrow> 401,2<commonly linked with traversing columns of
colourless cells> 402,1 403,2 404,1<with all the major bundles - the minor
ones with only abaxial girders, or with strands only> 405,1 406,1 431,2
442,- 469,10 470,20 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80 491,11
492<West Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1 512,2<sometimes>/3
513,2 514,2 515<savanna, usually in woodland or shallow pockets on bare
rocks, rarely in swamps> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}L.
chrysothrix\i0{} (Nees) Conert> 540<loudetio> 
 
# \i{}Louisiella\i0{} <C.E. Hubb. & Lonard>/
7,2 9,1/4 11,- 14,2 19,1 27,1 37<spongy> 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2
69,2<very short> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120<paired or in short appressed racemelets> 121,1<?>
123,3 141,8-9 142,9 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1
167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<the lower very
small, nerveless and truncate, the upper equalling the spikelet, long
acuminate, strongly nerved> 187,0 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2
201,2 202<long acuminate> 203,2 204,7-9 205,3 206,2 207,2 208,1
210<lanceolate> 214,2-3 216,2<membranous to leathery> 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,1-2<glabrous, with a scabrid or hairy tip> 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5-7
250,1 251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3<near the margins> 260,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,1-2 283,2 284,2 287,1<2.5 mm long> 290,U 294,U 295,2 296,U 297,U
298,1-2<up to 1/3 as long as the grain> 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3<numerous
per cell, in 1-several (average 2) rows, and large and ornamented at the
blade margin> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,27-36 341,15-21 342,5.3-7.7
343,(3.9-)4.5-5.7(-6) 344,0.5-0.7 345,1 346,19-24 348<high>,2&3 349,1 350,2
351,1 353,1 354,- 360,3<short-cells much longer than usual, and the files
interrupted by prickles> 363,8 364<small,>,1&3 365,2 370,1 374,1 375,1
385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2<one slightly larger bundle> 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,54 491,1<\i{}L.
fluitans\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11
512,1/2<floating, or decumbent on mud> 535<studied by us> 537,2
540<louisiel> 
 
# \i{}Loxodera\i0{} <Launert>/
5<\i{}Plagiarthron\i0{} Duv.> 6<\i{}Lepargochloa\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,100 14,2
19,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 65,2 69,1 71,0.8-1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4
78,1<the pedicellate spikelet sometimes reduced to its glumes>/2 79,2 89<a
single apical raceme> 99,1/2 100,1 101,2<seemingly> 102,2 103,4<erect,
subcylindrical> 106,1 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<hollowed to receive the
sessile spikelet> 113,1 114,2 115,1 120,2 121,2 123,1&3<the pedicels
resembling the internodes> 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1/3/4 131<the
pedicelled spikelet well developed to much reduced, its lower glume
sometimes attenuate into a long, curved awn> 141,7.5 145,3 147,3<attached
to the joint and pedicel> 154,2 157,1<the hairs encircling each node>
160,2<and broad> 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,1 173,3 176,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery and keel-less, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
thinner and boat-shaped> 183,2<seemingly> 184,1-2 185,2 187,7-9 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 204,3(-5) 205,3 206,2<thinly
membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1
240,2 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 277,1 280,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 295,1 296<unknown in
mature state> 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,1<in \i{}L. ledermannii\i0{}>/2 324,2
325,1<conspicuously, at one end> 326,1<at one end of each interstomatal>
329,1<in \i{}L. caespitosa\i0{}>/2<in \i{}L. ledermannii\i0{}, where
perturbation is associated with the basal rosettes of abundant macrohairs>
330,1<irregularly so in \i{}L. ledermannii\i0{}> 331,1-2 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1 339,(33-)40-62(-69) 341,8.4-11.4 342,2.9-5.4<\i{}L.
ledermanni\i0{}>/5.1-7.2<\i{}L. caespitosa\i0{}> 343,(19.5-)22-30(-33)
344,0.47-0.59 345,1 346,30-36<\i{}L. ledermanni\i0{}>/36.6-40.5<\i{}L.
caespitosa\i0{}> 347,2 348<predominantly>,3<often with truncated apices, in
\i{}L. caespitosa\i0{}> 350,1<slightly>/2 351,1<solitary, associated with
prickle bases, in \i{}L. caespitosa\i0{}>/2 360,1/2/3<the arrangement
varying from place to place in both species seen> 363,8 364<short,>,3/1
365,2 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 389,1<occasionally, from colourless arches>/2
393,3 395,1 396,2<the large median flanked on either side by several
smaller bundles, and with large laterals at the outer margins of the midrib
zone> 397,1<comprising two large bulliform groups, and a mass of underlying
colourless tissue contiguous with them which extends across the blade>
398,2 399,1<between pairs of main bundles> 401,1&2<with colourless masses
formed from bulliforms and contiguous underlying colourless tissue
occupying the adaxial part of the blade between each pair of main bundles>
402,1 403,1 404,1<with all the main laterals> 405,1<mostly slender Ts or
Is> 406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,3
492<tropical southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&3
512,2 514,2 515<savanna, in damp drainage hollows> 534<Launert 1961, 1963,
1965a; Clayton 1977> 535<studied by us - \i{}L. caespitosa\i0{} (C.E.
Hubb.) Clayton, \i{}L. ledermannii\i0{} (Pilger) Clayton> 537,2
540<loxodera> 
 
# \i{}Luziola\i0{} <A.L. Juss.>/
1<name modified from \i{}Luzula\i0{} (family \i{}Juncaceae\i0{}>
5<\i{}Arrozia\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Caryochloa\i0{} Trin.> 6<\i{}Hydrochloa\i0{}>
7,1/2 9,2/4 11,2 13,10-30 14,2 19<sometimes amply>,1 40,2 44,2 48,2 55,1/2
56,1-10(-20) 59,1 69,1 70,2<obtuse or acuminate, entire or laciniate>
71<long> 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,1<the staminate and pistillate spikelets
in separate panicles>/2<then with the male spikelets uppermost> 89,5<the
panicles terminal and axillary> 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<at least, not paired> 121,2 123,3 131<male
spikelets with one floret, a pointed lemma and 6-18 stamens> 133,2 135,1
136,1 138,6-18 140,2<assumed to lack glumes> 141,2-5 142,4/7/8/9/11 144,-
145,1-2 147<disarticulating from the pedicel> 148,- 150,- 154,2 155,- 158,-
162,2 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,- 216,2<thin> 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?> 248<lemmas
several to many nerved> 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma> 257,1<thin>
258,2 259,4 260,2 272,0 277,1 283,2 286,2 287,1<1-2 mm long> 289,4-5 291,3
295,2 296,2 297,1 298,2 301,2 302,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,2 326,3<or
rather, many, on all cells save the guard-cells and subsidiaries> 327,2<the
costals narrower, more regularly rectangular> 328,1<thin walled> 329,1-2
330,1&2 331,1<the sinuosity fairly coarse> 332,1 333,2 334,1<cf. those of
\i{}Hygroryza\i0{}> 335<minute> 339,19.5-21 345,1 346,27-30 347,2 348,3<a
few>/2<mostly> 350,1<very slightly> 351,1 353,2<mostly seemingly solitary>
354,1 356,8 357<large prickle bases common> 358,2 360,1
363,8<predominating>/7<a few, especially alongside the veins> 364<when
panicoid type, short>,3/1<the latter sometimes intergrading with oryzoid
type> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1<seemingly, but not very
conspicuous in the material seen> 391,2 395,1<by a keel, and a large lacuna
or region of colourless tissue above> 396,2<a large median, with two
smaller bundles on either side> 397,1<probably> 399,2 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 454,- 464,- 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,11
492<southern U.S.A. to tropical South America> 493,6&7 494,3
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,11 512,1/2 516<\i{}L. spruceana\i0{} (in North
America)> 535<studied by us - \i{}L. pittieri\i0{} Luces> 540<luziola> 
 
# \i{}Lycochloa\i0{} <Samuelsson>/
7,2 9,1 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,4-5 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,4<lax>
91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,1<nodding to one side> 123<shortly>,3 125,2 141,15-20 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,1 154,1 156,1 157,1 161,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2
179,2<papery> 187,5 189,5 191,2 192,2 193,3-4 194,2<forming a narrowly
lanceolate cluster> 196,2 208,2 214,3<leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1<or at about 1/3 the way
down> 231,2 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,7-11<and ribbed> 250,1 259,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,1 268,1 270,2 271,2 277,1<?> 278,2<?> 283,2<?> 286,2 287,2<5-8 mm
long> 293,- 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 322,1 323,2 329,2<some tending to be
hexagonal> 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,2 354,1 356,3<elliptical>
360,1/3<mostly in short or long rows, some solitary> 363,8 364<mostly>,4
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1-3<the abaxial ribs more conspicuous> 394,1
395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1&2 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,5
487,11 488,7 489,30 490,80 491,1<\i{}L. avenacea\i0{}> 492<Lebanon> 493,4
494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11 512,4<among rocks> 535<Metcalfe 1960>
540<lycochlo> 
 
# \i{}Lycurus\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<from the Greek \i{}lukos\i0{} (wolf) and \i{}oura\i0{} (tail), alluding
to the inflorescence> 3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato>
5<\i{}Pleopogon\i0{} Nutt> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,20-100 14,2 37,1 38,- 44,1/2
47,2 49,2 50<sheaths laterally compressed, keeled> 52,1 55,2 56,0.5-3
59,1/2 61,1 65,2 68,1 69,1 70,2<pointed> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4<the
lower of each pair sterile or staminate> 89,3/5 91,2 92,3<and bristly, the
branches short> 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the short
branches shed> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,2<the lower sterile or
staminate, the other hermaphrodite> 121,2 123<shortly>,3 126,1/2 131<the
lower spikelet similar to the upper, sterile or male> 142,2 144,- 145,1-2
147,3<deciduous in pairs> 148,- 154,2 155,- 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,-
174,- 176,1 179,1<the lower usually with 2-3 slender awns, the upper
1-awned> 182,- 187,2/3 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1<the sterile spikelets also
1-flowered> 210<tapering into the awn> 214,3 216,2<firm> 218,1 219,1 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1<slender> 234,1-3 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
256,1 257,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 271,2 272,3 274,1 277,1 280,2
283,2<short> 289,2 294,U 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1
324,2 325,1<in places, at one end or from the side> 326,1<mostly at one end
of each interstomatal, and sometimes in the middle of a long-cell>
327,2<the costals being much narrower and more regularly rectangular>
329,2<many being quite short> 330,1&2 331,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<the
basal cells somewhat the longer> 336,3 339,(37.5-)45-46.5(-49.5) 340,30
341,15.6-16.5-17.4 342,2.3-2.9 343,(10.5-)11.4-12(-18) 344,0.28-0.36 345,1
346,21-24 348,2<mostly>/3<a few> 350,2 351,2<ignoring the hair bases>
352,1-2 353,2 355,1 357<short macrohairs common> 358,2 360,1 362,4
363,4<squarish to tall-and-narrow versions of this form predominating>/5
365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 385,1
389,1<conspicuously, from every furrow> 393,2/3 394,1<low> 395,1 396,1
399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked with traversing columns of colourless cells>
403,2 404,1<with the primaries only - the rest with strands only> 405,1<the
primaries with Is> 406,1 409,1 442,- 469,10 470,28&40 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of \i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,3
492<southern U.S.A., Hawaii to north tropical South America> 493,5&6&7
494,1&3 495,1&3 497,4 502,1&6 504,11 507,3 513,2 515<plains and rocky
hills> 518<\i{}L. phleoides\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,4 530,42 531,2 533,5
535<studied by us - \i{}L. phleoides\i0{} H. B. & K.> 540<lycurus> 
 
# \i{}Lygeum\i0{} <Loefl. ex L.>/
5<\i{}Linospartum\i0{} Adans., \i{}Spartum\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7<wiry>,2
9,1<the rhizomes scaly> 11,- 13,30-70 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2
55,2<junciform> 65,2 66,2 67,2 68,1 69,1 70,2<acute> 71,7 73,2 74,1 88,1
89,-<of one terminal spikelet, enclosed in an indurated spathe until it
protrudes from the side at maturity> 91,- 94,- 99,- 100,- 101,1<the hard
spathes ovate, acute or with a laminate tip> 103,1<to a single spikelet>
106,- 107,- 108,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,- 140,2<through apparent
absence of glumes, and congenital fusion of lemmas and paleas> 141,35-45
144,- 145,1 147<the spikelet falling whole> 154,2 162,2 191,1 196,2 208,2
214,-<leathery, 2 cm long, the two connate by their margins over the lower
half into a rigid, hairy tube, the upper halves free> 216,1 223,1
240,1<below, glabrous above> 244,2 248,9 250,1<the two connate by their
backs below> 251,1<3-4 cm: much exceeding the lemms> 256,1 259,3 264,2
266,- 272,3 274<about>,15 275,2 277,1 280,1<assuming the ostensibly single
style represents fusion of two>/- 283,1 287,2<8-9 mm long> 289,2 295,2
298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 309,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,7 322,1 323,2
327,1 328,1<rather thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1<but infrequent>
335,2<sic: large and spectacular, in the material seen> 339,72-93
341,21.6-24 342,3-4.3 343,24-25.5 344,0.27-0.33 345,1 346,(45-)54-57 348,3
350,1 351,1 354,1 356,1 360,2/3<rarely> 363<exclusively>,3 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<in the furrows, small and
variable in size cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 401,- 403,2 404,1/2 405,1 406,2
407,1<these columnar> 408<opposite some of the furrows> 413,2 446,1 469,10
470,40<the chromosomes large> 471,4<the 40 chromosomes large> 477,1 480,2
487,11 488,7 489,29 490,80 491,1<\i{}L. spartum\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean>
493,1&2&3&4 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,2 499,1 504,11 506,1 512,4
513,2 522<Esparto grass, yielding fibre for paper, rope etc.> 524,5 525,4
529,1 530,36 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 536<An
isolated genus of uncertain taxonomic affinities, despite good descriptive
data. Primitive numerical taxonomic analyses of Metcalfes leaf blade
anatomical descriptions conducted in 1963 (Watson, unpublished) presented
\i{}Lygeum\i0{} with \i{}Nardus\i0{} as an outlying group, and this has
been a consistent feature of most analyses performed subsequently in course
of developing this data set. They seem closest to Stipeae, but are prime
candidates for comparative DNA studies.> 540<lygeum> 
 
# \i{}Maclurochloa\i0{} <K.M. Wong>/
3<\i{}Bambusa\i0{}> 4<\i{}\i{}M. montana\i0{}\i0{} (Ridley) K.M. Wong> 7,2
9<sympodially>,1 11,2 14,1 16,1 19,1 20,1 22,3 23,2/3/4<?> 30,1 44,2 48,U
49,U 52,3 55,1 59,1 63,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1<each subtended by a bract
smaller than the lemmas> 98,- 102,1 121,2 123,1-2 140,2 142,8
145<probably>,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163<empty, transitional>,3<3-5>
166,1<but the upper as long as the lemmas> 167,1<i.e., falling short in the
intact pseudospikelet> 171,2 174,1 176,2 179,2 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1
195,2 196,2 208,1/2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2 240,2 250,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2
268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,6 273,1 275,2 276,2 277,2<?> 278,1 279,2 280,2
283,3 287,1-2<about 4 mm> 289,2/4 300,U 325,U 345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U
361,U 367,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 388,2 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U
477,8 487,4 488,7 489,9 490,14 491,1<\i{}M. montana\i0{}> 492<Peninsular
Malaya> 493,5 494,2 496,3 500,3 534<Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase; K. M.
Wong (1993): Four New Genera of Bamboos (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) from
Malesia. Kew Bulletin 48, 517-532> 538,4 540<mclochlo> 
 
# \i{}Maclurolyra\i0{} <Caldern & Soderstrom>/
1<name compounded from that of F.A. McClure (American bamboo specialist),
and \i{}Olyra\i0{} (a related grass genus)> 7,2 9,3 11,2<but with only 1-3
developed blades> 13,20-50 19,2 27,1 37,1<the middle internodes much
elongated> 39,1 40,2 42,1&2 44,1 48,1 52,4/6<acuminate> 55,1 56,30-50<and
10-21 cm long> 57,3<asymmetrically rounded at base> 63,1<pulvinate, twisted
through 180 degrees> 65,1 67,1 68,1<thick> 71,0.5-1.2 72,2 73,1 74,2
75,1<male and female> 76,2&3 77,4<each infloresence unit with 2-several
female spikelets and 1-2 males> 78,1 79,2 86,2<a synflorescence>
89,5<terminal, of reduced racemelike panicles> 91,2 92<rigid-fusiform> 94,-
96,- 101,1<spatheoles, etc. hidden within within the uppermost sheaths>
102,1<but not obviously so, without dissection> 103<reduced, mixed-sex>,3
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,2 123,2/3 126,1 127,2 128,-
129,2 130,3 131<male spikelets smaller than the females, without glumes,
lemmas 7 nerved, florets with 3 fertile stamens and non-penicillate anthers
and 3 staminodes> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,3/6<if the 3 staminodes
are called stamens> 141,9.5-11.5 144,- 145,1-2<? depressed> 147,1 148,-
149,1 154,2<and no elongated internode above the glumes> 155,- 157,2 160,1
163,2 165,2 167,2<about equalling them> 168,2 170,- 171,2<glabrous,
short-hispid at tip> 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<lanceolate-acute,
leathery> 187,5-6 189,5-7 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<narrowly
lanceolate-acuminate> 214,3 216,1<leathery, becoming crustaceous> 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,1<covered with long appressed hairs> 244,2 246,2<and
enclosing it> 248,(5-)7(-8) 250,1<but enclosed, elliptic-acuminate> 251,1
252,1 255,1 256,1 258,1 259,4<2-4> 260,1<convolute, villous> 264,1 265,3/4
266,1<sometimes 4, the posterior smaller> 267,2 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,0<3
minute staminodes, alternating with the lodicules> 277,1<but the style
hairy below middle> 280,1<the ovary attenuate into one long slender style>
283,2 286,2<but enclosed> 287,2<5.5 mm long> 291,2<ventrally> 295,2 298,2
303,2 309,1 311,2<the seedling with two sheaths> 322,1 323,1 325,1
326,3<more than 1 row per cell> 330,1 331,1 332,1 334,2/3<i.e. some
3-celled> 335,1 345,1<in bands alongside veins> 347,1 348,3 351,1 353,1
354,1 356,3&8 360,1<a few pairs and short rows> 363,4/7<some tending to
this form>/8<some> 364<when panicoid type, tending to>,1 365,2 370,2 374,1
390,1 391,1<large> 393,1<wide, rounded> 394,1 395,1<larger rib> 396,2<1 or
2 small bundles each side of median> 399,1 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1 469,11 470,22 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34
490,50 491,1<\i{}M. tecta\i0{}> 492<Panama> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11
534<Caldern and Soderstrom 1973.> 540<maclurol> 
 
# \i{}Maillea\i0{} <Parl.>/
3<\i{}Phleum\i0{} (IP. crypsoides)> 7,1 9,- 11,- 13,2-10 14,2 38,- 47,2
49,2 50<the upper sheaths inflated> 52,1 55,2 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,1.5-2.5 73,2 74,1 89,5<sessile among the leaves> 91,2 92,2<to 5 cm long>
94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
141,2-4.5 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,2 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,2 166,3
167,2<about three times as long> 168,2 170,- 174,1<apiculate> 176,2 177,1
178,1 179,2 183,- 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<truncate> 214,1-2<and
only about 1/3 of glume length> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,-
247,2 248,1(-3) 250,1 251,1<exceeding the lemma> 259,2 260,1 264,2 266,-
272,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 291,3 293,- 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2
325,1<over-arching them laterally> 326,1/2 327,1 328,1 329,2<many of them
short to more or less round> 330,2<to round> 331,2 332,2 345,1
346,(42-)45-52(-66) 347,2 348,1 350,1<the stomata distinctly sunken>
351,1-2 353,2<solitary, large, rounded, merging into the range of long-cell
forms> 354,2 360,3 361,1 363,1<mostly>/2<very few> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 398,2 403,2<except for the outermost bundle
on either side, in the material seen> 404,2<the sclerenchyma confined to
small adaxial and abaxial strands> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11
488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}M. crypsoides\i0{}> 492<eastern Mediterranean
islands and Greece> 493,1&2 494,1 495,2 498,2 504,11 535<studied by us>
540<maillea> 
 
# \i{}Malacurus\i0{} <Nevski>/
3<\i{}Leymus\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,1 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.7-8 73,2
74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<with sterile spikelets at the tip of the rachis>
89,3<the clusters reduced to pairs> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,2 141,8-16 144,- 145,2 147,1
148,2<the rachilla very fragile> 154,1 157,2 158,2 163,2<much reduced>
165,1-2 168,1<those of adjacent spikelets sometimes joined>/2 170,2/3<much
reduced> 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,1<awn-like> 179,2<subulate-setiform> 183,-
187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,2-4 216,2 218,1/2 223,1/3 225<when
present,>,1 226,1 228,1/3 231,1 234,1<no more than 2 mm long> 236<when
present,>,1 240,1<densely lanate> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,2 272,3 277,2
280,2 283,2 286,1 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,2
345,1 346,69-75 348<low>,2/1 350,1<clearly sunken> 351,1 353<intercostal
short-cells solitary and paired> 361,3-2<in the material seen> 363,2/3/5
365,- 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,42 471,6 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49
490,41 491,1<\i{}M. lanatus\i0{}> 492<Central Asia> 493,1&3 494,1 495,1
497,2 504,11 506,2 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us> 540<malacuru> 
 
# \i{}Maltebrunia\i0{} <Kunth>/
3<\i{}Potamophila\i0{}> 7<erect>,2 9,2 13,30-150<?> 14,2 17,2 19,2 44,2
47,1<with sheath auricles adnate to the ligule> 48,2 52,3-5 55,1 56,15-50
59,1 63<usually>,1 65,1<?>/2<in \i{}M. leersioides\i0{}> 69,1 70,2<toothed>
72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 140,2<owing to the
reduced glumes, cf. \i{}Oryza\i0{}> 141,7-10 142,9 145<lightly>,1
147,1<i.e. above their vestiges> 149,-<with only a short stipe above the
sterile lemmas> 154,2 157,2 160,2 161,2 162,1-2<vestigial> 163,2
164,1<reduced to a bilobed annulus> 165,2 166,1 167,1 168,1 176,2 187,0
189,0 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2 202<subulate> 205,1<about 1/5 to
1/10 the length of the spikelet> 206,1<thinly membranous> 208,1
210<ovate-oblong or elliptic, acute, the margins clasping the lateral
nerves of the palea> 216,2<firmly chartaceous> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,1<with
thin, appressed white hairs>/2 244,1 247,2 248,5 249,2 250,1
251,1<equalling the spikelet> 253,2 255,1<narrow, acute> 256,1 257,2 258,2
259,4<three nerved> 260,2 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2<but
relatively substantial, in the material seen> 269,2 272,6
274<about>,3-4<relatively long, linear> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2<plumose> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,1 324,2<mostly in
the stomatal zones, adjoining the costae - not to be confused with the
abundant, bulbous prickle bases> 325,2<for the most part> 326,3<small,
round, scattered on the interstomatals> 327,1<the costals rather smaller>
328,1<of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse> 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 345,1<but absent from the mid-intercostal regions> 347,2
348,2-3 350,2 351,1<hard to observe in the material seen> 353,1&2
354<seemingly>,2 357<large bulbous-based prickles with reduced points,
abundant both costally and intercostally> 360,1<in some files>/2<in other
files> 363,7 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,3<there
being an abaxial arc of three with a median one adaxially, in the material
seen> 397,1 398,2 399<constituting most of the adaxial epidermis, in very
wide fans> 403,2 404,1<with most of the bundles> 405,1<Is with the smaller
bundles, anchors with the large ones> 406,1 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7
489,35 490,78 491,3-5 492<Gabon, Tanzania, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,3 513,1 514,2 534<Hubbard 1962> 535<studied by us - \i{}M.
leersioides\i0{} Kunth> 537,2 540<maltebru> 
 
# \i{}Manisuris\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}manos\i0{} (a necklace or a scaly lizard) and
\i{}oura\i0{} (a tail), re appearance of the racemes>
5<\i{}Peltophorus\i0{} Desv.> 6<all but \i{}Manisuris myuros\i0{} L.> 7,2
13,15-70 14,2 19,1 52,1 55,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4<?> 77,4 78,1 79,2
89<of spiciform racemes, solitary or fascicled> 99,1 100,1 101,1 103,4
106,1<axillary and terminal> 107,2 108,1 109,2<in a peculiar and
characteristic fashion> 111,2<stoutly clavate> 112,1 120,2 121,1<the
sessile members in two rows, on one side of the rachis> 123,1<by fusion of
the pedicels> 126,1 127,1 128,1<the pedicelled spikelet abscinds from its
own pedicel, but remains fused to the base of the internode above, so that
there are false pairs of spikelets comprising the pedicelled member of
one segment plus the sessile member of the segment above - by contrast with
the normal arrangement in \i{}Glyphochloa\i0{}> 129,1 130,3/4<?>
131<pedicelled spikelets male or neuter (?), about 4 mm long, striate,
awnless, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} winged on one margin, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate and keel-winged at the tip> 141,2.5-3
144,1 145,3 147,3<and with the joint plus the pedicelled spikelet from the
joint below - by contrast with \i{}Glyphochloa\i0{}> 154,2 157,2 162,1
163,2 167,2 171,2 173,3 176,2 177,2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hardened,
laterally winged, with a deep transverse groove interrupting the wings>
183,1 185,2 186,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0/2
206,2<hyaline> 208,1 210<entire> 214,1<i.e., than the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
- hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 248,0/2 250,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3
295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 330,1-2 331,1<the sinuosity fine to coarse, fairly irregular> 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348,2-3 350,2 351,1 353,1 357<no prickles or
macrohairs seen> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,2&3/4<mostly short dumb-bells> 370,1
371,1 374,2 395,1 396,2 397,1 403,1 404,1<with the primaries> 406,1 447,1
469,9 470,18&36 471,2&4 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63
491,1<\i{}M. myurus\i0{}> 492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 515<dry
places> 534<Jain 1970> 535<studied by us - \i{}M. myuros\i0{} L.> 536<sensu
stricto, = \i{}M. myurus\i0{}> 540<manisuri> 
 
# \i{}Megalachne\i0{} <Steud.>/
5<\i{}Pantathera\i0{} Phil.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,40-100 14,2 38,- 42,2 44,2
46,2 47,2 50<sheaths glabrous> 52,1 55,2 59,1/3<convolute when dry> 65,2
66,2 69,1 70,2<elongated, laciniate> 71,5-10 73,2 74,1 75,2 88<rather>,2
89,5 91<fairly>,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,10-26 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1
157,1<well developed, with stiff hairs> 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,2
174,1 176,1<both, or only the lower> 177,1-2 178,- 179,1-2<herbaceous,
linear-lanceolate, aristulate to awned> 183,- 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,2
194,1 195,1 196,2 208,2-6 210<lanceolate-acuminate> 214,2-3<subleathery>
216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 232,2&3<divaricating at
maturity> 233,1 234,2-3 235,2 236,2 240,2 243,2 244<somewhat>,1 246,- 247,2
248,5/7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1-2 257,1<membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3
262,2 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3
274<about>,0.6 275,2 276,2 277,2 280,1-2 283,2-3 287,2<6-7 mm long> 291,2
293,1 295,2 298,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,1<thick, pitted> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,2
363,3<mostly>/6<a few> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1<the groups large> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all
bundles with strong Ts to Is> 406,2 407,1<in addition to strong marginal
groups> 408,1<of 1-few cells, opposite the bulliforms> 442,- 477,2 478,2
479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,2 492<Juan Fernandez Is. (Chile)>
493,5&7 494,3 502,7 504,11 513,2 515<rocky slopes> 535<studied by us -
\i{}M. berteroniana\i0{} Steud.> 540<megalach> 
 
# \i{}Megaloprotachne\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,1 9,3/4<sometimes rooting at the lower nodes> 11,- 13,15-90 14,2 19,1/2
27,1 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,3-7 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2
70,2<acute> 71<about>,1<excluding the hairs, which are 1 to 2 mm long> 72,2
73,2 74,1 89,2<spike-like racemes or narrow panicles> 91,- 94,-
95,2<usually with several racemes from below the apex>/3 96,(1-)5-8(-15)
101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,1
123,3 124,3 125<loosely>,1 126,1<but the spikelets homogamous> 127,2 128,-
129,1 130,1 141,4-5 144,1 145,3 147,3 149,1 150,2 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,1
163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,1 171,1&2 174,2<obtuse or emarginate> 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,1<the lower hairless, the upper with four dense rows of
long, green to dark purple hairs between the veins> 187,5-7 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<two keeled> 201,1 203,2 204,3-5<glabrous on
the back, with dense long red-brown hairs at the margins> 205,3 206,1
207,1<on the margins, remaining membranous on the back> 208,1 214,3 215,2
216,1-2<cartilaginous-crustaceous> 218,1 219,1<acuminate> 223,1 240,2
243,1<smooth and shining> 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3<the nerves obscure> 250,1
251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284,2 286,2
287,1<almost 2 mm long> 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 322,1 325,- 326,- 327,2<the
costals much narrower> 330,1&2 331,1&2 332,1 335,1<some quite ordinary, but
also with numerous long, narrow, warty macrohairs, many of which appear
to have a basal cell> 339<i.e. the normal ones>,45-54 341,5.5-7.5 342,6-10
343,24-27 344,0.5-0.58 345,1 346,39-45 348,1&2 350,2 351<hair bases impede
interpretation> 353<not recordable because macrohair bases impede
interpretation> 354,- 357<costal prickles abundant> 358,2 360,1 363,8
364<short>,3<with sharp points>/1 365,1<sharp corners on dumb-bells> 370,1
374,2 375,1 383,1 385,1 393,2-3 394,1<and slight> 395,1 396,2 397,1
399,1<in places, but mainly irregularly grouped and constituting most of
the epidermis> 401,1<the more or less irregular fans large>/2
402,1<especially towards the midrib> 403,1 404,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,1<\i{}M. albescens\i0{}> 492<southern tropical
and South Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2&4 504,11 508,4 512,3-4 513,1/2
514,2 515<in open \i{}Acacia\i0{} and mopane savanna> 534<Hubbard 1929>
535<studied by us, and photos provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<megalopr> 
 
# \i{}Megastachya\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
7,1<tall, erect>/2<weakly> 9<sometimes>,2/4<forming secondary shoots from
the rooting nodes>/- 11,- 13,30-100 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2
48,2 52,2-3 55,1 56<to>,20 57,1<amplexicaul> 59,1 65,1<abaxially> 66,2 69,1
70,2 71<about>,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,- 85,1/2 89,5 91,1<large,
racemose> 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3<the pedicels long and slender> 141,7-15<becoming smaller
acropetally in the spikelet> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2
156,1 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1<on the
sides>/2<on the mid-nerve> 176<shortly>,1<or mucronate, from the excurrent
mid-nerve> 177,1 179,2<membranous-herbaceous, broadly ovate> 180,0.75 181,1
182,- 187,3-4 189,3-4 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,12-17 214,2
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,1/2<the mucro from between the
lobes, via the excurrent mid-nerve> 240,2 243,1<on the sides>/2<on the
mid-nerve> 244,1 247,2 248<obscurely>,5-7 250,1<narrower than lemma> 251,1
253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 263,3 264,2 266,- 272,2-3 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2<long> 286,2<but falling with them> 287,1<about 1 mm
long> 289,5 291<triquetrous> 295,1 298,2 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 322,1
323,2 331,1<coarsely so, the walls thin> 332,1 335,1<balanoform>
339,(48-)54-68 343,37-58 344,0.78 345,1 348,3 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8
364,1&3/2 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,2<according to Metcalfe 1960>/1<?>
391,1<as represented by laterally extended PBS cells> 392,1 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,3<1 large median with 2 tiny laterals, all enclosed in a common
sheath> 399,1 401,1<the fans very wide, occupying most of the epidermis of
each intercostal zone> 404,1 406,1 421,- 442,- 469,12 470,48 471,4 477,4
482,1 487,9 488,7 489,14 490,80 491,1<\i{}M. mucronata\i0{}> 492<tropical
and southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3 504,11 508,2&3 512,3 513,1
514,2 515<in forests> 535<Metcalfe 1960; photos of \i{}M. mucronata\i0{}
provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<megastac> 
 
# \i{}Melanocenchris\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}melanos\i0{} (black) and either \i{}cenchrus\i0{}
(millet) or \i{}cenchris\i0{} (a snake with milletlike protuberances on its
skin); thus meaning black millet (re purple awns), or (more likely)
alluding to the warty snakelike appearance of the racemes>
5<\i{}Gracilea\i0{} Hook. f., \i{}Ptiloneilema\i0{} Steud., \i{}Roylea\i0{}
Steud.> 7,1/2 9,3/- 11,- 13,5-20 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,5-6
58,1/2 61,2<base of macrohairs> 62,3 65,1 66,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&3/1&4 77,3/4<each head commonly with 1-2 hermaphrodite spikelets and
2-3 progressively smaller male or sterile members> 89,3<the spikelets in
turbinate heads> 91,- 94,- 98,2<the reduced raceme terminated by a forked
bristle> 101,2 102,2 103,1<to heads of spikelets> 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,1<the heads falling - the main axis persistent> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
121,1<the heads secund on the spikes> 123,3 131<sterile and (when present)
male spikelets similar to the hermaphrodites, but more or less reduced>
141,4 144,- 145,1/3<?> 147,3 148,1 154,1 156,1<the second floret male or
sterile, with an extension above> 157,1 163,2 165,1-2 167,1-2 170,-
171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hairy on the back and at the base of the awn,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} hairy on the nerves and at the base of the awn> 174,-
176,1<both G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with their
mid-nerve produced into a purplish, scabrid awn> 179,1<the lower linear,
the upper with broad hyaline wings> 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 196,2
208,1 210<lobed/awned, except for the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} of \i{}M.
monoica\i0{}> 216,2 218,2 220,3<the lobes acuminate-awned> 221,1<above>
223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,2 228,1 229,- 231,1 234,1 237<somewhat>,1
240,1<covered with short clavate hairs> 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2-3
256,2-3 259,3 260,3<abaxially covered with clavate hairs> 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 289,4
291,2 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1
326,2<finger-like> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,61.5-66 340,54 341,15-17.5 342,3.2-4.2 343,10.5-12.9 344,0.17-0.21
345,1 346,(19.5-)21 348,3 350,2 351,2<none seen> 352,1 355,1 360,1 362,4
363,4&5&6 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1-3 378,2 385,1 393,2 394,1
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,2 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,74 491,3 492<northeastern tropical Africa, India,
Ceylon> 493,3&4 494,1&2 495,2 496,1&3 498,3 499,1&2 500,1 504,11 508,2
513,2 515<dry plains and hillsides> 535<studied by us - \i{}M.
abyssinica\i0{} (R. Br.) Hochst.> 540<melanoce> 
 
# \i{}Melica\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Melica\i0{}: an ancient Italian name for a sorghum>
5<\i{}Beckeria\i0{} Bernh., \i{}Bromelica\i0{} (Thurber) Farw.,
\i{}Claudia\i0{} Opiz, \i{}Dalucum\i0{} Adans., \i{}Verinea\i0{} Merino>
7,2 9,1 11,- 13,10-150(-200) 14,2 17,1<<2%> \i{}M. sarmentosa\i0{}, via
filiform, retrorsely scabrid leaf blade tips>/2 19<sparsely to
amply>,1/2<commonly> 23,1 24,1<often>/2 37,2 38,- 47,1/2 49,1 52,1 55,1-2
56,1.3-15 59,1/3<convolute> 65,1<<10%> rarely>/2 67,1 69,1-2/3<<10%>
rarely> 70,1/2/- 71,0.1-4 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 88,2-3 89,4/5 91,1/2/- 94,1/2
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1/2 123,3
141,4-20 144,- 145,1-2 147,1/3<and sometimes disarticulating both above and
below them> 148,1/2<tardily or reluctantly> 149,1/2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2
160,2<glabrous> 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,1/2<usually?> 167,1/2<usually?>
170,- 174,1/2 176,2 177,2 179,1<the lower sometimes greatly
enlarged>/2<often coloured, papery, thin-tipped> 187,1-7 189,(3-)5-7 191,2
192,2 194,1/2<often, modified as a ball of successively enveloped lemmas or
as a swollen rachilla extension> 196,2 208,1-7 214,2-3<usually leathery,
sometimes membranous> 218,1/2 219<when entire>,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when
present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1 232,1 233,1 234,1-2 240,1/2 244,2 247,2
248,5-9(-15) 250,1 251,1/2/3 255,1/2<bidentate> 257,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,1 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 274,0.6-3.5 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1 288<sometimes red> 290,1 291,2/3 293,- 295,2 296,1 298,2
301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2 311,1 312,1/2 313,1
314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1/2 328,1/2 330,1/2 331,1/2 332,2 345,2/1 348,1/-
351,1/2 353,2/- 354,1/2/- 356<when seen>,3 360,1/2/3 363,1/2/3 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<at the bases of the
furrows> 401,1<and sometimes also in groups of small, irregularly sized
cells, cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 413,2<2 species>
448,1/2 469,9 470,14<rarely>/18/36 471,2&4 473<fairly large> 476,2 477,2
478,2 479,5 487,11 488,7 489,30 490,80 491<about>,80 492<North temperate,
southern Africa and South America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&6
495,1&2&3 496,1&3 497,2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2 500,1&2 502,1&5&6 504,11
505,2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,3 512,3-4 513,1&2 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1&4&5
530,17&24&29&31&42 531,1&2 532,5 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}M. argentata\i0{} E. Desv., \i{}M. argyrea\i0{} Hack., \i{}M.
californica\i0{} Scribn., \i{}M. ciliata\i0{} L., \i{}M. uniflora\i0{}
Retz.> 540<melica> 
 
# \i{}Melinis\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}meline\i0{} (millet)> 4<Type: \i{}M. minutiflora\i0{}
P.Beauv> 5<\i{}Suaria\i0{} Schrank, \i{}Tristegis\i0{} Nees>
6<\i{}Rhynchelytrum\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,4 11,- 13,30-120 14,2 27,1 32,3 37,1-2
38,- 43,1 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1 94,1<flexuose> 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 126,2 141,1-4 142,7 145,2-3 147,3 149,1 154,2 157,2
163,1/2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 176,1/2 179,1<the lower tiny,
membranous or reduced to a rim, the upper equalling spikelet, truncate,
emarginate or bifid at summit, often awned from the sinus, straight on the
back> 183,- 187,0 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when
present,>,1 201,1/2 203,1<usually, with a subulate awn from the bifid
apex>/2<rarely> 204,3-5 206,2/3 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline or thinly
membranous> 215,1 216,2 217,1 218,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,1 246,1 247,2 248,1-3
250,1 251,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,1<or flattened> 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1/2
272,3 275,2 277,1 280<basally>,1-2 283,2 284,1/3 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,13-20 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,63-70.5 341,5.4-6 342,11-13 343,30-34.5 344,0.47-0.5 345,1
346,30-33 348<low>,2&3 350,2 351,2 357<prickle bases abundant> 360,1 363,8
364,1/2/2/3 365,2 370,1 373,1<\i{}M. minutiflora\i0{}> 374,1 375,1 381,1
383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 399,1 401,2 403,1 404,1 406,1 410,2
413,2<2 species> 414,3.31-3.46 469,9 470,36 477,7 478,5 485,2<Melinideae>
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491<about>,12 492<1 in tropical South America,
West Indies; 11 in tropical and South Africa, Madagascar> 493,3&4&5&6&7
494,2 496,1&2&4 499,2&3 501,3 504,2&5&6&9 508,1&2&3 511,1 512,2/3 513,1&2
514,2 515<savanna woodland, open grassland and disturbed ground> 517<\i{}M.
minutiflora\i0{}> 518<\i{}M. minutiflora\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3 528,7 530,20
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}M. minutiflora\i0{} Domin>
540<melinis> 
 
# \i{}Melocalamus\i0{} <Benth.>/
6<\i{}Dinochloa\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 13,500-3000 14,1 17,1<tufted, spreading,
arching> 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,(1-)4-20 23,4 30,1 31,1/2
33,1<occasionally>/2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4 37,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,1<the
auricles hirsute, reflexed, caducous> 48,1 52,3-6 55,1 56,22-50<and 14-26
cm long> 57,3<rounded at base> 63,1<the petiolule hairy> 65,2 66,1 67,1
68,1<narrow, entire> 72,1/2<usually> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<panicle with
several fertile and many sterile spikelets> 85<sometimes>,1 86,2 87,1
89,5<a large, compound, interrupted panicle of small sub-globose heads>
101,1 102,1<the panicle often leafy> 103,6 108,2 120,- 121,2 126,2 140,2
141,1.7-2.5 142,11<usually>/4 144,- 147,1<?> 148,2<?> 149,1 154,1 156,1
163,2 165,2 167,1 171,2 176,2<shortly mucronate> 179,2<broadly oval,
ventricose> 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 196,2 208,2 214,2 216,2 218,1
223,1/2<?> 240<fertile lemma often ciliate on margins> 250,1 251,1 252,1/2
255,2 256,1 258,2 259,4<4-5 nerves between the keels> 260,3 263,3<ciliate>
264,1<large> 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2<blunt> 271,1 272,6
273,1<these short> 277,1 278,2 280,1 283,2/3<short, plumose> 287,3<2.25-3
cm in diameter> 289,5 290,U 294,U 296,3 297,1 300,2 322,1 323,1 325,1<four
or more overarching each stoma> 327,2<the costals rather longer> 329,2<a
short form> 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1<obscured by papillae> 348,- 351,1 353,1
354,1 356,6 360,2 363,4<mostly, tall>/5 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1
393,3<save near midrib> 394,- 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all
the bundles> 405,1<larger bundles with this tendency> 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,1<\i{}M. compactiflorus\i0{}> 492<India,
Burma> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 515<forests> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and
studied by us> 537,2 540<melocala> 
 
# \i{}Melocanna\i0{} <Trin.>/
5<\i{}Beesha\i0{} Kunth> 7,2<shrubs or trees> 9,1 11,2 13,1000-2000 14,1
15,5-9 19,1 21,4-20 23,4 30,1 31,1/2 33,2 34,2 35,1 36,1 37,2
39,1<metamorph type II> 40,2 44,2 47<auricles inconspicuous> 48,2 55,1
56,20-90 63,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 85<sometimes>,1 86,2 87,1
89,5<large, compound, with spatheate, oblong, tight groups of few to
several spikelets imbricate and secund on the branches> 94,- 100,-
101,1<the spikelet fascicles bracteate> 102,1 103,5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1<the fascicles secund on the spicate inflorescence
branches> 140,2 141,10-15 147,1<?> 148,2<?> 154,1/2 163,2-3<to four> 167,1
170,- 174,1 176,2 179,2<ovate-lanceolate> 191<presumably?>,2 192,1<assuming
the several glumes may represent sterile lemmas> 196,1<?> 197,1-2<?>
201,2 208,1 210<ovate-lanceolate, pungent> 214,1-2 218,1 219,1 223,1 250,1
251,1 259,4<?> 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2<narrow> 269,1 271,1<3-5
nerved> 272,5-7 273,1/2-4<then irregularly united> 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,1
279,1 280,1<ovary attenuate into a long style> 283,2-4<feathery, recurved>
287,3<reaching 7-12 cm long in \i{}M. baccifera\i0{}> 289,6 290,U 294,U
296,3 297,- 298,1<but not visible> 300,2<or hardly so, when mature: the
abnormally large scutellum absorbs nearly all the endosperm, and the seed
germinates while fruit still attached to parent plant> 304,1 305,1 306,2
308,2 322,1 323,1<confined to stomatal bands> 325,1 329,1-2<the long-cells
short> 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1 339,63-66<in \i{}M. bambusoides\i0{}>
341,6-7.5 342,8.4-11 343,33.6-37.5 344,0.52-0.57 345,1<obscured by
papillae> 346,24-27<in \i{}M. bambusoides\i0{}> 348,- 349,- 351,1 353,1
354,1 356,3 360,2<occasionally in short rows> 363,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1
391,1<conspicuous> 392,2 393,1<ribs slight, widely spaced>/3 394,1/- 395,1
396,3 399,1 401,1<mostly>/2 403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<many
bundles, somewhat so> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,45 491,3
492<eastern Asia> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 522<culms of \i{}M.
baccifera\i0{} yield pulp for high quality papers; splits are used in
handicrafts; and the large fruits are edible> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}M. bambusoides\i0{} Trin.> 540<melocann> 
 
# \i{}Merostachys\i0{} <Spreng.>/
5<\i{}Brasilocalamus\i0{} Nakai> 7<arborescent, shrubby or scrambling>,2
11,2 14,1 17,1/2 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,11-20 22,5 23,4
30,1<usually>/2<\i{}M. fistulosa\i0{}> 31,1 33,1<rarely>/2
34<sometimes>,1<but mostly unknown> 35,1 36,1/2 37,1/2 38,1 39,1 40,2 46,-
48,1 55,1 58,- 60,- 63,1 65,2 66<where recorded,>,1 69,1 72,1/2 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&3/1&4<with imperfect spikelets towards the tips of the
racemes> 78,- 89,1/4<spicate, pectinate, terminal on leafy twigs> 91,- 96,-
98,2<the tips excurrent, with rudimentary spikelets> 99,2 101,1<with
bracts subtending at least the lowest spikelets> 102,2 103,2/3 106,1
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<<75%> usually>/2/3 121,1 123,1-2 142,8/9/10
145,1-2 147,1 148<when more than one-floreted,>,2/- 150,- 154,1 156,1
163,1<the upper> 165,- 167,1 168,- 169,- 171,1 174,1 177,2 182,- 183,-
188,- 189,1<in material seen> 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1 201,2<but
sometimes with a rudimentary floret - hence its interpretation as an
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} rather than a G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 203,2 204,3
206,2<fragile, brittle> 207,2 208,1-2(-10) 214,2 216,2 223,1/2<?> 240,1
244,2 247,2 248,9-11<in material seen> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1 256,1
259,4<6 in material seen> 260,3<and sulcate between> 264,1 265,3
266,1<posterior sometimes smaller> 267,2 268,2 269,1 271,1 272,3 277,1
278,2 283,2 286,2 291,3 293,- 295<with the hilum not visible externally>
296,1/2<leathery or crustaceous> 297,3/2 298<embryo not visible externally>
299,- 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3<mainly one row per long-cell, variable in
size> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1<large, the basal cells
variable in length> 339,45-54<in \i{}M. anceps\i0{}> 341,9-12 342,4.4-5.7
343,24-28.5 344,0.46-0.57 345,1<obscured> 346,27-30<in \i{}M. anceps\i0{}>
348,- 349,- 350<sunken, and obscured by papillae> 351,1 354,1 356,3
360,3<mostly solitary, sometimes associated with large, bulbous prickles>
361,1-2 363,5 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,1<Metcalfe>/2<very inconspicuous in
\i{}M. anceps\i0{}> 391,1 392,2 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1/2<if
associated lignified cells are interpreted as colourless cells> 403,2
404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<anchors with most bundles> 406,2
407,1<opposite the bulliforms>/4<the groups mostly reduced to one or few
cells, in \i{}M. anceps\i0{}> 408,1&3 436,- 442,- 464,- 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491<about>,40 492<South America> 493,7 494,3
502,1&4&5&6 504,11 515<forests> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}M.
anceps\i0{}> 540<merostac> 
 
# \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{} <Conert>/
1<named for H. Merxmller, German botanist> 3<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{},
\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<Type: \i{}M. davyi\i0{} (C.E. Hubbard)
Conert> 5<\i{}Capeochloa\i0{}, \i{}Ellisochloa\i0{}, \i{}Tenaxia\i0{} p.p.>
7,2 9,3 10,2 13,15-200 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 24,2 27,2 37,1/2 40,1<\i{}M.
drakensbergensis\i0{} having pungent leaf blades>/2 42,2 44,1<usually>/2<in
\i{}M. arundinacea\i0{}> 47,2 50<the mouths and bases of the sheaths often
wooly> 52,1 55,1<rarely>/2 56,4-15 59<nearly always>,3 66,1-2<often
disarticulating only when old, the sheaths sometimes disintegrating> 69,3
70,- 73,2 74,1 89,4<rarely - \i{}M. disticha\i0{}>/5 91,2<narrow,
occasionally spike-like, usually longer than 6 cm by contrast with
\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,1/2 123,3 141,8-25 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1<above>
156,1 157,1<0.6-2 mm long, with bearded margins> 160,2/3 163,2
165,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} somewhat shorter> 166,2-3 167,2 170,- 171,2
172,1<shining> 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<papery, the margins and apex
hyaline, the midnerve percurrent> 181,3 187,1/3(-5) 189,1/3(-5) 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,3-10 214,2 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1-2 223,3 225,1/3
226,1/2<the lobes sometimes finely awn-tipped> 227<the median>,1<when
laterals present> 228,1<the lobes sometimes basally adherent to it> 229,-
231,1-2 233,1 234,3 237<(when present)>,1 240,1/2<rarely glabrous> 241<when
present,>,1 242,2<diagonal in \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{} sensu stricto>
244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,2 248,(7-)9 249,2 250,1 251,1<lanceolate> 253,2
255,2<bidentate> 256,1 257,2 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1<often>/2 272,3 276,2 277,1 283,2<long,
plumose> 284,1 286,2 287,1<2-3 mm long> 290,U 291,3 294,U 295,2 296,U 297,U
298,2 300,U 315,1/2 316,1/2 317,1/2 318,1 319,1/2 320,1<weakly or strongly
developed> 321,1/2<\i{}M. arundinacea\i0{}> 322,2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,2 363,3&5 365,2
370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2 394,2 395,2<apart from its position> 396,1 399,2
403,2 404,1 405,1<anchors> 406,2<the anchors abaxially linked forming a
continuous subepidermal band> 407,2 449,1 450,1 469,6 470,12 471,2 477,5
483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491<about>,14 492<South and South West
Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2&4 504,11 508,3 512,3-4<often in
mountains> 513,2 514,2 534<Conert 1970, 1971> 535<Ellis 1981> 536<one of
several danthonioid genera formerly somewhat arbitrarily but now seemingly
rightly referred by us to Danthonieae; cf. Watson et al. (1985)> 537,2
540<merxmuel> 
 
# \i{}Mesosetum\i0{} <Steud.>/
5<\i{}Bifaria\i0{} (Hack.) Kuntze, \i{}Peniculus\i0{} Swallen> 7,1/2 9,2/3
11,- 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,1 37,2 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 59,1/3<convolute>
65,2 66,2 69,2/3 73,2 74,1 89,1/4<with subsessile spikelets> 91,- 94,-
99,1-2/3<membranously, in \i{}M. ansatum\i0{}> 100,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,1 123,2 144,2 145,3
147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1/2 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1
171,1<the upper only, or both>/2 176<(the lower)>,1<or mucronate,
sometimes>/2 177,1<the upper strongly keeled, slightly winged> 187,3
189,(3-)5(-7) 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,2<hyaline>
201,2 202<usually hyaline down the middle> 203,2 204,5 205,3 206,1 207,2
208,1 214,2-3<leathery> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219<acute to mucronate> 223,1
240,2 243,1 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2<apart
from the hyaline margins> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 290,1
291,1<slightly>/3 295,2<at least in \i{}M. pittieri\i0{}> 298,1-2 299,2
301,2 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1 334,1<the apical cells bulbous-based with
pointed tips, seemingly lying horizontally over short, embedded basal
cells> 335<small, peculiar and hard to interpret in both species seen - cf.
\i{}Coelachne\i0{}, \i{}Coelachyrum\i0{}?> 345,1 346,43.5-54 348,3 350,2
351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1<\i{}M. loliiforme\i0{}>/3<\i{}M. pittieri\i0{}>
363,8 364<mostly>,1 365,2 370,1 374,2<but variable in bundles of \i{}M.
loliiforme\i0{}> 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2<slightly larger> 396,2<1 large, 2
small> 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1<\i{}M. loliforme\i0{}>/2<\i{}M.
pittieri\i0{}> 405,2 406,1<excluding the blade margins> 470,16 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10 491,35 492<Central & tropical South
America, West Indies> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&4&6 504,11 513,2 515<savanna>
531,2 533,2 535<studied by us - \i{}M. altum\i0{} Swallen, \i{}M.
loliiforme\i0{} (Hochst. ex Steud.) Hitchc., \i{}M. pittieri\i0{} Hitchc.>
540<mesosetu> 
 
# \i{}Metasasa\i0{} <W.T. Lin>/
3<\i{}Acidosasa\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 11,2 13,300-700 14,1 15,1-3 16,1 19,1 39,2
40,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,3-4 55,1 56,25-50<and 13-26 cm long> 59,3 63,1 65,1
66,1 67,1 68,1 71<about>,3 73,2 74,1 86,1 87,2 88,2<6-8> 89,5 91,1 108,2
120,1 121,2 123,3 141,30-70 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,2
163,2 165,1<judging from the original illustration> 166,1 167,1 176,2 177,1
179,2 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,7-9 216,2 218,1 219,1<acuminate> 223,1 240,1
247,2 248,13-18 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 259,4<4-5 nerved between the
keels> 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2<lanceolate> 271,1
272,6 274,5-5.5 278,2 280,1<into one> 283,2/3<one of the two stigmas
illustrated as being deeply two-lobed> 287,2<about 8mm long>
295<seemingly>,2 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U
390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487<cf.>,4<as a synonym?> 488,7
489,52 490,80 491,1 492<Guangdong, China> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11
534<Lin 1988> 538,4 540<metasasa> 
 
# \i{}Metcalfia\i0{} <Conert>/
1<named after C.R. Metcalfe, plant anatomist and major contributor to
systematic knowledge of grass leaf structure> 6<\i{}Danthoniastrum\i0{}>
7,2 9,3 11,- 13,70-90 14,2 19,2 27,2 38,- 42,2 47,1<with long sheath
auricles> 55,2 58,1 59,3<pungent> 65,2 69,1 70,1/2 71,1-4 73,2 74,1 88,2
89,5<spiciform> 91,2 92,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,2 121,2 123,3 141,12-19 144,- 145,2 147,1 154,1 156,1 157,1
159,1<long> 160,2<1-1.2 mm long> 161,2 163,2 165,1/2 167<(the longer)>,2
170,- 171,2 174,1<acuminate> 176,1/2 177,2 179,2<membranous> 183,- 187,7-9
189,7-9 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3 214,2 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,1<notched> 223,3 225,1<but with short setae terminating the lateral
lobes> 226,1 228,1<the notch deep> 229,- 231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,2-3
240,1<beneath the insertion of the awn> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,7 250,1 251,1
255,2 256,1<but apically ciliate> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2
268,2<stipoid, the posterior smaller> 269,2 270,2 271,1<the anterior pair>
272,2 274,1.5-2 277,2 280,2 283,2 295,2 298,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,2 322,2
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<thick, pitted> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,-
351,1 353<mostly>,1 354,1 360,2 363,3/5/6<mostly rounded, tall-and-narrow
or crescentic, but the \i{}silica cells\i0{} often cross- to dumb-bell
shaped> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,1 386,2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all bundles> 406,2 407,2 442,- 469<and
chromosome size seemingly unknown> 477,1/2/5 478<if pooid,>,2 479,4
480<if stipoid,>,4 483<if arundinoid,>,3 487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80
491,2<\i{}M. compacta\i0{}, \i{}M. mexicana\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1
495,3 504,11 513,2 515<stony hillsides> 534<Tateoka 1964b; Conert 1960;
Clayton 1985> 535<studied by us - \i{}M. mexicana\i0{} Conert> 536<a
taxonomic puzzle - cf. \i{}Danthoniastrum\i0{}? The embryo structure as
described by Tateoka (1964) is emphatically \i{}not\i0{} pooid, the
lodicules are stipoid, and the leaf anatomical evidence (see above) is
ambiguous. Reliable taxonomic assignment requires that adaxial leaf
epidermis, glumes, lemmas and lodicules be examined for microhairs, and
that cytological information be obtained> 540<metcalfi> 
 
# \i{}Mibora\i0{} <Adans.>/
4<Type: \i{}M. minima\i0{} (L.) E.Desv.> 5<\i{}Chamagrostis\i0{} Borkh.,
\i{}Knappia\i0{} Sm., \i{}Micagrostis\i0{} Juss., \i{}Rothia\i0{} Borkh.,
\i{}Sturmia\i0{} Hoppe> 7<diminutive>,1 9,3 11,- 13,2-15<filiform> 14,2
38,- 44,1 47,2 52,1 53,2 55,2 56,0.3-1 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.5-1.5 73,2 74,1 89,4<unilateral, spikelike> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,2 123<shortly>,3
141,1.8-3 145,1 147,1 154,2 157,2 160<very>,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,-
174,2<obtuse to emarginate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<thinly membranous>
187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2
218,1-2<truncate-denticulate> 223,1 240,1 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
256,1<hairy> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 272,3 274,1.4-1.7 275,2 277,1
280,1 283,2 286,2 287,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,1/2 302,1 310,1 311,1 312,2
314,1-3 322,2 323,2 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2<none seen>
361,3 363,- 365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,2<no
bulliform cells> 401,- 403,1 404,2 406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large>
474,2.8<1 species, 2\i{}x\i0{}> 475,5.5 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,67 491,2 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4&5&6 494,1 495,1&2 497,2
498,2 504,5 506,1 511,1 512,3 513,2 515<damp, sandy soils> 535<studied by
us - \i{}M. minima\i0{} (L.) Desv., \i{}M. verna\i0{} Beauv. (= \i{}M.
minima\i0{}> 540<mibora> 
 
# \i{}Micraira\i0{} <F. Muell.>/
7<mat-forming>,2<polytrichoid in appearance> 11,- 13,1-9 14,2 38,- 44,2
46,1 47,2 55,2 57,1/3 58,1-2<pungent or muticous> 63,1/2 65,2 66,1 69,2-3
70,- 73,2 74,1 89,1/4/5 91,1/2/- 94,1/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 126,2 141,0.75-2 145,1 147,1 154,1
157,2 163,2 164,- 165,2 166,1-3 167,1-2 170,- 174,1 176,2<muticous,
mucronate or mucronulate> 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,1
196,1/2 197,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,5-9 205,2 206,2 207,2 208,1-2 210<almost
rectangular> 214,1<thinly membranous to hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1
240,2 244,1-2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1/2/3<almost rectangular> 255,1-3 256,1
257,1-2 258,2 259,3/4<2, or 5-7> 260,3 264,2 266,- 272,2 274,0.5-1.2 275,2
277,1 283,2 284,2 287,1<0.3-0.75 mm long> 289,4 291,2 295,2 298,2 303,1
304,2 305,1 311,1 312,2 313,2 322,1 323,1/2<e.g., \i{}M. subulifolia\i0{}>
325,2 326,3<small, up to 15 per cell> 327,1<but the costals rather smaller>
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1/2 332,1 335,1 339,(36-)45-51
341,3.6-6.5(-8.4) 342,6.1-13.3 343,(16.5-)22.5-24(-25.5) 344,0.46-0.55
345,2/1 346,18-24 348,2 350,2 351,2 353,2<rare> 354,2 360,1 363,8
364<short, angular,>,2/3/1 365,1<all the silica-bodies angular, many more
or less rectangular - cf. \i{}Pheidochloa\i0{}, but not vertically
elongated> 370,2 374,1 385,2 387,1/2<e.g., \i{}M. subulifolia\i0{}> 394,1
395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,5 483,5 487,7 488,7
489,31 490,80 491,13 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,5&6&7 509,1
515<rocky places, in shallow soils> 534<Clifford 1964; Lazarides 1979,
1985> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}M. sp. nov.\i0{} Lazarides,
\i{}M. subulifolia\i0{} F. Muell.> 540<micraira> 
 
# \i{}Microbriza\i0{} <Parodi ex Nicora et Rg.>/
3<\i{}Chascolytrum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Monostemon\i0{} Henr.> 7,2 9,3 13,40-80 14,2
19,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 50<sheaths glabrous or pilose, becoming fibrous
when dead> 52,1 55,2 59,1 65,2 66,2<the fibrous remains of the sheaths
persisting> 69,1 70,1 71,1-3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 91,1<the spikelets
clustered at the extremities> 94,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 125,1
141,1.2-2.5 145,1<the individual florets dorsiventrally compressed> 147,1
148,1<at least, the florets tending to fall together> 149,1 154,1 157,2
163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 171,2 172,2<to echinulate> 176,2 177,1-2
179,2<broadly lanceolate-navicular> 187,3 189,3 191,1/2<the presence of a
distal rudiment variable> 192<(when present)>,2 194<when present,>,1 195,2
196,2 208,2-3 210<navicular, dorsally gibbous but without the
\i{}Briza\i0{} umbo, the margins infolded on the palea> 212,- 214,2
216,2<leathery> 218,1 219,1-2 223,1-2 240,2 243<verrucose to echinulate>
244,2 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1<lanceolate, acute> 256,1
257,2<leathery> 258,2 259,3 260,3<and flat between the keels> 262,2 263,1-2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2<lanceolate> 272,1 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,1<adhering to the palea along the two lateral grooves> 287,1
289,4 290<with two lateral, longitudinal grooves, wherein lie the margins
of the palea> 291,2<ventrally flattened, dorsally convex> 295,1 298,2 301,2
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower, rectangular> 330,2 331,2 332,2
345<fairly>,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 360,1<the long rows interrupted only
occasionally, by prickles> 363,1/8<the bodies ill defined, in the material
seen> 364<if panicoid type,>,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1
399,1<in all the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<in all the main bundles>
406,1 421,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19 491,2 492<South
America> 493,7 494,3 502,4&5 504,11 512,2 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}M.
poaemorpha\i0{} (Presl.) Parodi> 540<m_briza> 
 
# \i{}Microcalamus\i0{} <Franch.>/
7,2 9,1&2 11,- 13,15-60 14,2 19,2 27,1 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,2 52,3-5 55,1
56,15-50 58,- 63,1 65,1 66,2 68,1 69,1/2<laciniate, minutely fringed> 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,1/2<about the primary branches> 92,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 144,- 145<weakly>,1 147,3
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,2<ovate, papery> 187,5-7 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,1 201,2 203,2 204,7 205<somewhat>,1 206,1<papery, similar to the
glumes> 207,2 208,1 210<rostrate or subulate> 214,2-3<subleathery> 216,2
218,1 219,1 222,1 223,1<but beaked> 240,1 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,5 250,1
251,1 255,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2
272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,1<in dried material> 295,1 322,1
323,2 329,2 331,2 332,1 335,1 345,1<but very localised, in one or two rows
adjoining veins> 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,1
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,3 394,- 395,1<keel, large bundle> 396,1
399,2<constituting most of epidermis> 401,- 403,2 404,1<midrib bundle only>
405,1<in the midrib> 406,1 442,- 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,15 491,4 492<tropical west Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11 513,1
514,2 515<in forest> 535<studied by us - \i{}M. barbinoides\i0{} Franch.>
540<m_calamu> 
 
# \i{}Microchloa\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}mikros\i0{} (small) and \i{}chloe\i0{} (a grass)>
4<Type: \i{}M. indica\i0{} (L.f.) P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Micropogon\i0{} Pfeiffer>
6<\i{}Rendlia\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3<low>/4<mat-forming> 11,- 13,5-60 14,2
19,1<\i{}M. annua\i0{}>/2 23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2<stiff, often
convolute> 58,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2<narrow>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?>
89,1<slender, often curved, the spikelets inclined to pectinate> 91,- 94,-
99,1<crescentic in section>/1&3 101,2<but often embraced by the uppermost
sheath> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2<tough, narrow> 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1 122,1 123,1 141,1.7-5.5 144,2<but twisted> 145,2-3 147,1 154,2
157,1 160,2 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,2 171,2 172,1
174,1<lanceolate-acute> 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower asymmetric, cymbiform,
keeled, twisted at the base, the upper flat> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1
216,2<membranous or hyaline> 218,1-2 219<when entire>,1/2 221,2<no more
than emarginate> 223,1/2 240,1<ciliate on the nerves> 244,1-2 247,2 248,2
250,1 255,1-2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274<relatively long> 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2
287,1<0.9-1.5 mm long> 289,4 291,2/3 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1/2
334,1/2<?> 335,2 345,1 346,21.6-27 348,3 350,2 351,1 352,2
353,1<rarely>/2<usually solitary> 354,1/2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,4 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1/2 376,1-2 377,1 378,2 383,1<usually>/2<in some
individuals of \i{}M. caffra\i0{}?> 385,1 389,1<rarely>/2 393,3 394,- 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these sometimes linked with traversing columns of
colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,2 469,10 470,40 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,4 492<3 in Africa, 1 pantropical>
493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,3 496,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3 502,1&4&5&6
503,1 504,7 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna, in shallow
hard soils> 524,5 525,3&4 528,7 529,3&5 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}M. indica\i0{} (L.f.) Beauv.> 540<m_chloa> 
 
# \i{}Microlaena\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}mikros\i0{} (small) and \i{}chlaina\i0{} (cloak),
alluding to spikelets with minute glumes> 3<\i{}Ehrharta\i0{}> 7,2 9,2&3
11,- 13,30-200 14,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,1/2 48,2 52,1-2 55,2
59,1<or concave> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1-2<a hyaline rim, with caducous cilia>
70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2<but often cleistogamous, leading to reduced paleas
and lodicules, and indehiscent stamens> 80,2 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when
present,>,1 89,4/5 91,1 94,- 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1 149,3<i.e., beneath the empty
lemmas> 154,2 155,2 157,1 163,2 164<very>,1 165,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
longer> 167,1 170,- 174,- 176,2 177,- 179,2<membranous> 187,0-1 189,0-1
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2<similar> 198,2 201,2 203,1<long acuminate, tapered
into long slender awns> 204,5-9 205,3 206,3<cartilaginous, usually ribbed
and grooved> 208,1 214,3<cartilaginous, with thin margins> 216,1-2 218,1
219,1 223,1/2/3<tapered into the stout awn> 225<(when present)>,1 226,1
228,3 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,1 240,2 244,1<scabrid-ciliate on the keel>
248,5-7 250<usually>,1 251<when present,>,1/2/3 255,1 256,1 257,1
258,2<thinly membranous> 259,2<or nerveless> 260,2/1 262,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1 271<relatively>,1<cf. \i{}Ehrharta\i0{}>
272,2-6 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,2 289<oblong-linear> 291,1
295,2 298,2 299,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,1 310,2 311,1 312,1
313,2 314,7-9 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1&2
331,1<rectangular>/2<fusiform> 332,1 335,1 339,36-54 341,6-9.3 342,4.8-9
343,(16-)21-33(-36) 344,0.53-0.71 345,1 346,21-24 348,2/3 350,2 351,1/2
354,2 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,2 391,2 393,2
394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,1 411,1
413,1<\i{}M. stipoides\i0{}> 416,1 469,10 477,3 478,3 481,5 487,8 488,7
489,21 490,80 491,10 492<Philippines, Java to Australasia> 493,5 494,2&5&6
496,3&4 500,3&4 501,1&3 503,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1 509,1&2
512,2-3 513,1&2 524,5 525,4 529,5 534<Willemse 1982> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}M. stipoides\i0{} (Labill.) R. Br.> 540<m_laena> 
 
# \i{}Micropyropsis\i0{} <Zarco & Cabezudo>/
1<from the Greek \i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance) and \i{}Micropyrum\i0{} (a
related grass genus), alluding to similarity> 3<\i{}Lolium\i0{}> 7,2
13,30-110 14,2 19,2 24,1 27,2 44,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-5<10-25 cm long> 65,2
66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 89,4<spikelike> 99,1<to receive the spikelets> 100,1-2
101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 122,2<seemingly> 123,2-3<the pedicels about
0.5 mm long> 125,2 141,10-26 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,2 160,2 161,2<glabrous> 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 175,2 176,2
179,2 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-13 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 233,1 234,1-2<2-6 mm long, slender> 240,2
243,1 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 258,2 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1<bilobed> 272,3 274,3 277,1
278,2 280,2 283,2 286,1 287,1-2<about 4 mm long> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
300,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 397,U 402,U 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,7
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,1<\i{}M. tuberosa\i0{}> 492<Spain> 493,1&2
494,1 495,2 498,2 504,11 515<in damp sands> 534<Zarco and Cabezudo 1983>
537,2 538,4 540<m_pyrops> 
 
# \i{}Micropyrum\i0{} <Link>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7,1 9,- 11,- 13,50-100 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2
59,1/3<convolute when dry> 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.2-1 73,2 74,1 75,2
89,4<spiciform>/5<sparingly branched> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 122<when in a raceme,>,2/- 123,3 141,4-16
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 170,1
174,1/2<acute to rounded> 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<leathery> 183,- 187,1-3
189,3-5 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-9(-14) 214,3<papery> 216,2 218,1-2<obtuse
to emarginate> 223,1<but apiculate>/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1
234,1-2 235,1 240,2 244,2<dorsally rounded> 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
255,2<shortly bifid> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
270,1 271,2 272,3 274,0.5-3.2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,1 287,2<2.5-3.2 mm
long> 291,2 293,- 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,2 353,-
354,- 360,2 363,3<numerous> 365,2 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1
399<poorly defined, in the poor material seen> 404,2 406,1 442,- 469,7
470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,3 492<Central
Europe, Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1
513,2 515<dry places> 535<studied by us - \i{}M. tenellum\i0{} L.>
540<m_pyrum> 
 
# \i{}Microstegium\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}micros\i0{} (small) and \i{}stege\i0{} (a roof or
cover), alluding to small lemmas> 5<\i{}Coelarthron\i0{} Hook.f.,
\i{}Ephebopogon\i0{} Steud., \i{}Leptatherum\i0{} Nees,
\i{}Nemastachys\i0{} Steud., \i{}Psilopogon\i0{} Hochst.>
6<\i{}Ischnochloa\i0{}> 7<creeping or rambling>,1/2 9,4 11,- 13,30-60 14,2
19,1/2 23,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2 59,1 63,1-2 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1
75<usually>,2<rarely, the pedicellate spikelet male> 78,1-2<the pedicelled
member with a less concave lower glume, and sometimes slightly smaller>
81,1/2 89,2<flexuous, fragile racemes, these not villous> 95,1/2<to
scattered on a short axis>/3<sometimes solitary> 96,1-25 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1/2<then clavate or pyriform> 113,2 114,1
115,1<rarely, villous>/2/3 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1
145,3 147,3<the pedicelled spikelet falling from its pedicel, the sessile
falling with the adjacent internode and pedicel> 154,2 157,1 160,2 163,2
165,2 167,2 173,- 176,1<the upper, sometimes>/2 177,- 179,1<the lower
bicarinate and chanelled, the upper laterally compressed, naviculate>
183,1<via sharply inflexed margins, the keels not winged> 184,4<with a deep
groove or broadly concave median channel> 185,2 186,1 187,4-6 189,3
191,2<though these are often more or less suppressed in some spikelets>
192<(when present)>,1 196,1<often very reduced> 197,1 198,1/2 199,2 201,2
205,1-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline or membranous> 216,2 218,2
220,2<or 2-toothed> 221,1-2<usually bidentate to bifid, often minute>
223,3<nearly always>/1<rarely> 225,1 226,1 228<usually>,1 231,2
233,1<glabrous> 234,3 240,2 244,2 250,1/2 251,1/2-3<always small, but
sometimes exceeding the body of the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 258,2<hyaline>
259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,(2-)3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 303,1 306,1 309,2 322,1 323,1 325,2 326,3<at
least in \i{}M. spectabile\i0{}, where the papillae are mostly confined to
costal long-cells and those adjoining the costal zones> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,42-54 341,6.6-7.5 342,6.4-8.1 343,(18-)20-26(-32) 344,0.42-0.53
345,1 346,28.5-34.5 348,3<mostly>/2<some,low> 350,2 351,2 357<prickle bases
abundant> 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 365,2 370,1 373,3<1 species> 374,2 383,1
385,1 393,3 395,1 396,2 397,1/2 399,2<most of the epidermis being
irregularly bulliform, apart from the midrib hinge groups> 401,- 403,1
404,1 469,10 470,20&40 473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1
489,2 490,64 491<about>,15 492<tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia>
493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&4&5 495,1&2 496,1&3&4&5 497,3 498,3 499,2&3
500,1&2&3&4 501,3 503,1 504,2&6&9 508,1&2&3 509,1 511,1 512,3 513,1 514,2
516<\i{}M. vimineum\i0{}> 524,2&5 525,1&3 526,1&3 528,10 530,2 531,2 533,2
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}M. spectabile\i0{} (Trin.) A. Camus>
540<m_stegiu> 
 
# \i{}Mildbraediochloa\i0{} <Butzin>/
3<\i{}Melinis\i0{}> 7,2 14,2 65,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2<panicle dense>
101,2 102,2 108,2 123,3 145,1 154,2 163,2 165,1 167,2 176<the upper>,1
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} short and awnless, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
bilobed with the median nerve excurrent into an awn> 189<obscurely>,5 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,1<bilobed, the median nerve excurrent
between> 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous, by contrast with the firmly
membranous G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 216,2 218,2 220,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1
250,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,2 327<more or
less>,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<the walls of medium thickness>
329,2<mainly in the mid-intercostal regions> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity
fairly coarse to fine, irregular> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2
348<low>,2-3 350,2 351<fairly>,1<but not to be confused with small
prickles> 353,2<seemingly solitary> 354<not obviously silicified> 357<with
numerous very small intercostal prickles> 360,1<but the short-cells often
quite long> 361,1 363,8 364,1&3 365,1&2 370,1 371,1 374,1 375,1 378,2 385,1
389,1<these columns infrequent, of small cells, one cell wide> 393,3 395,2
396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1&2<the fans very large, usually simple but
occasionally with one or two small clourless cells contiguous internally,
rarely these forming a linking column> 403,1 404,1<with a few of the
primaries> 405,2<the sclerenchyma scanty> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,44 491,1<\i{}M. reynaudioides\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa:
Annobon Is> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11 515<on cliffs> 534<Butzin 1971>
535<studied by us> 537,2 540<mildbrae> 
 
# \i{}Milium\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Milium\i0{}: old Latin name for millet> 5<\i{}Milearium\i0{} Moench>
7,1/2 9,2/3 11,- 13,10-180 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 47,2 52,1-2 55,1/2
56,2-18 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,2 71,4-5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-4
144,- 145<somewhat>,3 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2
166,2-3 167,2 168,2 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<membranous>
187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<rounded> 211,2 214,3<leathery>
216,1<shiny in fruit> 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1
257,2<leathery> 258,1 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,1.3-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1<about 2
mm long> 291,2/3 293,- 295,1<1/5 to almost 1/2 grain length> 298,2 299,2
301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1 313,1
314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower, rectangular> 328,1<thin
walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3
361,3<in the material seen> 363,- 365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3
395,1/2 396,1 397,1/2 399,1<between the vascular bundles> 403,2 404,1 405,1
469,4&5&7&9 470,8&10&28&42 471,2&4&6 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11
488,5 489,41 490,46 491,3-4 492<North temperate> 493,1&2&3&5&6&7 494,1
495,1&2 497,2&3&4 498,2&3 504,11 506,1&2 507,1 511,1 512,3&4 513,1&2 524,5
525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&29&33&36 531,1&2 532,5 533,5
534<Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<studied by us - \i{}M. effusum\i0{} L.>
540<milium> 
 
# \i{}Miscanthidium\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Miscanthus\i0{}> 7<erect>,2 9<sometimes>,1 13,100-400 14,2 19,2 52,1
55,1-2 59,1/4 63,1<attenuate to the sheath>/2 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 78,2
89,2/5<the panicle often large, branched, silky, red or brown, the central
axis longer and the racemes shorter than in \i{}Miscanthus\i0{} sensu
stricto> 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,3<slender, flexuous> 107,1
108<ultimately>,1 109<tardily>,2 111,1 113,2 114,1 120,2 123,3 126,1 127,2
128,2 129,1 130,1 145,3 147,3<disarticulating from the pedicels before
break-up of the rachis> 148,- 154,2 157,1<spikelets with an involucre of
very long hairs at the base> 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<papery to
leathery, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} flat-backed, 2-keeled with inflexed
margins and nerves between the keels, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate>
183,1 184,2 185,2 186,1 187<vein number variable> 189,1/3 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2<muticous or mucronate> 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1<seemingly> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,-
231,2<twisted, slightly bent> 234,2-3 240,1<marginally> 244,2 247,2 250,1
251,2 255,1 256,1<ciliate> 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 272,3 283,2 295,1 298,1 305,2 322,1 323,1<in \i{}M.
sorghum\i0{}>/2 324,2 325,1 326,1<elongated, almost clavate, thick walled>
331,2<in \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}>/1 332,1<though none seen in \i{}M.
sorghum\i0{}, where the intercostal zones are extensively obscured by
prickles and papillae> 335,1 339,(34-)36-42(-44) 343,13-22 344,0.49 345,1
347,2 348<low>,2/3<mostly domes in \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}> 351,2
360,2&3<mostly solitary and paired, but the costal long-cells sometimes
rather short, giving the appearance of long rows> 363,8 364,1-3/4<a few>
365,2 366,1<in \i{}M. teretifolium\i0{}, where the centre consists wholly
of colourless tissue, with the chlorenchyma and vbs confined to the
peripheral zone>/2 370,1 374,2 375,1 383,1 393<of \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}>,2
394,2<in \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}, especially near the midrib> 395,1<or the
blade reduced to the midrib> 396<in \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}>,2 397,1<at least
in the lower part of the blade> 399,1<these large, in each furrow>/2<\i{}M.
teretifolium\i0{}> 401,1&2<the fans in \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}, more or less
deformed> 402,1 403,2 404,1/2<abaxial girders only in \i{}M.
teretifolium\i0{}> 405<in \i{}M. sorghum\i0{}>,1<the large bundles with
massive Ts or Is> 406,1 469,15 470,28&30 471,2 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,6-7 492<tropical and southern Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,1&2 504,11 512,2 513,1/2 514,2 515<streamsides and forest
margins> 523<intergeneric hybrids procured with \i{}Saccharum\i0{}>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -\i{}M. sorghum\i0{} (Nees) Stapf>
540<m_anthid> 
 
# \i{}Miscanthus\i0{} <Anderss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}mischos\i0{} (pedicel) and \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower),
referring to both spikelets of the pair being pedicellate> 5<Diadranthus,
Rubomons, \i{}Triarrhena\i0{} (Maxim.) Nakai, \i{}Xiphagrostis\i0{} Cov.>
6<\i{}Miscanthidium\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostachya\i0{}> 7,2 8,- 9,1&3/3<usually
tall, cane-like or reed-like> 11,- 13,200-350 19,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1 38,-
44,2 47,2 55,1/2 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,2 89,2&5
91,1<the panicles large, fan-shaped or corymbiform, plumose> 94,- 101,2
102,2 103,3 108,2 120,2 121,2 123,3 126,1 127,2 129,1 130,1 145,3
147,3<falling from their pedicels> 154,2 157,1<with long fine hairs> 160,2
161,2 163,2<papery to membranous> 165,2 167,2 170,- 176,2 177,- 183,U
187,3-4 189,1-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2/- 203,2 205,3 207,2<hyaline>
208,1 210<usually becoming stiptate beneath an awn, but rarely reduced,
hyaline and awnless> 214,1 216,2 218,1/2 220<when incised,>,2
221,2<bidentate> 223,1<rarely>/3 225,1 226,1 228<usually>,1 231,2
233,1<glabrous> 234,1-3 240,2/- 244,2 247,2 248,0-3 250,1 251,2 256,1 258,2
259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,2 295,1 298,1 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 322,1
323,1 325,2 326,1/3<finger-like> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(48-)52-72(-77) 341,6.3-7.5 342,8.2-9.4 343,18-39 344,0.42-0.53 345,1
346,22-29 348<low>,2-3 350,2 351,2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1/2 356<when
present,>,3 360,1 363,8 364,1-3/4 365,2 370,1 374,2 382,2 385,1 389,1
393,1<rarely>/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1&2 402,1 403,2 404,1
405,2 406,1 413,2<3 species> 469,19 470,35-43/57&76&95&114 473<small>
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,20 492<Japan &
Philippines> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2 495,1 496,3&4&5 497,2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4
501,2&3 504,2&5&9&10 506,2 507,1 511,1 512,2/3 513,2 515<hillsides and
marshes> 516<\i{}M. floridulus\i0{}> 522<some (e.g. \i{}M. sinensis\i0{})
cultivated a ornamentals; \i{}M. sinensis\i0{} is the subject of extensive
field trials as fuel and raw material for making paper and chipboard>
523<intergeneric hybrids procured with \i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&2&3
526,2 527,1 528,5 530,9 531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}M. sinensis\i0{} Anderss.> 540<m_anthus> 
 
# \i{}Mnesithea\i0{} <Kunth>/
1<named after the Greek herbalist, Mnesitheus> 5<\i{}Dipterum\i0{} Desv.,
\i{}Thyridostachyum\i0{} Nees> 6<\i{}Hackelochloa\i0{},
\i{}Heteropholis\i0{}, \i{}Coelorachis\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,50-170 14,2
19<sparsely to amply>,1 23,1 37,1 47,2 55,1/2 56,5-25 59,1/3<finally
involute> 65,2 68,1 69,1 70,1 71<short> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<the
pedicelled members reduced to the two glumes, or vestigial> 79,2 89<of
subterete, spike-like racemes> 91,- 95,3 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,1 103,4
106,1 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<shortly clavate, concave, with embedded
sessile spikelets and cupuliform apices> 112,1 113,2 114,1<the cupuliform
apex fitting the basal knob of the next higher joint> 115,3<sometimes
striate> 120,3<2 sessile, 1 pedicelled in the lower part of the spikelike
raceme>/2<towards the tips, or throughout depauperate racemes> 121,1<the
sessile members in two alternating rows, on one side of the dorsiventral
rachis> 123,1&3<the pedicels slender> 124,4 126,1 127,1 128,1<in
association with spikelet pairs, towards the inflorescence tips>/2<with the
triplets> 129,1 130,4<reduced to two minute glumes, or rudimentary> 131<the
pedicelled spikelet very greatly reduced or vestigial> 141,3.5-4.5
144,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} embedded in rachis> 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 170,1 171,1<e.g., \i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}, with tubercle-based short white hairs>/2 173,3 176,2 177,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} obliquely ovate with narrowly incurved margins,
indurated, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} convex and much thinner> 183,2 184,1/2
185,2 186,1/4 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,2-3
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<oblong> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2
223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3/1 260,1
264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 290,U
291,2 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1 323,2 328,1 329,2<many very short ones>
330,1<in \i{}M. laevis\i0{}, many long-cells are almost square>
331,1<exaggeratedly so in \i{}M. laevis\i0{}> 332,1 335,1<but relatively
broad in \i{}laevis\i0{}> 339,45-54<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/69-84<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 341,8.4-11.4<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/5.4-6.6<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 342,4.2-5.4<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/10.4-15.6<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 343,25.5-39<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/39-51<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 344,0.57-0.62<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/0.5-0.63<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 345,1 346,54-63<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/30-33<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1<\i{}M. laevis\i0{}>/2
356<when present,>,8 357<cushion-based macrohairs present in \i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 360,2 363,7<all, in \i{}M.laevis\i0{}>/8<\i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}> 365,2 370,1 374,2<but occasional cells in ms position in
\i{}M. laevis\i0{}> 393,2 394,- 395,1<a smaller primary bundle in \i{}M.
laevis\i0{} with the closely opposed hinge-cells forming a single bulliform
group above it, conventional in \i{}M. mollicoma\i0{}> 396,2<a median keel
bundle and several small laterals> 397,1<over the midrib in \i{}M.
mollicoma\i0{}, over the primary bundles except the midrib in \i{}M.
laevis\i0{}> 399,2<the epidermis of large cells> 402,1 403,1 404,1<with the
primaries> 405,2 406,1 442,- 469,9 470,18 471,2 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,5 492<India, Ceylon to Southeast Asia> 493,3&5
494,2 496,3 500,1&2&3 504,11 512,3 515<damp grassland> 531,2 533,1&2
535<studied by us - iM. laevis\i0{} (Retz.) Kunth, \i{}M. mollicoma\i0{}
(Hance) A. Camus> 537,2 540<mnesithe> 
 
# \i{}Mniochloa\i0{} <Chase>/
1<from the Greek \i{}mnio\i0{} (moss) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass),
alluding to mosslikehabit> 7<slender>,2<with dimorphic culms> 9,3 11,1<with
1-3 bladeless sheaths> 13,10-25<the vegetative culms 3-12 cm tall, the
flowering culms longer> 14,2 19,2 24,1 39,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 48,2 52,6
55,2<but relatively broad> 56,3-5<and 8-18 mm long> 57,3<base cuneate, no
more than slightly asymmetric> 59,1 63<shortly>,1 65,U 66,2 67,1 69,1/2<?-
a hyaline, lacerate, ciliate membrane> 70,1 71<about>,0.1 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,3&4 77,2 78,1 89,2<of two spike-like racemes, the one male, the somewhat
longer one female> 95,1 96,2 101,2 102,2 103,3 108,2 120,1 121,1<on one
side of the slender, triquetrous rachis> 123,3<with very short, clavate
pedicels> 126,2 131<the male racemes slightly shorter; male spikelets
1.3--1.7 mm long, much shorter than females, ellipsoid, acute; lemma
1-nerved, palea 2-nerved, lemma and palea membranous; 3 free,
non-penicillate stamens> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 136,1 137,1 138,3 139,1
141,2-4.5 142<narrowly>,8 145,3 149,1<i.e. no stipe above the glumes> 154,2
157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1-2<the lower somewhat shorter> 166,1 167,1 171,2
174,1-2 176,2 177,2 179,2<delicately membranous, ovate-elliptical> 191,1
196,2 208,1 214,2/3<membranous> 216,1<white-cartilaginous> 218,1 219,1/2
223,1<and not apiculate> 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 250,1 251,1 255,1
256,1<glabrous> 257,2<which enfolds it> 258,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 272,0<and
no vestiges> 277,U 283,U 285,2 286,2 287,1<1.5-2 mm long> 289,2 290,1 291,2
294,U 295,2 296,U 297,U 298,2 300,U 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1/2
326,3<small, numerous, and often forming rings around the stomata>
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 339,36-46 341,6.3-7.5 342,9-10.2 343,8-15 344,0.2-0.4 345,1
346,13-17 347,2 348,1 350,1<slightly> 351,2 357<no macrohairs, but hooks
and prickles common> 360,1 363,8 364<predominantly short>,3 370,2 374,1
386,1 390,1 391,2 393,3 395,1<by virtue of its large bundle and relatively
massive anchor of sclerenchyma> 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1<most bundles with an anchor> 406,1 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3
489,34 490,50 491,1<\i{}M. pulchella\i0{}> 492<Cuba> 493,7 494,3 502,1
504,11 512,3 513,1 515<on lowland limestone cliffs> 534<Chase 1908; Zuloaga
\i{}et al\i0{}. 1993> 535<Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}. 1993> 537,2 540<mniochlo>
 
# \i{}Molinia\i0{} <Schrank>/
1<named for J.I. Molina> 5<\i{}Amblytes\i0{} Dulac., \i{}Enodium\i0{}
Gaud., \i{}Moliniopsis\i0{} Hayata> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,15-250 14,2 24,1-2<the
lowest internodes short, swollen, persisting for several years> 27,2 37,2
38,- 44,1<the intermediate internodes condensed, the uppermost constituting
most of the elevated culm> 47,2 55,2 56,3-10 59,1/3 65,2 66,1 67,1 69,3
70,- 73,2 74,1 80,1 89,5 91,1/2 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,3.2-14 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4 154,1 155,2<rough> 157,1/2<\i{}M. coerulea\i0{}> 160,2 161,2 163,2
165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1-3
189,1-5 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,(1-)2-5(-6) 214,3<firmly membranous>
216,2 218,1 219,1<acute> 223,1/2 240,2<somewhat scabrous above>
244,2<rounded on the back> 248,3(-5) 250,1 251,1 255,1-2<truncate to
emarginate> 256,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1<at the base>/2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,3 274,1.5-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 295,2
297,2<reluctantly separable> 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2 305,1
306,1 308,1 310,1 311,1 312,2 314,5 322,1 323,2 330,1&2 331,1&2 332,1<in
\i{}Moliniopsis\i0{}>/2<usually, in the rest> 335,1 339<in
\i{}Moliniopsis\i0{}>,(45-)48-54(-57) 341,6-8.4 342,5.7-8.6 343,24-27
344,0.42-0.57 345,2<\i{}Moliniopsis\i0{}>/1 346<in \i{}Molinia\i0{} sensu
stricto>,(27-)30-34.5/- 348,3<few>/2<mostly, low>/- 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,2-3/6 360,1<but some of the short cells rather long> 363,8 364,1/2/3
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1/2 399,1<at the bases of the
shallow furrows> 401,1 404,1 405,1<at least in the mid-rib> 406,1
413,2<\i{}M. coerulea\i0{}> 469,9 470,18&36&90 471,2&4&10 473<small>
477,5 483,2 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,2-5 492<temperate Eurasia>
493,1&2&3&5&6 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1&2 512,2<calcifuge>
513,2 514,2 515<wet moorland, heaths> 524,5 525,1&3&4 526,3 528,4 529,1
530,17&24 531,1 532,3 534<Jir sek 1966> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}M.caerulea\i0{} (L.) Moench> 540<molinia> 
 
# \i{}Monachather\i0{} <Steud.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}monarchos\i0{} (solitary) and \i{}ather\i0{} (spike as
in an ear of wheat), referring to the solitary white-like spike>
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<Type: \i{}M. paradoxus\i0{} Steud.> 7,2
9,3 11,- 13,50-80 14,2 19,2 24,1<the bases somewhat swollen, covered with
scale-like sheaths bearing dense woolly hairs> 27,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 56,3-4
59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1<jagged, often with dense marginal tufts of cilia> 70,1
71,1-3 73,2 74,1 88,2 89,5 91,2<linear, nearly racemose> 92,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 126<mostly>,2<though
sometimes there are few such pairs> 141,(8-)11-14(-17) 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,2 149,4 154,1 155,2<scabrid> 156,1 157,1<the hairs long> 158,1 160,2
161,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<much exceeding them> 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1
176,2 177,2 179,2<papery> 183,- 187,13-19 189,11-13 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,(3-)5-6(-8) 214,3 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<from
between the long, glabrous lemma lobes> 229,- 231,2 234,1-2 240,1 242,1<one
row basal, one row beneath the lobes> 244,2 246,- 247,1 248,9-13
250,1<becoming hard and shining, bent across the fruit> 251,1<longer than
body of lemma> 255,1<obtuse or truncate>/2<emarginate> 256,1 257<leathery>
258,1 259,3 260,3 262,1 263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 271,2 272,3 274<about>,0.3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2
287,1<1-2 mm long> 290,1<depressed beneath the palea margins, concave along
the hilum face> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 311,1 312,1 313,2
314,11 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(40.5-)45-60(-66) 341,(6.6-)8.1-9(-12) 342,5-9.1 343,16.5-25.5(-28.5)
344,0.36-0.48 345,1 346,31.5-36 348,2-3/1<by varying degrees of truncation
of the apices of triangles> 349,1<and a variety of domes> 350,2 351,2
353,- 354,- 360,2 363,8 364<mostly>,1&2&3 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2
394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1-2<mostly \i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type arrangements of
small cells, in the bases of the furrows> 401<in places,
inconspicuously>,1/- 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 442,- 469,6 470,72 471,12
477,5 483,3<but with several eu-panicoid features!> 487,3 488,7 489,6
490,80 491,1<\i{}M. paradoxa\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,3
504,2&5&6&7&8 512,4 513,2 515<arid grassland> 518<\i{}M. paradoxa\i0{}, in
dry places> 534<Blake 1972a; Vickery 1956> 535<studied by us> 540<monachat>
 
# \i{}Monanthochlo\i0{} <Engelm.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}monos\i0{} (single), \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower) and
\i{}chlo\i0{} (grass), re unisexual flowers> 3<\i{}Distichlis\i0{}>
5<\i{}Halochloa\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Solenophyllum\i0{} Baillon>
7<ericoid>,2 9,1&2<decumbent, mat-forming> 11,- 13,5-20 14,2 19,1 38,-
44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2 48,2 52,2-3 55,2 56,1-4<to 1 cm long>
58<thick, firm, folded or involute> 59,4<subulate> 60,- 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2
71<minute> 72,2 73,3 74,2 75,2<on the same plant> 76,2/3 80,1 88,1
89<inconspicuous, the spikelets borne singly, more or less concealed by
leaf sheaths> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,1/2<depending on interpretation>
102,1/2<depending on interpretation> 106,- 107,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,- 122,- 125,- 131<male spikelets without glumes, with 2-5
three-stamened florets and incomplete distal florets> 133,2 134,1 135,2-5
138,3 140,2<being without glumes> 141,8-10 145,1-2 147<disarticulating only
tardily, at the lowest rachilla node> 148,1 149,1 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,-
162,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-5 210<convolute,
oblong-lanceolate, leathery or leaflike in texture> 211,- 214,- 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2<rounded on the back> 247<perhaps with a germination
flap - see illustration by Nicora and de Agrasar (1987)> 248,9 250,1 251,1
252,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2<leathery> 259,3<narrow> 260,3 262,1<to
embrace the floret above> 263<ciliate> 264,2 272,0<three staminodes> 277,1
283,2 286,2 289,4 294,U 295,1 297,3 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1
324,2 326<seemingly>,1/2 329<seemingly>,3<not observable in detail, being
obscured by large papillae and prickles> 332,1 335,2<overarched by
semicircles of prickles> 345,1<but largely obscured> 348,- 357<prickles
abundant> 360,2<in places>/3<then solitary> 362,1 363,3<mostly, but mostly
more or less vertically elongated>/4<few> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
375<seemingly>,2<in the poor material seen> 376,1 378<seemingly>,2 383,2
393,2 394,1<except for the lower one over the midrib> 395,1<in lacking an
adaxial rib, and having no adaxial strand> 396,1 398,2 399,1<in the
furrows> 400,1 401<seemingly exclusively>,1<these quite small> 403,2 404,2
406,1<the bundles other than that of the midrib all with massive adaxial
strands and abaxial strands or girders> 409,1 442,- 469,10 470,40 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,47 491,3 492<America, West Indies> 493,6&7
494,1&3 495,1&3 497,4 502,1 504,11 507,2 512,2 513,2 514,1 515<inland salt
pans> 524,5 525,6 535<studied by us - \i{}M. littoralis\i0{} Engelm.>
540<monantho> 
 
# \i{}Monelytrum\i0{} <Hackel>/
7,1/2 9,2<each stolon being a single, bare internode>/3/4 13,8-80 14,2
19,1/2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-7<their margins thickened,
with tubercle-based hairs> 57<somewhat>,1 59,1/3<convolute> 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,2 71,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<there being 1-3 sterile spikelets at
the tips of the reduced inflorescence branches> 78,1<the sterile spikelets
more or less awn-like> 79,2 89<bristly,>,3 94,- 96,- 98,2<but rather,
ending in bristles representing the uppermost 1-3 spikelets> 101,2 102,2
103,1<to shortly pedunculate spikelet clusters> 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,1<i.e., the clusters shed> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,1-3
125,1 131<the sterile spikelets awnlike, at the tips of the reduced
branches> 141,3-4 144,2 145,3 146,1 147,3<in the glomerules> 148,- 149,1
154,2 155,- 157,1<at the base of the cluster> 160,3<formed from the rachis
base> 161,2 163,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} sometimes absent>/2 164<(the
upper)>,2 165,1/- 167<(the upper)>,2 171,1 176<(the upper)>,1<with a
slightly recurved awn at least as long as itself> 177,2 178,-
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} reduced to a minute scale,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} flat, elliptic-lanceolate, herbaceous> 182,1<minute>
184,- 187,0 189,5-7 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1-2 219,1
220<when incised, minutely>,3 221,2 223,2-3<from the mid-nerve> 225<when
present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1<scaberulous> 234,1 235,1
240<sparsely>,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1<broadly lanceolate> 251,1
255,1<truncate> 256,1<with scattered hairs> 257<slightly>,1 258,2 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 274,2 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 289,4 291,2<dorsally>
295,1<elliptical> 297,3 298,1<about 1/3 the length of the fruit> 299,2
322,1 323,1 324,2 326,1<at one end of each interstomatal cell>
328,2<intercostal walls thicker> 330,1<very> 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2
336,3 339,(39-)42-45(-51) 340,33 341,12-14.4 342,2.9-4.3
343,(9-)10.5-12(-15) 344,0.23-0.33 345,1 346,27-33 348,2&3 350<stomata
sunken below the raised (concave) ends of the interstomatals, but not
overlapped> 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 360,1<but the short-cells often
rather long, giving an impression of some pairs and short rows> 362,4
363<almost exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,1-2 377,2 378,2
383,2 393,3<with low abaxial ribs> 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<the large
median cells deeply penetrating>/2 403,2 404,1<with the primaries - some
minor bundles with strands only> 405,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,71 491,2 492<southwest Africa to southern Angola> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,4 504,11 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<in seasonally moist locations?>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}M. luderitzianum\i0{} Hack.; photos
of \i{}M. luderitzianum\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<monelytr> 
 
# \i{}Monium\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Anadelphia\i0{}> 7,1/2 9<when perennial,>,3 13,20-90 14,2 19,1/2 26,1
27,2 29,1 44,2 50<the sheaths with a strong median nerve> 52,1 55,2
56,0.25-3 58,1/2 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1-2 71,1-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<but
the pedicelled spikelet may be so reduced as to be hidden among the callus
hairs of the fertile spikelet> 76,1&4/1&3 78,1<the pedicelled spikelet much
reduced> 79,2 81,1<? - the greatly reduced raceme inclosed within its
spathe>/2<?> 89,5 91,1 94,1-2 101,1<and spatheolate> 102,1 103,1<the
raceme shorter than the spatheole, bearing only the one fertile spikelet
and its pedicelled satellite> 104,1 106,1 107,- 108,1 109,2<i.e., each
raceme disarticulating at the only joint> 111,- 112,2 113,- 114,2<the
single joint obliquely articulated on the somewhat swollen peduncle tip>
115,- 120,2<no triplets> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4<and often
reduced to a vestigial pedicel> 131<pedicellate spikelets often reduced to
a minute pedicel, which may be concealed among the callus hairs. When
developed, acuminate with a glabrous callus> 141,5-10 144,- 145,2-3 147,3
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<exceeding them>
168,2 170,- 171,2 172,1 173,3 176,1<the G2 only, or sometimes the G1
two-awned>/2<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} then subulate-tipped or apiculate>
177,2 179,1<both leathery, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} apically truncate to
bidentate and round-backed, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} subulate or apiculate
at tip, naviculate> 183,2<except towards the tip> 184,1 185,2 186,1
187,5/7<with a median> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2<pointed to bilobed> 204,0/2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
209<somewhat displaced> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1-2 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1/2 234,3<5-16 cm long> 238,1 239,2
240,1/2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,2<according to Jacques-Flix 1962, and
in the material seen - by contrast with \i{}Anadelphia scyphofera\i0{}>
264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 277,1 280<basally>,1 281,2 283,2 289,4
291,3<more or less cylindrical> 292,1 298,1 301,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2<but
not over the midrib> 325,2 326,1/2<large, thick walled> 330<basically>,1
331,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,31-36 341,5.1-5.4 342,6.1-6.7 343,19-24
344,0.59-0.67 345,1 346,24-26 347,2 348,3 350,2 351<seemingly>,2 360,1
361,1<in places, but extensively obscured by papillae> 363,8 365,2 370,1
374,2 375,1 393,1<the ribs very low> 395,1 396,2<one median, with smaller
laterals> 397,1<e.g. \i{}M. macrochaeta\i0{}>/2<but with the overlying
adaxial epidermis bulliform> 399,1<the groups wide>/2<if the same
configuration is interpreted as epidermis extensively bulliform> 401,1/-
402,1<seemingly, in places, in \i{}M. funerea\i0{}>/2 403,2<in \i{}M.
funerea\i0{}>/1<in \i{}M. trichaeta\i0{}> 404,1<with all the primaries and
some of the smaller bundles, other small bundles with small strands only>
405,1<the main bundles> 406,1 429,- 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487<cf.>,9<as a
synonym?> 488,1 489,2 490<cf.>,7 491,7 492<tropical West Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,3 535<studied by us - \i{}M. funereum\i0{} Jac-Fl., \i{}M.
macrochaetum\i0{} Stapf, \i{}M. trichaetum\i0{} Reznik> 536<see comment
under \i{}Anadelphia\i0{} regarding unsatisfactory taxonomy involving
\i{}Monium\i0{}, \i{}Anadelphia\i0{} and \i{}Pobeguinea\i0{}> 540<monium> 
 
# \i{}Monocladus\i0{} <Chia, Fung & Yang>/
3<\i{}Bonia\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 13,100-500 14,1 15,0.4-1.5 19,1 37,1 38,1 39,1
44,2 47,1 48,1 52,2-3 54<subcoriaceous> 55,1 56,35-80<and 20-40 cm long>
63,1 65<minutely>,1 66,1 73,2 74,1 86,2 87,1 101,1 140,2 147,1 148,2 154,1
163,2 166,1 167,1 174,1 179,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1 218,1 219,1
223,1 250,1 251,1<in the first floret, and leathery>/2<in the other
florets, and membranous> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 269,2 272,6 275,2 276,2
277,1 278,2 280<basally>,1 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 329,U 349,U
358,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 477,3 478,4 481,13
487<cf.>,4<as a synonym?> 488,7 489,52 490,80 491,4 492<southern China>
493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 514,2 534<Chia, Fung and Yang 1988> 536<cf.
\i{}Indosasa\i0{}, \i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}. The ovary apex (not mentioned
in the original, unsatisfactory Latin descriptions) is assumed to be
unappendaged. The only other difference from \i{}Schizostachyum\i0{} is the
glabrous lodicules> 537,2 538,4 540<monoclad> 
 
# \i{}Monocymbium\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<name referring to solitary racemes> 7,2 9,3 13,30-120 14,2 19,1/2 44,2
47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1<tapering to a sharp point> 65,2 69,1 70,1 73,2 74,1
75,1 76,1&3 78,1<the pedicellate spikelets awnless> 79,2 89,5<of solitary
racemes, loosely gathered into a false panicle> 94,1
101<conspicuously>,1<each raceme embraced by a reddish spatheole> 102,1
103<dense>,3<the spikelets more or less concealing the short internodes>
104,4/5<with at least 6 spikelet pairs> 106,1 107,1<filiform> 108,1 109,2
111,1 113,2 114,2 115,1 120,2 121,1 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3
131<pedicellate spikelets male, similar in form to the sessile members but
awnless, with a linear callus> 136,1 145,3<flattened dorsally, the sides
rounded> 147,3<deciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel> 148,- 154,2
155,- 160,2<but not clearly distinct from G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, obscurely
bearded> 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding them> 171,1/2 173,3 176<(the
upper)>,1<from a notch> 179,1<thinly cartilaginous, only the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} awned> 183,2<naviculate, laterally compressed and
keeled over its upper third> 184,1 185,2 186,1 187,7<?> 189,3 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<except for the cartilaginous median zone> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1 234,3 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1
250,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2
291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 328,2<costals thinner> 330,1 331,1<mostly>
332,1 335,1 339,39-51 341,5.4-6 342,6.5-8.5 343,21-26 344,0.44-0.54 345,1
346,27-30 348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1<but rarely
so> 360,1 363,8 364,1&2&3 365,2 370,1 374,2 383,1 385,1 389,1<a few of the
arches reaching the abaxial epidermis, near midrib> 393,3 394,- 395,1<via a
larger bundle and abaxial rib> 396,1 398,2 399,2<the epidermis mainly
bulliform> 401,- 402,1<especially near the midrib, in \i{}M.
ceresiiforme\i0{}> 403,1 404,1 406,1 469,5/10 470,20 471,2/4 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,4 492<tropical and southern
Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,2&3 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<savanna> 516<\i{}M. ceresiiforme\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,4&5 530,39&43
531,2 533,2 535<studied by us - \i{}M. ceresiiforme\i0{} (Nees) Stapf>
540<monocymb> 
 
# \i{}Monodia\i0{} <S.W.L. Jacobs>/
1<from the Greek \i{}monos\i0{} (alone, single) and \i{}odous\i0{} (tooth),
referring to the single lemma awn> 4<Type: \i{}M. stipoides\i0{}
S.W.L.Jacobs> 7<\i{}Stipa\i0{}-like, hummock-forming>,2 9,3 13,70-150 14,2
40,1 47,2 55,2<about 60 cm long> 59,1<at first>/2<later> 60,1<pungent> 61,1
65,2 66,2<the persistent, older blades becoming recurved> 69,3 71<up to>,3
73,2 74,1 89,2<?>/5 91,2<to about 50 cm long> 101,2 102,2 105,1 108,2 121,2
123<shortly>,3 141,16-24 145,1 147,1 149,1 150,2 154,1 156,2 157,1 160,3
161,1<oblique> 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,2 172,1-2 174,1<acute> 176,2
179,2 187,9/11 189,3/5 191,1 196,2 208,1 211,1 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<the
lobes short, membranous, unequal> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2<the column
lightly twisted, the bristle falcate> 233,1 234,3<5-6 cm long> 235,1 236,2
240,1<with a line of appressed hairs on each margin, but otherwise
glabrous> 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 256,1<and glabrous> 258,2 259,3 260,3<the
rachilla borne within the groove between> 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,3 274,4-6 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284<pale> 289,4 290,U
294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 322,1<in the central part, although the grooves are
easily overlooked in surface view>/2<on the wide lateral flanges> 323,1
324,2<mainly confined to the grooves and their margins> 326,1 327,1
328,1<thick walled, and pitted> 330,1 331,1 332,1<but hidden in the very
narrow grooves> 335,2 345<not visible> 347,2 348,- 360,1 363,8 364<mostly
small,>,3 365,2 367,2 368,2 369,1 370,1 371,2 372,1<with draping PCR
tissue> 374,1 389,1<linking the bases of the deep and narrow adaxial and
abaxial grooves> 390,1<the PCA tissue exhibiting conspicuous ingrowths, cf.
\i{}Triodia\i0{} etc.> 394,2<and shapes> 395,1<by its position> 396,1
397,1<this and most of the large bundles with a large, colourless more or
less lignified group between the top of the bundle and the adaxial
sclerenchyma group> 399,1<at the bases of the central adaxial grooves>
400,2<only near the midrib> 401,2<these continuous with the traversing
columns of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<if the colourless groups are
regarded as part of the sclerenchyma> 405,1<massive> 406,2 407,2<the
massive lateral flanges of the leaf blade with a heavy, continuous layer of
fibres, beneath a mass of large-celled sclerenchyma abaxial to the vascular
bundles and mesophyll - cf. \i{}Triodia\i0{}> 477,6 484,3 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,73 491,1<\i{}M. stipoides\i0{}> 492<Western Australia> 493,5
494,5 503,1 504,5 509,1 512,4 513,2 515<stony ground> 534<Jacobs 1984>
535<studied by us> 537,2 540<monodia> 
 
# \i{}Monostachya\i0{} <Merr.>/
3<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}, \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,2 9<low,
mat-forming alpines> 11,- 13,2-20<?> 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2
58,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<having vestigial
spikelets, much reduced, beneath the terminal perfect one> 88,1/2 89<if of
more than one spikelet>,4 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2/- 123,3 145,1 147,1 149,1 154,1 155,2 157,1/2 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 176,2 179,2 187,3 189,3 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,1-10
216,2 218,2 220,2 223,2/3 228<when present,>,1 231,1 234<when present,>,1
240,2 244,2 248,3-5 250,1 259,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 270,- 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,1 295,1 298,2 299,2 322,1<with paired
short-cells costally> 323,2 327,1<long-rectangular> 328,1<walls thick and
sinuous> 331,1 332,2<but present adaxially> 335<panicoid type>
345,2<abaxially, but present adaxially> 348<not available abaxially, but
triangles and domes present adaxially> 350,- 351,1 353,1 354,2<usually>
360,2 363,3 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 469,5 470,20 471,4 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80
491<about>,4 492<Philippines, New Guinea> 493,5 494,2 496,3 500,4 504,9
513,1 515<in humid places> 534<Jacobs 1982> 535<studied by us - \i{}M.
oreoboloides\i0{} (F. Muell.) Hitchc.> 540<monostac> 
 
# \i{}Morronea\i0{} <Zuloaga & Scataglini>/
3<\i{}Dichanthelium\i0{}, \i{}Panicum\i0{} sensu lato> 4<\i{}M.
arundinariae\i0{} (Trin. ex E Fourn.) Zuloaga & Scataglini> 7,2 18,2 69,2
73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91<lax, spreading,>,1 101,2 102,2 121,2 142,8 144,1
145,3 147,3 154,2 163,2 165,1<the lower much reduced or no more than half
of the spikelet length, the upper equalling the spikelet> 167,2<i.e., the
longer glume> 187,(0-)1-3(-5) 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
208,1 222,2 240,1<pilose all over> 248,5-7 295,1 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U
359,U 365,U 370,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,15 491,6 492<Mexico to Argentina> 493,7 494,3
534<Scataglini, M.A. and Zuloaga, F.O. (2013). \i{}Morronea\i0{}, a new
genus segregated from \i{}Panicum\i0{} (Paniceae, Poaceae) based on
morphological and molecular data. \i{}Systematic Botany\i0{}
38(4):1076-1086> 538,4 540<morronea> 
 
# \i{}Mosdenia\i0{} <Stent>/
1<name referring to geography (Mosdene, Transvaal)> 7,2 9,2<the stolons
with densely imbricate cataphylls> 13,10-90 14,2 19,2 37,1 40,2 42,2
44,1<those on the culms with reduced blades>/2 47,2 52,1-2 55,2
56<to>,5<and to 12 cm long> 61,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1<laciniate> 71,0.3-0.5
73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<those at the tip of the inflorescence sometimes
reduced> 78,- 89,1<a dense, continuous, elongated bottlebrush, the
spikelets spreading at right angles to the axis> 91,- 94,- 96,- 98,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,3<in whorls
or spirals> 123,1/2<on minutely tomentose notches> 125,1
141,2.5-3.75<sub-falcate> 147,3 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} slightly longer and broader> 166,2<or
somewhat longer> 167,2<exceeding them> 170,2 171,2<glabrous save at callus>
174,1 176,2 177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2 179,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
narrower, flat-backed> 181,2<slightly exceeding it> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2
208,1 210<small, ovate-lanceolate> 214,1 216<delicate, hyaline> 218,1 219,1
223,1 240,2 244,1 247,2 248,1/3 250,1 251,1 255,2<minutely> 256,1
257,2<delicate, hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 272,3 274,1.3-1.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2<purple>/3 286,2
287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 289,4 290,1 291,2<dorsally> 293,-
295,1<elliptical> 297,3 298,1<about 1/3 the length of the fruit> 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals more regularly narrow> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,2
345,1 348<low>,2 351,2<few> 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1<to rectangular, near
the leaf margins>/3<elsewhere> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2
383,2 385,1 389,1<seemingly, in places>/2<but the bulliform-plus-colourless
cell groups very deeply penetrating> 393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2
401,1&2 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<most bundles with
rectangular adaxial and winged-crescentic abaxial girders> 470,40 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,59 491,1<\i{}M. leptostachys\i0{}> 492<South
Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<dry
savanna> 534<Stent 1922> 535<photos of \i{}M. leptostachys\i0{} provided by
R.P. Ellis> 540<mosdenia> 
 
# \i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} <Schreber>/
1<named for G.H.E. Muhlenberg> 5<\i{}Acroxis\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Anthipsimus\i0{} Raf., \i{}Calycodon\i0{} Nutt, \i{}Clomena\i0{} P.
Beauv., \i{}Crypsinna\i0{} Fourn., \i{}Dactylogramma\i0{} Link,
\i{}Dilepyrum\i0{} Michaux, \i{}Epicampes\i0{} Presl, \i{}Lepyroxis\i0{}
Fourn., \i{}Podosemum\i0{} Desv., \i{}Sericrostis\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Tosagris\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Trichochloa\i0{} DC., \i{}Vaseya\i0{}
Thurber> 6<\i{}Aegopogon\i0{}, \i{}Bealia\i0{}, \i{}Blepharoneuron\i0{},
\i{}Chaboissaea\i0{}, \i{}Hubbardochloa\i0{}, \i{}Lycurus\i0{},
\i{}Pereilema\i0{}, \i{}Redfieldia\i0{}, \i{}Schaffnerella\i0{},
\i{}Schedonardus\i0{}> 7,1<<15%> rarely>/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,2-100/100-200<<10%> rarely> 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2
55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1<e.g., in Section
\i{}Epicampes\i0{}>/2 70,- 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when
present,>,1<sometimes very modified> 89,5 91,1/2<then narrow, sometimes
spikelike> 94,1/2/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,2 123,3 141,1.7-3.5 145,1 147,1 148,- 154,2<nearly always, the upper
floret usually absent, but when present usually fertile> 155,- 157,1<very
short> 158,1/2 160,2 163,2<though rarely the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is
obsolete> 165,1-2 166,1-2<rarely longer> 167,1<usually>/2<<15%>> 170,-
174<obtuse to acuminate> 176,1/2 177,1/2 179,1/2 187,0-2 189,0-3 191<nearly
always>,1 196,2 208,1/2<<5%> rarely> 214,2-3 216,2<firmly membranous>
218,1/2 220<when incised>,2<minutely bifid> 221,2<at the most shortly
bidentate> 223,2/3 225,1 228,1/2/3 229<when dorsal,>,1 231,1 232,1/3
234,1-3 240,1<rarely long-pilose, usually minutely pilose>/2 244,2 247,2
248,3 250,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274,0.3-2.7 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2/3 286,2<but the lemma tightly
enclosing the grain> 287,1 289,2/4 291,3 295,1 297,3 298,1 301,2 302,2
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1 326,1 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,(16.5-)18-50(-52.5) 340,36
341,(4.5-)5.4-12(-12.3) 342,1.5-11.2 343,(3-)4.5-10.5(-12) 344,0.14-0.33
345,1 346,16.5-22.5 348<low to high>,2 350,2 351,2 352,1 355,1 360,1/3
362,4 363,4/8<sometimes pointed> 364<when panicoid type,>,1-3 365,1/2 367,1
370,1 373,1<1 species> 374,1 375,1<e.g. \i{}M. diversiglumis\i0{}, \i{}M.
ciliata\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}M. breviculmis\i0{}, \i{}M. pusilla\i0{}, \i{}M.
ramulosa\i0{}> 376,2 377,1 378,2 380,2 382,1 383,1<e.g. \i{}M.
microsperma\i0{}, and seemingly \i{}M. ciliata\i0{} and \i{}M.
diversiglumis\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}M. ramulosa\i0{}> 385,1/2<rarely> 389,1<e.g.
\i{}M. confusa\i0{}, \i{}M. breviculmis\i0{}, \i{}M. pusilla\i0{}>/2<e.g.
\i{}M. ciliata\i0{}, \i{}M. diversiglumis\i0{}, \i{}M. microsperma\i0{}>
393,2/3 394<when present,>,1<low> 395,1 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,1
401,1<predominant in e.g. \i{}M. diversiglumis\i0{}, \i{}M.
microsperma\i0{}>/2<often linked with traversing colourless columns> 403,2
404,1/2<e.g. \i{}M. confusa\i0{}> 405,1/2 406,1 411,1 469,10
470,20&40&42&60 471,2&4 473<medium sized> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,48 491,160 492<Himalayas to Japan, North America to Andes> 493,3&5&6&7
494,1&2&3 495,1&2&3 496,3 497,3&4&5 498,3 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&5&6 504,9
507,1&2&3 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 515<diverse habitats, commonly in open
grassland, important in arid and semi-arid regions> 516<\i{}M.
schreberi\i0{}> 518<\i{}M. emersleyi\i0{}, \i{}M. montana\i0{}, \i{}M.
pauciflora\i0{}, \i{}M. wrightii\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4&6 528,4&7 529,1&4&5
530,17&25&42 531,1&2 532,1&4 533,2&5 534<Soderstrom 1967> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us, \i{}M. arisanensis\i0{} Hayata, \i{}M.
asperifolia\i0{} Nees & Meyen ex Trin., \i{}M. minuscula\i0{} H. Scholz;
and for illustrations of leaf transverse sections showing photosynthetic
pathway-related features, see Peterson \i{}et al\i0{}. 1989> 540<muhlenbe> 
 
# \i{}Mullerochloa\i0{} <K.M. Wong>/
3<\i{}Bambusa moreheadiana\i0{} F.M. Bailey> 7,2 9,3 14,1 16,1<the
internodes 20-30 cm long> 17<not twining, but>,1<500-700 cm long> 19,1
21,4-10 23,4 26<inflated> 30,1 31,1 35,1 36,1 37,1-2<the lumen if present
small> 39<short,>,1 44,2 47,1 48,U 52,3<acuminate, the margins scabrous>
55,1 56<17-30 cm long,>,15-50 63,1 64<with 12-14 secondary veins> 69,1
71,2-3 72,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87,1 89<comprising untidy tufts of nodal
clusters> 102,1<20-30 cm long> 140,2 141,5-7 142,10 145,1-2<subterete>
147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 174<blunt,>,2 176,2 177,2
179<about 3 mm long, ovate,>,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,5-7
210<ovate> 216,2 218,1 223,1 244,2 248,7 250,1 251,1<exceeding ther lemma>
252,U 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 272,6 273,2 277,1 278,2 290,U 297,3 325,U
345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U
389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,1<\i{}M.
moreheadiana\i0{}> 492<North Queensland, Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6
534<Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase. See Wong, K.M. (2005).
\i{}Mullerochloa\i0{}, a New Genus of Bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from
North-East Australia and notes on the circumscription of\i{} Bambusa\i0{}.
Blumea 50, 425-441.> 538,4 540<mulleroc> 
 
# \i{}Munroa\i0{} <J. Torr.>/
1<named for William Munro> 5<\i{}Hemimunroa\i0{} Parodi> 7<prostrate>,1
9,2<low, spreading, much-branched, exhibiting long naked internodes, with
fascicles of leaves and inflorescences> 11,- 13,5-20 14,2 19<amply>,1 23,1
37,1/2 38,- 47,2 50<the sheaths expanded> 52<short, acuminate, pungent>
55,2 59,1/2/3/4 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 88,1/2 89,5<of terminal,
leafy clusters> 91,2 92,1 98,1 101,1<i.e., the inflorescence leaves with
broad sheaths> 102,1<in that the reduced panicles of small spikelet
clusters are almost hidden among the fascicles of leaves>
103,1&5<comprising small subsessile clusters of 2-4 spikelets> 106,- 107,-
108,2/1<the complete inflorescences deciduous in some species> 111,- 113,-
115,- 116,- 120,- 121,2 123,2 141,6-8 145,3 147,1/3<in species where the
inflorescence falls entire> 148,1<when the inflorescence is shed>/2 154,1
156,1 157,2 158,2 163,2<lower spikelets>/1<upper spikelets> 165,1/2/- 166,1
167,1 171,2 174,1<acute, narrow> 176,2 179,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2<the
proximal 1-2 florets female or hermaphrodite, those above hermaphrodite,
the uppermost reduced or sterile> 194,1 196,2 208,2-3<upper
spikelets>/3-8<lower spikelets> 214,1-2<lower leathery, upper membranous>
216,2 218,2 220,4/2 223,2/3<one or three mucronate or awned, from the
nerves between the lobes> 225<when present,>,1/3 226,1/2 228<the
median>,1/3 231,1 233,1 234,1<to 2 mm long> 240,1 241,1<from the middle of
each margin> 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1
258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1<small>/2 265,2 266,2 267<joined to the
palea> 268,2 272,2/3 274,1-1.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284,1 287,1 289,4
291,1 295,1 296,1<translucent, oval> 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,2 330,1<rather irregularly so, but not fusiform> 331,1<the walls
quite thick> 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2<of the short basal cell type> 336,3
339,24(-25.5) 340,9 341,11.4-14.4 342,1.7-2.2 343,10.5-15 344,0.44-0.63
345,1 346,24-27 348,2&3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1/2 354,1 355,2 356,3
360,1<over some veins>/2<in places, especially near the leaf
margins>/3<with some short rows, or the long rows irregularly broken by
long short-cells> 362,1-4 363,8<mostly>/4<common only near the leaf
margins> 364<predominantly plump>,1&3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2
385,1 393,2/3 395,1<via its fairly conspicuous rounded keel, and the lack
of adaxial sclerenchyma> 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<these sometimes deeply
penetrating via a large median cell>/2 403,2 404,1<with all bundles save
the median> 405,1<all but the midrib with massive anchors> 406,2 407,1
408,1<apart from massive marginal sclerenchyma groups, there is a
conspicuous group abaxially opposite each bulliform hinge group - i.e.
flanking the midrib> 409,1 442,- 469,7&8 470,14&16 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,65 491,5 492<1 in the western U.S.A., 4 in the central
Andes> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1&3 497,4&5 502,6 504,11 507,3 512,4 513,2
515<dry plains> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Munroa
squarrosa\i0{} (Nutt.) Torr.> 540<munroa> 
 
# \i{}Myriocladus\i0{} <Swallen>/
7,2 11,2 14,1<the lowermost internode usually disproportionately elongate,
usually with the others condensed so that the leaves cluster atop the
canes> 17,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 30,1/2<mostly> 37,1/2 38,1 39,1
40,2 44,2 48,1 54,1 55,1 63,1/2 65,1/2 66,1 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
88,3/2<<10%> rarely> 89,2/4/5<terminating leafy or leafless branches,
sometimes terminating the culms, generally long and narrow, the branching
racemose to paniculate> 101,2 102,2 103,3/4/5 108,2 121<usually>,1 123,1-3
141,3-4 142,7<usually>/8/10/13<in \i{}M. distantiflorus\i0{}> 147,1 148,1/2
154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2 167,1 174,2 176,2 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1
203,2 206,2 208,2-5 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1 256,1
260,3<and sulcate> 264,1 265,3 266,1<the posterior 238,2-3 slightly
smaller> 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 278,2 280,1<short> 283,2
295,2 322,1 323,1 324,2/1&2<in places> 325,1<in rings> 326,3 327,2<the
costals regular, elongated-rectangular, the intercostals less regular and
generally relatively short> 328,1 329,1<though these largely interstomatal
and relatively short, the stomata being abundant in most places> 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<large> 345,1 347<seemingly>,2 348<seemingly
mostly>,3 350<with outlines obscured by the papillae> 351,2 360,2
363,3<mostly>/4<a few clear examples> 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,1 391,1
392,2 393,3 395,2 398,2 399,1 401,1<these large, the median cell
deep-penetrating> 403,2 404,1 405,1<a few bundles with Is, the adaxial
arms slender> 406,2 407,1&4 408,1&3<there being fibres flanking the
bulliform groups, and an abaxial fibre group opposite each bulliform group>
477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,20 492<Venezuela> 493,7
494,3 502,2 504,11 512,2/3 515<sandstone tablelands, over 1000 m>
535<studied by us - \i{}M. paludicolus\i0{} Swallen> 540<myriocla> 
 
# \i{}Myriostachya\i0{} <J.D. Hook.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}myrios\i0{} (countless) and \i{}stachys\i0{} (ear of
corn, spike), referring to the numerous spikelets> 7,2 9<with thick
rhizomes> 13,150-300<often floating and thickened> 14,2 37,1 38,- 39,1 40,2
44,1 47,2 55,1 56,10-26<?-up to 2.6 cm broad and 80 cm long> 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,2&5<a narrow panicle of numerous spike-like
branches, tending to verticils> 101,2 102,2 103,4 106,- 108,1/2 109<if
deciduous>,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,6-15 144,2 145,1
147,3&1<falling with the pedicels, but the rachilla also disarticulating
tardily> 148,1<or only tardily so> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,1 171,2<minutely scabrid> 174,1<lanceolate-acuminate>
176,1<acuminate into the straight awns> 177,1 179,2 187,1 188,- 189,1 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-20 214,2 216,2<leathery> 218,1 219,1 221,-
223,1<but cuspidate> 240,2 243,1 244,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
258,2<leathery or membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1<minute> 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 274<very small> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2
291<subterete> 294,U 295,1<presumably> 297,3<presumably> 298,1 322,1 323,2
328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,(27-)28.5-30(-33)
340,21 341,12.6-15.6 342,1.8-2.3 343,6-9 344,0.22-0.29 345,1<very abundant,
closely packed> 346,18-21 348,2<mostly>/3<a few> 350,2<but the ends of the
subsidiaries tending to be overlapped by the corners of the
interstomatals> 351,1 352,2 353,1&2 354,1 355,3 356,7 360,2<and in short
rows>/3 362,4 363,4<mostly>/6<a few, over the larger veins> 365,2 367,1
370,1 374,1<the mestome sheath cells very thick-walled> 376,2 377,3 378,1
379,6 389,1 393,3 394,- 395,1<with adaxial lacunae> 396,2<several>
397,1<and lacunae> 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linking with traversing columns
of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1<anchors> 406,2 407,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,52 490,80 491,1<\i{}M. wightiana\i0{}> 492<Indo-China,
Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, also India, Burma and Ceylon> 493,3&5
494,2 496,3 500,1&3 504,11 512,1-2 514,1<in brackish water and tidal river
margins> 535<studied by us> 540<myriosta> 
 
# \i{}Narduroides\i0{} <Rouy>/
1<an extension of \i{}Nardus\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.)>
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7<slender, erect, rigid>,1 9,- 11,- 13,20-40 14,2 38,-
47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1/3<convolute when dry> 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.7 73,2 74,1
75,2 89<unilateral,>,1/4<the pedicels to 0.5 mm long>/5<with few branches
below> 91<rigid, the spikelets appressed, set in depressions in the rachis>
94,- 95,- 98,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,1 122,2 123,2<the pedicels no more than 0.5 mm long>
141,3-7 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,2 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,1 174,2<broadly rounded to emarginate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<with a
prominent midrib> 183,- 187,1-5 189,3-5 191,1 196,2 208,4-6 214,2<papery,
the margins hyaline> 216,2 218,1-2<emarginate to shortly bifid, sometimes
apiculate> 220<when incised,>,2 221,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<to very
slightly so> 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2<shortly 2-fid> 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2
286,1<slightly, to the palea> 287,1<1-1.8 mm long> 291,3 293,- 295,1 298,2
301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,1-2<the cuticle seeming
to undulate with reference to the lateral sinuations, in places forming
low, oblique papillae> 327,2<the costals much smaller and narrower>
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1<quite regular> 331,1<the sinuosity coarse,
associated with conspicuous pitting> 332,2 345,2 351,2<very few> 353,1<a
few pairs seen> 354,1 360,3<mostly in pairs and short rows> 361,1
363,1&2/3<many of these being more or less irregular> 370,2 374,1 393,1
395<fairly>,1<with a large, flat topped adaxial rib and an adaxial strand>
396,1 398,2 399,1/2<? - not apparent in the poor material seen> 401<if
present,>,1/- 403,2 404,2<all the bundles with small abaxial strands, apart
from the midrib with its adaxial strand as well> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14
471,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,1<\i{}N.
salzmannii\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,11 506,1 512,4 535<studied by us> 540<narduroi> 
 
# \i{}Nardus\i0{} <L.>/
1<indirectly from the Greek \i{}nardos\i0{}, the classical name for
Spikenard (\i{}Valerianaceae\i0{}). This came to be applied to other
aromatic plants including grasses (e.g. \i{}Cymbopogon nardus\i0{}), then
by other associations to non-aromatic grasses, and finally by Linnaeus to
several grasses with spicate inflorescences (see Bor 1968)> 4<Type: \i{}N.
stricta\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Natschia\i0{} Bub.> 7<tough, wiry>,2 9,3 11,-
13,10-50 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,1 47,2 50<smooth> 52,1<sharp pointed>
55,2<about 0.5 mm in diameter, 4-30 cm long> 58,1 59<tightly>,3 65,2 66,2
67,1 69,1 70,2<blunt> 71,2 73,2 74,1 84,1<non-pseudogamous>/2 89,1<slender,
one-sided> 91,- 98,2<terminating in a bristle up to 1 cm long> 99,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 123,1
125<loosely to closely>,1 141,5-9<narrow> 144<(the larger) more or less>,1
145,1 147,1 154,2 157,2 160,2 161,2 163,1/2 164,1 165,1/-
167,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} a small scale, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} minute or
absent> 168,1<their rudiments joined with one another and with the
rachis>/- 171,2 176,2 179,- 183,- 187,0 189,0/- 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<linear-lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong> 214,3 216,2<papery> 218,1 219,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,1<1-3 mm long> 240,2
244,2<2-3 keeled> 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,1 259,3 264,2 266,-
272,3 274,2.5-4 275,2 277,1 280,1<assuming the ostensibly single style
represents fusion of two>/- 283,1 287,1 295,1<but linear> 298,2 299,2 301,2
302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3
322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(68-)72-96(-105) 341,6.6-10.5
342,9-15.6 343,(34-)42-52(-54) 344,0.45-0.61 345,2/1 346<when
present,>,25.5-30-33 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1 356,3&9
357<with abundant intercostal macrohairs> 360,3<mostly 1-5, but in a few
places the intervening long-cells are short> 363,3&4&5<intergrading,
sometimes almost cubical> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1
399,2<small, variable in size, in the bases of the furrows> 401,- 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 469,13 470,26-30<the chromosomes fairly large> 471,2
477,1 480,1 487,11 488,7 489,33 490,80 491,1<\i{}N. stricta\i0{}>
492<Europe, western Asia> 493,1&2&5&6&7&8 494,1 495,1&2 497,1&2&4 498,1&2
504,1&10 506,1 507,1 511,1 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<moorland> 522<very
unpalatable to stock> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 536<An isolated
genus of uncertain taxonomic affinities, despite excellent descriptive
data. Primitive numerical taxonomic analyses of Metcalfes leaf blade
anatomical descriptions conducted in 1963 (Watson, unpublished) presented
\i{}Nardus\i0{} with \i{}Lygeum\i0{} as an outlying group, and this has
been a consistent feature of most analyses performed subsequently in course
of developing this data set. They seem closest to Stipeae, but are prime
candidates for comparative DNA studies.> 540<nardus> 
 
# \i{}Narenga\i0{} <Bor>/
3<\i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 7<robust>,2 9,2 13,200-300 14,2 37,1 55,1-2
56,4-30<up to 1 m long> 59,1/2 63,1 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 78,2 89,5
91,2<narrow, dense, woolly> 100,2 101,2 102,2 103,3 107,1 108,1 109,2
111,2<clavate> 113,2 114,1 115,2<at base, ciliolate on the lower margins,
glabrous above> 120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,2-3
145,3 147,3<pedicellate spikelets falling from the pedicels, sessile ones
falling with the adjacent joint and pedicel> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 168,2 171,2<shiny, brown> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<leathery, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} dorsally flattened, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} keeled>
183,2 184,2 185,2 186,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,1/2
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<truncate> 214,1 218,1 219,2 244,2 248,0/1
264,1 269,1<?> 272,3 277,1 291,3 295,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 413,2<1 species> 469,5<?> 470,30
471,6 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,2
492<Indo-Malaysia> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,2&3 504,11 523<intergeneric
hybrids with \i{}Saccharum\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostachya\i0{}> 531,2 533,2 538,4
540<narenga> 
 
# \i{}Nassella\i0{} <Desv.>/
2<\i{}Needle Grasses\i0{}, \i{}Serrated Tussock\i0{}> 3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}
p.p.> 4<Lecto: \i{}N. pungens\i0{} Desv.> 5<\i{}Amelichloa\i0{},
\i{}Anatherostipa\i0{} p.p.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,25-130 14,2 19<sparsely to
amply>,1/2<usually> 23,1 27,1/2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,1/2 52,1 55,2 56,1-4(-5)
58,1<sometimes filiform>/2 59,1/2/3<convolute or involute>/4 65,2 66,2 67,1
69,1 70,1 72,2<?> 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 90,1/2 91,1/2 94,1<at least
sometimes>/2<?> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,(1-)2-22 145,1/2 147,1 154,2 157,1 159,2 160,2-3<0.5-4 mm
long> 161,1/2 163,2 165,1-2 166,3 167,2<exceeding them> 170,- 171,2 174,1
176,1-2<long-acuminate> 177,2<rounded on the back> 179,2<tapering from near
the base, often anthocyanic> 187,3<?> 189,3<?> 191,1 196,2 208,1
211<tightly>,1<the margins much overlapped, concealing the palea>
212,1<above, the gibbous floret characteristic of \i{}Nassella\i0{} sensu
stricto>/2<the floret being symmetrical in most species of
\i{}Nassella\i0{} sensu lato> 213,1<with or without a corona of hairs, and
less conspicuous in the species with reduced awns and gibbous florets>
214,3 215<papillose or tuberculate, at least above> 216,1 218,1-2<depending
on degree of fusion of the lobes, and interpretation of the crown> 221,2
223,3 225,1 226,1<or borne asymmetrically>/- 228,1/3<depending on
interpretation of the crown> 231,2 233,1<scabrid>/2 234,2<?>/3<mostly,
commonly 11 cm or more long> 235,2 236,1<in gibbous-floreted
\i{}Nassella\i0{} sensu stricto>/2 240,1/2 243<when hairless,>,1/2<or
tuberculate> 244,2 246,1<but very convolute> 247,2 248<obscurely>,3<?>
249,1 250,1 251,2-3<consistently less than a third of the lemma length>
254,2 255,1 256,1 257,1<scarious> 258,2 259<consistently>,1 260,1 261,1
264,1 265,2<in material of \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{} seen> 266,2<in material
seen> 268,2<stipoid> 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,1-3 275,1 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 287,1-2<?> 289<ovate or oblong to pyriform> 290,2 291,1/3 295,2
298,1-2 299,1/2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1<the epiblast very long to short,
notched or not> 305,2 306,2 308,1 311,1 312,2 313,2 322,1<e.g. \i{}N.
hyalina\i0{}, \i{}N. filiculmis\i0{}, \i{}N. leucotricha\i0{}>/2<at least,
fairly inconspicuous in \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}> 323,2 327,1-2<the costals
usually smaller> 328,1<e.g. all thick-walled and pitted in \i{}N.
trichotoma\i0{}>/2<very to fairly thin walled with the costals somewhat
thicker, in \i{}N. hyalina\i0{}, \i{}N. filiculmis\i0{}, \i{}N.
leucotricha\i0{}> 330,1 331,1/2<in \i{}N. hyalina\i0{}, and fairly straight
in \i{}N. leucotricha\i0{}> 332,2 345,1<in \i{}N. hyalina\i0{}>/2<scarce in
\i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}, none seen in the other species> 346<in \i{}N.
trichotoma\i0{}>,28.5-30 347,2 348<low to high>,2 351,1 353<mostly>,1
354,1/1-2<\i{}N. leucotricha\i0{}> 355,1-2<\i{}N. leucotricha\i0{}>/3
356,1/2<often, somewhat>/3<and very irregular in \i{}N. leucotricha\i0{}>
357<numerous large, thick walled, mainly costal prickles in \i{}N.
filiculmis\i0{} and \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}, none seen in \i{}N.
leucotricha\i0{}> 360,1<mostly, but pairs also common in \i{}N.
hyalina\i0{}> 361,1 362,1 363,8/5/2-3<panicoid forms conspicuous in all
four species examined, the other forms and cuboids also recorded in \i{}N.
hyalina\i0{}> 364<mostly>,1<\i{}N. hyalina\i0{}>/3<mostly, short, in \i{}N.
filiculmis\i0{} and \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}>/3&4<especially in \i{}N.
leucotricha\i0{}> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1<\i{}N.
filiculmis\i0{}, \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. leucotricha\i0{}>
395,2<except positionally> 396,1 398,2 399,1/2<only \i{}N. filiculmis\i0{}>
401,1<in \i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type groups of small cells, or strong to weak
fans, in the bases of the furrows> 403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<Is
and/or anchors> 406,1<\i{}N. hyalina\i0{}, \i{}N.
leucotricha\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. filiculmis\i0{}, \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}>
407<when present,>,1<represented in \i{}N. filiculmis\i0{} by occasional
cells detached from the feet of the anchors>/2<in \i{}N.
trichotoma\i0{}> 408,1 411,1 415,2 416,1 451,1<\i{}Nassella\i0{} sensu
stricto>/2<mostly> 470,38<\i{}N. trichotoma\i0{}> 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7
489,43 490,80 491<about>,80 492<North and (mainly) South America> 493,5&6&7
494,1&3&6 495,1&3 497,4&5 502,1&5&6 504,2&3&4&5&10 505,2 511,1 512,3-4
513,2 514,2 516<\i{}N. trichotoma\i0{} (in pastures)> 523<hybrids between
\i{}N. viridula\i0{} and \i{}Achnatherum hymenoides\i0{} -
\i{}Stiporyzopsis\i0{} B.L. Johnson & Rogler, \i{}Achnella\i0{}
Barkworth> 524,5 525,2&4&6 527,1&2 529,2 530,14 534<Barkworth 1990>
535<Metcalfe 1960, 2 species; studied by us - \i{}N. pubiflora\i0{} (Trin.
& Rupr.) Desv., \i{}N. trichotoma\i0{} (Nees) Hackel ex Arechav.> 536<This
description is an attempt to portray \i{}Nassella\i0{} sensu lato (cf.
Barkworth 1990), which takes in numerous South American species formerly
assigned to \i{}Stipa\i0{}.> 540<nassella> 
 
# \i{}Nastus\i0{} <Juss.>/
5<\i{}Chloothamnus\i0{} Bse, \i{}Oreiostachys\i0{} Gamble,
\i{}Stemmatospermum\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7<arboresent or scrambling>,2 13,- 14,1
15,2-26 17,1 19,1 21,3<\i{}N. longispicula\i0{}>/4-20<usually many> 23,4
30,1 35<where recorded,>,1/- 36,2/3/4 39,1 40,2 44,- 48,U 55,1/2 56,3-30
63,1 66,1 67,1 69,1-3 72<consistently>,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 87,2<the glumes
all barren> 88,1/2/3 89,4/5<terminating leafy branches> 101,1<the panicles
bracteate>/2 102,2 103,3/5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2/- 123,2/3 126,1/2 129,1 130,1 141,8.5-25 142,7/9/10 145,1 147,2<2-3
of them deciduous with the floret> 154,1/2 156<when present,>,1<with a
rudiment> 162,1 163,3<4-6 barren glumes> 165<increasing in size
acropetally> 167,1 170,- 171,1/2 176<often apiculate, the lower sometimes
with setiform tips> 186,- 187,9-13<in material seen> 189,9-13<in material
seen> 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1 214,2<firmly membranous> 218,1 219,1
223,1/2<?> 240,1/2 248,11-15<in material seen> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,2
256,1 259,4<13-17 in material seen> 260,3/1<when rachilla extension
present> 264,1 265,3<very large> 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 271,1 272,6 275,2
276,2 277,2 278,1<commonly>/2 279,2<expanded, fleshy, sometimes hollow, but
not attenuated into the style> 280,1 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,3 297,- 322,1
323,1 325,1<which are sunken> 326,3<mostly large, around the stomata>
327,2<the costals longer> 328,1 330,1 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1
339,(54-)57-78(-81) 341,8.4-9.6 342,6-9 343,(24-)25.5-39(-40.5)
344,0.43-0.56 345,1<obscured by papillae> 346,24-30(-34.5) 348,- 349,-
351,1/2 353,1/- 354,1/- 356,3/7 357<with large short-pointed, bulbous
intercostal prickles, their bases ringed by pits in the adjoining cells>
358,2 360,1/2/3<but often paired> 363,4&5&6&7<predominantly saddles,
sometimes merging into the others> 365,2 370,2 374,1<the MS sometimes
double> 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1/2 394,1/- 395,1 396,1<large, embedded
in lignified tissue>/3 399,1<these very large, in every intercostal zone>
401,1/1&2 403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<in many bundles> 406,1 477,3
478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,7 492<Malesia, New Guinea> 493,5
494,2 496,2&3 500,3&4 504,9 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}N.
obtusus\i0{} Holttum> 537,2 540<nastus> 
 
# \i{}Neeragrostis\i0{} <Bush>/
3<\i{}Eragrostis\i0{} (\i{}E. reptans\i0{})> 7,1 9,2/4 13,5-15 14,2 44,2
47,2 52,1<acuminate> 55,2 56,1.5-3<1-3 cm long> 59,1 61,1 65,2 69,3
71,0.5-1 73,3 74,2 75,2<on the one plant> 76,2/3 80,1 89,2<in the
male>/5<in the female> 91<very>,2<in the female>/- 92,1<in the female,
subcapitate in the male> 95,1<in the male>/3<in the densely contracted
female panicles> 101,2 102,2 121,1<male>/2<female> 122,1<male>/3<female>
123,2-3 131<male spikelets about 8 mm long, many-floreted, glumes unequal,
lemmas 3 nerved; palea almost as long as lemma, 2-keeled; 2 fleshy
lodicules, 3 stamens 1.5-2.5 mm long> 132,1 133,1 134,2 135<about>,8-15
137<about>,8-12 138,3 141<about>,5-6 145,1 147,1 148,1<the rachilla and
paleas persistent> 154,1 156,1 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 171,2
174,1 176,2 179,2 187,1 189,1-2 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208<about>,8-12 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1<acuminate> 223,1
240<often>,1<sparsely villous> 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,2<about half as long
as the lemma> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,0 277,1 280<basally>,1<forming a persistent beak on the
fruit> 283,2<conspicuously emergent at anthesis> 287,1<0.8-0.9 mm long>
289,4 291,1 295,1 297,3 298,1<0.3-0.4 mm long> 299,1 301,2 304,1 322,1
323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,3 336,3 339,90-250 340,130-230
342,10-15 343,15-25 344<about>,0.1-0.2 345,1 351,1 352,2 353,1 354,1 355,3
356,3/9 360,3 362,4 363,8 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,1-2
394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401<seemingly exclusively>,1 403,2 406,1
409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,1-3 492<southern U.S.A.,
Mexico to Surinam> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1&3 502,1 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<river banks, sandy and open ground> 534<Nicora 1962> 535<Nicora 1962>
536<very distinct from typical \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}, judging from Nicoras
thorough description; but the distinction is blurred by (e.g.) \i{}E.
hypnoides\i0{} (Lam.) B.S.P. and especially by \i{}E. contrerasii\i0{}
Pohl, which is also dioecious with creeping habit> 540<neeragro> 
 
# \i{}Neesiochloa\i0{} <Pilger>/
7,1 9,3 13,26 14,2 19,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,0.5-2<?-to 2 mm wide, the
margins cartilaginous, with tubercular hairs marginally and abaxially> 58,2
59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 88,2 89<very sparse,>,4<with long,
capillary pedicels>/5<the lower branches sometimes branched again> 91,1
94,- 96,- 99,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 123,3<the long pedicels glandular> 141,5-9<red tinged, reminiscent of
\i{}Briza\i0{}, but not pendulous> 142,4 144,- 145,1<but plump> 147,1 148,2
149,1 154,1 155<very>,1 156,1 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,2 168,2 170,-
171,2 172,1 173,- 174,1 176,1<attenuate into short awns> 177,1 179,2<thinly
membranous, ovate acuminate> 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,4-8 210<fan-shaped, very broad above - much broader than
long> 214,2<membranous> 215,- 216,2 218,2 221,2<emarginate> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,2-3 235,1 240,1<along the
nerves> 244,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<bent sharply inwards over the pistil,
with hair tufts at the elbows> 255,1 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268<small, rather thin (not the usual cuneate
type)> 269,2 272,3 273,1<fairly long> 274<very short> 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 290,1 291,1 293,- 295,1 297,1
298,1 299<slightly>,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals longer and narrower>
328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2
339,(30-)31.5-36(-39) 341,(12.6-)14.4-15 342,2-2.7 343,(9-)9.6-10.5(-12)
344,0.27-0.36 345,1 346,24-30 348<mostly>,2 350,2 351,1<fairly>
353,2<solitary> 354,2 357<cushion-based macrohairs present> 360,1<the
short-cells rather long in some files> 363,4<predominating, save over the
midrib and blade margins>/3<common over some veins>/7<a few>/8
364<including a few short>,3/1 365,2 370,1 374,1 378,2 385,1 393,3 394,-
395,2 396,1 399,1 401,2 403,2 404,1<with all bundles> 405,1<all the large
bundles anchor-shaped> 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,55
491,1<\i{}N. barbata\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11 512,3 513,2
515<disturbed ground> 535<studied by us> 540<neesioch> 
 
# \i{}Nematopoa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}nema\i0{} (thread), referring to the filiform
inflorescence branches> 4<Type: \i{}N. longipes\i0{} (Stent & C.E.Hubbard)
C.E. Hubbard> 5<\i{}Triraphis longipes\i0{}, \i{}Crinipes longipes\i0{}>
7,2 9<loosely>,3 14,2 19,2 42,1 47,2 55,2 58,1<filiform> 65,2 69,3 73,2
74,1 75,2 78,- 89,5 91,1<ovate, oblong> 94,1 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,2<scabridulous> 156,1 157,1<densely bearded> 160,2 163,2 165,1
166,1 167,1<small> 170,- 176,2 179,2<thinly membranous, hyaline,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} narrowly lanceolate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader>
187,0/1 189,0/1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-7 214,2-3<membranous> 216,2
218,2 220,2<shortly and narrowly bilobed, the lobes commonly mucronulate>
221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 232,3<very thin> 240,1
244,2<convex> 248,3<the laterals near the margins> 250,1<narrowly oblong>
251,1 255,1<obtuse> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1<minute> 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 289<broadly>,2 291,3 295,1
298,1 299,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,34-50 341,5.5-9
342,5.2-6.9 343,16-30 344,0.45-0.6 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1<but
the files frequently interrupted by large prickles> 363,8/7<mostly panicoid
type, but a few vertically elongated crosses> 364<nearly all>,1 365,2 371,U
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,5 483,3<?> 487,3 488,7 489,32
490,80 491,1<\i{}N. longipes\i0{}> 492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3<in moist places> 534<Hubbard 1957> 535<studied by
us - \i{}N. longipes\i0{} (Stapf & C.E. Hubb.) C.E. Hubb.> 538,2
540<nematopo> 
 
# \i{}Neobouteloua\i0{} <Gould>/
7,2 9,1&4 13,12-40 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths longer
than the internodes> 52,2-3 55,2 56<to>,2.5 59,1<rigid, pungent-tipped>
61,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,2-3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2<except perhaps for
depauperate spikelets at the inflorescence tip> 78,- 89,2 91<fairly>,1
96,12-20<or more> 97,3<irregularly disposed around the axis on four sides,
by contrast with \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 98,1 99<triquetrous, ridged> 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,1 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1 141,2
144,2 145,1<but the individual florets dorsally compressed> 147,1 148,-
149<the rachilla somewhat elongated beneath the crown of sterile florets>
154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,1 167,1<somewhat> 170,1 171,2 172,1
174,1 176,2<but G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} mucronate> 177,1 179,1<both hyaline,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} pointed, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate> 187,1 189,1
191,2 192,2 193,3-5 194,2<clustered at rachilla tip, reduced to their
lemmas, these each deeply incised into three long, divergent, equal awns
and the awns of all the lemmas forming a crown> 196,2 208,1 214,3<thinly
membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,3<the lobes attenuate into the awns> 221,1
223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,1<curved back> 228,3 229,- 231,1 232,2
233,1<scabrid> 234,2 235,1 237,1<upright> 240,1<on the back and along
lateral nerves> 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1<spathulate>
256,1<glabrous> 257,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,2 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268<tiny and delicate> 269,2 271,2 272,3 274<very short> 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<to about 1.5 mm long> 289,4 291,4
295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1<the intercostal regions sunken> 323,1 324,1&2
325,1<slightly, at one end, sometimes>/2 326,1<involving
interstomatals>/2<elsewhere, these small, circular, usually displaced
towards on end of the cell> 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,24-27(-30) 340,12 341,9-10.5-12 342,2.3-2.9 343,7.5-9(-12)
344,0.28-0.38 345,1 346,19.5-21-22.5 348,2&3 350,1<slightly>
351,2<apparently> 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 358,- 360,1<but the short-cells
quite long in some files> 362,4 363<almost exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2<with a small bundle on
either side of the large median> 397,1 399,1<the groups not very
conspicuous> 400,1 401<seemingly exclusively>,1 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<all the bundles> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,80 491,2<\i{}N. lophostachya\i0{}, \i{}N. pauciracemosa\i0{}>
492<Argentina> 493,7 494,3 502,5 504,11 513,2 515<dry plains and hillsides>
535<studied by us - \i{}N. lophostachya\i0{} (Griseb.) Gould> 540<neoboute>
 
# \i{}Neohouzeaua\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Shizostachyum\i0{}> 7,2<large bushes> 14,1 17,1/2 19,1
21,1/4-10/11-20 23,1<\i{}N. coradata\i0{}>/4 30,1 31<at least
sometimes>,1/- 33,1/2 34<commonly>,1/- 35,1 36,2/3 39,1 44,2 48,U 63,1
66<demarcated but>,2 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,2 87,1<presumably?>
89,5<dense, oblong> 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3
142,7/10/13<usually> 144,- 148,- 154,1<?> 162,1 163<3-4> 170,-
176,2<mucronate> 179,2 196,1/2<? - according to interpretation> 208,1
210<twisted> 214,2 216,2 223,2-3<or almost awned> 250,1 252,1/2 264,2<or
very small> 272,6 273,2 278,1 279,1 280,1<into one prolonged style> 283,3
290,U 294,U 296,2 297,1<the fruit a nut> 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U
371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4
488,3 489,9 490,45 491,4 492<Southeast Asia> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11
536<description very inadequate> 537,2 538,4 540<neohouze> 
 
# \i{}Neomicrocalamus\i0{} <Keng f.>/
3<\i{}Microcalamus\i0{} Gamble, \i{}Racemobambos\i0{}> 7,2 9,1&3
13,500-1000 14,1 15,5-18 16,1 17,1/2<then erect or leaning> 19,1
21,4-30<the central dominant> 23,4 30,1 31,1 35,1-2 36<when well
developed,>,1 37,1-2 38,1 39<short- or elongated->,1 52,3/6 55,1
56<5-10/12-26 cm long,>,8-15/18-30 63,1 65,1/2 69,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1<the
prophylls and glumes not subtending buds> 87,2<but sometimes with few
sterile spikelets> 88,2-3 89,2/5/- 101,1 102,1/2 140,2 141,18-35 142,10/13
145,1-2 147,1/4<in \i{}N. setiger\i0{}> 148<in \i{}N. prainii\i0{},>,2
154<at least in \i{}N. praini\i0{}i,>,1 156,1 162,1/2<sometimes, in
terminal spikelets> 163,1/2-3 166,1 174,1 176<muticous or mucronate,>,2
177<the lower>,1/2 179<persistent, membranous or chartaceous,>,1-2 189,3-5
191<at least in \i{}N. prainii\i0{},>,2/1<?> 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,1<\i{}N. setiger\i0{}>/3-6<\i{}N. prainii\i0{}> 210<ovate> 211,1<in
\i{}N. setiger\i0{}>/2 214<membranous to chartaceous,>,1-2 215,1 216,2
218,1 219,1<acute> 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 248<in \i{}N.
prainii\i0{},>,9-11 250,1 251,1<about as long as the lemma> 252,1<in \i{}N.
setiger\i0{}>/2 260,1<in \i{}N. prainii\i0{}>/3 264,1 265,3/5<in \i{}N.
setiger\i0{}> 266,1/- 268,2 269,1/2 272,6<\i{}N. prainii\i0{}>/26-32<\i{}N.
setiger\i0{}> 276,1<\i{}N. prainii\i0{}>/2<?> 277,2<\i{}N.
prainii\i0{}>/1<?> 278,1 279,1<\i{}N. setiger\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. prainii\i0{}>
283,3<\i{}N. prainii\i0{}>/5<\i{}N. setiger\i0{}> 290,1/2 296,1/3<\i{}N.
setiger\i0{}> 324,U 344,U 348,U 349,U 353,U 354,U 357,U 360,U 366,U 382,U
383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U 397,U 477,8 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,62 491<supposedly>,5<but only two described from flowering
material> 492<Bhutan, SW China, NE India, Vietnam> 493,3 494,1&2
534<Clayton et al. (2016), GrassBase; De-Zhu Li & Stapleton, FOC> 536<the
available descriptions hopelessly inadequate> 538,4 540<neomicro> 
 
# \i{}Neostapfia\i0{} <Davy>/
1<named for botanist and distinguished agrostologist, O. Stapf>
5<\i{}Davyella\i0{} Hack., \i{}Stapfia\i0{} Davy> 7<viscid>,1 9<culms
ascendng from the decumbent base> 13,7-30 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 43,1
44,2 45,2 46,1<seemingly, in material seen> 47,2 55,1-2 56,5-12<not
distinctly separated from the sheaths, 5-10 cm long, the leaves about 12 mm
wide in middle> 61,2 62,1 63,2 65,2 66,2 68,2 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,1<interpreting the terminal inflorescence bracts as abortivente
spikelets> 76,1&4 89,4<dense, spicate, the spikelets spiralled> 91,2
92<soft, dense, 3-7 cm long> 94,- 96,- 98,2<the upper part of the
inflorescence axis with linear-lanceolate, empty bracts instead of
spikelets> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123<shortly>,3<the pedicels persistent> 140,2<not only lacking glumes, but
having the lemmas spiralled on the rachilla> 141,6-7 145,3 147<falling from
their pedicels, above the glume vestiges> 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2
162,2 191,2 192,2<the rachilla ending in an incomplete floret> 194,1 196,2
208,2-5 209,1 210<flabellate, broad, fringed> 214,- 216,2<thinly
membranous> 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,9-15 250,1<narrower
than the lemma> 251,1<somewhat shorter than the lemma> 255,2 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2
271,2 272,3<the filaments short and thick> 274<long> 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 290,U 291,1 294,U 295,1<large> 296<with a thick, viscid
pericarp, obscuring the embryo> 297,U 298,1<but obscured> 304,1 305,1 306,1
307,1 308,1 322,2<and no short-cell/ long-cell organisation> 323,2 327,-
328,- 329,3 330,- 331<epidermal walls straight> 332,1 333,1 334,2
335,2<button-mushroom type, cf. \i{}Orcuttia\i0{}> 336,3 340,6-9 342,3.1
344,0.48 345,1 346,(21-)22.5-24 348<tall>,2<but the guard-cells are not
typically poaceous> 350,1 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 357<with crozier
macrohairs, plus large capitate multicellular glands, especially at the
blade margins> 359,2 360<lacking> 361,3 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 385,1
393,2-3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<and in irregular groups>
403,1<in fact, all the bundles lack sclerenchyma accompaniment> 404,2 406,-
410,3 464,- 469,10 470,40 471,4 477,6 484,2 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,51
491,1<\i{}N. colusana\i0{}> 492<southwestern U.S.A.> 493,6 494,1 495,1
497,4 504,11 507,2 512,2 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 535<Metcalfe 1960, and
studied by us> 537,2 540<n_fia> 
 
# \i{}Neostapfiella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<\i{}Neostapfiella\i0{}: presumably a diminutive of \i{}Neostapfia\i0{} (a
more remarkable grass genus, q.v.)> 7,1 9,2 13,15-30 14,2 19,2 27,2 44,1
47,2 50<the sheaths flattened> 55,2 56,3-4 61,1 63,1 65,2 69,2 73,2 74,1
89,2 95,1 96,2-4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 123,2 141,4.5-5.5 142,5 144,2 145,1 147,1 154,1<when the
L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} has an incomplete floret>/2 156<when present,>,1
157,1 161,1<oblong to linear> 163,2 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 174,1 176,2
177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,2<usually>/1<the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} being sometimes male or sterile>
214,3<leathery> 216,1 218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2
229,1 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 240,1<pubescent on the back, ciliate near
the margins> 244,1 248<prominently>,3<the outer nerves not flanked by
wings> 250,1 251,1 256,1 289<lanceolate> 290,U 291,4 294,U 297,3 322,1
323,1<in \i{}N. humbertiana\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. perrieri\i0{}> 324<in \i{}N.
humbertiana\i0{},>,1&2<but much more conspicuous intercostally> 325,1<at
one end, at least in places> 326,3<small, circular and thick walled, or
larger and oblique at the ends of interstomatals> 327,1-2<the costals
mostly narrower> 328,1<of medium thickness> 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2
334,2 335,2 336,3 340,6-7 342,1.6 344,0.6 345,1 347,2 348<mostly more or
less>,3<in \i{}N. perrieri\i0{}>/2&3<\i{}N. humbertiana\i0{}> 350,2
351,1<inconspicuous in \i{}N. humbertiana\i0{}> 352,2 353,1
354,1<\i{}N.perrieri\i0{}>/2<? \i{}N. humbertiana\i0{}> 355,2/3 356,1&3<or
more or less misshapen, mostly very small> 357<no prickles or macrohairs
seen> 360,1 361,1 362,4 363<very consistently>,4 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,2<judging from poorly preserved material of \i{}N.
perrieri\i0{}>/1<judging from poorly preserved material of \i{}N.
humbertiana\i0{}> 376,2 377,3 378,2 393,1/3<more or less, in \i{}N.
humbertiana\i0{}> 394,1 395,1<by the large, rounded abaxial keel, an
adaxial bulliform group and conspicuous hinges> 396,1 397,1<\i{}N.
perrieri\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. humbertiana\i0{}> 398,2 399,1/2<the groups, if
present, small and indistinct in the material seen> 400,1
401<seemingly>,1<only> 403,1/2 404,1 405,1<heavy Is with the large bundles
in \i{}N. perrieri\i0{}, light ones in \i{}N. humbertiana\i0{}> 406,1 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,52 490,80 491,3 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2
504,11 512,2/3 514,1/2 515<savanna> 535<studied by us - \i{}N.
humbertiana\i0{} A. Camus, \i{}N. perrieri\i0{} A. Camus> 537,2
540<n_fiella> 
 
# \i{}Nephelochloa\i0{} <Boiss.>/
7,1 9,- 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,3-4 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5<with
many slender branches at each node> 91,1<the basal branchlets sterile>
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,3-3.3 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1<beneath the spikelets> 157,1
163,2 165,1-2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 183,-
187,1 189,3 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,2-5 214,2-3<membranous> 216,2 218,2
220,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<from a deep notch> 229,-
231,1<fine> 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1<0.8 mm long> 293,- 295,1 298,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1
323,2 328,2<costals somewhat thicker-walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1
346,24-30-32 348,1/2<low> 350<slightly>,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3<but often
adjoining prickles> 363,1<mostly>/3<a few>/5<a few> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,2 393,1 394,1<large, round-topped> 395,2 396,1 399,2 403,2
404,2<adaxial and abaxial strands only, or adaxial strands and abaxial
girders> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,1<\i{}N. orientalis\i0{}> 492<western Asia> 493,1&3 494,1 495,1&2 497,3
498,3 504,11 513,2 515<dry places> 535<studied by us> 540<nepheloc> 
 
# \i{}Neurachne\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}neuron\i0{} (nerve) and \i{}achne\i0{} (scale),
alluding to the many-nerved glumes> 4<Type: \i{}N. alopecuroidea\i0{}
R.Br.> 7,2 9,3<from short rhizomes> 11,- 13,15-50 14,2 27,1/2 32,3 37,1
38,- 42,1&2<the primary shoots extravaginal, each terminating in a tuft of
intravaginal culm shoots> 44,1 47,2 52,1<to very narrowly so> 55,2
56,0.9-3.5 59,1/3 61,2 62,3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4<the lowermost being reduced> 89,1<almost, in \i{}N.
munroi\i0{}>/4<spike-like, or even capitate to ovoid in \i{}N.
alopecuroidea\i0{} and \i{}N. minor\i0{}> 91,2 92,1/2/3 94,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,3<spiralled>
123,1<or almost so>/2/3<the pedicels short> 124,1/3/4 126,- 131<several of
the lowermost spikelets generally much reduced, closer together and more
persistent> 141,5-13<erect> 142,9 144,1 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1 159,1<very
conspicuous, long> 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding them> 170,1 171,1<especially
marginally> 174,1<acuminate> 176,1/2 179,1-2<both rigidly membranous,
ovate-acuminate to lanceolate-subulate and becoming hardened towards the
base, the lower ciliate or not, the upper with a dense narrow sub-marginal
beard of long white hairs on each side below> 187,3-7 189,7-13 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<except occasionally in \i{}N. alopecuroidea\i0{}>
201,1 203,2 204,5-7 205,2 206,2-3 207,2 208,1 214,1<membranous to hyaline,
in \i{}N. munroi\i0{} smaller and flimsier than the palea> 215,1
216,2<hyaline or membranous> 217,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,0-5
250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2<but three styles, one usually
reduced but forming an appendage on the grain> 284,1/2 287,1 291,4 295,1
298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,2 311,1 312,1 313,3 322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1<or
at least, not fusiform> 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1
339,(39-)45-68(-69) 340,21 341,(6-)7.2-12(-15) 342,4.6-9.1/11<\i{}N.
tenuifolia\i0{}> 343,(15-)22-33(-34.5) 344,0.36-0.61 345,1
346,27-42/21-27<\i{}N. tenuifolia\i0{}> 348,2&3 350,2<a few slightly
overlapped in \i{}N. alopecuroidea\i0{}> 351,1 352,2 353,1 354,1/2 355,1
357<often with cushion-based macrohairs and/or prickles> 358,1<or having
structures strongly reminiscent of them>/2 360,1<\i{}N. alopecuroidea, N.
lanigera\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. munroi, N. tenuifolia\i0{}> 362,4
363,8<usually>/3<the common form in \i{}N. tenuifolia\i0{}, scarce in the
other species> 365,2 367,1 370,1<\i{}N. munroi\i0{}, which has an extra
sheath, cf. \i{}Alloteropsis\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. annularis\i0{}, \i{}N.
alopecuroidea\i0{}, \i{}N. lanigera\i0{}, \i{}N. queenslandica\i0{}, \i{}N.
tenuifolia\i0{}; \i{}N. minor\i0{} is a
C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} intermediate> 371<when
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}>,2 372<when C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}>,2 373<when
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{},>,3<\i{}N. munroi\i0{}> 374,1<\i{}N. annularis\i0{},
\i{}N. alopecuroidea, N. tenuifolia, N. lanigera, N.
queenslandica\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. munroi\i0{}> 375<in \i{}N. munroi\i0{}>,1-2
378,1 379,4 380,1 382,1 383,1 384<of the C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}
species>,1<\i{}lanigera\i0{}?>/2 385,1/2<\i{}N. tenuifolia\i0{}> 387,1<e.g.
\i{}N. lanigera\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}N. alopecuroidea\i0{}> 393,2<the abaxial
ribs more prominent> 394,1/- 395,2 396,1 399,1<sometimes associated
with/comprising hair cushions> 400,1 401,1/1&2 403,1<\i{}N.
tenuifolia\i0{}>/2 404,1<\i{}N. tenuifolia\i0{}>/2 405,1<\i{}N.
tenuifolia\i0{}>/2 406,1<apart from strong marginal fibre groups> 409,1
414<of \i{}N. munroi\i0{}>,4.06-4.97 469,9 470,18&36&54<rarely 37, 53>
471,2&4&6<and some aneuploids> 477,7 478,5 485,3 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,49
491,6 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8 512,4 513,2 514,2
515<heath, sandstone, light woodland and scrub> 531,2 533,5 534<Blake
1972b> 535<for leaf anatomy and photosynthetic pathways, see Hattersley
\i{}et al.\i0{} 1982, Hattersley and Roksandic 1983, studied by us - \i{}N.
alopecuroidea\i0{} R. Br., \i{}N. lanigera\i0{} S.T. Blake, \i{}N.
minor\i0{} S.T. Blake, \i{}N. munroi\i0{} (F. Muell.) F. Muell., \i{}N.
queenslandica\i0{} S.T. Blake, \i{}N. tenuifolia\i0{} Blake> 540<neurachn> 
 
# \i{}Neurolepis\i0{} <Meissner>/
3<\i{}Chusquea\i0{}> 5<\i{}Planotia\i0{} Munro, \i{}Platonia\i0{} Kunth>
7<grasslike>,2 9,3 11,2 13,100-550 14,1-2 15,0.4-2.6 19,2 27,2 37,2
38,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}N. aristata\i0{}> 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,U 52,1
55,1/2<typically coarse, grass-like> 56<sometimes very large: up to 30 cm
wide and 5 m long in \i{}N. elata\i0{}> 63,1/2 65,1/2 66,1/2 69,2<and
sometimes double, with the usual short membrane backed by a larger one>
72,1 73,2 74,1 89,5<each terminating an unbranched culm> 91,1/2<elongated,
broadly to narrowly paniculate, with a strong rachis> 98,1/2 101,2 102,2
103,3-4 108,2 120,1 121,1-2<commonly only one order of the
branches...showing secund orientation> 123,3 145,2 147,1 148,1/2 154,2
155,2 157,2 158,- 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,1 171,2 174,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2-3 201,2 203,2 205,2 206,2 208,1 218,1 219,2
223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3-7 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,3
266,1<the posterior smaller> 267,2 268,2 269,1-2 270,2 272,3-6 275,2 276,2
277,1 278,2 280,1 283,2 286,2 287,1 295,2 298,2<basal, clearly to weakly
manifest> 323,1 325,1/2 326,3 327,1 332,1 335,1 339,42-66(-70)
343,16-21<\i{}N. aristata\i0{}>/10-40<\i{}N. nobilis\i0{}> 344,0.3<\i{}N.
aristata\i0{}>/0.46<\i{}N. nobilis\i0{}> 345,1 348<low to high>,2
351,2<rarely> 360,2<and solitary> 363,3/5<sometimes tall-narrow-crenate>/6
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 395,2 396,3<sometimes obscure>
399,1 401,2 403,2 404,1 405,1 442,- 469,12 470,48 471,4 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,22 491,9 492<South America (Venezuela to Peru),
Trinidad> 493,7 494,3 502,2&6 504,11 534<Soderstrom 1969> 535<Metcalfe
1960> 540<neurolep> 
 
# \i{}Neyraudia\i0{} <Hook.f.>/
1<\i{}Neyraudia\i0{} - an anagram of \i{}Reynaudia\i0{} (q.v.)> 7,2
8,1<resembling \i{}Arundo\i0{} and \i{}Phragmites\i0{} in aspect> 9<forming
loose tufts> 13,75-500 14,1 19,1 27,2 37,1 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,2 55,1
56,15-40<often splitting longitudinally> 61,1 65,2 66,1 69,3<long> 70,-
72,1 73,2 74,1 89,5<large, plumose> 91,1 94,1 95,3<the branches more or
less verticillate> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3<with thin pedicels> 141,5-9 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,2<somewhat below the lemmas> 150,- 154,1 155,1<but glabrous except
above the abscission zone of each floret, the conspicuous hair tuft being
on the callus> 156,1 157,1 159,1<long> 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,-
171,2 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2 182,- 187,1-3 189,1-3
191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2<acuminate, larger than but
similar to the glumes> 204,3 205,1 206,2 207,2 208,3-8 214,2<membranous>
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<setaceously bidentate> 223,3<the distal florets
with longer awns> 225,1/3 226,1/2<in that the lateral nerves may be
excurrent into very short awns> 227<the median>,2<when laterals present>
228,1 229,- 231,1 232,2 233,1 234,1-2 237<when present,>,1 240,1<bearded
marginally and on the lateral nerves> 244,2<dorsally rounded>
246,1<hyaline> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1<1.5-2 mm long> 289,1 291<subteretete to angular> 293,-
294,U 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals narrower and relatively longer> 328,1 330,1 331<and pitted> 332,2
345,1 346,18-21-22.5 348<high>,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1<and a
few solitary> 354,1 355,3 356,2&7&8 360,1<but many of the short-cells quite
long> 362,4 363,3&4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 393,1 394,1
395,2<its bundle somewhat larger> 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1&2 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1 406,2 407,1 408,1<in small abaxial
groups, opposite the bulliforms> 409,1 421,- 442,- 469,10<?> 470,40 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,47 490,80 491,2 492<tropical Africa, Madagascar,
China, Indomalayan region> 493,3&4&5 494,2 496,1&2&3 499,2 500,1&2&3 504,11
508,2&3 512,2-3 524,5 525,4 529,4 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us - \i{}N.
arundinacea\i0{} (L.) Henr., \i{}N. neyraudiana\i0{} (Kunth) Keng>
540<neyraudi> 
 
# \i{}Nianhochloa\i0{} <H.N. Nguyen & V.T. Tran>/
4<\i{}N. bidoupensis\i0{} H.N. Nguyen & V.T. Tran> 7,2 9<probably>,3 11,2
13<300-800> 14,1 15,3-4 16,1 17<scrambling or>,1<?> 19,1 21<derived from a
single bud,>,3-4<the branches subequal to the internode> 22,3<with subequal
branches> 23,4 27<slightly swollen> 30,1 31,1 35,1 36,4 37<20-22 cm
long,>,2 39<short,>,1 44,2 47,2 48,- 52<oblong->,5 55,1 56<14-16 cm
long,>,25-28 57,3<broadly rounded> 63,1 64<with 10-12 secondary veins> 66,1
69,2 71,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1 102<(synflorescence) bractiferous,
clustered at the nodes, in untidy tufts, lax, with axillary buds at the
bases of the spikelets, prophyllate below lateral spikelets, leafless
between clusters> 140,2 141,10-20 142,9 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1<internodes
2-3 mm long, glabrous> 154,1 163,1-3<1, 2 or 3 empty glumes, preceded by
one or two gemmiferous bracts> 166,1 171<(at least the the
upper)>,1<pilose>/- 174<(the upper)>,1<acuminate and mucronate>/-
179<thinner than the fertile lemma,>,2 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,(1-)2(-3) 210<ovate> 211,2 214,3 218<7-9 mm long,>,1 219,1/2<?> 223,2
240,2 243,1 244,2 248,9-10 250,1 251,1<as long as the lemma> 257<hyaline>,1
258,2 259,4<9-10> 260,3 261,1 264,1<2-3 mm long> 265,3 266,1 268<basaly
fleshy and protruding, apically transparent and>,2 269<protruding,>,2 272,6
273,1 274,4-5 277<densely>,2 278,2<cf. Nguyen & Tran illustration>
280<short> 283<plumose,>,3 287,2<5 mm long> 289,4<apically rostrate> 290,U
291,2/3<compressed on one side> 298,1 325,U 345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U
361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U
477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,1<\i{}N. bidoupensis\i0{}> 492<Bidoup
Mountain, S. Vietnam> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 534<Bguyen, H.N. and Tran,
V.T. (2012): Adansonia 34, 257-264; Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase> 538,4
540<nianhoch> 
 
# \i{}Nicoraepoa\i0{} <Soreng & L. J. Gillespie>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{} subgen. Andinae Nicora> 4<\i{}Nicoraepoa andina\i0{} (Trin.)
Soreng & L. J. Gillespie> 7,2 9<stoutly short- to long->,1<with basal
leaves having sheaths becoming coarsely fibrous in age, smooth or sparsely
scabrous between veins> 14,2 42,1&2 49,1<to about a quarter of the sheath
length>/2<open almost to the base> 52<pungent> 55,1-2 56,2-15 59<usually
glabrous, rarely hispidulous>,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 69<firmly membranous to
chartaceous,>,1-2 70,1/2<sometimes longer at the sides> 71,0.2-3
73,1/2/3<dioecious, gynodioecious or monoecious> 74,1/2 75,1/2 76<on
individual plants>,1/2/3/4 89,5 91,1/2 99<smooth or scabrous,>,4 101,2
102,2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels glabrous, scabrous or rarely hispidulous>
133,1 134,2 135,2-5<?> 136,1-3 138,3 145,1 147,1 148,2
154<presumably>,1<?!> 156,1/2<?!> 157,1<with a crown of 0.2-3 mm long
hairs>/2 161,2 163,2 165,2<subequal> 166,1 167,2<subequal to them> 171,2
172,1/2<on the keels> 176,2 177,1 179<chartaceous or apically scarious,>,2
181,2 187,1/3 189,1/3 191<of defferent plants,>,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,2-5 215<scabrous or>,1/- 216,2 218,1 219<apically symmetrical and not
twisted,>,1 223,1/2-3 225<if present,>,1 226,1<slender, erect, briefly
divergent or weakly sinuous, scabrid, 0.2-3(5) mm long, from the keel vein>
228,3 231,1 233,1 234,1-2 235,1 238,2 240,1-2<glabrous or with stiff hairs
to 1 mm on the keel and sometimes on the marginal veins at the base>
243,1/2 244,1 248<"weakly"> 250,1 251,1 256,1 260,3 263,1-3 264,1 265,2
266,2 268,2 270<shortly>,1-2 272<in female-fertile florets,>,3<or three 1-3
mm long staminodes in female flowers> 274,2-3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 284,1
289,2 290,1 291<sub->,4 292<firm or sometimes softish,>,1 295,1<1/5-1/3 the
grain in length> 302,1 370<presumably>,2 389,U 393,1<"with blocky
flat-topped or broadly rounded costal ridges"> 399,1<in all the grooves,
unlike the situation supposed usual in \i{}Poa\i0{} s. str., where they
occur only alongside the midrib> 404,1 405,1 477,8 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,61 491,6<N. andina, \i{}N. chonotica\i0{}, \i{}N. erinacea\i0{}, \i{}N.
pugioni-folia\i0{}, \i{}N. robusta\i0{}, \i{}N. subnervis\i0{}>
492<Argentina, Chile, and south through Patagonia to coastal and interior
Tierra del Fuego, Isla de Estados and Falkland/Malvinas Islands> 493,7
494,3 512,1-2 514,1-2 515<in permanent or seasonally wet ground, or shallow
water, in fresh water or frequently in subsaline, saline, or mineralized
soils of coastal sands and estuaries, springs, bogs, marshes, springy
meadows, wet rocks, and riparian meadows, from sea level to over 3200 m.>
538,4<but the Soreng & Gillespie (2007) description offers nothing to
suggest that the usual implicit values should not stand> 540<nicoraep> 
 
# \i{}Notochlo\i0{} <Domin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}notos\i0{} (south) and \i{}chloe\i0{} (grass),
referring to its habitat in the southern hemisphere> 4<Type: \i{}N.
microdon\i0{} (Benth.) Domin> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-50 14,2 19,2 25,3 26,1
27,2 38,- 42,1 44,1 47,2 52,2 55,2 56,2-3 59,1/3<inrolled> 65,2 66,2 69,4
70,- 71,0.1-1 73,2 74,1 85,2 88,2<5-10> 89,5<short> 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,18-21 142,2
143<green> 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1/2 156<(when present)>,1 157,1
158,2 159,1 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167<(the longer)>,1 170,-
171,2 172,1 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 187,3 189,5 191,1/2 192,2 196,2
208,7-14 214,2<thinly leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,3 221,2<shortly 3-toothed>
223,2<the teeth with minute terminal mucros> 240,2 243,1 244,2 248,5-7<and
ridged> 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1 262,2 263,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1<sparse>/2 271,2 272,3 274,2.8-3.5 277,1
280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2 285,3 286,2 287,1 288<golden-brown> 289<narrowly
obovate> 291,2 292,1 294,2 295,2 296,1 297,3 298,2<exactly one-third of
caryopsis length> 299,1 322,1-2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(75-)78-99(-111) 341,(15-)20.4-21.6(-24) 342,3.75-5.1
343,(34.5-)36-42(-60) 344,0.42-0.54 345,2 346,38.4-43 348,1 350,2 351,1
353,2<solitary> 354,2 360,3 363,5<a few>/6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,2 394,2 395,1<by virtue of large hinge groups> 396,1 399,1 401,1<in
addition to the large hinges> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,5 483,3 487,6
488,7 489,19 490,80 491,1<\i{}N. microdon\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5
503,1 504,2 509,2 512,2 514,2<upland swamps> 535<studied by us>
540<notochlo> 
 
# \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} <Zotov>/
1<from the Greek \i{}notos\i0{} (south), thus the southern Danthonias>
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato; \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}N.
unarede\i0{} (Raoul) Zotov> 6<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,1 13,20-80
14,2 16,1 19,2 25,2-7 26,1 27,2 37,1 42,1/2 44,1 47,2 48,2 49,2 52,2 54,3
55,2 56,0.3-2 59,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 76,1 85,2 88,3
89,5 91,1 92,4 101,2 102,2 106,1 120,1 121,2 123,3 140,1 142,5 143<green>
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 158,1 159,1 160,2/3<more or
less equalling the rhachilla> 161,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,-
171,2 172,2<along veins, especially midrib> 174,1 175,2 176,2 177,1 179,2
181,3 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-7 214,2 215,1
216,2 217,1 218,2 220,2<tapering into slender setae> 221,1 223,3 225,1/3
226,1<if solitary>/2<if three> 228,1 231,2<while the lateral are
non-geniculate> 233,1 234,3 235,2 236,2 238,1 239,1 240,1 241,2<the upper
margin of the indumentum with much longer hairs than on the body, which is
generally shortly felted with hairs> 244,2 247,2 248,9 249,1 250,1 251,1
252,2 255,1/2 256,1 257,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1/2/3 262,2 263,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 271,2 272,3 274,0.5-1.5 277,1 280,2 281,3
282,2 283,2 284,1 285,3 286,2 287,1 288<golden-brown> 289<obovate> 291,2
292,1 294,2 295,1<less than 1/3 of caryopsis length> 296,1 297,3 298,1
299,1 370,2 374,1 469,6 470,24 471,2/4 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19
490,80 491,5 492<Australia and New Zealand> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,1/2/3/4
511,2 512,3 513,1<light shade> 514,2 534<\i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} as
re-circumscribed by H.P. Linder, who provided this morphological
description (1997).> 535<studied by us - \i{}N. alpicola\i0{}, \i{}N.
caespitosa\i0{}, \i{}N. carphoides\i0{}, \i{}N. setacea\i0{}> 540<notodant>
 
# \i{}Ochlandra\i0{} <Thwaites>/
5<\i{}Beesha\i0{} Munro, \i{}Irulia\i0{} Bedd.> 7,2 8,1/2<shrubs> 11,2
13,200-600 14,1 15,5/- 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 23,4 30,1 31,1/2
34<commonly>,1/- 35,1 36,1/2 37,2 40,2 44,2 47,1<with pellucid dots> 48,2
55,1 58,- 63,1 66,1 69,1 70,1 71<short> 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 86,2 87,1 89,3<the
clusters stellate> 101,1/2 103,6 121,2 140,2 141,18-50 142,9/10 145,2 147,3
154,2 155,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 167,1 171,2 174,1 176,2<but shortly
mucronate> 177,2 178,- 179,2 182,1 187,40<or more, in material seen>
189,40<or more, in material seen> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1-3 201,2 203,2<but
shortly mucronate> 204,40<or more, in material seen> 205,1 206,2 207,2
208,1 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 244,2 247,2 248,40<or more, in material seen>
250,1 251,1 252,1/2 255,1/2/3 256,1 258,2 259,4<9 or more in material seen>
260,1 264,1 265,1-5(-15) 266,1/2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,1<sometimes
up to 15 mm long> 272,6-120 273,2/1-2 275,2 276,1 277,1 278,1 279,1 280,1
283,3-6 286,2 287,3<2-5 cm long> 289,4/5/6 291,3 294,- 295<not visible>
296,3 297,- 298<not visible> 300,2 309,1 310,1 311,2 322,1 323,1 325,1<and
obscuring them> 326,3<often one row per long-cell> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,54-60 341,7.5-9-10.5 342,5.1-7.4 343,25.5-30 344,0.47-0.54
345,1<obscured papillae and sunken> 346,22.5-27 348,- 351,1 353,1 354,1
360,2/3 363,4/6<e.g. predominant in \i{}O. stridula\i0{}> 365,2 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1<the
median cells deeply penetrating> 403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<with
most bundles> 406,1 469,12 470,72 471,6 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,45 491,12 492<Madagascar, India, Ceylon> 493,3-4 494,2 496,2&3
500,1 504,11 515<forest thickets> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}O.
stridula\i0{} Thw.> 540<ochlandr> 
 
# \i{}Ochthochloa\i0{} <Edgwe.>/
3<\i{}Chloris\i0{}> 4<\i{}O. compressa\i0{} Edgew.> 7,2 9,2&3 13,10-40 14,2
19,1 24,1 40,2 44,2 47,2 52,2 55,2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2
95,1 96,(2-)3-5 101,2 102,2 103,2 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e., the spikes
falling entire> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<the spikes
dorsiventral> 141,4-6.5(-8) 145<strongly>,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 157,2 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} smaller> 166,1 167<(the upper)>,1/2 174,1
176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, shortly>/2 177,1<the keel scabrid>
179,1<membranous, elliptic to oblanceolate, the upper tapering to a
cuspidate or shortly-subulate tip and with a thickened, three-nerved keel>
181,3 187,1 189,3<in the keel> 191,1/2 192<if present,>,2 194,1 196,2
208,3-6 210<acute> 216,2<membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,2 240,1<villous below
on the margins and keel> 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1<hairy>
258,2 259,3 260,3 263,3<ciliate> 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.5-2 mm long>
289,4 293,- 295,1 297,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1 326,2-3 327,2<the
costals longer> 328,1<medium walled> 329,1<or tending to be rather short>
330,1 331,1<and conspicuous pits> 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2<with sunken basal
cell> 336,3 339,(18-)21 340,6-9 341,9.6-11.4-12 342,1.6-2.2 343,(8.4-)9
344,0.43-0.47 345,1 346,(21-)22.5-24(-25.5) 348,2&3 350,2<apart from the
papillae> 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4
363<exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1/3 378,1 379,1-3
389,1 393,3 395,1 396,2<a large median, with two smaller laterals on each
side> 397,1 399,1 400,2 401,1&2<linking with traversing columns of
colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<at least the primary laterals> 405,1<some of
the primaries> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31
491,1<\i{}O. compressa\i0{} Edgew.> 492<North Africa, Iran to India>
493,1&2&3&4 494,2 496,1 499,1 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<semidesert> 534<Hilu
1981> 535<studied by us> 540<ochthoch> 
 
# \i{}Odontelytrum\i0{} <Hackel>/
3<\i{}Cenchrus\i0{}> 7,2 9,2 11,- 13,60-100<standing 30-40 cm above the
water> 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1/2 55,2 56<to>,9
59,1/3 65,2 66,2 69,1-2 70,1<entire or laciniate> 71,1-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,2 89,3/4<a coarse, cylindrical raceme, apparently representing a
raceme of reduced glomerules, each glomerule shortly pedunculate,
comprising a single spikelet subtended by a lobed scale forming an
involucre-plus-bristle> 94,- 98,U<morphologically difficult - comparable
with that of \i{}Anthepora\i0{}, \i{}Cenchrus\i0{} or
\i{}Pseudoraphis\i0{}?> 101,2<but enveloped below by the uppermost leaf
sheath, whose blade is at least as long as the inflorescence> 102,2
103,1<each reduced to one spikelet, with a herbaceous, lobed scale and
bristle> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e., the reduced glomerules deciduous -
the main axis persistent> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,4&2<each spikelet
with a purplish, irregularly 4-6 lobed involucre, this being herbaceous
except for one lobe, which is almost free, awnlike, scabrid and 12-25 mm
long> 118,2 119,2 120,1 121,2 123,1 141,10-14 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,1 149,1
154,2 155,2 157,2 160,1 163,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} missing>/2
165,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} when present very small>/- 166,1 167,1<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} about half length of spikelet> 168,2/- 170,1 171,2
174,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} narrowly ovate> 176,2 182,1/- 183,- 187<when
present,>,0 189,1-3<scarious> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<as long
as the lemma> 201,1 203,2 204,9 205,2 206,1<membranous> 208,1
214,3<cartilaginous below, herbaceous above> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1<the tip caudate, membranous> 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,7
250,1 251,1<equalling the lemma> 255<tip caudate> 257,2 259,3
260,1<dorsally rounded> 261,1 264,2 266,- 272,3 274,5.5 275,2 276,2
280,1<to the bases of the stigmas> 283,2 284,2 291,2 298,1<about 1/3 the
length of the fruit> 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 326,1 327,1<but the costals rather
smaller> 329,3<of more or less isodiametric cells> 330,1<mostly quite
square> 331,1 332,1 335,1 345<seemingly>,2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,1
383,1 393,1-2 394,1<low, round-topped> 395,1<very> 396,2<a large median
with about 8 smaller laterals on either side, all abaxial> 397,1<the
colourless mass with a lacuna in the centre> 399,1 402,1<in places,
apparently> 403,1 404,1<with the primaries> 406,1 452,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}O. abyssinicum\i0{}> 492<Abyssinia and
southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2 512,2<in flowing or
standing water> 513,2 514,2 534<Stapf 1916> 535<photos of \i{}O.
abyssinicum\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<odontely> 
 
# \i{}Odyssea\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<name alluding to the veritable Odyssey of this plant through taxonomic
classifications of grasses (having been connected at one time or another
with nine different genera)> 7<glaucous, creeping>,2 9,1 11,2 13,5-75 14,2
19,1/2<\i{}O. paucinervis\i0{}> 23,3<\i{}O. mucronata\i0{}> 40,1<leaf
blades short, rigid and very pungent-tipped> 44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2
50<the sheaths imbricate> 55,2 56,2-4 59,1&3<inrolled from the flat base>
60,1 61,1 65,2 66,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5<of short, crowded branches>
91<fairly to very>,2 92,1-2/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121<somewhat>,1/2 123,3 141,5-9 144,2 145<somewhat>,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1<to subglabrous> 156,1 157,1<with lateral hair
tufts, not conspicuous> 160,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1
174<glume apices pointed or irregularly toothed> 176,2<but sometimes with
the nerve tip constituting a tiny mucro> 177,1 178,- 179,2<thinly
membranous to hyaline> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-8
214,2-3<membranous with scarious margins, or scarious> 216,2 218,2
221,2<bidenticulate> 223,2 240,1<with silky white hairs on the lower half
of the mid-nerve, and along the laterals> 244<somewhat>,1/2 247,2 248,3
250,1 251,1 255<slightly>,2 256,1/2<the nerves sometimes slightly
prolonged> 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 263<silky>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.1-1.5
mm long> 289,4 290<slightly concave on the hilar side> 291,1 295,1 297,1
298,1<around 1/3 grain length> 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1<very large> 333,2
334,2 335,2 336,2 339,(39-)42-48(-51) 340,39 341,(16.5-)20.4-21 342,2-3.1
343,(15-)16.5-20(-21) 344,0.31-0.42 345,1 346,21-22.5-24 348,3 350,2 352,2
353,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1&2&3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,1
379,1-3 383,2 389,2<but deeply penetrating bulliform groups almost
traversing the leaf> 393,2<with deep adaxial and abaxial furrows, the
abaxial ribs broader and flat-bottomed> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,2
403,2 404,1<including bundle sheath extensions> 405,1<Is with all bundles>
406,1 454,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,1 491,2 492<coastal Red Sea,
tropical and southwest Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2&4 504,11 508,2&3&4
512,4 513,2 514,1 515<a sandbinder> 534<Stapf 1922> 535<studied by us -
\i{}O. mucronata\i0{} Stapf> 540<odyssea> 
 
# \i{}Oldeania\i0{} <Stapleton>/
3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Yushania\i0{}>
4<\i{}Oldeania alpina\i0{} (K. Schum.) Stapleton> 13<erect to
nodding,>,1500-2000 15,5-12 16,1-2<with a shallow sulcus above the nodes>
19,1 21,3-10 22,2 23,4 25<often with thornlike aerial roots> 30,1 34,1 35,1
36,1 37,2<with a small lumen> 39<long-necked>,1 47,1 48,1
52,3<attenuate-filiform> 55,1-2 56<5-20 cm long,>,6-15 63,1 65,1 66,1 69,1
72,2 73,2 74,1 86<synflorescences)>,1 87,1<with two empty glumes with or
without bud remnants, and 4-8 fertile ones> 89,5 91<5-15 cm long,>,1
92<elliptic> 120,1 123,3<the pedicels "scabrous" or "glabrous", depending
on where one looks in Stapletons (2013) paper> 140,2 141<3-4 mm
wide,>,15-40 142,13 145,1/1-2 147,1 148,2 149,4 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1
163,2 165,1-2 166<much>,1 167,1 171,2 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2
179<herbaceous, ovate or elliptic,>,2 180<about>,0.8 181,1 186,1 187,5-9
189,5-9 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-7<"to several", according to
Stapleton>/5-10<\i{}Clayton\i0{} et al.> 210<ovate> 214<herbaceous,
cross-veined, 7-10 mm long,>,2 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute> 223,1 240,2
244,2 250,1 251,1<equalling the lemma> 252,2 253,2 256,1 259,3
260,3<sulcate between them to accommodate the racheole> 261,1
263<ciliolate> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,1 268,2 269,1 270<obovate,
slightly>,1-2 272,3 273,1 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 283,2<mostly>/3 289,4-5
290,1 292,1 294,2 295,2 297,3 298,2 327,U 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 336,1 345,1 347,1 348,2 351,1 356,U 359,U 367,1 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,3 397,2 398,2 399,1 400,1
401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<Is and Ts> 406,1 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,61
491,1<\i{}O. alpina\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa from Cameroon in the west to
E. Africa, from Ethiopia south to Tanzania> 493,4 494,2 496,1
534<Stapleton, C.M.A. (2013). Bergbambos and Oldeania, new genera of
African bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae). PhytoKeys 25: 87-103; Clayton et
al (2016), Grassbase> 535<Jacques-Flix (1962)> 540<oldeana> 
 
# \i{}Oligostachyum\i0{} <Z.P. Wang & G.H. Ye>/
3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}> 5<\i{}Clavinodum\i0{} T.H. Wen> 7<shrubby to
arborescent,>,2 11,2 13,76-1300 14,1<without nodal roots>
16,1-2<semiterete>/2<flattened or channelled above the branches>/- 19,1
21<thinner than the stem,>,(2-)3/3-7 22,1 23,4<the branches subequal, or
one dominant> 28<flush with the internodes, swollen or flanged, sometimes
with a supranodal ridge> 30,1 31<where recorded,>,1/- 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/4
39,2 47,1<erect or falcate>/2 48,1-2 52<herbaceous or chartaceous,
small,>,1-3/6 63,1 65,1 66,1/2 69,1/2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1/2 87,1<with or
without basal axillary buds>/2 88,2-3 89,2<with few spikelets>/5<with many>
91,1 101,1<subtending by an unspecialized leaf sheath or a spatheole>
102,1<with glumaceous or spathaceous subtending bracts>/2 120,1 121,2
123,1<rarely>/2 140,1/2 141,15-80 142,9/8/13<commonly> 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4 154,1 155,1-2 156,1 163<persistent,>,1<rarely>/3<usually 3-5> 165,1-2
166,1 171,2 172,1/2 174,1/1&2<usually acute, the upper sometimes blunt>
176<muticous or mucronate,>,2 177,1/2 179<chartaceous, lanceolate or
elliptic, the upper sometimes ovate, more or less>,2 180,0.5-1 182,1-2
187,7-9 189,7-11 191,1/2 192,2/3<the transitional glumes then subtending
sterile paleate florets> 194,1 196,1/2 197,1/2 198<when present,>,1 199,1-2
201,2 208,(3-)5-13 210<lanceolate, elliptic or ovate> 214<chartaceous,>,2
215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1/2<obtuse, acute, acuminate or setaceously
attenuate> 223,1/2<mostly>/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 240,1-2
248<with tessellate venaztion,>,7-15(-17) 250,1 251,1-2 255,1-2
257<membranous to chartaceous,>,1-2 258,2 259,2/4<9 or 15> 260,3 261,1-3
263,1-3 264,1 265<mostly>,3<the anterior pair usually asymmetrical> 266,1
268,2 269,1/2 271,1<5-7 veined> 272,3<mostly>/3-5<rarely, never 6>
277<usually>,1 278,1/2 279<where recorded,>,2 280,1 283<plumose,>,(2-)3
289<not apically appendaged> 290,U 324,U 344,U 348,U 349,U 353,U 354,U
357,U 360,U 366,U 382,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 392,U
397,U 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,16 492<temperate Asia> 493,3&4
494,1 534<Wang & Ye (1982), Flora of China 22, 127; Clayton\i{} et al\i0{}.
(2016), Grassbase> 536<differing noticeably from \i{}Acidosasa\i0{} in
having florets with no more than 5 stamens> 538,4 540<oligosta> 
 
# \i{}Olmeca\i0{} <Soderstrom>/
1<named for the Olmec Indians of Mexico> 7<arborescent>,2 9,1<the stems
solitary, the rhizome necks up to 8 m long> 11,2 13,150 14,1 15,5 19,1 20,1
21,1 23,4 27,2 30,1 31,1/2 33,1<rarely>/2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/4 37,1/2 38,1
39,1 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,1 55,1 58,- 63,1/2 65,2 67,1 70,1/2 71,1-4 72,1/2
73,2 74,1 78,- 85,2 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,5 107,1 115,3 123,3 141,30-40
142,13/9 145,2 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 171,2
174,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 182,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,3-12<variable in number> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,7-11 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3/4<2-6> 260,3 264,1 265,3
266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1/2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,1
283,2-3 287,3<1.5-2.5 cm in diameter> 289,5 290,U 294,U 296,3 297,U 300,2
309,1 311,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals rather smaller> 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,48-60 341,6.9-9.6 342,5.6-7.7 343,24-33
344,0.5-0.55 345,1 346,25-30 348<high>,2<mostly>/3<some> 350,2 351,1 353,1
354,1/2 356<when present, narrowly>,7 360,2 363,4<a narrowish version
predominating>/7<some of the saddles being almost interpretable as such>
365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1 396,3 398,2 399,1<a
large group in each intercostal zone> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<the primaries
and some of the smaller bundles with large anchors or Is> 406,1 477,3
478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,36 491,2 492<Mexico> 493,7 494,1&3 495,3
502,1 504,11 534<Soderstrom 1981e> 535<studied by us - \i{}O. recta\i0{}
Soderstrom> 537,2 540<olmeca> 
 
# \i{}Olyra\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}olura\i0{} (a kind of grain)> 5<\i{}Mapira\i0{}
Adans.> 6<\i{}Parodiolyra\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,2 13,50-500 14,1 17,1<twining>/2
18,1/3/4 19<usually sparsely>,1 23,1 27,1/2 37,2 44,2 47,1/2 48,2 52,3-5
55,1 56,(12-)30-130 57,1<sometimes basally asymmetric>/2 58,- 59,1 60,-
63,1 65,1<these rarely inconspicuous?> 66,1 67,1 69,1/2 70,1 72,2 73,1<the
male spikelets immediately beneath the females, or the lower parts of the
panicle exclusively male> 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,2/3<female spikelets
terminating the branches, the smaller male spikelets below, or the upper
branches all female, the lower all male> 78,1 86,1/2<?synflorescences> 89,5
91,1/2 101,1/2<?> 102,1<spatheolate synflorescences>/2<?> 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3<female spikelets on stout,
clavate peduncles, males on slender pedicels> 131<the male spikelets
usually shorter than the females; without glumes; stamens 3, free> 132,2
133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,3 139,1 141,(5.5-)7-50 142,8/10 144,- 145,3
147<nearly always>,1<the glumes persistent, except in \i{}O.
micrantha\i0{}> 148,- 149,1/3 150,1/2 154,2 157,2 158,- 160,1 163,2
165,1<the lower longer>/2 166,2-3 167,2 168,- 169,2<by contrast with
\i{}Parodiolyra\i0{}> 170,- 171,1-2 174,1<acuminate to aristate>
176,2/1<often caudate-acuminate> 177,2 179,2<papery or herbaceous, often
with transverse veinlets> 187,5-15 189,(3-)5-11 191,1 196,2 208,1<the
anthecium recalling that of Paniceae> 214<finally>,3 216,1 218,1 219,2
223,1 240,1/2 244,2 246,2 247,1 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 258,1
259,3/4<2-4> 260,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,2 271,1 272,0 277,1
280,1<into one> 281,1 283,2 286,2 287,1-2<3.8-9 mm long> 289,2/4 291,2/3
295,2<as long as the caryopsis> 298,2<a fifth or less of the caryopsis
length> 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,2 308,2 309,1 310,1 311,2 322,1 323,1
325,2 326,3<most long-cells and interstomatals with one or two rows of
smallish, round papillae in \i{}O. latifolia\i0{}> 329,1<though these
rather short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(48-)51-72(-77)
341,(3.6-)3.9-4.2(-5.4) 342,10.6-13.3 343,19.5-21-36 344,0.39-0.45 345,1
346,21-25.5 348<predominantly>,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,6 360,1
363,4<common over some veins, in \i{}O. latifolia\i0{}>/7/8 364<in \i{}O.
latifolia\i0{} commonly plump>,1&2 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1
391,1 392,2 393,3 394,- 395,1<adaxial and abaxial projections> 396,1/2/3
399,1 401,1<the fans wide> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 413,2<\i{}O.
latifolia\i0{}> 470,14&20&22&30&40&44 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34
490,50 491,23 492<tropical America, Africa> 493,4&5&6&7 494,2&3 496,1&2
499,2&3 502,1&2&3&4&6 504,11 508,2&3 511,1 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<in
forests> 524,3&5 525,3 528,3&10 534<Soderstrom and Zuloaga 1989>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}O. latifolia\i0{} L.> 540<olyra> 
 
# \i{}Ophiochloa\i0{} <Filgueiras, Davidse & Zuloaga>/
3<\i{}Axonopus\i0{}> 7,2 9<densely>,3 13,50-80 14,2<erect, stiff> 19,2
25,6-10 26,1 27,2<dark> 37,2<glabrous, stramineous> 42,2 44,2<basal and
cauline> 47,2 50<sheaths dorsally rounded, glabrous> 52,1 55,2
56,0.5-1<10-20 cm long> 58,1 59,3-4<U-shaped in section below, nearly
cylindrical distally, the apex subpungent> 65,2 66,1-2 69,3<minute> 70,-
71,0.5<with hairs to 6.5 mm long behind> 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,2/3/4<the 6-10
cm long, delicate, erect or drooping, spikelike racemes one terminal and
usually one axillary at the tops of the culms, well exserted on 6-22 cm
long peduncles> 91,2 92,3 95,1/3 96,1/2 98,2<the rachis apex extending
beyond the spikelets as a sterile projection to 5 mm long> 99,2&3<the
membranous wings 0.-1.1 mm wide> 100,1<i.e. partially enclosed by the
rachis wings> 101,1<the axillary raceme prophyllate>/2 102,1/2 108,2 120,1
121,1<the rachides unilateral> 122,1<borne alternately on each side of the
midrib> 123,2<the pedicels adnate to the rachis midrib for most of their
length> 125,1 140<somewhat>,2<owing to the lack of a lower glume, combined
with the peculiar structure of the lemma of the lower floret>/-
141,2.3-3.1<and 0.4-0.5 mm wide> 142<narrowly>,8-9 144,2<i.e. the only,
upper glume being abaxial> 145,3 147,3 148,1 149,1 150,2 154,2 157,2 161,2
163,1 164,2 165,- 166,2 167,2<the colourless glume embracing the upper
floret, but leaving the lower lemma free> 168,- 169,- 170,1 171,2
172,2<with conspicuous prickle hairs> 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 179,- 181,-
182,- 183,- 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,- 189<i.e. the single glume,
indistinctly>,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2<this seeming the best
interpretation, despite resulting in a binerved lemma> 201,2 202<of
peculiar, narrow form, having a central hyaline portion bordered by well
developed, conspicously ciliate and terminally setose nerves, the whole
being reminiscent of a \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{} pedicel> 203,2<but with a
striking pair of terminal, cushion-based, 5-7 mm long setae, which are
hygroscopically active and awnlike> 204,2 205<somewhat>,1 206,2-3 207,2
208,1 214,2 216,2<membranous save for the hyaline apex, by contrast with
the heavy margins of the lower lemma>/- 217<copper-coloured> 218,1
219,1<acute> 223,1 240,2<with a few prickle hairs and microhairs only>
244,2 246,2<below, but flat and free from the palea at the tip> 247,2
248<indistinctly nerved> 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma> 253,1<at
the tip> 255,2 256,1 257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2<?> 272,2<usually>/3<rarely> 274,1.3-1.7<purple> 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1<or rather, yellow>/2<varying in the same
inflorescence> 287,1<1-1.2 mm long> 288<wine-red> 289<narrowly obovate to
clavate> 290,2 295,1 298,1<about half the caryopsis length> 299,2
366<seemingly>,1 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 386,2 393,- 394,- 395<conspicuous,
in that the blade appears largely reduced to midrib, with a single group of
large bulliforms occupying the shallow adaxial groove> 396,2 397,1 403,1
404,2<the sclerenchyma seemingly limited to abaxial girders with the larger
byndles> 406,1 453,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58
491,1<\i{}O. hydrolithica\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 514,2 515<on
serpentine (ophiolite) rocks, in seasonally running water> 534<Filgueiras,
Davidse and Zuloaga 1993> 535<Filgueiras, Davidse and Zuloaga 1993>
536<probably another odd \i{}Digitaria\i0{} relative, as assigned by
Filgueiras \i{}et al.\i0{}, although a preliminary INTKEY exploration based
on this description suggests there is as much in common with
\i{}Paspalum\i0{} and even with some Andropogoneae (Rottboelliinae, e.g.
\i{}Phacelurus\i0{})> 538,3 540<ophiochl> 
 
# \i{}Ophiuros\i0{} <Gaertn. f.>/
7,1/2 9,3<forming tall clumps> 11,- 13,100-250 19,1 23,1 24,1/2 27,2 37,1
38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1/2 59,1/2/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1
75,2<ostensibly>/1<if the vestigial pedicellate members are perceived as
such> 76,1/1&4 78,1<if the pedicellate members are perceived as
spikelets>/- 89<compound>,5<with slender, cylindrical, distichous spikes,
terminal on culm branches> 91,- 94,- 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,1 103,4<the
spikelets sunk in hollows of the terete rachis> 106,1/3<fascicled> 107,2
108,1 109,2 111,2 112,1 114,1 115,3 120,1<ostensibly
solitary>/2<acknowledging an adnate pedicel> 121,2<the sessile spikelets
in two opposite rows> 122,2 123,1&3 126,1<disguisedly so> 127,1 128,1 129,1
130,4<and reduced to the adnate pedicel> 131<the pedicelled spikelet
absent, being represented only by its pedicel, which is fused to the
internode and sometimes barely recognisable> 144,1 145,3 147,3<and with the
joint> 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 173,- 176,2 179,1<the lower thickly
leathery or crustaceous, the upper thinly hyaline> 183,2<with or without
narrow wings at the tip> 184,1-2 185,2 186,2/3<with a basal transverse
groove> 187,5-7 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,0/2
207,2 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,0/2/3
250,1 255,1 258,2<thin> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 291<slightly>,2 294,U 296,U 298,2<about
1/4 of the fruit length> 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1<with rounded
corners>/2<or tending to this> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(51-)52.5-54(-58.5)
341,10.5-12 342,4.25-5.6 343,24-40.5 344,0.69-0.74 345,1 346,24-29 348,3
350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,2 363,8 364<mainly>,1 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1
393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1<in the large-celled epidermis>
401,1<the groups large celled, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1
413,2<1 species> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,4
492<1 in northeast tropical Africa, 6 in the Indomalayan region, Australia>
493,3&4&5 494,2&5 496,1&3 499,1&2 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,5&6&7&9 508,2 509,1
515<damp places in savanna> 531,2 533,2&5 535<studied by us - \i{}O.
megaphyllus\i0{} Stapf ex Haines> 537,2 540<ophiuros> 
 
# \i{}Opizia\i0{} <J. & C. Presl>/
3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 5<\i{}Casiostega\i0{} Galeotti> 7,2
9,2<sward forming> 13,10 14,2 37,1 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,1-2<acuminate> 55,2
56,1-2 59,1/2 61,1 65,2 69,2<hairy on the back, with a short fringe>
70,2<rounded> 71,0.5-1 72,2 73,3 74,2 75,2<on the same plant> 76,2/3 78,-
80,1 89,2<male plants with short panicles of 2-3 spike-like racemes, each
raceme pulvinate at the base, reflexing and deciduous; with minute bristles
associated with raceme bases>/4<female inflorescences solitary, spikelike>
91,- 96,- 98,1<female racemes>/2<male racemes, which terminate in a short
bristle> 101,2 102,2 108,1<males>/2<females> 109<males>,1 111,- 113,- 115,-
116,2<each female raceme having short bristles near the tip, with a
spikelet beyond> 118,1 120,1 121,1<in male racemes>/2<female racemes>
123<very shortly>,3 124<slightly>,4 131<male spikelets 3-4 mm long, shortly
pedicellate, secund, awnless; glumes, lemma and palea thinly membranous;
glumes 1-nerved, lemma 3-nerved, palea 2-nerved; two fleshy lodicules; no
prolonged rachilla, no rudimentary floret> 132,2 133,1 134,2 135,1 137,1
141,3-4 144,2 145,1-2 147,3 148,- 149,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1 161,2 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about a third the length of
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,1<all over the back>
176,2 177,2 179<dorsally hairy, hyaline, the upper with a minutely-toothed
apex, the lower pointed> 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,2<the terminal
sterile floret reduced to the three long awns and the lobes tiny compared
with the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, the lower part strongly adnate to the back
of the palea> 196,2 208,1 214,3<firmly membranous or leathery> 216,1 218,2
220,4<the lobes hyaline> 221,1 223,3 225,3 226,2 231<the median>,1
233,1<scabrid> 234,3 237,1<somewhat, arising from the inner sides of the
outermost lobes> 240,1 244<somewhat>,1 247,2 248,3 250,1<strongly winged
above, bowed out below> 251,1 255,3 256,1 258,2<but very firm, cf. the
lemma> 259,3 260,3 262<strongly>,1<the wings projecting above the bases of
the lemma awns> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,0 277,1
280,1<the ovary asymmetrically beaked, and saccate to fit the palea> 283,2
284,1<?> 287,1<about 1 mm long> 289,4 291,1 295,1 296<rather tough> 297,1
298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<thick, pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1<rather large, the apical cell very thin-walled, about equalling the
basal cell in length> 336,1 339,(45-)54-60(-69) 340,30
341,(6.6-)7.2-8.4(-9) 342,6.4-8.2 343,(22.5-)28.5-31.5(-35.4) 344,0.5-0.53
345,1 346,24-25.5-27 348<low to medium>,2 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1
355,2 356<mainly>,2<small> 360,2 362,1-4 363,6<mainly>/4<especially over
the main veins>/5<some> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,3
394,- 395,1<with a large anchor-shaped girder abaxially, and bulliform
epidermis adaxially> 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,1&2 403,2 404,1<one primary
bundle towards the margin on each side, the rest (except the midrib) with
scanty adaxial and abaxial strands> 405,1<the two aforementioned> 406,1
409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16<as a synonym of
\i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,1-2<\i{}O. bracteata\i0{}, \i{}O. stolonifera\i0{}>
492<southern Mexico, Cuba> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1 504,11 513,2 515<shallow
soils on dry hillsides> 535<studied by us - \i{}O. stolonifera\i0{} Presl.>
540<opizia> 
 
# \i{}Oplismenopsis\i0{} <L. Parodi>/
1<from \i{}Oplismenus\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.) and the Greek
\i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance), denoting likeness> 7<aquatic>,2 9,1 11,- 14,2
15,0.4-1.2 19,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths glabrous, with
cross-veins> 52,3-5 55,1 56,10-27 57,1 59,1/3<convolute> 63<shortly>,1 65,2
66,2 69,2 70,1 71,1-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,2/5<of loose, non-digitate
racemes> 91,1 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1 122,1 123,3 141<about>,9 142,9 144,2 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2<the lower about 1/2-1/3 its
length> 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,2 174,1 176,1<the upper
caudate-aristate> 177,2 179<herbaceous> 187,3 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 202<acuminate to shortly awned> 203,1/2<but then
attenuate-mucronate> 204,5 206<herbaceous> 208,1 210<ovate-lanceolate>
214<papyraceous> 215,1-2 218,1 222,2 223,1 240,2 243,1<shining> 244,2 247,1
248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280<basally>,1 283,2 284,2
287,1-2<about 4 mm long> 289,4 290,1 291,2<slightly> 295,2<nearly as long
as the grain> 298,1 299,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348,3
350,2 351,1 353,1 360,1 363,8 364,1<mostly>/4<few> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,1
387,1 393,1-2 394,1/- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
470,20 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10 491,1<\i{}O.
najada\i0{}> 492<South America> 493,7 494,3 502,5 504,11 512,1/2 531,2
533,1 534<Parodi 1937> 535<studied by us> 540<o_menops> 
 
# \i{}Oplismenus\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}hoplismenos\i0{} (armed), alluding to the awns>
4<Type: \i{}O. africanus\i0{} P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Hekaterosachne\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Hippagrostis\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Orthopogon\i0{} R. Br.> 7,1/2 9,4 11,-
13,10-100 14,2 19<freely>,1 27,1 32,1 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-5 55,1/2
58,2 59,1<thin> 63,1/2 65,1/2 66,2 67,1 69,2<very short>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1
89,2<short unilateral racemes along a central axis> 91,1 94,- 97,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2<or the lower member
reduced, or in clusters>/- 121,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3 125,1/2 126,2
142,8/9/10 144,1 145<weakly>,1/2-3 147,3 154,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 167,1/2
170,1 171,2 172,1 174,2 176,1<both or at least the lower, the awn of the
lower always longer> 177,1 179,2<herbaceous, the awns often viscid> 187,3-5
189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1-2 201,1/2 203<shortly>,1/2
204,5-9 207,2 208,1 210<dorsally compressed> 214,2-3<papery to leathery>
215,1<glossy> 216,1-2 217,1/2 218,1 222<indistinctly>,1/2 223,1 240,2
244,1-2 246,2 247,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1<acute> 256,1 257,2<smooth,
glossy> 258,1/2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 274,1-2 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 290,1<slightly>/2 291,2 295,1-2<oblong, up to a
half as long as the fruit> 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2
309,2 311,1 312,1 313,3 314,13-20 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
narrow-rectangular> 328,1<thin walled> 329,2/3<incorporating or comprising
squarish long-cells> 330,1<usually short, some irregular in shape> 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,(38-)46-59(-60) 341,4.5-6 342,10-11.3 343,(20-)25-34.5(-36)
344,0.52-0.55 345,2/1 346,(34-)36-39(-42) 348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,1/2
353,2<mainly solitary> 354,1/2 356<when present,>,5 360,1 363,8 364,1-3/4
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1-2 393,1/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,1 399,1<these
wide> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,1 413,2<\i{}O. hirtellus\i0{}>
416,1 469,9&10&11 470,18&36&54&72&90 473<snall> 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,15 491,7 492<tropical and subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4
500,1&2&3&4 501,3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,2&4&6&7&9&10 505,1 506,1
507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<in forest> 516<\i{}O.
burmanii\i0{}, \i{}O. compositus\i0{}, \i{}O. hirtellus\i0{}, \i{}O.
undulatifolius\i0{}> 518<\i{}O. compositus\i0{}> 524,2&5 525,3 528,2&6&10
531,1&2 532,4 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}O. aemulus\i0{}
(R. Br.) Roem. & Schult., \i{}O. burmanii\i0{} (Retz.) P. Beauv., \i{}O.
compositus\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}O. hirtellus\i0{} (L.) P. Beauv., \i{}O.
undulatifolius\i0{} (Ard.) Roem. & Schult.> 540<o_menus> 
 
# \i{}Orcuttia\i0{} <Vasey>/
1<named for C.R. Orcutt> 7<aquatic>,1<producing long, juvenile, floating
basal leaves> 13,5-20 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 47,2
49,2<but no clear distinction between sheath and blade> 55,2<short> 61,2
62,3 65,2 66,2 68,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,- 89,1/4<then spike-like> 91,- 96,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2
123,2-3 141,8-15 145,1 147,1 148,2<when wet> 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,1 174,2 176,2 179,2<broad, 2-5 toothed> 187,9-15 189,9-15 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,5-11<?> 214<firm> 216,2 218,2 220,5 221,1 223,2<with
mucronate teeth>/3<the teeth awn-tipped> 225<when present,>,5 226<when
present,>,2 227<the median>,2 231,1 240,1/2 248,13-15 250,1<broad> 251,1<as
long as the lemma> 259,3 260,3 263,1 264,2 272,3 283,2 291,1 295,1<large>
297,U 298,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 307,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2 326,1
331,2<or only slightly so> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<\i{}Neostapfia\i0{}
type: button mushroom shaped, and secretory> 336,3 339,24-33(-36) 340,12
341,13.5-18.6 342,1.3-2.7 343,10.5-13.5 344,0.32-0.44 345,1
346,21-27<\i{}O. inaequalis\i0{}>/30-37.5<\i{}O. californica\i0{}>
348<mostly high>,2 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 360,1 362,1 363,8
364,1-3/4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,3 395,2 396,1
399,1 400,1 401,1&2<linking with traversing columns of colourless cells>
403,1 404,1/2 406,1 469,10<probably> 470,24-32 471,2&4<? - and aneuploids>
477,6 484,2 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,51 491,5 492<California and Mexico>
493,6&7 494,1 495,3 504,11 512,2 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 534<Reeder 1965>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}O. californica\i0{} Vasey, \i{}O.
inaequalis\i0{} Hoover> 540<orcuttia> 
 
# \i{}Oreobambos\i0{} <K. Schum.>/
3<\i{}Dendrocalamus\i0{}> 7<arborescent>,2 11,2 13,450-1800 14,1 15,5-10
19,1 21,2/3 22,2 23,4 27,2 30,1 34,2 35,1 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,1 40,2 44,2
48,2 52,3-6 55,1 56,25-60 58,- 63,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 73,2 74,1 85,2 86,2 87,1
89,3<with involucrate, cupuliform clusters of pseudospikelets on bare
branches> 101,1<each cluster subtended by a deciduous spathe, and
associated with broad, leathery bracts> 103,1<the spikelet clusters of 3 or
more spikelets or pseudo-spikelets each subtended by a pair of leafy
bracts> 108,2 116,4 140,2 141,12-15 142,9 145,1-2 147,3 150,- 154,1 155,2
156,2 157,2 158,2 163,1 165,- 167,2 168,- 171,2<papery> 172,1 174,2 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,- 182,- 183,- 187,- 189,11-18 191,1 196,2 208,2<subequal>
214,2-3<papery to thinly leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 243,1
247,2 248,11-23 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,4<5-11> 260,3 264,2
272,6 275,2 276,1 277,2 278,1 279,2 280,1<into one> 283,1 290,U 294,U 296,2
297,1<and with a crustaceous, hairy apical appendage> 322,1 323,1 325,1
326,3 327,1 328,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1<obscured by papillae>
348,2/3<?-outlines obscure>/- 351,1 353,1 360,2 363,4<rather variable>
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,1 391,1 393,3 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,1 464,- 477,3 478,4 481,13 487<cf.>,4<as a synonym?> 488,3 489,9
490,14 491,1<\i{}O. buchwaldii\i0{}> 492<tropical East Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 515<forest> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 537,2
540<oreobamb> 
 
# \i{}Oreochloa\i0{} <Link>/
3<\i{}Sesleria\i0{}> 7<montane>,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,15-40 14,2 38,- 47,2 49,1
52,1 55,2 56,0.5-2 58,1/2 59,1/3<involute> 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,1-6 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&4<sometimes with small sterile bracts, representing reduced
spikelets, at the base of the inflorescence> 78<sometimes>,1<reduced and
sterile/fertile> 89,5 91,2 92,2/3 101,2<ignoring any basal bracts> 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,- 120,- 121,1/2
122<unilateral or>,2/- 123,3 141,3-6 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,1 157,2
158,2 163,2 165,1/2 167,1 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 183,-
187,1(-3) 189,1(-3) 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,3-7 214,2<membranous> 216,2
218,1/2 220<when incised,>,3<3-toothed> 221,2 223,1/2 240,1 244,1 246,-
247,2 248<obscurely>,5-7 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,2-3.5 277,1 280,1 283,2
286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 293,- 295,1 298,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,2
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<thick and pitted> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,-
350,- 351,1 353,2 354,2 360,3<mostly solitary> 361,3<in the material seen>
363,- 365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1<larger bundle and rib>
396,1 399,1<as well as the midrib hinges and \i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type
arrangements of small cells in the furrows> 401,1<sin some of the furrows>
403,2 404,2<each bundle with adaxial and abaxial strands> 406,1/2 442,-
469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,6 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,67 491,4 492<southern Europe> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11
506,1 513,2 515<mountain rocks, calcifuge> 531,1 532,1 535<studied by us -
\i{}O. disticha\i0{} (Wulf.) Link> 540<oreochlo> 
 
# \i{}Orinus\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}oreinos\i0{} (a mountaineer), alluding to habitat> 7,2
9,1&3 13,30-50 14,2 39,1 40,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-5<by 3-10 cm long, sparsely
pilose> 59<becoming involute> 60<with setiform, slightly pungent tips> 61,2
62,3 65,2 69<thin, lacerate> 71,1 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,- 89,2<erect or
ascending racemes> 95,3<the axis elongate> 96,5-8 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1
121,1<the rachides dorsiventral> 122,3<in one row, on one side of the
rachis, appressed> 123<shortly>,3 141,6 143<pale or leaden-purplish tinged>
147,1 148,2 149,4<a 1 mm internode between the first and second florets>
154,1 155,2<glabrous> 163,2 164,2<4-5 mm long> 165,2<only slightly unequal>
167,1 171,1<sparsely villous to nearly glabrous> 173,3 174,1<acute> 176,2
179,2<pale, membranous> 181,1 187,1 189,3 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,2-3<-4> 214,2<the tips hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,2/1 223,1/2<but only
slightly so> 240,1<with villous hairs all over, not confined to the nerves
as in \i{}Leptochloa\i0{} and \i{}Trichoneura\i0{}> 244<indistinctly>,1
248,3<somewhat concave between the nerves> 250,1 251,1 256,1 260,3 263,3
272,3 273,1 274,2.5-2.75 283,2 287,1<2.5 mm long> 291,3<cylindrical> 295,1
297,3 298,1<about 1/3 the grain length> 322,1 323,1<very abundant> 324,1&2
325,1 326,2 329,1<or these rather short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,2 336,3 339,21-24-25.5 340,24 341,(9.3-)10.5-11.4(-15) 342,1.6-2.6
343,10.5-12-16.5 344,0.41-0.68 345,1<alongside the veins>
346,21-22.5(-25.5) 348,3<though not readily observable> 351,1 352,2
353,1&2<some solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<limited to>,1&2
365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1
401,1<these predominating, with large, deeply penetrating median cells>/2<a
few> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all bundles with small Is>
406,1 409,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,4 492<Western
Himalayas> 493,3 494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<desert sand dunes
at high altitude> 534<Hitchcock 1933> 535<studied by us - \i{}O.
kokonorica\i0{} (Hao) Keng, \i{}O. thoroldii\i0{} Stapf ex Hemsl.) Bor>
540<orinus> 
 
# \i{}Oropetium\i0{} <Trin.>/
3<\i{}Tripogon\i0{}> 5<\i{}Kralikella\i0{} Coss. and Dur.>
6<\i{}Chaetostichium\i0{}, \i{}Lepturella\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3<dwarf,
cushion-forming> 13,2-15(-17) 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2 40,2 42,2 44,1/2 47,2
52,1 55,2 56<about>,2<to 4 cm long> 58,1/2 59,1/2/3 61,2 62,3&1 65,2 66,1/2
69,1/2 70,1 71<about>,0.2 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,1<straight, curved,
sinuous or coiled> 91,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,2 106,- 107,2<though
these slender, herbaceous or spongy> 108,2/1 109<when fragile,>,2<or
fracturing into segments of 1-4 spikelets> 111,2 113,- 114,1 115,3 120,1
121,2 122,2 123,1 141,2.5-3.5 144,2 145,1 147,1/3<and with the joint> 149,1
154,1/2 156<when present,>,1 157,1/2 160,1/2 161<when present,>,2
163,2/1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} sometimes vestigial or missing>
164,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 165,1<except in terminal spikelets> 166,3
167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,1/2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} reduced and scarious or missing,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} covering the florets, hardened> 182<if present,>,1
187,0 189,1/3 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2 193,1<this male or sterile>
194,1 196,2 208,1<or the second floret rarely also hermaphrodite?>
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2<bidentate> 221,2 223,2/3 225<when
present,>,1 228<(or mucro)>,1 231,1 233,1<scabrous> 234,1 235,1 240,1<at
the base or on the nerves>/2 244,1-2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<oblong>
255,1/2/3 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 273,1 274<about>,0.7 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,3 286,2<but included> 287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 289,2 291,1 293,-
295,1 297,2<removable when soaked> 298,2<about 1/4 the length of the fruit>
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<moderately thick, pitted> 332,1 333,1
334,2 335,2 336,2 339,(16-)19.5-21(-23) 340,12 341,(9-)11.4-12(-12.6)
342,1.5-2 343,(6-)8.4-9(-10.5) 344,0.36-0.47 345,1 346,22.5-24 348,3 351,2
352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2
376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 386,2 389,1<in places> 393,1-2 394,1<rib
apices rounded> 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these sometimes linking with
traversing columns of clourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1<most bundles with
anchors> 406,1 469,10 470,20 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,74 491,3-4
492<arid subtropical Africa and mountains> 493,4 494,2 496,1&3 499,1&2&3&4
500,1&2 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<in shallow soil between
or over rocks and in outwashes> 534<Phillips 1974> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}O. thomaeum\i0{} (L. f.) Trin.; photos of \i{}O.
capense\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<oropetiu> 
 
# \i{}Ortachne\i0{} <Nees ex Steud.>/
3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}, cf. \i{}Lorenzochloa\i0{}> 6<\i{}Lorenzochloa\i0{}> 7,2
13,5-35<?> 14,2 19,2 52<filiform> 55,2 59,3&4 65,2 73,2 74,1 88,3<at least,
usually of 10 or more, by contrast with \i{}Aciachne\i0{}> 89,5<borne well
above the leaves> 91,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 145,2<the floret
cylindrical> 147,1 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,1 163,2 166,1 167,1
174,1/2<truncate or acute> 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2
208,1 210<covering only the margins of the palea> 211,2 212,2 213,2
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3<from the acuminate
lemma> 231,1 236,2 238<slightly>,1 244,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 254,1/2<?>
257<membranous> 259,3 260,1/2<?> 264,1 265,3 266,1 272,3 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 322,2 323,2<though abundant adaxially> 327,1 328,1<thick walled>
330,1 331,1<these very heavily pitted> 332,2 345,2<seen adaxially only,
with parallel-sided subsidiaries> 348,- 351,1 360,3<frequently in short
rows> 363<seemingly>,8<but very hard to observe in the material available>
365,2 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,2<not seen> 403,2 404,1<with
the primaries> 405,1 406,2 407,2<this submerging the feet of the
anchors> 469,11 470,22 471,2 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491,2
492<Chile> 493,7 494,6 504,11 505,2 512,4 513,2 515<montane> 534<Hughes
1923; Reeder and Reeder 1968> 535<studied by us - \i{}O. breviseta\i0{} A.
Hitchc.> 537,2 540<ortachne> 
 
# \i{}Orthoclada\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
7,2 9,1/3 11,2 13,80-180 14,2 15,0.2-0.4 19,1 27,2 37,2 40,2 44,2 47,1 48,1
52,3-6 55,1 63,1 65,1 67,1 68,1 69,1<minutely ciliolate> 70,1 71,0.5-1 72,2
73,2 74,1 89,5/2<then the primary branches reduced to open racemes> 91,1
94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 123,3
141,4-12 144,- 145,1 147,3 154,1<adherent to the lower back of the palea>
155,1<minutely> 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about
2/3 the length of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 167,1 168,2 170,- 171,2<sparsely
scabrid> 174,1 176,2 177,1<somewhat> 179,2<lanceolate,
herbaceous-membranous> 187,3-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,1-5<decreasing in size acropetally> 210<acuminate> 214,2-3 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,2<sparsely scabrid above> 244<slightly>,1 246,- 248,5-6
250,1 251,1 255,2<minutely> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3<but folded, bringing
the keels together> 260,3<the keels joined to the lower part of the
internode above> 262<minutely>,1<above, and the internode above situated in
the groove between them> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,2 271,1
272,2<\i{}O. laxa\i0{}>/3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,1
293,- 295,1 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
relatively much longer> 328,1<thin walled> 329,1<though with some rather
short> 330,1 331,1<very deeply so> 332,1 335,1 339,(46.5-)57-60 341,3-3.6
342,12.9-20 343,(28.5-)34.5-37.5(-39) 344,0.58-0.66 345,1 346,(30-)36-39
348,3 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,1&2&3 365,2 370,2
374,1 386,1 390<seemingly>,2<but material seen poor> 391,1<shortish> 392,1
394,1 395,1 396,2<one large bundle, two small laterals> 397,1 399,1<these
large> 401,1 403,2 404,2<adaxial strand-abaxial girder combinations only>
406,1 442,- 454,- 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,50 490,80
491,2 492<1 in southern Mexico to tropical South America and West Indies; 1
in southeastern tropical Africa> 493,4&6&7 494,2&3 496,1 499,2&3
502,1&3&4&6 504,11 508,3 513,1 514,2 515<in forests> 535<studied by us -
\i{}O. laxa\i0{} Beauv.> 540<orthocla> 
 
# \i{}Oryza\i0{} <L.>/
1<Latinized from the Arabic \i{}uruz\i0{} (rice), whence Greek
\i{}oruza\i0{} is also derived> 2<\i{}Rice\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}O. sativa
\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Padia\i0{} Moritzi> 7,1/2 9,1/3 11,- 13,30-300 14,2 27,2
37,2 38,- 44,2 47<usually>,1 48,1<auricles with up to 4 setae>/2 52,1-2
55,1/2 59,1 63,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,1 71,3-45 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 80,1&2 81,1/2
89,5<axes usually wavy, the spikelets appressed>/2<the primary branches
often reduced to racemes> 91,1 94,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 140,2<disarticulating above a
cupuliform pedicel apex, which is taken to represent glumes, so that the
organ serving as a palea may really be a lemma> 141,4-12 142,7/8/10
145<strongly>,1 147,1<i.e. above the pedicel cup representing them>/-
149,1<i.e. the floret not stipitate> 154,2 157,2 162,1-2<represented only
by a small 2-lobed cupule> 163<if present,>,2 164,1 165,2 167,1 168,1 176,2
187,0 189,0 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2<small, vestigial, no more than half the
spikelet length, sometimes only bristles> 198,2 201,2 203,2 205,1<usually
between 1/8 and 1/2 the length of the spikelet> 208,1 214,-
216,1-2<leathery to indurated> 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1
228,3 231,1 234,1-3 240,1<hispid-ciliate on the nerves>/2<glabrous>
244<strongly>,1 247,2 248,3-9 250,1 251,1<but narrower than the lemma>
253,2<along the lateral nerves> 255,1<mucronate to subulate>
256,1/2/3<sometimes with an apical awn or seta> 257,2 258,2<leathery> 259,4
260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2<but the membranous flange may be narrow>
269,2 270,1/2 271,1 272,6 274,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,1<basally>/2 283,2
286,1/2 287,1/2/3 291,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1-2 306,2
308,2 309,2 311,2 322,1 323,1 325,1<to some extent> 326,3<\i{}O.
australiensis\i0{} having long-cells variously with a single longitudinal
row of large papillae, a double row of half-sized ones, or something in
between; and the guard-cells over-arched at their ends by tiny projections,
seemingly from the subsidiaries> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 337,2<in \i{}O.
sativa\i0{}> 339,(24-)26-42(-45) 341,3.6-5.4 342,7.1-12.5
343,(14-)19-22.5(-25.5) 344,0.46-0.57 345,1 346,(22.5-)24-28.5(-30) 347,1
348,2/3<mostly> 350,1<very slightly> 351,2 360,1 363,7<mostly>/3/6<the
rounded and crescentic forms associated with the short-cell pairs which
occur over some veins in \i{}O. sativa\i0{}> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
390,1 391,2 394,1<except for enlarged ribs associated with the leaf
margins>/2 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1/1&2<a few \i{}Sporobolus\i0{}-type
groups in at least some species, e.g. \i{}O. australiensis\i0{}> 403,2
404,1 405,1<in most bundles> 406,1 410,1 411,1 413,2<2 species> 416,1
469,12 470,24&48 471,2&4 473<small> 474,0.6-1.1<12 species, mean 0.8>
475,1.7<10 species, 1.1-2.5> 476,1 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35
490,52 491,25 492<tropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&2 496,1&2&3
497,2&4 498,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&3&5&6 504,2&5&6&7&9 506,1
507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 511,1 512,1/2 513,1/2 514,2 516<\i{}O. barthii\i0{},
\i{}O. perennis\i0{} (in rice), \i{}O. punctata\i0{}, \i{}O.
rufipogon\i0{}> 518<e.g. \i{}O. longistaminata\i0{}(Kenya), \i{}O.
ridleyi\i0{} (Malaya)> 519<\i{}O. sativa\i0{} (Rice); also \i{}O.
glaberrima\i0{} (west Africa)> 523<intergeneric hybrid claimed with
\i{}Triticum\i0{}: \i{}Oryticum\i0{} Wang & Tang in \i{}Acta Phytotax.
Sin.\i0{} \b{}20\b0{}, 179 (1982)> 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 531,1 532,1&4
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}O. australiensis\i0{} Domin, \i{}O.
sativa\i0{} L.> 540<oryza> 
 
# \i{}Oryzidium\i0{} <C.E. Hubb. & Schweick.>/
7<floating>,2 9,2 11,- 13,40-120<the lower internodes trailing in water or
floating> 14,2<spongy> 19,1 27,2 31<persisting even when permanently
submerged> 37,1<spongy> 38,- 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,6-10 59,1
65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 71,3-4 72,2 73,2 74,2<the lower floret male, the upper
female> 89,5 91<narrow, the branches nearly erect> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 125<somewhat>,1 141,8-10
142,9 144,- 145,3 146,2 147,3 148,1 149,4<i.e., the upper floret stipitate>
154,2 155,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171,2
172,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, on the veins>
176<(the upper)>,1<attenuate into a long straight awn> 177,2 178,-
179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} a small, membranous, truncate scale, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} large, firm, awned> 181,1 187,0/3<faint> 189,5-7
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200,2 201,1<with 3 stamens>
202<acuminate> 203,1<attenuate> 204,5 205,3 206,2 207,2 208,1
214,2-3<thinly leathery> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2<or mucronulate>
240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2
259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,0<the male
floret with non-penicillate anthers 2.5-3 mm long> 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1
286,2<but clasped below by the flaps of the palea> 287,1<3-3.5 mm long>
289,4 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(72-)75-84(-90) 341,(4.8-)5.7-6 342,12-18.8 343,(46-)51-56(-57)
344,0.63-0.68 345,1<easy to find, but thinly spread> 346,27-33 350,2 351,1
353,1 360,1<some veins>/2<some veins>/3<some veins> 363,8 364<all very
small,>,3&4 365,2 370,1 374,1 375,2 383<seemingly>,2 393,1 394,1 395,1<with
a large air-space on either side of the large bundle> 396,2<one large
bundle, two small> 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80 491,1<\i{}O. barnardii\i0{}> 492<southern
tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&4 504,11 508,4 512,1<in permanent
water> 513,2 514,2 534<Hubbard and Schweickerdt 1936> 535<studied by us,
and photos of \i{}O. barnardii\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<oryzidiu> 
 
# \i{}Oryzopsis\i0{} <Michx.>/
1<from \i{}Oryza\i0{} (q.v., rice) and \i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance),
alluding to a fancied similarity> 5<\i{}Dilepyrum\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Piptatheropsis\i0{} p.p.> 6<\i{}Piptatherum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,-
13,10-150 19,2 27,2 29,1 37,1/2 38,- 42,1/2 47,2 51,1<on upper culms,
sometimes>/2 55,1/2 56,0.7-15 59,1/2/3<involute> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1/2<?>
70,1-2 71,0.2-15 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-10 145,1-2 147,1
154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2/3 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,2
179,2<membranous> 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,1 196,2 208,1 211,1<concealing the
palea> 212,2 213,2 214,3 216,1 218,1/2<?> 220<if incised, obscurely>,2
221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3<?> 229,- 231,2 233,1/2 234,1-3 236,1/2
240,1/2 244,2 246,1 248,3-5(-9) 250,1<completely covered by the lemma>
251,1<equalling the lemma> 254,1 256,1 257,2<leathery> 258,2 259,3 260,1
261,1<?> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2<stipoid> 269,1/2<?> 270,2 271,1
272,3 274,1.5-5 275,1<<75%> usually>/2 277,1 280,1 283,2 286,2
287,1-2<1.5-4.0 mm long> 295,2 298,1-2<1/4 to 1/2 the grain length> 301,2
302,2 304,1<the epiblast usually short and truncate, sometimes long and
notched in \i{}O. canadensis\i0{}> 305,2<with a 95-130 degree angle between
coleoptile and coleorhiza> 306,2 308,1 309,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 322,1<in
\i{}O. asperifolia\i0{}> 323,2 327,1<narrow-rectangular>
328,1<thick-walled, the costals somewhat less so> 330,1 331,1<pitted> 332,2
345,1 346,21-24 348<low to high>,2 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 355,3
356,1<elliptical or oval>/2<slightly>/3 357<prickles present> 360,2<and a
few short rows, in \i{}O. asperifolia\i0{}> 361,1 363,3<including potato
shapes>/5<to more or less cubical>/6 370,2 374,1 385,1-2 386,1-2 393,1/2
394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,1
411,1 469,11&12&14 471,2&4&5&10/11 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80
491<about>,4 492<North America> 493,6 494,1 495,1&3 497,4&5 507,1&3 511,1
512,3-4 513,1/2<mainly> 524,5 525,3 528,11 531,1&2 532,5 533,5 534<Freitag
1975> 535<Metcalfe 1960 (for \i{}O. asperifolia\i0{} only> 536<the North
American species usually known as \i{}Oryzopsis micrantha\i0{} and \i{}O.
racemosa\i0{} are referred here to the otherwise Old World genus
\i{}Piptatherum\i0{}, and \i{}O. hymenoides\i0{} to \i{}Achnatherum\i0{},
cf. Barkworth 1993. This at least permits \i{}Oryzopsis\i0{} sensu stricto
to be distinguished from \i{}Piptatherum\i0{} on morphological grounds, but
negates the former geographical distinction. While \i{}Oryzopsis\i0{} sensu
lato (i.e. including \i{}Piptatherum\i0{}) is clearly unsatisfactory, the
present solution is probably transient> 540<oryzopsi> 
 
# \i{}Otachyrium\i0{} <Nees>/
7,2 9,1&3 13,20-150 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,1<usually> 43,2 44,2 47,2 52,1-2
55,2 56,1-9 58,1/2/- 59,1/3/4 65,2 69,2 70,1 73,2 74,1/2<the upper floret
may be female-only in two species> 89,2/5 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 108,2
120,2<usually> 121,2 122,3 123,3 124,4 126,1 127,2 141,2-8.5 144,- 145,1-3
147,3 149,1 150,2 154,2<though one species occasionally has a third,
terminal, abortive floret> 157,2 163,2 165,2<subequal> 166,1<1/4 to 1/2 as
long> 167,1 171,1/2 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1-3 189,1-7 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200,1<greatly enlarged and often winged,
expanding widely beyond the spikelet when mature, and adhering to the upper
floret> 201,1 202<sometimes sulcate> 203,2 204,3 205,2-3 206,1<membranous>
207,2 208,1 210<acute> 214,3 215,1<and shining>/2 216,1-2<from papery to
crustaceous> 217<pallid to black> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2<convex or
gibbous> 246,2 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1/2 259,3
260,3 262,1<in four of the species>/2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<1.5 - 2.5 mm long> 289,4
291,2<plano-convex> 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals longer
and narrower> 328,1<quite thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,34.5-36-42 341,7.5-9 342,4-5.6 343,21-24-27 344,0.57-0.75 345,1
346,(30-)36-42 348<mostly>,3<low, with small points> 350,2 351,1
353,2<solitary> 354,2 357<intercostal prickles abundant> 360,1 363,8
364,1&3&4 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 391,1<?- a suspicion of these, not
confirmable in available material>/- 393,2-3 395,1 396,1/2<depending on the
limits set on the midrib> 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the main
bundles> 405,1<the main bundles with small Is> 406,1 469,9 471,2 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,53 491,7 492<tropical South America,
West Indies> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4&5 504,11 512,2/3 514,2 534<Sendulsky
and Soderstrom 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}O. succisum\i0{} (Swallen)
Sendulsky & Soderstrom> 540<otachyri> 
 
# \i{}Otatea\i0{} <McClure & Smith>/
3<\i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 14,1 19,1 21,1-2/3 23,4 30,1 31,1/2
33<sometimes>,1 34<where recorded,>,2/- 35,1 36,1/2/4 37,2 38,1/2 39,1 40,2
44,2 48,1<but small>/2 52,3<acuminate>/2 55,1-2 63,1 65,1/2 66<at least
demarcated,>,1/1-2 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1<with numerous spikelets,
by contrast with \i{}Yushania\i0{}> 95,3 96,- 101,1 102,1 103,5 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,35-40 142,7/13 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,1<ciliate at the dilated segment apices> 156,1 157,2
163,2 165,1-2 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,1<the terminal scaberulous subule to
2.5 mm long> 177,1 179,2<lanceolate, subule-tipped> 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,3-7 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3<acuminate into the subule> 225,1
226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 234,1<about 2.5 mm long> 244,1 250,1 251,1 252,2
255,1<truncate> 256,1 258,2 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1<posterior, smaller>
267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,1 283,2
286,2 290,1 293,- 295,2 298,2 299,2 322,1<and an even more conspicuous
distinction between the epidermes on either side of the midrib - the one
smooth and epapillate, the other with abundant prickles and papillate>
323,1<on the one side of the blade> 324,2 325,- 326,3<mostly one median row
of small, circular papillae per long-cell> 327,1-2<the costals tending to
be smaller and narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1<on one side
of the blade only> 333,2 334,2 335,1<more or less, but the apical cells
consistently blunt> 345,2<confined to the adaxial surface, where each is
associated with a ring of over-arching papillae> 347,- 348,- 351,1 353,1
354,1 356<narrowly>,7/2 358,2<but costal and intercostal prickles abundant
over the papillate half> 360,1<but the costal short-cells often
relatively long, and the files frequently interrupted by prickles>
363,4<abundant and predominating>/8<confined to the vicinity of the midrib>
364<when panicoid type, short>,3 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3
395,1<by virtue of its large bundle and abaxially prominent keel> 396,1
398,2<in transverse section - despite the epidermal distinction>
399,1<these large, in the middle of each intercostal zone> 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<most bundles with Is or anchors> 406,1
477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,36 491,2 492<Mexico and Central
America> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}O.
acuminata\i0{} (Munro) Calderon & Soderstrom> 536<see Clayton and Renvoize
(1986) and Soderstrom and Ellis (1987) for very different generic
interpretations of the species in this circle of affinity. There are no
available generic descriptions adequate for the present purpose>
540<otatea> 
 
# \i{}Ottochloa\i0{} <Dandy>/
1<named for Otto Stapf, distinguished agrostologist> 4<Type: \i{}O.
nodosa\i0{} (Kunth) Dandy> 5<\i{}Hemigymnia\i0{} Stapf> 7,2 9,4<slender>
11,- 14,2 19<sometimes amply>,1/- 23,1 27,2 32,1 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2
52,1-3 55,1/2 59,1<thin> 63,1/2 65,1/2 66<tardily>,1 67,1 69,1-2 70,- 73,2
74,1 89,5<the branches weakly unilateral, with appressed secondary
racemelets>/4 91,1 94,1 95,3 97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels widened upwards> 124,4
141,1.7-6.4 142,8 144<abaxial or not orientated> 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,1<\i{}O. grandiflora\i0{}>/2 166,1<about 1/2 to 2/3 as
long>/2<\i{}O. grandiflora\i0{}> 167,1<except in \i{}O. grandiflora\i0{}>
170,- 171,2<usually glabrous> 174,1/2 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,3-5
189,3-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5-7 205,2 206,1 207,2
208,1 214,3<subleathery> 215,1-2 216,1-2 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,1-2<or
rather, apiculate to mucronulate> 240,2 244,2 246,1<\i{}O.
grandiflora\i0{}>/2 247,1 248,3/5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 259,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2
287,1 291,2<strongly> 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<the costals
slightly thicker walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,39-69
341,5-8.4 342,6.5-10 343,21-36 344,0.48-0.62 345,1 346,24-37.5 348,2 350,2
351,1 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1/2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,1 393,2
394,1 395,1/2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,1 469,9 470,18
471,2 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,5 492<Africa,
Indomalayan region, Australia> 493,3&4&5 494,2&5 496,1&3&5 499,3
500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&6&9 509,1 513,1&2 515<damp and shady places>
516<\i{}O. nodosa\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3 528,2&7 530,3&16&20 535<studied by us
- \i{}O. gracillima\i0{} Hubbard> 536<The morphological description
incorporates corrections forwarded by J.F. Veldkamp (1997), who draws
attention to peculiarities of the Malesian species, \i{}O.
grandiflora\i0{}.> 540<ottochlo> 
 
# \i{}Oxychloris\i0{} <Lazarides>/
1<from the Greek \i{}oxys\i0{} (sharp), and the genus \i{}Chloris\i0{}
(from the Greek \i{}chloros\i0{}) in which it was formerly included;
referring to the long pungent callus which distinguishes it from
\i{}Chloris\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}O. scariosa\i0{} (F.Muell.) Lazarides>
7,1/2<short-lived> 9,3 13,15-50 14,2 19,2<5-7 noded> 27,2 37,1<spongy> 42,2
44,2 47,2 55,2<less than 3.5 mm wide> 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2<short>
72,2 73,2 74,1 89,2 95,1 96,3-6 99,1&2<triqetrous> 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1
121,1<the rachis dorsiventral> 122,1 123,2-3 141,1.8-4.5<-6> 144,- 145,1
147,1<the glumes usually persistent> 148,1 149,4<the sterile florets in a
terminal cluster, separated from the basal floret by a thickened, elongated
internode> 154,1<and modified with spongy tissue to form a conspicuous
thickened internode, separating the clustered sterile florets from the
basal fertile one> 155<glabrous apart fom a few basal hairs> 156,1
157,1<2.5-3mm long, being elongated and pungent> 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,1
166,1 167,2 170,2 171,2 172,1 174,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} entire,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} 2-lobed or truncate> 176,2 177,1 179,2<thinly
membranous to hyaline, often purple-tinged> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2<without
paleas> 193,3-5 194,2<the clustered sterile lemmas large, winged and awned,
the lower ones broad, flaring and 7 nerved> 196,2 208,1<basal>
214,3<cartilaginous to indurated> 216,2<but dark brown when mature> 218,2
220,2 221,2<2-toothed> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 233,1 234,2-3
235,1 240,1 241,1<from near the apices of the lateral nerves and lower on
the mid-nerve> 244,1<the mid-nerve ribbed> 247,2 248,3<the laterals
submarginal> 249,1 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
262,1<the wings ciliate> 264,2 266,2 272,3 274<very small> 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<1.3-2 mm long> 291<trigonous> 295,1 297,3
298,1<almost as long as the fruit> 301,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1
326,2<mostly> 327,2<the non-papillate costals narrower and more regular>
330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,22.5-24-27 340,12
341,9.6-12-15 342,1.8-2.5 343,(9-)10.5-12(-13.5) 344,0.33-0.56 345,1
346,16.5-19.5 348,2&3 350,- 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1
362,4 363<exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 373,2<1 species> 374,1 375,2
376,2 377,3 378,1 379,1 380,2 381,2 382,1 383,2 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1
399,2<seemingly, in the poor material seen> 400,1 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,1
406,1 409,1 414,3.88-4.5 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}O.
scariosa\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8 509,1 512,4
513,2 514,1-2 515<dry savanna> 534<Lazarides 1985> 535<studied by us>
540<oxychlor> 
 
# \i{}Oxyrhachis\i0{} <Pilger>/
7,2 9,3 13,20-80 14,2 19,2 27,2<seemingly fragile> 37,1 42,2 44,1 47,2 52,1
55,2<filiform, conduplicate-involute, rigid> 56<about>,0.5-0.7 58,1 59,2/3
65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2/3<short> 70,1 71,0.2-0.3 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,1<narrow, cylindrical, terminating the culm> 91,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2
103<cylindrical>,2 106,1 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,1 112,2 113<slightly>,1<at
the upper end>/- 114,2<very much so> 115,3 120,1<i.e. only theoretically in
pairs, the pedicel fused with and indistinguishable from the rachis>
121,2<the sessile spikelets in two opposite rows> 122,2 123,1 125,2 141,4-6
144,1 145,3 146,1 147,3<and with the adjacent joint> 148,- 149,1 154,2
155,- 157,2 161,2<and thick> 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,1 171,2 172,1
173,- 174,2<the tips rounded> 176,2 177,2<rounded on back>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} obtuse, leathery, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
apically notched or entire, membranous-hyaline> 181,3 183,2<and wingless>
184,1 185,2 186,1 187,6-7 189,2 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2<obtuse> 204,0/2 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1 218,1
219,2<truncate-obtuse> 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,2 250,1/2 251<when
present,>,3<adherent to the lodicules> 255,1<truncate>/2<emarginate or
bilobed> 256,1 257,2 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 274<about>,2.5 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 291,2
295,1 298,1 322,1-2<the epidermis very featureless, but the costal zones -
especially over the midrib - with narrower long-cells> 323,2 327,1
328,1<fairly thick walled> 329<mainly>,1<with a few short to almost
circular>/- 330<with shortly rounded ends> 331,1<and conspicuous pits>
332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353<mostly>,1<mostly somewhat superposed> 354,1
360<also>,2<the short-cell configurations and silica bodies not noticeably
different from those of the intercostal zones> 363<all small,
intergrading>,3&5&6 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 385,1 393,1<the rather
slight ribs emphasised by tufts of large, inflated macrohairs, cf.
\i{}Hygrochloa\i0{}> 394,1 395,1<by its position, the narrowing of the
lamina, the smaller abaxial epidermal cells and smaller abaxial
sclerenchyma group associated with it, and by the smaller macrohairs above
it> 396,1 398,2 399<bulliforms indistinct> 401,- 403,2 404,1<with the main
laterals> 405,1<the main laterals with anchors> 406,2 407,2<there being a
conspicuous, lignified, large-celled hypodermis abaxially between the main
lateral bundles> 442,- 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63
491,1<\i{}O. gracillima\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2
496,1&2 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&3 512,2 513,2 514,2 515<upland streamsides and
marshy places> 535<studied by us> 540<oxyrhach> 
 
# \i{}Oxytenanthera\i0{} <Munro>/
3<\i{}Dendrocalamus\i0{}> 5<\i{}Houzeaubambus\i0{} Mattei,
\i{}Scirpobambus\i0{} Kuntze> 7<arborescent shrubby>,2 9,3 11,2<but the
culm leaves deciduous> 13,300-1300<somewhat crooked, bending over to the
ground> 14,1<forming dense clumps> 15,2-10 16,1 19,1<at the nodal line>
21,11-20 22,2 23,4 27,2 30,1 31,1 34,2 35,1 36,1 37,1/2 38,2 39,1 40,2 42,2
44,2 47,2 48,1<these deciduous> 52,2-3 55,1 56,10-30 59,1 63,1 65,2 66,1
69,1 70,1 71,0.3-0.5 72,1/2<e.g., \i{}O. abyssinica\i0{}> 73,2 74,1
75,1<there being numerous sterile spikelets> 76,1&4 86,2 87,1 89,3<the
clusters sometimes confluent or reduced to a single terminal cluster like
that of female \i{}Spinifex\i0{}> 101,1<each spikelet cluster subtended by
a papery sheath, and individual spikelets by several short, papery
bracts> 102,2 103,6 116,4 140,2 141,15-45 142,9 145,1-2 147,3 148,1 154,2
155,2 157,2 163,2<cross-veined> 165,1 167,1 171,1<shortly hispidulous>
174,1/2<obtuse to acute> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<papery to leathery> 182,1
187,17-30 189,17-30 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1-3 201,1/2<the paleas when
present two-keeled> 203,1/2<then mucronate> 204,26-32 205,1 206,2 207,2
208,1 214,2<papery to thinly leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2-3 225,1
226,1 228,3 231,1 234<to 7 mm long> 240,1<hispid> 244,2 247,2
248,11-23<with cross-nerves> 250,1 251,1<may exceed the lemma> 252,1
255,1<pointed> 256,1 258,2 259,4<16-19> 260,1<convolute> 264,2 272,6 273,2
275,2 276,1 277,1<but the style mostly shortly hairy> 278,1 279,1 280,1<the
ovary attenuate into the single, hollow style> 283,3 286,2 287,3 291,3
295,2 298,2 303,2 309,1 310,1 311,2 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3 327,2 328,2
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,42-46.5 341,5.4-6 342,7-8.8 343,21-24 344,0.45-0.52
345,1 346,27-30 348<low to high>,2/3 351,2 360,2 363,4&7 365,2 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,2 390,2 391,1 392,2 393,3 394,1 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 469,12 470,72 471,6 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9
490,14 491,1<\i{}O. abyssinica\i0{}> 492<Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3
504,11 508,1&2&3 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<growing in the protection of larger
trees> 522<\i{}O. abyssinica\i0{} stems used for light construction and
fencing> 524,1 530,1 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<oxytenan> 
 
# \i{}Panicum\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Panicum\i0{}: old Latin name for common millet (\i{}Setaria
italica\i0{})> 2<\i{}Panics\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. miliaceum\i0{} L.>
5<\i{}Chasea\i0{} Nieuw., \i{}Coleataenia\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Dileucaden\i0{}
(Raf.) Steud., \i{}Eatonia\i0{} Raf., \i{}Eriolytrum\i0{} Kunth,
\i{}Hopia\i0{} (Kunth) Zuloagas & Morrone, \i{}Milium\i0{} Adans.,
\i{}Monachne\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Polyneura\i0{} Peter, \i{}Psilochloa\i0{}
Launert, \i{}Setiacis\i0{} sensu lato Chen & Y.X. Jin (?- original
description inadequate), \i{}Sorengia\i0{}, \i{}Stephostachys\i0{} (=
\i{}P. mertensii\i0{}), \i{}Trichanthecium\i0{} Zuloaga & Morrone>
6<\i{}Apochloa\i0{} Zuloaga & Morrone, \i{}Cyphonanthus\i0{} (= \i{}P.
discrepans\i0{}), \i{}Dichanthelium\i0{}, \i{}Hopia \i0{} Zuloaga &
Morrone, \i{}Morronea\i0{} Scataglini, \i{}Parodiophyllochloa\i0{} Zuloaga
& Morrone, \i{}Renvoizea\i0{} Zuloaga & Morrone, \i{}Rugoloa\i0{} Zuloaga,
\i{}Steinchisma\i0{}, \i{}Thedachloa\i0{} S.W. Jacobs, \i{}Walwhalleya\i0{}
K.E. Wills & J.J. Bruhl, \i{}Zuloagaea\i0{} (~ \i{}P. bulbosum\i0{})>
7,1/2<but no overwintering rosette - by contrast with
\i{}Dichanthelium\i0{}> 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,20-400 14,1/2 19,1/2
23,3/1<mostly>/2 24,1<<5%> rarely>/2 27,1/2 32,2/3 37,1/2<usually> 38,-
41,1<<5%> rarely, then stalked, e.g. in the \i{}Clavelligera\i0{}
group>/2<usually> 44,1/2 47,1<<5%> rarely>/2 55,1/2 57,1/3
58,1<<10%>rarely>/2 59,1<usually> 63,1<<2%> rarely>/2 65,2 66,1<<1%>
occasionally>/2 67,1 69,1/2<rarely reduced to a hair fringe elsewhere than
in Australia?> 70,- 72,1<of hairs>/2 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2 84,1/2
89,5<except in the \i{}Stolonifera\i0{} group and some species of section
Laxa, where it consists of racemes and the distiction from
\i{}Urochloa\i0{} (\i{}Brachiaria\i0{} sensu lato) breaks down> 90,1/2
91,1/2 94,1/2 97,3 99<at least in in \i{}Panicum\i0{} sensu stricto
triquetrous or filiform,>,4/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1/2 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2<generally, at least in \i{}Panicum\i0{} sensu
stricto,>/1<e.g., in the American Agrostoidea group, \i{}Psilochloa\i0{},
some species in section Laxa, etc.> 123,3 124,4 141,1.4-6 142,8/9/10/11
144<in the few cases where the orientation is ascertainable,>,1/2/-
145,2-3<only rarely weakly lateraly compressed, mainly in segregate genera>
146<(usually, at least in \i{}Panicum\i0{} sensu stricto),>,2/1<in some
small segregates?> 147,3/4 149,1/2/4/2&4 150,1<<8%> e.g. section
Rudgeana>/2 151<when present,>,2 152,1 153,1<section Rudgeana>/2 154,2<very
rarely prolonged, e.g. occasionally in \i{}P. heliophilum\i0{}: Zuloaga and
Morone 1991> 157,2 163,2 165<nearly always>,1 167<(the longer)>,2 173,3<at
least, without the transverse row characterizing the lower glume of
\i{}Yakirra\i0{}?> 176<nearly always>,2<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} truncate
to pointed, very rarely shortly awn-tipped> 179,1/2<herbaceous-membranous,
the lower sometimes very short and nerveless> 180,0.15-0.8 182,1-2 187,1-7
189,3-9 191<nearly always>,2 192,1 196,1 197<nearly always>,1<rarely 2>
198,1/2 199<when present,>,1-2 200,2 201,1/2<e.g., in \i{}Morronea\i0{}>
203,2 204,3<<10%> rarely>/5-9/11<<10%> rarely> 205,2-3 206,1 207,2 208,1
214,2-3 215,1<rarely rugose: subgenus Megathyrsus (~ \i{}P. maximum\i0{})>
216,1-2<leathery, bony or cartilaginous, usually becoming indurated, but
membranous in a few species of section Laxa, associated with other
morphological peculiarities> 217,2/3 218,1 219,1/2 222<usually>,2
223,1<rarely minutely apiculate> 240,1<rarely, e.g. in \i{}Morronea\i0{}>/2
244,2 246,2<nearly always, but no doubt there are exceptions among the
forms with non-indurated lemmas> 247,1 248<mostly obscurely>,3-11 250,1
251,1 253,2<except in \i{}P. discrepans\i0{}, where it is free at the tip>
255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1/2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 274,0.3-2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 295<nearly
always>,1<but linear in (e.g.) \i{}P. glutinosum\i0{}, \i{}P.
macranthum\i0{}, \i{}P. pilgerianum\i0{} = \i{}Psilochloa\i0{}> 298,1 301,2
302,2 303,1/2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,1/2 314,6-12
315,2 316,2 317,2 318,1 319,2 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 329,1/2/3
330,1 331,1 332,1 334,2<<99%> nearly always>/3<3(-4) celled in \i{}P.
validum\i0{}, Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}. 1989> 335,1 337,2<in \i{}P.
virgatum\i0{}> 339,(38-)42-78(-85) 341,(5.4-)6-6.3(-6.6) 342,6.3-9
343,(25.5-)26-48(-55) 344,0.57-0.62 345,1 346,30-33 348<low>,2/3/2&3 350,2
351,1/2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1/2 356<when present,>,5/1/3 360,1
363,8/5-6<rarely> 364<mostly>,1-3/4 365,2 370,1<in \i{}Panicum\i0{} sensu
stricto, with C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} species continuing to be removed to
segregate genera> 371,1/2 372<in a few species>,2 373,1<5 species>/2<14
species, with some of these exhibiting PCK-like leaf blade anatomy>/3<4
species> 374,1/2 375,1/2 378,1<rarely>/2<usually> 379<when present,>,1
380,1/2 381,1/2 382,1/2 383,1/2 385,1 387,1/2 389,1/2 393,2/3 394,1/2/-
395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1 401,1&2<sometimes linking with traversing
columns of colourless cells> 403,1/2<rarely> 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 411,1
413,1<2 species>/2<8 species>
414,3.2-3.56<PCK>/3.5-4.82<NAD-ME>/3.86-4.64<NADP-ME> 416,1 469,7&9&10
470,18<seemingly rarely>/36/37/54/72 473<small> 474,0.5<1 species,
6\i{}x\i0{}> 476,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,44<\i{}Megathyrsus\i0{} only>/54<mostly, still>/10<e.g.,
\i{}Stephostachys\i0{}> 491<about>,370 492<tropical, subtropical and warm
temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5
497,2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6
503,1&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4
509,1&2 511,1 512,3/4 513,1&2 514,1<rarely>/2 515<diverse habitats: \i{}P.
pinifolium\i0{} sandbinding> 516<\i{}P. antidotale\i0{}, \i{}P.
barbipulvinatum\i0{}, \i{}P. bisulcatum\i0{}, \i{}P. brevifolium\i0{},
\i{}P. capillare\i0{}, \i{}P. dichotomoflorum\i0{}, \i{}P. gattingeri\i0{},
\i{}P. laevifolium\i0{}, \i{}P. maximum\i0{}, \i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}, \i{}P.
natalense\i0{}, \i{}P. obtusum\i0{}, \i{}P. repens\i0{}, \i{}P.
sarmentosum\i0{}, \i{}P. trichoides\i0{}, \i{}P. turgidum\i0{}, \i{}P.
virgatum\i0{}, etc.> 517<\i{}P. coloratum\i0{} (Buffalo), \i{}P.
maximum\i0{} (Guinea grass), \i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}, \i{}P.
purpurascens\i0{}, \i{}P. schinzii\i0{}> 518<many species, e.g. \i{}P.
coloratum\i0{}, \i{}P. maximum\i0{}, \i{}P. merkeri\i0{}, \i{}P.
obtusum\i0{}, \i{}P. poaeoides\i0{}, \i{}P. repens\i0{}, \i{}P.
stipitatum\i0{}, \i{}P. trichocladum\i0{}, \i{}P. trichoides\i0{}, \i{}P.
texanum\i0{}, \i{}P. virgatum\i0{}> 519<\i{}P. miliaceum\i0{} (Proso
millet); also \i{}P. sonorum\i0{} (Sauwi), \i{}P. sumatrense\i0{} (Sama)>
524,5 525,1&3&5 526,1 528,1&6&7&9&10 530,15&20&47 534<Hitchcock and Chase
1910, 1915; Hsu 1965; Brown 1977; Zuloaga and Soderstrom 1985; Zuloaga
1987; Ellis 1988> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. antidotale\i0{}
Retz, \i{}P. bulbosum\i0{} H.B.K., \i{}P. buncei\i0{} F. Muell. ex Benth.,
\i{}P. cambogiense\i0{} Balansa, \i{}P. coloratum\i0{} L., \i{}P.
effusum\i0{} R. Br., \i{}P. incomtum\i0{} Trin., \i{}P. laevifolium\i0{}
Hack., \i{}P. maximum\i0{} Jacq., \i{}P. miliaceum\i0{} L., \i{}P.
mitchellii\i0{} Benth., \i{}P. paludosum\i0{} Roxb., \i{}P. pygmaeum\i0{}
R. Br., \i{}. simile\i0{} Domin, \i{}P. subxerophyllum\i0{} Domin, \i{}P.
trachyrhachis\i0{} Benth.> 536<generic limits among the relatives of
\i{}Panicum\i0{} (\i{}Ancistrachne\i0{}, \i{}Brachiaria\i0{},
\i{}Dichanthelium\i0{}, \i{}Digitaria\i0{}, \i{}Eriochloa\i0{},
\i{}Homolepis\i0{}, \i{}Hylebates\i0{}, \i{}Hymenachne\i0{},
\i{}Ichnanthus\i0{}, \i{}Paspalidium\i0{}, \i{}Sacciolepis\i0{},
\i{}Setaria\i0{}, \i{}Tricholaena\i0{}, \i{}Urochloa\i0{},
\i{}Whiteochloa\i0{} etc., and many small segregates) need critical
revision \i{}in terms of comparative data recorded at world level\i0{}. W.
V. Brown (1977) expounded on the problem 1n 1977, and Zuloaga embarked on a
detailed treatment of the \i{}New World\i0{} species in 1982. Subsequent
re-alignments of species (e.g., Webster (1987), Webster et al (1994),
Morrone et al. (2007, 2008), Sede et al. (2008), Scataglini and Zuloaga
(2013)) continue to reduce the variability here attributed to
\i{}Panicum\i0{}, but by 2016 a sensu stricto version permitting convincing
diagnosis and practical applicationhas yet to be delimited. Occasional
species with a rachilla prolongation or a second sterile floret, and small
suites of species with laterally compressed spikelets, secund one-sided
inflorescence branches, stipitate upper florets, linear hila, etc., pose
major hazards for printed generic keys; and for use in that context, the
description of \i{}Panicum\i0{} as encoded here will generally require
editing at regional level. The agriculturally important species \i{}P.
maximum\i0{} well illustrates the situation. It may belong with species
currently referred to \i{}Urochloa\i0{} and/or \i{}Brachiaria\i0{} (PCK,
rugose upper lemma, etc.), but changes of this kind will not be effectively
implemented until the generic circumscriptions have been clarified>
540<panicum> 
 
# \i{}Pappophorum\i0{} <Schreber>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pappos\i0{} (pappus) and \i{}phoros\i0{} (bearing),
alluding to lemmas with a pappus-like crown> 5<\i{}Polyraphis\i0{} (Trin.)
Lindley> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,30-150(-200) 14,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2
52,1<glabrous> 55,2 56,2-6 59,1/3<rigid> 61,2<at the base of macrohairs>
62,3 65,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<when present,>,1<sometimes basal
and highly modified> 89,5 91,1/2 92<when contracted>,3/4 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 144,- 145,1/2/3 147,1
148,1<or only tardily so> 154,1 156,1 157,1 158,- 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2
170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<thinly membranous, acute or mucronate> 187,1
189,1 191,2 192,2 194<reduced to a brush-like appendage> 196,2 208,(1-)3-5
214,3<leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,13-23 221,1<dissected above into awns>
223,3 225,13-23 226,2<spreading, unequal, together forming a pappus-like
crown to the spikelet> 227<the median>,2 228,- 229,- 231,1 233,1-3
234,3<simple, or branched at the base> 235,- 240,1<at least below>
244,2<dorsally rounded> 246,- 247,2 248,(5-)7-11<or more> 250,1 251,1 255,2
256,1 257,2<papyraceous> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,2-3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
269,2 272,3 277,1 283,2 286,2 287,1 289,4 291,2 295,1<1/5 as long as the
grain> 297,3 298,1 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals relatively long and narrow> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1
333,1-2 334,2 335,2<and demonstrated to secrete salt> 336,3
339,(27-)28.5-30 340,18 341,14.4-16.5 342,1.7-2 343,10.5-13.5 344,0.35-0.45
345,1 346,25.5-31.5 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary> 355,1 360,1 362,4
363,4<the commonest form>/8<common in places> 364<when panicoid type,>,1&2
365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,1/2-3 383,2 385,1
389,1<seemingly, occasionally> 393,1/2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2
401,2<these sometimes connecting with traversing colourless columns> 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 442,- 448,1 469,10 470,40/60/100 471,4&6&10 476,1
477,6 484,1/4<relationships dubious> 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,55 491,8
492<U.S.A., South America> 493,6&7 494,1&3&6 495,1&2&3 497,2&4 498,3
502,2&3&4&5&6 504,11 505,2 506,2 507,2&3 512,4 513,2 515<grassland and
bushland> 524,5 525,3 528,10 531,2 533,2&5 534<Reeder 1965; Reeder and
Toolin 1989> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Pa. sub-bulbosum\i0{}
Arech> 540<pappopho> 
 
# \i{}Parabambusa\i0{} <Widjaja>/
4<\i{}P. kainii\i0{}> 6<\i{}Pinga\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,1500-2000 14,1<without
nodal roots> 15,1-3 16,1 18<leaning> 19,1<from the upper culm> 20,1
21<thinner than the stem,>,3-10 22,3<with one dominant> 23,4 30,1 31,1 33,1
34,1 35,1 36<narrower than the sheath, erect,>,4 37,2 39,1
52<glabrous,>,3<acuminate> 55,1 56<26-31 cm long,>,39-60 63,1 66,1 73,2
74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1<the spikelets with basal axillary buds> 89,2<comprising
bractiferous synflorescences clustered at the nodes, leafless between the
clusters>/- 101,1<the clusters with spathaceous subtending bracts, the
lateral spikelets prophyllate> 102,1 140,- 141,25-52 142,9 145,1 147,1
148,2 149,4<the internodes 1-3 mm long> 154,1 155,2 156,1 163,2 166,1 174,1
176,2 179<ovate, apically acute, persistent,>,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2
196,2 208,5-12 214,2 218,1 219,1 223<9-13 mm long, ovate-acuminate,>,1
240,2<?> 244,2 250,1 251,1<10-13.5 mm long> 255,1<the apex acute> 264,2
272,6 281,U 283,3 285,U 287,U 288,U 291,U 292,U 295,U 297,3 320,U 340,U
344,U 345,U 349,U 350,U 353,U 356,U 362,U 378,U 379,U 380,U 381,U 382,U
385,U 386,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9
490,14 491,1<\i{}P. kainii\i0{}> 492<Papuasia> 493,5 494,2 496,3 500,4
534<Clayton et al. (2016), GrassBase; Kellogg> 537,2 538,4 540<pbambusa> 
 
# \i{}Parafestuca\i0{} <E. Alekseev>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{} (\i{}F. albida\i0{})> 7,2 9<densely>,3 13,25-100 14,2
19,2 42,2 47,2 50<the sheaths splitting longitudinally into fibres> 52,1
55,1-2 56,3-10<-12> 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.8-2 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,1-2 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 141,6-8(-10) 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,2 171,2
172,2<marginally and below> 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<lanceolate> 187,1 189,3
191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3(-4) 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2
243,2<on the keel> 244,1 248,3 250,1 251,1-2 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3
262,2 263,2-3<below> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1<the teeth
equal> 271,2 272,3 274,2.5-3 277,1 283,2 287,1-2<3.5 - 4 mm long> 289,2
291<somewhat>,2<ventrally> 295,1 298,2 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370,2
393,1 394,2 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the main bundles only>
405,1<in the main bundles> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13
491,1<\i{}P. albida\i0{}> 492<Madeira> 493,1&2 494,1 495,2 498,1 504,11
534<Alekseev 1985> 535<Alekseev 1985, and studied by us> 538,3
540<parafest> 
 
# \i{}Parahyparrhenia\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7,1/2 14,2 55,2<very> 58,2<flat or involute> 59,1/3<involute> 65,2 69,1
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1 79,1<one male or neuter pair, inconspicuous,
at the base of the lower raceme> 89,2<a single raceme or
raceme-pair>/5<then a scanty, spatheate false panicle of racemes>/-
94,1<i.e., the articles of racemes and peduncles> 95,- 101,1 102,1/2<when
comprising only two racemes> 103,3<the rachis few to many-jointed>
106,2<not deflexed, the bases terete, unequal, the upper filiform> 107,1
108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2<by contrast with \i{}Hyperthelia\i0{}> 114,2
115,2<ciliate on both sides> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2
129,1<sometimes male or sterile in the lowermost pair> 130,3/4 131<the
pedicelled spikelets about as long as the sessile, narrowly lanceolate,
male with two hyaline lemmas or empty. Callus small and oblong or absent.
Pedicel ciliate on both sides> 141,4.5-12 145,2-3<subterete> 147,3<falling
with adjacent joint and pedicel> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<long, pointed,
curved or oblique> 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,2<glabrous, or
the margins ciliate> 176<(the upper)>,1<or at least aristulate>
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<the lower with
a dorsal median groove and narrow involute margins, sub-keeled upwards and
sometimes winged, bidentate and bimucronate, the upper cymbiform, awned or
aristulate> 183,1<with a dorsal median groove> 184,4<without a conspicuous
herbaceous tip, by contrast with \i{}Hyperthelia\i0{}> 185,2 186,1 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2<narrow-lanceolate> 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<stipitate below> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2<bidentate> 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,3 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1/2
251<when present,>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2/- 270,- 272,3<the
anthers rather long> 277,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1<the
intercostal zones very narrow> 323,1 324,2<on each interstomatal cell>
325,1<slightly, in places>/2<for the most part> 326,1/2 328,1<thin walled>
330,1 331,1&2<the sinuosity very fine> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2
348,2 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,5<and short dumb-bell shaped>/- 357<no
macrohairs or prickles seen> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3<mostly>/4<a few>
366<largely>,1/2 370,1 371,1 374,2 375,1 389,1<in places> 395,1 396,2<an
abaxial arc, with a median primary and small bundles on either side, or
three primaries with small bundles between them> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,2
402,1 403,1<though many of the tiniest have minute abaxial sclerenchyma
groups> 404,1<with the primaries> 406,1 442,- 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,80 491,5 492<tropical Africa and Thailand> 493,4&5 494,2
496,1&3 499,2&3 500,2 504,11 508,1 513,2 515<savanna grassland, pools on
rock outcrops> 534<Clayton 1966> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. annua\i0{}
(Hack.) W.D. Clayton> 537,2 540<parahypa> 
 
# \i{}Paraneurachne\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
1<from the Greek \i{}para\i0{} (near) and \i{}Neurachne\i0{} (a related
grass genus, q.v.)> 4<Type: \i{}P. muelleri\i0{} (Hack.) S.T.Blake> 7,2
9,2/3/4 11,- 13,10-45 19,1 27,1 32,3 37,1 38,- 42<culm branches
intravaginal> 44,2 47,2 52,1-5 55,2 56,2-4 65,2 66,1 67,1 69,3 70,- 71,-
73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<then the lowest spikelets reduced> 85,2
89,4<contracted, spike-like, the spikelets spiralled> 91,2 94,- 98,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
122,3<spiralled> 123,3<the pedicels short, persistent> 124,1/3 141,7-12
142,9 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,2 157,1 159,1<very conspicuous,
long> 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,1 171,1<with dense white hairs>
174,1<subulate-acuminate> 176,1<acuminate into the short
subule>/2<acuminate, hardly truly awned> 177,2 178,- 179,1<the lower
membranous, flat on back and not bearded, the upper convex and hardened
towards the base, with a dense narrow beard of long white submarginal hairs
on each side below> 182,- 183,1<above> 187,5-7 189,9-13 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1 199,2 201,1 202<gibbous below> 203,2 204,7 205,1-3 208,1 214,2
215,1-2 216,2<L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinly rigid. cf.
\i{}Thyridolepis\i0{}, contrast \i{}Neurachne\i0{}> 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,1/2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3-7 250,1<acuminate> 251,1 255,2 256,1 257,2
258,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3
274<about>,2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2<and 2 styles> 284,2 287,1
291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 322,1
323,2 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 339,51-63 341,9-9.9 342,5.2-7 343,28.5-33
344,0.52-0.59 345,1 346,27-36 350,2<slightly overlapping> 351,1 353,1 354,1
357<many prickles present, mostly reduced to their bases> 358,1<or at
least, many structures (obviously reduced prickles) approaching these>
360,1&3<mostly pairs and short rows, but some long rows - quite a mixture>
363,8 364<mostly>,1&2&3<short> 365,2 370,1 371,2 372,2 373,3 374,2<the
inner sheath of large, thin walled cells is PCR, but there is another
sheath of smaller, sparsely chlorenchymatous cells outside it.
c.f.\i{}Alloteropsis\i0{}, \i{}Neurachne\i0{}> 375,2 378,1 379,1 380,1
382,1 383,1 385,1 393,1<with broad, flat-topped adaxial ribs, each
including several vascular bundles> 394,1 395,2 396,1-2<with a small bundle
beneath each bulliform group> 399,1 401,1/1&2 403,2 404,2<combining broad
abaxial girders with adaxial strands> 406,1 469,9 470,36 471,4 477,7 478,5
485,3 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,49 491,1<\i{}P. muelleri\i0{}> 492<northern
Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,3 504,5&6&7&8 512,4 513,2 515<dry grassland>
534<Blake 1972b> 535<Hattersley \i{}et al.\i0{} 1982; studied by us -
\i{}P. muelleri\i0{} (Hackel) Blake> 540<paraneur> 
 
# \i{}Parapholis\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}para\i0{} (near) and \i{}Pholiurus\i0{} (a related
grass genus, q.v.); alternatively, from the Greek \i{}para\i0{} (beside)
and \i{}pholis\i0{} (scale), alluding to the collateral glumes> 4<Type:
\i{}P. incurva\i0{} (L.) C.E.Hubb.> 5<\i{}Lepidurus\i0{} Janchen>
7<slender>,1<erect or more or less prostrate> 9,3 11,- 13,2-50 14,2 19,1/2
25,3-9 26,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,1/2 50<sheaths not keeled> 52,1
53,1 55,2 56,0.4-3 58,1/2 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.3-0.9 73,2 74,1 75,2/1<sometimes with rudiments at the base of the
inflorescence> 76,1/1&4 89,1<cylindrical, rigid, often curved> 91,- 94,-
99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,-
115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 141,4-8.5 144<more or less>,1<closing off the
hollowed internode>/- 145,1 147,3<shed with rachis joints> 154,1 155,2
156,1/2 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,2-3<side by side> 174,1 176,2
177<sometimes asymmetric and winged> 179,2<leathery> 187,3-5<the nerves
raised> 189,3-5<the nerves raised> 191,1/2 192<if present,>,2 193,1 194,1<a
rudiment> 196,2 208,1 214,1<membranous, side-on to the rachis> 216,2 223,1
240,2 243,1 244,2 248,1/3<the laterals very short> 250,1 251,1 253,2
255,1-2 256,1 257,1<hyaline> 259,3 260<weakly>,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,0.5-4 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2
287,1<3-3.6 mm long> 289<narrowly ovoid or>,4 290<ventrally>,1/2 291,2-3
293,- 295,1 298,2 301,1/2 302,1 303,2 304,1 310,1 311,1 312,2 314,3 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,2 345,2/1 346,(39-)42-45(-48)
348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,1 353,1<mainly>/2<a few solitaries> 354,1<when
paired> 356,1/2 360,2/3 363,3<mostly>/5-6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1 394,1 395,1<rarely>/2 396,1 399,1/2<\i{}P. strigosa\i0{} with small
bulliforms of variable size, irregularly grouped in the furrows, cf.
\i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 401<sometimes>,1<e.g. \i{}P. incurva\i0{}>/- 403,2
404,2 406,1 469,7&9&19 470,14&28&32&36&38&42 471,2&4&6 473<large> 477,2
478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,56 491,6 492<western Europe,
Mediterranean to India> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1&3 497,2
498,2&3 499,1 500,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&8&10 506,1 511,1 513,2 514,1/2 515<sandy
maritime soils and saltmarshes> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
incurva\i0{} (L.) Hubbard> 540<paraphol> 
 
# \i{}Paratheria\i0{} <Griseb.>/
7,2 9<geniculate ascending, rooting at the nodes> 11,- 13,15-80 14,2 19,1
27,1/2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,3-5 59,1 65,2 66,2 68,1
69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 71<about>,0.3 72,1<a line of hairs> 73,2 74,1
75,2<but sometimes with cleistogamous spikelets lacking bristles at the
base of the inflorescence> 82,1 83,1<the upper sheaths> 89,3<loosely
spicate, with appressed, deciduous, one-spikeleted racemelets> 94,-
98,2<the racemelet ending in the bristle, which subtends the spikelet and
extends beyond it> 101,2 102,2 103,1<to the long, pungent stipe, one
spikelet and its subtending bristle> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e., the
racemelets disarticulating, complete with spikelet and bristle, and
contributing a pointed callus beneath the spikelet> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
116,2 118,2 120,1<one per racemelet> 121,2 123,2 141,8-13 144,1 145,3
147,3<and the racemelet> 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,3<constituted by
the proximal part of the branch beneath the spikelet> 161,1 163,2 164,1
165,2 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 174,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<hyaline> 187,0
189,0 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2<but acuminate-subulate>
204,7-11<these anastomosing above> 205,2 206,2<firmly membranous> 207,2
208,1 214,3 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1<but acuminate-subulate, like the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,7 250,1
251,1<about equalling the lemma> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2
259,3<linear-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous> 260,1<abaxially rounded>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,2.5 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,1 283,2 284,1 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,57-63-66 341,4.5-5.4-6 342,9.5-14.7 343,30-34.5
344,0.52-0.6 345,1 346,(24-)27-28.5(-33) 348<low>,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1
353,1 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,3 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,2 393,2 394,1 395,1
396,2 397,1 399,1-2 401<occasionally>,1<but the epidermis largely
irregularly bulliform>/- 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,36 490,20 491,2 492<Africa, Madagascar, Cuba, Brazil> 493,4&7
494,2&3 496,1&2 499,2&3&4 502,1&3&4 504,11 508,1&2&3 511,1 512,1/2 513,2
514,2 515<swamps and lakes> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. prostrata\i0{}
Griseb.> 540<parather> 
 
# \i{}Parectenium\i0{} <P. Beauv. corr. Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}para\i0{} (resembling) and \i{}ktenion\i0{} (a little
comb), alluding to comblike racemes> 3<\i{}Plagiosetum\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
novae-hollandiae\i0{} P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Paractaenium\i0{} P. Beauv.> 7,1 9,3
11,- 13,30-90 14,2 19,1 27,2 32,1/2 37,1 38,- 47,2 55,2 56,2-5 59,1 65,2
66,2 69,2 70,- 71<short> 73,2 74,1 89,2<with up to 5 spikelets per raceme,
but reducing to one or two> 91<the racemes finally deflexing> 94,- 95,3
97,2/3 98,2<each short lateral raceme ending in a bristle> 99,1 100,1-2
101,2 102,2 103,1/4 106,- 107,- 108,1<but the main axis persistent>
109,1<the short branches articulated at their bases, falling whole> 111,-
113,- 114,- 115,- 116,2<individually, at least at the base of the
racemelets, by contrast with \i{}Plagiosetum\i0{}> 118,2 120,1 121,1
123<shortly>,3 124,2 141,3.5-5 142,7/8/9/10/11 144,1 145,3 147,3<and with
the branch> 154,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 167<(the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, which
equals the spikelet)>,2 170,1 174,2 176,2 177,2 187,3-5 189,9-13 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2 201,2 203,2 204,9-11 205,3
206,1<herbaceous-membranous, similar to the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 207,2
208,1 214,3<leathery or cartilaginous> 215,3 216,1<slightly> 217,2/3 218,1
219,1/2 223,1 240,2<shortly ciliolate at the apex> 244,2 246,1 248,3-5
250,1 251,1<elliptical> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258<slightly>,1<like the lemma>
264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 274<about>,2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
287,1 291,2 295,1 298,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,(36-)47-50(-63) 341,5.4-7.5 342,7.5-10.5
343,(22.5-)28.5-42(-43.5) 344,0.59-0.7 345,1 346,21-25.5 348,2 350,2
351,1/2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,1 379,1 383,1 385,1 393,1
394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<the epidermis extensively bulliform> 403,1 404,2
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1-2<\i{}P.
novae-hollandiae\i0{}, \i{}P. refractum\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5
503,3 504,2&5&6&7&8 513,2 514,1/2 515<sandy places, sometimes maritime>
535<studied by us - \i{}P. novae-hollandiae\i0{} Beauv.> 540<parec-ss> 
 
# \i{}Pariana\i0{} <Aub.>/
5<\i{}Eremitis\i0{} Doell, \i{}Parianella\i0{}> 7,2 9<from a creeping
rootstock with crowded stems> 11,1/2 13<about>,50-200
14,1/2<\i{}Eremitis\i0{}> 15,0.5 19<nearly always>,2<sparse branching
recorded in \i{}P. multiflora\i0{}> 27,2 37,2<\i{}Eremitis\i0{}> 40,2 44,2
47,1 48,1 49,2 50<the sheaths with (\i{}Pariana\i0{} sensu stricto) or
without (\i{}Eremitis\i0{}) scarlike marks> 52,1-6 55,1 58,- 63<shortly>,1
65,1 68,1<often very short> 70,2 71<up to 5 mm long> 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,2&3 77,4<in verticils, each comprising a central female surrounded by
(4-)5(-6) males> 78,1 80<probably>,1<with evidence of entomophily, in
\i{}Pariana\i0{} sensu stricto>/2<\i{}Eremitis\i0{}?>
82,1<\i{}Eremitis\i0{}>/2<\i{}Pariana\i0{} sensu stricto> 83<in
\i{}Eremitis\i0{}>,2 85,2 89,3<the spikelets in verticils, the whole
reduced to a single terminal verticil with vestiges below it in
\i{}Eremitis\i0{}>/- 101,2 102,2 108,1 109,2<of several segments which
separate at maturity (\i{}Pariana\i0{}), or only the terminal segment
disarticulating (\i{}Eremitis\i0{})> 120<in verticils of (5-)6(-7)> 121,2
123,1&3 126,1 127,1<the female spikelet sessile, the surrounding males on
short pedicels> 129,2 130,3 131<the male spikelets with their short
pedicels flattened and coalescent, the florets having (2)10-40 stamens
with their filaments free or joined> 133,1<but some sometimes suppressed>
135,1 138,(2-)3-40<\i{}Pariana\i0{} sensu stricto>/2<\i{}Eremitis\i0{}>
139,1/2 141,5-13 145,2 147,1 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2 174,1
176,2 179,2 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,3 216,1 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,1 259,4 260,1 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2
268,1 269,1/2 270,2 271,1 272,0 277,1 280,1/2 283,1<and not plumose, in
\i{}Eremitis\i0{}>/2<plumose, in \i{}Pariana\i0{}> 286,2 287,1-2 290,U
294,U 295,2<at least in \i{}Eremitis\i0{}> 303,1<\i{}Eremitis\i0{}> 304,1
305,1 306,2 308,2 311,2<at least in \i{}Eremitis\i0{}> 323,1 326,3
327,1<fairly short> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,66-90 343,18-38
344,0.26-0.52 345,1 348<tall>,2/3 351,1 354,1 356,6/5&6 360,3
363,7&8<occasionally tall-narrow-crenate> 364<commonly>,1 365,2 370,2 374,1
385,2 390,1 391,1 393,3 395,1 396<seemingly>,2<?-a large central bundle and
two laterals, but whether there is a complex is not clear from published
descriptions> 397<with the vascular bundles embedded in large-celled,
colourless ground tissue> 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,11/12
470,44&48 477,3 478,3 481,3<?> 487,4 488,3 489,34<including
\i{}Parianella\i0{}> 490,57 491,34 492<tropical South America> 493,7 494,3
502,1&2&3&6 504,11 513,1 515<forest floor plants> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 537,2
540<pariana> 
 
# \i{}Parodiolyra\i0{} <Soderstrom & Zuloaga>/
1<name compounded from that of L. Parodi (South American agrostologist) and
\i{}Olyra\i0{} (a related grass genus)> 3<\i{}Olyra\i0{}> 7,2 9,3/4<or
vine-like, or clambering>/- 11,2 13,30-160<or trailing and climbing and up
to 10 m long>/- 14,1-2 17,1/2 18,2&3&4 19<sparsely>,1 23,1 27,1<pilose,
with retrorse hairs> 37,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 50<sheaths glabrous to pilose>
52,3-5 55,1 56,25-130 57<slightly>,1/3 59,1 63,1 65,1/2<?> 66,1 67,1 69,1-2
70,1 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,2/3<the lower branches with male spikelets
only, the upper branches male basally and female terminally or female-only:
cf. \i{}Olyra\i0{}> 78,1 86,1/2 89,5 91,1<lax and diffuse>
101<probably>,1<cf. \i{}Olyra\i0{}> 120,1 121,2 123,3<the pedicels
filiform, by contrast with \i{}Olyra\i0{}> 131<the male spikelets without
glumes, stamens 3> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,3 141,2-5.8 145,3
147,3 149,2<this prominent and thickened> 154,2 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,2
166,2-3 167,2 169,1<inflated to indurate at maturity> 171,1<shortly
pilose> 176,2 177,2 179,2<membranous, inflated> 187,5-9 189,3-6 191,1 196,2
208,1<the anthecium resembling that typical of Paniceae> 214,3
215,1<shining> 216,1 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,1/2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5
250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,3 266,1
267,2 269,2 271,1 272,0 277,1 280,1<into one> 283,2 285,3 286,2 287,1<1-2.5
mm long> 288<brownish> 289,4 291,2 295,2<but markedly shorter than the
caryopsis, by contrast with \i{}Olyra\i0{}> 297,3 298,2 301,2 322,1 323,1
324,1&2 325,2 326,3<small, circular, with one or two irregular rows per
long-cell in \i{}P. ramosissima\i0{}, larger in \i{}P. lateralis\i0{}, very
variable in size and number and some very large and branched in \i{}P.
leutzelburgii\i0{}> 330,1 331,1<with coarse sinuosity> 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1 345,1 347,1 348<high>,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 353,1/2<solitary in
\i{}P. leutzelburgii\i0{}> 354,1 356,6 357<bulbous-based prickles common>
358,2 360,1 363,8 364<consistently angular>,1 365,- 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,1
391,1/2<none seen in \i{}P. lateralis\i0{}> 392,2 393,3 395,1-2<sometimes
with a somewhat raised, rounded adaxial rib> 396,1 398,2 399,1<the groups
large, in each mid-intercostal region> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the
bundles with anchors> 406,1 470,36 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34
490,50 491,3 492<from Costa Rica south to Bolivia and Bahia, Brazil> 493,7
494,3 502,1&2&3&4 504,11 512,3 513,1&2 514,2 515<in low and mid-elevation
forests and savannas> 534<Soderstrom and Zuloaga 1989> 535<studied by us -
\i{}P. lateralis\i0{} (Presl) Soderstrom & Zuloaga, \i{}P.
luetzelburgii\i0{} (Pilger) Soderstrom & Zuloaga, \i{}P. ramosissima\i0{}
(Trin.) Soderstrom & Zuloaga> 540<parodiol> 
 
# \i{}Parodiophyllochloa\i0{} <Zuloaga & Morrone>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{}> 7,2 9,4 11,2 14,2 18,2 52,3-5 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,2
76,1 81,1&2/2 89,5 91,1<generally spreading> 95,3 97,3 101,2 102,2
142<pilose to glabrous,>,8 145,U 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,2
171,1/2 176,2 177,2 179,2 180,0.5-0.8 187,3(-5) 189,5(-11) 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 208,1 210<ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid> 214,3 216,1
218<apiculate,>,1 223,2 240,2 243<papillose,>,1 244,2 246,2 250,1 251,1
253,2 256,1 257,2 261<papillose> 295,1 298,1 299,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 370,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 433,2<with no
overwintering rosette of leaves> 477,8 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15 491,6
492<Mexico to Argentina> 493,7 494,3 513,1<in humid places> 534<Morrone,
O., Denham, S.S., Aliscioni, S.S. and Zuloaga, O. (2008). \i{}Syst.
Bot\i0{}. 33(1), 66-76> 536<this inadequate description needs pursuing
further, via Hitchcock & Chase (1915)> 537,2 538,4 540<parodiop> 
 
# \i{}Pascopyrum\i0{} <A. Lve>/
3<\i{}Agropyron smithii\i0{}, \i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}>
7<strongly glaucous>,2 9,1 13,30-90 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,1<slender, pointed,
on some of the sheaths> 49,2 55,2 56,2-7 59,1/3<stiff, involute when dry>
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,1 73,2 74,1 80,1 89,1/3<erect, 7-15 cm long, the
clusters reduced to one or two spikelets per node> 101,2 102,2 108,2
120,1<at all nodes>/1&2<with a few pairs at the middle nodes> 121,2 122,2
123,1 125,1<not pectinate> 141<mostly>,15-25 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
156,1 163,2 165,2<to slightly unequal> 166,1 167,2<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} generally equalling or exceeding the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 170,2 171,2 172,1 174,1<tapering> 175,2<lanceolate
and tapering, by contrast with those of \i{}Leymus\i0{} -but subulate when
dry> 176,1/2<tapering into an acute or short-awned apex> 177,2 179,2<rigid,
with scarious margins> 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,4-9
214,2<firm, pale> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1
228,3 231,1 234,1 235,2 240<glabrous, or basally pubescent> 244,2 247,2
248<obscurely nerved> 249,1 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 261,3<pubescent>
272,3 274,4-6 280,2 283,2 284,1 290,U 294,U 322<fairly>,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<fairly thick walled, pitted> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1
346,(72-)75-81(-84) 348<low>,2/1 350,1<slightly> 351,1 353,1<and solitary>
354,1<occasionally only> 356,1&3 358,2<from the material seen, though it
shows a few crown cell-like prickles near the margins> 360,3<solitary,
paired and a few threes> 363,6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1
394,2<there being a decidedly smaller rib intercalated between the large,
round-topped ones towards the margin on either side> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in
the furrows> 401<exclusively>,1 403,2 404,1<with all the main veins, the
minor ones having small abaxial strands only> 405,1<Is to Ts in the main
bundles> 406,1 411,2 412,1 469,7 470,56 471,8 476,2 477,2 478,1 479,1
487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,1<\i{}P. smithii\i0{}> 492<North America>
493,6 494,1 495,1 497,4&5 504,11 507,3 512,3 514,1<in heavy,
saline-alkaline soils> 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us> 537,2
540<pascopyr> 
 
# \i{}Paspalidium\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}eidos\i0{} (shape) and \i{}Paspalum\i0{} (another
grass genus, q.v.), shaped like \i{}Paspalum\i0{}; or a diminutive of
\i{}Paspalum\i0{}?> 3<\i{}Setaria\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. geminatum\i0{}
(Forssk.) Stapf> 7,1/2<often aquatic> 9,1/3-4 11,- 14,2 19<sparsely to
asmply>,1/2 23,1 27,2 32,1/2 37,2 38,- 42,1<usually?>/2 44,2 47,2 55,1/2
59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,2 68,1 69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,2-3<the
primary branches arranged distichously on the rachis or borne on one side,
generally appressed to the rachis, and sometimes greatly reduced> 91,- 94,-
97,1-2/3<rarely> 98,2<each terminating in a conspicuous or more or less
inconspicuous bristle> 101,2 102,2 103,3/1 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 116,1<this being the oft quoted distiction from \i{}Setaria\i0{}:
however, the terminal spikelet of each branch is associated with the
branch-tip bristle, and since the branches may be reduced to single
spikelets, the separation is scarcely adequate> 120,1/2 121,1<the
inflorescence branches dorsiventral> 122<(when the racemes not greatly
reduced)>,1/- 124,3 142,8/9/10 144,1 145,1/2/3 146,1 147,3 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,1/2 170,1 176,2 177,2 178,-
187,1-5 189,5-11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,1-2
201,1/2 202<resembling the upper glume> 203,2 205,2 206,1 207,2<membranous>
208,1 214,3 215,3 216,1<crustaceous> 217,2/3 218,1 219,1 223,1<often
apiculate> 240,2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258<firm,
like the lemma> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,1/2 283,2 287,1 289,4-5 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1
308,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,13-20 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(40.5-)42-72(-81) 341,(5.4-)5.7-7.5
342,7.1-12.3 343,(21-)22.5-42(-51) 344,0.47-0.63 345,1 346,(24-)25.5-30
348<low>,2<sometimes, a few>/3 350,2 351,1/2 353,1<usually>/2<a few
solitaries> 354,1<when paired> 356,5/2 360,1 363,8 364,1/2/3 365,2 370,1
374,2 375,1 378,2 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,1/2 395,1/2<rarely> 396,1-2<a small
bundle under each midrib hinge> 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1/2 405,2 406,1
410,1 413,2<1 species> 454,3 469,9 470,18&36&54 471,2&4&6 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491<about>,27 492<in warm regions> 493,3&4&5&6&7
494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2 496,1&2&3&5 497,4 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4
502,1&3&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,1&2&4&5&6&7&8&9 507,2 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,1-3
513,1&2 514,2 515<swamps, forests, dry slopes> 516<\i{}P. flavidum\i0{},
\i{}P. geminatum\i0{}, \i{}P. punctatum\i0{}> 518<\i{}P. desertorum\i0{},
\i{}P. geminatum\i0{}, \i{}P. punctatum\i0{}> 524,5 525,3 528,7 530,20
531,2 533,1&5 534<Webster (1987) and Veldkamp (1994) discuss the problem of
generic delimitation, with the latter reducing the Malesian species to
\i{}Setaria\i0{}> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. flavidum\i0{}
Stapf, \i{}P. gracile\i0{} (R. Br.) Hughes, \i{}P. jubiflorum\i0{} (Trin.)
Hughes, \i{}P. radiatum\i0{} Vickery, \i{}P. rarum\i0{} (R. Br.) Hughes>
536<somewhat marginally separable from \i{}Setaria\i0{}: even the
difference in arrangement of primary inflorescence branches seems to be not
quite absolute> 540<paspalid> 
 
# \i{}Paspalum\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}paspalos\i0{} (a kind of millet)> 4<Type: \i{}P.
dissectum\i0{} (L.) L.> 5<\i{}Anachyris\i0{} Nees, \i{}Cerea\i0{}
Schlecht., \i{}Ceresia\i0{} Pers., \i{}Cleachne\i0{} Roland. ex Rottb.,
\i{}Cymotochloa\i0{} Schlecht., \i{}Dichromus\i0{} Schlecht.,
\i{}Digitaria\i0{} Fabric., \i{}Dimorphostachys\i0{} Fourn.,
\i{}Maizilla\i0{} Schlecht., \i{}Moenchia\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Paspalanthium\i0{} Desv., \i{}Reimaria\i0{} Fluegge, \i{}Sabsab\i0{}
Adans., \i{}Spheneria\i0{}, \i{}Wirtgenia\i0{} Doell>
6<\i{}Reimarochloa\i0{}, \i{}Thrasya\i0{}, \i{}Thrasyopsis\i0{}>
7,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-300<rarely taller, sometimes
with culms trailing to 2 m or more> 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1
27,1/2 32,1/3 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1/1-2 55,1/2 56,(1-)3-25(-30)
59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1-3 70,- 73,2 74,1 80,1/2 81,1/2 82,1/2
83<when present,>,2 84,1/2 89,2 94,- 95,1/2/3 96,(1-)2-20(-60) 97,3
98,1<usually>/2<<10%> rachides naked-tipped in (e.g.) \i{}P. repens\i0{}>
99,1/2/3<narrow to broadly foliaceous or membranous> 100,1/2 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1<e.g., \i{}P. repens\i0{}>/2 109<when
disarticulating>,1 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,1<on unilateral rachides>
122,1<or in 3 or four rows>/- 123,2/3 124,1/2/3/4 126,1/2 127<when in
long/short pairs>,2 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,(1.2-)1.5-4.2(-4.5)
142,4/8/9/10/11 144,1 145,3 146<(concavo- to)>,1 147,3 154,2 157,2
162,1<usually>/2<<5%> in Section \i{}Anachyris\i0{}> 163<when
present,>,1<in species with an andropogonoid spikelet arrangement>/2
165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 168,2 170,1 176,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
usually much reduced> 187,0-1 189,3-6 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 204,3-5<usually>/2<\i{}P. ceresia\i0{}> 205,2 206,1-2 207,2 208,1
210<apiculate> 214,2-3<papery to crustaceous> 215,1-2 216,1-2 217,2/3 218,1
219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
257,2<usually glossy> 258,1/2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1/2<<10%>
rarely> 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,1<the basal cell
sometimes completely embedded>/2 335,1 339,(28-)34-45(-46.5) 341,5.7-6.3
342,6.2-6.4 343,12-30 344<when applicable>,0.49-0.62 345,1
346,(30-)31-36(-42) 348<low>,2&3/3 350,2 351,1/2 352,1/2 353,1<usually>/2<a
few solitaries> 354,1<when paired> 355,2 356<when present,>,5/5&6 360,1
362,1/3-4 363,8 364,1-3/4 365,2 367,1 370,1 373,3<\i{}P. notatum\i0{},
\i{}P. dilatatum\i0{}> 374,2 375,1 378,2 382,2 383,1 385,1/2 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,2 397,1/2 399,1/2<sometimes irregularly grouped> 400,1/2
401<often>,1 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 409,1<large> 410,2 411,1 413,1<2
species>/2<2 species> 415,1 454,2 469,10&12 470,20&40&48&50&60&63&80
471,2&4&6 473<small> 475,1.6<2 species of unknown ploidy, 1.2 and 2.1>
476,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,320 492<in warm
regions> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5
497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,2&3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1
512<mostly>,2/3/4 513<mostly>,2 514,1<a few, e.g. \i{}P. distichum\i0{}>/2
515<in diverse habitats - savanna, damp places, forest margins, weedy
ground, coastal sands (including useful sandbinders), coastal and inland
saltmarshes> 516<\i{}P. ciliatifolium\i0{}, \i{}P. conjugatum\i0{}, \i{}P.
dilatatum\i0{}, \i{}P. fimbriatum\i0{}, \i{}P. fluitans\i0{}, \i{}P.
laeve\i0{}, \i{}P. lividum\i0{}, \i{}P. longifolium\i0{}, \i{}P.
notatum\i0{}, \i{}P. paspaloides\i0{}, \i{}P. plicatulum\i0{}, \i{}P.
scrobiculatum\i0{}, \i{}P. thunbergii\i0{}, \i{}P. urvillei\i0{}, \i{}P.
vaginatum\i0{}, \i{}P. virgatum\i0{}> 517<\i{}P. dilatatum\i0{} (Dallis),
\i{}P. notatum\i0{} (Bahia), \i{}P. plicatulum\i0{}> 518<several, e.g.
\i{}P. auriculatum\i0{}, \i{}P. glumaceum\i0{}, \i{}P. notatum\i0{}, \i{}P.
paniculatum\i0{}, \i{}P. scrobiculatum\i0{}> 519<\i{}P. scrobiculatum\i0{}
(Kodo - India)> 524,3&5 525,1&3&4&5&6 526,1 528,1&6&7&10 529,1&3&4&5
530,5&15&18&19&22&24&47 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}P. conjugatum\i0{} Berg., \i{}P. dilatatum\i0{} Poiret,
\i{}P. distichum\i0{} L., \i{}P. vaginatum\i0{} Swartz.> 540<paspalum> 
 
# \i{}Pennisetum\i0{} <Rich.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}penna\i0{} (feather) and \i{}seta\i0{} (bristle),
alluding to the inflorescence> 3<\i{}Cenchrus\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
typhoideum\i0{} (L.) Rich. = \i{}P. glaucum\i0{} (L.) R.Br.>
5<\i{}Amphochaeta\i0{} Anderss., \i{}Catatherophora\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Eriochaeta\i0{} Fig. & De Not, \i{}Gymnotrix\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Loydia\i0{} Delile, \i{}Macrochaeta\i0{} Steud., \i{}Penicillaria\i0{}
Willd., \i{}Pentastachya\i0{} Steud., \i{}Sericura\i0{} Hassk.>
6<\i{}Beckeropsis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudochaetochloa\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,2/3/4
11,- 13,15-800 14,2 19,1/2 23,3/1<mostly>/2 32,2<usually>/1/3 37,1/2 38,-
42,1/2/1&2 44,1/2 47,1/2 55,1/2 56,3-35(-50)<and up to 1 m or more long in
some species> 65,2 66,1/2 67,1/2 69,2-3 70,- 72,1<of hairs>/2 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&3<peripheral spikelets of the glomerules may be male-only>
78,1<section Hetercetachya, where the outer, male spikelets are laterally
compressed and keeled, with larger upper glume and lower lemma>/2<mostly>
80,1 82,1<e.g. \i{}P. clandestinum\i0{}, which lacks normal
inflorescences>/2 83<when present,>,1 84,1/2 89,3/5<the spikelets fascicled
in false spikes, in small groups or apparently solitary, but always
surrounded at their bases by reduced-branch bristles> 91,2<into false
spikes> 94,- 97,3 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,1<to one or few spikelets plus
bristles> 106,- 107,- 108,1<but the main axis persistent> 109,1<the false
spikes or spikelet-plus-bristle clusters falling> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
116,3<these sessile to shortly stalked, the bristles relatively slender,
basally free or scarcely united, by contrast with \i{}Cenchrus\i0{}> 117,2
118,2 121,1<when the inflorescence is branched>/2 123,2/3 145,3<to
subterete> 147,3/1&3/4<<5%> in cultivated forms> 148,1/2<i.e the upper
floret sometimes readily disarticulating from the rest of the spikelet>
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often minute or vestigial>
167,1/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} very short to as long as the spikelet>
168,2/- 170,- 176,2 179,1/2<hyaline or membranous> 187,0-5 189,0-11 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,1-2 201,1/2 203,2 204,3-9(-15)
205,1-2<mostly>/3<section Brevivalvula> 206,1-2<membranous> 207,2 208,1
214,2-3 215,1/2 216,2<membranous to chartaceous or subleathery, the texture
hardened or unchanged at maturity> 217,1/2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1/2 240,1<near
the margins>/2<glabrous> 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
257,2<apart from the thinner margins> 258,2 259,3 264,1<then often very
minute>/2 265<when present,>,2 266,2/- 269,2 272,3 275,1<conspicuously so
in section Penicillaria>/2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,1 287,1 291,2 295,1
298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1
313,1/2 314,21-30 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(30-)33-70(-102) 341,(5.4-)6-6.9(-7.2) 342,4.5-6.1
343,(18.6-)21-46(-54) 344,0.53-0.73 345,1 346,24-25.5-27 348,3/2&3 350,2
351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/6 360,2/3 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 365,2 370,1 373,3<2
species> 374,2 375,1 378,2 382,2 383,1 385,1 386,2 393,1/2/3 394,2 395,1
396,1/2 397,1<this sometimes mirrored by adaxial colourless tissue above
the lateral vacular bundles>/2<rarely> 399,1 401,1/1&2 403,1 404,1/2 405,2
406,1 410,3 413,1<some material only of 1 species>/2<2 species> 415,1 416,1
469,9 470,14&18&22&34&35&36&45&52&54/32-54 473<small> 474,0.6-2.5<2
species, 2\i{}x\i0{} and 4\i{}x\i0{}> 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,20 491<about>,80 492<in warm regions> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5
495,1&2 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,2
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 506,1 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2
511,1 512,2&3&4 513,1&2 515<savanna, woodland, weedy ground> 516<\i{}P.
alopecuroides\i0{}, \i{}P. americanum\i0{}, \i{}P. clandestinum\i0{},
\i{}P. pedicellatum\i0{}, \i{}P. polystachyon\i0{}, \i{}P. purpureum\i0{},
\i{}P. setaceum\i0{}, \i{}P. sieberianum\i0{} (in \i{}P. glaucum\i0{}),
\i{}P. villosum\i0{}> 517<\i{}P. clandestinum\i0{} (Kikuyu), \i{}P.
purpureum\i0{} (Elephant)> 518<\i{}P. donsonii\i0{}, \i{}P. massaicum\i0{},
\i{}P. trachyphyllum\i0{} etc.> 519<\i{}P. glaucum\i0{} (Pearl Millet - the
most drought tolerant tropical cereal)> 520<\i{}P. clandestinum\i0{}>
524,2&5 525,1&3&4&5 526,1 528,6&7&9&10 529,1 530,5&6&18&19&20&47 531,1&2
532,4 533,1&2&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
alopecuroides\i0{} (L.) Sprengel, \i{}P. villosum\i0{} R. Br.> 536<some of
the species closely approach \i{}Cenchrus\i0{}> 540<penniset> 
 
# \i{}Pentameris\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}penta\i0{} (five) and \i{}meros\i0{} (part), referring
to the five-awned lemma> 4<Type: \i{}P. thuarii\i0{} P. Beauv.>
6<\i{}Pentaschistis\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 10,1/2 13,25-200 14,1/2<from a woody or
suffrutescent base> 19,1/2<often> 23,1 27,2 37,2 40,2 42,2 44,1/2
47,1<\i{}P. thuarii\i0{}>/2<but hairy in the auricle positions> 52,1-2
55,2<rigid or wiry, usually long and filiform, sometimes curled or
squarrose> 56,1-4 65,2 66,1/2 69,3 70,- 71,1.5-2.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
88,2-3 89,5 91,1/2<sometimes scanty> 94,1/2 95,3<the branching sometimes
trichotomous> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 123,3<the pedicels usually long-capillary, expanded under the
spikelets> 141,13-25(-30) 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1<as a small
extension> 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<much exceeding them>
170,- 171,1<puberulous, in \i{}P. dregeana\i0{}>/2 172<other than in \i{}P.
dregeana\i0{},>,1 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,1<setaceously acuminate>/2
177,1 179,2<ovate-lanceolate, thin> 181,3 187,1/3 189,1/3
191<occasionally>,2/1<usually> 192<when present,>,2 194,1 196,2 208,2
214,2-3 216,2<membranous> 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,3 226,2<the lateral
lemma lobes each with a 1-7 mm bristle from the inner side, more or less
adnate below> 227<the median>,1 228,1 229,- 231,2<near the middle>
233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,2<3> 237,1<being loosely twisted or straight
bristles, from the inner margins of the lobes> 240,1 241,2 242,2<in
longitudinal rows between the veins> 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,7/9<-11 nerved>
249,2 250,1<hairy> 251,1 255,2/3 256,1 257,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,1<at the base>/2 268,1 269,1/2 272,3 274,4.5-5 275,2 276,2
277,2<with a deciduous apical tomentum of branched hairs> 280,2<short>
283,2 284,1 286,2<but enclosed by slightly hardened lemma and palea>
287,1<3 mm long> 289,4/5 295,2 296,2<crustaceous> 297,1 298,2 315,1/2
316,1/2 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1<weakly developed>/2 321,2 322,2<or the
costal long-cells narrower> 323,2 327,1 328,1<walls heavily thickened and
pitted> 330,1/1-2<in \i{}P. longiglumis\i0{}> 331,1/2<in \i{}P.
longiglumis\i0{}> 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,1 360,2 363,3/5<a
few, in \i{}P. longiglumis\i0{}> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2 394,2
395,2<except via its position> 396,1 399,1-2<there being small, more or
less distinct groups in the bases of the deep furrows> 401<more or
less>,1/- 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the main bundles with Is or anchors>
406,2 407,2 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,5 492<South Africa>
493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,4 504,11 512,3 513,2 514,2 535<Ellis 1985>
540<pentamer> 
 
# \i{}Pentapogon\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pente\i0{} (five) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to five-awned lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}P. billardierei\i0{} R.Br.,
\i{}nom. illeg.\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,20-60 14,2 27,1 37,2 38,- 47,1/2
53,1 55,2 58,2<inrolled> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1/2 71,0.5-2 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1<the branches scabrid> 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-15 145,1 147,1 154,2 157,1 163,2
165,1-2 166<(the longer)>,3 167<(the longer)>,2<exceeding them> 170,-
171,2<scabrid, especially on the keels> 174,1 176<shortly>,1/2 177,1
179,2<membranous, acuminate> 187,1(-3) 189,3(-5) 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,3<leathery> 216,1-2 218,2 220,4 221,1<deeply incised into 4 lanceolate,
awn-tipped lobes, with a long median awn> 223,3 225,5 226,2 227<the
median>,1 228,2 229,1<i.e., arising just behind the sinus> 231,2
233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,1 237,1<straight, slender> 240,2 243,1 244,2 248,5
250,1 251,1/2/3 253,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,3 295,1 298,2 301,1<Clayton and
Renvoize 1986> 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the costals nuch smaller> 328,1
330,1-2 331,2 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,1 351,2 360,1/3 363,1&2/3<a few>
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1/2 405,2 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2
491,1<\i{}P. quadrifidus\i0{}> 492<Australia, Tasmania> 493,5 494,5 503,1
504,1&2&3&4&8 509,2 512,3/4 514,2 515<open woodland> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and
studied by us> 540<pentapog> 
 
# \i{}Pentarrhaphis\i0{} <Kunth>/
3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 5<\i{}Polyschistis\i0{} Presl,
\i{}Strombodurus\i0{} Steud.> 7,2 9,3 13,30-60 14,2 19,2<slender> 27,2 40,2
42,2 44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<to>,2 58,1<at the tips>/- 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,-
72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2<\i{}P. polymorpha\i0{}> 76,1/1&4<2-spikeleted
racemelets, \i{}P. polymorpha\i0{} having both well developed, the others
with one well developed and the other reduced to its awnlike glumes> 78,-
79,2 89,3<the clusters cuneate, bristly> 91,- 94,- 96,- 98,2<with a forked
rachis prolongation> 101,2 102,2 103,1<to the clusters, which in two
species are reduced to a single fertile spikelet and a vestigial one
reduced to its awns, the rachis terminating in a forked bristle (5 bristles
in total); in \i{}P. polymorpha\i0{}, both spikelets are well developed>
106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<i.e., the reduced glomerules falling> 111,- 113,-
114,- 115,- 116,1/3 118<when present,>,2 120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3
140<more or less>,1<there is scope to argue that the structure regarded
here as the fertile spikelet is really two spikelets, but this would
necessitate arguing that the upper one has no glume> 141<about>,4 144,-
145,3 147,3<and with the associated rudiments> 148,1 154,1 155,1<beneath
the sterile floret, glabrous above it> 156,1 162,1 163,2<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} represented by one of the bristles, hard to recognise
as such> 167,1 170,- 171<(the upper)>,1<having long white hairs over the
lower half> 174<apically two-lobed> 175,- 176,1<the lower reduced to an
awn, the upper with a 1.5 mm awn from a sinus> 177<(the upper)>,2<rounded,
hyaline> 178,- 179,1<the lower a hirsute bristle, the upper acicular to
lanceolate> 183,- 184,- 185,- 186,- 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1<male or
sterile> 196,2 208,1 214<membranous or cartilaginous> 216,2 218,2 220,4<two
large lateral lobes, and the central awn flanked by two teeth> 221,1<three
cleft, laterally to halfway and shallowly in association with the central
awn> 223,3 225,3<all recurved-spreading> 226,2 227<the median>,2 228,1<from
between the central teeth> 229,- 231,1 232,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,2<all three
awns of similar lengths> 237,2<from the inner edges of the outer lobes>
240,1 244,2<rounded> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2<rather deeply>
256,1/2<via excurrent nerves> 258,2<hyaline, glabrous> 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 273,1<these short> 274<long>
275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,2 327,1 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1-2<the apical
cell thin-walled, often collapsed> 339,(34.5-)36-39(-42) 341,(6-)7.5-8.4
342,4.3-5.8 343,(13.5-)14.4-18(-19.5) 344,0.39-0.43 345,1
346,(27-)28.5-30(-33) 348,2&3<mostly dome-shaped> 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,2&7<small> 360,1 363,4<larger towards the blade margins> 365,2 370,1
374,1<the sheath cells thick-walled> 378,2 389,1<but not in the marginal
flanges> 393,3<with expanded leaf margins, each bearing two large bundles
and a small one on the outside> 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,2 403,2
404,1<with the large marginal bundles, the rest mostly having only scanty
adaxial and abaxial strands> 405,1<the marginal bundles> 406,1 442,- 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16<as a synonym of \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,3
492<Mexico to Columbia> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1&6 504,11 513,2 515<dry scrub>
535<studied by us - \i{}P. scabra\i0{} H.B.K.> 537,2 540<pentarrh> 
 
# \i{}Pentaschistis\i0{} <(Nees) Spach>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pente\i0{} (five) and \i{}schistos\i0{} (split, cut),
alluding to cleft lemmas> 3<\i{}Pentameris\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
curvifolia\i0{} (Schrad.) Stapf> 5<\i{}Achneria\i0{} Benth.,
\i{}Afrachneria\i0{} Sprague, \i{}Poagrostis\i0{} Stapf>
6<\i{}Prionanthium\i0{}> 7,2<<75%> usually>/1<less commonly> 9<usually>,3
11,- 13,10-150 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 40,2 41,1/2<present in various
forms, sometimes sunken, in about half the species> 42,2 43,1<or foetid>/2
44,1<<75%> usually>/2 47,2 52,1-3<or filiform, often with multicellular,
stalked or saucer-shaped glands> 55,2 56,0.5-5 58,1/2 59,3<<75%> usually>/1
61,2<at the base of macrohairs> 62,3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 72,1<<10%> rarely,
as a fringe of hairs>/2 73,2 74,1 82,2 88,2/3 89,5<the branches often with
glands> 91,1/2<sometimes spicate> 94,1/2/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,1-19 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1
154,1<as a minute bristle, or with a rudimentary third floret>/2 156<(when
present)>,1/2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2<enclosing the
spikelet> 170,- 171,1/2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<narrow to lanceolate,
green or scarious, rarely hyaline, shining, often with glands>
181,3<usually>/2 187,1<above the base> 189,1<above the base>
191<occasionally>,2/1<<75%> usually> 192<when present,>,2 194,1 196,2 208,2
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2<bifid, rarely 3-4-fid> 220,2/4-5<<10%>
rarely> 221,2 223,1/2/3<generally awned from the central sinus, and with a
point or straight awn on each lobe> 225<when present,>,1<<10%>
rarely>/3<usually>/5<<10%> rarely> 226,1<<10%>>/2<usually> 227<the
median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 231<usually>,2 233,1 234,3 235,2<two
or three> 237<when present,>,1<straight, inserted in the sinuses and
partially fused to the lateral lemma lobes> 240,1/2 244,2<dorsally rounded>
247,2 248,5-7 249,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2<thinly
membranous> 259,3<but with the nerves not reaching the apex of the palea>
260,3<with the keels very poorly developed> 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,1/2 270,- 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1
288<golden-brown> 289,4 290,1 292,1 294,2 295,1<but linear-oblong>
297,1/3/2 298,1-2<up to a third of the grain length> 315,1<\i{}P.
pungens\i0{}>/2<mostly> 316,2 317,1/2 318,1<mostly>/2<\i{}P. pungens\i0{}>
319,2<mostly>/1<\i{}P. pungens\i0{}> 320,1<strongly or weakly developed>/2
321,2<mostly>/1<\i{}P. chippendalliae\i0{}> 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<but the
costals slightly thicker walled> 330,1/1&2<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}> 331,1 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 339,42-45(-54)/54-57<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}> 340,24-27
341,5.4-11.4 342,5-10
343,(16.5-)19.5-21(-22.5)/28.5-34.5<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}>
344,0.39-0.49/0.53-0.6<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}> 345,1/2<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}>
346,24-39 348,2 350,2 351<fairly>,1<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}>/2 352,1/2 353<when
present,>,1<and solitary> 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<mostly>,3/3&4 365,2
367,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,1/2<\i{}Poagrostis\i0{}>
396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1<few cells>/2 469,7&13
470,14&26&28&42&52 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491<about>,65
492<Africa, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1&2 499,2&3&4 504,2&4&5&8
508,1&2&3 511,1 512,4/3 513,2 514,2 516<\i{}P. thunbergii\i0{}> 518<\i{}P.
borussica\i0{}> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. airoides\i0{} (Nees) Stapf,
\i{}P. pusilla\i0{}> 540<pentasch> 
 
# \i{}Pereilema\i0{} <J. & C. Presl>/
3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,30-60 14,2 19,2 27,2
40,2 42,- 44,2 47,1 55,2 56,2-5 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,- 71,0.5 72,2
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4/1&3&4 78,1<in bunches, some of each group bisexual
and the rest incomplete or reduced to glumes or bristles> 89,2-3<the
spikelet clusters being subsessile on appressed spike-like laterals, which
decrease in length towards the tip of the main axis - cf.
\i{}Sporobolus\i0{}, apart from the awns> 91,2<plumose by the long lemma
awns> 94,- 96,16-25<or more> 101,2 102,2 103,1/3 106,- 107,- 108,1<\i{}P.
ciliatum\i0{}>/2 109,1<the main branches falling, in \i{}P. ciliatum\i0{}>
111,- 113,- 115,- 116,3<representing reduced spikelets - the involucre to
one side> 118,2 121,1<the clusters one-sided> 140,1<when the spikelet
cluster is dissected out> 141,2<to 3 cm with the awns> 144,- 145,1
147,1<when the inflorescence branches fall entire, the florets also
disarticulate> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 170,-
171<when not reduced to bristles,>,2<the keel scabrid>/- 175,- 176,1<the
awns long, straight, scabrid> 177,1 179,2<hyaline, emarginate, or sometimes
reduced to ciliate bristles in \i{}P. ciliatum\i0{}> 187,1 189,1 191,1
196,2 208,1 214,2-3<becoming hardened in the fruit> 221,2 223,2-3 225,1
226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1<scabrid, slender> 234<usually>,3<to 3 cm long>
236,2 240,2 243,2 244,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1-2<the nerves
slightly excurrent> 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,2 266,- 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 290,U 294,U 297,3 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,1 324,2 326,3 328<intercostal long-cells very thin-walled> 331,2
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,(24-)25.5-27(-30) 340,9-12 341,10.5-12
342,2.1-2.6 343,6-9 344,0.22-0.35 345,1 346,19-24 348,1&2 350,2 352,1 355,1
357<prickles abundant> 362,4 363,8 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1
378,2 389,1 393,2 395,1 396,2<the large median flanked by a small lateral
on each side> 397,1 399,1<in addition to large midrib hinges> 400,1
401,2<these incorporated in the wide colourless girders> 403,2 406,1 454,-
469,10 470,20 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of
\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,3 492<Mexico to tropical South America> 493,6&7
494,3 502,1&6 504,11 513,2 515<hills and weedy places in savanna> 524,5
525,4 529,4 535<studied by us - \i{}P. brasilianum\i0{} Trin., \i{}P.
crinitum\i0{} J. & C. Presl> 537,2 540<pereilem> 
 
# \i{}Periballia\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}peri\i0{} (around) and \i{}ballo\i0{} (to throw),
allusion obscure> 3<\i{}Deschampsia\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. hispanica\i0{}
Trin., \i{}nom. illeg.\i0{}> 5<\i{}Molineria\i0{} Parl.,
\i{}Molineriella\i0{} Rouy> 7,1 9,3<or the culms solitary>/- 11,- 13,3-25
14,2 27,2 38,- 47<vestigially>,1/2 52,1 53,1 55,2 56,0.5-2 58,1/2
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 89,5<the lower branches sterile
in \i{}P. involucrata\i0{}> 91,1 94,1 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,1.75-2 145,1 147,1 149,4
154,2 155,1/2 157,1<the hairs 1/5-2/3 the lemma length> 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,1 168,2 170,- 176,2 179,2<membranous> 187,1-3 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,2
210<lanceolate> 214,1<hyaline>/2 216,2 218,1-2 221,2<blunt, truncate or
irregularly toothed> 223,1/3 225<if present,>,1 226,1 228,2 229,1-2 231,1
232,1 240,2 244,2 248,3-7 250,1 253,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,2 272,3 274,0.8-1.2 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286<slightly>,1 287,1
289<narrowly>,4 290,1<or flattened, on one face> 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1
302,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals very narrow, parallel-sided> 328,2<the
costals thicker-walled> 330,2 331,2<the walls thin> 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1
351,2 360,3 363,1/2 365,2 370,2 374,1 469,4&7 470,8&14&18 471,2
473<large> 474,3.3<1 species> 475,6.6<\i{}P. involucrata\i0{}> 477,2
478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,3 491,3 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4&5
494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,2&5&4&8 506,1 511,1 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandy
places> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. minuta\i0{} (L.) Aesch. & Graebn.>
538<largely>,2 540<periball> 
 
# \i{}Peridictyon\i0{} <O. Seberg, S. Frederiksen & C. Baden>/
1<from the Greek \i{}peri-\i0{} (around) and \i{}dictyon\i0{} (a net),
alluding to netlike withering of the basal leaf sheaths>
3<\i{}Festucopsis sancta\i0{} (Janka) Meld.> 7,2 9<loosely>,3
13,(37-)47-80(-110) 19,2 25,2-3 27,2 42,2 47,1<the auricles
(0.1-)0.3-0.7(-0.8) mm long> 49,1<the innovation leaves>/2 50<the basal
sheaths disintegrating into a brownish mass of reticulate fibres> 52,1 55,2
56,(1-)1.6-2.6(-3.1) 58,2<junciform> 59,3 66,1<with an abscission layer at
junction of sheath and blade> 69,1 70,1 71<extremely short> 73,2 74,1
88<rather>,2<(6-)7-13(-15)> 89,1<(5-)8-14(-17 cm long> 99,2 101,2 108,2<?>
120,1 121,2 122,2<?> 123,1 141,(11-)12-19(-21) 143<green> 145,1/2<?> 147,1
148,2 154,1 157,2 160<very>,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1
176,1<the awn apical, 0.5-1.3 mm long> 177,2 179,2<lanceolate, leathery>
187,2-4 189,3-6 191<presumably>,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,5-10 218,1<?> 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,3<?> 231,1 234,1<3-9 mm long> 240,2 243,1 244,2 250,1
251,1<equalling to slightly shorter than the lemma> 259,3 260,3
263,3<ciliate above> 264,1 265,2 268<presumably>,2 269,1 272,3
274,4.2-6(-6.3) 277,2 283,2 286,1<to the lemma> 287,2<4.5-5.5 mm long>
293,1 295,2 303,1 322,2 323,2 327,1<indistinguishable> 328,1<thick walled>
330,1 331,1<the sinuosity quite coarse, regular, associated with
conspicuous pitting, and pits also conspicuous in the outside walls> 332,2
345,2 351,2 353,1 354,1 356,1&2 357<no macrohairs or prickles seen> 358,2
360,2 361,1 363,3&6 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1<broadly round topped>
395,1<by the rather pointed abaxial keel, and its larger abaxial girder>
396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<these small-celled, in the furrows> 403,2
404,1<with the primaries, the minor bundles with small adaxial strands and
abaxial strands or girders> 405,1<the primaries with massive Is> 406,2
407,2<linking the abaxial sclerenchyma of the bundles> 469,7 470,14 471,2
475<unknown, but chromosomes large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49
490,41 491,1<\i{}P. sanctum\i0{}> 492<Greece and Bulgaria> 493,1&2 494,1
495,2 498,2 506,1 513,2 514,2 515<calcareous, stony or rocky slopes>
534<Seberg \i{}et al\i0{}. 1991> 535<studied by us> 536<morphological
description scarcely adequate - e.g. spikelet orientation unknown> 537,2
540<peridict> 
 
# \i{}Perotis\i0{} <Aiton>/
1<from the Greek \i{}petros\i0{} (deficient), \i{}ous, otis\i0{} (ear),
referring to the minute palea> 4<Type: \i{}P. indica\i0{} (L.) Kuntze>
5<\i{}Toliaria\i0{} E.J. Judziewicz, \i{}Xystidium\i0{} Trin.>
6<\i{}Lopholepis\i0{}> 7,1/2<rarely> 9,3 11,- 13,12-100 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,-
44,2 47,2 55,2<but relatively broad at the base> 57,1/3 58<flat or folded>
61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1-2 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,1/4<a narrow bottlebrush, bearded
by the long glume awns> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1<often reflexing when mature> 121,2 123,2-3 141,1.2-5.5
145,1 147,3 154,2 157,1/2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<considerably exceeding
them> 171,1<often>/2 174,- 176,1<usually>/2<\i{}Toliaria\i0{}> 177,1
179,2<narrow, membranous to cartilaginous, tipped by long capillary awns>
187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1
219,1/2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 248,1 250,1 251,2<but almost equalling the
lemma> 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2
277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1-2<almost as long as the glumes> 290,1 291,2/3 295,1
297,3 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,10-18 340,7-8 341,(5.4-)6-8.5(-9)
342,2-3.3 343,4-9 344,0.38-0.6 345,1 346,21-27 348<low to high>,2&3 351,2
352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1/3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1
400,1 401,1&2<often linked with traversing colourless girders> 404,1 405,1
406,1 409,1 410,1/2 469,10 470,36/40 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,59
491,10 492<Africa, India, Ceylon, eastern Asia, Australia> 493,3&4&5
494,2&5 496,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&8&9 508,1&2&3&4
509,1 512,3/4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna and grassland, often ruderal> 524,5
525,4 529,4 531,1 532,4 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. rara\i0{}
R. Br.> 540<perotis> 
 
# \i{}Perrierbambus\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7<bushy>,2 14,1 19,1 21,11-20 23,4 30,1 39,2 44,2 48,1 63,1 66,1 72,2 73,2
74,1 78,- 86,1 88,1-2/3<depending how the inflorescence is delimited>
89<with spikelets solitary or 2-3, terminating simple branches which are
borne in fairly distant, dense semi-whorls; the slender individual branches
each bearing many small-bladed leaves, the latter clustered towards the tip
and almost involucrate around the spikelet(s)> 101,2<the inflorescence
surrounded by involucral leaf blades, instead of spathiform sheaths> 102,2
103<not racemose> 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 140,2<or at
least, hard to interpret in the inadequate material seen> 142,8/9 144,-
145,1-2 148,- 154,1<in all the few spikelets dissected> 155,2 156,1 157,2
163,2 165,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2<apiculate> 177,2<dorsally rounded>
179,2<lanceolate-ovate> 183,- 187,9-11 189,13 191,2<in the material seen>
192,2 193,1 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate-ovate> 214,2-3<firmly
membranous> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 247,2 248<about>,13-15 250,1
251,1 252,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,4 260,3<but the keels closely
apposed> 262,2 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,2 271,1 272,5/6<one
seemingly separate from the whorl of five, in some of the spikelets seen>
275,2 276,2 277<inconspicuously>,2<at the tip> 278<seemingly>,2<but the
apex hardening to form a shiny beak on the fruit> 280,1 283,3 290,U 296,3
297,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,2
492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 536<the spikelet morphology is
evidently difficult, and this description reflects very tentative
interpretation of depauperate and inadequate (type) material> 537,2 538,4
540<perrierb> 
 
# \i{}Perulifera\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Pseudechinolaena\i0{}> 7,1 13,10-15 14,2 19,1 26,1 27,1 40,2 44,2
47,2 48,2 50<sheaths slightly inflated, not keeled> 52,3 55,1 56,3-5<1.5-4
cm long> 57<rounded at base> 59,1 63<more or less>,1 65,2 69,1<ciliolate>
70,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<but the sterile spikelets so reduced
as to be confused with the glumes> 89,2<a 3.5-6 cm raceme of spike-like
racemes> 96,4-7 101,2 102,2 108,2 111,- 113,- 120,1<apparently>/2<really>
121,1 122,1 123<shortly>,3/1-2<the sterile member> 125,1 126,1<but not
obviously so until the sterile spikelet is identified as such> 128,-
129,4<reduced to a lanceolate, glabrous glume contiguous with the fertile
spikelet> 130,1 131<the sterile spikelet of each pair reduced to an
elongate glume> 140,2<because of the reduced sterile spikelet continguous
with the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 141,2-2.2 143<purple> 144,1 145<strongly>,1
147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 163,2 164,2 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 176,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} attenuate into a 2.5-4 mm awn> 179,1<both membranous,
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} smaller, narrower, attenuate-aristate and
asperulous, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} basally gibbous, verrucose and
mucronate> 187,3 188,1<swelled out like a wallet> 189,7 190<probably
becoming more or less>,1/2<?> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
201,1<with three stamens> 202<carinate, subgibbous above> 203,2<but
rostrate> 204,3 205,3 206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 210<laterally
compressed, acute> 214<very thinly cartilaginous> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1 240,2<shiny> 244,2<convex> 246,1 248,3/5 250,1 251,1
257<somewhat>,1<hyaline, less rigid> 258,2 259,3 260<slightly>,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 268,1<lobed> 269,2 272,3<the anthers deeply sagittate basally
and divaricate above, the thecae easily separating to simulate six stamens>
274<about>,1<relatively long, yellow, the filaments short and thick> 275,2
276,2 277,1 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<0.9 mm long> 289<elongated>,6 290,2
291,1/3 292,1 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much
smaller and narrower> 329,1-2<many of them rather short, some very short>
330<more or less isodiametric or somewhat irregular to rectangular>
331,1<coarsely sinuous> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1<but confined to rows
alongside the costae> 347,2 348<low to high>,2 350,2 351,2 357<with
numerous long, slender, cushion-based macrohairs and a few small prickles
intercostally> 360<mostly>,1 361,1 363,8 364,3&4 370,2 374,1 387,2 390,2
391,2 395,1 396,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15<?>
491,1<\i{}P. madagascariensis\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2
504,11 534<Camus 1927b> 537,2 540<perulife> 
 
# \i{}Petriella\i0{} <Zotov>/
3<\i{}Ehrharta\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 13,1-40 14,1/2 19,2<but branching near the
base> 27,2 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,1 48,U 52,2-4 55,2 56,2-3 59,1/2 65,2
66,1<from the lower sheaths>/2 69,2 70,2 71<to>,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 88,U
89,4/5 91,2 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 125,1 141,3-5 145,1 147,1
149,1 154,2 160,1 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1<2.0-3.5 mm long> 171,2
172,1 174,1/2 176,2 177,1 179,1/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} or
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} may be rounded, truncate or acute at the tip> 181,1
182,1 187,1-3 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2<the lemmas glabrous except at
the base, without basal appendages, with prominent longitudinal veins but
without transverse ribs> 198,2 201,2 203,1<the apex acuminate, contracted
into a short terminal awn> 204,0-7 205,2-3 206,3 207,2 208,1
214,3<chartaceous> 216,2 218,1 219,2<truncate> 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1
247,2 248,1-5 250,1 251,1<3/4 the length of the lemma> 255,1 256,1
257,1<hyaline-membranous> 258,2 259,2<i.e. the two veins contiguous> 260,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270<at least slightly>,1
271<relatively>,1<cf. \i{}Ehrharta\i0{}> 272,2 274,1-1.5 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<2-3.5 mm long> 289,4 291<strongly>,1 295,2 298,2
329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U
402,U 477,3 478,3 481,5 487<cf.>,8<as a synonym?> 488,7 489,21 490,80 491,2
492<New Zealand> 493,5 494,6 504,10 505,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2
515<mountains> 536<seems scarcely distinguishable from \i{}Ehrharta\i0{}
and \i{}Tetrarrhena\i0{}> 538,4 540<petriell> 
 
# \i{}Peyritschia\i0{} <Fourn.>/
3<\i{}Trisetum\i0{}: e.g., \i{}P.koelerioides\i0{} (Peyr.) Fourn. (=
\i{}Trisetum altijugum\i0{} (Fourn.) Scribn.), \i{}P. pringlei\i0{} Scribn.
(= \i{}Trisetum kochianum\i0{} I. Hdz. T.). See Hernandez and Koch 1987>
7,2 14,2 18<often>,2 37,2 42,1 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,5 91,1-2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 144,- 145,1 147,1<?> 154,1 155,1-2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2
170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2 191,1/2 192<if present,>,2 196,2 208,2 214,2
216,2 218,2 220,2<the lobes rounded or erose> 221,2 223,2<the awn sometimes
rudimentary>/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,2 229,1/2 231,1/2 234,1-2
235,1 250,1 251,1 253,2 256,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
270,1 272,2<Clayton and Renvoize 1986> 280,2 283,2 291,2 295,1
296,1<shining> 298,2 301,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower>
328,2<the costals thicker walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1-2 348,1-2 350,1
351,2<excluding the bases of prickles> 360,3<solitary, paired and in short
rows>/1<in places, in \i{}P. koelerioides\i0{}> 361,1 363,1<crenate> 365,2
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1<low, round topped> 395,2 396,1 398,2
399,1<one in each furrow> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the major bundles
with substantial Is or Ts> 406,1 442,2 469,7 470,28 471,4 477,2 478,2
479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,13 491,5<\i{}P. conferta,\i0{} \i{}P.
deyeuxioides\i0{}, \i{}P. humilis\i0{}, \i{}P. koelerioides\i0{}, \i{}P.
pringlei\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,3 502,1 504,11 524,5 525,4
529,1 530,31 534<Koch 1979> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. koelerioides\i0{}
(Peyr.) Fourn. (~ \i{}Trisetum altijugum\i0{} (Fourn.) Scribn.), \i{}P.
pringlei\i0{} Scribn. (~ \i{}Trisetum kochianum\i0{} I. Holz. T.>
540<peyritsc> 
 
# \i{}Phacelurus\i0{} <Griseb.>/
5<\i{}Pseudophacelurus\i0{} (Steud.) A. Camus> 6<\i{}Jardinea\i0{},
\i{}Pseudovossia\i0{}, \i{}Thyrsia\i0{}> 7<robust>,2 13,20-150 14,2<tough>
19,1/2 51,- 52,1 55,2 59,1/2/4<rarely, when represented by the midrib> 65,2
69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1<rarely>/1&3/1&4 78,1<the pedicellate spikelets
usually smaller or vestigial>/2 79,1/2 89,2<usually terminal, of flattened
spicate racemes> 95<usually>,1/2<the racemes rarely solitary, or on an
elongated axis> 101,2 102,2 103<spicate>,3-4 106,3<on a common axis, rarely
solitary> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<clavate to inflated, hollowed at the
apex> 112,1 114,1 115,3 120,2 123,1&3<the pedicels resembling the
internodes> 126,1 127,1 128,2<not articulated, by contrast with
\i{}Pseudovossia\i0{}> 129,1 130,1<rarely>/3/4 131<pedicelled spikelets
usually more or less resembling the sessile but usually smaller, rarely
bisexual and sometimes vestigial> 145,3<dorsally flat, convex or rarely
concave> 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,2<minute> 161,2<truncate> 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 171,2 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<leathery to
membranous, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2-keeled and flat, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} cymbiform> 183,1<sometimes winged> 184,2 185,2 186,1
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 277,1 283,2 291,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals narrower, more regularly rectangular> 328,1 329,1/2<some of them
short, in places, in \i{}P. huillensis\i0{}> 330,1/1&2<in \i{}P.
huillensis\i0{}> 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,57-60 341,7.5-9
342,6.3-7.1 343,30-32 344,0.5-0.55 345,1 346,36-39 348,3<predominantly an
extreme form, in \i{}P. huillensis\i0{}>/2 350,2<clearly overlapping them
in places, in \i{}P. huillensis\i0{}> 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,2 363,8 365,2
366,1<e.g. \i{}P. franksae\i0{}>/2 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2 383,1 393,3<or
with only slight ribs, over the main bundles, in \i{}P. huillensis\i0{}>
395<very>,1<or the blade more or less reduced to its midrib>
396,2<abaxially> 397,1<and the colourless tissue extending laterally, about
halfway to the margins, in the lamina of \i{}P. huillensis\i0{}> 399,2<the
epidermis mostly more or less bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1<with all the
primaries, in \i{}P. huillensis\i0{}>/- 405,1<forming anchors, in
places>/- 469,10 470,20&40 471,2&4 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1
489,2 490,80 491,7 492<Africa to Indo-China and Japan> 493,2&3&4&5 494,1&2
495,1&2 496,1&3 497,2 498,2&3 499,2 500,1&2 504,11 506,1 508,3 512,2-3
513,1/2 514,2 515<woodland and grassland, in moist places> 524,5 525,5
534<Clayton 1978b> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. huillensis\i0{} (Rendle)
Stapf; photos of \i{}P. franksae\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<phacelur>
 
# \i{}Phaenanthoecium\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}phaenestai\i0{} (becoming visible) and \i{}anthos\i0{}
(flower), referring to the lemmas exceeding the glumes> 4<Type: \i{}P.
kostlinii\i0{} (A.Rich.) C.E.Hubbard> 5<\i{}Danthonia koestlinni\i0{},
\i{}Streblochaete koestlinii\i0{}> 7,2 9,3<culms decumbent or ascending,
sometimes trailing to 2 m> 14,2 19,1 44,2 47,2 52<narrowly>,1 55,2
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 68,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 87,2 88,2 89,4
96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 123<shortly>,3
144,- 145<slightly>,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 157,1 160<very>,2
161,2 163,2 164,2 165,2<or slightly unequal> 166,1 168,2 174,2<emarginate,
bilobed or obtuse> 176,2 177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, somewhat>/2
179,2<narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic, membranous> 187,1/3 189,3/4
191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,5-9 214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2
220<shortly>,2 221,2 223,3 225,3 226,2<the lateral lobes attenuate into
long setae> 227<the median>,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 240,1<on the margins,
otherwise glabrous> 241,1<along the margins> 244,2<dorsally rounded> 248,9
250,1 251<linear-oblong> 255,1<obtuse or truncate> 256,1 258,2<membranous>
259,3 260,3 264,1<minute> 265,2 266,2 268,1<cuneate> 269,1<or at least
ciliolate> 272,3 277,1 278,2 280,2 283,2 286,2<loosely included>
291<concavo-convex> 295,2<about 4/5 of the grain length> 298,2<about a
quarter of the grain length> 322,1 323,2 327,1<the intercostals larger>
328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1<large>
339,(52.5-)54-60(-64.5) 341,(6-)6.3-6.6(-8) 342,6.7-9.8 343,21-22.5-27
344,0.38-0.42 345,1 346,25.5-28.5 348<mostly high>,2 350,2 351,1
353,2<solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8 364<almost exclusively>,1&2&3<short>
365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1<all the bundles with Is> 406,1 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7
489,52<\i{}incertis sedis\i0{}> 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. koestlinii\i0{}>
492<northeast Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2 513,1 515<shady
cliffs> 534<Hubbard 1936c> 535<studied by us> 540<phaenant> 
 
# \i{}Phaenosperma\i0{} <Munro ex Benth.>/
7,2 9<robust, rhizomatous> 11,- 13,100-300 14,2 15,0.03 27,2 37,1/2 38,-
44,2 47,2 48,U 52<broadly>,1 55,1 56,10-30 58,- 59,1 63,1<at least the
basal ones, becoming inverted by twisting of the petiole> 64,1<with
nerves slanting obliquely from the midrib> 65,1 66,1<?> 69,1 70,2<acute to
rounded> 71,6-10 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,1 99,- 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-3.5 144,- 145,3
147,3 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 168<basally>,1
170,- 171,2 172,1 176,2 177,2 179,1<membranous, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
deltoid-lanceolate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} oblong> 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,2-3<membranous> 216,2 218,1<but splitting> 219,2 223,1 240,2
243,1 244,2<rounded on the back> 246,- 247,2 248,3-7 249,1 250,1
251,1<slightly exceeding the lemma> 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2
264,1 265,3<fairly large> 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2<and protruding conspicuously when mature> 287,1<2.5-3 mm
long> 289,5 290<slightly>,1<along the hilum> 294,1<rugose> 295,2 297,1<the
seed swollen and dark brown> 298,2 301,2<ruminate> 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,2
307,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,19.5-21-22.5 348<very low to
high>,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,1<elliptical>/2 360,2<a few short rows>
363,3&6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,2 391,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<3
bundles> 397,1<the material seen giving the appearance of a proliferation
of PBS tissue between the large median bundle and its adaxial strand of
sclerenchyma> 399,1<in addition to the large midrib hinges> 401,1<the
fans wide, in the shallow furrows> 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,2 455,1
469,12 470,24 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,6 487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80
491,1<\i{}P. globosa\i0{}> 492<Japan, China, Korea> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3
504,11 513,1 514,2 515<in warm temperate forest> 534<Conert 1959;
Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<Metcalfe 1960and studied by us>
540<phaenosp> 
 
# \i{}Phalaris\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Phalaris\i0{}: the name for members of this genus in both ancient and
modern Greek. Perhaps via \i{}phalos\i0{} (shining), referring to the
glossy lemma, or more likely via the alternative sense of the word (the
ridge of a helmet), this describing beautifully the glabrous, keel-winged
glumes> 2<\i{}Phalaris, Canary grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
canariensis\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Baldingera\i0{} Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb.,
\i{}Digraphis\i0{} Trin., \i{}Endallex\i0{} Raf., \i{}Phalaridantha\i0{}
St-Lager, \i{}Phalaroides\i0{} Wolf, \i{}Typhoides\i0{} Moench> 7,1/2
8<some species reedlike> 9,1/3/4 11,- 13,10-200 14,2 19<commonly>,2 24,1/2
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-2 53,2 55,1/2 56,2-20 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1
69,1 70,1/2 71,2-12 73,2 74,1 75,1<rarely>/2 76,1/1&4<clusters of one
fertile and several deformed-sterile in \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{} and \i{}P.
coerulescens\i0{}> 80,1&2 89,3/5 91,1<rarely>/2 92<when contracted>,1/2/3/4
94,- 97,2/3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1/2 109<when
disarticulating,>,1<the clusters falling in \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{} and \i{}P.
coerulescens\i0{}> 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3.5-9.5
145<strongly>,1 147,1/3/4 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 170,- 174,1
176,2 177,1 178,1/2 179,2<papery> 187,1-5 189,1-5 191<usually>,2 192,1
196,1 197,1/2 198<usually>,2 201<usually>,2 203,2 205,1 206,1<reduced to
scales> 207,2 208,1(-2) 214,3 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,1/2 244,1 248,5
250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 257,1-2 258,1/2 259,2/3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,1.2-6 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,1
286,2 287,1 291,1 293,- 295,2 298,1<up to a third of the grain length>/2
299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,1/2 311,1 312,2
313,1 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thin walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2
345,1 346,(30-)33-39(-42) 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,1<rarely>/2<absent>
353,1/2 354,1/2 356<when present,>,1<oval> 360,3<usually>/1&3<\i{}P.
angusta\i0{}> 363,1/2/3<or cuboid - varying from species to
species>/8<occasionally> 364<occasionally>,1/2 365,2 370,2 374,1 384,2
385,1<rarely>/2 393,3 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1/2 405,2
406,1 411,2 412,2 413,2<1 species> 415,1 416,1 469,6&7
470,12&14&28&35&42&56<and aneuploids> 471,2&4&6&8<and aneuploids>
473<large> 474,1.7-3.7<13 species, mean 2.4> 475,5.8<9 species,
(2.8-)3.5-9.0> 476,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,60 491,22
492<North temperate, South America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&6
495,1&2&3 496,1&3 497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2 500,1 502,1&5&6
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,2 511,1 512,2/3 513,2
515<in weedy places, damp soils and swamps> 516<\i{}P. aquatica\i0{},
\i{}P. arundincacea\i0{}, \i{}P. brachystachys\i0{}, \i{}P.
canariensis\i0{}, \i{}P. minor\i0{}, \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}> 517<\i{}P.
arundinacea\i0{}, \i{}P. aquatica\i0{}> 518<\i{}P. arundinacea\i0{}>
519<\i{}P. canariensis\i0{} (Canary grass), mainly for bird seed> 524,5
525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25 531,1&2 532,1&4 533,5 534<Anderson 1961>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. aquatica\i0{} L., \i{}P.
arundinacea\i0{} L.> 540<phalaris> 
 
# \i{}Phanopyrum\i0{} <Raf.>/
3<\i{}Panicum gymnocarpon\i0{}> 4<\i{}P. gymnocarpon\i0{} (Ell.) Nash>
7<succulent, glabrous>,2 9,2&4<the stolons to 2 m long> 13,60-130 18<thick,
decumbent, succulent, rooting profusely at the lower nodes> 24,2 27,2
52,2<tapering from midlength> 55,1 56<blades 15-40 cm long,>,7-25 59,1
69,1<?> 71,0.5-1.5 73,2 74,1 76,1 89<20-40 cm long,>,2/5<the spikelike
branches ascending> 91,1 95,3 97,3<whorled> 101,2 121,1<on the ultimate
branchlets> 123<in secund clusters, shortly>,3/1-2 141,6-7 142,9 145,1
147,3 149,4 150,1 154,2 157,2 163,2 165<spreading at maturity,>,1-2<the
lower somewhat shorter> 166<(at least the upper)>,3 167,2 171,2 172,1
174<acuminate->,1 176,2 179,2 180<about>,0.7-0.9 181,2<nearly as long>
182<much>,2<almost equalling it> 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,2<small, thin, lanceolate> 201,2 203,2 204,3 205,2/3<?> 207,2 208,1
214,3 215<shining,>,1 216<short, stipitate,>,1<only 2 mm long>
217<lustrous, pale to brownish> 218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,2 250,1 290,U
294,U 296,U 297,U 300,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370,2 387,U 388,U
389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 469,10 470,40 477,8 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10
491,1<\i{}P. gymnocarpon\i0{} (Ell.) Nash> 492<restricted to the U.S.A.>
493,6 494,1 512,1-2 513,1 514,2 515<in swamps, wet woodlands, and the
marshy shores of lakes and streams; also occasionally in shallow water,
often in the shade> 534<Hitchcock & Chase (1950)> 537,2 538,4
540<phanopyr> 
 
# \i{}Pharus\i0{} <P.Browne>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pharos\i0{} (cloth or mantle), perhaps alluding to
imaginative applications of broad leaves> 7,2 9,1 11,2 14,2 19,2 37,1 39,2
40,2 44,2 48,U 52,6/7 55,1 63,1<becoming inverted by twising of the
petiole> 64,1<the nerves running obliquely from mid-rib to margin> 65,1
72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,4 78,1<the females larger> 89,5<(1-)3-8
noded, fragile> 91,1 95,3 98,2<apically>/1 101,2<no subtending bracts with
the spikelet branchlets> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the primary
branches breaking away from the main rachis> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,2
123,1&3/2&3<the pistillate pedicels filiform> 126,1 128,- 129,2 130,3
131<male spikelets smaller, laterally compressed, with 2 glumes; stamens 6
per floret. The floret persistent> 133,1 135,1 138,6 144,- 145,2<terete>
147,3 148,- 154,2 163,2-3<occasionally 3> 165,2 167,1-2 170,- 174,1<acute>
176,2 179,2<membranous, persisitent> 187,5 189,7 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<cylindrical, twisted, often with a minute, bent beak, in one species
with fused margins> 214,3 216,1<rather thin at anthesis, but hardening in
fruit> 218,1 221,- 223,1/2 240,1<with hooked hairs, becoming adhesive in
fruit> 244,2<becoming involute in fruit> 246,2 248,5-7 250,1<very narrow,
folded around the long style> 251,1 253,2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 272,0 277,1 280,1 283,3 290,U 294,U 295,2
297,U 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1/2 308,2 311,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals very long, narrow, straight-walled, fibre-like with tapered ends>
330,1 331,1<thin> 332,2 345,1<but relatively infrequent, alongside the
veins> 346,24-25.5-27 348,1-2<high domes to tall parallels> 350,2 351,2
353,- 354,- 360,1 363,8 364,1-3 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3
394,- 395,1 396,3 397,1 399,1<also in rather irregular groups> 401,1 403,2
404,1<some; others with only strands> 406,1 410,3 454,- 469,12 470,24&48
471,2&4 477,3 478,3 481,8 487,10 488,7 489,39 490,80 491,6 492<tropical
America, West Indies> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1&2&3&5&6 504,11 513,1 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}P. latifolius\i0{} L.> 537,2 540<pharus> 
 
# \i{}Pheidochloa\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
7<slender>,1 9,3 11,- 13,20-50<filiform> 14,2 19,1<\i{}P. vulpoides\i0{}>/2
23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 39,- 40,2 42,2 47,2 55,2 58,1<short, convolute> 65,2
66,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 75,2 81,1 88,2<4-6> 89,4/5<a raceme or depauperate
panicle of few spikelets> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,6-13 144,- 145,1 147,1
149,2<glabrous> 154,2 157,1 160,3 161,1 162,1 163,2<separated by an
unusually long internode> 165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} twice the length of
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 166,3 167<(the longer)>,2<much longer> 170,- 171,2
174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<herbaceous-membranous> 187,7 189,7 191,1 196,2
208,2<similar> 214,2-3 216,2<thinly cartilaginous, often purplish> 218,1
219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1<purple> 232,1<bristle-like>
234,2-3 235,2<3 or 5> 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,7 250,1<glabrous> 251,1 256,1
258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,2<hyaline, minute> 269,2 270,2
272,2 274<minute> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 289,1
290,1<concavo-convex> 291,2 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 307,1
308,1 311,1 312<fairly>,1 313,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thick
walled> 330,1/2<in the files containing the stomata> 331,1 332,1 335,1<the
basal cell tending to be plump and distally inflated, the apical cell
rather broad, but tapered and thin-walled> 339,(42-)46-57(-58.5)
341,(9-)9.6-14.4(-15) 342,3.6-6.3 343,(20.4-)27-33(-34.5) 344,0.48-0.63
345,1 346,(30-)33-36(-39) 348,3 350,2 351,2 360,1 363,7&8 364<mostly>,1<but
many of the crosses more or less oryzoid, and most having points>
365,1<many of the crosses are oryzoid in form, and most have points>
370,1 373,3<\i{}P. gracilis\i0{}> 374,1 375,1 378,2 380,2 381,1 382,1 383,1
385,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 397,1 399,2<epidermis of large cells, with no
bulliform groups other than the small bulliforms-plus-colourless cells
group over the median vascular bundle> 401,- 403,2 404,2 406,1
414,4.85-4.93 477,5<or Panicoideae> 483,8 487,7 488,7 489,23 490,80
491,2<\i{}P. gracilis\i0{}, \i{}P. vulpioides\i0{}> 492<Australia & New
Guinea> 493,5 494,2&5 496,3 500,4 503,1 504,6&7&9 509,1 515<in damp sandy
heaths> 534<Blake 1944a> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. gracilis\i0{} Blake,
\i{}P. vulpioides\i0{} Blake> 540<pheidoch> 
 
# \i{}Phippsia\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<named after C.J. Phipps> 5<\i{}Vilfa\i0{} Beauv.> 7<dwarf>,2 9,3/4 11,-
13,2-25 14,2 38,- 47,2 49,1 50<the upper sheaths somewhat expanded> 52,1
55,2 56,1-3 59,1 65,2 67,1 69,1 70,2 71,1-1.5 73,2 74,1 81,1/2<?> 82,1/2
83<when present,>,1 89,5 91,1/2<to spike-like> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,1-2.5 144,-
145,1-2<terete> 147,1<but the glumes also often caducous> 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,2 158,2 160,2 163,1/2 164,1 165,1/- 167,1<the longer less than a third
as long> 168,2 170,- 176,2/- 179,2<more or less caducous>/- 182,1 183,-
187,0/- 189,0/- 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,3<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2
223,1 240,1/2 244,1-2 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3
263,3<often spinulose>/2<?> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2
272,1/2(-3) 274,0.3-0.6 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 289,4<protruding from the
floret when mature> 295,1<oval> 298,2 301,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1
322,2<and without short-cells> 323,2 327,- 328,- 330,2 331,2 332,2
345,1<fairly> 346,(36-)39-42(-45) 348,1 350,1<the subsidiaries also sunken>
351,2 359,2 361,3 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,3 395,1<prominent adaxially, and
flanked by conspicuous bulliform hinges> 396,1 398,2 399,2<apart from the
midrib hinges> 401,- 403,1<and no sclerenchyma with any of the other
bundles either, in the material of \i{}P. algida\i0{} seen> 442,- 469,7
470,28 471,4 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24
491,3 492<Arctic circumpolar, South American mountains> 493,1&6&7&8 494,1
495,1 497,1&2&5 504,11 506,1 512,2 513,2 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Puccinellia\i0{} (\i{}Pucciphippsia\i0{} Tsvelev)> 524,5 525,4 529,1
530,29 535<studied by us - \i{}P. algida\i0{} (Solander) R. Br.>
540<phippsia> 
 
# \i{}Phleum\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}phleos\i0{}, some kind of reed or grass> 4<Type:
\i{}P. pratense\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Achnodon\i0{} Link, \i{}Achnodonton\i0{} P.
Beauv., \i{}Chilochloa\i0{} P. Beauv., \i{}Heleochloa\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Phalarella\i0{} Boiss., \i{}Plantinia\i0{} Bub., \i{}Stelephuros\i0{}
Adans.> 6<\i{}Maillea\i0{}, \i{}Pseudophleum\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,4-150 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 24,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1
53,1 55,2 56,1-10 59<usually>,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1 70,1/2 71,1.5-6
73,2 74,1 80,1&2 89,5 91,2 92,1/2/3 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 141,1.6-5 145<strongly>,1 147,1 154,1/2
156<when present,>,2 157,2 160,2 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding them> 170,-
174,1/- 176<shortly>,1 177,1 179,2<membranous, the margins overlapping for
most of their length> 187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<membranous> 216,2
218,1 219,2<truncate or obtuse> 223,1 240,1/2<glabrous to densely ciliate>
244,2 248,5-7 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 258,2 259,2/3 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-2.3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2
283,2 287,1 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2
310,1/2 311,1 312,1/2 313,1 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,1 332,2
345,1 346,(36-)42-45 348,1 350,1 351,2<rare> 353,2<usually solitary> 354,2
358,2<but some reduced prickles approach these> 360,1 363,1/2/3 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,1/2 404,1 405,2
406,1 411,2 412,2 413,2<2 species> 415,1 469,7 470,10<rarely>/14/28/42
471,2&4&6 473<large> 474,1.6-1.7<2 species> 475,3.4<1 species> 477,2
478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,15 492<temperate Eurasia,
America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3 495,1&2&3 496,1&3 497,1&2&4&5
498,2&3 499,1 500,1 502,2&6 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 506,1&2 507,1 511,1
512<mostly>,3 513,2 514<mostly>,2/1 515<meadows and dry places, \i{}P.
arenarium\i0{} in coastal sand> 517<\i{}P. bertolonii\i0{}, \i{}P.
pratense\i0{} (Timothy)> 520<\i{}P. bertolonii\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4
529,1 530,17&24&25&29&31&36 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}P. pratense\i0{} L.> 540<phleum> 
 
# \i{}Pholiurus\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pholis\i0{} (scale) and \i{}oura\i0{} tail, with
glumes of flatwise spikelets resulting in scaly (snakelike) inflorescences>
4<Type: \i{}P. pannonicus\i0{} (Host) Trin.> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,5-40 14,2 27,2
38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-3 58,2 59,1/3<convolute> 69,1 70,2 71,3-4
73,2 74,1 89,1<tough, cylindrical> 91,- 94,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 141,4-7
145<somewhat>,1 147,3 148,1 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding them>
170,2 171,2 174,2<obtuse, ovate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<leathery, strongly
veined> 187,5 189,5 191,1 196,2 208,2 214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,1 240,2 244,2 248,0-2 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,2 270,2 272,3 274,1.8-2.5 277,1 283,2 286,2 290,U 293,- 294,U 296,U
301,1-2 303,2 322,1 323,2 330,2 331,2<thin> 332,2 345,1
346,(31.5-)36-39(-45) 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3<solitary> 363,1
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399<not apparent in the
poor material seen> 401,- 403,2 404,1<in the midrib only> 405,1<midrib
only> 406,1 469,7<?> 470,14&36 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}P. pannonicus\i0{}> 492<southeast Europe> 493,1&2
494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 506,1&2 511,1 513,2 514,1/2 515<in coastal
sands and saline soils> 531,1 532,4 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<pholiuru> 
 
# \i{}Phragmites\i0{} <Adans.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}phragma\i0{}, alluding to its fence-like bordering of
waterways> 4<Type: \i{}P. australis\i0{} (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.>
5<\i{}Czernya\i0{} Presl, \i{}Miphragtes\i0{} Nieuwland, \i{}Oxyanthe\i0{}
Steud., \i{}Trichoon\i0{} Roth, \i{}Xenochloa\i0{} Roem. & Schult.> 7,2
8,1<often forming dense stands> 9,1&2 11,- 13,60-400<-1000 cm> 14,1-2<often
somewhat persistent> 19,1<especially when main culm damaged>/2 27,2 37,2
38,- 42,1 44,2 47,1<scarcely>/2 52,2-3 55,1 56,6-50 58,- 59,1/3<convolute>
63,2 65,2 66,1 67,1 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<20-60 cm long,
plumose, the fertile lemmas surrounded by long white silky hairs>
94,1<towards the spikelets> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,9-16 145,1 147,1<at least above the
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 148,2 154,1 155,1<with very long white hairs, but
only above the disarticulation zones of the florets> 156,1 157,1<with long
fine silky hairs> 160,3<and slender> 161,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,-
174,1 176,2 177,2<rounded on the back> 179,2<membranous> 187,3-5 189,3-5
191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1<the stamens often 2>/2 203,2
204,3(-7) 205,2 206,2<membranous> 207,2 208,(2-)3-10 210<narrow,
lanceolate> 214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute to acuminate or
aristulate> 223,1/3<narrow-attenuate, muticous to aristulate> 225<(if
lemmas aristulate)>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 234,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2
248,1-3 250,1 251,2 255,1 256,1<glabrous> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,1/2 270,- 272,3 274,0.6-2.5 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,3 286,2
287,1 291,2<to sub-terete> 295,1 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2 305,1
306,1 308,1 309,1/2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,13-20 316,1 318,2 320,2 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thick walled> 329,1/2<with many of them short>
330,1 331,1 332,1/2 335<when present,>,1 339,24-28.5 341,4.5-6.3
342,4.5-5.3 343,12-13.5 344,0.47-0.5 345,1 346,(30-)33-34.5(-36) 348<low>,2
350,1/2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,1/2 360,3 363,3/2-5<or cuboid>/6 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 399,1 401,1<these with
deeply penetrating median cells>/2<a few>/3 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1/2
411,1 413,2<2 species> 415,1 416,1 419,2 469,12
470,36&44&46&48&49&50&51&52&54&96 471,3&4&8<and aneuploids> 473<small>
477,5 483,2 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,3 492<cosmopolitan>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&5 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3
499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&5&6 503,1&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,2
506,1&2 507,1&2 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,2 516<\i{}P. australis\i0{}, \i{}P.
karka\i0{} (causing water loss and stagnation, and impeding navigation>
522<used for mats and thatching> 524,5 525,1&2&3&5 526,3 527,1 528,7
531,1&2 532,3 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
australis\i0{} (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.> 540<phragmit> 
 
# \i{}Phyllorhachis\i0{} <Trimen>/
7,2<with slender culms> 9,1 13<scrambling,>,50-130<or more> 14,2 15,0.2
19,1 27,1/2 30,1 31,2<with the blades, above>/1<from the bases of the old
culms> 37,2 38,- 40,2 42,1 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,3-4 55,1 56,10-25<and to 12 cm
long> 57,2 59,1 63,1<the pseudopetiole to 2.5 mm long> 65,2 66,1<in
association with culm branching> 69,3 70,- 71,0.2 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,2&3 77,4<single female spikelets basal to male spikelets in the very
contracted branches - glomerules - of the terminal inflorescences, and with
female spikelets in small, homogamous axillary inflorescences of 1 or 2
spikelets each> 78,1 89,-<terminal, consisting of heterogamous racemules
each of 3-4 spikelets, borne on flattened secondary rachides arranged in
two series on one side of an expanded, herbaceous, primary rachis; and
sometimes also with axillary, homogamous racemules of 2-3 female spikelets
on slender rachides> 91,- 94,- 98,2<with a scabrid bristle in each
glomerule seeming to represent the branch tip> 99,2&3<spathe-like>
101,2<but the rachis flattened, spathe-like> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,1<i.e., the racemules fall from the persistent main axis> 111,- 113,-
114,- 115,- 126,1<in the terminal inflorescence> 128,- 129,2&3 130,3&4
131<male spikelets with glumes 2, short, similar, keel-less, oblong or
oval, awnless; G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} nerveless, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
1-nerved; one proximal, 3-nerved sterile lemma; one oblong, 5-7 nerved
fertile lemma enclosing a 2-nerved palea and 6 free stamens with 2.5 mm
anthers> 132,2 133,1 134,1 135,2<the proximal sterile> 137,1 138,6 139,1
140,2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and palea highly peculiar> 141,10-16
142,10 144,1<with respect to the main axis> 145,1/2/3<?> 147,3<the
glomerules disarticulating> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,- 160,1 163,2 165,2
167,1 171,- 176,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} awn-like>
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} subulate,
rigid and awnlike, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} oblong and firm> 182,- 187,0-1
188,- 189,5-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2<reduced, rigid, thick> 203,2
204<many nerved, broadly lanceolate, sulcate in the back> 205,2-3 206,3
208,1 210<caudate-acuminate> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,11-17 250,1<sulcate between the two principal nerves> 251,1
255,1<pointed> 256,1 259,4<8-12> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2
272,0<6 rudiments only> 277,1 280,1<into one, long> 283,2 284<creamy>,1
286,2 287,2<6-7 mm long> 289,2 290<slightly>,1 291,3 295,2 298,2<about 1/6
the length of the fruit> 322,1 323,2 329,2<many being rather short>
331,1<thin walled> 332,1 335,1 339,42-50 343,25-30 344,0.6 345,1 348,3
351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/3&8 357<macrohairs present> 360,1
363,7<mostly>/4<tendency>/8<tendency> 364<when panicoid type, tending to>,1
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,1 391,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<a median bundle
and 2 small laterals> 399,1 401,1<the groups wide> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
436,- 442,- 456,1 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,7 487,8 488,7
489,40<or Oryzeae> 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. sagittata\i0{}> 492<southern
tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3 513,1 514,2
515<in riverine forests> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<phyllorh> 
 
# \i{}Phyllostachys\i0{} <Sieb. & Zucc.>/
1<from the Greek, \i{}leaf-spike\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. bambusoides\i0{}
Sieb. & Zucc.> 5<\i{}Sinoarundinaria\i0{} Ohwi> 7<arborescent or shrubby>,2
9,1 11,2 13,300-2000 14,1 15,2-20 16,2 19,1 21<consistently>,2 23,4 30,1
31<where recorded, always>,1 33,1<rarely>/2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4 37,2
39,2 40,2 44,2 47,1/2 48,1 55,1 63,1 65,1 66,1 67,1 72<consistently>,2 73,2
74,1 78,- 86,1 89<compound>,5<of spicate, 1-spikeleted branchlets,
aggregated into spatheate clusters> 94,- 101,1 102,1<with or without
foliage leaves> 103,3&1 106,3 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
141,18-80 142<where recorded, always>,9/- 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,2<glabrous> 157,2 163,1/2<or 3, and the lateral spikelets with an outer
bract at the base> 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 183,- 187<many-nerved> 189<many
nerved> 191,1/2 192<if present,>,2 196,2 208,1-4 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?>
244,1-2 248<many veined> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,2 256,1-2 259,4 260,3 264,1
265,2/3 266,1/2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 271,1 272,3 275,1/2 276,1/2 277,1
278,1/2<often unknown> 279<where known,>,2 280,1<into one, long> 283,2-3
290,1 295,2 298,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,2 308,2 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3
331,1<thin walled> 332,1 335,1<but variable in shape> 345,1<outlines often
more or less obscured by papillae> 348<low to high>,2/- 351,1/2 353,1/2
354,1 356,3 360,1/3 363,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1<<20%>
rarely>/2<usually, or fusoids if present rare and/or inconspicuous>
393,1<these low>/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1&2 403,2 404,1<with most
bundles> 405,1<with most bundles> 469,12 470,24<rarely>/48/72 471,2/4/6
473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491<about>,50
492<eastern Asia> 493,3 494,1&2&3 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2 502,1 504,2
522<culms of \i{}P. aurea\i0{}, \i{}P. bambusoides\i0{}, \i{}P.
glauca\i0{}, \i{}P. nigra\i0{}, \i{}P. vivax\i0{} used for walking sticks,
fishing rods, furniture, handicrafts etc; young shoots of \i{}P.
aurea\i0{}, \i{}P. bambusoides\i0{}, \i{}P. glauca\i0{}, \i{}P.
nidularia\i0{}, \i{}P. vivax\i0{} eaten as vegetables> 524,4&5 525,1
526,3&4 530,4&11&12 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<phyllost> 
 
# \i{}Pilgerochloa\i0{} <Eig>/
3<\i{}Ventenata\i0{}> 7,1 9,- 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-4
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,9-11 144,- 145,1 147,1 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,2 163,2
165,1 167,1 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2 183,- 187,1 189,3
191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-4 214,2-3 216,2 223<all>,3<including the lowest>
225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2<from the middle third> 231,2 235,1 240,1 244,2
246,- 247,2 248,5-6 250,1 251,2<about one half the lemma length> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 293,- 298,2 301,1 322,1<seemingly involving only the midrib>
323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1-2<the walls of medium
thickness, those of the costals tending to be thicker> 330,1<very long,
rarely tending slightly to fusiform> 331,1<the sinuosity fairly fine and
even, associated with conspicuous pitting> 332,2 345<fairly>,1<but mostly
confined to a single file on either side of the midrib> 346,45-54 347,2
348,1-2 350<slightly but consistently>,1<the apparatus not noticeably
sunken> 351<fairly>,1 353,1<often>/2<a few solitary> 354,1/2 360,2<both
cells horizontally quite elongated> 361,1 363,1-2/3<sometimes numerous,
mostly more or less irregular>/6<few> 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1 395,1<by
virtue of its large abaxial keel> 396,1 398,2 399<not apparent in the poor
material seen> 403,2 404,2<only small adaxial strands, save for the small
abaxial one with the midrib> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487<cf.>,11<as a
synonym?> 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}P. blanchei\i0{}> 492<Asia Minor>
493,1&2&4 494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11 512,4 535<studied by us> 540<pilgeroc> 
 
# \i{}Pinga\i0{} <Widjaja>/
3<\i{}Parabambusa\i0{}> 4<\i{}P. marginata\i0{}> 7,2 9,1&3 11,2
13,1500-2000 14,1<with aerial roots> 15,1.2-2.5 16,1 18<leaning, apically
pendulous> 19,1<from mid-culm> 20,1 21<thinner than the stem,>,2-3<with one
dominant> 22,3/- 23,4 30,1<with an external ligule> 31,1 33,1<this rugose>
34,1<these falcate, setose> 35,1 36<narrower than the sheaths,
acuminate,>,3 37,2 38<loosely clumped> 39,1 52<basally asymmetric,
acuminate,>,3 55,1 56<17-41 cm long,>,17-33 63,1 66,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2
87,1<these with axillary basal buds> 89,2<bearing synflorescences with
globose nodal clusters, leafless between the clusters>/- 101,1
102,1<bractiferous, with spathaceous subtending bracts> 140,2 141,4-5 142,9
145,1 147,1 148,2 149<"with definite rachilla internodes"> 154,2 163,2
166,1 167,1 174,1 176,2 179<ovate, acute,>,2 180<about as long as the upper
one> 181,1 191,1 196,2 208,5-7 210<ovate,3.5-4.5 mm long> 215,1 218,1 219,1
223<acuminate,>,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 250,1 251,1<4-5 mm long> 255,1
256,1<the apex acute> 264,2 272,6 274<yellow,>,2 278,U 281,U 283,3 285,U
287,U 288,U 290,U 291,U 292,U 294,U 295,U 297,3 300,U 320,U 340,U 344,U
345,U 349,U 350,U 353,U 356,U 362,U 378,U 379,U 380,U 381,U 382,U 385,U
386,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 477,8 487,4<? - not listed>
488,3<?> 489,9<?> 490,14<?> 491,1<\i{}P. marginata\i0{}> 492<Papuasia>
493,5 494,2 496,3 504,9 534<Clayton et al. (2016), GrassBase> 537,2 538,4
540<pinga> 
 
# \i{}Piptatherum\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
3<\i{}Oryzopsis\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. coerulescens\i0{} (Desf.) P.Beauv.>
5<\i{}Urachne\i0{} Trin., \i{}Oloptum\i0{}, \i{}Piptatheropsis\i0{} p.p.>
7,2 9<densely or loosely>,3 13,10-140 14,2 19<at least sometimes>,2 27,2
37,1/2<?> 42,1/2 47,2 55,1-2 56,0.7-15 58,2 59,1/2/3<involute> 65,2 66,2
67,1/2<?> 69,1 70,1-2 71,0.2-15 73,2 74,1 80,1/2 89,5 91,1<usually with
1-3(-5) branches at the lower nodes> 94,1/2 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3
141,2-9 145,3<dorsally compressed to subterete> 147,1 154,2 157,2
160,2<0.1-0.3 mm long, mostly incurved> 161,2<glabrous> 162,1 163,2
165,2<subequal> 166,2/3 167,2 172<generally with small asperities, at least
above> 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,2 187,3-5<-7> 189,3-7 191,1 196,2 208,1
211,2<the palea back exposed> 212,2 213,1 214,3 216,1 217,3/4<usually dark
brown to black and shiny, brown in \i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}>
218<inconspicuously>,2/1 220<sometimes obscurely>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1<fine>
226,1<to excentric?> 228,1/3<when lemma lobes absent> 231,1
232<usually>,1<erect, neither twisted nor curved> 233,1<scabrous> 234,1-3
236,1<except in \i{}P. virescens\i0{}> 240,1<the hairs white or golden to
brown>/2 244,2 246,2 248,3-5<rarely more?> 250,1<only the margins covered
by the lemma> 251,1<equalling the lemma> 254,1 256,1 257,2 258,2<leathery>
259,3 260,1 261,1-3<usually hairy?> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2<two
stipoid and two-nerved, one thinner and nerveless> 269,2 270,2 271,1<the
stipoid pair>/2<the third> 272,3 274,1.5-4.5 275,1<<75%> usually>/2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1-2<1.5-4.0 mm long> 291,2 295,2 298,1-2<usually
about a third of the grain length> 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1<the epiblast
short, truncate> 305,2<with a 95-130 degree angle between coleoptile and
coleorhiza> 306,2 308,1<unreliably - these embryo data, from Reeder, may
refer to \i{}Oryzopsis\i0{}> 309,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 315,1 316,1 317,2
318,2 319,1 320,2<\i{}Oryzopsis micrantha\i0{}> 321,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<fairly thin to fairly thick (\i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}) walled, the
costals somewhat thicker> 330,1 331,1<and heavily pitted, in \i{}P.
miliaceum\i0{}>/1-2 332,2<but the stipoid type, q.v., sometimes occur
adaxially> 345,1<e.g. \i{}P. paradoxum\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}P. racemosum\i0{}>
346,21-34 347,2 348<low to high>,2 350,2 351,1 353,1/1&2<some solitary>
354,1<in the pairs> 355,1 356,1/1-2/3 357<macrohairs not seen in either
\i{}P. paradoxum\i0{} or \i{}P. racemosum\i0{}> 360,1<mostly, with a few
pairs>/3<\i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}> 363,8<predominating in the rows of costal
short-cells of both \i{}P. paradoxum\i0{} and \i{}P. racemosum\i0{}>/3&5&6
364<when panicoid type,>,1/3/1-3 370,2 374,1 385<slightly>,1/2 386,2
393,1<e.g. \i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}>/2<\i{}P. racemosum\i0{}> 394,1<e.g.
\i{}P. paradoxum\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}P. racemosum\i0{}> 395,1<via the
sclerenchyma mass>/2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,1<\i{}P. paradoxum\i0{}>/2
404,1<with most larger bundles> 405,1 406,1 410,1 469,12 470,24 471,2
473<medium sized> 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491,25/26
492<Old World subtropics, North America> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2 495,1&2
496,1 497,2&5 498,1&2 499,1&2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 506,1 507,1 511,1
512,3-4 516<\i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}> 517<\i{}P. miliaceum\i0{}>
523<hybridizes with \i{}Achnatherum hymenoides\i0{} (\i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu
lato)> 534<Freitag 1975> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
miliaceum\i0{} (L.) Coss.; Devesa 1992> 536<Including the North American
species usually known as \i{}Oryzopsis micranthum\i0{} and \i{}O.
racemosa\i0{} in \i{}Piptatherum\i0{} (cf. Barkworth 1993) permits this
genus to be distinguished morphologically from \i{}Oryzopsis\i0{} sensu
stricto, while disavowing Freitags geographical distinction.>
540<piptathe> 
 
# \i{}Piptochaetium\i0{} <Presl>/
1<from the Greek \i{}piptein\i0{} (to fall) and \i{}chaite\i0{} (bristle),
alluding to deciduous awns> 4<Type: \i{}P. montevidense\i0{} (Spreng.)
Parodi> 5<\i{}Caryochloa\i0{} Spreng., \i{}Podopogon\i0{} Raf.> 7,2 9,3
13,30-150 14,2 19,2 42,2 44,1 47,2<but with thickenings at the auricle
positions> 55,1/2<narrow, usually involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 71,0.3-3(-8)
72,2 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 88,2-3 89,5 91,1<usually>/2<<20%>> 94,1/2 99,- 100,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123<usually long>,3 141,2-24 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,- 150,- 154,2 155,-
157<usually>,1 158,- 159,2 160,2 161<acute> 163,2 165,2 166,2/3
167,2<usually exceeding the floret> 170,- 171,2 174,1<abruptly acuminate>
176,2 177,2<convex on the back> 179,2<thin> 182,- 183,- 187,3-7 189,3-7
191,1 196,2 208,1 210<often dark-pigmented, sometimes cylindrical, usually
asymmetrically obovoid to subglobose or lenticular> 211,2<the margins
involute, fitting into the paleal groove> 212,1<usually>/2 213,1 214,3
216,1<smooth, verrucose, striate or tuberculate, the epidermis without
silica bodies> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3<the summit of the lemma often
expanded into a corona> 229,- 231,2<often bi-geniculate>/2 232<sometimes
non-geniculate and curved> 233,1<glabrous>/2 234,3/1<<10%> much reduced, in
\i{}P. cucullatum\i0{}> 236,1/2 240,1/2 244,1<usually somewhat compressed
and keeled> 246,2 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1<the apex of the keel projecting
as a minute point above the summit of the lemma> 254,1 255,1 256<pointed,
sometimes with an apical mucro> 258,1<except marginally> 259,3<these fairly
adjacent> 260,3<with a narrow sulcus between the two close indurated keels,
which are not enclosed by the lemma> 264,1 265,2/3 266,1/2 267,2 268,2
269,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,1 295,2 301,2 302,2
322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1/1&2 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1
354,1 356,3/2/5 357<small prickles abundant> 358,2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,2
374,1 389,1<at the hinge positions> 393,1-2<having only 3 similar sized
veins, the lamina very thin and lacking photosynthetic tissue between the 3
ribs> 396,1 399,1<the groups broad, at the bases of the furrows> 403,2
404,2<combining adaxial and abaxial strands, or adaxial strands and abaxial
girders> 406,2 407,1 408,2 421,- 436,- 442,- 454,- 464,- 469,11/12<?>
470,22&44 471,2&4 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80 491<about>,30
492<North & (mainly) South America> 493,6&7 494,1&3&6 495,3 502,1&5&6&7
504,5<?> 505,2 512,3-4 513,2 515<steppe> 518<\i{}P. fimbriatum\i0{}> 524,5
525,2&3&4 527,1 528,4&9 529,2&5 530,14 531,1&2 532,4 533,5 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}P. brevicalyx\i0{} Ricker ex Hitchc., \i{}P.
fimbriatum\i0{} (H.B.K.) Hitchc.> 540<piptocha> 
 
# \i{}Piptophyllum\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pitein\i0{} (to fall) and \i{}phullon\i0{} (leaf),
alluding to disarticulating leaf blades> 3<cf. \i{}Triraphis\i0{},
\i{}Crinipes\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. welwitschii\i0{} (Rendle) C.E.Hubbard>
5<\i{}Pentaschistis welwitschii\i0{}> 7<slender, erect>,2 9,3<the base
tomentose and fibrous> 14,2 19,2 47,2 55,2 58,1<folded> 65,2 66,1 68,1 69,3
70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 87,2 89,5 91,1<lanceolate-oblong or narrowly
oblong> 94,1 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1<the internodes very short> 154,1
156,2 163,2 164,2 165,2<only slightly unequal> 166,1 167,1 170,- 174<acute
or the apex minutely toothed> 176,2<but mucronate> 179,2<thinly membranous>
187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,2 216,2<herbaceous membranous, becoming firm>
218,2 220,2 221,2<the lobes narrow, terminating in short setae> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1-2<very slender, curved or flexuose above but
flattened and twisted at the base> 240,1<pilose on the margins>
244,2<convex> 248,5-9 250,1 251,1 255,1<obtuse>/2 256,1 258,2<thinly
membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1<minute> 269<minutely>,1/2
272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 291,3<terete> 295,1<but linear> 298,1 329,U 349,U
358,U 359,U 365,U 367,1 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,5/6<?> 483<if arundinoid,>,3<?> 484<if chloridoid,>,4<?> 487,3 488,7
489,32 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. welwitschii\i0{}> 492<Angola> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3 513,2 515<damp rocky places> 534<Hubbard 1957>
536<Taxonomic relationships impossible to determine reliably with neither
leaf anatomical nor photosynthetic pathway data.> 538,4 540<piptophy> 
 
# \i{}Piresia\i0{} <Swallen>/
1<named for J.M. Pires, Brazilian botanist> 3<\i{}Reitzea\i0{}> 7,2
11<mostly>,1<and decumbent in the leaf litter, but erect foliage culms also
sometimes having a terminal inflorescence> 13,8-40 14,2 19,2 40,2 44,2 48,2
63,1 65,1 72,2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,4<one or two males beneath each
female> 78,1 89,5<depauperate, racemelike> 96,- 101,1 102,1<with
spatheoles?> 103,3/5 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,3/2 121,2 131<male
spikelets usually lacking glumes, with 3 free, non-penicillate stamens>
132,2 133<usually>,2 134,2 137,1 138,3 139,1 141,5-7 142<narrowly>,8 148,-
149,1 154,2 155,- 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 174,1 176,2<apiculate> 177,2
178,- 179,2<herbaceous> 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,3<leathery>
216,1 223,1 240,1<appressed pilose> 244,2 246,2 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
257,2 258,1 259,3 272,0<staminodes 0 or three> 280,1 283,2 291,2 295,2
298,2 322,1 323,1<and very abundant> 324,1&2<but far more conspicuous
intercostally> 325,1 326,3<one or two irregular rows of irregularly shaped,
rather angular papillae per long-cell> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,24-39 341,3.6-4.5 342,7.7-10.8 343,15-17.5 344,0.4-0.45 345,1 346,18-21
347,1<commonly two on each> 348<high>,2<mostly>/3 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,6
357<large, cushion-based macrohairs common> 358,2 360,1 363,8 364<mostly
Maltese->,1<sometimes almost oryziod>/2-3<a few, short>/- 365,2 370,2
374,1 386,1 390,1<the cells adjoining the fusoids with a few large and
conspicuous ingrowths> 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1<by virtue of its large
bundle and adaxially prominent rib> 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<the groups
large and wide, one in each intercostal zone> 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the
bundles with a small anchor, except the midrib with strands only> 406,1
469,11 470,22 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,4
492<tropical America> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4 504,11 512,3 513,1
534<Swallen 1964; Soderstrom 1982b> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. goeldii\i0{}
Swallen> 540<piresia> 
 
# \i{}Piresiella\i0{} <Judziewicz, Zuloaga & Morone>/
1<name a diminutive from \i{}Piresia\i0{} (a related genus, q.v.)>
7<delicate>,2<with dimorphic culms> 9,2&3 11,1<with 1-2 bladeless sheaths>
13,3-20<the flowering culms shorter than the vegetative culms> 14,2 19,2
24,1 25,3-9<the leaves concentrated towards the tips of the vegetative
culms> 26,1 27,1<retrorsely slightly bearded> 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,2
50<sheaths glabrous except on one margin, ciliate at the summit>
52,5<strongly asymmetrical at the base> 55,1-2 56,6-10<14-20 mm long>
57,3<the base truncate> 59,1 63<shortly>,1 64,U 65,U 66,2 67,1
69,1<ciliolate> 70,1 71<about>,0.1 72,U 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,2 78,1
86,1 89,2<terminal, exserted, each consisting of two conjugate, ascending,
appressed, subequal, unisexual racemes each with 6-9 spikelets, the male
raceme somewhat shorter> 95,1 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,2 107,1 120,1 121,1<the
spikelets on one side of the slender raceme> 123<shortly pedicellate, the
male pedicels 0.3-1.5 mm long, the females 0.2-0.6 mm> 131<the male
spikelets on slightly shorter racemes, 1.3-1.8 mm long, ellipsoid,
glabrous, persistent> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 136,1 137,1 138,2 141,4-4.8
142<ovoid> 145,3 147,3<or the glumes tardily deciduous> 149,3<this
0.3-0.5 mm long, elaiosome-like> 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,2
172,1 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,2 179,2<narrowly ovate,
chartaceous, sulcate, greenish or whitish, sometimes purple-tipped>
187,3(-5)<with a few cross-veins> 189,3(-5)<with a few cross-veins> 191,1
196,2 208,1 214,2/3<?> 216,1/2<?> 223<more or less>,2<cucullate or
apiculate> 240,1<covered with delicate, appressed, white silky hairs> 244,2
246<seemingly>,2 247,U 248<not evidently nerved> 250,1 251,1<about
equalling the lemma> 253,2 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,3 266,1
267,2 272,0<no staminodes mentioned> 277,1 280,2 283<and styles>,3 285,2
286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 289,4 290,1 291,2 295,2<as long as the caryopsis>
298,2<0.2-0.3 mm long> 322,1 323,1 324,2<small, circular, confined to the
ends of the interstomatals and the stomatal sides of the long-cells
adjoining the subsidiaries, and arranged so as to form a beautiful ring
around each stomatal apparatus> 325,2 327,2<the costals much narrower>
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,(49-)57-69(-75)
341,6.3-7.5 342,9-10.2 343,24-28.5 344,0.4-0.45 345,1 346,(19-)24-27 347,2
348,1 350,1<slightly> 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,8 357<macrohairs present near
the blade margins> 360,1 361,1 363,8 364<predominantly short>,3 370,2 374,1
386,1<one layer> 390,1<but very obscure in the poor material seen> 391,1
392,2 393,3 395,1<by virtue of its large bundle and relatively massive
anchor of sclerenchyma> 396,1 398,2 401,1<between all the bundles> 403,2
404,1 405,1<most bundles with an anchor> 406,1 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4
488,3 489,34 490,50 491,1<\i{}P. strephioides\i0{}> 492<Cuba> 493,7 494,3
502,1 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<lowland ravines, palm savannas and streambanks>
534<Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}. (1993)> 535<Zuloaga \i{}et al\i0{}. (1993), and
studied by us> 536<segregated from \i{}Mniochloa\i0{} (\i{}M.
strephioides\i0{})> 540<piresiel> 
 
# \i{}Plagiantha\i0{} <Renvoize>/
7,1<or short-lived> 9<loosely>,3 13,30-80 14,2 44,2 52,3 55,2 56,3-7 65,2
66,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 122,3 123,3 124,1
141,2.2-2.8 145,3 147,3 150,2 154,2 163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the
upper)>,2 171,2 174,2 176,2 177,2 180<about>,0.25 187,3-5 189,5 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200,1 202<two-keeled, sulcate and nerveless between
them> 203,2 204,4 205<slightly>,1 206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1
215<papillose> 216,2 217<pallid> 218,1<and apiculate> 223,1 240,2 244,2
246,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 256,1 257,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 345,1 348<low>,2 350,2 351,1 353,2<solitary, rectangular, often
large> 354,2 360,1 363,8 364,2-4<ranging from short to elongated> 365,2
370,2 374,1 385<somewhat noticeably, in places,>,1/- 386,2 387,1-2 393,2-3
395,1 396,1/2<a large median, with a small bundle on either side which
could be considered part of the midrib> 397,1 398,2 399,1<these wide, one
in each of the slight furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1<primaries only> 405,1<the
midrib median and some other primaries with anchors> 406,1 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,53 491,1<\i{}P. tenella\i0{}> 492<Brazil>
493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11 512,3 513,1 514,2 534<Renvoize (1982), \i{}Kew
Bull.\i0{} \b{}37\b0{}, 323> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<plagiant> 
 
# \i{}Plagiosetum\i0{} <Benth.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}plagios\i0{} (oblique) and \i{}seta\i0{} (a bristle),
alluding to somewhat unilateral bristles> 6<\i{}Parectenium\i0{}> 7,1 9,3-4
11,- 13,20-50 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 58,2 59,1/3<convolute>
65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2-3 70,- 71,1 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,3<racemose, the cuneate,
flattened branches each reduced to 1-2 spikelets and several variously
united bristles, reflexing at maturity> 94,- 98,2<the racemelet ending in a
fan of bristles> 99,1-2 100,1-2 101,2 102,2 103,1<with 1-2(-3) spikelets,
plus bristles> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the short branches articulated at
the base, falling whole> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,3<or at least with the
single bristle branched, cf. \i{}Parectenium\i0{}> 117,2 118,2 120,1
121,1<the racemes to one side of the main axis> 141,6-7.5 145,3 147,3<the
branches falling whole> 154,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2<equalling the spikelet> 170,- 176,2 187,3-5 189,9-17 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 203,2 204,18-20 206,1<similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 207,2
208,1 214,3 215,3<shining> 216,1 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,2
247,1 248,3-7 250,1 251,1 255,1<apiculate> 256,1 257,2 258,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1
303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<fairly thin walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,45-51-57 341,(6.3-)6.9-8.4(-9) 342,5.6-7.4
343,(27-)30-35(-40.5) 344,0.59-0.71 345,1 346,(24-)27-28.5(-30) 348,1&2
350,2 351,1 353,2<mainly solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2
375,1 378,2 383,1 385,1/2<rarely> 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1 397,1 399,2<the
epidermis irregularly bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}P. refractum\i0{}> 492<Australia>
493,5 494,5 503,3 504,2&5&6&7&8 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandhills> 535<studied
by us> 540<plagiose> 
 
# \i{}Planichloa\i0{} <B. Simon>/
1<in reference to the very flattened spikelets> 3<\i{}Ectrosia\i0{}>
4<Type: \i{}P. nervilemma\i0{} B.K. Simon> 7<erect>,1 13,12-40 14,2 19,2
25,1-3<terete> 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths hispid, with tubercle based hairs>
52,1<hispid> 55,2 56,1-4<to 10 cm long> 59,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2
71,0.2-0.3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2-1 92<when contracted,>,4 101,2 102,2 108,2
121,2 123,3<the pedicels 0.5-1 mm long, hairy> 141,5-11<3-6 mm wide>
145<strongly>,1 147,1<but the glumes falling later> 148,1<the rachilla
rigid> 154,1 156,1 157,2 160,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 171,2
172<scaberulous on the margins and keel> 174,1 176,2 177,1
179,2<lanceolate, acuminate, usually mauve> 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 195,1
196,2 208,2-8 210<rigid, flattened, yellowish green or the apices infused
with mauve, dark-pigmented on the lateral nerves> 214,2<leathery> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,1<acute to acuminate>/3<the awns increasingly emphasized
acropetally in the spikelet> 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1<scabrous>
234,1-2 236,2 240,2 243<scaberulous on the keel and margins> 244,1 247,2
248,5/7<the laterals more or less grouped together> 250,1 251,2<about half
the lemma length, comma shaped> 256,1 257<hyaline, with leathery and
scaberulous margins> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,1 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,3 274<about>,0.5<mauvish red> 277,1 283,2 284<pale yellow,
plumose> 287,1<about 1.4 mm long> 289,4 291<slightly>,1/3 295,1 297,3
298,1<about half the length of the caryopsis> 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
smaller and narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1
340,21 342,5 344,0.5 345,1 348,3<predominantly>/2 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1<a
few only, with crescentic silica bodies>/2<mostly solitary and
unsilicified> 354<mostly>,2 355,1/2 360,2 362,1 363,4<a very small version,
predominating>/5-6<intergrading with the saddles> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,2-3 385,1 393,1 394,1<low> 395<fairly>,1<via a
widish, flat abaxial keel and the larger bundle> 396,1 398,2 399,1<the
groups very large, one in each furrow> 400,1 401,1<these predominating, the
median cells large and deeply penetrating>/2<these infrequent> 403,2
404,1<nearly all the bundles> 405,1<nearly every bundle with an I or an
anchor> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,1<\i{}P.
nervilemma\i0{}> 492<restricted to the Cook pastoral district of northern
Qld> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6 509,1 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<in sandy soils>
534<Simon 1986> 535<studied by us> 540<planichl> 
 
# \i{}Plectrachne\i0{} <Henrard>/
1<from the Greek \i{}plektron\i0{} (a spur or spear-point) and
\i{}achne\i0{} (a scale or chaff), alluding to stiff, awned lemmas or sharp
callus?> 3<\i{}Triodia\i0{}: cf. Lazarides in \i{}Austral. Syst. Bot.\i0{}
10: 381-489 (1997)> 4<Type: \i{}P. schinzii\i0{} Henrard> 7,2 9,3 11,-
13,20-175 27,2 38,- 43,1 44,1 47,2 55,2 59,4 60,1/1-2<i.e., sometimes
softer-leaved than in \i{}Triodia\i0{} s. str.> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3<usually
very short> 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 92<when contracted>,3/- 95,3 101,2
102,2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1
149,1<by contrast with \i{}Symplectrodia\i0{}> 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1
163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 170,- 176,2 177,1/2 187,3-7 189,3-7 191,2 192,2
196,2 208,3-10 216,1-2<leathery to indurated> 218,2 220,3 221,1<the lobes
longer than the body of the lemma> 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<the lobes awnlike>
227<the median>,2<when laterals present> 228,1 229,- 231,1 235,1 237,1
240,1/2 244,2 248,9 250,1 251,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 271,1 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 289,4 295,1 297,3
322,1&2<centre of leaf/margins> 323,2<but abundant adaxially> 329,- 332,1<?
- probably, but well hidden in the grooves> 333<(adaxial)>,2 334,2
335,2<where seen, adaxially> 336,3 340,21 345,2<or if present, hidden in
the narrow grooves> 348,- 349,- 350,- 360,1 361,1-3 363,8/- 365,2 367,2
368,3 369,1 370,1 371,2 372,1 374,1 375,2 378,- 383,1 385,1 389,1<these
linking the adaxial and abaxial grooves, at least in the middle part of the
blade where the PCR cells do not drape> 390,1 393,2/1&2<the abaxial
grooves sometimes lacking towards the leaf margins> 394,2 395,1<by its
position> 396,1 397,2<but the blade often with blocks of abaxial colourless
tissue towards the margins> 399,1<as part of the traversing
columns>/2<bulliforms often not recognisable as such> 400,2<only close to
the midrib> 401<if recognisable,>,2<incorporated in the traversing columns
of colourless cells>/- 403,2 404,1/2 405,1 406,1/2<sometimes with a
continuous abaxial layer> 407<when present,>,1/2 477,6 484,3 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,73 491,16 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,3 504,5&6&7&8 512,4<but
less so than \i{}Triodia\i0{} s. stricto> 513,2 515<sandy or stony, arid
soils> 534<Jacobs 1971> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
melvillei\i0{} C.E. Hubb., \i{}P. schinzii\i0{} Henrard> 540<plectrac> 
 
# \i{}Pleiadelphia\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Elymandra (E. gossweileri)\i0{}> 7,1 13,80-190 14,2 19,1 27,2 29,1
40,2 44,2 47<with tough, auricle-like extensions of the sheath along the
sides of the ligule> 52,1<attenuated> 55,2 56,1-4<and up to 30 cm long,
scabrid above and on the margins> 58<setaceous-tipped> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1
71<about>,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<only the fertile spikelet
awned> 79,1<the raceme with 1-4 basal, homogamous sterile pairs and a
terminal heterogamous triad> 80,2<seemingly, the racemes enclosed in the
spatheoles> 81,1<?> 89,5 91,1 96,- 101,1 102,1 103,3&1<reduced to 1-4 basal
homogamous pairs and the terminal triad> 106,1<one per spatheole> 108,1
109,2<i.e. at the only joint> 111,1 112,2 113,2 114,2 120,3<with a terminal
triad>/2<below> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1<in the terminal triad>
130,4 131<the sterile spikelets awnless, tending not to disarticulate>
136,1 141,(12-)14-16 144,- 145,2-3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<densely
bearded> 159,2<fulvous> 160,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171<at least
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>,1 173,3 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 177,2 178,-
179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, obtuse or truncate and awnless,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, truncate to emarginate with a long
slender awn, weakly impressed by the margins of G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
183<2-grooved to accommodate the pedicels of the sterile spikelets> 184,1
185,2 186,1 187,5-7<the median present but inconspicuous> 189,3 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204<thinly>,2 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2
208,1 214,1<hyaline> 215,- 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1
229,- 231,2 233,1-2<glabrescent> 234,3<8-9 cm long> 235,1 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,1 250,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274<about>,3<the filaments short> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2
291,3 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<thin
walled> 330,1&2 331,1&2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 348<mostly high>,3
350,2 351<fairly>,1 353,1&2<paired and solitary> 354,1&2 356,3 360,1 361,1
363,4&8 364,3 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 385,1 393,3 395,1 396,2<a large
median, with three or four smaller bundles on either side> 397,1 398,2
399,1<in places, but the epidermis mainly bulliform> 401,1<in places>/2<in
places> 402,1<there often being a colourless cell adjacent to the epidermis
on either side of a small bundle> 403,1 404,1<with the larger bundles>
405,1<the larger bundles with Is> 406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,7 491,1-2<\i{}P. gossweileri\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa>
493,4 494,2 496,1 499,3 504,11 514,2 515<on shallow sandy soils>
535<studied by us - \i{}P. gossweileri\i0{} Stapf> 540<pleiadel> 
 
# \i{}Pleioblastus\i0{} <Nakai>/
3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}> 7,2 9<nearly always>,1 11,2 13,20-800
14,1<sometimes with aerial roots from the nodes> 16,1<often supranodally
ridged> 19,1<usually>/2 21<when present,>,1/2/3/4-10<to many, or
sparse, variously subequal or having one dominant> 23,3/4<usually> 30,1
31,1/2 33,1 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/3/4 39,2 47,1<rarely, then erect or
falcate>/2 48,1/2 52<herbaceous, chartaceous or leathery,>,1/2/3<nearly
always>/5/6 63,1 65,1/2 66,1/2 68,1 69,1/1-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87,2
88,2/3<?> 89<terminal or terminal and acillary,>,2/5<? - see the
incomprehensible Clayton et al. description> 101<more or less>,1<subtended
by an unspecialised sheath or a spatheole> 102,2<?> 120,1 123,3 140,1-2
141,24.9-110 142<usually>,13 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,4 154,1 155,1/2 156,1
163<chartaceous, persistent,>,1/1-2<the presence of the lower commonly
variable among the spikelets>/3<to several> 166<much>,1 167,1 174,1
176<acute to attenuate>,2 177,2 189,5-11 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,4-15 210<lanceolate to elliptic or ovate> 214<chartaceous,>,2 215,1
216,2 218,1 219,1 223<acute or more often acuminate,>,1<usually>/2
240<having the margins sometimes ciliolate, otherwise>,2 244,2 250,1
251,1<about equalling the lemma> 252,2<?> 255,1/2 256,1-2<sometimes with
excurrent veins> 259,2/4 260,3 261,1-3 263,1/3 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2
269,1/2 270,2 272,3 277,1 278<presumably>,2<?> 283,2 287,2-3<1-1.2 cm long>
289<apically unappendaged> 290,1 295,2 296,1 297,3 298,2 301,2 302,2 322,1
323,1 325,1/2 326,3<in one or more rows per cell> 331,1<these thin> 332,1
335,1<distal cells often variable in shape> 345,1 348<low to
high>,2<usually>/3<rarely> 351,1/2 353,1/- 354,1/2 356<when present,
often>,3/6 360,2/3/1<sometimes, over main veins>
363,4<commonly>/7-8<sometimes tending to cross-shaped, then sometimes
tending to be vertically elongated> 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2
393,1 394,1/2 395,1 396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1<mostly>/1&2 403,2 404,1 405,1
406,1 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491<about>,30 492<mostly temperate
Asia, but represented in Europe, tropical Asia, Australasia and the
Pacific> 493,1&3&5 494,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe (1960), as 5 \i{}Arundinaria\i0{}
spp.> 537,2 540<pleiobla> 
 
# \i{}Pleuropogon\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pleura\i0{} (side) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
alluding to bristles at the base of the palea in the type species>
5<\i{}Lepitoma\i0{} Steud., \i{}Lophochlaena\i0{} Nees> 7,1<rarely>/2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-150 14,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,1 52,1 55,2 56,1-3
59<usually>,1 65,2 67,1/2 68,1 69,1 70,2 71,2-6 73,2 74,1 89,4<rarely
paniculate> 91,1<rarely>/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,1<the raceme unilateral> 123<shortly>,3<often deflexed>
141,8-15 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,-
174,1/2 176,2 177,2 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,6-20 214,2-3<membranous to thinly leathery> 216,2 218,1-2 221<when
incised,>,2<bidentate, irregularly toothed or erose> 223,2-3 225<when
present,>,1 228,1/3 231,1 234,1 235,1 240,1/2 248,7 250,1 256,1/3<from the
base of the keels, and sometimes from higher on the keels as well> 259,3
260,3 262,1<below> 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 272,3 274,1.2-2 277,1 283,2
286,2 288<deep red> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,3 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1
323,1 325,1 326,3 327,1 328,1-2<the costals somewhat thicker> 330,1
331,1<rarely>/2 332,2 345,1 346,36-39 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3
363,1 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 406,2 407,1/1&4 469,9/10 470,40&42 471,4
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,5 487,11 488,7 489,30 490,80 491,6 492<western
North America & circumpolar> 493,1&6&8 494,1 495,1 497,1&2 504,11 506,1&2
512,2 514,2 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. californicus\i0{}
(Nees) Benth., \i{}P. sabinii\i0{} R. Br.> 537,2 540<pleuropo> 
 
# \i{}Plinthanthesis\i0{} <Steud.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}plinthos\i0{} (plinth) and \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower),
referring to the raceme-like inflorescence> 2<\i{}Wallaby grasses\i0{}>
3<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}, \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<Lecto: \i{}P.
urvillei\i0{} Steud.> 5<\i{}Blakeochloa\i0{} Veldkamp> 7,2 9,3 13,20-70
14,2 19,2 27,2 47,2 55,2 58,1-2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,3<short> 73,2 74,1
88,2-3 89,5 91,1/2 94,1-2 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 141,5-9 145,1 147,1
148,2<the disarticulation horizontal, leading to a short, obtuse callus>
149,4<the internode more than half the lemma length> 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,1-3 167,2<exceeding them> 171,2 172,1/2
174,1<acute> 176,2 177<keeled above> 179,2<translucent or firm> 187,1/3
189,1/3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-4 214,2-3<firmly membranous to
leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1<to about halfway>/2<the lobes minute, or
up to 4 mm long> 223,1/2/3<shortly> 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228<when
present,>,1 231,1<flat, curved>/2 234<when present,>,1-2 240<evenly>,1<at
least below> 241,2 242,2 244,2<rounded on the back> 247,2 248,7/9 250,1
251,1<equalling the lemma> 255,1-2 256,1<densely white-hairy below> 257,1-2
258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 274,1.5-3
277,1 280,2 281,3 282,2 283,2 285,3 286,2 287,1 288<golden-brown>
289<obovate> 290,1 291,2 292,1 294,2 295,1/2<?> 298,1 299,1 301,2 322,1
323,2 327,2<in \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{} the intercostals less regular>/-
330,1<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}>/1-2<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}> 331,1 332,1
335,1<conventional in \i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}, in \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{} the
basal cell fat, the apical cell conical> 339,(54-)60-72(-81)<\i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>/60-69<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}> 341,18-21-25.5<\i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>/11.4-12<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}> 342,2.5-4<\i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>/5.3-6.1<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}>
343,(22.5-)30-37.5(-46.5)<\i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>/(17.4-)22.5-24(-28.5)<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}>
344,0.42-0.57<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}>/0.26-0.41<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}>
345,2<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}>/1<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}, in places> 346<in \i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>,(36-)45-48(-51) 348<of \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}>,2/1<more or
less>/- 350,2<in \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}, in which many stomata are
accompanied at one end by a third subsidiary, in the form of a very short
intercostal cell - a most unusual feature> 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1
360,1<very regular> 363,8 364<very regular>,1&2 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,2 393,1<\i{}P. rodwayi\i0{}>/2<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}> 394,2 395,2 396,1
399,2<or at least, only inconspicuously grouped> 401,- 403,2 404,1<with the
primaries - the smaller bundles often with strands only> 405,1 406,1 477,5
483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,3 492<southeastern Australia> 493,5
494,5 503,1 504,2&4 509,2 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<upland heaths> 534<Blake
1972a, Vickery 1956> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{} (R. Br.) S.
T. Blake, \i{}P. rodwayi\i0{} (C. E. Hubbard) S. T. Blake> 540<plinthan> 
 
# \i{}Poa\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}poa\i0{} (grass, especially as fodder)> 4<Type: \i{}P.
pratensis\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Arctopoa\i0{} (Griseb.) Probat., \i{}Neuropoa\i0{}
Clayton, \i{}Oreopoa\i0{} Grand., \i{}Paneion\i0{} Lunell,
\i{}Parodiochloa\i0{} C.E. Hubb., \i{}Poagrostis\i0{} Raf.>
6<\i{}Austrofestuca\i0{}, \i{}Bellardiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Dasypoa\i0{},
\i{}Nicoraepoa\i0{}, \i{}Poidium\i0{}, etc.> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,(1-)4-150 14,2 19,1/2<usually> 23,1 24,1/2 37,2 38,- 42,1/2
44<usually>,1 47<with vestigial auricles, or>,2/- 49,1<usually, at least
basally> 52,1/2<often ending in a boat-shaped tip, and the adaxial surface
characteristically with a longitudinal groove on either side of the midrib>
53,2<\i{}P. hookeri\i0{}>/1<mostly> 55<nearly always>,2 56,0.2-12<rarely
wider> 58<only rarely apically pungent,>,1/2 59,1/2<or
canaliculate>/3<involute or convolute> 65,2 66,2<usually>/1<very rarely
<1%>> 67,1<rarely>/2 69,1/2<<10%> rarely> 70,1/2/- 71,(0.1-)0.5-6(-18) 72,2
73,2<<92%> nearly always, except in the Americas>/3<in assorted species
even with \i{}Nicoraepoa\i0{} excluded, and gynodioecious in about 50
species constituting \i{}Poa\i0{} sect. Dioicopoa> 74,1/2<<5%> rarely>
76,1/2/1&2/3 80,1&2 81,1/2 84,1<pseudogamous and non-pseudogamous>/2
85,1<sometimes>/2 88,1-2<very rarely>/3<nearly always> 89,5 91,1/2 94,1/2
97<nearly always>,2 99<subterete or>,2/3/4<?> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 133,1 134,2 141,2-11 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 155,2<nearly always glabrous> 157,1<mostly dorsally webbed or
with a crown of hairs>/2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2/1-2<nearly always
subequal, with the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} somewhat shorter> 166,1 167,1
168,2 170,- 174,1/2<rarely rounded> 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1/3
189,(1-)3(-5) 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,(1-)2-13(-15)<the one-floreted
species very unusual, perhaps restricted to Malesia> 214,2 216,2 218<nearly
always>,1<very rarely tridenticulate> 219<typically>,1 223<nearly
always>,1<with \i{}Parodiochloa\i0{} excluded?> 240,1<often with web-like
hairs>/2<<15%> rarely, but sometimes glabrous in male florets of dioecious
species> 244,1 247,2 248,(3-)5/7-11<<2%> rarely, e.g. in the Australian
\i{}Neuropoa\i0{}> 249,2 250,1 251,1/2 253<usually>,2 255,1-2<emarginate>
256,1 257,1/2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1-3<glabrous, aculeolate or ciliate>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269<nearly always>,2<occasionally ciliolate>
270,1<usually asymmetrically bilobed>/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.2-3 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1-4 mm long> 288<generally brown?>
289,2/4 290<at least somewhat>,1/2 291,1<<2%> occasionally?>/2-3 292,1
295,1<0.2-0.4 mm> 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1
309,1/2 310,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3/5 322,1<usually>/2
323,2<usually>/1<<5%> e.g. \i{}P. sieberana\i0{}, \i{}P. helmsii\i0{}>
324<when present,>,2/1&2 325,2 326,3<of the coronate-pit type, illustrated
in Clifford and Watson 1977> 327,1 328,1<thick or thin walled> 330,1/2
331,1/2 332,2 345,2/1 346<when present,>,(27-)30-54(-57) 347,2
348,1/2<low>/1&2 350,1 351,1/2 353,1/2 354,1/2 356<when present,>,3/2
360,2/3 363,1/2/3/5/6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2/3 394,1/-
395,1<usually groved on either side> 396,1 399,1/2<commonly restricted to
the midrib hinge pair> 401,1/- 403,1/2 404,1/2 405,1/2 406,1/2 407<when
present,>,1/2<e.g. \i{}P. labillardieri\i0{}> 411,2 412,2 415,1 416,1 469,7
470,14/28/35/38/38-117/42/43/44/56/50-56/63/65/70-72/76<etc.>
471,2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12<etc., and aneuploids> 473<large> 474,0.9-2.8<6
species, mean 1.5> 475,3.6<3 species, 2.4-5.6> 476,2 477,2 478,2 479,7
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491<about>,500 492<cosmopolitan>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,1&2&3&4&5
498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,1 502,1&4&5&6 503,1&2
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3 509,1&2 511,1
512,2<rarely>/3<mostly>/4<rarely> 513,1&2 514<mostly>,2 515<typically in
grasslands and meadows, a few (e.g. \i{}P. macrantha\i0{}, \i{}P.
confinis\i0{}) in coastal sand> 516<\i{}P. annua\i0{}, \i{}P. bulbosa\i0{},
\i{}P. compressa\i0{}, \i{}P. infirma\i0{}, \i{}P. pratensis\i0{}, \i{}P.
sphondylodes\i0{}, \i{}P. sylvicola\i0{}, \i{}P. trivialis\i0{}>
517<notably \i{}P. palustris\i0{}, \i{}P. pratensis\i0{} (Meadow,
Bluegrass), \i{}P. compressa\i0{}> 518<many valuable: e.g. \i{}P.
alpina\i0{}, \i{}P. arctica\i0{}, \i{}P. arida\i0{}, \i{}P. compressa\i0{},
\i{}P. epilis\i0{}, \i{}P. interior\i0{}, \i{}P. gracillima\i0{}, \i{}P.
juncifolia\i0{}, \i{}P. palustris\i0{}, \i{}P. pratensis\i0{}, \i{}P.
rupicola\i0{}, \i{}P. schimperana\i0{}, \i{}P. trivialis\i0{}> 520<\i{}P.
nemoralis\i0{}, \i{}P. pratensis\i0{}, \i{}P. trivialis\i0{} etc. - the
generally inoffensive \i{}P. annua\i0{} being commonly present as a weed>
523<intergeneric hybrid of \i{}Arctopoa\i0{} (= \i{}Poa\i0{}) with
\i{}Dupontia\i0{}: \i{}Dupontopoa\i0{} N.S. Probatova (exemplified by
\i{}Poa labradorica\i0{} Steudel, with \i{}Dupontopoa dezhnevii\i0{}
representing taxonomic errors: see Darbyshire \i{}et al\i0{}. 1992,
Darbyshire and Cayouette 1992)> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1&2&5
530,17&24&25&29&33&36&38 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 534<Vickery 1970>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. annua\i0{} L., \i{}P.
clivicola\i0{} Vickery, \i{}P. ensiformis\i0{} Vickery, \i{}P. exilis\i0{}
Vickery (= \i{}P. meionectes\i0{} Vickery), \i{}P. helmsii\i0{} Vickery,
\i{}P. labillaridieri\i0{} Steud., \i{}P. phillipsiana\i0{} Vickery, \i{}P.
pratensis\i0{} L., \i{}P. queenslandica\i0{} C.E. Hubb., \i{}P.
saxicola\i0{} R.Br., \i{}P. sieberana\i0{} Nees> 540<poa> 
 
# \i{}Pobeguinea\i0{} <Jacques-Flix>/
3<\i{}Anadelphia\i0{}> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3 13,50-100 19,1/2 26,1 27,2 29,1
42,2 44,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-5 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71<about>,0.5 72,2 73,2
74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 77,4 78,1 79,2 80<seemingly>,2<the stamens enclosed
within the spikelets, and the racemes enclosed in the spatheoles>
81<seemingly>,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,1<and spatheolate> 102,1
103,1<consisting of a single triplet of which the pedicellate members may
be much reduced or rarely missing (or concealed among the callus hairs?),
or the triplet preceded by a heterogamous pair> 104,1/2<one or two
articles> 106,1 108,1 109,2<or at the single articulation> 111,1 112,2
113,2 114,2 115,1-2 120,2&3/3<i.e. seemingly always with a more or less
readily recognizable terminal triplet> 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2
129,1 130,3/4<with hairy pedicels> 131<the male/sterile spikelets
linear-lanceolate, awnless, glabrous, disarticulating transversely> 132,2
133,1 134,1 136,1 137,1 138,3 141,4.5-7.5 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1
160<fairly>,3 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<exceeding them> 171,1<towards
the apex>/2 172,1 173,3 176,1-2<the lower muticous or bisubulate, the upper
apiculate to long-awned> 179,1<both hardened and shiny, the lower rather
flat-backed, truncate to bidentate or bisubulate, the upper more or less
carinate by accommodation of the pedicels, truncate to emarginate and
apiculate to long-awned> 183,U 184,1-2 185,1<at the base, at least in
\i{}P. afzeliana\i0{} and \i{}P hamata\i0{}> 186,1 187,4-7<sometimes
conspicuously lacking the median> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 204,0/2<palea-like> 205,3 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<stipitate-winged below, the wings and lobes hyaline> 216,2 218,2
220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2 234,3<12-35 mm long> 235,1 238,1
239,2 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1
272,3<short, included> 274<about>,2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280<basally>,1
281,2 283,2 289,4 292,1 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2<\i{}P.
hamata\i0{}>/2<\i{}P. afzeliana\i0{}, confined to the interstomatals>
325,1/2 326,1-2/2<very large, fairly thick walled> 328,1<fairly thin
walled> 329,2 330,1-2<or variously irregular> 331,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1
339,30-51 341,4-8.4 342,3.6-8.5 343,12-22.5 344,0.3-0.6 345,1 346,22-27
347,2 348,3 350,2 351<seemingly>,2<but numerous short long-cells present>
360,1 361,1 363,8 364,3 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 393,3 395,1 396,2<a
large median, and 2-3 smaller bundles on either side> 397,1 398,2 399,1<in
places, most obviously in \i{}P. afzeliana\i0{}>/2<the epidermis mostly
more or less bulliform except over the larger bundles, and the groups
irregular in form> 401,1<in places, especially in \i{}P.
afzeliana\i0{}>/2<especially in \i{}P. afzeliana\i0{}> 402,1<often with
single colourless cells adjoining the bulliform epidermis on either side of
a small bundle> 403,1 404,1<with the primaries only> 405,1<the primaries,
in \i{}P. hamata\i0{}>/2 406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487<cf.>,9<as a
synonym> 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,4 492<tropical West Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,2&3 508,3&4 512,3 513,2 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}P.
afzeliana\i0{} (Rendle) Jac.-Fl., \i{}P. hamata\i0{} (Stapf) Jac.-Fl.>
540<pobeguin> 
 
# \i{}Podophorus\i0{} <Phil.>/
7,2<?> 11,- 14,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-2 55,2 56<about>,4-6 59,1<pilose> 65,2
69,1<but abaxially hairy> 70,2<laciniate> 71<about>,5 73,2 74,1 88,2 89,5
91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,10-13 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,1
166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179<fairly>,2<lanceolate, herbaceous> 183,- 187,3 189,5 191,2 192,2 193,1/2
194,1 195,1 196,2 208,1 210<subcylindrical> 211,U 214,3<leathery>
216<rigid> 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1/2<? - see illustration
by Nicora and Rgolo de Agrasar 1987> 232,3 233,1 234,3 236,2 240,2 243,2
244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5/7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,2 277,2<on the top> 278,2<not
at all appendaged, just hairy> 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,2<5 mm long> 293,1
295,2 298,2 322,1 323,2 327<costal long-cells much smaller than
intercostals> 330,1&2 331,1<and pitted, fairly thin-walled> 332,2 345,2
348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1<commonly> 354,1 357<numerous macrohairs
present costally and intercostally> 360,2 363,1<a few>/3<numerous>/5<a few>
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 394,1 395,1<a larger bundle and an
abaxially rounded keel> 396,1 399,1 401,1<these large, mostly distorted by
macrohairs> 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles> 406,1 442,- 477,2 478,2
479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,1<\i{}P. bromoides\i0{}> 492<Juan
Fernandez Is. (Chile)> 493,5&7 494,3 502,7 504,11 534<Macfarlane and Watson
1980> 535<studied by us> 540<podophor> 
 
# \i{}Poecilostachys\i0{} <Hackel>/
6<\i{}Chloachne\i0{}> 7,2 9,4<trailing or scrambling> 11,- 14,2 19<where
recorded, sparsely to amply>,1 23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2
65,2 66,2 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 89,2/5<with several short, unilateral,
spicate racemes> 91,1 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 116,1/2 118<when present,>,1 120,2 121,1 123,3 144,- 145,1 147,3
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1 168,2 170,- 174,1
176,1/2<or mucronate> 177,1-2 179,2 187,5 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
201,2 203,2 204,7-9 205,3 206,2 207,2 208,1 210<strongly laterally
compressed> 214,2-3<membranous to cartilaginous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
244,2 246,1/2 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1
268,1/2 269,2 270,- 271,1/2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1/2
291,3 295,2 298,1 299,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower>
329,2<many being almost square in \i{}P. festucaceus\i0{}> 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339<about>,54 341,3.3 342,16.4 343<about>,33
344,0.61 345,1<but only bordering on the veins> 346,36-39 348<low>,3/2/2&3
350,2 351,1/2<very rare in \i{}P. festucaceus\i0{}> 353,2 354,1 360,1 363,8
364<mostly>,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1-2 394,1<distant, low, round
topped> 395<fairly>,1 396,1 399,2<most of the epidermis between the ribs
bulliform, at least in \i{}P. festucaceus\i0{}> 401,- 403,2 404,1
405,1<in the major bundles> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,80 491,20 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 513,1<forest>
535<poor material of \i{}P. festucaceus\i0{} and \i{}P. viguieri\i0{}
studied by us> 540<poecilos> 
 
# \i{}Pogonachne\i0{} <Bor>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff, scale),
alluding to the hair-tufted upper glume> 7<stilt-rooted>,1 13,100 14,2
51<absent from the upper culm leaves>,- 55<lower on the culms,>,1
56,8-15<to 25 cm long> 65,2 68,1 69,1<laciniate> 71,3 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4<hermaphrodite and reduced - but the latter are somewhat
theoretical> 78,1<though the vestigial, sessile spikelets are hardly
recognisable as such> 89<falsely>,5<scanty, of single racemes and their
spatheoles> 91,- 101,1 102,2 103,3 106,1 108<eventually>,1
109<tardily>,2<after the spikelets have fallen> 111,1 113,2 120,2<accepting
the vestiges as spikelets> 123,3/1&3<accepting the vestiges, which are
sometimes totally suppressed, as sessile spikelets> 126,1<in vestigial
form> 127,- 128,2 129,4<the sessile spikelets, when present, being
reduced to small scales between internode and pedicel> 130,1 131<the
sessile spikelets vestigial and reduced to small scales between the
internode and the pedicel, or completely suppressed> 141,7-10 144,-
145<strongly>,1 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<the hairs down one side>
163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1 173<(the upper)>,1<with a tuft of hairs in
the middle third> 176,2 177,2<rounded on the back>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} ovate-lanceolate, entire and sparsely hairy
towards the tip, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} asymmetric, with a tuft of hairs
above the middle> 183,2<and wingless> 184,1 185,2 187<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
several-nerved> 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,3 205,2
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1 218,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,-
231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,1 251,1 255,1
256,1 258,2 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1<seemingly> 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42 491,1<\i{}P. racemosa\i0{}>
492<Bombay> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 534<Bor, 1949> 537,2 538,4
540<pogonach> 
 
# \i{}Pogonarthria\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard) and \i{}arthron\i0{} (joint),
presumably referring to hairy rachilla joints> 7,1/2 9,3 13,13-250 14,2
19,1/2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1/2 47,2 48,2<but the mouth of the sheath
sometimes hairy> 52,1 55,2 56,2-5 58,1/2 59,1/3<convolute> 61,1 65,2 66,2
69,2/3 70,- 71,0.25-0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,2<a raceme of numerous,
up-curved, spike-like branches> 93,1/2<when immature> 94,- 95,3<the
branches tending to whorls> 99<the slender spikelet bearing rachides
flattened and sinuous> 101,2 102,2 103,4 105,2 108,1 109,1<the racemes
falling after the spikelets have broken up> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1
121,1<the spikelet bearing rachides one-sided> 122,1 123<shortly>,3 125,1
141,3.3-7.8 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1/2<disarticulating between the lemmas,
or the glumes and lemmas falling irregularly to leave the paleas on the
persistent rachilla> 149,1 154,1 155,1<ciliate at the disarticulating
apices> 156,1 157,2 158,- 160,1 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about 2/3
of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166,1 167,1 170,2 171,2 172,1<scabrid on the
keel> 174,1<subacuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2<rigidly membranous> 181,1 187,1
189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-8<decreasing in size upwards>
210<acute to acuminate> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1<but sometimes
subaristate> 240,2 243,1<scabrid on the median nerve> 244<more or less>,1
247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1 255<minutely>,2 256,1 257,2<membranous> 258,2
259,3 260,3 262,2 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<but narrow> 269,2
271,2 272,3 274,0.6-1.3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,3 286,2
287,1<0.5-1 mm long> 289,4 291<obtusely>,4 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1<about
1/2 grain length> 322,1 323,2 327,1/2<the costals smaller> 328,1 330,1
331,1<deeply, and pitted> 332,1/2<from some material of \i{}P.
squarrosa\i0{}> 333,1-2 334,2 335<when present,>,2<rather variable in
shape, cf. \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}> 336,3 337,2<in \i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}>
339,(27-)28.5-30<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}>/36-54<\i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}>
340,21-24 341,11.4-15<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}> 342,1.9-2.5<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}>
343,(5.4-)6-7.5<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}>/14-22<\i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}>
344,0.2-0.28<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}>/0.43<\i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}> 345,1
346,(22.5-)25.5-28.5(-30) 348,3<a few>/2<mostly> 350,2 351,1 352,1/2 353,1
354,1 355,1/2 356,1/2/7 360,1<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}>/2&3<over different
veins> 362,4 363,4-6<\i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}>/8<\i{}P. fleckii\i0{}> 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1-2<more even in \i{}P. fleckii\i0{} than in \i{}P.
squarrosa\i0{}> 376,2 377,3 378,1/2 379<when present,>,1 383,2 385,1
389,1/2 393,2-3<the ribs very low> 395,1<bundle somewhat larger>/2 396,1
399,1 400,1 401,1<a few, with large median cells>/2<often linked to the
abaxial epidermis by girders of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<nearly all
the bundles> 405,1<all Is or anchors> 406,1 409,1 470,40/42 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32 491,4 492<tropical and southern Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3&4 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna
grasslands, often in shallow or sandy soils or in disturbed places>
516<\i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,4 534<Rendle 1899> 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us - \i{}P. fleckii\i0{} Hack., \i{}P. squarrosa\i0{}
Pilger; photos of \i{}P. fleckii\i0{} and \i{}P. squarrosa\i0{} provided by
R.P. Ellis> 540<pogonart> 
 
# \i{}Pogonatherum\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard) and \i{}ather\i0{} (awns on an ear
of corn), referring to the beardlike appearance of inflorescences
resulting from fine awns> 5<\i{}Homoplitis\i0{} Trin., \i{}Pogonopsis\i0{}
Presl> 7<delicate>,2 9,3/4 11,- 13,12-60 19,1 23,1/2 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 42,2
44,2 47,2 55,2 59<usually>,1 63,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 73,2 74,1<in the sessile
spikelets> 75,1 76,1&2<hermaphrodite-sessile and female-pedicelled> 78<more
or less>,2<the pedicelled slightly smaller> 89,-<a solitary, spicate,
pedunculate, axillary raceme> 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,1 108,1 109,2
120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 129,1 130,2 141<spikelets small> 145,1
147,3<the pedicelled falling from its pedicel, the sessile falling with the
internode and pedicel> 154,2 157,1/2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1/2
173,3 176<(the upper)>,1<with a capillary awn from the mid-nerve> 177,-
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} cartilaginous, rounded on the back and
truncate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} compressed-keeled and awned> 183,U
184<strongly>,1 185,2 186,1 187,0-1 189,1 191,1/2 192,1 196,1/2 197,1
201,1/2 204,0/1 207,2 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous to hyaline> 216,2 218,2
220,2 221,1-2<to 1/3 to 1/2 its length> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
234,3<filiform> 240,2 244,2 248,1 250,1 259,1 264,2 266,- 272,1-2 275,2
277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1 291,2<flattened on the front> 295,1 298,1 322,1
323,1 325,1 326,3<often slightly irregular in shape> 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 335,1 339,24-27(-30) 341,(3.6-)4.8-5.4 342,4.4-7.5
343,(10.5-)15-16.5 344,0.5-0.63 345,1 346,(18-)21-22.5(-24) 348,3<or
obscured by the papillae>/- 350,2 351,2 360,1 363,9<very acutely
rectangular> 365,1 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,1/2 394,1 395,1/2 396,1 399,1<and
in irregular groups> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,3 492<India to Japan> 493,3&5 494,1&2&5
495,1&2 496,3 497,3 498,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,6&9 509,1 524,5 525,1 526,3
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. paniceum\i0{} (Lam.) Hackel>
540<pogonath> 
 
# \i{}Pogoneura\i0{} <Napper>/
7,1 13,30-60 14,2 19,2 27,2 40,2 44,2 55,2 56,2-4<about 4 cm long> 61,2
62,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69<very short, lacerate or a line of hairs, in
different descriptions> 73,2 74,1 89,2<of slender racemes from the main
rachis> 95,3 96,12-25<about 6 cm long, with few spikelets> 101,2 102,2
108,2 120,1 141,5-6 145,2<terete> 147,1 148,2 154,1 157,1 163,2 165,1-2
166,3<enfolding the florets> 167,2 171,2<glabrous, with scabridulous keels>
174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2 179,2<narrowly lanceolate, membranous>
181,3 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 193,1 194,1<vestigial> 196,2 208,2 216,2
218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223<shortly>,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1
233,1 234,1<about 1 mm long> 240,1<villous on the lateral nerves, the
nerves grey-green> 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1-2<emarginate> 256,1 258,2
259,3 260,3 263,3<conspicuously fringed, the hairs grey-green> 264<minute
or missing> 272,3 274,0.4-0.5 277,1 283,2 289,4 290,U 291<slightly>,2
294,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower and longer> 328,1<walls
of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<the basal cell
quite long and expanding distally> 336,3 339,(27-)28.5-33(-36) 340,21-24
341,6.9-8.4 342,3.2-4.8 343,7.5-9 344,0.23-0.33 345,1 346,19.5-24-27
348<all>,2 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1 355,3
356<mostly>,7<small> 360,1 362,4 363<exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
376,2 377,1 378,2 393,3 395,1<via a larger bundle with more abaxial
sclerenchyma, and a small sharp keel> 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<the large
median cell deeply penetrating> 403,2 404,1<but few: most bundles with a
broad abaxial girder and a small adaxial strand> 405,1<a few primaries with
Is> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4<cf. \i{}Leptochloa\i0{}> 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,80 491,1<\i{}P. biflora\i0{}> 492<tropical East Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,2 504,11 508,1&2 534<Napper 1963> 535<studied by us> 537,2
540<pogoneur> 
 
# \i{}Pogonochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,2 9,3 13,30-90 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1-2 47,2 52,1<tough,
glaucous> 55,2 59<usually>,2 61,1 65,2 67,1 68,1 69,2<narrow> 70,1 71,0.3
72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2<when closely examined, of numerous lateral
racemes, these short, imbricate and appressed> 91,2<spiciform> 96,25-40<or
more?> 101,2 102,2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<more or
less> 123,2 141,3-3.5 144,2 145,1 147,2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
persistent, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} falling with the florets> 148,1 149,1
154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2<much
longer> 170,2 171,2<scaberulous> 176<shortly>,1<with aristules to 1.5 mm
long> 177,2<rounded on the back> 179,2<narrowly oblong, membranous, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acute or obtuse, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} truncate
to emarginate> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1/2<the second floret male or
sterile, the third reduced to an awn> 195,1 196,2 208,1 214,1-2<thinly
membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1
232,3<slender> 233,1<scaberulous> 234,3 240,1<loosely pilose above>
244,2<rounded on the back> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255<minutely>,2
256,1<ciliolate> 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3<folded> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,3 274,1-1.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<but
embraced> 287,1<1.3-1.6 mm long> 289,2 291,2-3<slightly flattened on the
hilar side> 295,1 297,3<?> 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<walls of medium
thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,18-21-22.5 340,12
341,(6.6-)7.5-9(-9.6) 342,2-2.8 343,6.6-7.5-9 344,0.33-0.5 345,1
346,18-19.5-21 348<mostly>,2<often high> 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary>
354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<mostly long to short>,3 365,2 367,1 370,1
374,1<mestome sheath often double, thick-walled> 376,2 377,1 378,2
389,1<probably, though in most bundles the colourless cells fall short of
the abaxial epidermis> 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1<very large groups,
between all bundles> 400,2 401,2<these probably sometimes linked by
colourless cells with the abaxial epidermis> 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<Is, in all bundles> 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,52
490,80 491,1<\i{}P. greenwayi\i0{}> 492<southern tropical Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,2/3<streamsides> 514,2 534<Hubbard
1940b> 535<studied by us> 540<pogonoch> 
 
# \i{}Pohlidium\i0{} <Davidse, Soderstrom & Ellis>/
1<named for R.W. Pohl, American agrostologist> 7,2 9,3 11,2 13,7-19 14,2
19,1 27,2 42,2 44,2 47,1<the sheath being extended upwards into a single,
median, prominent auricle, with which the ligule is marginally adnate>
48,2<the auricle glabrous or sparsely hairy> 52,5-6 55,1 56,8-16 59,1
63<conspicuously>,1 65,1 66,2<seemingly> 67,1 68,1-2 73,1 74,2 75,1<male
and female> 76,2&3<the males fewer, peripheral in the inflorescence>
77,2-3<the males terminating the main axis and the major branches, or the
lower branches sometimes exclusively female> 78,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2
108,2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels 3-14 mm long> 131<male spikelets 3-6.4 mm
long, sometimes with a linear upper glume, 1-4 flowered, lemmas glabrous,
stamens 2 or 3, or 2 plus a staminode, anthers 1.5-2 mm long, not
penicillate, unappendaged; lodicules 2, fleshy, inconspicuously
vascularised> 133,1<one>/2 135,1-4 138,2/3<or two plus a staminode>
140,2<being without glumes> 141,2.3-3 147<falling entire> 154,2<?> 157,2
160,1 162,2 191,1 196,2 208,1 214<herbaceous> 216,2 218,1/2 219,- 220<when
incised, minutely>,3 221,2 223,1 240,1<between the nerves> 244,2<seemingly-
slightly sulcate between the nerves> 247,2 248,5/7 249,2 250,1
251,1<slightly shorter than the lemma> 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3
260,3<hairy between the keels> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1-2 268,1 269,2
271,2<obscurely vascularised> 272,0<sometimes with two minute staminodes>
277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<about 1.8 mm long> 291,1 295,1<apparently>
298,1<about 1/3 of the caryopsis length> 323,1 325,1 326,3<2 to 3 per
intercostal long-cell, sometimes branched, large, covering over much of the
epidermis> 329,3<these being generally only slightly longer than wide>
331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348,2&3 363,8/7&8<?> 364,1&3<? -described as
irregular dumb-bells with somewhat angular and indented ends, and very
small, narrow crosses> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1 390,2 391,2
393,3<apart from a conspicuous \i{}adaxial\i0{} mid rib> 395,1 396,1
399,2<the entire epidermis being bulliform> 401,- 403,2 404,1<in all the
primary bundles save the midrib, which has an adaxial strand> 406,1 469,12
470,24 471,2 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,50 490,80 491,1<\i{}P.
petiolatum\i0{}> 492<Panama> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 512,2 513,1
534<Davidse, Soderstrom and Ellis 1986> 540<pohlidiu> 
 
# \i{}Poidium\i0{} <Nees>/
3<\i{}Briza\i0{}, \i{}Poa\i0{}, \i{}Chascolytrum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,50-150<?>
14,2 19,2 42,2 47,2 50<the fibrous remains of the sheaths persisting> 55,2
59,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 91,1 94,U 101,2 102,2 108,2
121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,3 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,2 166,2
167,2 171,2 172,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<linear lanceolate or narrowly
lanceolate> 187,1/3 189,3 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1<rudimentary> 196,2
208,2-4 210<lanceolate> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,2 244,1 247,2 248,5
250,1 251,1<narrow> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3<sulcate between the keels>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2<acute> 272,1 277,1 283,2
290,1<ventrally sulcate> 291,3-4<subtrigonous> 293,2 295,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1<these conspicuously
pitted> 332,2 345,2<in places>/1<in places, but then confined to single
files adjacent to the costae> 348,1 350,1<but only very slightly so> 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,2 357<large, round prickle bases fairly common> 358,2
360,3<mostly in pairs and short rows> 363,1<short versions of the crenate
type predominating>/8<if a few deeply crenate forms are so interpreted>
364<if classifiable as panicoid type,>,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1 394,1<flat- to round-topped> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<in all the
furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<most bundles with a large T - the adaxial
girders generally being the more massive> 406,1 421,2 444,2 477,2 478,2
479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19 491,2 492<tropical Brazil> 493,7 494,3
502,3&4 504,11 534<Nicora and Rgolo de Agrasar 1981> 535<for \i{}P.
itatiaiae\i0{}, studied by us> 540<poidium> 
 
# \i{}Polevansia\i0{} <de Winter>/
1<named for Dr. I.B. Pole Evans, botanist and plant collector> 7,2
9,1&2<mat-forming, with long decumbent stems> 13,4-45 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2
40,2 42,2 44,1<the culm leaves reduced> 47,2 52,1-2 55,2 56,1.5-2.5<and
1-18 cm long> 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2<minutely fimbriate> 70,1 71<to>,0.4
72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2<of appressed racemes, 2-3 cm long> 91,2 101,2
102,2 103,3 105,2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<on the
racemes, at maturity deflexed upwards from the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, which
remains erect against the rachis> 123,3 125,1 141,3.5-4.5 144,2 145,3 146,1
147,1 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1<small, the hairs short> 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,1 171,2 172,1
174,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 176,2
177,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} may be slightly keeled towards apex>
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} hyaline-membranous, nerveless, obtuse,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} lanceolate, firmly membranous, 1 nerved> 180,0.5
181,1 187,0 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2<like the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223<shortly>,2 240,1<on the lateral nerves, below>/2
244,2 246,2 247,2 248,3 249,1 250,1 251,1<narrowly elliptic, nearly
equalling the lemma> 253,2 255,1<truncate>/2 256,1 257,1 258,2<subhyaline>
259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2
334,2 335,2 336,3 339,27.6-33 340,18-21 341,11.4-15 342,2.6 343,10.5-12.9
344,0.4 345,1 348,2&3<mostly dome-shaped> 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1 354,1
355,3 356,3&2&7 360,1<in places>/3 362,4 363<predominantly>,4 365,2 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 386,2 389,1<in places>/2
393,3 394,- 395,1<by virtue of its wide, rounded abaxial keel, contrasting
with the flattened keels of the other main bundles> 396,1 398,2 399,1
400,2 401,2<these sometimes linked with traversing colourless columns>
403,2 404,1 405,1<most bundles with Is or anchors> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,71 491,1<\i{}P. rigida\i0{}> 492<South Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<mountain grassland>
534<de Winter 1966b> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<polevans> 
 
# \i{}Polliniopsis\i0{} <Hayata>/
3<\i{}Microstegium\i0{}> 4<\i{}P. somae\i0{} Hayata> 9,4<culm bases
creeping, with rooting nodes> 13,30-40 14,2 52,3 55,2 56<to>,5 65,2 70,1
73,2 74,1 78,2 89,2/5<?- of paired racemes> 101,2 102,2 103,3
106,2<slender, recurved, about 8 cm long> 108,2<?-rachis tough> 111,1 120,2
123,3 126,1 127,2 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,5 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1 163,2
167,2 176,1 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2-aristate with 1 mm aristules,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate into an 8 mm awn> 183,U 184,2 185,2
186,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 202<hyaline, linear, 2-toothed>
203,1<the awn long, geniculate, from the sinus> 205,2 206,2 208,1
210<linear, similar to the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} in texture and form>
214,1<hyaline> 218,2 220,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2
233,2 234,3<about 10 mm long> 240,2 244,2 247,2 250,1/2<?> 251<if
present,>,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 277,1<?> 283,2 295,1 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,1<\i{}P. somae\i0{}>
492<Formosa> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 534<Hayata 1918> 537,2 538,4
540<pollinio> 
 
# \i{}Polypogon\i0{} <Desf.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}polys\i0{} (many) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to the whiskery panicle> 2<\i{}Beard grasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
monspeliensis\i0{} (L.) Desf.> 5<\i{}Chaetotropis\i0{} Kunth,
\i{}Nowodworskya\i0{} Presl., \i{}Raspailia\i0{} Presl., \i{}Santia\i0{}
Savi> 7,1/2 9,2/3 11,- 13,2-120 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2
49,2 52,1-2 53,1/2 55,2 56,1-10 58,1<e.g., sometimes in \i{}P.
tenellus\i0{}>/2 59,1<usually>/3<\i{}P. tenellus\i0{}> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1
70,1/2 71,2-15 73,2 74,1 75,1<e.g., \i{}P. tenellus\i0{} and \i{}P.
monspeliensis\i0{} at least sometimes exhibiting numerous small branches of
abortive spikelets>/2 76,1/1&4 80,2 81,1<presumably, in \i{}P. tenellus, P.
griquensis\i0{}>/2 89,5 91<bristly,>,2<usually, more ore or less>/1-2<e.g.,
\i{}P. viridis\i0{}> 92,2/3/4 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,1.5-3 145<somewhat>,1 147,3<and the
pedicel, or part of it, in most or all species> 154,2 157,1<comprising the
disarticulating part the base of the spikelet and the base of the glumes,
in \i{}P. tenellus\i0{}>/2<usually> 160,2-3<represented by that part of the
pedicel which falls with the spikelet> 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,3 167,2
170,- 171,2<usually hispid or hispid and ciliolate>/1<\i{}P. tenellus\i0{},
\i{}P. australis\i0{}> 172<usually>,2 174,1<entire to bilobed> 176<usually
conspicuously>,1<apically or from a notch>/2<e.g. \i{}P. viridis
(semiverticillatus)\i0{}> 177,1-2 178,- 179,2<chartaceous, usually scabrid,
rarely hairy> 187,1 189,1(-3) 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 215,1<shiny>
216,2 218,1-2<truncate, finely toothed via excurrent nerves> 221,2
223,1/2/3<usually> 225<when present (i.e. usually),>,1/3
226,1<usually>/2<lateral nerves sometimes excurrent as short awns or
mucros> 228,1/3/2<conspicuously so only in \i{}P. tenellus\i0{} and perhaps
in \i{}P. australis\i0{}> 229<when dorsal,>,1<usually subterminal>/2<from
slightly above the middle in \i{}P. tenellus\i0{}> 231,1<usually>/2<\i{}P.
tenellus\i0{} and perhaps \i{}P. australis\i0{}> 233,1
234,1-2<usually>/3<and much exceeding the glume awns, only in \i{}P.
tenellus\i0{}> 235,1 236,1<usually>/2<\i{}P. tenellus\i0{}> 238,1<\i{}P.
tenellus\i0{}>/2 239,2 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,5 249,2 250,1
251,1/2<\i{}Chaetotropis\i0{}, e.g. \i{}P. chilensis\i0{}> 253,2
255,1<truncate>/2 256,1/2-3<e.g., \i{}P. australis\i0{}> 257,1-2
258,2<hyaline> 259<inconspicuously>,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,2/3<usually?>/1<\i{}in P. tenellus, P.
griquensis\i0{}> 274,0.2-0.6 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1
286,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}P. viridis\i0{}> 287,1
289,2<\i{}Chaetotropis\i0{}>/4 290,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}P. viridis\i0{}>
291,3 293,- 295,1 298,1<rarely>/2 299,2 301,1/2 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2
306,2 308,1 309,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1/2
331,2 332,2 345,1 346,(31.5-)33-36(-37.5) 348,1 350,1 351,2 353<when
present,>,2<mostly solitary> 354,2 360,3 363,1<mostly>/2<a few> 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2<rarely> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows>
401,1 403,2 404,1/2<rarely> 405,2 406,1 410,1 413,2<1 species> 416,1 469,7
470,14&28&42&50&60<not known for \i{}P. tenellus\i0{}> 471,2&4&6&7&8
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2 491,18
492<Mediterranean, southwest Asia> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4&5&6
495,1&2 496,1&3 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4&5 500,1&2&4 502,1&4&5&6&7
503,2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10 505,3 506,1 507,1&3 508,2 510,1 511,1 512,2-3
513,2 514,1/2 515<in moist ground> 516<\i{}P. monspeliensis\i0{}, \i{}P.
viridis\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Agrostis\i0{}
(\i{}Agropogon\i0{} P. Fourn.)> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1&5 530,17&24
531,1 532,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. monspeliensis\i0{}
(L.) Desf.> 540<polypogo> 
 
# \i{}Polytoca\i0{} <R.Br.>/
5<\i{}Cyathorhachis\i0{} Steud.> 7<tall, robust>,2/1 9,3 11,- 13,120-250
27,1/2 37,1<sometimes compressed> 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 55,1 56,8-60 59,1 63,1/2
65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3&4 77,1&3/3<male spikelets in the
slender, upper part of the raceme, the females below, sometimes with some
racemes all male, the latter often grouped in a terminal panicle>
78,1/1&2<male, female and rudimentary, the pedicellate spikelets in both
male and female parts of the inflorescence sometimes with the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} awned> 79,1&2/2 89<of terminal and axillary spicate
racemes> 92,- 94,- 95,1&3<the terminal, male racemes digitate or in a
racemose panicle>/3<lateral, a single raceme> 99,1 101,1 102,2
103,3<peduncled> 106,1 107,2 108,1<at least in the female part> 109,2<in
the lower, female part> 111<(of female segments)>,2<widened and hollowed
above> 112,1 120,2 121,1 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,1<wholly or in part>
129,2<in the lower part of the raceme>/3<above and in male racemes>
130,4/2&4<in the female part of the raceme>/3<?>/4<in the male part of the
raceme, and male racemes> 131<pedicelled partners of the (sessile) female
spikelets well developed but barren, or reduced. Male spikelets with
membranous glumes and two male florets> 133,1 135,2<both fertile> 145,3
147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,2 176,2 177,-
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} obtuse or emarginate, indurated below,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate> 183,2<often winged above> 184,1 187,17-19
189,8-19 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,3-7 207,2<thin,
acuminate> 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3
250,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,2 272,0 277,1 280<basally>,1 283,2 284,2
290,1<and hollowed at the base> 295,1<in the basal hollow> 303,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(57-)66-75(-76.5) 341,(9-)9.6-10.5(-11.4) 342,5.9-7.8
343,(39-)42-52.5(-54) 344,0.64-0.75 345,1 346,(45-)48-54(-60)
348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,2/3 363,8 364,1&3 365,2 370,1
374,2 385,2 390,1<apparently some, but not completely convincing>/2<?>
393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 470,20&40
477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,21 491,2 492<Indomalayan region>
493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2&4 504,9 512,3 515<forest margins> 535<studied
by us - \i{}P. macrophylla\i0{} Benth.> 540<polytoca> 
 
# \i{}Polytrias\i0{} <Hackel>/
1<from the Greek \i{}polys\i0{} (many) and \i{}trias\i0{} (group of three),
alluding to triplets of spikelets> 3<\i{}Andropogon\i0{}, \i{}Eulalia
amaura\i0{}, \i{}Pollinia\i0{}> 5<\i{}Aethonopogon\i0{} Kuntze> 7<creeping,
mat-forming>,2 9,2 11,- 13,10-30 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 65,2
66,2 69,2<short> 73,2 74,1 75<usually>,2 78<more or less>,2<the pedicelled
smaller, sometimes male-only> 89<a solitary raceme> 94,- 101,2 102,2
103,3<many-jointed> 106,1 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2 114,2 115,1<the
hairs brown> 120,3 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1<two sessile, one pedicelled>
128,2 129,1 130,1<usually>/3 141,3.5-4.5 145,3 147,3<the pedicelled falling
from its pedicel, the sessile with the internode and pedicel> 148,- 154,2
157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,1 173,3 176,2 177,- 179,1<truncate, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} cartilaginous and 2-keeled, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
longer and naviculate> 183,1 184,2-3 185,2 186,1 187,4<with no median>
189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<thinly membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,1<the lobes narrow, hairy> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,3
240,1<on the lobes> 244,2 248,1 250,1 259,3 264,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3<symmetrical, finger-like>
327,1 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(30-)31.5-36(-42)
341,4.2-5.4-6 342,5.8-7.1 343,16.5-19.5(-24) 344,0.52-0.57 345,1
346,22.5-24 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,2<solitary> 354,1 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1
374,2 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,1<\i{}P. indica\i0{}>
492<Java> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3&4 500,2&3&4 501,3 503,1 504,6&9 509,1 513,2
515<waste land, roadsides> 520<in the humid tropics> 524,5 525,3 528,7
530,21 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us> 540<polytria> 
 
# \i{}Pommereulla\i0{} <L.f.>/
7,2 9,2 13,5-15 14,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-3 59,1/2 61,2 62,1 65,2
66,1<apparently> 69,2-3<a pubescent ridge> 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,4<the
raceme occasionally forked> 95,- 99,2 101,2<but the raceme usually
partially enclosed in the uppermost, spathe-like sheath> 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<close or distant> 121,1<?> 123,3
140<more or less>,1<but the lemmas spirally arranged, forming an inverted
cone, and changing form acropetally> 141,8 145,3 147,1 148,1 154,1 156,1
160,3<at the base of the lowermost floret> 161,1 163,2 166<(the
upper)>,2<the lower shorter> 167<(the upper)>,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<membranous, persistent, amplexicaul at the base, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} larger> 187,1 189,3 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1
197,2<fan-shaped, embracing the fertile lemmas> 198,2 201,2 202<4-lobed,
the lobes acute to short-awned, inner lobes narrower, the lemma with a
slender awn from middle of back> 203,1<dorsally, and mucronate or
aristulate from the four lobes> 204,7-9 205,2-3 208,2-3 209,1 210<similar
to the proximal lemmas, becoming smaller acropetally> 218,2 220,4<the outer
lobes much longer> 221,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2<from about middle>
231,1 233,1 234,1 240,1 244,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,1<flat> 255,1-2 256,1 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 271,2 272,3 274<short> 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2 326<commonly>,1<sometimes cells with two> 330,1
331,1<and outer walls pitted> 332,1 333,1 334,2<the basal cell sunken>
335,2 336,3 340,6-9<but sunken> 342,1.3 344,0.6 345,1 348<markedly>,3
351<fairly>,1 352,2 353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1 355,1-2 356,1<narrowly
oval>/2 360,1 362,4 363,4<to rectangular> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2
377,3 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,1<towards midrib>/3<outside> 394,1<low> 395,1
396,2<large median, several small strands either side> 399,1<including a
large, median group in a groove over midrib> 400,2 401,2<these linked to
the abaxial epidermis by girders of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<nearly
all bundles> 406<forming a hypodermal plate adaxially in midrib> 477,6
484,4<\i{}Pommereulleae\i0{}> 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}P.
cornucopiae\i0{}> 492<eastern Asia> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 513,2
535<Metcalfe 1960; Van den Borre 1994> 537,2 540<pommereu> 
 
# \i{}Porteresia\i0{} <Tateoka>/
1<named for R. Portres, specialist on \i{}Oryza\i0{}> 3<\i{}Oryza\i0{}
(\i{}O. coarctata\i0{})> 5<\i{}Sclerophyllum\i0{} Griff., \i{}Indoryza\i0{}
Henry & Roy> 7,2 14,2 48,U 52<narrowly>,1 54,1<with tuberculate prickly
margins> 65,2 73,2 74,1 89<narrowly>,5 91,1 94,U 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2
123,3 140,2<owing to extreme reduction of the glumes, cf. \i{}Oryza\i0{}>
142,8 145<strongly>,1 147,1<if the pedicel cup be interpreted as glumes>/-
149,1<i.e. the floret not stipitate> 154,2 157,2 162,1-2<discernable only
as obscure lobing of the pedicel tip> 163<if considered present,>,2 164,1
165,2 167,1 168,1 176,2 187,0 189,0 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2
201,2<much reduced, cf. \i{}Oryza\i0{}> 203,2 205,1<less than half the
length of the spikelet> 208,1 210<leathery> 216,2 223<shortly aristulate>
244<strongly>,1 248,5-10 250,1 251,1<resembling the lemma> 256,1 257,2
259,4 260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 272,6 277,1 280,2 283,2 295,2 298,1
301,2 304,1<large> 305,1 306,2 307,1 308,2 323,1 332,2 365,2
366<seemingly>,1<with two superposed bundles in each rib, the adaxial one
being inverted, and large air spaces in the mesophyll> 370,2 374,1 390,1
391,2 396,3<regardless of whether or not the blade is interpreted as
midrib, since every rib has superposed bundles> 399,1 469,12 470,48 471,4
477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8<as a synonym> 488,7 489,35 490,52 491,1<\i{}P.
coarctata\i0{}> 492<India, Burma> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1&2 504,11 512,2
514,1<in the brackish waters of deltas and tidal swamps> 534<Tateoka 1965a>
540<porteres> 
 
# \i{}Potamophila\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}potamos\i0{} (river) and -\i{}philus\i0{} (loving),
alluding to the habitat of the only species> 4<Type: \i{}P. parviflora\i0{}
R.Br.> 7,2 9,1&3 11,2 13,30-150 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,1/2 48,2
52,1 55,2 56,4-6 63,2 65,2 66,1/2 67,1 69,1 70,2<acute or lacerate> 71,4-15
72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<hermaphrodite and unisexual> 76,1&2/1&3 78,2 89,5
91,1<to loosely contracted> 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 140,2<by virtue of reduced glumes, cf.
\i{}Oryza\i0{}> 141,3-5.5 142,7/9 144,- 145<strongly>,1 147,1<i.e., above
the tiny cupule representing them>/- 148,- 149,1<i.e. the floret not
stipitate> 154,2 155,- 157,2 162,1-2<vestigial> 163<if considered
present,>,2 164,1<reduced to a cupular or bilobed rim> 165,2 167,1 168,1
176,2 187,0 189,0 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2 202<ovate> 203,2
204,0 205,1<very small, less than 1/8 to 1/4 the spikelet length>
206,1-2<membranous> 207,2 208,1 214<membranous or thinly chartaceous> 216,2
218,1 219,1-2 223,1 240,2<often scaberulous on the sides>
244,2<sub-keeled> 248,5 250,1 251,1 253<not clasped by the lemma> 255,1
256,1 257,2 258,2 259,4<three nerved> 260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 272,6 277,1 280,2 283,2 291,2-3 295,2 298,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(34.5-)39-45(-51)
341,7.5-8.4-9 342,4.3-6.1 343,(12-)16.5-21(-22.5) 344,0.35-0.47 345,1
346,19.5-21 348,2<mostly>/2 350,2 351,1 353,1/2 354,1/2 360,2/3<rarely>
363,7-8<mostly>/5<a few> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1 391,1
392,2<short> 393,1 394,1/2 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,1<\i{}P. parviflora\i0{}>
492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2 509,2 512,2 514,2 535<studied by us>
540<potamoph> 
 
# \i{}Pratochloa\i0{} <Hardion>/
3<formerly referred to \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}> 4<\i{}P. walteri\i0{} (Pilg.)
Hardion> 7,2 9<with culms tufted, semi-decumbent or floating> 13<when
erect,to>,114<or long, when decumbent or floating> 14,2 18,1/2/6 52,1<to
100 mm long> 55,2 56<to>,4.5 61,1 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1-2<the sparse
branches spreading or appressed to th main axis> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141<to>,7<and 1.5-3 mm wide>
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 157,2 163,2 166,1 167,1 168,2 170,- 171,2
174,1<acuminate> 176,1-2<tapered into a thick, awnlike apex>
177,1 179,1-2 181,1-2 187,1-3 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-15
216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1<in coarsely tufted, erect specimens>/2-3<i.e.,
almost awned, in softer, diffuse forms of the plant> 226<if thus 
interpred,>,1 228,3 231,1 240,2 244,1 248,3-5 249,2 250,1
256,1 257,1<membranous/hyaline> 258,2 259,3 260,3<the keels flat, broad
over the lower two-thirds, narrowed to the apex and excurrent into a short
soft mucro> 272,3 274,0.6-1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 289,4
295,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 
345,1<5-6 rows per intercostal zone>
347,2 348,2-3 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 361,1 362,1 363,8 364,1
367,1 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1-2<tending to
alternate larger and smaller> 395,2 396,1 397,2 398,2 399,1 400,2 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,6<queried> 484,4<queried> 487,3 488,7 489,32
490,80 491,1<\i{}P. walteri\i0{}> 492<South Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1
499<Desert and,>,4 512,1-2/3 515<in damp, sandy or brackish soils around
seepage areas or stagnant pools, or in running water especially that of
springs, often seeming calcicole> 534<Gibbs Russell \i{}et al\i0{}. 1990,
Van den Borre and Watson 1994, Hardion \i{}et al\i0{}. 2017> 535<Ellis,
1984; Van den Borre and Watson 1994; studied by us, \i{}E. walteri\i0{}
Pilg. (= \i{}Pratochloa\i0{})> 538,1 540<pratochl> 536<Curiously, in terms
of our compiled comparative data \i{}Pratochloa\i0{} is closer to
\i{}Eragrostis\i0{} (from which it differs absolutely only in photosynthetic
pathway-related characters), and even to assorted pooids and danthonioids,
than to any of the arundinoids with which it is convincingly associated on
molecular evidence (cf. Hardion \i{}et al\i0{} (2017).>
 
# \i{}Pringleochloa\i0{} <Scribner>/
3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 7<small>,2 9,2<and mat forming> 14,2 19,2
27,2 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 55,2 56<about>,2 58,2<but enrolling> 61,1 65,2
66,2 69,3 70,- 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,1<the staminate spikelets in 4 or 5
short spikes on a long projecting peduncle, the pistillate spikelets
clustered in the radical rosette> 89,2<male>/3<contracted, headlike, with
2-5 glomerules, female> 91,- 94,- 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,1<the glomerules shed> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120<3-5 spikelets in
each glomerule> 121,1<male inflorescence>/2<female inflorescence> 131<male
spikelets 2-4 mm long, 1-flowered, rachilla not prolonged, stamens 3> 132,2
133,1 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,3 141,4<excluding the awns> 144,- 145,3
147,3<in the glomerules> 148,- 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,- 163,2 165,2 167,2
171,1 174,1 176,1<the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate into its short awn,
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} reduced almost to its awn> 177,2 178,- 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} very narrow, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} lanceolate and
tapering into its awn> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2<the empty lemmas each hairy,
more dissected than L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, the lowermost having about 15
awns, the uppermost 3> 193,2-3 194,2<constituting a multi-awned tip to the
spikelet> 196,2 208,1 214,3<membranous or cartilaginous> 216,2 218,2 220,3
221,1<to 1/3 or more of its length, at each side> 223,3 225,2/3 226,2/3<two
short lateral awns and a median mucro> 227<the median (when present)>,2<but
smaller> 228,- 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 237,3<the median awn reduced to
a mucro, the laterals longer than the median, but shorter than the body of
the lemma> 240<sparsely hairy> 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1<sparsely hairy
apically between the keels> 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,0<3 staminodes only>
277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 289,4 291,2 293,- 295,1
297,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 336,1 339,39-42-51 340,24 341,7.5-8.4-9.6 342,5-5.6
343,(15-)16.5-19.5(-21) 344,0.38-0.46 345,1 346,25.5-30 348,2<mostly>/3
350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,3&4&8 360,1 362,4 363,4-6 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 389,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1
400,2 401,2<these linked with traversing colourless columns> 403,2
404,2<mostly with adaxial and abaxial strands> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16<as a synonym of \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}P.
stolonifera\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,3 502,1 504,11 513,2 515<dry
calcareous plains> 535<studied by us> 540<pringleo> 
 
# \i{}Prionanthium\i0{} <Desv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}prion\i0{} (saw) and \i{}anthos\i0{} (flower),
referring to the serrated lemma keels formed by the glands> 4<Type: \i{}P.
rigidum\i0{} Desv. = \i{}P. dentatum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Chondrolaena\i0{} Nees,
\i{}Prionachne\i0{} Nees> 7<slender>,1 9,3 11,1 13,4-43 14,2 19,1/2 27,2
37,2 40,2 41,1<stalked or sessile, on the glumes of all three species, not
on the leaves> 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,2<but with a tuft of hairs at the mouth of
the sheath> 52,1<or filiform> 55,2 56,0.5-2(-3)<less than 8 cm long> 59,1/3
65,2 66,2 69,2-3 70,- 71,0.3-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,1/4<spike-like>
91,2<3-8 cm long, the axis curved beside each spikelet> 94,- 96,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,1 122,1 123,1-2
126,1/2 141,3-7 144,2<the upper glume gaping widely at anthesis> 145,1
147,1 148,2<but the disarticulated florets remaining for some time within
the persistent glumes> 154,1 156,2 163,2 165,2<the lower slightly longer>
166,2 167,2<exceeding them> 170,1<in \i{}P. pholiuroides\i0{}>/2
171,1/2<keels and sometimes the nerves tuberculate or pectinate>
174,2<rounded> 176,2 177,1<strongly, often asymmetrically> 179,2<navicular,
rigid, leathery with membranous margins enfolding the floret, usually with
multicellular glands> 181,2/3 187,5-8 189,5-8 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 195,2
196,2 208,2 210<acute, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong> 214,1 216,2<thinly
membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,1/2 240,1/2 241,2<when present, evenly
distributed> 244,2<abaxially rounded> 247,2 248,3-5 250,1<sub-linear> 251,1
255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2<hyaline, with thickened keels> 259,3 260,3
264,1<minute> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,1.8-3.9 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 289<narrowly lanceolate in outline> 290,1 295,2 298,2
303,1 315,2 316,2 317,2 318,1 319,2 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2 330,1&2 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,(63-)69-75(-81) 341,7.5-8.4-10.5 342,6.9-10 343,28.5-31.5
344,0.38-0.46 345,1 346,31.5-36 348,1-2<mostly domes-shaped> 350,2 351,1
353,1<and solitary> 354,1 360,1 363,8 364,3&4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,2<small abaxial girders only,
but with a wide adaxial strand at the top of each rib> 406,1 469,7 470,14
471,2<all three species> 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,3
492<South Africa> 493,4 494,4 504,11 512,2<in seasonally wet places> 513,2
514,2 534<Davidse, G. (1988). \i{}Bothalia\i0{} \b{}18\b0{}, 143-153>
535<studied by us - \i{}Prionanthium pholiuroides\i0{} Stapf> 540<prionant>
 
# \i{}Prosphytochloa\i0{} <Schweickerdt>/
3<\i{}Potamophila\i0{} (\i{}P. prehensilis\i0{})> 7,2 9,1<the rhizomes
horizontal, with cataphylls> 11,2 13,1000<or more> 14,2 17,1<by retrorse
hairs on the leaf blade margins> 19,1 27,1/2 37,2 40,2<but leaf margins and
main veins spiny, with minute retrorse barbs> 42,2 44,2 47,1<sheaths
slightly auricled> 48,2 52,2-3 55,2-1 56,4-15 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1
70,2<rounded, the margin lacerate-fimbriate> 71,1-1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,5<terminating main culm and laterals, the branchlets fine and stiff>
91,1 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
123,3 140,2<by virtue of the reduced glumes> 141,6-9 142,8 144,-
145<slightly>,1 147,1<i.e. above the rudimentary glumes>/- 148,1 154,2
155,- 157,2 160,1 162,1/2 163,2<reduced to a bilobed to entire hyaline cup>
164,1 165,2 166,1 167,1 168,1 171,2 172,1 174,2<blunt> 176,2 187,0 189,0
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2<subulate, edged with minute hyaline
spines, variable in size> 203,2 204,1 205,1<very short> 206,- 207,- 208,1
210<acuminate> 216<chartaceous or leathery> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,2
244,1<the nerves with prickles> 247,2 248,5 249,1 250,1<similar to the
lemma, which clasps it> 251,1 253,2 255,1<acuminate> 256,1 257,2
258<leathery> 259,4<3> 260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2<above, but
fleshy below> 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,6 274,5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2<plumose> 284,1 286,2 287,2<5 to 6 mm long, brown> 289,2 290,1 291,3
293,- 294<longitudinally ribbed> 295,2 298,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 322,1 323,1
326,3<one or two rows of small, circular papillae on each long-cell, and
the guard-cells overtopped by four small papillae, two from each
subsidiary> 327,2<the costals relatively long and narrow> 328,1<walls of
medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,45-48 341,5.4-6 342,7.5-8.9
343,(19.5-)21-22(-22.5) 344,0.41-0.49 345,1 346,21-22.5 347,1 348,2-3
350,1<slightly> 351,2 360,1 363,7 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1
391,1<i.e. with lateral sheath extensions>/2<if these not so interpreted>
392,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,3<there being a small bundle adaxial to the
main one> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<the fans broad> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
457,1 469,12 470,24 471,2 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78
491,1<\i{}P. prehensilis\i0{}> 492<South Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2
504,11 508,3 512,2 513,1 514,2 534<de Winter 1951> 535<studied by us>
540<prosphyt> 
 
# \i{}Psammagrostis\i0{} <C.A. Gardner & C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}psammos\i0{} (sand) and \i{}agrostis\i0{} (a kind of
grass)> 4<Type: \i{}P. wiseana\i0{} C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb.> 7,1 9,4<to
geniculate ascending> 12,10-50 13<10-20 cm long> 14,2 19,1<and below, with
all the branch systems producing inflorescences> 27,2 44,2 47,2 50<the
sheaths inflated, constricted at the throat, striate> 51,2<but becoming
reduced acropetally on the culms> 52,2-3<but tightly rolling when dry> 55,2
56,1-4 58,1<when dry>/2 59,1/3 61,2<at the base of macrohairs> 62,3 65,2
66,1 67,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 89<falsely>,5<towards the culm tips, by
proliferation of the axillary fascicles which occur in simpler form with
the lower leaves> 101,1<each of the ultimate fascicles associated with a
spatheole, within the axillant sheath> 102,1 103,1<each to a deciduous,
slightly clavate, 3-10 mm peduncle, with a terminal spikelet and often with
one or two sessile, subsessile or more or less pedicellate lateral
spikelets> 106,3<2-4 per axil> 108,1 109,1<the striated peduncles
disarticulating at the base> 120,- 121,2 123,1&2&3 141,4-8 145<somewhat>,1
147,3<and with their companions on the peduncle> 148,1 149,4<up to 2 mm
long, clavate> 154,1 155,2 156,1 160,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,2<in so
far as the orientation is ascertainable>/- 171,2 172<slightly>,2
174,2<blunt or erose> 176,2 177,1 179,1-2<the lower being flimsier,
sometimes hyaline throughout> 187,0/1 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,3-7 210<elliptical to broadly ovate> 214,3<leathery or cartilaginous,
with hyaline margins> 216,2 218,1-2<obtuse, truncate or slightly
emarginate> 221,2 223,2 240,2 243,2 244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1
253,2 255,1<the hyaline apex rounded> 256,1 257,2<leathery to cartilaginous
between the keels> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 287,1 291,4 294,1 295,1 297,1 298,1
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals relatively longer and narrower> 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 333<very>,2 334,2 335,2-3<the slender basal cell long,
relatively thick-walled, the short, rounded apical cell quite thin-walled>
336,3 339,(117-)126.6(-141) 340,111 341,(12-)12.6(-14.4)
342,(8.1-)10.1(-11.75) 343,16.5-20.7-24 344,0.14-0.16-0.19 345,1
346,(27-)28.5(-30) 348,2&3 350,2 351,2<only one or two seen> 352,1-2
353,2<the few seen solitary> 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364<rather
consistently smoothed out>,3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1
378,2 383,2<seemingly, judging from the poor material seen> 385,1 393,3
395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,1 401,1<the median fan cells deeply
penetrating> 403,2 404,1<all the major bundles with small girders top and
bottom> 406,1 409,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32
491,1<\i{}P. wiseana\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,3 504,5 512,4
513,2 515<sandhills> 534<Gardner and Hubbard 1938> 535<studied by us>
540<psammagr> 
 
# \i{}Psammochloa\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
7<robust>,2 9,1-2 11,- 13,20-120<? - resembling \i{}Ammophila\i0{} in
appearance> 14,2 19,2 26,2 38,- 47,2 55,1<loosely inrolled> 58,- 69,1
71<up to>,5-10 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<diffuse> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 158<well developed, glabrous> 163,2 165,2 166<somewhat>,1-3
167,2<sometimes slightly shorter than them> 170,- 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2
187,5-7 189,5-7 191,1 196,2 208,1 211,2 214,3 216,2<chartaceous>
218,1-2<square to slightly notched> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1-2 229,-
231,1 232,1 236,1 240<densely>,1 244,2 246,- 248,7-9 250,1 251,1<closely
resembling the lemma> 255,1<acute> 257,2 259,4<5-9 nerved, hairy> 260,1
264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1<near apex> 270,2 271,2 272,3 275,1/2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,2/3<8-11 mm long> 291,3 295,2 297,1 298,2
299,2 301,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,2 345,1
346,(31.5-)34.5-36(-39) 348<low to high>,2/3 351,1 353,2<arranged like the
costals> 354,1 356,9 360,3 363,2&3&5<or cubical> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<at the bases of the furrows> 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1 406,2 407,1<in the form of small abaxial
strands midway between the bundles> 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80
491,1<\i{}P. villosa\i0{}> 492<Gobi Desert> 493,1&3 494,1 495,2 498,3
504,11 512,4 513,2 515<a robust, \i{}Ammophila\i0{}-like sandbinder> 524,5
525,4 529,5 534<Bor 1951; Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<Metcalfe 1960,
and studied by us> 540<psammoch> 
 
# \i{}Psathyrostachys\i0{} <Nevski>/
1<from the Greek \i{}psathyros\i0{} (weak, crumbling) and \i{}stachys\i0{}
(spike, ear of wheat), alluding to fragility of the rachis> 7,2<with
short, creeping rhizomes> 11,- 13,15-100 14,2 19,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,1/2
47,1<usually, at least some of them>/2 49,1<ramal leaves>/2<cauline leaves>
52<narrowly>,1 55,2 56,1-4.5 59,2/3 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.1-1 72,2 73,2
74,1 75,2<?> 80,1 89,3<linear, erect> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,1 109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,2/3/2&3 121,2 122,2<the
groups distichously arranged on the rachis> 123,1 141,6-16 144,- 145,1-3<?>
147,3 148,1<the rachilla without joints> 154,1 155,1<bristly>/2 156,1 158,2
163,2 165,2 167,- 168,2 170,3<borne side by side> 171<densely hairy or
scabrid> 175,1<subulate-setiform> 176,1<awn-like> 177,2 178,-
179,2<subulate> 187,1 189,1 191,2<?> 192,2<above the perfect floret(s)>
193,1 194,1 196,2 208,1/2 218,1 219<acuminate>,1 223,2-3 225,1 226,1 228,3
231,1 234,1-3<up to 8 mm long> 244,2<dorsally broadly rounded> 247,2
248,5-7 249,1 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1
270,2<entire> 271,2 272,3 274,1-6 277,2 280,2 283,2 286,1 287,1-2<3-7.5 mm
long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 310,1 322,1 323,2 328,2<costal walls
thicker> 330,1 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1<sunken> 351,2<their presence
excluded by the abundance of prickles> 353,- 354,- 357<prickles abundant>
360,3 363,1<large>/2 365,2 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1
401,1<these large, in the furrows> 403,1 404,2<abaxial only> 406,1 411,2
412,1 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 472,14 473<large> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11
488,6 489,49 490,41 491,8 492<Asia and Southeast Europe> 493,1&6 494,1
495,1&2 497,2&3 498,3 504,11 506,2 512,4 513,2 515<steppe and semi-desert
regions, stony slopes> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Leymus\i0{}
(\i{}Leymostachys\i0{} Tsvelev). See also \i{}Elymostachys\i0{} Tsvelev>
534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P. junceus\i0{}
(Fischer) Nevski> 540<psathyro> 
 
# \i{}Pseudanthistiria\i0{} <(Hackel) Hook. f.>/
7,1/2<short-lived> 9<culms prostrate or ascending, often very slender> 14,2
19<sparsely>,1 23,1 65,2 69,1 71<short> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3 78,1 79,2
89<falsely>,5<with short racemes in numerous axillary, short-peduncled
fascicles> 92,- 101,1 102,1 103,1<the racemes usually comprising a basal
sessile-bisexual/pedicellate-male pair, and a terminal triad of one
sessile-bisexual and two pedicellate-male spikelets> 106,1<in spatheolate
fascicles> 107,1 108,1 109,2<the short raceme disarticulating beneath
each sessile spikelet> 111,1 113,2 114,1 116,1<i.e., no involucral
spikelets> 120,3<terminally>/2<basally> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1
130,3 131<the pedicelled male spikelets longer, the callus narrowly linear
to oblong, lacking the palea and sometimes also the lemma> 145,3 147,3
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<minute, shortly bearded> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2
167,2 170,- 171,2<glabrous, smooth> 176,2 179,1<membranous, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} truncate, dorsally subconvex or concave, margins
apically inflexed, broadly involute below, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acute,
lanceolate, keeled> 183,2 184,1<slightly>/2/3 185,2 186,1 187,4-7 189,3
191,1 196,2 208,1 214<stipitate> 216,2 218,2 220,2<these minute, pointed>
221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 234,3 244,2 247,2 248,1 250,2<in
material seen> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 277,1 283,2 290,U
294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 325,2 326,3<a single row per long-cell> 330,1
331,1<thin; remotely sinuous> 332,1 335,1 339,36-48(-58) 341,(3.9-)4.5-5.4
342,6.7-10 343,(10.5-)12-20(-24) 344,0.29-0.41 345,1 346,21-24
348<low>,2&3<not conspicuously pointed> 350,2 351,2<infrequent> 353,-
354,1<a few> 356,5 360,1<a few solitary> 363,8 364,4<mostly>/3<a few> 365,2
370,1<vascular bundles crowded> 374,2 391,2<but often...a (sheath) cell
on either side of each vascular bundle projecting into the adjacent
mesophyll> 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1-2<irregularly grouped, tending to
occupy the entire epidermis in parts> 401<in places>,1/- 403,1 404,1<in the
ribs> 406,1 410,1<1-2 more or less distinct circles> 442,- 470,20 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,4 492<India, Ceylon to
Thailand> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1&2 504,11 513,2 515<hillsides and
disturbed ground> 531,2 533,1 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
umbellata\i0{} (Hack.) Hook. f.> 537,2 540<p_anthis> 
 
# \i{}Pseudarrhenatherum\i0{} <Rouy>/
3<\i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Thorea\i0{} Rouy, \i{}Thoreochloa\i0{}
Holub> 7,2 9,3 13,30-120(-150) 14,2 19,2 24,2 27,1/2 47,2 55,2
56,0.6-4<with prominent adaxial ribs, by contrast with
\i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{}> 58,1/2 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1<to
finely ciliate> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<to rather dense> 101,2 102,2 108,2
121,2 123,3 141,5-10 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 163,2 165,1 167,2
174,1<acuminate> 176,2 179,2<thin> 187,1/3 189,3 191,2 192,1/3 194<(when
present)>,1<a single rudiment> 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,1<the awn
geniculate, dorsal, from the middle or above> 204,5-9<?> 206,2<but apically
bifid> 208,1 210<acute> 214,3 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/3<?> 225,1 226,1
228,2 229,1 231,1 244,2 247,2 248,5-9<?> 250,1 251,1 256,1 258,2 259,3
260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 272,3 274,2.5-5 277,2 280,2 283,2
287,1<2.5-3 mm long> 290,1 291,2 295,2<but at 1/3 of the grain length,
shorter than in \i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{}> 298,2 322,1 332<presumably>,2<see
Zarco 1985> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1<the ribs more prominent
than in \i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{}> 394,1<\i{}P. pallens\i0{}>/2<\i{}P.
longifolia\i0{}> 395,1-2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1
406,1<\i{}P. longifolium\i0{}>/2<\i{}P. pallens\i0{}> 407<of \i{}P.
pallens\i0{}>,2 469,7 470,14<+/- 1B> 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,13 491,2 492<western Europe> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,11 506,1 513,2 515<in dry grassland, calcicole> 534<Zarco 1985>
535<Zarco 1985> 540<p_arrhen> 
 
# \i{}Pseudechinolaena\i0{} <Stapf>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pseudein\i0{} (false, or resembling) and
\i{}Echinolaena\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.)> 5<\i{}Loxostachys\i0{}
Peter> 6<\i{}Perulifera\i0{}> 7,1 9,4 11,- 13,10-60 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,1
38,- 44,2 47,2 52,3<acuminate> 55,1 56,6-15 57,3<but asymmetrical at the
base> 59,1 63,1 65,1 66,2 69,2 70,- 71,1.8 73,2 74,1 75,1/2
76,1/1&3/1&4<some variously incomplete> 89,2<spiciform racemes> 94,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2/1<via suppression of
one of the pair> 121,1 123,3 126,1/2 141,4.6 144,2 145,1 147,3 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 165,2<or G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter> 167,2 170,1 174,1
176,2 179,1<the lower smooth, the upper gibbous with translucent
intercostal glands and often with hooked spines> 187,3 188,- 189,7 190,1
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,3 205,3<equalling the
spikelet> 206,2 207,2<chartaceous, with thin margins and a delicate hyaline
area at the base, laterally compressed> 208,1 210<lanceolate>
214,2-3<papery> 215,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2<but sometimes with
hooked spines> 244,2<convex on the back> 246,2 247,1 248,3-5 250,1 255,1
256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,2 287,1<1.5 mm long> 289,4 291,2<ventrally
flattened> 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 322,1 323,2 328,1<thin walled>
329,1<though these rather short and broad> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(36-)39-42(-48) 341,(3.3-)3.9-4.5(-5.4) 342,6.7-11.8 343,13.5-15-19.5
344,0.32-0.42 345,1 346<about>,27 348,3 350,2 351,2 353,2<those seen
usually solitary> 354,1/2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1 393,2
394,1 395,1 396,1 397,1<associated with the median bundle> 399,1
401,1<these wide, occupying most of the shallow intercostal depressions>
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 470,36 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,15
491,6 492<5 in Madagascar, 1 pantropical> 493,3&4&5&7 494,2&3&4 496,1&2&3
499,2&3 500,1&3&4 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 504,9 508,1&2&3&4 512,3 513,1 514,2
515<in forest> 535<studied by us - \i{}P. polystachya\i0{} (H.B.K.) Stapf>
540<p_echino> 
 
# \i{}Pseudobromus\i0{} <K. Schum.>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,40-200 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2
47,1<from the base of the blade> 52,1-2 55,1 56,6-15<to 15 mm wide>
59,1/3 65,1 66,2 67,1 69,1<with lacerate margins> 70,2 71,3-8.5 72,2 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,8-10 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,2 154,1<even when there is only
one floret> 155,2<minutely scabrid> 157,1/2 158,2 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1
166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2 177<more or
less>,1 179,2 181,1 183,- 187,1-3 189,3 191,1/2 192,2 194,1 195<when
present,>,1 196,2 208,1-2 214,2 216,2 218,2 221,2<only notched> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,2/3 229<when apical,>,1 231,1/2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,1
240,1<with a tuft above the callus>/2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1
255,1 256,1<glabrous> 257,2 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,3 275,2 276,2 277,2 280,2 283,2
284,1 287,2<6-7 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2
304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals longer and narrower>
328,1 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,40.5-42-45 348,1 350,1<sunken>
351,2<prickles only> 353,- 354,- 360,3 363,1/2 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
393,2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1<between the bundles> 401,1 403,2 404,1 406,1
442,- 469,7 470,28 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43<?> 491,3
492<East tropical and South Africa, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2
504,11 508,1&2&3 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<in forests> 518<\i{}P. engleri\i0{},
\i{}P. silvaticus\i0{}> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
sylvaticus\i0{} K. Schum.> 540<p_bromus> 
 
# \i{}Pseudochaetochloa\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pseudos\i0{} (false) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass),
with reference to \i{}Chaetochloa\i0{} (a synonym of the grass genus
\i{}Setaria\i0{})> 3<\i{}Pennisetum\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P. australiensis\i0{}
Hitchc.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,50-80<female>/50-120<male> 14,2 19,1
27,1<usually>/2 32,3 37,1 38,- 47,2 55,2 56<20-50 cm long,>,1-5.5 65,2 66,2
69,3 70,- 71,0.7-2.3 73,3 74,2 75,2 76,2/3 80,1 89<(male and female) 8-12
cm long>,5 91,2<the spikelets in clusters of 1-5 in males, solitary in
females, with reduced-branch bristles> 92,3 97,3 98,2 99,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,3<these deciduous, clustered
or solitary, 3-9 mm long in the male, 15-25 mm in the female> 117,2 118,2
120<solitary in the female, clustered in the male> 121,2
123,1<female>/3<male, with pedicels 0.3-1.4 mm long> 124,3 131<the male
spikelets about 4.1-7.2 mm long, not compressed, falling with the glumes.
Rachilla not prolonged. Glumes 2, unequal, membranous, much shorter than
the adjacent lemmas, 3-nerved. Two male florets per spikelet, the lemmas
5-nerved. Palea conventionally eu-panicoid, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, fleshy>
132,2 133,1 134,2 135,2 136,1 137,2 141,4.5-5.9 142,9 145,3 147,3<along
with the associated bristle-branch structures> 154,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1
174,1/2 176,2<muticous or mucronate> 177,2 179<membranous> 187,0-3 189,3/5
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1-2 199<much>,2 201,2 202<membranous,
lanceolate> 203<muticous or mucronate,>,2 204,5 206,1 207,2 208,1
210<lanceolate> 214<coriaceous,>,3 215<unwrinkled,>,2<without grooves>
218,1 219,1<acute or acuminate> 223,1 240,1 244,2 250,1 251,1 256,1
257,2<coriaceous> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<quite
thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(72-)75-78 341,6-7.5 342,10.12
343,(37.5-)39-40.5(-42) 344,0.52-0.56 345,1 346,36-42 348,3 350,2 351,2
357<prickles abundant> 360,1 363,1/8 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,1 379,1
385,1 393,1/2 394,2 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1/2 405,2 406,1
477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}P.
australiensis\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,5&7 509,1 513,2
515<stony slopes> 531,1 532,4<\i{}T. pseudochaetochloae\i0{}> 535<studied
by us> 536<initially only male plants were described under this genus, when
it was established that \i{}Pennisetum arnhemicum\i0{} F. Muell. is the
male component of a distinct genus> 537,2 540<p_chaeto> 
 
# \i{}Pseudocoix\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Hickelia\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 13<reaching 40-60 m long> 14,1<but weak>
17,1<on trees and shrubs> 19,1 39,1 44,2 48,U 52,2-3 55,2 56,7-9<to 15 cm
long> 57,3<abruptly attenuate> 63<(presumably)>,1 66,1<presumably>
68,1<oblong> 73,2 74,1 89,-<a fascicle of single, bracteate spikelets,
pendulous, subspiciform, recalling...(that)...of \i{}Coix\i0{} by its
ventricose lemmas> 96,- 101,1 102,1 141,15-16 144,- 145,2<? ventricose>
147,3 154,1 163,2-3<2-3, membranous> 170,- 174,1<acuminate or cuspidate>
176,2 179,2 187<many nerved> 189<many nerved> 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1/2<their lemmas cuspidate, glabrous, shining, becoming ventricose>
204<many-nerved> 205,1 207,1 208,1 210<glossy> 212<becoming>,1<ventricose>
214,3 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,3<long-cuspidate> 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1
240,2 244,2 248<many-nerved> 250,1 251,1 256,1 258,1<and inflated>
259<parinervia> 260,3<?- dorsally sulcate> 264,1<large> 265,3 266,1
267,2 272,6 277,2 278,1 279,2 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,3<apically rostrate>
297,1 322,1<mainly because of the macrohairs and prickles> 323,1 324,1&2
325,1<mostly with four papillae over-arching each stomatal apparatus>
326,3<mostly 5-8 in a median longitudinal row, large, circular, thickened>
327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,60-72 341,4.2-6
342,10-16.4 343,28.5-39 344,0.48-0.54 345,1 346,18-21 347,2 357<the costal
zones with large, bulbous-based macrohairs and occasional prickles>
360,2<but in places the intervening long-cells are quite short>
363,4<predominating>/7<a few, intergrading with saddles> 365,2 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3<except for the midrib> 395,1 396,1
398,2 399,1<between the laterally adjacent pairs of fusoids> 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<most bundles with anchors> 406,1 477,3
478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,1<\i{}P. perrieri\i0{}>
492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11 512,3 535<studied by us>
540<p_coix> 
 
# \i{}Pseudodanthonia\i0{} <Bor & C.E. Hubb.>/
6<\i{}Sinochasea\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,2 38,- 42,2 47,2 55,2 58,1 65,2
69,1 70,2 71,7 73,2 74,1 88,2/3 89,4/5 91,1/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141<to>,25 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,2 167<(the longer)>,2 170,-
174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 187,5-7 189,7-9 196,2 208,4-6 214,2
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<notched> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<flanked by the
shortish, narrow acuminate lobes> 229,- 231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 240,1
244,2 247,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,2 255,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 274,4.5-5 277,2<all over> 280,2 283,3 284,1
290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,2 323,2 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,-
353,1 360,2 363,3&5 365,2 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,2 407,2 442,- 477,2/5 478<if pooid,>,2 479<if pooid,>,4<?> 483<if
arundinoid,>,3<?> 487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. himalaica\i0{}>
492<Himalayas> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 513,2 515<mountain slopes>
534<Macfarlane and Watson 1980> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<p_dantho> 
 
# \i{}Pseudodichanthium\i0{} <Bor>/
7<slender>,1 13,60 47,2 52,1<attenuate> 55,2 56,4-6 65,2 69,1<?>
70,2<ovate> 71,1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 77,4 78<more or less>,2
79<usually>,1<with the basal 2-3 pairs homogamous-sterile> 89<of single,
terminal and axillary racemes> 101,2<?> 102,2<?> 103,3<curved, 1-1.75 cm
long> 106,1 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 123,1&3 126,1<but the pedicels shorter
at the base of the raceme> 127,1 128,2 129,1/4<at the base of the raceme>
130,3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelets larger, membranous, winged> 145,3
154,2 161,2 163,2 167,2 168,2 171,2 172,1 173,3 176,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} cartilaginaous, 2-keeled, winged,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} lanceolate, acute, papery> 183,1<and broadly winged
above> 184<broadly>,1 185,2 186,1 187,9-11<7-9 nerved between the keels>
189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,0/1 207,2<hyaline> 208,1
210<stipitate, passing into the awn> 216,2 218,1 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3 229,- 231,2 233,2 247,2 250,2 272,3 277,1 283,2 287,1<3 mm long>
291,2 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,68 491,1<\i{}P.
serrafalcoides\i0{}> 492<Bombay> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 513,1 537,2
538,4 540<p_dichan> 
 
# \i{}Pseudopentameris\i0{} <Conert>/
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 7,2 9,3 13,30-120 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2
40,2 42,2 44,2 47,1<from the base of the blade> 52,1 55,2<to 8 mm wide at
the base> 56,3-8 58,1<at the tips>/2 59,1/3<usually convolute> 65,2
66,2<old basal leaves with curled blades in \i{}P. brachyphylla\i0{}> 69,3
70,- 71<about>,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 88,2 89,5<4-25 cm long> 91,2<but the
central axis visible> 94,2 100,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,35-55 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1
156,1 157,1 160,3 161,1 162,1 163,2 164,2<35-55 mm long> 165,2 166,2-3
167,2<exceeding them> 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,1
179,2<lanceolate, membranous> 181,3 187,3/5(-7) 189,3/5(-7) 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,2/3 214,3<leathery> 218,2 220<basically>,2<the triangular
lobes themselves bifid> 221,1 223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,1 228,1
229,- 231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 237,1<non-geniculate, loosely twisted,
10-16 mm long, from the inner margins of the lobes> 240,1<villous> 244,2
246,2 247,2 248,9 249,2 250,1<glabrous, by contrast with
\i{}Pentameris\i0{}> 251,1<exceeding the lemma lobes> 255,2 256,1
257,2<leathery> 259,3 260,3 261,1 263,1 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1<or at
least ciliolate>/2 271,1 272,3 274<about>,8 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1<the
stigmatic hairs joining over the ovary apex> 283,2 284,3 287,2<about 6 mm
long> 289<narrowly>,4 290,1 291,3 295,2<more than half the grain length>
315,2 316,2 317,1 318,1 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1 322,1 323,2
329,1<though sometimes these are relativey short> 330,1/2/1&2 331,1/2
332,2<but present adaxially> 335<panicoid type> 345,2/1<seen only in one
specimen of \i{}P. macrantha\i0{}> 348<low>,2/- 351,1 353,1 354,1
360,1/3<with numerous relatively long short-cells, or with numerous
intervening long-cells> 363,8 364,1-3 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393,1<with rounded sides and flat tops> 394,1-2<this being more noticeable
in \i{}P. brachyphylla\i0{}> 395,2<except by its position> 396,1 399,1<in
all the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the main bundles with Is or
Ts> 469,6 470,12 471,2 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,3
492<South Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,4 504,11 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<mountain Fynbos> 534<Conert 1971> 535<Ellis 1985> 540<p_pentam> 
 
# \i{}Pseudophleum\i0{} <M. Dogan>/
3<\i{}Phleum\i0{} (\i{}P. gibbum\i0{} Boiss.)> 7,1 13,5-20 14,2 19,2 27,2
43,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 49,2 55,2 56,0.8-1.5<0.8-5 cm long> 58,2<usually
convolute> 59<usually>,3<convolute> 63,2 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1
70,2<acute> 71,2.5-4 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 87,2 89,5 91,2 92,2-3 94,2 95,3
96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
123<shortly>,3/2 141,2.5-3<pale greenish> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,- 154,2<?>
157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1<or at least, supposedly more so than in
\i{}Phleum\i0{}> 166,1 167,1 168,1<shortly, at base> 171,2<rather leathery>
174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 178,2 179,2<gibbous, narrow at base> 187,3 188,-
189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2<leathery> 216,2 223,2<terminally, the mucro
to 0.6 mm long> 240,1<dorsally covered with setules> 244,1<in upper half>/2
247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 263,3<ciliate> 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,2
283,2 287,1<1.3 mm long> 295,1<elliptical> 298,2 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,2 478,2 479,4
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}P. gibbum\i0{}> 492<Turkey> 493,1
494,1 495,2 498,2 504,11 513,2 538,4 540<p_phleum> 
 
# \i{}Pseudopogonatherum\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Eulalia\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 19,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55<very>,2
65,2 66,2 69,2<short> 73,2 74,1 78,2 89,2<having several spike-like
racemes on a short axis> 91,1 94,- 95,1 101,2 102,2 103,3<shortly
pedunculate> 108,2<tough, this being the main distinction from
\i{}Eulalia\i0{}>/1<in some forms> 109<when disarticulating,>,2
115<glabrous on the back, with villous-ciliate edges> 120,2 121,2
123,1&3/2&3 126,1 127,1/2 129,1 130,1 145,3 147,3<falling from the
pedicels, or persistent on pedicels and internodes> 154,2 157,1 161,2 162,1
163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 173,3 176,1 183,1/2 184,1/3<slightly> 185,2 186,1
187,2 189,1 191,1<the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often absent>/2 192<(when
present)>,1 196,1/2 197<(when present)>,1 201,2 208,1 214,1 218,2 220,2
221,1<bifid>/2<emarginate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
233,2<villous-ciliate at the edges of the column> 240,2 244,2 248,0 250,1
259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,1/2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 291,2-3 295,1 298,1 322,1 323<dubiousy>,1/2<?> 326<if present,>,3
327,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(39-)40.5-45 341,6-6.6-7 342,5.6-6.8
343,24-26-27 344,0.57-0.65 345,1 346,(21-)22.5-25.5(-27) 348,3 350,2 351,1
353,2<solitary> 354,2 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,2/3 395,1
396,2 397,1<notably between the median bundle and its adaxial strand> 399,1
401,1<these large, occupying most of the epidermis> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
470,40 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,2 492<tropical
Asia> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3 500,2&3&4 503,1 504,5&6&7&9 509,1 535<studied
by us - \i{}P. irritans\i0{} Hitchc.> 540<p_pogona> 
 
# \i{}Pseudoraphis\i0{} <Griff.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}pseudos\i0{} (false) and \i{}raphis\i0{} (a needle),
alluding to needlelike bristles> 2<\i{}Mudgrasses\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
brunoniana\i0{} (Griff.) Griff> 7,2 9,4 11,- 14,2 19,1 23,1 27,2 32,2 37,2
38,- 44,2 47,2 49,2 50<the sheaths flattened> 55,2 58,2 59,1<glabrous> 65,2
66,1/2 69,1 70,- 73,2 74,1<rarely>/2 89,2<the slender flexuous branches
sometimes reduced to one or two spikelets> 95,3 97,3 98,2<the racemes
each terminated by a stiff bristle at least as long as the uppermost
spikelet> 101,2 102,2 103,1<with only one spikelet>/3<with a compressed
peduncle, the few spikelets distant> 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1/- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 124,2/3 141,6-10 142,9 144,1 145,3 147,3 149,4
150,1 151,2 154,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the longer)>,2
176,1/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate to awnlike above> 179,1<lower tiny,
semiorbicular, rectangular or broadly obovate, the upper lanceolate,
acuminate or tapering into an awn> 187,0 189,5-9 191,2<the lower floret
male, the upper female or rarely hermaphrodite> 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,1 201,1 203,2/1<sometimes awnlike above> 204,7-13 205,3<similar to the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} in shape> 206,1-2 207,2 208,1 214,2-3 215,1
216,1<slightly>/2 217,1 218,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 248,0 250,1<oblong>
251,1 259<obscurely nerved> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,1 269,2 270,2
272,3/0<usually rudimentary or missing> 275,2 277,1<shortly stipitate>
280,1/2<rarely> 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1 326,2
327,1 328,1 329,2-3<the long-cells mostly short-rectangular> 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,(31.5-)33-39<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}>/22-24<\i{}P.
spinescens\i0{}> 341,(6-)6.3-7.2(-8.4)<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}>/6.6-7.5<\i{}P.
spinescens\i0{}> 342,4.6-6.5<\i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}>/3-3.6<\i{}P.
spinescens\i0{}> 343,(14.4-)15.6-18.6(-19.5)<\i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>/10.2-10.5<\i{}P. spinescens\i0{}> 344,0.46-0.59<\i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{}>/0.4-0.47<\i{}P. spinescens\i0{}> 345,1 346,19-29 348<low to
high>,2 350,1 351,2 360,3 363,1<a few, in \i{}P.
spinescens\i0{}>/8<predominating, mostly rather angular, with truncated
points> 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1-2 396,2 397,1-2
399,1/2<the epidermis irregularly bulliform, e.g. \i{}P. paradoxa\i0{}>
401<in \i{}P. spinescens\i0{}>,1<these large, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type, over the
minor bundles>/- 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 469,8 470,16 477,7 478,5 485,2
487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,6 492<India & Japan to Australia> 493,3&5
494,1&2&5 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&4&5&6&7&8&9 509,1&2
512,1-2 513,2 515<marshes> 531,2 533,1&2 534<Vickery 1952; Webster 1987>
535<studied by us - \i{}P. abortiva\i0{} (R.Br.) Pilger, \i{}P.
paradoxa\i0{} (R.Br.) Pilger, \i{}P. spinescens\i0{} Vickery> 540<p_raphis>
 
# \i{}Pseudoroegneria\i0{} <(Nevski) A. Lve>/
3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 13,30-90 14,2 19,2 42,2 44,2
47,1 52,1 53,2 55,2 59,1/3<involute or convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 72,2
73,2 74,1 80,1 89,1<the spikelets appressed> 99,1<against the spikelet>
100,1 101,2 102,2 108<usually>,2 109<fragile or not in \i{}P.
stipifolia\i0{}, where the spikelet may fall with the internode above>
120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1-2 125,2<at least, the spikes lax by contrast with
\i{}Elymus\i0{}> 141,18-22 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 155,2<glabrous>
156,1 157,1<inconspicuous> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1-2 170,2
171,2<sometimes with a few spinules apically> 174,1-2<lanceolate or
narrowly lanceolate> 175,2 176,2<but sometimes acuminate> 177,2 179,2
187,5-7 189,5-7 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-5 210<linear-lanceolate>
214,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,1 232,2<widely
divergent at maturity> 234,1-3<up to 30 mm long> 235,2 240,2 243,1/2 244,2
247,2 248,5 249,1 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma> 256,1 257,1 258,2
259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 272,3 274,4-7
277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1 287,2 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,2
345,1 346,(36-)37-39(-42) 348<predominantly>,1 350,1<mostly, slightly>
351,1<abundant> 353,1&2<commonly solitary> 360,2 363,3<mostly>/4-6<few,
intergrading with the rounded forms> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1
394,2<small, round topped alternating with large, flat topped> 395,2 396,1
399,1<in all the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with most of the major bundles>
405,1<Is with all the major bundles> 406,1 469,7 470,14&28 471,2&4 472,19
477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491<about>,16 492<Middle East,
central Asia, northern China, western North America> 493,1&2&3&4&6 494,1
495,1&2 497,2&3&4&5 498,3 504,5 506,1&2 507,1 512,4 513,2 515<drought
tolerant> 524,5 525,4 529,1 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}P.
spicata\i0{} (Pursh) A. Lve> 540<p_roegne> 
 
# \i{}Pseudosasa\i0{} <Makino>/
1<Greek, \i{}false Sasa\i0{} (q.v.)> 3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}>
5<\i{}Yadakeya\i0{} Mak.> 7<shrubby>,2 9,1 11,2 13,200-500 14,1 15,1.5 19,1
20<(where recorded)>,1 21,1-3<very rarely 4 or more> 23,4<nearly
always>/3<e.g.,\i{} P. pubiflora\i0{}> 30,1 31,1/2 33,1<sometimes>/2 34,1/2
35,1 36,1/2/4 37,2 39,1&2<metamorph type I> 40,2 44,2 48,1 55,1
56,10-50<to 5 cm> 63,1 65,1 66<where recorded,>,1 67,1 72<consistently>,2
73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<terminal> 98,1 99,- 101,1 102,1 103,3<seemingly> 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,15-45 142,7/9/13 144,-
145,1-2 147,1<?> 148,2 154,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2
179,2 187,5<in material seen> 189,9<in material seen> 191,1/2
192,2<assuming the distal florets may be imperfect> 196,2 208,2-7 218,1
219,1 223,1/2<?> 244,2 248,17<in material seen> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,2
256,1 259,4<8-13, 13 in material seen> 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2
269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3(-4) 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2<the apex not swollen>
280,1 283,3 293,- 296,1<seemingly> 298,2 303,1 304,1 305,1 306,2 308,2
315,2 316,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<and
obscuring them> 326,3<abundant, narrow-elongated> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
337,2<in \i{}Pseudosasa japonica\i0{}> 339,(42-)49-51(-60)
341,(4.2-)4.5-5.4(-6) 342,7.8-14.3 343,(21-)22.5-25.5(-27) 344,0.43-0.51
345,1 346,27-28.5-30 348,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,2/7/3<smallish> 360,1
363,4<predominantly, very large>/7<a few approaching this> 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,1<in places> 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1<and with the
usual bamboo asymmetry> 396,3 399,1<these large> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with
most bundles - a few with strands only> 405,1<sometimes> 406,1 469,12
470,48 471,4 473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,8
492<eastern Asia> 493,3 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,2 504,11 524,5 525,1
526,4 530,11&12 535<studied by us - \i{}P. japonica\i0{} (Sieb. &amp; Zucc.
ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai> 540<p_sasa> 
 
# \i{}Pseudosorghum\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7<erect or decumbent>,1 13,40-100 14,2 19,1/2 37,1 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2
56,5-10 65,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<heterogamous> 76,1&4/1&4 78,1 79,1<the lowest
pair of some or all racemes sterile> 89,5<all-sidedly branched, of
few-to-many simple or branched spikelike racemes> 91,2<relatively dense>
92,- 101,2 102,2 103,3<spiciform, peduncled> 104,3-5<few-to-many-jointed -
the racemes fairly long, by contrast with \i{}Sorghum\i0{}> 107,1 108,1
109,2 111,1 113,2 114,1 115,1-2 120,3<a terminal triad>/2<the rest>
121,1<all the pedicelled spikelets one one side> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2
129,1<except in lowest pair, where they may be male or sterile> 130,3/4
131<the basal barren spikelets lacking a palea> 141,4-5.25 145,3 147,3<with
adjacent joint and pedicel> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<minute> 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171<glumes smooth, hairy or not> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<papery, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} truncate and 2-keeled, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
cymbiform and acute> 183,1 185,2 186,1 187,9-13 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 206,2<thinly membranous> 207,2 208,1 214,1
218,2 220,2 221,1<to about halfway> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
233,1<ciliolate along margins> 234,3 240,1<long-ciliate> 244,2 247,2
250,1<but absent in the barren basal spikelet> 251,1 256,1 258,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 397,U 402,U 442,- 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2
490,64 491,2 492<Indo-Malaysian> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2&3 504,11 512,3
513,1&2 534<Camus 1920> 537,2 538,4 540<p_sorghu> 
 
# \i{}Pseudostachyum\i0{} <Munro>/
3<\i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 11,2 13,500-1600 14,1 15,2.5
17,1<above>/2 19,1<near their tops> 23,4 30,1 34,1 35,1 36,4 37,2<the walls
thin> 39<culms arising singly from long creeping rhizome> 40,2 44,2
48,1<but these deciduous> 52,3-6<ending in a long, twisted, scabrous point>
55,1 56,20-45<8-30 cm long> 57,3<but asymmetric at the base> 63,1<the
petiole rather long, thick> 65,1 66,1 67,1 68,1 71<short> 73,2 74,1 86,2
87,1 89,5<large, with drooping branches> 95,3 101,1<the panicle leafy, the
units bracteate> 102,1 103,3/4/5 108,2 121,2 123<seemingly>,1&3 141,5
142,10 144,- 147,1 148,- 154,1 156,1 157,2 163,1 165,- 167,1 168,- 170,-
171,2 174<mucronate> 176,2 179,- 183,- 187,- 188,- 189,7 191,2 192,2
194,1<the terminal rachilla bearing glumes or an imperfect floret> 196,2
208,1 214,2<and similar in form> 216,2 223,2 240<usually finely ciliate
above> 250,1 251,1 252,1 258,2<thin> 260,3<the keels ciliate> 264,1<large,
persistent> 265,3-5 266,1<sometimes 4 or 5 lodicules> 267,2 268,2 269,1
270,2<acute, rounded or truncate> 271,1 272,6 276,1<apiculate> 277,1 278,1
279,1 280,1<into one long, rigid style> 283,2<short> 286<fruit supported by
persistent glume, lemma, palea and lodicules> 290,U 294,U
296,2<crustaceous> 297,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1<and small - not seen
elsewhere> 326,- 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1 345,1<obscured by papillae>
348<probably low>,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,7<narrower than the costals>/3
360,2<plus a few short rows> 363,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1<large>
393,3<except near midrib> 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<in many bundles> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,45
491,1<\i{}P. polymorphum\i0{}> 492<Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Upper Burma>
493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 513,1 515<under large trees> 535<Metcalfe
1960> 537,2 540<p_stachy> 
 
# \i{}Pseudovossia\i0{} <A. Camus>/
3<\i{}Phacelurus\i0{}, = \i{}Phacelurus\i0{} (\i{}Vossia\i0{})
\i{}cambogiensis\i0{}> 14,2 19,2 65,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3 78,1<the
pedicelled spikelet laterally flattened> 79,2 95,1 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,1
107,2<the joints relatively long by contrast with \i{}Vossia\i0{}> 108,1
109,2 113,2 114,1 120,2<the pairs relatively remote, by contrast with
\i{}Vossia\i0{}> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1<the pedicels long and articulated in
the middle> 128,2 129,1<and not embedded in the rachis> 130,3 131<the
pedicellate spikelets with a long callus, by contrast with
\i{}Phacelurus\i0{}. Male, laterally compressed, with a dorsally keeled
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 167,2 171,2 174,1
176,2 177,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, 2-keeled, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, naviculate with a recurved apex> 183,1 184,2
185,2 186,1 191,2<hyaline> 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1
203,2<sub-aristate> 206,2<hyaline> 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 218,1 219,1/2
223,1 244,2 247,2 248<faintly>,3 250,1 256,1 259,3 272,3 277,1 283,2 290,U
294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U
390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9<s a synonym> 488,1
489,2 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. cambogiensis\i0{}> 492<Indochina> 493,3 494,2
496,3 500,2 504,11 537,2 538,4 540<p_vossia> 
 
# \i{}Pseudoxytenanthera\i0{} <Soderstrom & Ellis>/
3<\i{}Dendrocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Oxytenanthera\i0{} (\i{}Dendrocalamus
monadelphus\i0{} Thwaites, \i{}Oxytenanthera thwaitesii\i0{} Munro,
\i{}Oxytenanthera monadelpha\i0{} (Thwaites) Alston)> 7,2 11,2 13,400-800
14,1<stout and soft below, bending over and becoming thin and whiplike
towards their tips> 15,1-1.5 17<vinelike> 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1
21<in \i{}P. monadelpha\i0{}>,11-20/- 22,3/- 30,1 34,1 35,1 36,2/4 38,2
39,1 40,2 42,1 44,2 48,1 52,2<acuminate> 55,1 56,20-30<and 12-20 cm long>
59,1 63,1 65,2 66<where recorded,>,1 67,1 69<in the form of a hard ridge
with a curved, denticulate margin> 70,1 71,1.3-1.7 72,1<in the form of a
ciliolate ridge> 73,2 74,1 86,2<the spikelets each with two gemmiferous
bracts beneath the glumes> 87,1 89<a spicate, leafless branch with sessile
clusters of pseudospikelets> 101,1 103,6<the clusters spaced along the main
axis> 121<(i.e. the pseudospikelets)>,2 123,1 140,2 141,13-16 142,9/10/13
145,1-2<?> 147,3 148,1<the spikelet falling entire> 154,1 163,2 165,1<the
upper longer> 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,1<but ciliate along the middle and
upper margins> 174,1 176,2 179,2<obovate-triangular, becoming thickened
towards the pointed tips> 187,10-11 189,10-11 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2
208,1-2<i.e. 1-3 florets, with acropetal reduction> 210<obovate-triangular,
thickened above> 214,2 218,1 219,1 223,1-2 240,2 243,1 247,2 248,13-16<with
transverse veinlets> 250,1 251,1<a little shorter than the lemma> 252,2
255,1 256,1 257,1 258,2 259,4<7 - 3 between the keels and one on each side>
260,3 262,2 263,3<ciliate> 264,2 272,6 273,2 274<about>,3<orange> 275,1
276,1 277,1<but the style pilose> 278,1<and a hollow style> 279,1 280,1
283,2/3 287,2<about 5 mm long> 289,2 291,3<plano-convex> 295,2<dark, almost
the length of the fruit> 296,2<above, but thinner and easily separable from
the seed below> 297,2<below>/3<above> 298,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<and
obscuring them> 326,3<with one to two rows of 8-12 per long-cell> 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 348,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3 360,1
363<predominantly>,4<a large version of this form> 365,2 370,2 374,1
386,1<of arm-cells> 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3<except near the midrib> 395,1
396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4
488,3 489,9 490,14 491,1 492<southern India and Sri Lanka> 493,3 494,2
496,3 500,1 531,1<the large central bud remains dormant while the laterals
produce numerous basal branches, then subsequently develops into a long,
whiplike branch producing clusters of branches at each node> 534<Soderstrom
and Ellis 1988> 535<Soderstrom and Ellis 1988; studied by us - \i{}P.
monadelphia\i0{} (Thwait.) Soderstrom & Ellis> 540<p_xytena> 
 
# \i{}Pseudozoysia\i0{} <Chiov.>/
7,2 14,2 55,2 58,1 59,3<involute> 65,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,3<cylindrical, of
short racemelets, basally enclosed in the upper leaf sheatrh> 91,- 101,2
102,2 103,1<to two contiguous spikelets> 107,- 108,1<?> 109,1<the
racemelets falling, cf. \i{}Tragus\i0{} etc.?> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2
121,2 126,1 129,1 130,1 145,2<?> 147,3<with the racemelet?> 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2 166,3 167,2 171,2 174,2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1<indurated, tuberculate, acute, the lower ovate, the upper subglobose>
186<and the upper>,4 188,1<enclosing the floret> 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,1<scarious> 216,2 218,1 219,2 221,- 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 250,1
251,2<about half as long as the lemma> 258,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
332,1 335,2 345,1 348,2&3 351,1<fairly> 352,2 353,2<mainly solitary> 360,1
363,8 364,3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 386,- 389,U 399,1 401<probably>,2<?>
403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1 406,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,52 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. sessilis\i0{}> 492<Somalia> 493,4 494,2 496,1
499,2 504,11 508,2 512,4 513,2 514,1 515<in coastal sand dunes> 535<studied
by us> 537,2 540<p_zoysia> 
 
# \i{}Psilathera\i0{} <Link>/
3<\i{}Sesleria\i0{}> 7,2 11,- 13,3-10 14,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 56,1-1.5 58,1/2
65,2 69,1 70,2 71,1-2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<the sterile spikelets
represented by ovate to lanceolate bracts at the base of the inflorescence>
89,5 91,2 92,1/2<6-10 x 4-6 mm> 94,- 98,- 101,2<but with bracts at base of
inflorescence> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,- 120,-
121,2 131<the sterile spikelets vestigial, represented by bracts at the
base of the inflorescence> 141,2 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,2 154,1 157,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,- 176,1<the awns to 2 mm long, straight or hooked>/2<but
mucronate> 177,1 179,2<ovate, abruptly contracted above> 187,1 189,1 196,2
208,1-2 214,3 216,2 218,2 220,5<toothed> 221,2 223,3 225,5 226,2<via the
excurrent veins> 227<the median>,2 229,- 231,1 234,2-3 237,1<the median to
1.5 mm long, the laterals about 1 mm> 244,2<dark blue, broadly ovate> 247,2
248,5 250,1 251,1<exceeding the lemma> 256,3<with two 1-1.5 mm awns> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 277,2 283,2
287,1<2 mm long> 293,1 295,1 298,2 322<fairly>,1 323,2 327<fairly>,2<the
costals narrower and more consistently rectangular> 328,1<fairly thick
walled> 330,2/1&2<in places> 331,2<the walls heavily pitted> 332,2
345,2<none seen> 351,2 357<with a few costal prickles> 360,3<solitary and a
few short rows> 361,1<but scarce> 363,1&2 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1<round
topped, one ber bundle> 395,1<by its position on the fold of the blade, and
the pointed keel> 396,1 398,2 399,1/2<? - not clear in the material seen>
401<if present,>,1/- 403,1<the sclerenchyma confined to a small abaxial
strand in the keel, and marginal fibre groups> 404,2 406,1 442,- 477,2
478,2 479,6 487,11<as a synonym?> 488,5 489,41 490,67 491,1-2<\i{}P.
ovata\i0{}, \i{}P. tenella\i0{}> 492<southern & central Europe> 493,1&2
494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11 506,1 535<studied by us - \i{}P.
tenella\i0{} (Host) Link> 540<psilathe> 
 
# \i{}Psilolemma\i0{} <Phillips>/
1<name alluding to smooth, glabrous lemmas> 7,2 9,2<a wiry mat-grass>
13,7-35 14,2 19<sparsely>,1 23,1 24,1 44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2
52,1<stiff, pungent> 55,2 56<to>,2 59,3<convolute> 61,1 65,2 69,2-3 73,2
74,1 78,- 89,2<with few-spiculate racemes appressed to the central axis,
the upper racemes often reduced to single spikelets>/5<the lower racemes
sometimes branched> 91,2<spiciform> 92,3 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 123,3<the pedicels to 3 mm long> 141,8-15
145,1<slightly>/2 147,1 148,2 154,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 176,2 177,2
179,2 187,1 189,1 196,2 208,4-14 214,2-3<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,2
223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<abaxially rounded> 248,3 250,1 251,1<glabrous>
256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 263,1<smooth> 283,2 287,1<1.1-1.2 mm long> 289,4
291,3 295,1 297,2<removable when soaked> 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<or the
costals rather narrower> 328,2<the costals thinner walled, and less
conspicuously pitted> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3
339,36.6-40.5 340,27 341,18-21 342,1.8-2 343,12-16.5 344,0.31-0.41 345,1
346,22.5-33 348,- 350,1<conspicuously so, the entire stomatal apparatus
sunken and the seemingly dome-shaped subsidiaries obscured> 351,1 352,3
353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1 355,2 356,1&8 360,2 362,1
363,3-4<intergrading> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 385,1
393,1 394,1<round topped> 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,1 401,1<these large, in at
least some of the furrows> 403,2 404,2<all the bundles with large fibre
groups, with girders or strands abaxially but seemingly only strands
adaxially> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,51 490,69 491,1<\i{}P.
jaegeri\i0{}> 492<East Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 513,2
514,1<coloniser of soda mud-flats> 534<Phillips 1973> 535<studied by us>
540<psilolem> 
 
# \i{}Psilurus\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}psilos\i0{}, slender and \i{}oura\i0{}, tail,
referring to the slender spike> 3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}P.
nardoides\i0{} Trin., \i{}nom. illeg.\i0{}> 5<\i{}Asprella\i0{} Host>
7<slender>,1 9,3<or single culms>/- 11,- 13,5-45 14,2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 47,2
50<sheaths not keeled> 52,1<filiform> 53,1 55,2 56<about>,0.2-1 58,1
59,3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.2-0.3 73,2 74,1 75,1/2
76,1/1&4<the basal spikelets sometimes reduced> 89,1<thin, wiry, ultimately
disarticulating, the spikelets initially sunken, ultimately spreading> 91,-
94,- 99,1 100,1<widely spaced> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108<tardily>,1
109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 125,2 141,3.5-6.8
144,2<the single (upper) glume on the outside> 145,1 147,1<the terminal
spikelet>/3<the lower spikelets> 148,- 149,4 154,1 156,1/2 157,2 160,2
161,2<glabrous> 163,1<except for the terminal spikelet, with two> 164,-
165,- 167<(the upper, only glume)>,1<very small> 168,- 170,1 174,1 176,2
177,2 178,- 179,- 183,- 187,- 189,1 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2
194,1<rudimentary> 196,2 208,1(-2) 210<linear-lanceolate> 214<membranous to
leathery> 216,2 218,1/2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,1 232,1
233,1<scabrous> 234,1-3<2.3-5.5 mm long> 235,1 239,1 240,2 244,1 248,3
250,1 251,1<as long as the lemma> 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,1<membranous> 258,2
259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 270,1 272,1 274,0.4-2.2 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286<slightly>,1 287,1<about 4 mm long> 289,1/4
290,1-2 291,1 292,2 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1 309,1 310,2
311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,2 331,1 332,2 345,2
348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1/2<solitaries> 354,1<when paired>/2 360,2/3
363,1&2&3&5<and some rather square> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2/3
394,1/- 395,1 396,1 399<poorly developed,>,2 401,- 403,1 404,2 406,1 469,7
470,14&28 471,2&4 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43
491,1<\i{}P. incurvus\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean to Afghanistan> 493,1&2&4&5
494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,2&3&4&8 506,1 511,1 513,2 515<dry places>
524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&32 535<studied by us> 540<psilurus> 
 
# \i{}Pterochloris\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ptero\i0{} (wing) and \i{}Chloris\i0{} (a related
grass genus, q.v.), presumably alluding to the distinguishing winged lemma>
3<\i{}Chloris\i0{}> 7,2 9,2&4 13<about>,10-40 14,2 19,2 25,3 26,1 27,2 29,1
37,1 44,2 47,2 50<the sheaths keeled> 52,1 55,2 56,4-6 59,2 61,1 63,1 65,2
66,1/2<?> 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 76,1 89,1/2 95,1-3 96,1-2(-4) 101,2
102,2 108,2 120,1 121,1<on one side of the rachis> 122,1 125,1 141<about>,3
144<detectably>,2<but twisted to lie flatwise, cf. \i{}Chloris\i0{}> 145,1
147,1 148,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 159,1<short> 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,1
167,1 171,2 172,2<along the midvein> 174,1 176,2<but the lower
conspicuously mucronate> 177,1 179,1<the lower much larger> 187,1 189,1
191,2 192,2 193,1 194<red, male or sterile> 195,1 196,2 208,1 210<becoming
broadly winged above, the wings membranous, bilobed, spreading out at
maturity> 214,2 218,2 220,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1-2<from between
the lobes, or just behind them> 229,1 231,1<slender> 232,3 233,1 234,3
235,1 236,2 238,2 239,2 240,2 243,1/2<along the margins> 244,1 247,2
248,3<below>/5-7<above, the laterals branching into the wings> 249,2 250,1
251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1 262,1 263,3 264,2 272,3
274<about>,1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,2 283,2 284,2 289,4 290,U
291,2/4 292,1 294,2 295,1 296,1 297,2 298,1 299,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1 329,1 330,1 331,1<coarsely so> 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,9
342<about>,1.4 344<about>,0.6 345,1 347,2 348,3 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1
354,1&2 355,2 356,1&2&3&5&8 360,1<but the short-cells mostly quite
long>/3<in places> 361,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3
378,2 387,2 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,1 397,1<some colourless tissue adjacent
to a large median bulliform group> 398,2 399,1<in places>/2<in places
constituting most of the epidermis> 400,1 401<commonly>,1 403,2<but the
smallest usually with only one or two fibres abaxially> 404,1 405,1<the
lateral primaries with Is> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5<as a synonym?>
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}P. humbertiana\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4
494,2 496,2 504,11 534<Camus 1957> 535<studied by us> 540<pterochl> 
 
# \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{} <Griseb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}ptilo\i0{} (down, as in feather) and \i{}agrostis\i0{}
(forage grass), alluding to pilose awns> 3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,-
13,(5-)10-60 14,2 19,1/2<?> 25,(1-)2-3 27,1/2<?> 37,1/2<?> 38,- 42,2 44,2
47,2 52,1 55<very>,2 56,0.2-0.9<less than 0.5 mm when dry> 58,1<filiform,
twisting when dried> 59,2/3 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,1/2 71,0.2-3 72,1/2<?>
73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2<?> 82,1/2<?> 83<(if present)>,1<?> 88,2-3 89,5 90,2
91,1/2 94,1<?> 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
121,2 123,3 141,3.4-7.5 145,1 147,1 154,2 157,1 160,2<0.2-0.8 mm long>
161,2 163,2 165,2<subequal> 166<slightly>,3/2 167,2<equalling to slightly
exceeding them> 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1-2<rounded, acute, or abruptly,
briefly acuminate> 176,2 177,2 179,2<firmly membranous to hyaline>
187,(0-)1/3/5<cf. Tsvelev 1976, Freitag 1985> 189,(0-)1/3 191,1 196,2 208,1
210<lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate> 211,1-2<not concealing the palea> 212,2
213,2 214,3 215<with oval to rectangular abaxial epidermal silica bodies>
216,2<membranous to leathery> 217<dark>,3 218,2 220,2 221,2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2<or sometimes bi-geniculate> 233,3<usually,
constituting a supposed distinction from \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}>/1-2<\i{}P.
kingii\i0{}> 234,3<7-42 mm long> 235,2<?> 236,2<and without a basal
articulation> 238,1 240,1<the pubescence diffuse, confined to the lower
part, or denser there> 244,2<terete> 246,1 247,2 248,(1-)3(-5) 250,1
251,1<about equalling the lemma> 253,2 254,2 255,1<the tip flat and
rounded> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3<the veins falling short of the apex> 260,1
261,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2<stipoid, the third somewhat different>
269,1<e.g. \i{}P. mongholica\i0{}>/2 270,2 271,1 272,3 274,0.4-3.3
275,1/1-2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.7-3.3 mm long> 289,1/2
290,2 291,1 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1/2<?> 304,1<the epiblast
short, truncate> 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1/2<?> 311,1 312,2 313,1 322,1/2
370,2 374,1 404,2 406,1/2 407<of \i{}P. kingii\i0{}>,2 415,2 469,11 470,22
471,2 473<medium sized> 476,2 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80
491<about>,8 492<eastern U.S.S.R., western China, Himalayas, western North
America> 493,1&3&6 494,1 495,1 497,2&4&5 506,1&2 507,1&3<?>
512,2-3<alpine-subalpine> 513,2 515<alpine-subalpine> 518<All the species
are pasture plants.> 524,5 531,1&2 534<Tvelev 1976; Barkworth 1983; Freitag
1985; Barkworth and Everett 1987; Barkworth 1993> 535<studied by us -
\i{}P. neomexicana\i0{}> 536<A \i{}Stipa\i0{} segregate containing \i{}S.
kingii\i0{}, \i{}S. mongholica\i0{}, etc., unsatisfactorily delimited from
\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}. See further comments under \i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu
lato.> 540<ptilagro> 
 
# \i{}Puccinellia\i0{} <Parl.>/
1<after Benedetto Puccinelli (1808-1850), Professor of Botany at Lucca>
4<Type: \i{}P. distans\i0{} (L.) Parl., \i{}type cons.\i0{}>
5<\i{}Atropis\i0{} (Trin.) Griseb., \i{}Pseudosclerochloa\i0{}> 7,1<a
few>/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,4-100 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1/2 44,2 47,2
49<generally>,2<rarely closed basally to almost one third their length>
52,1 53,1 55,2 56,0.5-5 58,1/2 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1/2
71,0.5-4.5 73,2 74,1 80,1&2 81,1/2 89,5<rarely reduced and racemelike>
91,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-13 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1
157,2<but the lemma base often hairy> 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,-
174,1/2<oblong> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 187,1(-2) 189,3 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,2-10 214,2<membranous, thinner apically> 216,2 218,1<or erose, often
ciliolate> 219,1/2 223,1 240,1<often only at the base>/2 244,2<or rarely
carinate> 246,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2<emarginate> 256,1 259,3 260,3
263,2<or scaberulous>/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3
274,0.3-2.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 290,1/2 291,2 295,1<round
to oval> 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1/2 310,1/2
311,1 312,2 314,1-3 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,1 327,1<but the \i{}costals\i0{}
tending to be fusiform> 328,1<thick walled> 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 346<in
\i{}P. stricta\i0{}>,24-27 348,1/2<slightly> 350,1<in some species the
stomata are sunken, with access to the exterior only via a triangular pore>
351,1 353,1/2<some solitary, some triplets> 354,1/2 356,1<elliptical>/2
360,2/3 363,3<predominating>/6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 396,1
399,1/2<sometimes of small cells, irregular in size, at the bases of
furrows - cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 401<when regularly grouped,>,1/- 403,1
404,1 406,1 410,1 469,7 470,14&28&35&42&49&56&70&77 471,2-11 473<large>
477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24 491<about>,80 492<North
temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1
497,1&2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,2&4 502,5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&8 505,1&2 506,1
507,1 508,3 509,2 511,1 512,2/3 514<usually>,1 517<\i{}P. airoides\i0{}>
518<\i{}P. airoides\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Phippsia\i0{} -
\i{}Pucciphippsia\i0{} Tsvelev> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&24&25&36
531,1&2 532,1&5 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}P.
stricta\i0{} (Hook.f.) Blom> 540<puccinel> 
 
# \i{}Puelia\i0{} <Franch.>/
5<\i{}Atractocarpa\i0{} Franch.> 7,2<sometimes with root tubers> 9,1
11,1/2<i.e. sometimes with separate fertile and vegetative culms> 14,2 19,2
29,1 30,1 37,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 46,- 47,2 48,2 52,4 55,1 56,20-70 59,1 63,1
65,1 66,2 69,2 72,1 73,2 74,2<the spikelets with proximal male florets and
a terminal female> 76,1 78,- 89<narrowly>,5 91,2 99,- 100,- 101,2/1<in that
the branches are sometimes subtended by small bracts> 102,2 103<short>,3
106,- 108,2 116,- 121,2 123,3 125,1 141,12-15 142,10 145,1 147,1 148,1<the
males falling together with the terminal female> 149,4<having a 1 mm
internode beneath the female floret, bearing a fleshy outgrowth embracing
the base of the floret> 150,- 154,2<seemingly> 157,2 163,2 165,1/2 167,1
171<ciliate on the margins> 174,1<the upper>/2 176,2 177,1 179,2 182,1
187,4/5 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,3-5 198,1 199,1 201,1<the stamens 6,
monadelphous, at least sometimes with penicillate anthers> 202<lanceolate>
203,2 204,11 205,1 208,1 211,1 214,3 215,1 216,2<pallid, softly leathery
below, becoming cartilaginous towards the apex> 218,1 219,2 223,1
240,1<except towards the tip> 244,2<rounded on the back> 247,2 248,9-11
250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1 256,1<apically fringed> 257,1 258,2<but
cartilaginous towards the apex> 259,4<5 nerved in the material seen>
260,1<abaxially rounded> 261,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2
272,0 277,1 278,1 279,2<and very long> 280,1<into one> 283,2-3 284,3 295,2
297,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<thin walled>
329,1 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity deep, rather irregular>
332<seemingly>,2<none seen in either of the species examined> 345,1 347,2
348,2-3<the triangles often apically truncated> 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1
356<when properly developed>,2&8 357<\i{}P. ciliata\i0{} with abundant
small microhairs and prickles intercostally> 359,1 360,1 361,1
363<consistently>,4 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1
396,3<with an abaxial arc of three (a large median with small laterals)
embedded in sclerenchyma, and a small adaxial sclerenchyma mass containing
1-3 small bundles> 397,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<these large and wide> 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<Is and anchors> 406,1 469,12 470,24
471,2 477,3 478,4 481,12 487,12 488,7 489,8 490,80 491,6 492<tropical
Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,3 513,1 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}P. ciliata\i0{} Franch., \i{}P. dewevrei\i0{} Wild. &
Dur.> 540<puelia> 
 
# \i{}Pyrrhanthera\i0{} <Zotov>/
3<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}, \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 7<low,
mat-forming>,2 9,1&3 11,- 13,1-3 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 58,1-2
59,2 65,2 66,2 70,- 73,2 74,1 88,1/2<1-3> 89,4/5<much reduced>/- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,- 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 155,1/2 157,2 160<very>,2 162,1 163,2 165,2 166,3<enclosing it>
167,2 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,- 176,2 179,2<ovate, leathery> 187,7-9 189,7-9
191,1/2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-3 214,2<leathery> 216,2 218,2
220<minutely>,3<3-toothed> 221,2 223,2<on the teeth> 240,1<minutely pilose>
241,2 242,2 244,2 248,9 250,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1
270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,2 293,- 295,1 296,2 297,1<the
fruit a tiny nut> 298,1 299,1 304,2 305,1 316,2 318,1 320,1 322,1 323,2
327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1-2 339,(45-)51-63(-66)
341,(22.5-)24-25.5(-26.4) 342,1.8-2.6 343,(13.5-)18-24(-25.5) 344,0.3-0.45
345,1 346,(39-)40-47(-48) 348,2/3 350,1/2 351,1 353,1 354,1 360,1/3
363,3&6&8 364<often>,1 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 394,- 395,1
396,1 399,2<confined to a simple fan over the midrib> 401,- 403,1 404,1
405,1 406,1 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,1<\i{}P. exigua\i0{}>
492<New Zealand> 493,5 494,6 504,10 505,1 513,2 514,2 515<upland grassy
plains> 534<Zotov 1963> 535<studied by us> 540<pyrrhant> 
 
# \i{}Racemobambos\i0{} <Holttum>/
1<from the Latin \i{}racemus\i0{} (branch or cluster) and Malay vernacular
name \i{}bambu\i0{}, referring to clustered spikelets>
5<\i{}Microcalamus\i0{} Gamble, \i{}Neomicrocalamus\i0{} Keng f.> 7,2 11,2
13,- 14,1 15,1 17,1<or scrambling, slender> 19,1 21,1<rarely>/(3-)4-20 23,4
30,1 31<where recorded,>,1 33,2 34<where recorded,>,2 35,1
36,1<rarely>/2<commonly> 38,- 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,1<the auricles raised or
not prominent> 48,1<these slender> 55,2 56,4-10<to 1 cm> 58,- 63,1
66<where recorded,>,1 67,1 72<consistently>,2<including
\i{}Neomicrocalamus\i0{}> 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 87,2 89,4/5<of small terminal
racemes or panicles, each spikelet subtended by a small bract> 91,-
101,1<not foliate, the bracts with or without a rudimentary blade> 102,1
103,3 106,1 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<all spikelets
twisted to side of blade opposite subtending leaf> 123<more or less>,1
126,2 141,15-20 142,9<mostly>/8/13<rarely> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
156,1 157,2 163,2/3<2-3> 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter> 166,1 167,1
168,2 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} slightly keeled near
tip> 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} much narrower> 187,1-3 189,9-11 191,2
192,2 193,1 194,1 196,2 208,2-6 214,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3<the apex
setiform> 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 234,1<the setum about 3 mm long> 240<with
fringed margins> 244,2 248,7-11<in material seen> 250,1 251,1<but shorter
than lemmas> 252,2 255,2 259,4<9 in material seen> 260,3 263,2/3 264,1
265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 272,6 274,5 275,2 276,2 277,2
278,1<usually>/2<very rarely> 279,2 280,1 283,3<the ovary apex swollen, no
hollow style> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1<costally and around the
stomata only> 325,1 326,3<often quite thick-walled, rather irregular> 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(30-)39-45(-47) 341,(6-)6.6-8.4(-9) 342,3.6-7.8
343,(18-)21-25.5(-28.5) 344,0.5-0.63 345,1<bordering the veins only,
completely covered by papillae> 346,27-30-33 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1
353,1<and solitary> 354,1 356,2&7 357<bulbous prickles with tiny points
common> 358,2 360,1 363,4<predominating>/7<quite common> 365,2 370,2 374,1
386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 393<the lamina flat to low-ribbed> 395,1<via the
large bundle and the prominent adaxial rib> 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all bundles> 406,1 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,62 491<about>,16 492<confined to Malesia, including
Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands> 493,5 494,2 496,3 500,3&4 504,9
534<Chao and Renvoise, 1989; Dransfield (1992: excludes taxa with
pseudospikelets)> 535<studied by us - \i{}R. gibbsiae\i0{} (Stapf) Holttum>
536<The status of the poorly known \i{}R. prainii\i0{} (Gamble) Keng (=
\i{}Arundinaria prainii\i0{}, \i{}Microcalamus prainii\i0{},
\i{}Neomicrocalamus\i0{} Keng f.) is uncertain: see Dransfield (1992)>
537,2 540<racemoba> 
 
# \i{}Raddia\i0{} <Bertol.>/
5<\i{}Hellera\i0{} Doell., \i{}Strephium\i0{} Nees> 7,2 9,3/3&1 11,2
13,10-50 14,2 19<where recorded,>,2<or nearly simple> 23,1 40,2
44<few,>,2 48,2 52,3/6<apiculate> 55,1/2 56,4-12<and 1-7 cm long>
57<rounded at base> 63,1 65,1 67,1 68<obsolete or fimbriate> 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,2&3 77,1<comprising lateral synflorescences of female racemes, and
terminal male panicles> 78,1 79,- 86,2<a synflorescence> 96,- 102,1 103,5
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<the pedicels short,
those of female spikelets longer and apically expanded> 131<male spikelets
shorter-pedicelled, florets with 2-3 free stamens> 133,2 135,1 138,2/3
141,7-8 142,8/10 144,- 145,3 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 168,2 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 179,2<firmly membranous, with
cartilaginous, undulating margins, cf. \i{}Sucrea\i0{}> 187,5 189,3 191,1
196,2 208,1 212<gibbous> 214,3<leathery> 216,1 223,1/2<?> 244,2 248,5 250,1
256,1 258,1 259<obscurely>,3 272,0 286,2<but enclosed> 287,1/2<2-7 mm long>
290,U 294,U 309,1 311,2<or the blade much reduced> 322,1 323,1 325,2
326,3<small, thick-walled> 327,2<costals much narrower> 328,1<medium thin
walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(45-)49-54(-57) 341,(3.4-)4.5-5.4(-6)
342,9.2-11.5 343,18-22.5 344,0.38-0.42 345,1 346,18-19.5-21
348<predominantly>,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1 360,1
363,7<predominating>/8<a few of the oryzoid form more or less isodiametric>
364<when isodiametric,>,1 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,1<very conspicuous>
391,1<very long and thin> 392,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<a large median with
a smaller lateral on each side> 399,1<these large, wide> 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<with most bundles> 406,1 469,11 470,22
471,2 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,5 492<Central and
South America, West Indies> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4&6 504,11 513,1
534<Soderstrom and Zuloaga 1988> 535<studied by us - \i{}R.
brasiliensis\i0{} A. Bertoloni> 537,2 540<raddia> 
 
# \i{}Raddiella\i0{} <Swallen>/
7<delicate>,2<\i{}R. esenbeckii\i0{} and perhaps \i{}R.
minima\i0{}>/1<mostly> 9,3/4<sometimes mat-forming> 11,2 13,5-30(-40) 14,2
19<where recorded, only in \i{}R. vanessiae\i0{}>,1/- 39,1 40,2 44,2 47,1/2
48,2 52,5/6<to ovate-triangular, often stringly asymmetrical and apiculate>
54,2<membranous>/3 55,2 56,2.4-8(-11)<and only 4-15(-22 mm long>
57<slightly to much asymmetric at their bases> 63,1 65,1
69,1/2<?-membranous or membranous-ciliate> 70,1 71,0.2-0.5 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,2&3 77,1/4<in partial (syn)inflorescences which are axillary and
all-female, terminal and all-male, or mixed> 78,1 86,1/2<some species with
synflorescences> 88,2 89<a scanty, racemelike panicle, sometimes reduced to
two spikelets> 96,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3
131<male spikelets shorter pedicelled than females, hyaline and early
deciduous> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,3 141,1.3-2.3(-2.7) 142,8
144,- 147,3<mostly>/1<the glumes persistent in two species> 148,- 149<with
a characteristic, thickened and indurate interglumal internode> 154,2 155,-
160,1 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,- 171,2 174,1<acute>
179,2<membranous-herbaceous, with basal pulvini> 187,3 189,3/5 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,3<thinly leathery> 215<smooth to papillose> 216,1<bony> 218,1
223,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 250,1 253,2 256,1 272,0 280,1 283,2 287,1 289,4
295,1<punctiform, elliptic or short-linear> 298,2 322,1 323,1
324,1&2<abundant> 326,3<most long-cells with a single median row> 327,2<the
costals much narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse>
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,34.5-42 341,5.4-6.3 342,6-7.8 343,16.5-18
344,0.4-0.5 345,1 346,19.5-21 347,1<two on each, but thin walled and
relatively inconspicuous> 348<predominantly>,3 350,1<slightly>/2 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,6 357<short, thick-walled macrohairs with simple bases
common> 358,2 360,1 363<consistently>,7 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1
390<insufficiently well preserved to score for arm-cells, in the material
seen> 391,1 392,2 393,3<and thin> 399,1<a large, wide group in every
intercostal zone> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<every bundle having a small I or
anchor> 406,1 469,10 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,7
492<West Indies and tropical America> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4 504,11 512,2
514,2 515<damp depressions and wet rocks near waterfalls> 534<Maguire
\i{}et al.\i0{} 1965; Zuloaga and Judziewicz 1991> 535<studied by us -
\i{}R. esenbeckiana\i0{} (Steud.) Calderon & Soderstrom> 537,2
540<raddiell> 
 
# \i{}Ratzeburgia\i0{} <Kunth>/
5<\i{}Aikinia\i0{} Wall.> 7,2 9,2 13,30-50 14,2 42,1 47,2 55,2 56,1-4 65,2
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1 89,-<of one linear, flattened, rather
fragile spicate raceme> 99,2 101,2 102,2 103,4 104,4<8-10 noded> 106,1
107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2 112,1 114,1 115,2 120,3 121,1<the rachis
dorsiventral, the spikelets on one side> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1<two opposite
sessile spikelets appressed back to back, one pedicellate> 128,2<but
closely opposed> 129,1 130,4 131<the pedicellate spikelet sterile,
vestigial> 141,5.6 144,1 145,3 147,3<with the adjacent joint and pedicel>
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 170,1 176,2 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery or crustaceous, reticulate-ribbed, pitted,
tuberculate and truncately winged at the tip, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
thinner and glabrous> 183,1<the keels apically broadly, truncately winged>
186,2<with 5-6 vertical rows of pits> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 205,2 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,1<scarious> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1
240,2 244,2 247,2 250,1 251,2/3 256,1 258,2<scarious> 264,1 266,2 267,2
269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,1<\i{}R.
pulcherrima\i0{}> 492<Burma> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 504,11 513,2 515<short
grassland> 537,2 538,4 540<ratzebur> 
 
# \i{}Redfieldia\i0{} <Vasey>/
1<named for J.H. Redfield> 3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 7<arenicolous>,2 9,1
11,- 13,50-120 14,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1<to filiform> 55,2 58<tapering to a
fine point> 59,3 61,1 65,2 68,1 69,3 70,- 71,1 73,2 74,1 89,5<up to half
the length of the culm> 91,1 94,1<these flexuous> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-8 142,5 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 157,1<silky-pilose> 158,- 163,2 165,2<to somewhat
unequal> 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 179,2<narrow lanceolate,
acuminate> 182,- 183,2 187,1 189,1 196,2 208,2-5 216,2<papery>
218,1/2<sometimes tridentate> 221<when incised>,2 223,1/2<the nerves
sometimes excurrent, forming 3 minute teeth> 240,2<but with a basal, hairy
callus> 244,1<compressed> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<as long as the lemma>
259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3<?> 277,1 283,2 286,2 289,4 295,1 297,3
298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1<the intercostal zones hidden in deep
grooves> 323,2 328,2<the intercostals thinner walled> 331,2 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,2 336,3 339,42-45 340,33 341,9.6-12 342,3.6-4.4 343,6.9-10.5
344,0.2-0.24 345,1 346,18-21 348,3 350,2 351<seemingly>,2 352,1 355,1 360,1
362,4 363<abundant, predominantly>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 371<somewhat
unusual, in that the PCR sheaths are often bifurcated in the outer parts of
the adaxial ribs, by intrusion of the adaxial sclerenchyma girder> 374,1
375,2 376,2 377,4 378,1 379,12<or more, not uniseriate but in the form of
an adaxial block of PCR cells which is either partially or completely
interrupted by the sclerenchyma girder> 383,2 389,1<in each intercostal
zone> 393,2 394,1<tall, somewhat hollowed at the sides> 395,2 396,1 398,2
399,1 400,2 401,2<these linking with the traversing columns of colourless
cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with a large I or anchor, though
in many the adaxial sclerenchyma mass is interrupted by PCR tissue> 406,1
442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of
\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}R. flexuosa\i0{}> 492<central U.S.A.>
493,6 494,1&2 495,1&3 496,2 497,4&5 504,11 507,3 512,4 513,2 515<inland
sandhills> 524,5 525,5 531,1 532,4 535<studied by us> 540<redfield> 
 
# \i{}Reederochloa\i0{} <Soderstrom & H.F. Decker>/
1<named after North American agrostologist, J.R. Reeder>
3<\i{}Distichlis\i0{}> 7,2 9<conspicuously>,2&3 13,3-11 14,2 19,2
27<sparsely or densely>,1 44,1 55,2 56,0.2-0.5<and 1.5-4 cm long>
59,3<involute> 61,1 63,2 65,2 68,1 69,1<apically erose> 73,3 74,2 75,2<on
the one plant> 76,2/3 80,1 88,2 89,-<a cluster of 2-4 appressed spikelets,
the males long exserted, the females sessile among the upper leaf sheaths>
95,1/3<?> 101,2 102,2 108,2 131<male spikelets 2-4 appressed, in exserted
inflorescences 0.5-1.5 cm long. Spikelets 5-13 mm long, laterally
compressed, glabrous, with 3-8 florets; palea glabrous, equalling the
lemma; stamens 3, unequal> 132,1 133,1 135,3-8 138,3 141,5-11 145,1
147<tardily>,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 171,1<at the base
only - glabrous above> 174,1 176,2 179,2<obovate-lanceolate>
187<indistinctly>,2-8 189<indistinctly>,8 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-8
210<broad at the base, narrowing above> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,1<densely pilose at the base, glabrous above> 248,10-13 250,1
251,1<broadened and hairy at the base> 252,1 256,1 258,2 264,1 266,2
268,1<small> 269,2<?> 272,0 277,1 283,2 289,4 293,2<hairs about 2/5 as
long as the fruit> 294,2<?> 295,1 297,3 323,1 324,1&2 326,2 330,1 332,1
333,1 334,1 335,2<often somewhat sunken> 345,1 352,2 353,2 355,1 360,3
362,1-3 363,3-4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,1 395,2
396,1 399,2 403,2 404,2<there being no adaxial sclerenchyma> 406,2
407,1<there being some sclerification of colourless cells in the abaxial
furrows> 409,1 442,2 470,38 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,47
491,1<\i{}R. eludens\i0{}> 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1 495,3 504,11 512,4 513,2
514,1<alkali flats> 534<Soderstrom and Decker 1964> 535<Van den Borre 1994;
studied by us - \i{}R. eludens\i0{} Soderstrom & Decker> 540<reederoc> 
 
# \i{}Rehia\i0{} <Fijten>/
5<\i{}Bulbulus\i0{} Swallen> 7,2 9,3<the slender culms in small dense
tufts> 11,2 13,12-19 14,2 19,2 24,1 27,1 40,2 44,2 48,2 55,1 56,7-16<and
2-4.5 cm long, acute> 57<somewhat>,1/3<but rounded at the base> 63,1 65,1
73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,4 78,1<the males smaller, glabrous> 86,2<with
synflorescences> 88,2/3 89,5<panicles terminal, small, borne singly or
several together, each of 2-5 spikelet pairs or triplets, scarcely exserted
or partially enclosed in a sheath> 101,1 102,1 108,1 109,- 120,3<sometimes
1 female with 2 male>/2 123,3 126,1 127,2 129,2 130,3 131<male spikelets 5
mm long, the floret with 3 stamens> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1 138,3
141,7-8 142,9 144,- 149,1 154,2 160,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 174,1<acute or
acuminate, somewhat twisted> 176,2 179,2<papery> 187,7 189,7 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,3<?> 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,1/2<?> 240,1<pilose> 246,2 250,1
272,0<but sometimes with staminodes> 287,2<5.5 mm long> 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 303,2 322,1<and the intercostal zones each with a median astomatal
zone> 323,1 324,2 325,1<from the adjoining long-cells and interstomatals>
326,3<two or three irregularly shaped papillae, of various sizes, per cell
in the stomatal zone> 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1<fairly thin walled>
330,1 331,1<the sinuosity fairly coarse> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,63-69
341,5.4-6.9 342,9.6-12.1 343,28.5-33 344,0.4-0.5 345,1<in broad intercostal
bands adjacent to the costal zones> 346,19.5-21 347,1<two on each, large
and conspicuous> 348<predominantly high>,2/3 351,1<in the astomatal zones>
353,1 354,1 356,6 357<prickles and macrohairs absent in the material seen>
358,2 360,1 363,7<mainly>/8<a few> 364<sometimes approaching Maltese>,1
365,2 370,2 374,1 390,2<? - seemingly, in the distorted material seen>
391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1<with a large, round-topped adaxial projection>
396,2<3 or 5> 397,1 398,2 399,1<a large, wide group in each intercostal
zone> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles with an I or an anchor>
406,1 469,10 470,20<\i{}Bulbulus nervatus\i0{}> 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4
488,3 489,34 490,50 491,1<\i{}R. nervata\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3
502,3 504,11 512,3 513,1 515<in forest> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<rehia>
 
# \i{}Reimarochloa\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
1<named for J.A.H. Reimarus, with Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass)>
3<\i{}Paspalum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1/2 47,2 55,2 57,3
59,1 65,2 66,2 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 89,2<slender racemes> 91,1 95,1 96,3-6
99,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<on
one side of the flattened rachis> 122,1 123,2 125<rather>,2 140,2<either
there is no L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and only one glume, or both glumes are
missing: the occasional presence of an apparent glume with terminal
spikelets suggests that most spikelets lack both glumes> 141,2-5 142,9
144,1 145,3 146,1 147,3 148,- 150,2 154,2 155,- 157,2 162,2 191,2<though
the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} could be mistaken for a glume> 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 202<pointed to acuminate> 203,2 204,3 205,3 206,1-2 207,2 208,1
210<acuminate> 212,2 214<membranous to thinly leathery> 215,2<or scarcely
so> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1<except at the base> 248,3 250,1
251,1 253,1<free for nearly half its length> 256,1 257,2 259,3 260,3<flat>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,3<dried> 287,1 293,- 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1
335,1 345,1 348,2<mostly>/3<rather indistinct> 350,2 351,1 353,1 360,1
363,8 364<mostly>,4 365,2 370,1 374,2 393,2-3 394,1/- 395,2 396,1
399,2<indistinguishable from macrohair cushions, etc.> 401,- 403,1 404,2
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,4 492<southern U.S.A.
to Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,3 502,1&3&4 504,11 512,2<mainly> 514,2
524,5 525,3 528,6 530,18 534<Hitchcock 1909> 535<studied by us - \i{}R.
brasiliensis\i0{} Hitchc., \i{}Reimaria brasiliensis\i0{} Schlecht. (=
\i{}R. acuta\i0{})> 540<reimaroc> 
 
# \i{}Reitzia\i0{} <Swallen>/
7,2 9<densely>,3 11,2 13<about>,10-25<?> 14,2 19,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,2 55,1
56,12-20<4-7.5 cm long, acute> 57,3<sub-truncate and slightly
asymmetrical at base> 63,1 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,4<each panicle with a
few female spikelets, each accompanied by 1-2 males> 78,1 79,2 86,2<a
synflorescence> 89<of reduced axillary and terminal racemelike panicles>
91,- 94,- 102,1 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2/3 121,2<?> 123,3 126,1
127,1<each female with 1-2 males> 128,- 129,3 130,2 131<male spikelets 3 mm
long, without glumes, lemma thin and 3-nerved, stamens 3> 132,2 133,2 134,2
135,1 137,1 138,3 141<about>,6 142,9 145,3 147,1 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,-
160,1 163,2 174,1<acuminate to attenuate> 177,2 178,- 179,2<leathery> 187,3
189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<becoming mottled with purple> 216,1<presumably>
223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3<the nerves white - according to Swallen>/5<Caldern
& Soderstrom> 250,1 258,1<presumably> 272,0 283,2<with long processes,
plumose, not curling> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 324,1&2<but
largely absent from the mid-intercostal regions> 325,1 326,3<small,
circular, numerous, in rows on the costal long-cells, scattered over the
intercostals bordering the costae, and concentrated in rings around the
stomatal crypts> 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1-2<the costals
thicker walled in places> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse, fairly
irregular> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,1<two per cell, overlying the
guard-cells> 348,2&3 350<seemingly>,1<the stomata in depressions between
the interstomatals, overhung by the small papillae> 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,2&3&5&6<mainly a slim version of the latter> 357<with numerous
intercostal prickles> 360,1<over the main veins>/2<over minor veins> 361,1
363,8 364,1-3<large> 365,1 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1
396,2<a large median, with a small bundle on each side> 397,1 398,2 399,1
401,1<these wide, of large cells> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles save the
median> 405,1<Is or anchors, in places> 406,1 477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4
488,3 489,34 490,50 491,1<\i{}R. smithii\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3
502,4&5 504,11 513,1 534<Swallen 1956> 535<studied by us> 537,2
540<reitzia> 
 
# \i{}Relchela\i0{} <Steud.>/
7,2 9,1&2 13,20-60 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<about>,5 59,1 65,2 66,2
69,1 70<toothed> 72,2 73,2 74,1 81,1&2 89,5 91,2 92,4 101,2 102,2 121,2
123,3 125,1 141,4-5 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,1<between the
florets, and above the upper one> 156,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,1-2
166,2 167,2 171,2 172<with scabrid keels> 174,1 176,2 177,1
179,2<lanceolate, membranous> 181,2 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1-2(-3)
210<oblong> 214,3<leathery or crustaceous> 218,1-2 219,2 220<when incised,
slightly>,2 221,2 223,1 240,2 243,2<above, shining below> 244,2<dorsally
rounded> 247,2 248,5/7 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1-2 256,1 257,1<membranous>
258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2<?> 270,1 272,3 277<apically>,2 283,2 287,1<about 1.75 mm long> 289,4
290,1 291<somewhat>,2/3 293,1 295,1<but elongated, almost a third as long
as the fruit> 298,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,42-48
348,1 350,1 360,1<in places>/3<in other places> 363,1<crenate, some short
and approaching dunb-bells> 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 396,1 398,2 403,1
404,1 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,4<?> 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19 491,1<\i{}R.
panicoides\i0{}> 492<Chile and Argentina> 493,7 494,3 502,5&6 504,11 512,3
513,1 515<at margins of woods> 534<data from Nicora and Rgolo de Agrasar
1987> 535<studied by us> 540<relchela> 
 
# \i{}Rendlia\i0{} <Chiov.>/
3<\i{}Microchloa\i0{}> 4<\i{}R. altera\i0{} (Rendle) Chiov.> 7,2
9<densely>,3<from a cushion of old, fibrous leaf sheaths> 13,5-35 14,2 19,2
27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 50<the basal sheaths persistent, densely
woolly, fibrous when old> 52,1 55,2 56<to>,0.7 58,1 59,2<at the base, the
adaxial surfaces adnate> 61,1 65,2 66,2<but usually burned off annually>
68,1 69,2<the membrane unusually firm> 70,- 71,0.2-0.3 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1/1&4<the uppermost 2-3 spikelets reduced> 78,- 89,1<to 5 cm
long, rarely a pair of spikes> 91,- 96,- 98,2<their tips obtuse>
99,2&3<convex on back, with membranous, hairy margins> 101,2 102,2 103,2
106,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122<alternately>,1 123,1 125,1
141,4-5.5 144,2 145<with the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} compressed obliquely,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} compressed dorsiventrally> 147,2<disarticulating
above the persistent G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
falling with and enveloping the florets> 148,1 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,1<small> 160,2 161,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<both longer than the
florets> 170,2 171,1<lanose, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<glabrous,
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 173,3 174<obtuse, lanceolate-oblong> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179,1<firmly
membranous, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} obliquely laterally compressed, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} dorsally compressed> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1
194<male or sterile, banana-shaped, hairless, the lemma shorter and thinner
than the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, the palea reduced or absent> 195,2 196,2
208,1 214,2 216,2 218,2 220<shortly>,2 221,2 223,1 240,1<with dense, silky
hairs on the keels> 244,2<but rather, 3 keeled: laterally compressed, the
margins beyond the lateral keels narrow, hyaline, infolded> 247,2 248,3
250,1 251,1<slightly exceeding the lemma> 255,2 256,1<glabrous> 257,1
258,2<hyaline-membranous> 259,3 260,3 262,2 263<minutely>,2 264,1<briefly
joined to the base of the palea> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3
274,2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1<suppressed in the upper floret> 280,2 283,2 284,3
286,2 287,1<2 mm long> 289,4 291,2/4 294,U 295,1 297,U 298,2<seemingly,
judging from immature material> 322,1 323,2 328,1<medium thick walled>
330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,1 334,1<15 to 18 microns in diameter>
335,2 345,1 346,27-28.5-30 348<high>,2/3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary>
354,2 355,1 360,1 362,3 363<almost exclusively>,4<large> 365,2 366,1<there
being only a flange of lamina and two bundles on each side, these
increasingly reduced acropetally> 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2
390,2<although with some hints of wall intrusions in the material seen>
396,2<a large arc of about 16 bundles, with the median slightly larger than
the rest> 397,1<the entire adaxial area of the leaf being colourless>
399,- 401,- 402,- 403,2 404,1<with the large lamina-flange bundles only>
405,1<the lamina-flange bundles only> 406,1 409,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}R. altera\i0{} (Rendle) Chiov.> 492<eastern
tropical and southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3
513,2 514,2 515<shallow soils in grasslands> 535<studied by us>
540<rendlia> 
 
# \i{}Renvoizea\i0{} <Zuloaga & Morrone>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{} Sect Lorea> 4<\i{}R. trinii\i0{} (Kunth) Zuloaga &
Morrone> 7,2 9<forming robust tussocks,>,1&3 44,1 52<pungent,>,1-3 55,2
59,1/3 68,1/2 69<when present,>,2/3 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,3/5 91<very>,2 92,3
142,8 144,1 145,1 146,2 147,3 154,2 163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167,2
171,1/2<pilose or glabrous> 176,2 177<somewhat>,1 179,2 180,0.5-0.8 181,1
187,3-5 189,5(-7) 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,2 201,1 208,1 214,3
215<shiny,>,1 216,1 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 248,5(-7) 250,1
251,1 256,1 295,1 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 370<supposedly>,2
374,1 385,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,9 488,4
489,37 490,58 491,10 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 534<Sede, S.M., Morrone, O.,
Giussani, L.M., and Zuloaga, F.O. (2008). Phylogenetic Studies in the
Paniceae (Poaceae): a realignment of section Lorea of \i{}Panicum\i0{}.
\i{}Syst. Bot.\i0{} 33(2):284-300> 538,4 540<renvoize> 
 
# \i{}Reynaudia\i0{} <Kunth>/
7,2 9,3 13,15-40 14,2 19,2 27,1 44,1 47,2 55,2<slender> 59,3<involute> 65,2
66,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,2<rather narrow, 3-6 cm long> 94,- 100,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 123,3 141,3-4 144,-
145,1 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2<?> 162,1 163,2 165,1 166<(the
upper)>,1-2<the upper about half as long> 167<the upper>,1-2<sometimes
little shorter than the spikelet> 170,- 171,2 176,1<both long-awned from
between the lobes of the bifid apex> 177,1 179<firmly membranous>
187<strongly>,3/5 189<strongly>,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2
203,1<shortly, from the apical notch>/2<but then mucronate> 204,3 205,3
206,3<similar to the glumes> 208,1 214,1 216<thin> 221,2 223,1/2<the nerve
excurrent from the keel> 240,- 244,1 247,2 248,5<with 2 pairs of obscure
laterals> 250,2 264,2<?> 272,2 289,4 290,U 291,2 294,U 322,1 323,2
327,1<but the costals smaller and narrower> 328,1<walls of medium
thickness> 330,1 331,1<pitted> 332,1 335,1 339,48-54-60
341,(9-)9.3-9.9(-10.2) 342,4.8-6.7 343,(27-)33-36(-39) 344,0.56-0.67 345,1
346,27(-30) 348,3 349,1 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,2 360,2 363,3<a
few>/5<very few>/6<predominating> 365,2 370,1 374,2 386,2 393,1
394,1<round-topped> 395,2 396,1 397,1<each rib with an adaxial group of
large colourless cells> 399,1 401,1<these small, in each furrow> 403,2
404,2<each bundle with a wide, narrow adaxial strand and an abaxial girder>
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2<Arthropogoneae> 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,80
491,1<\i{}R. filiformis\i0{}> 492<West Indies> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11
512,3 513,2 515<savanna, palm barrens, bushy slopes> 535<studied by us>
537,2 540<reynaudi> 
 
# \i{}Rheochloa\i0{} <Filg., P.M. Peterson & Y. Herrera>/
1<alluding to the flightless bird, \i{}Rhea\i0{}, after which the type
locality of the genus is named> 4<\i{}R. scabriflora\i0{} Filg., P.M.
Peterson & Y. Herrera> 7,2 9<more or less>,4<with flexuous culms> 13<60-75
cm long> 14,2 17,1-2 18,1-2 19,2<but occasionally branched basally>
25,15-18 26,1 27,2 29,1 37,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths rounded on the back,
glabrous> 52,3-5 55,2 56,4-5 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,1 71,0.6-1 72,2
73,2 74,1 76,1 89,2<reddish> 95,2 96,3-5 98,1 99<triangular in section>
101,2 102,2 105,1<more or less?> 120,1 121,1 122,1<?> 123,2-3<the pedicels
0.5-1 mm long> 125<fairly distant from one another> 141,5.4-5.6
143<red-purplish brown> 145<strongly>,1 147,1 148,1<?> 149,1 154,1<the
prolongation well developed> 155,2 156,1<or rather, with one apical
rudiment> 157,2 160,2 161,2 163,2<leathery> 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,2 171,2
172<finely scabrous along the midnerve> 174,2 175,2 176,2<muticous> 177,1
179,2 187,1 189,1 191,1/2<usually, at least in the form of a terminal
vestige> 192,2 193,1/2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,1<the upper of the two
well-developed florets then being male-only>/2 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1
223,1 240,2 243,1-2 244,1-2<?> 245,2 247,2 248<strongly>,3 249,2 250,1
251,1<almost equalling the lemma> 255,2 256,1 257,2<hyaline> 258,2 259,3
260,3 261,1 262,2 263,1-2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271<heavily
vascularised> 272,3 274,1-1.2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 281,3 283,2
284<yellowish to tan> 285,2 286,2 287,1<2.7-2.8 mm long> 288<reddish
brown> 289,2 290,2 291,4 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 322,1 323,1 324,1/1&2<? 
most apparently costal, mainly in the form of two largish, oblique papillae
per long-cell> 325,2 326,3<few  mostly two per long-cell>
327,1<elongated-rectangular> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2
344,0.3-0.7<apical and basal cells more or less equal> 345,1 347,2 348,2
351,2 352<seemingly>,1 359,1 360,2/3<the available drawing depicts them
mostly (ostensibly?) solitary, with a few pairs. The intervening costal
cells labelled there sc are long-cells as interpreted conventionally and
throughout the present data> 361,1 362,4 363,8<?  not adequately resolved
in the available illustration>/- 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,2
385,1 393,1-2/3 394,1<the adaxial ribs low and round-topped>
395<seemingly>,2<not mentioned in the available description>
396<presumably>,1 397,2 399,1 400,2 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}R. scabriflora\i0{}>
492<central Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 512,3<in humid grassland>
534<Filigueiras \i{}et al\i0{}. (1999)> 535<Filigueiras \i{}et al\i0{}.
(1999, text and drawings)> 540<rheochlo> 
 
# \i{}Rhipidocladum\i0{} <McClure>/
1<from the Greek \i{}rhipis\i0{} (fan) and \i{}klados\i0{} (branch),
alluding to habit> 7,2 11,2 14,1<slender, arborescent or scrambling> 17,1-2
19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,11-20 22<nearly always>,5<clumped ony in
\i{}R. ampliflorum\i0{}> 23,4 30,1 31<where recorded,>,1/- 35,1 36<where
recorded,>,1/2/4 37,2 38,1 39,1 40,2 44,2 48,1 55,1 63,1 65,1/2 66<where
recorded,>,1 67,1 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 101,1 102,1 103<lax,>,2/3 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<usually>/2 121,1<the racemes unilateral>/2<the
racemes bilateral, zigzag> 123,1/2 125,2 141,20-60 142,9/13/12<commonly>
144,- 145,1<?> 147,1 148,2 154,1 163,2/3<?> 165,1 167,1 176,2 191,2 192,2/3
194,1 196,1/2 197,1 203,2 205,1 206,2 207,2 208,2-8<? few to several>
214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 250,1 252,2 255,1 256,1 258,2 260,3<and
sulcate> 264,1 265,3<rarely 0-2> 266,1<posterior, smaller - rarely,
lodicules 0-2> 267,2 268,2 269,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,1<rarely>/2
279<when present,>,2 280<basally>,1 283,2 290,1/2 295,2 298,2 303,2 322,1
323,1 324,1&2<conspicuous, especially around the stomata and around the
costal short-cells> 325,1 326,3<most cells with one or two rows of circular
papillae> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,39-51
341,6-8.4 342,5.9-6.3 343,21-27 344,0.47-0.54 345,1 346,24-28.5
347<perhaps>,1/-<it being hard to distinguish whether they come from the
adjoining cells> 348,- 350,1<the stomata and subsidiaries sunken, obscured
by papillae> 351,1 353,2<in \i{}R. racemiflorum\i0{}, and seemingly
solitary but obscured by special quartets and rosettes of papillae in
\i{}R. pittieri\i0{}> 360,3<mostly seemingly solitary, obscured in \i{}R.
pittieri\i0{} by special papillae> 361,3/2<in the material of the two
species seen> 363<(or at least, the silica cells)>,5/- 365,- 370,2 374,1
385,2 386,1-2 390,2 391,1<conspicuous in both \i{}R. pittieri\i0{} and
\i{}R. racemiflorum\i0{}, though less so in the latter and more easily
detected towards the edges of the lamina> 392,2 393,3<except for a single
adaxial rib near one margin> 395,1 396,1 398,2<unless the marginal rib be
interpreted as a highly asymmetric midrib> 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 406,2
407,1&4 408,1&3<there being groups of abaxial hypodermal fibres opposite
the bulliforms, and adaxial groups or isolated fibres lining or adjoining
them> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,11 491,11 492<Central &
South America> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 535<studied by us - \i{}R.
pittieri\i0{} (Hack.) McClure, \i{}R. racemiflorum\i0{} (Steud.) McClure>
540<rhipidoc> 
 
# \i{}Rhizocephalus\i0{} <Boiss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}rhiza\i0{} (root) and \i{}cephale\i0{} (head), re the
almost sessile heads of spikelets> 7<dwarf>,1 9,- 11,- 13,1-3<i.e., almost
without culms> 14,2 27,- 38,- 39,- 44,1 47,2 52,2 55,2 56,1-4 59,1/2 65,2
69,1 70,2 71,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,2 92,1 94,- 98,- 99,- 100,- 101,2<but
the head-like panicles partly concealed among the leaves> 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2<?> 123<shortly>,3 141,3-7 144,-
145,2 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,-
171<shortly>,1<with clavate hairs> 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<thinly learthery> 183,- 187,3 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<acuminate>
214,3 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2 240,1 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,5<the lateral
nerves much thickened> 250,1 251,1 255,1<lanceolate> 256,1 257,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3/1 264,2 266,- 272,2 274,0.5-0.8 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 289,4<rostrate> 291,2 293,- 295,1
298,2 322,1 323,2 327<fairly>,1<the costals smaller> 328,1-2<the costals
somewhat thicker walled> 330,1&2 331,1-2<heavily pitted, the sinuosity
fine, more apparent at lower levels of focus> 332,2 345,1<in quite deep
depressions between the interstomatals, the guard-cells quite
sausage-shaped> 346,(33-)36-42(-45) 347,2 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,-
357<with a few blunt costal prickles> 360,3<mostly solitary> 361,1
363,1&2<numerous, often quite irregular> 370,2 374,1 393,1 394,1
395,1-2<fairly obvious from the infolding of the blade, but scarcely so
from bundle size or sclerenchyma layout> 396,1 398,2 399,2<no bulliforms
apparent> 403,2 404,2<each bundle limited to small abaxial and adaxial
strands> 406,1 442,- 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,61 491,2 492<southwest and central Asia> 493,1&3 494,1 495,2 498,3
504,11 512,4 513,2 515<arid places> 535<studied by us - \i{}R.
orientalis\i0{} Boiss.> 540<rhizocep> 
 
# \i{}Rhomboelytrum\i0{} <Link>/
3<\i{}Chascolytrum\i0{}> 5<\i{}Rombolytrum\i0{} Link> 6<\i{}Gymnachne\i0{}>
7,2 9,1/3 13<about>,10-50 14,2 19,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2
69,1 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,5 91,2 92,3-4 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 125,1
141,4.5-7 142<rhomboidal or>,7/- 145,1<but the florets dorsiventrally
flattened> 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,2
166,1 167,2 171,2 172,2 176,2 177,1<the keel scabrid> 179,2<lanceolate or
naviculate> 181,2 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,4-10
210<broadly lanceolate or rhomboid, with thickened margins in the lower
third> 216,1<on the lower third of the margins, thin towards the tip>
218,1/2 219,1 220<when incised,>,2 221<when incised,>,2<bidentate> 223,1-2
240,1<especially on the margins below> 244,2 247,2 248,5/7/9 250,1
251,1<lanceolate> 253,2 255,1-2 256,1 257,1<papery> 258,2 259,3 260,3<flat
between the hairy or fringed keels> 262<slightly>,1 263,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,1 274<very small in cleistogamous florets>
277,1 280,2<subsessile> 283,2 286,1<to the palea> 287,1 289,4 291,2 295,1
298,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrow, rectangular> 328,1<fairly
thick walled> 330<mostly>,2 331,1 332,2 345,1 348,1-3<many approaching the
triangular with truncated apices configuration> 350,1 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,3 360,3<mostly in short rows to paired> 363,1<a few, but short and
irregular so as sometimes to approach panicoid type crosses etc.>/3<a few,
variously distorted>/6<common, but variously distorted>/8<a few> 364<a few
assignable as>,1 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2 394,1<mostly round
topped> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1<a large group in each furrow> 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<slender to heavy Is> 406,1 421,2 477,2
478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,19 491,2 492<South America> 493,7
494,3&6 502,6 504,11 505,2 513,2 515<stony slopes> 534<Nicora and Rgolo de
Agrasar 1981> 535<studied by us -\i{}R. monandrum\i0{} (Hack.) Nicora &amp;
Rugolo> 540<rhomboel> 
 
# \i{}Rhynchelytrum\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}rhychos\i0{} (beak) and \i{}elytron\i0{} (scale),
referring to beaked glumes and lemmas> 3<\i{}Melinis\i0{}; cf.
\i{}Tricholaena\i0{} - Fosberg and Sachet 1981> 4<Type: \i{}R. repens\i0{}
(Willd.) C.E.Hubb.> 5<\i{}Monachyron\i0{} Parl.> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,1/2/3/4
11,- 13,20-120 14,2 19,1/2 27,1 32,3 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1<rarely>/2 52,1
55,1<rarely>/2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2-3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1
89,5/2<often decompound, rarely composed of secund racemes> 91,1/2 94,1/2
97,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 124,3<often hairy> 141,2-11 142,8/10 145,1<often asymmetric>
147,1<the fruiting floret falling first>/3<falling from the pedicel>
149,1/2 154,2 157,1/2 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,-
171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} usually villous or pubescent below, rarely
glabrous> 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} only, sometimes awned or mucronate or
beaked upwards>/2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} a scale up to 1/3 spikelet
length, or reduced to a vestige or rim, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} longer,
apically emarginate or bifid, and awned or mucronate from the sinus, firmly
membranous or papery, curved on the back> 187,0-1 189,5-7<often gibbous
below> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2<rarely> 199<when present,>,1-2
201,1/2 203,1 204,5 205,3<similar to the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, or narrower
and less gibbous> 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,1-2<membranous to papery>
215,1<shiny> 216,2 217,1 218,1<truncate>/2<emarginate or minutely
two-lobed> 219,2/- 220<when incised,>,2 221,2 223,1 240,2<usually glabrous,
rarely ciliate> 244,2 246,1 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2 259,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,3 286,2
287,1 289,4 291,1/3 295,1 298,1 299,1/2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1
312,1 313,2 314,18 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,60-75-87 341,(4-)4.5-5.4(-6) 342,12-19.3 343,(35-)40-47(-48)
344,0.55-0.67 345,1 346,(27-)28.5-30(-36) 348,3 350,2 351,1
353,1&2<solitaries> 354,1<when paired>/2 356,5 360,1 363,8 364,1-3/4 365,2
370,1 373,1<\i{}R. repens\i0{}> 374,1 375,1 378,2 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,1
393,3 394,- 395,1/2 396,1/2<rarely> 397,1/2 399,1 401,1&2 403,1 404,1 405,1
406,1 410,2 413,2<2 species> 414,3.63 469,9 470,36 471,4 477,7 478,5
485,2<Melinideae> 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491,14 492<tropical Africa,
Madagascar, Arabia to Indochina> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&2
496,1&2&3 497,4 498,1&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,2&3&4 502,1 504,2&4&5&6&7&9 507,3
508,1&2&3&4 511,1 513,2 514,2 515<savanna and grassland, often in disturbed
ground> 516<\i{}R. repens\i0{}> 524,5 525,3 528,6 530,18 531,1 532,1
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}R. repens\i0{} (Willd.) Hubbard>
540<rhynchel> 
 
# \i{}Rhynchoryza\i0{} <Baillon>/
7,2 14,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 52,1 55,2 56,5-10 59,1 63<seemingly>,1<see
illustration by Nicora and Rgolo de Agrasar 1987> 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,2<acute> 71<large> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3
140,2<owing to extreme reduction of the glumes, cf. \i{}Oryza\i0{}>
141<about>,15-25 142,9 145,1 147,1<in so far as these can be said to be
present>/- 154,2 157,2 160,1 162,1-2<vestigial, cf. \i{}Oryza\i0{}> 163<if
considered present,>,2 164,1 165,2 166,1 167,1 168,1 176,2 187,0 189,0
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2<the lower larger> 198,2 201,2<much reduced, cf.
\i{}Oryza\i0{}> 202<broadly ovate, cuspidate> 203,2 204,3 205,1<only about
1/10 the length of the spikelet> 207,2 208,1 210<leathery below, with the
tip beneath the awn in the form of a beak extending beyond the palea,
containing transversely septate aerenchyma and specialised as a flotation
device> 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 228,3 231,1 233,1 240,2 244,1 247,2
248,5 250,1 251,1 257,2 259,4 260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,2 272,6 277,1
280,2 283,2 291,3<cylindrical to somewhat hexagonal in section> 295,2
298,2 301,2 322,1 323,1 324,2<in the broad stomatal zones - adjoining the
costae - only> 325,1<often from the interstomatals, as well as from the
subsidiaries> 326,3<round, rather irregular in size and distribution on
each cell> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,1 335,1 345,1 347,1
348<predominantly>,3 351,1<especially in the astomatal regions> 353,1 354,1
356<narrowly>,8 360,2<and a few short rows> 363<predominantly>,7<these
abundant>/5<a few, representing poorly developed oryzoids> 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1<conspicuous> 391,1 392,2<these unusual, in that
they are often in pairs contiguous on their long axes, and sometimes with a
third contiguous member inside, projecting further into the intercostal
region> 393,3 395<very>,1<being much enlarged and aerenchymatous, with
conspicuous groups of stellate chlorenchyma> 396,3<with a complete,
peripheral ring of bundles, the adaxial series being smaller but not
inverted, and with a few small disorientated bundles in the internal
trabeculae between the air cavities> 397,1<and large lacunae> 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 405,1<most bundles with Is> 406,1 458,1 477,3 478,3 481,2
487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,1<\i{}R. subulata\i0{}> 492<Paraguay to
Argentina> 493,7 494,3 502,5 504,11 512,2 514,2 535<studied by us>
540<rhynchor> 
 
# \i{}Rhytachne\i0{} <Desv.>/
5<\i{}Lepturopsis\i0{} Steud.> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3 13,25-120 14,2 19,1<\i{}R.
gonzalezii\i0{}>/2 23,1 25<few noded> 27,2 37,1 42,2 44,2 47,1<from the
apex of the sheath>/2<but with long hairs in the auricular position> 52,1
55,2<to filiform> 56,1-9 58,1-2<often rolled> 59,1/2/3/4 65,2 66,2 69,1
70,1 71,0.75-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75<nearly always>,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1<the
pedicellate spikelets nearly always much reduced> 79,2 89,4<of single,
usually terminal racemes these cylindrical and themselves culm-like until
the embedded spikelets open> 99,1<the articles hollowed to take the
contiguous sessile spikelets> 100,- 101,1/2 102,2 103,4 104,5<12-30> 106,1
107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<clavate, as long as or longer than the sessile
spikelet> 112,1 113,1/2<the summit of the joint concave to cupular> 114,1
115,2<at the apex and onto the pedicels>/3 120,2<but the pedicellate member
sometimes reduced to a sclae-tipped pedicel> 121,1<the racemes somewhat
dorsiventral, the sessile spikelets in two alternating rows on one side>
123,1&2/1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4<variously reduced, sometimes
suppressed>/1<\i{}R. perfecta\i0{}> 131<the pedicelled member usually
suppressed, vestigial or represented by an awn, occasionally well developed
(even bisexual, in \i{}R. perfecta\i0{}). The pedicel usually foliaceous>
141,2-8 144,1 145,3 146,1/2 147,3 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1/2 158,-
160,1/2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2<exceeding them> 170,1 171,2 172,1
173,- 174,1 176,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and/or G\sub{}2\nosupersub{},
sometimes>/2 177,2 178,- 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, convex,
often transversely rugulose, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} membranous or hyaline,
with or without a terminal subule> 183,1<and sometimes obscurely
winged>/2<then the sides rounded> 184,1 185,2 186,1/3<or longitudinally
ribbed> 187<obscurely>,5 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199,2
201,1/2<rarely> 203,2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
210<linear-lanceolate to oblong> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,2
244,2 247,2 248,1-2<rarely 3> 250,1 251,1/2/3<shorter than the lemma, or
very short> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2<hyaline> 259,3/1 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 272,3 274,1.5-2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 284,3 290,U
291,2 294,U 322,1/2 323,2 327,1/2<with the costals much smaller> 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1/2 335<when present,>,1 345,1/2 348,3/- 349,- 350,- 351,1
353,1<abundant> 354,1 356,1<to elliptical> 360,2 363,3 365,2 366,1/2 370,1
374,2<seemingly> 383,1 393,1/2/3 395,1<or the blade acicular and reduced to
the midrib> 396,2 397,1 399,1/2<typical bulliforms sometimes absent, the
epidermis of large cells> 401<sometimes>,1/- 403,1 406,1 470,20 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,12 492<tropical and southern
Africa, Madagascar, tropical South America> 493,4&7 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3
504,11 508,2&3 512,2<pans and riversides>/3<grasslands> 513,2 514,2 531,2
533,1&2&3 534<Clayton 1978> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 537,2 540<rhytachn> 
 
# \i{}Richardsiella\i0{} <Elffers & Kennedy OByrne>/
1<named for H.M. Richards, plant collector> 7,1<with filiform culms> 9,3<or
with solitary culms>/- 13,7-18 40,2 44,2 52,1 55,2 56<to>,1.5<1-6.5 cm
long> 59,1/3<involute> 61,2<at the base of hairs> 62,3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,-
71,1<with longer lateral tufts> 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2 91,2<to 7 cm long,
with few-to-many 5-12 mm long incurved racemes> 95,3 96,3-11<rarely 1-2>
98,2<the main axis and the lateral racemes ending in a naked scaberulous
bristle> 99,- 100,2 101,2 102,2 103,3 106,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1<alternate, contiguous> 121,1 122,1 123,3<the pedicels short, bristly>
141,1.6-2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157<not recorded: the callus
referred to in the original description is the pedicel, beneath the
persistent glumes> 163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2<equalling or exceeding
the spikelets> 171,1<with spreading tubercle-based hairs on the keel, fewer
of them on G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 174,1<acutely acuminate> 176,1<aristate,
aristate-acuminate or caudate-acuminate>/2<acutely acuminate>
177,1<somewhat> 179,2<deciduous, lanceolate to narrowly ovate and acutely
acuminate, membranous> 181,1-2 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,6-12
214,2-3<membranous to hyaline> 216,2 218,1/2 221,2<entire or shallowly
emarginate> 223,1-2<apiculate or shortly mucronate> 240,1<ciliate, with
stiff, white hairs on the margins> 244,1-2 248,1 250,1 251,1
255,1<truncate, oblong> 256,1 259,3 260,3<but convex and gibbous below
between the rigid keels> 263,3<pectinate-ciliate> 264,1<minute>/2
265<when present,>,2 266,2 269,2 272,2<anthers 0.25-0.4 mm long, broadly
oblong> 274,0.25-0.3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2<slender> 283,2 286,2
287,1<0.3-0.4 mm long> 289,4 291,3<terete> 293,- 295,1 297,1 298,1 299,1
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<the walls rather thick> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,2 336,2 339,(27-)31-32(-33) 340,12 341,(6-)6.6-7.8(-9)
342,3.7-5.3 343,18-19.5-21 344,0.59-0.64 345,1 346,18-27 348,2&3 350,2
351,1 352,2-3 353,2<mostly solitary> 354,1 355,1 360,2/3<paired, solitary
and in short rows> 362,4 363,4<predominating, a rather irregular small
version>/5-6<few> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,1 386,-
393,1 394,2<there being a big, flat-topped rib towards each margin>
395,1<via its large, round-topped adaxial rib and large bundle> 396,1
399,1<and sometimes in irregular groups> 400,2 401<sometimes>,1/2<?> 403,1
404,1 405,1<primary bundles> 406,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,32
491,1<\i{}R. eruciformis\i0{}> 492<southeast tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2
496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3/4 513,2 514,2 515<dry sandy places>
534<Elffers and Kennedy-OByrne 1949> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us>
540<richards> 
 
# \i{}Robynsiochloa\i0{} <Jacques-Flix>/
3<\i{}Rottboellia\i0{}> 9,2 13,100-150 14,2<erect> 19,1 26,1 27,1 29,1 37,2
44,2 47,2 50<sheaths with tuberculate hairs> 52,1 55,2 56,4-6
59,1<rarely>/2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70<somewhat>,1 71,1.5-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&3 77,4 78,1<and the sessile female spikelets crustaceous, the
pedicellate males herbaceous> 79,2 89<a solitary raceme terminating the
culm> 91,- 101,2 102,2<the raceme more or less disengaging from the
uppermost, non-spathiform sheath> 103,3<spiciform>/4 104,5<15 to 20> 106,1
107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2 112,1 113,2 114,2 115,3 120,2 121,1<the raceme
strongly dorsiventral, the sessile spikelets in two alternating rows on one
side of the rachis> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,1<to a variable extent> 129,1
130,3 131<pedicellate spikelets herbaceous, asymmetrically lanceolate;
florets 1-2, the lower male, the upper male or sterile> 133,1 134,1/2
135,1/2 136,1 138,3 141,6 143<orange> 144,1 145,3<thick, obconical> 146,1
147,3<and the pedicel and rachis segment> 148,1 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2
160,2 161,2<dumpy> 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 170,1 171,2 172,1
174,2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} bidentate, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} blunt> 176,2
179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} crustaceous and rounded on the back,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} leathery on the back with hyaline margins, naviculate
and keel-winged above> 183,1<the keels winged above> 184,1 185,2
186,5<shining between the tiny projections> 187<about>,17 189<about>,15
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<indurated below, with hyaline wings>
201,1 202<ovate-lanceolate> 203,2 204,3 205,2 206,1-2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1<conspicuously
naviculate> 247,2 250,1 251,1<linear> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3<the
margins narrow, inflexed> 260,3 261,1 262,2 263,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 281,3 282,1 283,2 287,1 288<golden
yellow> 289,5 291,3 292,1 295,1 298,1 301,2 303,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals much narrower, more regularly rectangular> 328,1<the walls of
medium thickness> 329,1 330,1-2 331,1-2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2
348<rather consistently>,3 350,2<consistently very slightly overlapping
them> 351,1 353,1&2<often solitary> 354,1 356,3&5&8 357<neither macrohairs
no prickles seen> 359,1 360,1 361,1 363,8 364,1-3 370,1 374,2 378,2 393,3
395,1 396,2<with one large median> 397,1 398,2 399,1<in places>/2<for the
most part, the epidermis more or less irregularly bulliform>
401<occasionally>,1<of the \i{}Zea\i0{} type> 404,1<with all the primaries
and some of the other main bundles, some others with abaxial girders only>
406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2<?> 490,63<?> 491,2<\i{}R.
purpurascens\i0{}, \i{}R. goalparensis\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa> 493,4
494,2 496,1&3 499,2&3 500,1 504,11 508,3 535<studied by us - \i{}R.
purpurascens\i0{} (Robyns) Jac.-Fl.> 540<robynsio> 
 
# \i{}Rottboellia\i0{} <L.f.>/
1<named for C.F. Rottboell> 5<\i{}Stegosia\i0{} Lour.>
6<\i{}Robynsiochloa\i0{}> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,30-300 14,2 19,1 23,1 27,2 37,1
38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1 58,- 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,1<?>/2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4
78,1<but all similar in texture> 79,1<with terminal, homogamous imperfect
pairs and heterogamous pairs below> 80,2 81,1/2 89,4/5<with terete,
spike-like racemes, terminating the culms and branches, or axillary,
solitary or in fascicles> 92,- 94,- 98,2<the upper homogamous spikelet
pairs increasingly reduced, forming a tapered, tail-like terminal appendage
to the rachis> 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,1 103,4<cylindrical, with embedded
spikelets> 106,1&3<fascicled> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<flattened below,
cupular above> 112,1 114,1/2<and the pedicelled spikelets disarticulating
obliquely, leaving shallow crescentic scars> 115,3 120,2 121,1<the sessile
spikelets in two alternating rows, on one side of the rachis> 123<all
sessile, but recognisably incorporating fused pedicels> 126,1 127,1 128,1
129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicelled spikelets male or sterile, striate,
compressed, herbaceous> 145,3<trigonous> 147,3<and with the joint, the
pedicelled spikelets falling separately> 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
173,- 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower flat-backed and 2-keeled above, the upper
naviculate, winged> 183,1<narrowly winged at the apex> 184,1-2 185,2
186,1<scabridulous> 187,11-13 189,11-13 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
201,1 203,2 204,3 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1 216,2 218,1
221<entire> 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline>
259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(31-)36-42(-48)
341,(4.2-)4.5-5.1(-5.4) 342,5.8-9.3 343,(15-)18-24(-29) 344,0.48-0.57 345,1
346,(22.5-)24-28.5(-30) 348<low>,2&3 350,2 351,1 353,2<usually> 354,1/2
356,5/6 360,1 363,8 364,1-3 365,2 370,1 374,2 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1
393,2/3 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1<also irregularly grouped> 401,1 403,1 404,1
405,1 406,1 413,2<1 species> 437,3 469,9&10 470,20&36&40&54 471,2&4&6 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,4 492<tropical and
subtropical Africa, Asia> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,2 496,1&2&3&5 498,1
499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&5&6 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1
511,1 512,2-3 513,1/2 514,2 515<woodland, swamps, often in disturbed ground
or a weed of cultivated ground> 516<\i{}R. cochinchinensis\i0{}> 524,5
525,1&3 526,1 528,6 530,7&18 531,2 533,1&2&5 534<Veldkamp, de Konig and
Sosef 1986> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<rottboel> 
 
# \i{}Rugoloa\i0{} <Zuloaga>/
3<\i{}Panicum pilosum\i0{}> 4<\i{}R. pilosa\i0{} (Sw.) Zuloaga> 7,2
9,1<culms rooting and branching at the lower nodes, then erect> 11,2 13<to
about>,100/- 14,2 44,2 52,3-4 56<about>,6-14/- 57<tending to>,1/3 73,2 74,1
76,1 89,5 91,1 92,4 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,5 120,2 121,1<the branches
one-sided> 123<shortly>,3 124,4 141,1-1.5 142<narrowly>,8 145,1-2 147,3
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167,2 170,2 171,1/2 174,1 176,2
179<similar in form, but the lower much smaller> 180<about>,0.5 181,1 187,3
188,2 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199,1/2 201,1/2 203,2 204,5
205,2 208,1 210<ellipsoid> 214,3 216,1 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2<?> 244,2
246,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 289,4 295,1 298,1 299,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 370,2 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,9 488,4
489,37 490,53 491,3<\i{}R. hylaeica\i0{}, \i{}R. pilosa\i0{}, \i{}R.
polygonata\i0{}> 492<Brazil, Jamaica> 493,7 494,3 534<Acosta, J.M.,
Scataglini, M.A., Reinheimer, R. and Zuloaga, F.O. (2014). A phylogenetic
study of subtribe Otachyriinae (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paspaleae). \i{}Plant
Syst. Evol.\i0{} 300:21552166> 536<Currently encoded entirely from the
inadequate original description> 537,2 538,4 540<rugoloa> 
 
# \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} <Steud.> \i{}sensu\i0{} Linder et al. (2010)/
1<from the Greek \i{}rhytis\i0{} (wrinkle) and \i{}sperma\i0{} (seed),
referring to the back of a larvae mistaken for the seed>
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato> 4<R. lechleri Steud.>
5<\i{}Austrodanthonia \i0{} H.P. Lind., \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sect.
\i{}Eudanthonia\i0{} Benth., \i{}Erythranthera\i0{} Zotov, \i{}Joycea\i0{}
H.P. Linder, \i{}Monostachya\i0{} Merr., \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} Zotov,
\i{}Pyrrhanthera\i0{} Zotov, \i{}Thonandia\i0{} H.P. Linder>
6<\i{}Austrodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Chionochloa\i0{}, \i{}Joycea\i0{},
\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}, \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}, \i{}Monachather\i0{},
\i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} p.p., \i{}Plinthanthesis\i0{}> 7,2 8,2
9,1<3/6>/3<6/6>/4<2/6> 11,1<2/2>/- 13,1-37.78-160 14,2<6/6> 16,1<3/3>
19,1<1/4>/2<4/4> 25,1<2/4>/2-4<4/4>/5<2/4>/6-7<1/4>/- 26,1<4/4> 27,2
29,2<1/1> 37,1<5>/2<3> 38,- 41,2 42,1<3/4>/2<4/4> 43,2 44,1/2<1> 47,2 48,2
49,2 52,1<1/4>/2<4/4> 55,2 56,0.1-4.325-20 57,3 58,1<4>/2<5>
59,1<5/6>/2<3/6>/3<1/6>/4<1/6> 60,1<very rarely>/2 61,1<1/2>/2<1/2>
62,3<1/1> 65,2 66,1<2>/2<6> 67,2<1/1> 69,2<2/6>/3<usually, 6/6> 70,2<1/1>
71,0.5-2.75-5 72,1<1/4>/2<4/4> 73,2 74,1 75,1<1>/2 76,1/4<1> 80,2<1/1>
81,1<1>/2 82,2 85,2<2/2> 88,1<3>/2<4>/3<4> 89,2<1>/4<3>/5<6; i.e., the
panicle sometimes almost a raceme, or reduced to a single spikelet>
91,1<5/5>/2<3/5>/1-2<often closing when fruiting> 92,4<3/3> 94,2<6/6>/-
95,3 101,2 102,2<6/6> 103,- 106,1<1/1>/- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1<3/3> 121,2<6/6>/- 123,3<6/6> 125,2<2/2> 139,1<1/1> 141,2.5-11.18-25
142,5<4/4>/8<1/4>/11<1/4> 143<green to purple> 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2<5/5>
149,1<usually, 5/6>/4<1/6> 150,2<1/1> 154,1 155,1<1/6>/2<6/6> 156,1<4/4>
157,1<5>/2<3> 158,1<4/4> 159,1<3/3> 160,2<5/6>/3<2/6> 161,2<5/5> 163,2
165,2 166,1<1/5>/2<3/5>/3<4/5> 167,2 171,1<1/5>/2<5/5> 172,1<1/5>/2<4/5>
173,3 174,1<4/4> 175,2<3/3> 176,2 177,1<above, 3/3> 179,2<papery,
persistent> 181,3<3/3> 186,1<1/1>
187,1-2<1>/3<5>/4<4>/5<5>/6<4>/7<5>/8-9<2>/10-13<1>
189,1-2<1>/3<5>/4<3>/5-6<4>/7<5>/8-9<2>/10-13<1> 191,1<4>/2<rarely>
192<when present, as is usual,>,2 194,1<5/5> 195,2<3/3> 196,2
208,(1-)2-8(-10) 214,2<soft to leathery, 4/4> 215,1<3/3>/2<1/3> 216,2
217,1<3/3> 218,1<1>/2 219,1<1/1> 220,2<5>/3<2; the lobes acute, acuminate
or setaceous, often partially fused to the awn base> 221,1<4/6>/2<3/6>
223,1<1>/2<3>/3<5> 225,1<4/4>/3<4/4> 226,1<4/4>/2<4/4> 227<with the
median>,1<3/3, when laterals present> 228,1<5/5> 231,1<3/5>/2<4/5>
232,1<1/1> 233,1<3/3> 234,1<3/5>/2<2/5>/3<4/5> 235,2<4/4> 237<when present,
terminating the lobes,>,1<1/1>/2<1/1> 238,1<3/3> 239,1<3/3> 240,1<6>/2<2>
241,1<2/6>/2<4/6> 242,1<2/6: usually with transverse rows of tufts, or as
two marginal tufts>/2<4/6> 244,1<1>/2 245,2<1/1> 247,2<4/4>
248,3-5<1>/7-8<2>/9<6> 249,1<4/4> 250,1 251,1<4/4> 253,2<2/2>
255,1<truncate, 3/4>/2<minutely bilobed, 4/4> 256,1<4/4> 257,1<4/4>
258,2<membranous or firm towards the base, 4/4> 259,3 260,3<5/5>
261,1<4/4>/2<1/4>/3<4/4> 262,2<3/3> 263,2<4/5>/3<3/5> 264,1 265,2<6/6>
266,2 267,1<1>/2 268,1/2<1> 269,1<6>/2<2> 270,1<1/1> 271,2<4/4> 272,3
274,0.2-1.912-5.2 275,2<4/4> 277,1 278,2 280,2 281,3<4/4> 282,2<4/4> 283,2
284,1<3/5>/2<2/5>/3<2/5> 285,3<4/4> 286,2<4/4> 287,1 289,2<1/1>
290,1<1>/2<or only somewhat hollowed, 6>/- 291,1<1/6>/2<5/6> 292,1<4/4>
293,- 295,1 296,1<nearly always, 6>/2<1> 297,1<1>/3<usually, 6>
298,1<6>/2<1> 299,1<5/6>/2<1/6> 303,2<1/1> 304,2<3/3> 305,1<3/3> 306,1<2/2>
315,2<3/3> 316,2<3/3> 317,1<3/3> 318,1<4/4> 319,2<3/3> 320,1<strongly
develoed, 4/4> 321,1<3/3> 322,1<4/4> 323,2<4/4> 327,1<4/4> 328,1<4/4> 329,1
330,1<3/3> 331,1<4/4> 332,1<3/4>/2<2/4> 335,1<3/3>/2<2/3> 339,45-54.5-66
341,9.6-18.15-26.4 342,1.8-3.483-5.8 343,13.5-24.75-36 344,0.3-0.4433-0.59
345,1<2/4>/2<3/4> 346,39-43.5-48 348,2<3/3>/3<3/3> 349,2
350,1<2/2>/2<2/2>/- 351,1<4/4> 353,1<4/4> 354,1<3/4>/2<2/4> 356,2<2/2>
360,1<3/4>/2<2/4>/3<3/4> 363,3<4/4>/6<3/4>/8<3/4> 364,1<2/2> 370,2 374,1
385,1<2/4>/2<4/4> 386,2<3/3> 393,1<3/4>/3<3/4> 394,1<3/3>/-
395,1<3/4>/2<3/4> 396,1<4/4> 399,1<2/3>/2<2/3> 401,1<2/2>/-
403,1<2/4>/2<3/4> 404,1<4/4> 405,1<4/4> 406,1<5/5> 415,2 416,1<1>/2<6>
469,5<1/5>/6<3/5>/12<1/5> 470,12-30-120
471,2<2/5>/4<4/5>/5<1/5>/6<2/5>/7<1/5>/8<2/5>/9-20<1/5> 477,5 483,3
487,6<3/3> 488,7 489,19<3/3> 490,80 491<about>,75 492<in cool and
cool-temperate habitats in New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, South
America> 493,5/7<1> 494,2<2>/3<1>/5<5>/6<2> 496,3<2/2> 500,4<2/2>
502,5<1/1>/6<1/1> 503,1<5/5>/2<1/5>/3<1/5>
504,1<4>/2<5>/3<4>/4<5>/5<1>/6<2>/8<2>/9<3>/10<4> 505,1<3/3>/2<1/3>
509,2<1/1> 512,2<1/4>/3<4/4> 513,1<1/6>/2<5/6> 514,2<5/5> 515<generally
open, upland, grasslands, mires or rocky habitats> 524,6 534<cf. Watson &
Dallwitz (1994), edited by cross referencing with subsequent Linder \i{}et
al\i0{}. papers> 535<data representing observations on the segregate genera
studied by us (\i{}Erythranthera\i0{}, \i{}Joycea\i0{},
\i{}Monostachya\i0{}, \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Pyrrhanthera\i0{}),
supplemented from Metacalfe's less than usually detailed descriptions
(1960) of species here referred to \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{})> 536<Where more
than one character state of an applicable character is exhibited by this
version of \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} sensu lato, the distribution of states
with reference to the \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} sensu stricto version (q.v.)
and the segregate genera (q.v.) is indicated by comments> 540<rytslato> 
 
# \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} <Steud.> sensu stricto/
1<from the Greek \i{}rhytis\i0{} (wrinkle) and \i{}sperma\i0{} (seed),
referring to the back of a larvae mistaken for the seed>
3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}R.
lechleri\i0{} Steud.> 5<\i{}Erythranthera\i0{} Zotov, \i{}Monostachya\i0{}
Merr., \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} Zotov p.p., \i{}Pyrrhanthera\i0{} Zotov>
6<\i{}Austrodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Chionochloa\i0{}, \i{}Joycea\i0{},
\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}, \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}, \i{}Monachather\i0{},
\i{}Notodanthonia\i0{} p.p., \i{}Plinthanthesis\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,2-56
14,2 19,1/2 25,1-4 26,1 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 42,1/2 44,1/2<more often> 47,2
52,1/2 55,2 56,0.1-4 58,1/2 59,1/2/3/4 60,1<rarely>/2 61,2 62,3 65,2 66,1/2
67,2 69,2<very short>/3 71,0.5-5 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 75,2 80,2 81,1/2 82,2
88<rarely>,1/2<usually>/3 89,5<sometimes almost a raceme, or reduced to a
single spikelet> 91,1-2<frequently open at anthesis, then closing when
fruiting> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3
141,3-17 142,5/11 143<green to purple> 145,1 147,1 148,2<the
disarticulations oblique> 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 158,1 159<white>
160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2/3 167,2 170,- 171<usually>,1/2<rarely> 172,2
174,1<acute> 176,2 177<keeled above> 179,2<papery, persistent> 187,5-7
189,5-7 191,1/2 192<when present, as is usual,>,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-8
214,2<soft to leathery> 216,2 218,1/2 219,1 220,2<the lobes acute,
acuminate or setaceous, often partially fused to the awn base> 221,1/2
223<rarely>,2/3 225,1/3 226,1/2 227<the median>,1<when laterals present>
228,1 231,1/2 234,1-3 235,2 237<(when present)>,1-2<straight, terminating
the lobes> 240<nearly always>,1<though there are a few exceptions> 241<when
present (as is usual),>,1 242,1<usually with transverse rows of tufts, or
as two marginals tufts> 244,2<rounded on the back> 247,2 248,7-9 249,1
250,1 251,1 255,1<truncate>/2<minutely bilobed> 256,1 257,1
258,2<membranous, or firm towards the base> 259,3 260,3 261,1/3 262,2 263,2
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-3 275,2 277,1 280,2
281,3 282,2 283,2 284,1/2/3 285,3 286,2 287,1 288<golden-brown>
289<obovate> 290,1<or somewhat hollowed>/- 291,2 292,1 294,2 295,1<usually
punctiform> 296,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 315,2 316,2 317,1
318,1 319,2 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 329,1
330,1 331,1 332,1/2 335,1/2 339,45-54-66 341,9.6-18.22-26.4
342,1.8-3.325-5.8 343,13.5-24.75-36 344,0.3-0.4425-0.59 345,1/2
346,39-43.5-48 348,2/3 349,2 350,1/2/- 351,1 353,1 354,1/2 356,2 358,2
359,1 360,1/2/3 363,3/6/8 364,1 365,2 366,2 370,2 374,1 385,1/2 386,2 387,2
388,2 389,2 390,2 391,2 393,1/3 394,1 395,1/2 396,1 397,2 399,1/2 401,1/-
402,2 403,1/2 404,1 405,1 406,1 415,2 416,2 469,6 470,24&48&72&96&120
471,4-20 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,35 492<Australasian
region, and perhaps also South America> 493,5&7 494,2&3&5 496,3 500,4
502,5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&9&10 505,1&2 512,2/3 513<mostly>,2 514,2
515<generally open, upland, grasslands, mires or rocky habitats>
534<\i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} as re-circumscribed by H.P. Linder, who provided
the description (1997: excluding anatomy)> 535<data temporarily restricted
to the included genera, \i{}Erythranthera\i0{}, \i{}Monostachya\i0{}, and
\i{}Pyrrhanthera\i0{}, pending reorganization of the anatomical description
of \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{} sensu Linder.> 540<rytid-ss> 
 
# \i{}Saccharum\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}saccharum\i0{} (sugar)> 5<\i{}Rhipidium\i0{} Trin.,
\i{}Saccharifera\i0{} Stokes, \i{}Tripidium\i0{}> 6<\i{}Erianthus\i0{},
\i{}Miscanthus\i0{}, \i{}Lasiorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Narenga\i0{}>
7<robust>,2<cane grasses> 9,1 11,- 13,150-1200 14,1/2 19<often unbranched>
27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 52<usually>,1 55,1/2 56,10-40(-60)<to 60 cm in
\i{}S. officinarum\i0{}> 59,1 67,1 69,2 73,2 74,1 78,2 80,1 84,1/2 89,5
91,1<plumose, silvery> 101,2 102,2 103<spiciform>,3 106,- 107,1 108,1 109,2
111,1 112,2 113,2 114,1 115,1-2 120,2 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1
130,1 141,2-6<the pedicellate and sessile members similar> 144,- 145,1/2/3
147,3<the pedicelled falling from the pedicel, the sessile falling with the
joint and pedicel> 154,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 173,3 176,2 177,-
179,1<the sessile spikelet with the lower bicarinate, the upper
imparinerved>/2<the pedicellate spikelet with both imparinerved> 183<more
or less>,1<in sessile spikelets>/2<in pedicellate spikelets> 184,1/2 185,2
186,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199,1/2 201,2 203,2 207,2 208,1
210<membranous, or reduced to a linear stipe> 214,1 216,2 218,1 219,1/2
223,2/3 225,1<bristle-like> 226,1 228,3 231,1 240,1 244,- 248,0-1 250,1/2
251<when present,>,1/2/3 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,1 270,1<with a blunt tooth, or one on each margin> 272,3 277,1 280,1
283,2 284,2 286,2 291,3<terete> 295,1 298,1/2 309,2 323,1/2 325,1 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,(48-)51-72(-78) 341,(4.5-)6-9(-9.6) 342,8.5-12
343,(16-)20-53(-63) 344,0.4-0.7 345,1 346,(33-)35-42(-45) 348<low>,2-3
350,2 351,1/2 354<when present,>,1 356<when present,>,5 360,2/3 363,8
364,1-4 365,2 370,1 373,3<\i{}S. officinarum\i0{}> 374,2 382,2 383,1 385,1
389,1/2 393,1/2/3 394,2/- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1/2<sometimes linked
with traversing colourless tissue> 402,1/2 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 410,3
413,1<5 species>/2<\i{}S. officinarum\i0{}> 415,1 469,10&12
470,40/60/68/76-78/80/90/46-128/110/112/116-117/144 471,4&6&8&9&12
473<small> 474,1.1-1.3<3 species, one 6\i{}x\i0{} and two 8\i{}x\i0{}>
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,5 492<tropical,
subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4 497,3
498,2&3 499,1&2&3 500,1&2&3&4 501,1&3 502,1&2&4&5&6 504,2&5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3
512,2/3 513,1/2 515<mostly riversides and valleys, some on open hillsides>
517<\i{}S. officinarum\i0{}> 522<stems of \i{}S. spontaneum\i0{} used for
light construction work> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Erianthus\i0{},
\i{}Imperata\i0{}, \i{}Miscanthidium\i0{}, \i{}Miscanthus\i0{},
\i{}Narenga\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostachya\i0{}, \i{}Sorghum\i0{}; a claim
involving \i{}Zea\i0{} is probably erroneous, and one involving
\i{}Bambusa\i0{} has been proven so> 524,5 525,1 526,1&2&3 530,9 531,2
533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 540<saccharu> 
 
# \i{}Sacciolepis\i0{} <Nash>/
1<from the Greek \i{}sakkion\i0{} (a small bag) and \i{}lepis\i0{} (scale),
alluding to the saccate second glume> 4<Type: \i{}S. gibba\i0{} (S.Elliott)
Nash> 5<\i{}Rhampholepis\i0{} Stapf> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-200 14,2
19,1/2 23,1 27,2 32,3 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1/2 52,1-2 55,2 59,1/3<convolute>
65,1/2 66,2 67,1 69,1-2 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1<e.g. \i{}S. cingularis\i0{}>/2
76<when of different kinds,>,1&4<the sterile spikelets, when present, at
the base of the inflorescence> 89,5<with filiform branches>
91<narrowly>,2<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 92<usually>,3/- 97,3 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 124,3
141,0.8-5.2 142,8/9/10 145,1-2<gibbous, often oblique> 147,3 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2<the lower 1/5 to 3/4 as long> 167<(the
longer)>,2 170,- 176,2 179,1<both membranous or hyaline, prominently
ribbed, the upper generally more or less inflated and gibbous> 187,3-7
188,1 189,5-13 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,1-2
201,1<<10%> rarely>/2 202<less gibbous than the upper glume, otherwise more
or less resembling it, or occasionally with a transverse row of hairs, and
\i{}S. fenestrata\i0{} with two basal windows> 203,2 204,7 205,3<about
equalling G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 206,1 207,2 208,1<laterally compressed>
210<acute, strongly convex> 214,3<papery to subcrustaceous> 215,1 216,1-2
217,1 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2<glossy> 244,2 246,1<but the margins not
hyaline>/2 247,1 248,3/5<obscurely so> 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2
258,1/2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 302,2 304,2 305,1 306,1
308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,3 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 329,1-2 330,1 331,1/2
332,1 335,1<but the apical cell sometimes quite broad> 345,1 348<low>,2/3
350,2 351,1/2 353,2/1&2 354,1/2 360,1/1&2 363,5/8<mostly>/9<sometimes>
364<mostly>,4/3 365,1/2<rarely> 370,2 374,1 385,1<e.g. \i{}S.
myosuroides\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}S. indica\i0{}> 387,1<e.g. \i{}S. indica\i0{},
\i{}S. africana\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}S. chevalieri\i0{}> 391,2<but lacunae
sometimes present between the veins near the midrib> 393,1 394,- 395,1
396,1 399<often>,1/2<confined to the adaxial groove of the midrib in \i{}S.
chevalieri\i0{}> 401<when grouped,>,1/- 403,1 404,2 413,2<2 species> 469,9
470,16&18&36&45 471,2&4&5 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80
491,30 492<tropical and subtropical> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5 495,1
496,1&2&3&4&5 497,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,2 502,1&2&4&5&6 503,1
504,2&5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,1-2 513,2 514,2 515<in or near water or
in wet places> 518<\i{}S. africana\i0{}, \i{}S. myosuroides\i0{}> 524,5
525,3 528,10 530,22 531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}Sacciolepis indica\i0{} (L.) Chase> 540<sacciole> 
 
# \i{}Sartidia\i0{} <de Winter>/
1<name an anagram of \i{}Aristida\i0{} (a related grass genus, q.v.)> 7,2
9<densely>,3 13,80-200 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2
56,2-4 59,3 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2/3 70,1 71,0.3-1 72,1<as a line of hairs, in
\i{}S. jucunda\i0{}>/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<erect, narrow, often
interrupted> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 123,3 141,12-30 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1<densely but shortly bearded> 161,1-2<shallowly bilobed> 163,2 165,2
167,2 168,2 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,1/2
177,2<rounded on the back> 179,2<narrow, the nerves evanescent> 181,2
187<usually>,3 189,3/5 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<subcylindrical, with involute
margins, scarcely narrowed above> 211,2<involute> 214,3 216,1-2<leathery to
cartilaginous> 220,- 221,2 223,3<cf. \i{}Aristida\i0{}> 224,1<or at least
with the three spreading awns twisted together basally> 228,3 229,- 231,1
233,1<glabrous or scabrid> 234,2-3 236,2 237,- 240,2<glabrous or scabrid>
244,2 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,2<small, scale-like> 253,2 255,1<obtuse>
256,1<glabrous> 257,1 258,2<leathery below> 259,3 260,3<grooved> 262,2
263,1 264,1<about equalling or exceeding the palea> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1 271,1 272,3 274,5-6 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2<plumose>
284,1 286,2<but tightly enclosed by the lemma> 287,2<8-10 mm long> 289,2
290,1 291,2 295,2 298,2<no more than 1/4 grain length> 303,2 304,2 305,2
306,1 308,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,5 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
345,1 348,2/2&3 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,- 393,1 394,2 395,2
396,1 399,1 403,2 404,1<with most bundles> 405,1<with most bundles> 406,2
407,1 408,1<opposite the bulliforms> 469,11 470,22 477,5 483,7 487,2 488,7
489,4 490,80 491,4 492<South Africa> 493,4 494,1&2 495,1 496,1&2 497,3
499,2&4 504,11 508,3 512,3 514,2 540<sartidia> 
 
# \i{}Sasa\i0{} <Makino & Shibata>/
1<from a Japanese word for small bamboos> 5<\i{}Neosasamorpha\i0{}
Tatewaki, \i{}Nipponobambusa\i0{} Muroi, \i{}Sasaella\i0{} Mak.,
\i{}Sasamorpha\i0{} Nakai> 7<small to medium, shrubby>,2 11,2 13,100-400
14,1 19,1<usually>/2 20<(consistently)>,1 21,1<nearly always>/3<very
rarely> 22<when 3,>,1/- 23,4/3<mostly> 30,1 31,1/2 34,1/2 35,1 37,2 39,2
40,2 44,2 48,1 52<broadly>,3/6<large> 55,1<acuminate> 63,1 65,1 66<where
recorded,>,1 67,1 69,1 72<consistently>,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,1 89,5 91,1
101,1<the long peduncle covered by sheaths> 102,1 108,2 121,2 123,3
142,13<commonly>/7/9 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 162,1 163,2 167,1
179,2<scarious> 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-13 214,3<with tessellate
venation> 216,2 244,2 248<more than 5-nerved> 250,1 252,2 260,3 264,1 265,3
266,1 267,2 272,6 277,1 278<where known,>,2 280,1 283,3<plumose> 290,1
294,U 303,2 322,1 323,1<abundant> 324,1&2<present over minor bundles,
lacking over the large ones> 325,1<and largely obscuring them> 326,3<large,
circular, thick walled and refractory, a single row per cell> 330,1
331,1<the sinuosity fairly fine, even> 332,1 333,2 334,2<the basal cells
very long> 335,1 345,1 347,1 348,2 351<not apparent in this highly
papillate epidermis> 357<with costal and intercostal, scattered prickles>
360,1 361,1 363,4<large> 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3 395,1
396,3 398,2 399,1 401,1<these large> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<Is and Ts> 406,1 469,12 470,48<sample including \i{}Sasamorpha\i0{}
and \i{}Sasaella\i0{}> 471,4 473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2
489,5<including \i{}Sasaella\i0{}, \i{}Sasamorpha\i0{}> 490,12
491<about>,50 492<eastern Asia> 493,3&5 494,1 495,1 497,2&3 504,11 506,2
523<may hybridize with \i{}Semiarundinaria\i0{} (\i{}Hibanobambusa\i0{}
Maruyama and Okamura)> 524,4&5 525,1 526,3&4 530,4&11&12 531,2 533,5
535<studied by us - \i{}Sasa kurilensis\i0{} (Rupr.) Makino & Shibata>
537,2 540<sasa> 
 
# \i{}Saugetia\i0{} <A. Hitchc. & Chase>/
3<\i{}Enteropogon\i0{}> 7<wiry>,2 9,3 13,40-80 14,2 19<conspicuously>,1
27,2 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,2<but hairy in the auricle positions> 55,2
56,0.2-1.5 58,1<or filiform> 61,1 65,2 69,2 71<very short> 72,2 73,2 74,1
78,- 89,2<the branches 12 cm or more long>/4<the spikelets appressed to the
hollows in the rachis, more or less contiguous> 95<when branched,>,1/-
96,1-2(-3) 98,1<but these imperfect in material seen> 99,1 100,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107<slender> 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1<on one
side of rachis> 122,1 123<shortly>,3/2 141,3 144,2 145,3 147,1 149,3&4<the
first floret stipitate, the second on an elongate, slender rachilla joint>
154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,1 160<rather>,3<hairy at the base> 162,1
163,2 165,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 172,1 173,- 174,1 176,2 177,2<rounded on
back> 179<similar in shape and texture, thinly membranous to linear
acuminate/setiform> 182,1<about one-sixth> 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,0/1 189,1
191,2 192,2<terminating the rachilla> 193,1 194,1<reduced to a minute
lemma> 195,2 196,2 208,1 214,2-3<membranous> 215,1 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2<bidentate> 223<delicately>,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 232,3<the
tip thin and tortuous> 233,1<scabrid> 234,3<more than twice as long> 235,1
236,2 240,2 243,1 244,2<rounded on the back> 246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
255,2<slightly 2-dentate> 256,1<glabrous> 257,1<hyaline> 258,2 259,3
260,3<accommodating the rachilla> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<clearly so,
and long> 269,2 270,2 271,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 290,U 294,U
295,1 296,U 297,1<?> 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<thick, pitted>
332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<basal cell short> 336,3 340,6 342,2 344,0.5 345,1
348,2&3 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,1/2 356<narrowly>,7/2 360,2 362,1
363,6<common>/5/4<numerous, but in reduced form - almost tall-and-narrow,
intergrading with crescents> 365,2 366<largely>,1 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2
377,3 378,2 393,1<the section crescentic, with a large broad flat-topped
midrib and only 1-2 small ribs on each side> 395,1<the blade reduced to
relatively small flanges on either side> 396,2<a large median, and three
small ones on either side> 397,1 399<in conspicuous midrib hinges> 401<in
deeply penetrating midrib hinge fans>,- 403,2 404,1<with the lamina
bundles> 405,1<in the lamina bundles> 406,1 407<in an adaxial layer> 409,1
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,2 492<West Indies> 493,7 494,3
502,1 504,11 514,2 535<studied by us - \i{}Saugetia pleiostachya\i0{}
Hitchc. & Eckman> 537,2 540<saugetia> 
 
# \i{}Saxipoa\i0{} <Soreng, L.J. Gillespie & S.W.L. Jacobs>/
3<\i{}Poa saxicola\i0{} R. Br.> 4<\i{}S. saxicola\i0{} (R.Br.) Soreng,
L.J., Gillespie & S.W.L. Jacobs> 7,2 9<erect>,3 13,13-105 14,2 19,2 25,1-2
27,2 37,2 42,2/1&2 43,2 44,1 47,2 49<joined basally 0-3% of their length>
52,1 53<shallowly naviculate or>,1 55,2 56<4-18 cm long,>,3-5 59<shallowly
keeled, apically naviculate,>,1/2 65,2 69,1<ciliolate, abaxially hairy,
lacerate or not> 71,0.9-4.5 73,2 74,1 76,1 78,2 89<exserted.>,5 91,2
92<symmetrical,>,2-3<linear-oblong, 10-18 cm long> 97,3<spiralled>
99,2/4<straplike or subterete> 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,4.5-6.8 142<broadly>,8
145<turgid, slightly>,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1/2 157,1<sometimes with a
few straight hairs ventrally>/2 160<0.27-0.33 mm long> 161,2 163,2 165,2
166,1 167<somewhat>,1 171,1-2<the margins ciliate below> 174,1 176<acute,
muticous>,2 177,1 179<narrowly ovate to elliptic, membranous to
chartaceous,>,2 181<slightly>,1 187,3/5 189,3/5 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2
196,2 208,2-4 210<ovate> 214<membranous to chartaceous,>,2-3 216,2 218,1
219,1-2 223,1-2/3<the keel vein sometimes with a very short, straight awn
or mucro not exceeding the lemma tip> 225<if so interpreted,>,1 226,1 228,2
229,1 231,1 234,1 235,1 240,1<towards the apex of the mid-vein>/2 244,1
247,2 248,5/7 249,2 250,1 251,1<slightly shorter than the lemma> 253,2
255<acute to truncate,>,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260<longitudinally
infolded or>,3 261,1-2<or puberulous> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,1-2<with or without a few apical cilia> 270,1-2 271,2 272,3 274,1-1.5
275,2 276,2 277<obovoid,>,1<or with no more than a few apical cilia> 278,2
280<2,>,2 281,3 283,2 284<densely plumose, without secondary branching,>,1
286,2 287,1<2.1-2.6 mm long> 289,2/4 290<ventrally>,1 291,1/2<or ventrally>
292,1 295,1 298,1 299,2 301,2 304,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U
387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,1<\i{}S. saxicola\i0{}> 492<Southeastern Australia, Tasmania> 493,5
494,5 503,1 534<Vickery (1970), Weiller et al. (1995)> 540<saxipoa> 
 
# \i{}Schaffnerella\i0{} <Nash>/
1<named for J.G. Schaffner, collector of the type specimen>
3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato> 5<\i{}Schaffnera\i0{} Benth.>
7<slender>,1 9,3 13,6-12 14,2 27,2 44,1 47,2 48,2 49,2<hyaline at the
edges> 55,2 56<about>,0.2-1 59,3<convolute> 61,1 65,2<but these numerous
and conspicuous under the transmission microscope> 69,1
70,2<rounded-jagged> 71,0.5-1 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<the ultimate branch of
the cymose fascicle with a sterile spikelet>/2<?> 76,1/1&4<?> 78,-
89<complex>,5<with small cymose fascicles of spatheate peduncles, each
peduncle bearing two or three spikelets, each fascicle subtended and partly
enclosed by a broad-sheathed spathe with a well developed lamina> 96,-
101,1<and spatheolate> 102,1 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2
141,5 144,- 145,1 147,3 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1<small> 160,2 161,2
162,1 163,2 164<(the upper)>,2 165,1<the lower minute> 167,1 170,-
171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} hairy on the nerves> 173,- 176<(the
upper)>,1<with three or five awns> 179,1<the lower minute and vestigial,
the upper 3- or 5- aristate with long, straight, spreading, scabridulous
awns, often laterally hyaline-appendiculate> 184,- 189,3/5 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,2<membranous> 215,1 216,2 218,1-2 220<when incised,>,2
221,2<bilobed> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,1 232<somewhat>,2
233,1<scabrid> 234,1<about half as long> 235,1 240,1 244,1 247,2 248,3
250,1<lanceolate> 251,1 252,1 255,1<blunt> 256,1<glabrous> 258,2<hyaline>
259,3 260,1<the margins embracing the flower> 264,2 266,- 272,3 273,1<these
short> 274<relatively very long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1<the ovary
attenuate into one long style> 283,2 287,1 289,4 291,1 297,3 322,1 323,1
324,2<mainly on the interstomatals> 325,2<but almost> 326,1<large> 330,1
331,1<coarsely so> 332,1<very scarce> 335,2<basal cell somewhat elongated>
345,1 346,15-18 348<high>,2/3 350,2 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 360,1
362,4 363,3<a few, round to almost rectangular>/8<mostly> 364<mostly rather
rectangular>,1&2 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,1 378,2 393,2 395,1<with a
fairly heavy sclerenchymatous keel> 396,1 399,2<the adaxial epidermis
apparently being mainly of papillate and bulliform cells> 400,2 401,-
403,1<most bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma: a few of the larger
laterals with small abaxial strands, the midrib with a large abaxial strand
(or girder?)> 404,2 406,1 477,6 484,4<superficially of andropogonoid
appearance> 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of
\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}S. gracilis\i0{}> 492<Central America>
493,6&7 494,1 495,3 504,11 534<Bentham 1882> 535<studied by us>
540<schaffne> 
 
# \i{}Schedonnardus\i0{} <Steud.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}schedon\i0{} (near) and \i{}Nardus\i0{} (another grass
genus, q.v.)> 3<\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{} sensu lato> 5<\i{}Spirochloe\i0{}
Lunell, \i{}Festuca arundincea\i0{} Schreb.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,20-45 14,2
19,2 37,1/2 38,- 47,2 55,2 56,0.7-2<to 5 cm long> 59,1<or involute> 61,1
65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 89,2<stiff, slender divergent spikes, remote along a
common axis> 90,1<the central axis first elongating and coiling into a
loose spiral> 91,1 98,1 99,- 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 115,- 120,1
121,1 122,1<appressed to the concave sides of the triquetrous rachis> 123,1
125<somewhat>,1 141,3-4 144,U 145,1 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,-
163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2<only slightly shorter than them> 170,1<?>
171,2 174,1 176,2 179,2<lanceolate or acuminate, stiff, slightly divergent>
187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<acuminate> 214,2-3<firmly membranous,
rigid> 218,1 219,1 223,1-2 240,2<glabrous to scabrid> 244,1-2 246,- 248,3
250,1 251,1<glabrous> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258<rigid> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 283,2 287,1<2.5-3.5 mm long> 289,2
295,1<?> 297,3<?> 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1<at
one end> 326,1<at one end of each interstomatal, and on a few of the
long-cells as well> 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,2<the basal cell somewhat the longer> 336,3 339,51-52.5-57
340,36 341,18 342,2.9 343,(15-)18-19.5(-21) 344,0.29-0.41 345,1
346,(21-)22.5-24(-27) 348<predominantly>,3 351,1 352,2 353,2<mostly
solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1<but the files often interrupted by longish
short-cells> 362,4 363<almost exclusively>,4<a rather rectangular version>
365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 380,2 382,1 383,2 385,1 389,1
393,1-2 394,1<round topped> 395,1<via its marked abaxial keel, and the
bulliform adaxial epidermis> 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked with
traversing columns of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries
only> 405,1<some forming Is or anchors> 406,1 409,1 442,- 469,10 470,30
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,48<as a synonym of
\i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}S. paniculatus\i0{}> 492<Canada, U.S.A. to
Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1&3 497,5 502,5 504,11 513,2 515<prairie>
516<\i{}S. paniculatus\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,4 530,42 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us> 540<schedonn> 
 
# \i{}Schenckochloa\i0{} <J.J. Ortz>/
5<\i{}Diplachne barbata\i0{} Hack.; \i{}Gouinia barbata\i0{} (Hack.)
Swallen> 7,2 9,3 13,60-90 14,2 19,2 25,2-4 26,2 42,2 44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2
56,1-2<10-30 cm long> 59,1/3<convolute or involute> 65,2 69,2 72,2 73,2
74,1 76,1 89,2<2-30 cm long, the lower branches 10-12 cm long, the rachis
not grooved> 98,1 101,2 102,2 105,1 108,2 120,1 123<shortly>,3<the pedicels
0.5-3 mm long> 125,1-2 141,9-11 142,5/9 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,2<sulcate-triangular in section towards the tip> 157,1 161,1 163,2
165,2 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 179,2<lanceolate, memranous to
papery> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1-2<?> 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,4-6
210<linear-lanceolate, laterally flattened> 214,2<membranous to papery>
216,2 218,2 220<shortly>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,1 232,1/3
233,1<antrorsely scabrid> 234,2-3<2-7 mm long> 235,1 238,2 239,2
240,1<scabrid on the median nerve, the lateral nerves pectinate-ciliate,
pilose at the base and between the nerves> 244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1
251,1/2<4-4.5 mm long> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 261,1 263,2
272,3 274<about>,1<yellow> 277,1<?> 283,2<?> 287,1<about 3 mm long>
289<narrowly>,4 290,- 291,1&4 295,1 323,2 329,1 330,1 331,1
332,2<chloridoid type present adaxially> 345,2 351,1 352,2 353,1&2 360,2/3
361,1 363,8 364,3 367,1 370,1 371,1 374,1 375<seemingly>,2 378,2 385,1
387,2 389,U 391,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 397,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,35 491,1<\i{}S. barbata\i0{}> 492<north eastern Brazil> 493,7
494,3 502,4 513,2 515<coastal dunes and sandy soils> 534<Ortz 1991>
535<Ortz 1991> 537,2 538<somewhat>,4 540<schencko> 
 
# \i{}Schismus\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}schisma\i0{} (cleft), referring to the lemma tip>
4<Type: \i{}S. barbatus\i0{} (L.) Thell.> 5<\i{}Electra\i0{} Panz.,
\i{}Hemisacris\i0{} Steud.> 7,1/2<weakly, infrequently> 9,3<rarely>/4<low>
11,- 13,3-40 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1/2 38,- 47,2 52,1-2 55,2 56,0.5-2.5 58,1/2
59,1/3<convolute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2
92<loosely>,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 123,3 141,4-8 145<slightly>,1 147,3<falling entire>/1 148<when
disarticulating above the glumes,>,2<the upper florets falling singly, then
the lower florets, glumes and pedicel falling together> 149,1 154,1 156,1
157,1<villous> 161<shorter than the rachilla internodes>,2 163,2 165,2
166,1-2/3<rarely> 167,2 168,2<widely separated> 170,- 176,2
179,2<herbaceous-membranous, the margins hyaline> 187,5-7 189,3-7 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,(3-)4-7 214,2<herbaceous, the lobes and margins
hyaline> 216,2 218,2<to merely emarginate> 220,2 221,1<bifid>/2<emarginate>
223,1/2<from the sinus>/3 225<when present,>,1 226<when present,>,1 228,1
231,1 234,1-2<usually scarcely exceeding the lobes> 235,1 238,2
240,1<pilose dorsally or on the margins> 241<scattered or>,1<marginal>/2
242,2<sometimes in longitudinal rows> 244,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,1 256,1
258<membranous,>,2 259,3 260,3 261,1<but sometimes with hair tufts on the
margins>/- 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1/2 268,1 269,1<usually with both bristles
and microhairs> 270,- 272,3 274,0.2-0.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2
288<yellow, shiny> 289<elliptical to obovate> 291,2<lorate> 295,1 298,1
301,2 302,2 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1 336,1 339,36-39-45 340,18-21 341,(6.9-)7.5-8.4(-9) 342,4-5.6
343,(19.5-)21-22.5(-24) 344,0.53-0.62 345,1 346,(19-)21-22(-24) 348,2 350,2
351,1 352,3 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,2 360,1 362,4 363,8/4<or almost
so>/1<rarely> 364<often (?)>,3 365,2 367,1 370,2 374,1 385,1/2 393,1/2
394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<bulliforms ill defined and small, save for the
midrib hinges> 400,1 401,- 403,2 404,1/2 405,1 406,1 409,1 449,2 469,6
470,12&24&36&48&72 471,2 473<small> 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80
491,4<with \i{}Karroochloa schismoides\i0{} excluded> 492<Africa,
Mediterranean to northwest India> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6 494,1&2&4 495,1&2&3
496,1&3 497,2 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4 500,1 504,2&4&5&8 506,1&2 508,2 511,1
512,4 513,2 518<\i{}S. arabicus\i0{}, \i{}S. barbatus\i0{}> 524,5 525,4
529,1&5 530,32 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Schismus
barbatus\i0{} (L.) Thell.> 540<schismus> 
 
# \i{}Schizachne\i0{} <Hackel>/
1<from the Greek \i{}schizein\i0{} (to split) and \i{}achne\i0{}
(chaff),alluding to bifid lemmas> 7,2 9,3<with short rhizomes> 11,-
13,30-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,1 52,1 55,2 56,1-4
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 67,1 68,1 69,1 70,1<at back> 71,0.5-3 73,2 74,1 88,2
89,5 91,1<up to 10 cm> 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,- 121,1<in the lax panicle> 123<long>,3 141,9-25 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,1<long-pilose> 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1/2 179,2<membranous,
ovate-lanceolate> 183,- 187,(1-)3 189,5 191,2 192,2 193,1-2 194,1 196,2
208,3-7 214,3<becoming leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<incised to about
1/4> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1<behind the sinus> 233,1 234,2-3 235,1
240,2 244,1-2 246,- 247,2 248,7-13 250,1 251,1/2/3 258,2<membranous> 259,3
260,3 263,3<ciiate above> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1-2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2
272,3 274,1-2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1/2<about 4 mm long> 295,2
298,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,2 354,2 360,3 363,1<a
few>/8 364<mostly elongated, iregularly>,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,2
394,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,10 470,20 471,2 473<small>
477,2 478,2 479,5 487,11 488,7 489,30 490,80 491,1<\i{}S.
purpurascens\i0{}> 492<North Eurasia, Japan, North America> 493,1&3&6&8
494,1 495,1&2&3 497,2&3&4&5 498,2 504,11 506,1&2 507,1 512,3 513,1 515<in
woods> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,24 535<studied by us> 540<s_ache> 
 
# \i{}Schizachyrium\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}schizein\i0{} (to split) and \i{}achuron\i0{} (chaff),
referring to the upper lemma> 5<\i{}Pithecurus\i0{} Kunth,
\i{}Schizopogon\i0{} Spreng.> 6<\i{}Ystia\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,-
13,(5-)30-320 14,1<<10%> rarely, and never tall>/2 19<sparsely to
amply>,1<mostly>/2 23,1 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 65,2 66,2 67,2 68,1
69,2<short> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1 79,2 81,1/2 89,4/5<of single
racemes, these sometimes solitary but usually in a spatheate false panicle>
92,- 94,- 99,2 101,1 102,1 103<peduncled>,3 106,1<in their spathes, but
often fascicled> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<compressed, thickened above with a
cupular, usually fringed apex> 113<with toothed apices> 120,2 121,1 123,1&3
126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicellate (male or sterile)
members broader and flatter or reduced, their lower glume sometimes awned>
145,3<or subterete below and compressed between the internode and the
pedicel, lanceolate to linear> 147,3<and the joint> 154,2 157,1 160,2 161,2
162,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 174,- 176,1<the upper, rarely>/2 177,- 179,1<the
lower bicarinate, the upper thinner and naviculate> 183,1<the keels not
winged, but excurrent as teeth or mucros> 184,1-2 185,2 186,1 187,3-13<with
several between the keels> 189,1-3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
203,2 204,2 206,2<hyaline, often purple> 207,2 208,1 210<often stipitiform>
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218<usually>,2<rarely merely prolonged into the awn,
without teeth> 220<when incised,>,2 221,1<often deeply bifid>/2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,2/3<usually short> 240,2
248,1-3 250,1/2<usually> 251<when present,>,3<to a minute, hyaline scale>
258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1<tiny> 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,1/2 272,2-3 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 291,2<or subterete> 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 328,1<quite thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,(36-)42-50(-60) 341,6-8.4 342,5.2-7 343,(18-)19-26(-30)
344,0.46-0.52 345,1 346,(25-)27-29(-30) 348<low to high>,2-3 350,2 351,2
360,1 363,8 364,3<mostly, long to short>/4<some> 365,2 370,1 373,3<1
species> 374,2 375,1 383,1 385,1/2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1/2
399,2<the adaxial epidermis of some species with scattered bulliform cells,
\i{}S. fragile\i0{} having the adaxial epidermis largely bulliform and a
large fan of bulliforms over the midrib> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1<some of
the primary laterals with anchors or Is> 406,1 410,2 413,2<3 species>
442,- 469,5&10 470,20&30&40&50 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2
490,5 491<about>,60 492<tropical> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3
496,1&2&3&5 497,3&4 498,3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&3&4&5&6 503,1
504,2&5&6&7&9 505,2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,2/3/4 513,2
514,1<rarely>/2 515<savanna, rarely sandy beaches or dunes> 516<\i{}S.
condensatum\i0{}, \i{}S. scoparium\i0{}> 518<\i{}S. brevifolium\i0{},
\i{}S. sanguineum\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&4 526,2 529,5 530,43 531,2 533,1&2
535<Metcalfe 1960 (\i{}S. jeffreysii\i0{}); studied by us - \i{}S.
fragile\i0{}; C.B. de Yong, \i{}pers. comm\i0{}. (\i{}S. exile\i0{}, \i{}S.
sanguineum\i0{})> 540<s_achyri> 
 
# \i{}Schizostachyum\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}schistos\i0{} (cleft) and \i{}stachys\i0{} (ear of
corn, spike), referring to spacing of spikelets> 5<\i{}Leptocanna\i0{}
Chia & Fung> 6<\i{}Cephalostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Dendrochloa\i0{},
\i{}Pseudostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Teinostachyum\i0{}> 7,2<the young culm
internodes uniformly covered with adpressed white hairs> 11,2 13,400-1200
14,1 15,(1-)5-20 17,1/2 19,1 20<(very infrequently recorded)>,1/-
21,4-20<nearly always many> 22<often>,3/- 23,4 30,1 31,1/2 34,1/2 35,1
36,1/2/4 37,1/2 39,1 40,2 42,1 44,2 47,1<the auricles sometimes small,
often bristly> 48,1<curved> 49,2 55,1 56,15-90<15-50 cm long> 58,- 63,1
65,1<and often with pellucid dots or dashes>/2 66<where recorded,>,1 69,1/2
72,1/2<mostly> 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,2 87,1 89,3/5<with alternate clusters of
pseudospikelets in terminal spike-like or paniculate inflorescences, which
are leafless or leafy below> 101,1 102,1 103,4/5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 140,2 141,12-50 142<where
recorded,>,9<mostly>/13<rarely, e.g. \i{}S. glaucifoilium\i0{}>/-
145,1-2<subterete> 147,1 148,2/- 154<usually>,1<with a rudimentary floret>
156,1 162,1/2<depending on interpretation> 163<if considered
present,>,1-3<3 or 4 bracts with buds, in lieu of glumes> 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,1/3/4 214,2 223,3<shortly spine-tipped>/1-2<apiculate, with
overlapping and convoluted margins> 225<when present,>,1 228,3 234,1<to 3
mm long> 244,2 248,11-17<in material seen> 250,1 251,1<usually exceeding
the lemma> 252,1/2 255,2 256<shortly 2-pointed> 259,4<11-15 in material
seen> 260,3<grooved between them, to accommodate the rachilla>
264,1/2<sometimes exhibiting transitions between stamens and lodicules>
265<when present,>,1-10 266,1/-<lodicules absent, else number variable from
1-10> 267,2 268,2 269,1 272<usually>,6 273,1<usually>/2<rarely>/2-4<with
groups recorded in a few species> 274,5-14 275,1/2 276,1/2 277,1 278,1
279,1 280,1<the single style hollow> 283,3<simple> 284,1/2 291,1 295,2
296,2<leathery to crustaceous> 297,1 298,2 322,1 323,1<costally and
intercostally> 325,1<and completely obscuring them> 326,3<large, one row
per long-cell> 327,1 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,(54-)57-63(-69) 341,(8.4-)9 342,6-7.7 343,(28-)30-36(-39)
344,0.53-0.57 345,1<outlines obscured by papillae> 346,19.5-21-24 348,-
349,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3 358,1<at least, having large umbonate or
tiny-pointed prickles> 360,2 363,3/4/5/6/7<predominantly tall-and-narrow,
overlapping into ovals, crescents and near-oryzoids> 365,2 370,2 374,1
386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3<save alongside the midrib> 394,- 395,1 396,3
399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<the larger bundles> 406,1 477,3 478,4 481,13
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,45 491,35 492<eastern Asia> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3
500,2&3 504,9 514,1<\i{}S. pulchellum\i0{}>/2 515<mostly savanna, rarely
coastal sand> 522<pliant, tough splints of \i{}S. dumetorum\i0{} constitute
thonging, and the whole culms are pounded and twisted into ropes. \i{}S.
jaculans\i0{} is the blowpipe bamboo of lowland Malaya> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}Schizostachyum lima\i0{} Merril> 540<schizost> 
 
# \i{}Schmidtia\i0{} <Steud.>/
5<\i{}Antoschmidtia\i0{} Boiss.> 7,1/2<usually viscid> 9,3-4 11,- 13,15-100
14,2 19,1 27,1/2 37,2 38,- 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,1 52,1-2 55,1/2 56,4-13
59,1/3 61,2<at the base of macrohairs> 62,3 63,2 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,1 72,2
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,2 123,2-3 141,7-10 144,- 145<slightly>,1 147,1 148,1 149,1
154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,2 167,2 170,- 171,2 174,1
176,2 177<slightly>,1/2 179,2<lanceolate, membranous, usually green or
grey> 180<about>,0.6-0.7 181,3 187,7-11 189,7-11 191,2 192,2 193,1/2 194,1
195,1 196,2 208,3-9 214,3<subleathery> 216,2 218,2 220,6 221,1 223,3
225,5<one awn from each sinus, and the lobes sometimes mucronate as well>
226,2 227<the median>,2 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,2 235,1 237,2
240,1<villous below> 244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,2 248,9 249,2 250,1
251,1<longer than the body of the lemma> 253,2 255,1<pointed> 256,1 257,1
258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3<stiffly ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1
269,1<sometimes glandular>/2 270,- 272,3 274,3-4 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<about 2.5 mm long> 289,4 291,2 293,- 295,1 297,3
298,1 299,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 316,2 318,2 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,2
327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,3<very variable in size, at
least in \i{}S. pappophoroides\i0{}> 336,2 339,(54-)81-360(-426)
340,45-150-405 341,(5.4-)6-9.6(-10.5) 342,10-34.3 343,(19.5-)24-51(-63)
344,0.15-0.36 345,1 346,(21-)24-30(-33) 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<mainly
solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1&3&4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
375,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1<between
each bundle pair> 401,1<the median cells deeply penetrating>/2 403,2
404,2<most bundles with strands only>/1<a few> 406,1 435,2 469,9 470,36
477,6 484,1 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,25 491,2 492<tropical and southern
Africa, Cape Verde Is., Pakistan> 493,3&4 494,1&2 495,2 496,1 498,1
499,1&2&4 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<woods and bushland, on
dry sandy soils> 535<studied by us - \i{}Schmidtia pappophoroides\i0{}
Steud. ex Schmidt; photos of \i{}S. kalihariensis\i0{} and \i{}S.
pappophoroides\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<schmidti> 
 
# \i{}Schoenefeldia\i0{} <Kunth>/
7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,70-120 14,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 61,1 65,2
69,2<short> 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,2<usually 2-6 sessile, flexuous spikes> 94,-
95,1 96,(1-)2-6 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,1<on one side of the rachis> 122,1 123,1 125,1 145<strongly>,1 147,1
154,1 157,1 163,2 165,1 166,3 167,2<exceeding it> 168,2 171,2 174,1
176,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, sometimes>/2 177,1 179,2<persistent, narrow or
setaceous, subhyaline, divergent> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2
193<when present,>,1 195,1 196,2 208,1 210<completely covering the palea>
214,3<often blackened at maturity> 218,2 220,2 221,2<apically bifid> 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1/2 234,3<very long, flexuous, tangling one
another> 240,1<with appressed hairs> 244,2<rounded on the back> 248,3 250,1
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,2-3 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,2 289,4 291,1 293,- 295,1 297,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2
326,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,21-24 340,15-18
341,9-10-10.2 342,2.2-2.7 343,7.5-9.6-10.5 344,0.36-0.46 345,1 346,19.5-21
348,3 350,2 351,2 352,2 353,2 355,1 357<large prickles present costally>
360,1 362,4 363<exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2
385,1 393,3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1&2 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<in all the bundles> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,31 491,2 492<tropical Africa, Asia> 493,3&4 494,2 496,1&2&3
499,1&2&3 500,1 504,11 508,1&2&3 513,2 515<savanna, hardpans and seasonally
flooded flats> 535<studied by us - \i{}Schoenefeldia transiens\i0{} Chiov.>
540<schoenef> 
 
# \i{}Sclerachne\i0{} <R.Br.>/
3<\i{}\i{}Chionachne\i0{}\i0{}> 7<erect to prostrate>,1 13,10-90 14,2 37,1
47,2 52,2<with broad base and acute apex> 55,1 65,2 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3&4
77,3<in terms of the reduced racemes>/4<in terms of the panicle as a
whole> 89,5<a complex pseudo-panicle: see Backer 1968> 101,1 102,1 103,1<to
peduncled, spatheate, spike-like reduced racemes of 2(-3) spikelets: the
first female, the terminal male, the middle if present male or female>
106,2-3<fascicled> 107,2 108,1 109,1<the peduncle apex widened, articulated
with the hollowed base of the first spikelet> 111,2 114,2 120,1/2 126,1
128,1 129,2<basal>/3<terminal> 130,4 131<the male spikelet terminal, with
two equal herbaceous, acute, many-nerved glumes; two lemmas with male
flowers, each having three stamens and two large lodicules> 132,2 133,1
134,2 135,2 137,2 138,3 147,3<and associated structures> 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,2 158,- 163,2 167,2 171,2 176,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
sheath-like, embracing base of raceme, indurated, 2-keeled, with one or two
oblique transverse constrictions, emarginate and winged, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} ovate acuminate, transparent, indurated, grooved on
each side of mid-nerve, its apex appressed to the keels of
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 183,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,3
206,2<hyaline, but ovate, long-acuminate> 207,2 208,1 210<acute>
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,1<narrow>
250,1 255,1<acute> 256,1 259,3 264,2 266,- 272,0 285,8<a false fruit, held
together by the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} of the basal, female spikelet>
290,1<on the back> 295,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower, more
regularly rectangular> 328,1-2<the costals somewhat thicker walled> 330,1&2
331,1&2<pitted, the sinuosity where present fairly fine> 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1 345,1 347,2 348<low>,2-3<their outer walls unusually thick> 350,2
351,1 353,1<but the raised cells calling for careful focusing> 354,1 356,5
357<no macrohairs or prickles seen> 360,1<over some veins>/2<over others>
361,1 363,8 364,1-2/3<short> 370,1 371,1 374,2 395,1 396,2 397,1 398,2
399<not reliably recordable in the material seen, but probably in the form
of simple fans> 403,1 404,1<only with the primaries, the sclerenchyma
scanty save at the blade margins and abaxially in the midrib> 405,1<small
Is or anchors with the primaries> 406,1 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9
488,1 489,2 490,21 491,1<\i{}S. punctata\i0{}> 492<Indo-Southeast Asia>
493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,3 504,11 515<forest margins> 535<studied by us>
540<sclerach> 
 
# \i{}Sclerochloa\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}skleros\i0{} ??? (hard) and \i{}chlo\i0{} (grass),
alluding to leathery glumes and lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}S. dura\i0{} (L.)
P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Amblychloa\i0{} Link, \i{}Crassipes\i0{} Swallen> 7,1 9,3/-
11,- 13,4-30 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 47,2 49,1-2 52,1 53,1 55,2 59,1/3 65,2
66,2 67,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.5-1.5 73,2 74,1 89<one-sided,>,4/5<with short,
stout branches> 91,2<narrow, rigid> 97,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1 123,3<the pedicels stout, to 1 mm long>
141,6-15 145,1 147,3<and with the pedicel> 148<tardily>,2/1 154,1 155,2
156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2 172,1 174,2<obtuse to
emarginate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<herbaceous with membranous margins,
oblong-ovate, somewhat asymmetric> 187,(1-)3-5 189,5-9 191,2 192,2 196,2
208,3-8 214,3<leathery, the margins membranous> 216,2 218,1/2 219,2
221,2<rounded to emarginate> 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 248,5-7 250,1 251,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
274,0.6-1.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<2.5-3.5 mm long> 291,4
295,1<round> 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1/2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2
327,1 328,1 330,1-2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,21-27<\i{}S.
dura\i0{}>/33-39<\i{}S. rigida\i0{}> 348,1 350,1 351,1 353,2<solitary>
354,2 360,3 363,1/2<predomonating>/3<some, oval> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,2 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,2<apart from the midrib hinges> 401,-
403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24 491,2 492<southern Europe to western Asia>
493,1&2&3&5&6 494,1 495,1&2 497,2&4 498,2&3 504,1&2&3&4&8 506,1 507,3 511,1
512,3-4 513,2 514,1-2<in dry weedy places and saline soils> 524,5 525,4
529,1 530,36 535<studied by us - \i{}S. dura\i0{} (L.) Beauv.>
540<scleroch> 
 
# \i{}Sclerodactylon\i0{} <Stapf>/
5<\i{}Arthrochlaena\i0{} Laena> 7,2 9,2&3 13,30-80<rigid> 19,2 27,2 37,1
40,1<the rigid leaves sharp-pointed> 44,1 47,2 55,- 57,- 58,-
59,4<junciform, circular in section, longitudinally striate, with a central
pith> 60,1 61,1 65,- 66,- 67,- 69,3<short, dense> 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,2<except for reduced members at the tips of the spikes> 78,- 89,2 94,-
95,1 96,2-4 98,1<but these more or less abortive>/2<ending in a point>
101,2 102,2 103,2<3-15 cm long> 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,1 122,1 123,1 125,1 141,10-21<by 4-5 mm wide> 144,- 145<strongly>,1
147,1 148,2 149,1 150,- 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about half the length of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
166,1 167,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} reaching about the middle of
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 170,2<i.e. the spikelet edgewise to the rachis>
171,2 172,1 173,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,2<ovate-acute, leathery, the
upper sometimes pungent tipped> 184,- 185,- 186,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,6-20 214,2<leathery> 215,1 216,2 218,1-2 221,2<no more than
minutely incised> 223,1<but mucronulate>/2<minutely, from the median nerve>
240,2 243,1 244<strongly>,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255<minutely>,2
256,1<glabrous> 258,2<but almost cartilaginous> 259,3 260,3 262,1
263<minutely ciliolate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
271<very>,1<at the base> 272,3 273,1<these long> 277,1 280,2<the bases
swollen> 283,2 287,1 289,4 291,3 293,- 295,1 297,1<very flimsy> 298,1 299,1
322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1 326,2<the intercostal grooves filled with short,
blunt, thick-walled, unicellular papilla-hairs> 329<details of intercostal
zones invisible> 332,1<\i{}Chloris\i0{} type, hard to find among the
papilla-hairs in the leaf grooves> 333,1 334,1 335,2 339,(33-)39-42(-45)
342,1.6-2 345,1<in the grooves> 346,(16.5-)18-21(-27) 348,3 360,3 362,1
363,3&4<intergrading> 365,2 367,3 370,1<vascular bundles in a single ring
at the periphery of the pith, linked with the epidermis by tall columns
of sclerenchyma; rows of PCR cells adjacent to the sclerenchyma blocks, not
sheathing the bundles (sometimes the PCR rows link internally between the
bundles; cf. \i{}Triodia\i0{}); blocks of PCA tissue sandwiched and
enclosed between the PCR cell rows> 371,2 372,1 374,1 386,- 389,-
390,1<abundant, very clear> 393,- 394,- 395,- 396,- 397,- 399,- 401,-
403,2<all bundles with elongated, outer girders> 404,- 406,2
407,4<morphologically so, being internal to the ring of bundles> 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,1<\i{}S. macrostachyum\i0{}>
492<Madagascar, Aldabra, Assumption> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11
512,4<extreme> 513,2 514,1<coral rocks, salt pans, mangrove swamps>
535<studied by us> 536<rows of crypts containing crystalline material
(NaCl?) occur within the grooves if the leaf blade> 540<scleroda> 
 
# \i{}Scleropogon\i0{} <Phil.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}skleros\i0{} (hard) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
alluding to hard awns> 5<\i{}Lesourdia\i0{} Fourn.> 7,2 9,2/2&3 11,-
13,10-20 14,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1.5-2 59,1-2<folded and arcuate
above> 65,2 69,3<very short> 70,- 73,1/3 74,2 75,1<monoecious, the male and
female spikelets mixed or in separate panicles>/2<dioecious> 76,2/3/2&3
77,1/4 80,1<at least when dioecious> 88,2 89,4<spike-like, with few
spikelets>/5<contracted, with few spikelets> 91,2 92,- 101,1<the glumes of
female spikelets subtended by glume-like bracts> 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,- 120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3/2 125,1 131<male
spikelets with equal, lanceolate glumes separated by a short internode;
6-15 flowered; lemmas attenuate into short awns; 2 fleshy lodicules> 132,1
133,1 135,6-15 136<shortly>,3 137,5-14<?> 141,25-30 144,- 145,1-2<narrowly
cylindrical> 147,1 148,1<the florets falling together as a cylindric,
many-awned unit> 150,- 154,1 157,1<sharp-bearded, at the base of the
lowermost floret and of the unit as shed> 158,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,2<?>
170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 179,2<hyaline, lanceolate-acuminate> 187,1/3 188,-
189,3 191,2<basal florets male, those above female or rarely hermaphrodite>
192,1 196,1 197,1-2 198,1 199,1 201,1 203<shortly>,1 204,3 205,1 208,1-3
210<narrow> 211,U 214,3<cartilaginous> 216,2 218,2 220,3/4<with a shallow
median sinus, and a somewhat deeper cleft on either side> 221,2 223,3
225,3<70-140 mm long extensions from the nerves, arising between small
lobes> 226,2 227<the median>,2 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrous> 234,3 237<long>
240,2 244,2<rounded on the back> 248,3 250,1<narrow, hairy at the base>
253,2 255,1<obtuse> 256,3<with 2 short awns> 259,3<the nerves near the
margins> 260,3 264,2 266,- 272,0 277,1<?> 283,2 285,5 287,2<about 4.8 mm
long> 289,1 291,3 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1
324,2<on the long-cells and interstomatals> 325,1<both at the ends and
laterally> 326<mostly>,1 327,2<the costals narrower and more regularly
rectangular> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<the basal cells
relatively long> 339,57-60-66 341,15-18-19.5 342,2.9-4.4 343,18-21
344,0.3-0.35 345,1 346,21-24-27 348<high>,2<mostly>/3 350,1<very
slightly>/2 351,1 353,1&2<mostly paired, but often superposed and sometimes
appearing solitary> 354,1 360,1 363,8 364,1&2&3 365,2 370,1 374,1 375,2
378,2 385,1 393,2-3<with slight, rounded abaxial ribs> 395,1<via its
prominent, rounded abaxial keel> 396,1 399,1 401,1&2 403,2 404,1<with all
the bundles> 405,1<all the bundles with anchors> 406,1<apart from small
marginal fibre groups> 442,- 469,10 470,28&40 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,65 491,1<\i{}S. brevifolius\i0{}> 492<southwest U.S.A. and
northern Mexico, Chile and Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1&3 497,4 502,5&6
504,11 507,3 512,4 513,2 515<dry grassy plains> 518<\i{}S.
brevifolius\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,4 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us>
540<scleropo> 
 
# \i{}Sclerostachya\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<from the Greek \i{}skleros\i0{} (hard) and \i{}stachys\i0{} (ear of
corn, spike), referring to rigid inflorescence axes> 3<\i{}Saccharum\i0{}
(subgenus \i{}Sclerostachyum\i0{}), \i{}Miscanthus\i0{}> 7<robust>,2
9<often forming large clumps> 13,200-300 14,2 52,2<rigid, often very long>
55,1/2 59,1 63,1 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 78,2 89,5 91,1<large, narrow,
decompound, with whorled or fascicled branches> 94,2<the branches not
slender> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2<but the branches jointed>
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,2 123<all>,3 126,1 127,2 128,2 129,1 130,1
144,- 145,3 147,3<falling from the pedicels> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1<short,
the silky hairs up to half the length of the spikelet> 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,- 171,2<firm, smooth> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} flat-backed, with two ciliate submarginal keels,
notched, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} naviculate> 183,1 187,3 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 206,2<with hyaline, narrow, ciliate margins>
207,2 208,1 210<not incised> 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 223,1 240,1 244,2
247,2 250,1 251,2 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2
272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 288<brown> 294,2 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U
371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 413,2<1 species>
470,30&48&96 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,2-3
492<India to Malaysia> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2&3 504,11
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Narenga\i0{}, \i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 524,5
525,1 526,1 531,2 533,5 538,4 540<sclerost> 
 
# \i{}Scolochloa\i0{} <Link>/
1<from the Greek \i{}scolos\i0{} (prickle) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass),
alluding to excurrent lemma nerves> 5<\i{}Fluminia\i0{} Fries> 7,2 9,1<with
succulent rhizomes> 11,- 13,70-200 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,1/2 56,4-12
59,1 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,3-10 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<to 30 cm long> 95,- 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,7-11
144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,2 157,1 158,2 160,2 161,1 163,2 165,1
167<(the longer)>,2 170,- 171,2 174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2 183,- 187,1-5 189,3-7 191,1 196,2 208,3-4 214,2-3<somewhat leathery>
216,2 218<indistinctly>,2 220,3<or lacerate>/- 221,2 223,1/2 240,2<save for
the villous callus> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,2-4 277<apically>,2 280,2
283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 291,2 295,2 298,2<but nearly 1/3 of the grain
length> 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 346,33-39 348,1&2 350,1/2 353,1 354,1 360,2
363,1<short>/3&6<or more or less rectangular> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
399,1<at the bases of the furrows> 401,1 406,1 469,7 470,28 471,4
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,66 491,2 492<North
temperate> 493,1&6&8 494,1 495,1&2&3 497,1&2&5 498,2 504,11 506,1&2 512,2/3
515<lakes, rivers, wet meadows> 518<\i{}S. festucacea\i0{}> 524,5 525,4
529,1 530,24&33 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us - \i{}. festucacea\i0{}
(Willd.) Link; Metcalfe 1960> 540<scolochl> 
 
# \i{}Scribneria\i0{} <Hackel>/
1<named for F. Lamson-Scribner> 3<\i{}Deschampsia\i0{}> 7,1 9,3 11,-
13,7-30 14,2 19,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<about>,0.8-1.6 58<almost
filiform> 59,3<involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<acuminate, becoming lacerate>
71,1.5-4 72,2 73,2 74,1 89,1<slender>/4<with short pedicels>/5<rarely,
having two spikelets per node, on different pedicels or on one branched
peduncle> 91,2/- 92,3 94,- 99,1 100<and the short pedicels>,1 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1<mostly>/2<occasionally>
121,2 122,2 123,2-3<the pedicels embedded with the spikelets the rachis
hollows, becoming shorter towards the inflorescence tip> 125,1 141,4-7
144,- 145,1<flatwise against the axis> 147,1 148,- 154,1 155,1 156,2 157,1
160,2<oblique> 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<exceeding them> 168,2 170,2 171,2
172,1<minutely scabrous on the nerves> 174,1 176,2 177,2<but keeled on the
outer nerves> 179,2<usually purplish-tinged, both strongly keeled on the
outer nerve with the side adjoining the rachis nerveless, one - assumed to
be the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} - markedly narrower>
183,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} also> 187,2 189,4 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<shortly bifid> 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,1 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,1-3 235,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3-5
250,1 251,1 253,2 255<briefly>,2 256,1 257,1<hyaline, glabrous> 258,2 259,3
260,1<the nerves closely apposed> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2
271,2 272,1 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<2.5 mm long> 289,2 291,3
295,1<punctiform> 298,2<but fairly large for a pooid grass - about 1/4 of
the grain length> 301,2 302,1 303,2 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,2 332,2 345,1
346,(31-)34-38(-39) 348,1 350,1<slightly> 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,2 361,3<in
material seen>/1 363<when present,>,2/3/- 365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2
393<with slight, rounded adaxial ribs> 394,1 395,1<by its association with
a small abaxial keel, and by the bundle possessing an abaxial strand rather
than a girder> 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the main
bundles with Is> 406,1 442,- 469,13 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,40 491,1<\i{}S. bolanderi\i0{}> 492<western U.S.A.> 493,6 494,1 495,3
504,11 524,5 525,4 529,1 535<studied by us> 540<scribner> 
 
# \i{}Scrotochloa\i0{} <Judziewicz>/
1<from the Latin \i{}scroto\i0{} (pouch) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass), in
reference to the pouch- or urn-shaped female spikelets>
3<\i{}Leptaspis\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}S. urceolata\i0{} (Roxb.) Judz.> 7,2 9,4
13,30-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,1-2 44,2 47,2 48,2 55,1 56,10-70 63,1<becoming
inverted by twisting of the petiole> 64,1<the laterals diverging
obliquely from the midrib> 65,1 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,1<minute> 72,2 73,1 74,2
75,1 76,2&3 77,4 78,1 89,5<1-noded> 90,- 91,1 95,3 96,4-8 101,2<the
spikelet branchlets without subtending bracts> 102,2 108,1 109,1<the
inflorescence separating below the single node> 120,2 123,3<the female
pedicels clavate> 126,2<the female spikelets tending to be accompanied by
pedicelled males, the pedicels of similar length> 131<the male spikelets
much smaller, stamens 6, anthers non-penicillate, lodicules absent, the
floret caducous> 133,1 135,1 138,6 141,4-9 145,1 147,3 154,2 155,2 157,2
163,2 164,2 165,2 167,2 174,1<acute> 176,2 179,1<both ovate, caducous,
purplish brown> 187,5-7 189,5-7 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<urceolate-scrotoform,
with connate margins and a terminal pore through which the style emerges>
214,3 216,1 223,1 240<densely>,1<uncinate-pubescent> 244,2 248,9
250,1<linear> 251,1 256,1 258,1 259,3 260,3 264,2 266,2 272,0<with 6 minute
staminodes> 280,1<into one> 283,3 286,2 290,U 294,U 322,1<the zones
conspicuously sinuous, in the material seen> 323,2 327,2<the costals much
narrower - reminiscent of epidermal fibres> 329,2<in the sense that they
are very variable in width, and of divers shapes> 330<often>,1<but
frequently with one or both ends oblique or irregular>/- 331,1 332,2
345,2<in places>/1 348<mostly low to high>,2<frequently accompanied by
small interstomatal or long-cells almost constituting additional
subsidiaries>/1 350,2 351,2 360,3 363,10<small, abundant, the form as yet
unknown elsewhere> 365,1<i.e. around the middle> 370,2 374,1 390,2 391,1
395,1 397,1 399,1 401,1<these wide> 443,1 477,3 478,3 481,8 487,10 488,7
489,39 490,80 491,2 492<Ceylon and Southeast Asia to New Guinea, Australia
and the Solomon Islands> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,9
509,1 513,1 515<in forest> 534<Judziewicz 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}S.
urceolata\i0{} (Roxb.) Judziewicz> 537,2 540<scrotoch> 
 
# \i{}Scutachne\i0{} <A. Hitchc. & Chase>/
7,2 9,3 11,- 13,40-70 14,2 27,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 56,4-6(-10) 65,2 66,2
70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 75,1/2<the short-pedicelled members poorly-developed or
missing> 76,1&4 89,1<contracted about the primary branches>/5 91,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 126,1/2
127<sometimes>,2 129,4 130,1 141,5 144,- 145,3 147,3 148,- 149,2 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2<the lower half as long>
167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171<(the upper)>,1 174,1 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1<the lower small, hyaline and appressed to the rachilla, the upper
large and firm> 187,7-9 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 200,2 201,1
203,2 204,5 205,2 206,1<leathery, like the upper glume> 208,1 210<acuminate
to a puberulous point> 214,2-3 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5
250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2
272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,60-66 341,6-8.4 342,7.1-11 343,28.5-36
344,0.45-0.55 345,1 346,27-33 348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 353,1 360,1
363,2&8 364<mostly>,1&4 365,2 370,1 374,1 375,1 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the bigger bundles> 405,1 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491,2 492<Cuba> 493,7 494,3 502,1
504,11 513,2 515<rocky slopes> 535<\i{}S. dura\i0{} studied by us> 537,2
540<scutachn> 
 
# \i{}Secale\i0{} <L.>/
1<classical Latin name for rye or spelt> 7,1<rarely perennial> 9,3<or the
culms solitary>/- 11,- 13,20-150 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1 52,1
53,2 55,1/2 56,2.5-20 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 73,2 74,1
80,1&2 81,1/2 89,1<laterally compressed, distichous> 91,- 94,- 99,1 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1/2<in cultivated forms> 109,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1 141,10-18 145,1 147,3<and the joint>/4<in
cultivated forms> 154,1 155,2 157,2 160<very>,2 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 168,2
170,2 174,- 175,1 176<acuminate to>,1 177,1<sharply keeled to the base>
179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 193,1 194,1 196,2 208,2-3
210<lanceolate, tapered to the awn> 214,1-2 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1<scabrid> 234,3 235,2 240,2 244,1<the keel with
rigid, pectinate cilia> 248,5 249,2 250,1 251,1 255,2 258,2<hyaline> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 272,3 274,2.3-12 275,2 277,2
278,1<fleshy below the styles> 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,2-3 289,4 290,1
291<slightly>,2-3 293,1 295,2 298,1-2<to 1/3 the length of the caryopsis>
301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1
314,9-15<?> 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,2 345,1 346,48-49-51
348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,1<elliptical>/2 360,2 363,3&6
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1 405,2 406,1 410,1 413,2<1 species> 415,1 416,1 469,7 470,14 471,2
472,18 473<large> 474,7.2-9.5<5 species, mean 8.3> 475,16.8<6 species,
14.8-19.0> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41 491,5
492<Mediterranean, eastern Europe to central Asia, and South Africa>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&8&10 506,1
511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<sandy soils and dry hillsides> 519<\i{}S.
cereale\i0{} (Rye)> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Triticum\i0{}
(\i{}Triticosecale\i0{} Wittmack), \i{}Agropyron\i0{}, \i{}Aegilops\i0{}
(\i{}Aegilosecale\i0{} Ciferri & Giacom.), \i{}Hordeum\i0{}
(\i{}Hordale\i0{} Ciferri & Giacom.), \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}.
\i{}Agrotrisecale\i0{} Ciferri & Giacom. = \i{}Agropyron\i0{} 
\i{}Secale\i0{}  \i{}Triticum\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1
530,17&25&33&34&35 531,1&2 532,4&5 533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}S. cereale\i0{} L.> 540<secale> 
 
# \i{}Sehima\i0{} <Forssk.>/
5<\i{}Hologamium\i0{} Nees> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,20-100 14,2 19,1/2 27,1/2
37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1<rarely>/2 65,2 66,2 69,2/3 73,2 74,1
75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1 79,2 89,4<a single, curved, culm-like raceme with
embedded spikelets> 91,- 94,- 99,1&2 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,4<laterally
compressed, curved> 106,1 107,2 108,1 109,2 111<stoutly linear to
subclavate> 113,2 115,1<with white hairs ventrally> 120,2 121,1 123,1&3
126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 131<pedicelled spikelets male or neuter,
strongly dorsally compressed, flat, often with the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
large and strongly nerved, the lemmas awnless> 136,1
145<slightly>,3/1&3<commonly more or less square in section> 147,3 154,2
157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 173,3 174,- 176,1<the upper with an apical
bristle-like awn, the lower bidentate or 2-mucronate> 177,- 179,1<the lower
2-keeled and 2-winged, the upper naviculate-subulate and awned>
183,1<scarcely winged> 184,3/4 185,2 186,1 187,3-6 189,3-6 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
233,1-2<puberulous to ciliate along its coils> 234,3
240,1<above>/2<glabrous> 244,2 248,2-3 250,1 251,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
286,2 290<concave on one side> 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1
331,1<conspicuously pitted> 332,1 335,1<unusually slender>
339,(63-)72-75(-78) 341,3.6-3.9-4.5 342,14-20.8 343,(24-)30-33(-35)
344,0.38-0.44 345,1 346,24-27-30 348<predominantly>,3 350,2 351,2
357<\i{}S. nervosa\i0{} with abundant prickles> 358,2 360,1 363,8 364<short
to long>,3<in \i{}S. nervosa\i0{}> 365,2 370,1 374,2 378,2 383,1 385,1
393,2 394,2<major bundles with large adaxial and abaxial ribs, the rest
unribbed or with small ribs, in \i{}S. nervosa\i0{}> 395,2 396,1
399,1<these large and wide> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the primaries with
heavy Ts> 406,1 413,2<1 species> 469,10&17&20 470,34&40 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42 491,5 492<warm Africa, India, Australia>
493,3&4&5 494,1&2&5 495,2 496,1&3 498,1 499,1&2&4 500,1&2&3&4 503,1
504,2&5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna, sometimes
on heavy clay> 531,1&2 532,1 533,2 535<studied by us - \i{}S. nervosa\i0{}
(Rottb.) Stapf> 540<sehima> 
 
# \i{}Semiarundinaria\i0{} <Makino>/
5<\i{}Brachystachyum\i0{} Keng> 7<shrubby>,2<or small tree> 9,1 11,2
13,300-1000 14,1 15,4 16,1 19,1 21,3/4-10 22,1 23,4 30,1 31<commonly>,1/-
34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2 37,2 38,2 39,2<metamorph type I> 40,2 44,2 47,1 48,2
55,1 63,1 65,1 66,1 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,2 87,1<apparently>
89<compound>,5<in spatheolate racemes od 1-3 spikelets in fascicles at the
nodes of the branches> 101,1 102,1<and each spikelet or raceme with an
outer, basal bract with a reduced lamina> 103,1/3<of 1-3 spikelets> 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,5-10 142,9/13 145,1 147,1<?> 148,2<?>
154,1 156,1 157,2 163,2 164,2 167,1 174,1 176,2 179,2 191,2<presumably>
192,2<assuming terminal florets may be imperfect> 196,2 208,3-4
210<ovate-lanceolate, acuminate> 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3 225,1 226,1 228,3
231,1 234,1 244,2 248,7-11 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma> 252,2
255,2 259,4 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3
275,2 276,2 277,1 278,1<rarely>/2 279<where recorded,>,2 280,1<into one
long style> 283,3<feathery> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1<especially
in the stomatal bands> 325,1 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1<but variable in shape>
345,1 348<low to high>,2 351,1 353,2<but paired with hooks> 360,2<and
solitary> 363,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 393,1<slight ribs and
furrows>/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1/1&2 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<with most bundles> 469,12 470,48 471,4 473<small> 477,3
478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491<about>,5 492<China, Japan,
Vietnam> 493,3 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,2 504,11 523<may hybridize
with \i{}Sasa\i0{} (\i{}Hibanobambusa\i0{} Maruyama and Okamura)> 524,4&5
525,1 526,4 530,4&12 535<Metcalfe 1960> 537,2 540<semiarun> 
 
# \i{}Sesleria\i0{} <Scop.>/
5<\i{}Diptychum\i0{} Dulac> 6<\i{}Oreochloa\i0{}, \i{}Psilathera\i0{},
\i{}Sesleriella\i0{}> 7,2 9<usually>,3 11,- 13,10-70 14,2 19<usually>,2
38,- 47,2 49,1 52,1 55,2 56,0.4-6 59,1/2/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1/2
71,0.1-1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<the sterile spikelets reduced to a pair
(usually) of bractlike scales (representing their glumes?) at the base of
the inflorescence> 78,1 89,5 91,2<often bluish, greyish or whitish>
92,2/3/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,- 120,-
121,2 131<the sterile spikelets vestigial, represented by bracts at the
base of the inflorescence> 141,3.5-9 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2
157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1/2<<20%> rarely> 170,- 174,1<acuminate>
176<shortly>,1/2 177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 196,2
208,2-6 214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2-5 221,2<with 2-5 teeth>
223,2-3<the teeth usually aristulate> 225<when present,>,1/3/5 226,1/2
227<the median>,2<when laterals present> 228,3 231,1 234,1-2 237<when
present,>,1 240,1/2 244,2 246,- 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 256,1/2/3 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 274,2.5-4 275,2 277,2
280,1 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 291,2 293,2 295,1 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2
304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 310,1 311,1 312,2 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,2
330,1 331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1/2 353,2/- 360,2 363,1/2/3 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386<seemingly>,2<but see Metcalfe 1960> 395,1/2 396,1
399,1/2<sometimes \i{}Ammophila\i0{}-type, or confined to midrib
hinges>/- 401<sometimes>,1/- 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1/2<rarely> 413,2<1
species> 469,7 470,14<rarely>/28/42/56 471,2<rarely>/4/6/8<often 2n = 56>
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,6 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,67 491,25
492<Europe, western Asia> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2&3 504,11 506,1
512,3/4 513,2 515<uplands and mountain rocks> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1
530,17&24 531,1&2 532,1&4&5 533,5 534<Deyl 1946> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}S. caerulea\i0{} (L.) Ard.> 540<sesleria> 
 
# \i{}Sesleriella\i0{} <Deyl>/
3<\i{}Sesleria\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,5-15 14,2 19,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 56,1-2
57,2<e.g. \i{}S. appendiculata\i0{}>/3 58,2<convolute or flat>
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.5 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<the sterile
spikelets reduced to bractlike scales at the base of the inflorescence>
78,1 89,5 91,2 92,1/2 94,- 98,- 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 116,- 120,- 121,2 131<the sterile spikelets vestigial,
represented by bracts at the base of the inflorescence> 144,- 145,1 147,1
154,1 156,1 158,2 163,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1 176<shortly>,1/2<then
mucronate> 177,1 179,2<ovate, membranous> 183,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
196,2 208,3-4 214,3<silvery or grey> 216,2 218,2 221,2<toothed> 223,1/2<the
teeth shortly aristulate> 240,1<proximally> 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1
251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3
277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1<about 1.5 mm long> 293,- 298,2 322,1 323,2
327<costal long-cells smaller> 328,1 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,2 345,2
348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1<a few only>/2 360,3<many
paired> 363,1<often short>/3<often irregular, integrading with the
sinuous/crenate forms> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1<by the
larger bundle> 396,1 399,2<bulliforms not apparent> 403,2 404,1 405,1<Is>
406,1 442,- 469,7 477,2 478,2 479,6 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,67 491,2
492<central and southern Europe> 493,1&2 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2 504,11
506,1 535<studied by us - \i{}S. (Sesleria) sphaerocephala\i0{}>
540<seslerie> 
 
# \i{}Setaria\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}seta\i0{} (a bristle), alluding to bristly
inflorescences> 4<Type: \i{}S. viridis\i0{} (L.) P.Beauv.>
5<\i{}Acrochaete\i0{} Peter, \i{}Chaetochloa\i0{} Scribn.,
\i{}Miliastrum\i0{} Fabric., \i{}Tansaniochloa\i0{} Rauschert>
6<\i{}Camusiella\i0{}, \i{}Cymbosetaria\i0{}, \i{}Paspalidium\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,10-320 14,2 19,1<usually sparsely to amply>/2
23,1<usually>/2<e.g., \i{}S. surgens\i0{}> 32,1 37,1/2 38,- 42,1/2/1&2 44,2
47,2 48,2 55,1/2 57<usually>,3<occasionally sagittate or hastate, then
perhaps referable to \i{}Cymbosetaria\i0{}> 59,1/2 61,1 63,1<<5%>
occasionally>/2 64,1-2<rarely>/3<<95%>> 65,2 66,2 67,1/2/3<<20%> in Sect.
Ptychophyllum> 68,1 69,2<narrow>/3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2
76,1/1&3/1&4<when clustered, often not all fully developed> 80,1&2 81,1/2
84,1/2 85,1<sometimes>/2 89,2<<20%> not uncommonly so - e.g., in Sect.
Ptychophyllum - though this is ignored in many published keys>/3/5<the
primary branches arranged all the way round the main axis, by contrast with
\i{}Paspalidium\i0{}> 91,1/2 92<when contracted>,2/3/4 97,3 98,2<produced
into bristles beyond the spikelets> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 116,3/2<e.g., in Sect. Ptychophyllum> 117,2 118,1
121,1<when the spikelets are on clear primary branches, as in Sect.
Ptychophyllum>/2 123,2/3 124,3 126,2 141,2-4 142,8/10/11 145,3 147,3/4<<5%>
in cultivated forms> 154,2 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 167,1/2 170,- 176,2
179<membranous> 187,3-6 189,3-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199,1-2
201,1/2 203,2 204,5/7<<10%> rarely> 205,2-3 206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1
214,3 215,3 216,1<crustaceous> 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,1<usually apiculate>
240,2 244<usually>,2<but cymbiform in species perhaps referable to
\i{}Cymbosetaria\i0{}> 246,2 247,1 248,1-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2
258,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1
280<basally>,1/2 283,2 284,1/2 287,1 289,4-5 291,2 294,1/2 295,1 298,1
299,1/2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,1
313,2 314<veins many> 322,1 323,2 327,1<costals narrower> 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 339,(34-)38-96(-102) 340,21
341,7.5-8.4-9 342,9.3-11.6 343,(16-)18-59(-62) 344,(0.52-)0.57-0.64(-0.69)
345,1 346,39-42 348<low to high>,2/3/2&3 350,2 351,1/2 352,2
353,2<solitary> 354<when present,>,1/2 355,3<few> 356<when present,>,5/6
360,1/3<rarely> 362,4 363,8 364,1/2/3/4 365,2 367,1 370,1 373,3<5 species>
374,2 375,1 376,1 378,2 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1
396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1/2<somtimes the epidermis largely, irregularly
bulliform> 400,1 401<commonly>,1/- 403,1 404,1/2 405,2 406,1 409,1<few
cells> 410,3 413,1<\i{}S. chevalieri\i0{}>/2<10 species> 415,1 416,1
469,9&10 470,18&36&54&63&72/36-54 471,2&4&6&8 473<small> 476,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491<about>,110 492<tropical and warm
temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5
497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1&3
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,2 506,1&2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 511,1
512<generally>,3 513,1<e.g. \i{}S. palmifolia\i0{}>/2 515<in woodland,
grassland, weedy places> 516<\i{}S. adhaerens\i0{}, \i{}S. barbata\i0{},
\i{}S. faberi\i0{}, \i{}S. glauca\i0{}, \i{}S. gracilis\i0{}, \i{}S.
italica\i0{}, \i{}S. pallide-fusca\i0{}, \i{}S. palmifolia\i0{}, \i{}S.
paniculifera\i0{}, \i{}S. poiretiana\i0{}, \i{}S. sphacelata\i0{}, \i{}S.
verticillata\i0{}, \i{}S. verticilliformis\i0{}, \i{}S. viridis\i0{}>
517<\i{}S. sphacelata\i0{} (Nandi)> 518<e.g. \i{}S. incrassata\i0{}, \i{}S.
kagarensis\i0{}, \i{}S. longiseta\i0{}, \i{}S. macrostachya\i0{}, \i{}S.
sphacelata\i0{}> 519<\i{}S. italica\i0{} (Foxtail Millet) - as a major
(China) or minor cereal, and as birdseed> 522<\i{}S. palmifolia\i0{}
sometimes cultivated as a vegetable> 524,5 525,1&3&5&6 526,1&3 528,1&4&5&7
530,5&15&17&19&20&47 531,1&2 532,4 533,1&2&4&5 534<Clayton 1979>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}S. geniculata\i0{} (Lam.) Beauv.,
\i{}S. palmifolia\i0{} (Koenig) Stapf, \i{}S. verticillata\i0{} (L.)
Beauv.> 540<setaria> 
 
# \i{}Setariopsis\i0{} <Scribner ex Millsp.>/
1<from \i{}Setaria\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.) and the Greek
\i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance), denoting likeness> 7,1/2 9,1/4 13,15-50 14,2
19,1 27,2 37,1 44,2 55,1-2 59,1 65,2 66,2 69,2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4<the clusters with undeveloped spikelets at the base> 78,- 89,3/2<the
basal clusters being quite elongated in \i{}S. auriculata\i0{}> 91,2
98,2<produced into long bristles beyond the spikelets> 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 116,2<these longer than the spikelets> 118,1
121,2 122,3 123,3 124,3 141,2-3<gibbous> 145,3 147,3 148,- 149,1 150,2
154,2 155,- 157,2 160,1 163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2
171,2 172,1 174,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} blunt>
176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} small, broad and cordate,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} large, very broad, saccate, auriculate and
becoming indurated> 187,7-9 188,1<and auriculate> 189,11-19 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,1 201,2<seemingly> 202<broad, lyrate with two swellings at
the base> 203,2 204,7-11 205,3 206,1<cartilaginous, harder along the
margins> 207,1 208,1 212,2 214,3 215,3 216,1 218,1 219,1<and apiculate>
223,1<though apiculate> 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1
255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 271,2 274<about>,0.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,2
295,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<thin walled> 330,1
331,1<irregularly so> 332,1 335,1 339,(45-)48-51(-54) 341,5.1-5.4-6
342,8.3-10 343,(30-)33-34.5(-39) 344,0.67-0.73 345,1 346,21-24 348<medium
to high>,2/3<occasionally> 350,2 351,1<in places> 353,2<solitary> 354,2
360,1 363,8 364,3&4 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,2 393,3 395,1 396,2<the large
median bundle flanked on either side by two smaller ones> 397,1 399,2<the
epidermis largely bulliform, and complicated by cushion hair bases> 401,-
403,1 404,1<with the primaries only> 405,1 406,1 469,9 470,19 471,2 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,2 492<Mexico> 493,6 494,1&3 495,3
502,1 504,11 513,2 515<weedy places> 535<studied by us - \i{}S.
auriculata\i0{} Scribn.> 536<description based mainly on \i{}S.
auriculata\i0{}> 540<setariop> 
 
# \i{}Shibataea\i0{} <Makino>/
1<after Keita Shibata, Japanese botanist> 7<small, shrubby>,2 9,1 11,2
13,20-100 14,1 15,0.5 16,2 17,2<zigzag> 19,1 21,2/3/4-10 23,3 28,2 30,1
31<usually>,1 33,2 34,2 35,1<usually>/2 36<when developed,>,1 38,2
39,2<rhizomes metamorph type I> 40,2 44,2 47,2 48,U 55,1 56,12-25 63,1 65,1
66,1 67,1 69,1 70,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,2 87,1<apparently - but the
description seen unclear> 89<with few-spikeleted racemes in lateral,
spatheate clusters> 101,1 102,1<but spikelets without basal outer bracts>
103,1<of few spikelets> 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
141,15-18 142<where recorded,>,9/13/- 145,1 147,1<?> 154,1 163,2/3<?> 165,1
167,1 174,1 176,2 179,2<ovate-lanceolate> 191,1/2<?> 196,2<?> 208,2
210<ovate-lanceolate> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,9-10 250,1
251,1<about equalling the lemma> 252,2 255,1<pointed> 259,4 260,3 261,1
264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
278,1/2<often unknown> 279<where recorded,>,2 280,1<into one, trifid above>
283,3<feathery> 287,2<7 mm long> 291,3<cylindric> 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1
323,1 325,1/2 326,3<one or more than one row per cell> 328,2<costals
thicker> 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1<but variable in shape> 345,1 348<low to
high>,2 351,1 353,1/2 360,1<but frequent long short-cells> 363,4/8<or
cuboid> 364<often>,1/2/3 365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1<but small and
inconspicuous> 393,1<low>/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<the large bundles> 469,12 470,48 471,4
473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,3 492<eastern
Asia> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11 535<Metcalfe 1960> 536<description
very poor> 537,2 540<shibatae> 
 
# \i{}Sieglingia\i0{} <Bernh.>/
1<named for a botanist, Siegling> 3<\i{}Danthonia\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,-
13,10-60 14,2 24,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 59,1/3 65,2 66,2 67,1/2
69,3 70,- 72,1<of hairs> 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2 82,1/2 83<(when
present)>,1<sometimes basal and very modified> 88,2 89,4/5 91,1/2 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1/2 123,3 141,6-12(-14)
145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2
170,- 174,1/2 176,2 179,2<rounded below, keeled above, lanceolate to ovate>
187,3-5 189,3-5 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,4-6 214,2-3 216,2 218,2 221,2
223,2<via the central tooth> 240,1<short-haired on the lower margins>/2
241,2 242,2 244,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,2<but
each enlarging and progressively thickening towards the base - by contrast
with \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu stricto?> 264,1 266,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3
274,0.2-0.4 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 290,1 293,- 295,2
298,1<compared with \i{}Danthonia\i0{} sensu stricto> 299,1 301,2 302,2
304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 310,1 311,1 312,2 314,5 316,2 318,1 320,1
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1<rather thick walled, and
heavily pitted anticlinally and on the surface> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1<large> 339,(78-)81-99(-102) 341,(12-)12.6-15(-18) 342,4.3-7.9
343,(36-)40.5-46.5(-52.5) 344,0.44-0.52 345,2<scarce in material
seen>/1<see Metcalfe> 346,31-34 348,2&3<of the truncated type, in the
material seen> 350,1<very slightly>/2 351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1
356<mostly>,3/2<a few cubical or saddle-shaped> 360,1 363,8 364<short>,3/1
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 388,2<but often with a region of translucent,
spongy tissue in the mid-interveinal regions of the mesophyll> 393,1-3<the
adaxial ribs very slight> 394,1 395,1<by virtue of the large associated
hinge groups> 396,1 399,1<these conspicuous, in all the slight furrows>
401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<the midrib with an anchor, the rest of the bundles
with Is> 406,1 469,6/9<?> 470,24&36&124 471,3&4&14 473<fairly small>
477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80 491,1<\i{}S. decumbens\i0{}>
492<Madeira, Algeria, Europe, Asia Minor> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1 495,1&2
497,2 498,2&3 504,1&4&10 511,1 523<intergeneric hybrids with
\i{}Danthonia\i0{} (\i{}Danthosieglingia\i0{} Domin)> 524,5 525,4 529,1
530,29 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}S. decumbens\i0{} (L.)
Bernh.> 540<siegling> 
 
# \i{}Silentvalleya\i0{} <Nair, Sreekumar, Vajravelu & Bhargavan>/
1<name alluding to the Silent Valley Reserve Forest, Aruvampara> 7,2 9,3
13,40-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 47,2 52,1<with filiform tips> 55,2 56,0.4-0.6 61,1
65,2 69,1<according to the original description> 70,1 73,2 74,1 89,2
95,3<the slender racemes scattered along a main axis> 96,6-10 101,2 102,2
105,1 108,2 120,1<at each node> 121,1<obscurely so?> 122,1 123,2 125,1
141<about>,8 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2<except for the callus at the
base of each floret> 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2 165,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} considerably the shorter> 166,1 167<(the upper)>,2
171,2 172,1 173,3 174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acute, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
acuminate> 176,2 180,0.5 181,1 187,0 189,3<the laterals faint> 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,6-10<sometimes purplish> 210<lanceolate, acuminate> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3<from the acuminate lemma tip> 231,1
233,1<scabrid> 234,2-3 240,2 243,1 247,2 248,3<the laterals faint> 250,1
251,1 255,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,1 263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1<seemingly> 269,2 272,3 274,1.25<the filaments relatively short> 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<about 2 mm long, stipitate> 291,3 295,1<?>
297,3<seemingly> 298,1<?> 322,1 323,2 330,1 332,1<but very scarce> 333,2
334,2 335,2 336,3 340,18 342,2.5 344,0.4 345<fairly>,1 352,3 353,1 354,1
355,3 356,3 360,1 362,4 363,3 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,3 378,1
379,2 389,1 393,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 403,2 404,1 406,1 477,6 484,4<cf.
\i{}Diplachne\i0{}> 487,5 488,7 489,52 490,80 491,1<\i{}S. nairii\i0{}>
492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 534<Nair, Sreekumar, Vajravelu
and Bhargavan 1982b> 535<Van den Borre 1994> 540<silentva> 
 
# \i{}Simplicia\i0{} <Kirk>/
7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,2-3 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2.5 145,1 147,1 154,1 155,1 156,2 163,2 164,1 165,1-2
166,1 167,1<the upper less than 1/4 the length of the floret> 170,- 174,1
176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2 187,1 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,1-2 214,3<membranous>
216,2 219,1<acute> 223,1/3<with or without an awnlet> 225<if present,>,1
226,1 228,2-3 229,1<subapical> 231,1 240,2<but tuberculate-scabrid> 244,1
248,3 250,1 251,1 259,2/3 260,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1
272,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,1 295,1 299,2 303,2 304,1 322,1
323,2 328,1 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,2 348,1 351,2 363<predominantly>,2/1
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
469,7 470,28 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,2 492<New
Zealand> 493,5 494,6 504,10 505,1 513,2 515<grassland> 535<studied by us -
\i{}S. buchananii\i0{} Zotov> 540<simplici> 
 
# \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{} <Nakai>/
1<Latin for Chinese \i{}Arundinaria\i0{} (q.v.)> 3<included in
\i{}Fargesia\i0{} by Soderstrom and Ellis 1987> 5<\i{}Ampelocalamus\i0{}
Chen, Wen and Sheng, \i{}Burmabambusa\i0{} Keng f., \i{}Chimonocalamus\i0{}
Hsueh and Yi, \i{}Drepanostachyum\i0{} Keng f.; interpreted by Clayton and
Renvoize (1986) to include \i{}Yushania\i0{} and \i{}Otatea\i0{} as well>
6<\i{}Otatea, Yushania\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 11,2 14,1 19,1 20<(where
recorded)>,1/12-20<\i{}D. ampullare\i0{}> 21,5-20 22,2/3 23,4 28,1 30,1
31,1/2 33,2 34,1/2 35,1 36,1/2/4 37,1/2 39,1
40,1<\i{}Chimonocalamus\i0{}>/2 44,2 48,U 52,2 55,1-2 56<to>,12<in \i{}S.
nitida\i0{}> 63,1 65,1 66,1 69,2 71<very short> 73,2 74,1 86,1/2<e.g,
\i{}Ampelocalamus\i0{} sp.> 87,1<mostly>/2 89,4/5 101,1 102,2 123,3 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 156<often>,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 179,2 189,7
191<often>,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,1-5 216,2 223,1-3 225,1 226,1 228,3
231,1 240,2 248,7 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,4<between and outside the keels>
260,3 262,2 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 272,3
273,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Ampelocalamus patellaris\i0{}> 278,2 283,2 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3<small, usually on row per long-cell>
331,1 332,1 334,2 335,1 339,55-88 343,18-29 345,1 348<low to high>,2/3
351,1<paired with hook bases>/2 360,1<e.g. \i{}S. murieli\i0{}>/3<mostly in
rows of 3-5 in \i{}S. nitida\i0{}> 363,4/8 364<when panicoid type,>,1/1-3
365,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1 394,1<broad, low> 396,3 399,1 401,1&2
403,2 404,1 469,12 473<small> 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2
489,5<including synonymous genera> 490,12 491<about>,50 492<Asia and
Madagascar> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,3&4 497,2&3 500,1&2&3 513,1&2
515<woodland and open places, low and high altitudes> 535<Metcalfe 1960,
for \i{}Arundinaria murieli\i0{} and \i{}A. nitida\i0{}> 536<Clayton
and Renvoize (1986) and Soderstrom and Ellis (1987) present very different
generic interpretations of the species associated with
\i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Otatea\i0{}, \i{}Yushania\i0{},
\i{}Fargesia\i0{} and \i{}Thamnocalamus\i0{} (q.v.), without providing
generic descriptions adequate for the present purpose, and the data
compiled here are inevitably very unsatisfactory> 537,2 540<sinarund> 
 
# \i{}Sinobambusa\i0{} <Makino>/
5<\i{}Neobambus\i0{} Keng f.> 7,2<shrub or small tree> 9,1 11,2 13,200-800
14,1<with long internodes> 15,1-3.5 16<with grooved internodes> 19,1
21<nearly always>,3 22,1 23,4 30,1 31,1/2 33,1<sometimes>/2 34,1/2 35,1
36,1/2 37,2 38,2 39,2<metamorph type I> 44,2 48,1/2 55,1 56,10-35 63,1
65,1/2 66<where recorded, demarcated and>,1/2 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,2
87,2<the spikelets in tufts, each with a bract> 89<lateral, the spikelets
in clusters at the nodes> 94,- 101,1 102,1 103,5<clustered> 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123<more or less>,1 141,30-100
142<where recorded,>,13/- 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2<?> 154,1 157,2
163,2/3<?> 165,1 167,1 170,- 176,2 179,2 196,2<assuming the bract is a
bract or a glume> 208,4-25 210<ovate> 218,1 219,1 223,1 244,2 248,11-15
250,1 251,1<almost as long as the lemma> 252,2 255,1<pointed> 256,1
259,4<5-nerved> 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,1 272,3
277,1 278<where known,>,2 280,1<into one, short> 283,3 290,1 293,- 322,1
323,1 324,1&2<very abundant> 325,1 326,3<smallish, in one or two rows per
cell, sometimes clustered or in branched-pairs> 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1<the
sinuosity fine to coarse> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348<mostly
low,>,1/2/3 349,1 351,1 353,1&2<some solitary> 357<numerous prickles with
very reduced points costally, and a few macrohairs both costally and
intercostally> 360,1<in places>/2<in places>/3<in places, irregularly
grouped> 361,1 363,4<large> 370,2 386<probably>,1<but obscure in the poor
material seen> 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1-2<slightly ribbed over the
primaries> 395,1<by virtue of the large midrib bundle and abaxual keel, and
the adaxial and abaxial sclerenchyma masses> 396,1 397,2 398,2 399,1
401,1<these large and broad, in the shallow, wide furrows> 403,2 404,1<with
the larger bundles> 405,1<anchors, with the primaries> 406,1 469,12 470,48
471,4 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,17 492<eastern Asia>
493,3 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,3 500,1&2 504,11 524,5 525,1 526,4 530,12
534<Chao and Renvoize 1989> 535<studied by us - \i{}S. tootsik\i0{} Makino>
540<sinobamb> 
 
# \i{}Sinochasea\i0{} <Keng>/
3<\i{}Pseudodanthonia\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 55,2 58,1 65,2 69,1
70,1 71,0.5-1 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,10-12 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,- 154,1
155,- 156,2 157,1 158,2 163,2 165,2 167,2<exceeding them> 170,-
174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,2 183,- 187,5(-6) 189,(4-)5 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,2<firm> 216,2 218,2<deeply notched> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
235,1 240,1 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,7 489,38 490,80 491,1<\i{}S.
trigyna\i0{}> 492<China> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11 537,2 538,4
540<sinochas> 
 
# \i{}Sirochloa\i0{} <S. Dransfield>/
3<\i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}> 4<\i{}S. parvifolia\i0{} (Munro) S. Dransf.> 7,2
9,3 13,250-300 14,1 16,1<the internodes c. 22 cm long> 21,4-10 23,4 30,1
39<short,>,1 47,1<the auricles falcate, the aural hairs ciliate> 48,U
52,3<acuminate> 55,1-2 56<2.5-9 cm long,>,6-10 63,1 65<with 4-6 secondary
veins> 69,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1<with basal axillary buds>
92<comprising untidy tufts clustered at the nodes> 101,1 102,1<with
glumaceous subtending bracts and prophylls beneath lateral spikelets> 123,1
140,2 142,9 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163<persistent,>,2/3<2-3> 166,1
171,1-2<glabrous to pilose> 176,2 179<ovate-acuminate,>,2 191,2 192,2 193,1
194,1<rudimentary> 195,2 196,2 208,1 210<ovate> 214<chartaceous,>,2 216,2
218,1 219,1 223<long-acuminate,>,3 244,2 248,7-9 250,1 252,2 255,2-3
257<chartaceous,>,2 272,6 278,1 279,1 283,3 297<brittle,>,1 325,U 345,U
354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,1<\i{}S.
parvifolia\i0{}> 492<Madagascar, Comoros and Mayotte> 493,4 494,2 496,2
534<Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase> 538,4 540<sirochlo> 
 
# \i{}Sitanion\i0{} <Raf.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}sitos\i0{} (grain)> 3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}<probaby
justifiably - see Notes below>> 4<\i{}Sitanion elymoides\i0{} Raf., =
\i{}Elymus elymoides\i0{} (Raf.) Swezey?> 7,2 9,3 11,- 13,11-100 14,2 37,2
38,- 42,2 44,2 47,1 55,2 56<to>,6 59,1/2/3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,0.3-1 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<sterile spikelets accompanying the
female-fertile ones, either irregularly in the clusters, or the central
spikelet fertile and the laterals sterile> 89,1/3<with 1-4, but usually
2(-3), spikelets per node, very bristly via acicular glumes, awned lemmas
and reduced spikelets> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1
109,2 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,4<constituted by glumes>/1 120<usually,
fairly consistently>,2 121,2 123,1 131<sometimes with 1(-2)of the spikelets
in each group sterile and reduced to groups of awns> 141,5-15 144,- 145,2
147,3<the pairs/clusters falling with the rachis segment> 148,2<the
rachilla often also fragile>/1 154,1 157,2 158,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,1/2
170,3<borne side by side> 174,- 176,1<the awns scabrid, straight or
flexuous> 177,2 178,- 179,1/2<cartilaginous basally, long, entire, bifid or
deeply cleft into one to several awns> 187,1-4 189,1-4 191<usually>,2
192,2<\i{}S. longifolium\i0{}>/3<usually, in at least one of the spikelets
of a group> 193,1 194,1 196,1<usually>/2 197<when present,>,1 198,2 201,2
203,1<reduced to an awn> 208,1-6 210<lanceolate> 214,1-2 216,2<firm> 218,2
220<slightly>,2 221,2<slightly bidentate> 223,3 225,1/3/5 226,1/2<the
lateral nerves sometimes excurrent as bristles> 227<the median>,2<when
laterals present> 228,1/3 229,- 231,1 234,3 235,2 240,1/2 244,2 247,2
248,3-5 250,1 251,1 256,1/3 259,3<these sometimes extending into awns to 5
mm long> 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3
274,1-2 277,2 280,2 283,2 286,1 287,2<5-6 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2
298,2 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<the costals
somewhat narrower> 328,1<rather thick walled> 330,1 331,1<conspicuously
pitted> 332,2 345,1 346,(33-)34-36 348<low>,2<exclusively> 350,1 351,1
353,1<and solitary> 354,1 357<short prickles common> 358,2<but the prickles
with crown-cell like bases> 360,3<solitary, paired and in short rows>
363,5/6 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the
furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the largest bundles> 405,1<conspicuous
Is> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,28 471,4 472,8&19 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6
489,49 490,41 491,4 492<western temperate North America> 493,6 494,1 495,3
504,11 512,4 523<integeneric hybrids with \i{}Agropyron\i0{}
(\i{}Agrositanion\i0{} Bowden), \i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Hordeum\i0{}
(\i{}Sitordeum\i0{} Bowden), \i{}Lophopyrum\i0{}. See also
\i{}Elysitanion\i0{} Bowden> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&25&26&33
531,2 533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}S. hystrix\i0{} (Nutt.)
J.G. Smith> 536<\i{}Sitanion\i0{} is probably best regarded as a nonsense
genus, given that in recent times the 40+ associated species names
(including the type species) have all been dismissed as synonyms of
\i{}Elymus\i0{} sensu lato, etc., or hybrids.> 540<sitanion> 
 
# \i{}Snowdenia\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
3<\i{}Cenchrus\i0{}> 5<\i{}Beckera\i0{} Fresen.> 7,1/2 9,2/4 11,- 13,15-180
14,2 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 65,2 66,2 69<membranous> 70,- 71,1 73,2 74,1
75,2 89,2<slender spiciform racemes>/4 91,- 94,- 95,1/3<when of a single
raceme> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1
123,3 141,2-4 144,2 145,3 147,3 154,2 155,- 157,2 162,1 163,2 164,1 165,2
167,1 170,1 174,2 176,2 179,2<reduced to small, rotund scales> 187,0 189,0
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203<usually>,1 205,3<equalling the spikelet>
208,1 216,2<membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,3
231,1 234,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,2<less than half the floret
length> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 283,2
286,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,28-45
343,16-27 344,0.55 345,1 348<high>,2&3 351,2 360,3 363<infrequent,>,8 364,4
365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1<the epidermis
partly, irregularly bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1 406,1 410,3 477,7 478,5
485,2<Arthropogoneae> 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,4 492<tropical East
Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,1&2&3 515<forest margins>
518<\i{}S. polystachya\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,5 535<Metcalfe 1960, and
studied by us> 540<snowdeni> 
 
# \i{}Soderstromia\i0{} <Morton>/
1<named for T.R. Soderstrom, American agrostologist and bamboo expert>
3<\i{}Bouteloua\i0{} sensu lato> 5<\i{}Fourniera\i0{} Scribn.>
7<slender>,1/2 9,2 11,- 13,20 14,2 19,1 27,2 44,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-2<2 to 6
cm long> 61,1 65,2 69,2<short, densely fringed> 72,2 73,1/3 74,2 75,2<i.e.,
all male or all female, when dioecious>/1<when monoecious> 76,2/3/2&3
77,1<in separate tufts>/2 78,1 89,3<when each spikelet is interpreted as a
reduced cluster, cf. \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}: see below> 91,- 98<with the main
rachis terminating in a short abortive apex> 101,2 102,2 103,1<each cluster
comprising 3 basal, shortly-pedicellate, flattened, several-nerved,
dentate, opaque bracts (reduced spikelets), and a central,
longer-pedicellate, glumeless fertile spikelet> 108,1 109,1<i.e., the
clusters falling from the persistent main axis> 116,4<comprising reduced
spikelets> 119,2 120,- 121,- 123<shortly>,3<including the bracts>
131<male spikelets with two fertile florets and glumelike basal bracts, the
cluster suggesting a single, bizarre spikelet; male flowers 3-staminate>
135,2 137,2 138,3 140,2<because of the complicating bracts> 141,4-5 144,-
145,3 147<the clusters disarticulating> 148,- 149,- 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,-
162,2 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,2<the sterile floret consisting of 3 long,
straight awns> 196,2 208,1 214,- 216,2<membranous> 218,2 220,3
221,1<trifid, the lobes subacuminate, the central one longer> 223,1 240,2
244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1<glabrous> 258,2<membranous> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 271,2 272,0 274<relatively long>
287,1 289,4 291,2 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower,
more rectangular> 328,1<thick, pitted> 330,1-2 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,1-2<apical cells narrowing to the thick-walled tip, which is more or
less apiculate> 336,2 339,(30-)31-39 341,(7.2-)7.5-8.4(-9) 342,3.6-4.3
343,16.5-18-19.5 344,0.42-0.65 345,1 346,24-25-27 348,2<mostly>/3<in some
files> 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,3 360,1<mostly>/2-3<paired
or in short rows over some veins> 362,4 363,4<predominantly>/6 365,2 367,1
370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 393,2-3<with rounded, low abaxial ribs> 394,-
395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2 403,2<but small bundles with only tiny
strands> 404,1<with the primaries> 405,1<the primaries> 406,1 442,- 464,-
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,16<as a synonym of \i{}Bouteloua\i0{}>
491,1<\i{}S. mexicana\i0{}> 492<Mexico, Central America> 493,6&7 494,3
502,1 504,11 513,2 515<short grassland> 535<studied by us> 540<soderstr> 
 
# \i{}Soejatmia\i0{} <K.M. Wong>/
3<\i{}Bambusa\i0{}> 4<\i{}S. ridleyi\i0{} (Gamble) Wong> 7,2 9,1&3
13,300-500 14<without nodal roots,>,1 16,1 19,1 20,1 21,3 22,3<in untidy
tufts> 23,4 27,1 30,1 34,1 35,1 36,3 37<glabrous, 20-45 cm long,>,2 39,1
44,2 47<conspicuously>,1<the auricles erect> 48,1 52,3 55,1 56<20-30 cm
long,>,25-50 63,1 72,1 73,2 74,1 76,1 86,2 87,1<subtended by glumaceous
bracts smaller than the lemmas, with axillary buds at the bases of the
spikelets, and prophylls below the lateral spikelets> 89<comprising
bractiferous nodal clusters> 102,1 121,2 123,1 140,2 141,40-50 142,9 145,1
147,1 148,2 149,4<5-7 mm long> 154,1 156,1 162,1 163,1/3<depending whose
description you believe> 191,2 192,3<there being a transitional glume
subtending a sterile floret beneath the empty one> 193,1-2 194,1 195,2
196,1 197,1 198,1 201,2 203,2 208,3-5 210<lanceolate, 18-22 mm long> 211,1
218,1 219,1 223,2 240,2 244,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,3 256,2<the shortish
pair of projections often hooked> 259,4<many - 12-16> 260,3 263,3 264,1
265<8-9 mm long,>,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 272,6 273,1 276,1 277,2
278,1 279,2 280,1 283,3 300,U 325,U 345,U 349,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U
367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U 387,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8
487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,1<\i{}S. ridleyi\i0{}> 492<southern Malay
Peninsula> 493,5 494,2 496,3 500,3 534<Clayton et al. (2016), Grassbase; K.
M. Wong (1993): Four New Genera of Bamboos (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) from
Malesia. Kew Bulletin 48, 517-532> 538,4 540<soejatmi> 
 
# \i{}Sohnsia\i0{} <Airy Shaw>/
5<\i{}Calamochloa\i0{} Fourn.> 7,2 9,3<forming tough clumps> 13,30-100 14,2
19,2 27,1<or at least, hairy below the nodes> 47,1<from the sheath>/2
52,1<glaucous> 55,2 59,1/3<becoming involute when dry> 61,1 65,2 66,1<the
lower sheaths persistent> 69,2-3<a ciliate rim> 73,3 74,2<the stamens of
pistillate plants seemingly sterile> 75,2 76,2/3 78,- 80,1 89,2<the males
and females similar> 91,2 96,6-12 98,1<?> 101,2 102,2 105,1 108,2 123,3
131<the male spikelets 3-5 flowered, the rachilla not disarticulating;
glumes equal, lemmas 3-awned; stamens 3, well developed, the pistil
rudimentary> 132,1 133,1 135,3-5 136<3>,3 137,3-4<?> 138,3 141,10-12 144,1
145,1/2<?> 147,1 148,1<the florets usually falling together> 149,1<the
rachilla joints short> 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 160,2 163,2
165,2<subequal> 166,1 167,1 170,1 171,2<scaberulous on the keel and
towards the tip, otherwise glabrous> 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2 187,1 189,1
191,2 192,2 193,1<the third, terminal floret being incomplete> 194,1 196,2
208,2 216,2 218,2 220,3/5<?> 221,1 223,3 225,3 226,2 227<the median>,2
228,2<from between two hyaline lobes> 229,1<from the back of the median
lobe> 231,1 232,2 233,1<antrorsely scabrous> 234,2 235,1 237,1-2
240,1<pilose marginally, and on each side of the median nerve above the
base of the diverging median awn> 248,3/5<or more?> 250,1 251,1<almost
equalling the lemma> 255<obscurely>,2 256,1 259,3 260,3 262<narrowly>,1
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<seemingly cuneate> 269,2 272,3<but apparently
sterile> 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 294,U 297,3 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals
much narrower> 328,1<of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity coarse,
irregular> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 340,30 342,3.5 344,0.3 345,1 347,2
348,2-3<often rather flat topped> 350,2 351,2 352,2 353,2 355,1 357<bulbous
prickles with reduced points abundant over the veins> 360,1 361,1 362,4
363,4 367,1 370,1 371,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2<very clearly
so, even in the dried material seen> 385,1 389,1<the broad columns of large
cells, 2-3 cells wide, between all adjacent veins> 390,U 393,1-2
394,1<large, broad, flat to broadly round topped, one over each bundle>
395,2 396,1 399,2<in that they are not distinguishable from the colourless
columns>/- 400,2 401,- 402,- 403,2 404,1<with every bundle> 405,1<large
Is, which interrupt the PCR sheaths top and bottom> 406,1 409,1 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<S. filifolia> 492<Mexico> 493,7 494,1
495,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<dry hillsides> 534<Sohns 1956> 535<studied by
us> 537,2 540<sohnsia> 
 
# \i{}Sorghastrum\i0{} <Nash>/
1<from \i{}Sorghum\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.) and Latin suffix
\i{}astrum\i0{} (a poor imitation of)> 5<\i{}Dipogon\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Poranthera\i0{} Raf.> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,70-150 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 38,-
44,2 47,1/2 65,2 67,1 69,1-2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<in that the sterile
spikelets are reduced to pedicels>/2<rarely the pedicellate spikelets are
well developed and simiar to the sessile ones> 80,1 89,5<narrowly
elongated, more or less unilateral panicles of much-reduced, capillary
racemes> 91,1<usually narrow> 94,1 95,2-3 98,2<in that the axis of each
inflorescence unit ends in a bristle resembling a sterile pedicel> 101,2
102,2 103,1<the ultimate units with very few spikelets, often only one
accompanied by the sterile pedicel> 106,- 107,- 108,1<but the
disarticulating units much reduced> 109,1<when reduced to one joint>/2
111,- 113,- 120<nearly always>,2<but ostensibly solitary, by virtue of the
pedicelled member being reduced to its pedicel - by contrast with
\i{}Sorghum\i0{}> 121,1<the inflorescence one-sided>/2 123,1&3<but usually
ostensibly solitary by suppression>/- 126,1<but the sterile member of each
combination is nearly always reduced to its pedicel> 127,- 128,2 129,1
130,4<reduced to pedicels> 141,5-8 144,- 145,3<plump> 147,3<and the joint>
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2
171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 173,3 174,1 176,2 179,1<the lower flattened
and often hairy on the back, the upper glabrous and slightly keeled above>
183,2 184,1-2 185,2 186,1 187,9 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
202<2-lobed> 203,2 204,2 205,2-3 207,2<hyaline> 208,1 214,1 216<linear,
almost reduced to the awn, the margins narrow and thin> 218,2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3 240,1<sometimes
long-ciliate>/2 244,2 248,1<?> 250,1/2 251<when present,>,2/3 258,2 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 273,1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1/2
283,2 286,2 287,1 293,- 295,1 298,1 301,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1
323,1 324,1/2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348,3 351,1 360,1/2 363,1/5/8
365,2 370,1 373,3<\i{}S. nutans\i0{}> 374,2 375,1 378,1/2 379,1 382,2 383,1
385,1 393,1/2/3 394<when ribbed>,1/2 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,2&3
402,1<all the bulliforms involved in these configurations> 404,1 405,1
406,1 411,1 459,1 469,10 470,20&40&60 471,2&4&6 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,68 491<about>,20 492<mainly tropical and subtropical
Africa and America> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&3 496,1&2 497,4 499,2&3&4
502,1&4&5&6 504,5 507,1&2&3 508,1&3&4 511,1 512,2-3 513,1/2 514,2
515<savanna and woodland margins, often in wet places> 518<\i{}S.
arundinaceum\i0{} (sometimes cyanogenic when young); \i{}S. nutans\i0{}>
524,5 525,1&4 526,2 529,5 530,43 531,2 533,2&3 535<photos of \i{}S.
friesii\i0{} and \i{}S. stipoides\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis>
540<sorghast> 
 
# \i{}Sorghum\i0{} <Moench>/
1<from \i{}sorgho\i0{}, the Italian name for the plant>
5<\i{}Blumenbachia\i0{} Koel., \i{}Sarga\i0{} Ewart & White,
\i{}Vacoparis\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,60-300 14,2
19<sparsely>,1<<10%> rarely>/2 23,1 27,1<e.g. in subgenera
\i{}Parasorghum\i0{} and \i{}Stiposorghum\i0{}>/2 37,1<or sometimes hollow
below> 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,1/2 58,2 59<usually>,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1
69,1-2/3<<10%> rarely> 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1 79,2 80,1&2
81,1/2 84,1/2 89,5/2<usually large, the branched or simple primary branches
usually whorled> 91,1/2 94,1/2 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,1/3<short racemes with
1-6(-8) articles only> 104,1/2/3/4<<10%> rarely> 106,- 107,1 108,1/2<in
cultivated forms> 109,1<when reduced to one joint>/2 111,1<flattened> 112,2
114,1 120,2/3<terminal> 121,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4<but
not reduced to the pedicel, by contrast with \i{}Sorghastrum\i0{}> 131<the
pedicellate spikelet male or sterile, much narrower and awnless or reduced
to a glume, very rarely suppressed (\i{}S. angustum\i0{}> 145,3
147,3/4<<10%> in cultivated forms> 154,2 157,1/2 161,1/2 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,- 173,3 176,2/1<the upper, sometimes> 177,- 179,1<the lower flat or
rounded on the back save at the summit, upper naviculate> 183,2<below, but
becoming two-keeled and winged above> 184,1-2 185,2 186,1 187,5-11 189,3-11
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0/2 206,2<hyaline, ciliate>
207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline, ciliate> 216,2 218,2 223,1-2<rarely>/3<<85%>>
225<when present,>,1 228,1 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,1-3 240,2 244,2
248,1-3 250,1/2 251<when present,>,1/2/3 258,2<hyaline> 259,1/3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268<more or less>,1 269<usually>,1 270,- 272,3 275,1/2
277,1/2<<10%> occasionally with a terminal hair tuft, e.g. \i{}S.
intrans\i0{}> 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1/2/3 291,2/3 295,1 298,1 301,2
302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,21-30 322,1
323,1/2 325,1 326,3<the costal papillae consisting of fingerlike
projections, the intercostal ones of larger, oblique swellings> 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,34-78 341,6.6-9.6 342,6.3-11.8
343,(15-)21-30(-36) 344,0.39-0.62 345,1 346,27-36 348<usually at least
somewhat>,3 350,2 351,2<rare> 353<when present,>,1/2<solitary> 354,1
356<when present,>,3/2 360,1 363,8 364<usually>,1-3/4 365,2 370,1 373,3<3
species> 374,2 375,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,1/3 395,1 396,2 397,1
399,1/2<often irregularly grouped and/or occupying most of the epidermis>
401<sometimes>,1/2/- 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,3 411,1 413,2<4 species>
415,1 416,1 459,2 469,5 470,10&20&40<and aneuploids - 26, 33, 38-39 etc.>
473<small> 474,1.2-2.7<8 4\i{}x\i0{} species, mean 2.3> 476,1 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,68 491<about>,30 492<tropical and
subtropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&5
497,2&3&4 498,2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 502,1&4&5&6 503,1&3
504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,2 506,1 507,1 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1 512,3
513,1/2 514,2 515<savanna and forest margins, alluvial plains and disturbed
ground> 516<\i{}S. almum\i0{}, \i{}S. bicolor\i0{}, \i{}S. halepense\i0{}>
517<\i{}S. halepense\i0{} (Johnson), and hybrids involving \i{}S.
arundinaceum\i0{}, \i{}S. bicolor\i0{} and \i{}S. halepense\i0{} (e.g.
Sudan)> 519<\i{}S. bicolor\i0{} (Sorghum), with many cultivars>
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Saccharum\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&2&3 526,3
527,1 528,6 530,10&18 531,2 533,1&2&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}S. halepense\i0{} (L.) Pers., \i{}S. leiocladum\i0{} (Hackel) Hubbard>
540<sorghum> 
 
# \i{}Spartina\i0{} <Schreber>/
1<from the Greek \i{}spartine\i0{} (a cord made from \i{}spartes, Spartium
junceum\i0{}); referring to the fibrous leaves> 4<Lecto: \i{}S.
schreberi\i0{} J.F.Gmel.> 5<\i{}Chauvinia\i0{} Steud., \i{}Limnetis\i0{}
Rich., \i{}Ponceletia\i0{} Thours, \i{}Psammophila\i0{} Schult.,
\i{}Solenachne\i0{} Steud., \i{}Trachynotia\i0{} Michaux,
\i{}Tristania\i0{} Poir.> 7,2 9,1-2/3 11,- 13,20-300 14,2 27,2 37,1/2 38,-
44,2 47,2 52,1 54<tough> 55,1/2 59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 68,1 69,3 70,-
73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,2<with 2 to many long or short spikes, borne racemosely
on the main axis> 91,- 94,- 98,2<their slender, naked tips often prolonged>
99,- 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 108,2 120,1 121,1<the rachides dorsiventral,
triquetrous> 122,1<appressed or pectinate> 123,1 141,6-18 144,1
145<strongly>,1 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1<the upper longer> 166,3
167<(the upper)>,2<often exceeding it> 168,2 170,1 171,1/2 174,1
176<shortly>,1/2<in Australian representatives> 179,2<leathery or
membranous> 187,1 189,1-3 191,1 196,2 208,1 216,2 218,1/2 219<when
entire>,1/2/- 221,2<minutely bidentate> 223,1 240,1<shortly>/2<glabrous>
244,1 248,1-3 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,2 266,2 272,3
274,3-13<relatively long> 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 286,2 287,2 289,2 294,U
295,1 297,2/3 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1/2 305,1 306,1 308,1 310,1 311,1
312,2 313,1 314<many> 322,1/2 323,2 327,1 328,1<walls very thick and
pitted>/2 330,1 331,1 332,1/2 335,2<sunken in crypts in the epidermis>
337,1<in \i{}S. anglica\i0{}, \i{}S. foliosa\i0{}> 338,1 345,2/1 348,2/3/-
350,2 351,1 352,2-3 353,1<a few>/2<mainly solitary> 354,1<usually>/2
355,1/2 356<when present,>,3/9 360,3 362,1 363,1/2/3/5<or more or less
rectangular> 365,2 367,1 370,1 373,1<\i{}S. anglica\i0{}> 374,1 375,1 376,1
378,1 379,7-10 380,2 382,1 383,1 385,1 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1
399,2<arranged inconspicuously at the bases of the furrows, cf.
\i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 400,2 401,- 403,2 404,1 405,2 406,1 409,1 410,1 411,1
413,2<4 species> 469,7&10 470,28&40&42&60&62&84&120&122&124 471,3&4&6&8&12
477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,51 490,69<as a synonym of \i{}Sporobolus\i0{}>
491,16 492<temperate America, coastal Europe, Africa, Tristan da Cunha>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&6 495,1&2&3 496,1 497,2&4&5 498,1&2 499,4
502,1&3&5 504,1&4&8&10 505,2&3 506,1 507,1&3 510,1 511,1 512,1-2 513,2
514,1 516<\i{}S. alterniflora\i0{}, \i{}S. cynosuroides\i0{}> 518<\i{}S.
pectinata\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4 528,5&7 529,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}S. maritima\i0{} (Curtis) Fernald> 540<spartina> 
 
# \i{}Spartochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}spartos\i0{} (broom) and \i{}chloe\i0{} (grass),
referring to the almost leafless habit of the plants> 4<Type: \i{}S.
scirpoidea\i0{} (Steud.) C.E.Hubbard> 7<\i{}Juncus\i0{}-like>,2<a switch
plant, with reduced leaf blades and green culms> 9,3 11,- 13,30-60 14,2
19,2 24<culm bases rather swollen within the cataphylls> 37,1 38,- 39,-
40,2 44,1 47,2 51,1 55,2<tiny, reduced> 65,2 66,1 69,3 72,1<of sparse
hairs> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 126,1 127,2 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,4-5 144,- 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,2<the
spikelets tending to be flatwise against the rachis> 171,2 174,1 176,2<but
mucronate> 177,1 179,2<membranous> 187,1-3 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,3-8 214,2<firmly membranous> 216,2 218,1/2 221,2 223,1/2<from a minute
sinus> 240,2 243,1 244<somewhat>,1 246,- 247,2 248,5-9 250,1 251,2<about a
third of the lemma length> 255,2<hairy at the tip> 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,2 287,2<about 5 mm long> 288<black> 290<slightly>,1 293,-
294,1<pitted> 295,1 296,2<black, with minute pits> 298,2 299,2 301,2 303,2
322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339<about>,45 341,7.5 342<about>,6
343<about>,22.5 344,0.5 345,1 346,27-35 348<medium>,2 350,2 351,1 353,1
354,1 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 403,2
404,1 406,1 442,- 454,- 460,1 477,5 483,6 487,9 488,7 489,18 490,80
491,1<\i{}S. scirpoidea\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,2&3 504,5
512,4 513,2 515<arid places> 534<Hubbard 1952; Macfarlane and Watson 1980>
535<studied by us> 540<spartoch> 
 
# \i{}Spathia\i0{} <Ewart>/
7,1 9,3 11,2 13,20-75 14,2 19,1 27,1 37,1 38,- 39,- 44,2 47,2 50<the
sheaths usually inflated> 55,2 56,2-4<reducing in length on the upper culm,
where the sheaths become enlarged to constitute spathes> 65,2 66,1 69,2
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3 77,4 78,1<the pedicellate spikelets less hairy,
awnless> 79,1<each raceme with one basal, homogamous pair> 81,1 89,2<of
sessile or subsessile racemes> 94,- 95,1 101,1<with one broad, membranous
spathe enclosing the inflorescence> 102,1<up to 3 partial inflorescences>/2
103,3 106,3<3-5> 107,1 108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2 114,2 115,1<with brown
hairs> 120,2 121,2 123,1&3/2&3 126,1 128,2 129,1 130,3 131<the less hairy,
awnless pedicellate spikelet with two glumes and a floret containing 2
stamens, the callus short and oblong> 132,2 133,1<two> 135,1 136,1 138,2
141,5.5-6.2 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,1 159,2<long, dense> 161,2 163,2 165,2
168,2 171,1<the hairs brown> 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower bicarinate and
blunt, the upper cymbiform and pointed> 183,1 184,1 187,7-9 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,0 206,1 207,2 208,1 210<stipe-like
beneath the awn> 214,1 216,2 218,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2
233,1<glabrous> 234,3 244,2 248,0-1 250,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2
271,2 272,3 274<about>,0.6 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2
295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,1
325<slightly>,1/2 326,1 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,48-60
341,(3.9-)5.4-5.7(-6) 342,9.4-13 343,(16.5-)19.5-22.5(-24) 344,0.32-0.47
345,1 346,(22.5-)24-25.5(-27) 348,3 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1
363,8<large> 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,1/2<rarely>
397,1 399,1-2 401<sometimes more or les>,1/- 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 442,-
477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,1<\i{}S. neurosa\i0{}>
492<northern Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,6&7 509,1 513,2 515<grassy
plains> 535<studied by us> 540<spathia> 
 
# \i{}Sphaerobambos\i0{} <S. Dransfield>/
7,2 11,1/2 13,400-600<or up to 10 m long>/- 14,1 15,0.3-0.4/3-5 16,1<?>
17,1/2 19,1 21,4-20 23,4 30,1 31,1 34<where recorded,>,1/- 35,1 36,2/3 37,2
39,1 40,2 44,2 47,1 48,1 52,3-4 55,1 56,10-60<and 100-230 mm long> 63,1
66,1 67,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 86,2 87,1 89<a compound panicle> 101,1 102,1 103,5
121,2 123,1-2 140,- 141,6-8<\i{}S. subtilis\i0{}>/15 142,7/10 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2-3<usually 3> 165,1 166,1 167,1 174,1-2 176,2<but
mucronate> 179,2 187<of \i{}S. hirsuta\i0{}>,7 189<of \i{}S.
hirsuta\i0{}>,9 191,2 192,2 194,1 196<seemingly>,1 208,3-5 214,2 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,1/2 240,2 243,1<or glabrescent> 247,2 248,5-9 250,1
251,1<exceeding the lemma> 252,2 253,2 255,1 256,1 259,4<in \i{}S.
subtilis\i0{} - two between the keels, two outside on each side> 260,3
262,1 263,3<to ciliolate> 264<not mentioned in the available descriptions>
272,6 274,2.3-2.5 275,2 276,1 277,2 278,2 280,1<into one> 283,3 287,3<to
about 6 mm diameter, where known> 289,5 291,3 295,1 296,3 298,1 300,2 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,3 492<Malesia> 493,5 494,2
496,3 500,3 512,3 534<Dransfield, S. (1989). \i{}Kew Bull\i0{}.
\b{}44\b0{}, 425-434> 538,4 540<sphaerob> 
 
# \i{}Sphaerocaryum\i0{} <Nees ex Hook.f.>/
5<\i{}Graya\i0{} Steud., \i{}Steudelella\i0{} Honda> 7,1 9,2&4 11,- 13,5-15
14,2 27,1 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,5 55,1/2 56,3-10<small but relatively
broad, \i{}Commelina\i0{}-like> 57,1<amplexicaul> 65<obscurely cross
veined> 66,2 69,3 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 140<seemingly>,1
141,0.8-1.4 144,- 145,2 147,3<but the glumes often deciduous> 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 162,1 163<assumed to be>,2<since the inflorescence is not
contracted> 164,2 165,2 167,1 170,- 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 179,2<cymbiform,
hyaline> 187,0 189,1 191,1<i.e., a necessary corollary, assuming there are
2 glumes> 196,2 208,1 214,2<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1-2 240,1
244,2<cymbiform> 246,1 247,2 248,1/2 250,1 255,1<oblong,obtuse> 256,1 257,2
258,2 259,3 264,1<minute> 265,2 266,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 286,2
287,1<about 0.5 mm long> 295,1 322,1 323,1<many intercostal cells
papillate> 325,1 326,1-2 329,3<cf. \i{}Isachne\i0{}> 331,2 332,1 335,2<the
apical cell somewhat pointed, but thick-walled and broader than long>
339,16.5 341,7.5 342,2.2 343,9 344,0.55 345,1 348,1-3<rather irregular
forms, owing to bulbously-intruding surrounding cells> 349,1 350,2
351,2<simply not detectable in this kind of epidermis> 353,- 360,1 363,8-9
364<acutely angled>,1 365,1<acutely angled crosses> 370,2 374,1 385,1 387,1
393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the shallow furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 469,10 470,20 477,7 478,5 485,1 487,7 488,7 489,27 490,80
491,1<\i{}S. malaccense\i0{}> 492<India to southern China, Formosa, Malay
Peninsula, Banka> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2&3 504,11 512,2-3 535<Metcalfe
1960; studied by us> 540<sphaeroc> 
 
# \i{}Spheneria\i0{} <(C. Muell.) Pilg.>/
7<small, delicate>,2 9,3 11,- 19,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2
58,1<pilose> 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,1<jagged, small, with a conspicuous fringe
adjoining it on the lamina> 71,0.25 73,2 74,1 89,2 94<with thin, delicate
rachides> 96<few> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,1 122,1 123,3<the pedicels appearing bipartite - inside glabrous,
outside pilose> 140,2<lacking an organ, assumed here to be the lower glume>
141,1 142,6 144,1 145,3 147,3<the pedicel splitting lengthways> 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,1<constituted by the length of pedicel which comes away> 162,1
163,1 165,- 167<the upper, only glume>,2 168,- 170,1 171,1<pilose with
white hairs, and a subterminal transverse fringe> 176,2 177,2 179,- 183,-
187,- 189<faintly>,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 202<membranous, pilose
with white hairs and a subterminal fringe, like the glume, but apparently
with a basal, pilose appendage fused to the outside of the pedicel - cf.
\i{}Centrochloa\i0{})> 203,2 204<faintly>,3 205,2 206,1 207,2 208,1 214,3
216,1<thinly> 217,3<shiny> 218,1 219,1/2 223,1<but abruptly beaked, the
beak hooked> 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248<faintly>,3 250,1 251,1
259,3<thinly indurated> 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<about 1 mm long> 291,2 293,-
295,1 298,1 301,2 322,2 323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(42-)45-51(-54)
341,5.4-5.7-6.9 342,6.5-9.5 343,(22-)33-35(-38) 344,0.53-0.7 345,2 348,-
349,- 350,- 351,1 353,1 357<large macrohairs present, with complex cushion
bases> 360,2<all short-cells in cc/sc pairs> 363,3<a few>/5/8<basically
this type, commonly reduced> 364<often one-sided>,1<often with sharp
points> 365,1<often has sharp points on the crosses> 370,1 374,2 393,1
394,2 395,1<a larger rib> 396,2<1 large and 2 small bundles> 399,2 401,-
403,2 404,2 406,2 407,2 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58
491,1<\i{}S. kegelii\i0{}> 492<tropical South America> 493,7 494,3 502,3
504,11 515<savanna> 535<studied by us> 540<spheneri> 
 
# \i{}Sphenopholis\i0{} <Scribner>/
1<from the Greek \i{}sphen\i0{} (wedge) and \i{}pholis\i0{} (a scale),
alluding to the hard, obovate second glume> 5<\i{}Colobanthium\i0{}
(Reichenb.) Taylor, \i{}Colobanthus\i0{} (Trin.) Spach, \i{}Reboulea\i0{}
Kunth> 7,2<usually>/1 9,3/- 11,- 13,30-120 14,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2
59<mostly>,1 65,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.5-4 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 94,1/2
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,1.5-5 144,- 145,1 147,3 148,1 154,1<as a bristle> 156,2 157,2 158,2
163,2 165,1-2 167,2 170,- 176,2 177,1 179,1<rather leathery with thin
margins, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} narrow-lanceolate and acute, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader and oblanceolate or obovate> 183,- 187,1-3
189,3-5 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,(1-)2(-3) 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1/2/3
225<when present,>,1 228,2 229,1 231,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,1-2 240,2
244,2<dorsally rounded> 246,- 247,2 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 253,1 257,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2
272,3 274,0.3-0.7 277,1 280,2 283,2 293,- 298,2 301,1 304,1 305,2 306,2
308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals shorter> 328,1 330,1&2 331,2 332,2 345,1<in
files adjoining the veins> 346,27-33 348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,-
357<rows of prickles present costally> 360,3<the rows interrupted by
prickles> 363<abundant,>,1 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 394,1 399,1 401,1
403,2 404,1 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,13 491,5 492<North America, West Indies> 493,6&7&8 494,1 495,1&3
497,4&5 504,11 507,1&2&3 512,2/3/4 513,1/2 514,2 515<woodland, marshes,
prairies> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Trisetum\i0{}> 524,5 525,3&4
528,4 529,1 530,17&25 535<studied by us - \i{}S. obtusata\i0{} (Michx.)
Scribner> 540<sphenoph> 
 
# \i{}Sphenopus\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}sphen\i0{} (wedge) and \i{}pous\i0{} (foot), in
reference to the distally thickened pedicels> 4<Type: \i{}S. gouani\i0{}
Trin., \i{}nom. illeg.\i0{}> 7,1 9,3/- 11,- 13,(4-)7-30 14,2 25,1-3 26,1/2
27,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 50<sheaths not keeled, terete> 52,1 53,1 55,2
56,0.3-0.6<in \i{}S. divaricatus\i0{}> 58,- 59,1-2<to almost filiform>/-
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.6-3.4 73,2 74,1 89,5<with numerous, very small
spikelets> 91,1 93,1 94,1-2 97,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123<long>,3<the pedicels claviform> 141,1.5-2.8
142,8 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2<glabrous or minutely aculeolate> 156,2
157,2 160,2 161,2<glabrous> 163,2 164,1-2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 0.2-0.4 mm
long, G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} 0.5-0.9 mm in \i{}S. divaricatus\i0{}> 165,1
166,1 167,1 168,- 170,- 174,2<emarginate, truncate or rounded> 176,2
177,1/- 179,1-2<hyaline to membranous, rounded to emarginate, the lower
smaller> 187,0/1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,2-7 214,2<membranous, with hyaline
margins wider above> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<but keeled
on all three veins> 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1/2 257,1-2<hyaline>
259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3
274,0.2-0.6 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,1/2 287,1<1-1.2 mm long in
\i{}S. divaricatus\i0{}> 289<oblong or>,4 290<shallowly ventrally>,1
291,1/3 293,- 294,U 295,1 296,U 301,1/2 302,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1
322,1/2 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,2 345,2 348,- 350,- 351,1
353,1<usually>/2<solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2 360,2 363,2/5/6 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,1<rarely>/2 396,1 399,2<not apparent in
the large-celled epidermis, save for the midrib hinges> 401,- 403,1 404,2
406,1 469,6&7 470,12&24 471,2&4 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,56 491,2 492<Mediterranean to western Asia> 493,1&2&3&4&5
494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,1&2&3 499,1 504,8 506,1 511,1 513,2 514,1
515<saline soils and maritime sand> 531,1 532,4 535<studied by us - \i{}S.
divaricatus\i0{} (Gouan) Reichenb., \i{}Sphenopus\i0{} sp.> 537,2
540<sphenopu> 
 
# \i{}Spinifex\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}spina\i0{} (a thorn) and \i{}facere\i0{} (to make),
alluding to sharp pointed leaves and/or female spikelet clusters> 4<Type:
\i{}S. squarrosus\i0{} L.> 5<\i{}Ixalum\i0{} Forst.> 7,2 9,1&3 11,-
13,50-100 14,2 27,1/2 32,3 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 60,1/2 65,2 66,2
67,1 69,3 70,- 73,3 74,1/2 75,2<on the same plant> 76,2/1<? - the female
florets often containing well formed stamens>/3 80,1 89,-<very peculiar -
the female-fertile (hermaphrodite) spikelets solitary at the bases of long,
bare rachides, which are bristle-like and clustered in dense spatheate
umbels: the latter fall entire and are blown about; male spikelets in rigid
spikes clustered in spatheate umbels> 90<the umbel>,1 91,- 94,- 98,2<the
female-fertile spikelets solitary at the bases of the long, pointed
rachides> 101,1 102,- 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
116,4<consisting of spathes> 119,2 123,2 124,4 126,- 131<the male spikelets
on separate plants, in spatheate umbels of rigid spikes, the spikelets
falling from their pedicels; rachilla not prolonged, no hairy callus.
Glumes unequal, shorter than the adjacent lemma, convex on the back,
awnless, 3-7 nerved. Lemmas 2, similar, awnless, 5 nerved, each with a
staminate flower. Paleas 2-nerved, about equalling the lemmas. Lodicules 2,
often united, glabrous. Stamens 3, ovary rudimentary> 132,2 133,1 134,2
135,2<both fertile> 136,1 137,2 142,8/9/10 145,3 147,3<female-fertile
spikelets falling with the umbel, tardily disarticulating from their
pedicels> 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,- 171,1/2 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<acute, papery, entire> 187,7-11 189,7-11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5 205,1-3 206,2 207,2 208,1 214,3<finally> 215,1
216,1-2 217,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,1 248,3-11 250,1 251,1 257,2 258,1
259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 272,3/0<then 3 staminodes>
277,1 280,1 283,2 284,1 287,2 289,4 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 309,2 311,1
313,2 322,1<but commonly obscured by the macrohairs> 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1-2 332,1 335,1 339,108-120 343,72-80 344,0.67 345,1 346,24-30
348,1/2/3<basically, triangles with the apices truncated to varying
extents> 350,1<the stomata in deep pits> 351,1 353,1/2<then solitary>
354,1<rarely>/2 356,3/9 357<numerous large, thick-walled macrohairs
present> 360,1/2/3 361,1/2<or few>/3 363,2<sometimes, a few>/5<or more or
less cuboid, with points>/8 364<sometimes>,1/3 365,1<i.e., the cuboid
forms>/2 370,1 373,3<1 species> 374,2<or XyMS variable> 375,1 378,1
379,3-10 380,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,1 394,2 395,1/2 396,1/2<rarely>
399,1<the groups sometimes poorly defined> 401,1 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1
410,3 416,1 461,1 469,9 470,18 471,2 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,20 491,4 492<eastern Asia, Indomalayan region, Pacific, Australia>
493,3&5 494,1&2&5&6 495,1 496,3&5 497,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1&2
504,1&2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1 509,1&2 512,4 513,2 514,1 515<binding coastal
sand dunes> 531,1&2 532,4 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}S.
hirsutus\i0{} Labill., \i{}S. longifolius\i0{} R. Br., \i{}S. sericeus\i0{}
R. Br.> 540<spinifex> 
 
# \i{}Spodiopogon\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}spodios\i0{} (ashen) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
perhaps referring to inflorescence hair> 6<\i{}Eccoilopus\i0{}> 7,1/2
13,150 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 37,1 52,1-3 57,1-2/3 59,1 63,1-2 65,2 68,1
69,1<bearded at its base> 73,2 74,1 75,2<homogamous> 78,1<the pedicelled
members with imperfect lemma awns, but sometimes with awned glumes> 89,5
91,1<much branched> 101,2 102,2 103,3<usually short> 107,1 108,1 109,2
111,2<clavate, with cupular pubescent apices> 113,2 114,1 120,3/2<all
paired, or with a terminal triad> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1
145,3 147,3<the sessile members falling with adjacent joint and pedicel,
the pedicellate members falling from their pedicels> 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,1<bearded> 160,2 163,2 165<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} larger> 167,2 170,-
171,1/2 176,1<sometimes shortly so in pedicellate spikelets>/2 179,1<the
lower glume chartaceous, pallid, with raised nerves, the upper cymbiform>
183,2<the nerves equally ribbed> 184,1 185,2 186,1 187,5-9<and ridged>
189,3-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,1/2 203,2 204,3 205<as long as
spikelet, similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1<1/3-3/4> 223,3<but those of the
pedicellate spikelets imperfectly so> 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 244,2
247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255<deeply>,2 256,1<margins ciliate> 258,2<hyaline>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,1<on the larger lobe> 270,1<unequally 2-lobed>
272,3 277,1 283,2 289,2 291,1 295,1 298,1 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2
314<about>,41 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,2<for the most part> 326,3<large,
irregular, somewhat oblique, mostly in a single row per cell> 327,2<the
costals narrower> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,27-36
341,(4.5-)4.8-5.4(-6) 342,5-6.7 343,15-21 344,0.5-0.58 345,1 346,22.5-30
347,2 348<mostly high to low>,2 350,2 351,2 360,1 363,8
364<consistently>,4<elongated> 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,2 378,2
383<seemingly>,2 395<very>,1 396,2<three large bundles, with small ones
between and peripheral to them> 397,1 398,2 399,1-2<epidermis mostly
irregularly bulliform> 401<in places>,1 403,1 404,1 405,1<the primaries and
some smaller bundles with conspicuous Is> 406,1 442,- 470,40&42
473<small> 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,10
492<mainly temperate Asia, Middle East> 493,3&4&5 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,3
497,2&3 498,3 500,1&2&3 504,11 506,2 515<grassy hillsides> 524,5 525,1&2&5
526,3 527,1 530,45 531,2 533,1&2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}S. lacei\i0{} Hole> 540<spodiopo> 
 
# \i{}Sporobolus\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}spora\i0{} (seed) and \i{}ballein\i0{} (to throw),
alluding to the free seed and (presumably) the sometimes forcible manner of
its release> 4<Type: \i{}S. indicus\i0{} (L.) R.Br.> 5<\i{}Agrosticula\i0{}
Raddi, \i{}Bauchea\i0{} Fourn., \i{}Cryptostachys\i0{} Steud.,
\i{}Diachyrium\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Spermachiton\i0{} Llanos,
\i{}Triachyrum\i0{} A. Br.> 6<\i{}Calamovilfa\i0{}, \i{}Crypsis\i0{},
\i{}Spartina\i0{}(!), \i{}Thellungia\i0{}> 7,1<<10%> rarely>/2 9,1/2/3/4
11,- 13,5-160(-300) 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2<usually> 27,2
37,1<usually>/2<<20%> rarely> 38,- 41,1<<5%> rarely, e.g. on the pedicels
in \i{}S. heterolepis\i0{}>/2 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/2/3/4<rarely
solid-cylindrical> 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2<narrow>/3 70,- 72,1<of hairs>/2
73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2 89,3<rarely>/4<rarely>/5<<85>> 91,1-2<rarely with the
lowest branches sterile - \i{}S. panicoides\i0{}> 92,3/4 94,1/2/-
99,1/2/3/4 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1/2
123,2/3 141,0.8-3.5(-6)<i.e. usually small, but rarely to 6 mm>
142<often>,1/- 145,1-2 147,1 154,1<rarely, Section \i{}Chaetorachis\i0{}>/2
156<when present,>,1/2 157,2 160,1/2 161<(when present)>,2 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often very short>/2 167,1/2 170,- 171,2 172,1
176,2<occasionally mucronate> 177,1<slightly>/2<convex> 179,1-2<persistent
or subpersistent, thinly membranous or hyaline, the upper usually
resembling the lemma> 187,0-2 189,1 191,1/2<<10%> rarely> 192<when
present,>,2 196,2 208,1<species with two or more florets being rather
arbitrarily excluded - cf. \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}, \i{}Thellungia\i0{}>
210<usually similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 214<usually thinly
membranous, rarely papery> 216,2 218,1 219,1/2 223,1<\i{}S. molleri\i0{}
subulate-tipped> 240,2 243,1<usually shiny, often olive or grey> 244,1-2
248,1(-3) 250,1 251,1 255,1<seemingly in all species, when young>/2-3<often
splitting as the grain develops> 257,2<delicate> 258,2 259,3 260,3<but the
back often induplicate, bringing them into contiguity> 264,1/2 265<when
present,>,2 266,2/- 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,(1-)2-3 274,0.2-2.5 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,1/3 286,2 287,1<0.3-2 mm long> 291,1/2/3<variously globular
or compressed> 295,1 297,1<commonly swelling and mucilaginous when wet,
forcibly ejecting the seed> 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1<e.g. \i{}S.
cryptandrus\i0{}>/2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,2 311,1 312,1<rarely>/2
313,1 314,3-5 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333<usually>,1
334,1<usually>/2<<20%> e.g. \i{}S. wrightii\i0{}> 335,2 336,2 337,1 338,1
339,9-20/30-37<\i{}S. wrightii\i0{}> 340,24 342,2 344,0.4-0.5 345,1
346,24-30 348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1&2 354,1<when paired>/2 355,3
356,2/1/7/3 360,1/2 362,4 363,3/4/5/6 365,2 367,1 370,1 373,1<6
species>/2<4 species> 374,1 375,1/2 376,2 377,1 378,1/2 379<when
present,>,2-5 380,1 381,1/2 382,1 383,1/2 385,1 393,1 394,1 395,1/2 396,1/2
397,1<usually>/2 399,1 400,2 401,2<usually>/1&2<sometimes>/3<e.g. \i{}S.
wrightii\i0{}> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 410,1/2/3 411,1 413,2<4
species> 414,3.28-3.69<PCK>/3.75-3.89<NAD-ME> 416,1 469,9&10
470,18&24&36&38&54&72&80&88&90&108&126 471,2&4&6&8&9&10&12&13 473<small>
476,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,51 490,69 491<c.>,160 492<tropical and
warm temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5
497,2&3&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4&5 500,1&2&3&4 501,3 502,1&2&3&4&5&6
503,1&2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 505,1 506,1 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3&4
509,1&2 511,1 512,3/4 514,1/2 515<in diverse habitats, including coastal
sand dunes> 516<\i{}S. airoides\i0{}, \i{}S. africanus\i0{}, \i{}S.
cryptandrus\i0{}, \i{}S. diander\i0{}, \i{}S. elongatus\i0{}, \i{}S.
fertilis\i0{}, \i{}S. indicus\i0{}, \i{}S. neglectus\i0{}, \i{}S.
poiretii\i0{}, \i{}S. pyramidalis\i0{}, \i{}S. tremulus\i0{}, \i{}S.
vaginiflorus\i0{}, \i{}S. virginicus\i0{}, etc.> 518<\i{}S. airoides\i0{},
\i{}S. cryptandrus\i0{}, \i{}S. elongatus\i0{}, \i{}S. helvolus\i0{},
\i{}S. interruptus\i0{}, \i{}S. ioclados\i0{}, \i{}S. pyramidalis\i0{} (in
arid places), \i{}S. wrightii\i0{}> 524,5 525,1&3&4 526,1&3 528,5&7&8
529,4&5 530,42 531,1&2 532,1&2&4 533,1&2&3&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by
us - \i{}S. crebar\i0{} de Nardi, \i{}S. elongatus\i0{} R. Br., \i{}S.
pulchellus\i0{} R. Br.> 536<fairly arbitrarily but mostly readily separable
from \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}; see also \i{}Thellungia\i0{}> 540<sporobol> 
 
# \i{}Stapfochloa\i0{} <H. Scholz>/
3<\i{}Chloris\i0{}> 4<\i{}S. lamproparia\i0{} (Stapf) H. Scolz> 7,1
9,3<geniculately>/4 55,2 56<(4-16(-20) cm long,>,3-5 69,2 73,2 74,1 76,1
89,2 95<paired or>,1 96<erect,>,2-4 99,U 101,2<basally embraced by the
subtending leaf, the base of which is inflated> 120,1 121,1<i.e., the
racemes unilateral> 123,1 141,2-2.5 142,5 145,1 147,1 148,1 154,1 156,1
157,1<pubecsent> 161,2 163,2 165,1<the lower shorter> 166,3 167,2 170,2
174<lanceolate,>,1<acuminate> 180<about>,0.5 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
194,2<three, forming a 1-awned clump> 195,1 196,2 208,1 210<ovate,
laterally compressed> 214<coriaceous,>,3 216,2 217<dark>,3 218,1 219,2
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2-3 229,1<sub-apical> 231,1 234,2-3 240<with ciliate
margins, long->,1<the hairs white> 244,1 248,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
268<cuneate,>,1 272,3 283,2 291,4 295,1 297,3 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U
371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,31 491,1<\i{}S. lamproparia\i0{} (Stapf) H. Scholz)> 492<Africa: west
tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, and east tropical>
493,4 494,2 534<Clayton et al., \i{}Grassbase\i0{} (2016)> 538,4
540<stapfoch> 
 
# \i{}Steinchisma\i0{} <Raf.>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{} (Subgenus \i{}Steinchisma\i0{}, including (e.g.)
\i{}Panicum hians\i0{} = \i{}P. milioides\i0{})>
6<\i{}Cliffordiochloa\i0{}> 7,2 14,2 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 65,2
73,2 74,1 89,5 91<more or less>,2 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 122,3 123,3 124,4
145,3 147,3 149,1 150,2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1<the lower short> 167<(the
upper)>,2<almost as long as the spikelet> 173,3 176,2 177,2 181,1 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 200,1 203,2 204,3 206,1 208,1 212,2 214,3
215,1 216,1 218,1 223,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 250,1 256,1 277,1 283,2 295,1
298,1 322,1 323,2 328,2<the costals thinner walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 339<of \i{}S. hians\i0{}>,54-57 341,5.4-6 342,9-10 343,27-34.5
344,0.5-0.65 345,1 346<in \i{}S. hians\i0{}>,21-24 348<mostly high>,2/3
350,2 351,1 353,1&2<mostly ostensibly solitary, but a few obvious pairs>
354,2<in the material of \i{}S. hians\i0{} seen> 357<small intercostal
prickles abundant> 358,2 360,1 363<abundant,>,8 364,1&2&3<short> 365,2
370,1-2<intermediate, with C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}-like mesophyll
layout>/2<seemingly C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} in \i{}S. laxa\i0{} and \i{}S.
stevensianum\i0{}> 371,2<in that there are some organelles in the outer
sheath> 374,1 383,2 385,2 386,2 393,1-2 394,1<round topped> 395,2 396,1
398,2 399,1<in all the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<all the bundles
with Is or anchors> 406,1 413,1/2 416,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4
489,37 490,53 491,8 492<Southern U.S.A. to Argentina> 493,6&7 494,1&3
495,1&3 502,1&2&3&4&5 504,11 511,1 512,3 515<damp grassland> 516<\i{}S.
hians\i0{}> 535<studied by us - \i{}S. hians\i0{} (\i{}Panicum hians\i0{}
Ell.)> 540<steinchi> 
 
# \i{}Steirachne\i0{} <Ekman>/
7,2 9,3 13,120 14,2 19,2 27,2 42,2 47,2 52,1<acuminate, setaceous-tipped>
55,2 56,0.5-2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2/3 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 78,- 82,1 83,1 89,5
91,1<compound, the primary branches spiralled> 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,7-11 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,4 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 162,1 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,-
171,2 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,2<chaffy> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2
193<several> 194,1<some larger than the perfect florets, but not
conspicuously different in shape, by contrast with \i{}Ectrosia\i0{}> 196,2
208,7-8 210<lanceolate-ovate> 214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1<very
acute> 221,- 223,2-3<acuminate-aristate> 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1
234,1 240,2 243,1 244,1<save at the broadly rounded base> 247,2 248,3/5<the
laterals not excurrent> 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1/2<via slightly excurrent
nerves> 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 262,1<sulcate and 2-winged>
263<serrate-scabrid> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2<minute> 268,1 269,2 272,2
273,1<short> 274,0.8 275,2<greyish> 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 289,4 294,U
295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<rather
thick walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1<but distal
cells quite broad> 336,1 339,36-39 340,15 341,8.4-9.3 342,3.9-4.6
343,19.5-24 344,0.54-0.67 345,1 346,24-30 348<low>,2 350,2 351,1 352,3
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,2 362,1 363,4&5&6&7<but predominantly broad
to narrow saddles> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,3-4
393,1<round-topped> 395,2<a somewhat larger bundle and rib> 396,1 399,1<in
every adaxial groove> 400,2 401,1 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles>
405,1<nearly all the bundles> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22
490,32 491,2 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,3&4 504,11 513,2 534<Ekman 1911>
535<studied by us - \i{}S. diandra\i0{} Ekman> 540<steirach> 
 
# \i{}Stenotaphrum\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}stenos\i0{} (narrow) and \i{}taphros\i0{} (trench),
alluding to cavities in rachides> 4<Type: \i{}S. glabrum\i0{} Trin. =
\i{}S. secundatum\i0{} (Walt.) Kuntze, \i{}p.p\i0{}>
5<\i{}Diastemenanthe\i0{} Steud., \i{}Ophiurinella\i0{} Desv.> 7,1/2
9,1/2/3 11,- 13,10-60 14,2 19,1 27,2 32,2/3 38,- 44,2 47,2 50<the sheaths
compressed> 52,3-6 55,1/2 59,1/2<when young> 63,1/2 65,2 66,1/2<rarely>
67,2 68,1 69,2 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,2/3<the spikelets 1 to several, in
very short spike-like racemes embedded in hollows of the corky or
foliaceous common axis, or in longer racemes closely appressed to it> 94,-
97,1/2 98,2<minutely bare-tipped, when not coalesced with the main axis>/-
99,1 100,1 101,1<the small racemes subtended/enclosed by spathes which are
laterally adnate to the rachis>/2 102,1/2 103,1<sometimes reduced to one
spikelet with no rachis extension, or coalesced with the main axis> 108,1
109,1<the free racemes falling with the joint of the main axis>/2<when the
spikelet bearing unit consists of a coalesced main axis and branches>
121,1 142,8/9/10 144,1 145,3 147,3 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2/1 170,1 176,2 179,1<lower minute, scale-like, upper large,
substantial>/2<both small, scale-like> 187,0 189,5-9 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,1 201,1/2<rarely> 203,2 204,3/7-9
206,2/3<leathery or papery> 207,2 208,1 214,3<papery to subleathery>
215,1-2 216,2 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3-5 250,1
251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 270,-
272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,1/2 285,7/8/9 287,1 289,4 291,2 295,1
298,1 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(45-)54-78(-84) 341,9-12(-13.5) 342,6.2-7.7 343,32-62 344,0.61-0.76
345,1 346,(27-)28.5-30(-33) 348<low>,2/3/2&3 350,2 351,1 353,1&2<solitary>
354,1/2 356<when present,>,3 360,1 363,8 364,1-3/4 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1
378,2 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,1 395,1 396,2 397,2<but with colourless
cells \i{}abaxially\i0{} instead, here and sometimes with other main
bundles> 399,2<absent or irregularly disposed, apart from a group over the
midrib> 401,- 403,1 404,2 406,1 415,1 469,9 470,18&20&36 471,2&4 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,7 492<tropical and subtropical>
493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,4 499,2 500,1&2&3&4
501,3 502,1&4&5&6 503,1 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 509,1
511,1 512,3 513,2 514,1/2 515<usually in sandy soils near the coast,
sometimes inland> 516<\i{}S. dimidiatum\i0{}, \i{}S. secundatum\i0{}>
518<\i{}S. dimidiatum\i0{}, \i{}S. secundatum\i0{}> 520<\i{}S.
secundatum\i0{} (in warm coastal regions)> 524,5 525,1&3 526,1 528,7
530,6&20 531,2 533,1&2&5 534<Saur 1972> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}S. micranthum\i0{} (Desv.) C.E. Hubb., \i{}S. secundatum\i0{} (Walter)
Kuntze> 540<stenotap> 
 
# \i{}Stephanachne\i0{} <Keng>/
5<\i{}Pappagrostis\i0{} Roshev.> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 65,2 69,1 70,2
71,1-2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 91,2<to spiciform> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,4.5-7 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,-
154,1 156,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 170,- 174,1<acuminate> 176,2
177,1/2 179,2<membranous or herbaceous> 183,- 187,1-3 189,3 191,1 196,2
208,1 214,3<thinly leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1-2<notched, or cleft to
a third of its length> 223,3 225,1/3<by extension from the acuminate lobes>
226,1/1&2 227<the median>,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 240,1 241,1 242,1<with a long
transverse tuft at the base of each glabrous lobe> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5
250,1 251,1 259,3 260,1 261,3 264,1 265,2<\i{}Pappagrostis\i0{}>/3 266,1/2
267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1<about 3 mm
long> 293,- 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,2 328,2<costals thicker-walled> 330,1
331,1 332,2 345,1 346,27-30 348,1 350,1 351<fairly>,1 353,2<mostly
solitary> 354,2 360,3 361,3/2<in the material seen> 363,- 365,- 370,2 374,1
386,2 393,1-2 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the primaries>
405,1 406,1 442,- 469,12<or 6> 470,24 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,7 489,38
490,80 491,2 492<China, eastern Russia> 493,1&3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11
535<studied by us - \i{}S. (Pappagrostis) pappophorea\i0{}> 540<stephana> 
 
# \i{}Stereochlaena\i0{} <Hackel>/
5<\i{}Chloridion\i0{} Stapf> 6<\i{}Baptorhachis\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,2/3 11,-
13,60-150 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1-2 55,2 56,2-8(-11)
59,1 65,2 66,2 68,1 69,2 70,- 71,0.2-0.7 73,2 74,1 89,2<slender spike-like
racemes> 95<paired or>,1 96,2-8 99,3<with narrow, fringed wings> 101,2
102,2 103,3 105,1/2 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,1 122,1
123<shortly>,3/2 126,1<but homogamous> 128,- 129,1 130,1 141,2-4.5 144,1
145,3 146<flattened dorsally and ventrally> 147,3 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,-
157,2 160,1 163,1/2 164,1/2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} minute or absent, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} minute to almost as long as the spikelet> 165<when
both present,>,1/- 166<(the upper)>,1-2 167,1-2 168,- 170,1 171,2
176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} only, sometimes>/2 177,2 179<when both
present,>,1/- 183,- 187<when present,>,0/- 189,1-3<?> 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1/2<?> 199<when present,>,2 201,2 203,1<the terminal awn from
3-30 mm long> 204,5/7<in \i{}S. tridentata\i0{}, the lateral keels form a
tooth on either side of the awn> 205,2<excluding the awn> 206,1<membranous,
scabrid, 2-keeled or not> 207,2 208,1 214,3<papery> 216,2 217,3 218,1 219,1
223,1<sometimes apiculate> 240,2 246,1 247,1 248<faintly>,3 250,1 251,1
259,3 264,2 266,- 272,3 274<about>,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2
287,1<about 1.7 mm long> 289<elongate>,4 291,2 295,1<punctiform>
298,1<about 1/3 the fruit length> 322,1 323,2 329,1&2<varying from place to
place> 330,1<elongated to almost square> 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,78-84
341,4.5-6 342,13-18.7 343,51-52.5 344,0.61-0.67 345,1 346,30-32(-33)
348,1<in some parts of the blade>/2/3 349,1 350,2 351,2<the apparent
examples being prickle bases> 353,- 354,- 357<sometimes exhibiting
macrohairs with complex cushion bases> 360,1 363,8 364<nearly all>,1 365,2
370,1 374,2 375,1 383,1 385,1 389,1<apparently, in places> 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,2<one large and up to 8 small bundles> 397,1 399,2<bulliform
cells constituting most of the epidermis> 401,- 403,1 404,2 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,5 492<tropical east Africa> 493,4
494,2&4 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna
grasslands> 524,5 525,1 526,1 530,6 531,2 533,5 534<Stapf 1900b; Clayton
1978b> 535<studied by us - \i{}S. cameronii\i0{} (Stapf) Pilger>
540<stereoch> 
 
# \i{}Steyermarkochloa\i0{} <Davidse & Ellis>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass), and for Dr. J.A. Steyermark,
botanist and plant collector> 7,2 9,3<in dense clumps> 11,1<the culms
dimorphic. Vegetative, with internodes not elongated, erect, with bladeless
sheaths at the base, the uppermost of these to 20 cm long and clasping the
solitary, terminal blade-bearing leaf. Reproductive culms with the
internodes short below and much elongated above, all with bladeless
sheaths> 13,50-350 14,2 19,2 37<of the fertile culms>,2 40,2 45,2<in that
the single developed leaf has no ligule, and the long, terete petiolar
region gradually opens into the flattened laminar part> 46,- 47,2
49,1/2<depending on interpretation of the highly peculiar sheath of the
solitary leaf, which is solid, cylindrical and stemlike, with two
concentric rings of vascular bundles and numerous lacunae> 52,1 55,2
56,2.8-6.5 59<flattened, with plano-convex laminae flanking a narrow
midrib, the distal 1-2 cm of the blades fused into a blunt, navicular tip>
63,1<or petiolate!> 65,2 66,2 68,2<i.e., the single complete leaf
eligulate> 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&2&3<male or bisexual at the base of the
inflorescence, bisexual in the middle, female towards the tip> 77,3
78,1<see below> 89,4<7-50 cm long, exserted-pedunculate, spicate, the
spikelets densely arranged in irregular whorls, irregularly spiralled near
the base> 98,- 101,2 102,2 106,1 108,2 120,- 121,2 123<shortly>,3 125,1
131<basal male spikelets dorsally compressed to terete, 4.5-7.7 mm long,
with 2 or 3 florets, 2 functionally male, the uppermost rudimentary> 132,1
134,2 135,2-3 137,2 141,4.5-7.5<bisexual spikelets>/9-17<female spikelets>
145,2-3 147,3 154,1 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 171,2 174,2<obtuse or truncate>
176,2 177,2 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} 2-keeled, hardened and thickened,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} rounded on the back or slightly flattened> 183,1
187,3-7 189,3-6 191,2 192,2/3<always with a distal rudimentary floret, the
lower floret usually male in bisexual spikelets, sterile in female
spikelets> 194,1 196,1 197,1 201,1<in bisexual spikelets>/2<sterile in
female spikelets> 203,2 204,3-7<in bisexual spikelets>/5-9<in female
spikelets> 206,2<herbaceous> 207,2 208,1<or occasionally
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}2\nosupersub{} both bisexual in the
bisexual spikelets> 216,2 218,1 219,1<broadly acute in bisexual
spikelets>/2<in female spikelets> 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3-7<in bisexual
spikelets>/5-11<in female spikelets> 250,1 251,1<about equalling the lemma
in bisexual spikelets. In female spikelets much exceeding it, curved,
somewhat twisted and convolute, the apex forming a distinct oriface for the
stigmas> 252,1 256,1 257<membranous in bisexual spikelets, conspicuously
spongy-thickened except for the herbaceous tip and membranous apex in
female spikelets> 259,3<or more, in bisexual spikelets>/4<5-11 in female
spikelets> 260,3/1 262,2 264,2 266,2 272,2<and posterior, in bisexual
florets>/0<female florets with two posterior staminodes> 273,1-2<the
filaments free or fused along their length> 274,2.2-3.8 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,1<the ovary attenuate into a short joint style in bisexual florets,
into a long one in female florets> 283,2 287,2<about 5 mm long> 289,2 291,3
295,2 298,2<about 1/5 as long as the grain> 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1<the
anticlinal walls thick and pitted> 332,2 345,1 348,2 351,1 353,1 354,1
356<irregularly>,1 360,2 361,2 363,6&7<but unclearly defined> 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 390,2 391,2<but interrupted by a series of large,
symmetrically-disposed lacunae, which separate the two rows of vascular
bundles into vertically aligned pairs of bundles> 393,3 395,1<comprising a
narrow median zone, separated from the thickened laminar flanges by large
bulliform hinges> 396,1 399<absent, except for the midrib hinges> 401,-
403,2 462,1 477,5<or Bambusoideae?> 483,1 487,9 488,7 489,42 490,80
491,1-2<synonyms of \i{}S. angustifolia\i0{}> 492<Venezuela and Colombia>
493,7 494,3 502,2 504,11 512,2 515<stream margins in savanna> 534<Davidse
and Ellis 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}S. unifolia \i0{}Davidse & Ellis>
540<steyerma> 
 
# \i{}Stiburus\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Eragrostis\i0{}> 7,1 9,3 11,- 13,10-63 14,2 19,2 38,- 39,- 40,2 42,2
44,1 47,2 55,2 58,1<in the upper part>/2<but narrow> 61,2<at the base of
macrohairs> 62,3 65,2 66,2 69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 71<ligule very short>
73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,3<purplish> 94,- 95,3 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,4 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
154,1 155,2<save at the nodes> 156,1 157,1<but minute> 158,2 160,2 163,2
165,1-2 167,1/2 170,- 171,1<with abundant tubercle based hairs> 174,1<acute
or acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2 182,2 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,1-5 214,2<thin> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2<excurrent into the mucro> 240,1
244,1/2<\i{}S. conrathii\i0{}> 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1/2 255,1 256,1
258,2<thin> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<tiny> 269,2 270,-
271,2 272,3 274<minute> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<about 2
mm long> 291,3 293,- 294,U 295,1 297,3<probably> 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,2 345,1 346,16-21 348,2 350,1 351,1 352,2
353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1<sometimes> 355,1 357<with abundant large
cushion based macrohairs> 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1/3<mostly two-lobed> 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1<the ms cells very large, larger than the PCR cells, with
very thick walls> 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,1 389,1<very wide columns, cf.
\i{}Aristida\i0{}> 393,1-2 394,1<primary bundles in bigger ribs> 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linked with the wide traversing columns of
colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<with all bundles - the fibre groups
interrupting the PCR sheath> 405,1 406,1 409,1 442,- 477,6 484,4 487,5
488,7 489,22 490,32 491,2 492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2
504,11 508,3 535<studied by us - \i{}S. alopecuroides\i0{} Stapf>
540<stiburus> 
 
# \i{}Stilpnophleum\i0{} <Nevski>/
3<\i{}Deyeuxia\i0{}, \i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2
55,2 65,2 68,1 69,1 70,2 71,3-8 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,1-3 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-7 144,-
145,2 147,1 148,- 154,1 155,1 156,2 157,1 158,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,-
174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2<lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate>
187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2 216,2 218,2 221,2<toothed?> 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,2 229<usually>,2 231,2 240,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1
259,3 260,3/1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270<usually>,1 271,2
272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,1 293,- 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2 330,2<mostly>
331,1<some, slightly>/2 332,2 345,1 346,(33-)36-42(-45) 348,1 350,1<clearly
sunken> 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<prickles present over the veins> 360,3
363,1&2 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 393,1-2 394,2<large alternating with small>
395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the primaries> 405,1 406,1 442,-
477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11<as a synonym> 488,5 489,41 490,2 491,1<\i{}S.
anthoxanthoides\i0{}> 492<Russia> 493,1 494,1 495,2 498,3 504,11
535<studied by us - \i{}S. anthoxanthoides\i0{} (Munro) Nevski>
540<stilpnop> 
 
# \i{}Stipa\i0{} <L.> sensu lato/
1<from the Greek \i{}stupe\i0{} (tow, oakum) or \i{}stuppeion\i0{} (fibre),
alluding to the plumose awns of Eurasian species, or (more likely) to the
fibre obtained from esparto grasses (e.g. \i{}S. tenacissima\i0{}>
2<\i{}Speargrasses\i0{}> 5<\i{}Achnatherum\i0{} P. Beauv. p.p.,
\i{}Anatherostipa\i0{} p.p., \i{}Aristella\i0{} Bertol.,
\i{}Austrostipa\i0{} S.W.L. Jacobs and J. Everett, \i{}Celtica\i0{},
\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{} (Elias) Barkworth, \i{}Jarava\i0{} Ruiz & Pavon,
\i{}Lasiagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Macrochloa\i0{} Kunth,
\i{}Orthoraphium\i0{}Nees, \i{}Patis\i0{} Ohwi, \i{}Pappostipa\i0{},
\i{}Piptatheropsis\i0{} p.p., \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{} Griseb.,
\i{}Sparteum\i0{} P. Beauv, \i{}Stipellula\i0{}, \i{}Timouria\i0{} Roshev.,
\i{}Trichosantha\i0{} Steud.> 6<\i{}Anemanthele\i0{},
\i{}Lorenzochloa\i0{}, \i{}Nassella\i0{}, \i{}Orthachne\i0{},
\i{}Trikeraia\i0{}> 7,2<very rarely annual, e.g. \i{}S. capensis\i0{}> 9,3
11,- 13,10-250 14,1<<2%> rarely, with persistent canes>/2 19,1<rarely, but
amply so in S. breviglumis, \i{}S. elegantissima\i0{}>/2<nearly always>
23,1<nearly always>/3/2<more or less suffrutescent to fastigiate in \i{}S.
muelleri\i0{}> 27,1/2 37,1<rarely>/2 38,- 42,1<rarely>/2<nearly always>
44,1/2 47,1/2 51,1<<5%> occasionally>/2<usually> 52,1 55<nearly always>,2
56,0.3-5 58,1/2 59,1<e.g. \i{}S. dregeana\i0{}, \i{}S. sibirica\i0{}>/2/3/4
65,2 66,2 67,1<e.g., \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}>/2 69,1/2 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 80,2
81,1/2 82,1/2 83<(when present)>,1<sometimes basal and very modified>
88,2-3 89,5 90,2 91,1/2 94,1/2 95,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-70(-90)<those of sect Stipa especially
large> 145,1-2/2<more or less terete>/3<sometimes, slightly> 147,1 154,2
157,1<long and sharp-pointed, except in \i{}Achnatherum\i0{} and
\i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}> 159,1/2<or orange>/3 160,2<\i{}Achnatherum\i0{},
\i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}>/3 161,1/2<\i{}Achnatherum\i0{},
\i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}> 163,2 165,1-2 166,2-3 167<nearly always>,2 170,-
174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2/1<sometimes aristate> 179,2<membranous or
papery, acute to acuminate> 187,(0-)1-4<nerveless in \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}>
189,(0-)3-6<nerveless or one-nerved in \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}> 191,1 196,2
208,1 211,1<<95%> nearly always, sometimes only basally but often more or
less hiding the palea>/2<e.g. \i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}, 2 \i{}Austrostipa\i0{}
species> 212,1<very rarely - \i{}S. gibbosa\i0{}>/2<<99.5%> nearly always>
213,1/2 214,3<narrow, often hiding the palea> 215<with the
abaxial-epidermal silica bodies round to oval (\i{}Achnatherum\i0{},
\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}, \i{}Ptilogrostis\i0{}), square or rectangular
(\i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu stricto), or absent (\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{})>
216,1<usually, horny>/2<in \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}, \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}>
218,1/2<shortly or conspicuously 2-toothed in \i{}Achnatherum\i0{} and
\i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}> 220<when cleft,>,2 221<when incised, usually>,2<but
deeply cleft in \i{}S. gigantea\i0{}> 223,3 225,1<<90%>
mostly>/3<sometimes, via aristate lobes, in \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}>
226,1<mostly>/2 227<the median>,1<when laterals present>
228,1<\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}, \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}>/3 229,- 231,2<or
sometimes bi-geniculate, subulate and non-geniculate in \i{}S.
saltensis\i0{}> 233,1/2/3 234,1-3<sometimes very long, up to 50 cm in
\i{}S. pulcherrima\i0{}> 235,2<3> 236,1<<15%> infrequently>/2<usually,
though often with a basal articulation> 240,1/2<<10%> rarely>
244,2<terete> 246,2<when involute - e.g. \i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}, two
\i{}Austrostipa\i0{} spp.,>/1<mostly, but convolute <95%>> 247,2 248,3-7
250<usually>,1<at least partially enclosed by the lemma>
251,1<usually>/2-3<rarely> 252,1 253,2 254,1<\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}>/2 256,1
257,1<usually, translucent>/2<e.g. in \i{}Achnatherum\i0{},
\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}> 258,1<often, more or less, at least the exposed
part>/2 259<seemingly always>,3<numerous former Stipas with nerveless
paleas having been transferred to \i{}Nassella\i0{} - Barkworth 1990>
260,1/3 261,1/2/3 262,2 264,1 265,2<<10%> rarely>/3<the posterior commonly
smaller> 266,1/2<<10%> rarely> 267,2 268,2<stipoid> 269,2 270,2 272,3
274,1.2-9 275,1/2 277,1 280,2 283,2/3/4<3-4 in Section Barbata> 284,1 286,2
287,1/2/3 289,2 291,1/3 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1/2 304,1
305,2<with a 95-130 degree angle between coleoptile and coleorhiza> 306,2
308,1 309,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5 322,1/2 323,1<seemingly
rarely>/2<seen only in some species of \i{}Austrostipa\i0{}> 324<when
present,>,2 325,2 326,3<in a median single or partially double row,
circular or branched, at least sometimes of the coronate-pit type, cf.
\i{}Poa helmsii\i0{}> 329,1<nearly always>/1&2<e.g. \i{}Austrostipa
densiflora\i0{}> 330,1/1&2<occasionally with a some distinctly fusiform>
331,1 332,1<probably, sometimes - found to date only adaxially>/2 333,2
334,1 335<hard to find and study, seemingly peculiar - thin-walled, perhaps
one-celled: see photos in Johnston and Watson 1976> 345,2/1
346,(22-)24-45(-48) 347,2 348<low to high>,2/3 350,1/2<rarely> 351,1 353,1
354,1 356,3/2/1<to elliptical> 360,1/2/3 362,1/2/4 363,1<sometimes, but
usually short with only one or two crenations>/2/3/4/5<or cuboid>/6/8<i.e.,
exhibiting most of the silica body forms, in various combinations from
species to species - and often exhibiting many ambiguous, intermediate
forms> 364<often>,1/3/4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1/2 394,1/2
395,1/2 396,1/2<e.g. sometimes in \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}> 399,1<at the bases
of the furrows>/2<the bulliform cells small and/or inconspicuous, cf.
\i{}Ammophila\i0{}, in many species, but commonly quite large and the
groups conspicuous in \i{}Austrostipa\i0{}> 401<when noticeable,>,1 403,2
404,1/2 405,1/2 406,1/2 407<when present,>,1/2<notably in \i{}Stipa\i0{}
sensu stricto, but also in (e.g.) \i{}Austrostipa teretifolia\i0{}> 411,1
413,2<3 species> 415,1 416,1 469,9&10&11&12&22 470,22&28&40&44&48&68&96
471,2&4&8<and aneuploids> 476,2 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43 490,80
491<about>,300 492<tropical and temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8
494,1&2&3&4&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,1 497,2&4&5 498,1&2&3 499,1&2 502,1&5&6
503,1&2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&10 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1&2&3 508,1&2&3
509,1&2 511,1 512,3-4 516<the pointed callus of many species (e.g. \i{}S.
comata\i0{}, \i{}S. spartea\i0{}) sometimes injuring livestock> 518<many
important in dry climates, e.g. \i{}S. barbata\i0{}, \i{}S. capensis\i0{},
\i{}S. lessingiana\i0{}> 522<\i{}S. tenacissima\i0{} (Halfa, Esparto grass)
used for papermaking mats and cordage> 523<with \i{}Nassella\i0{} -
\i{}Achnella\i0{} Barkworth> 524,5 525,2&3&4&5 527,1&2 528,4&11
529,1&2&4&5 530,14&25&38 531,1&2 532,4&5 533,1&2&4&5 534<de Winter 1965;
Barkworth 1983, 1993; Freitag 1985; Vickery Jacobs and Everett 1986;
Barkworth and Everett 1987> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}S.
aristiglumis\i0{} F. Muell. (\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S.
bigeniculata\i0{} Hughes (\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. blackii\i0{}
Hubbard (\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. columbiana\i0{} Maccun
(\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}), \i{}S. comata\i0{} Trin. & Rupr.
(\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. densiflora\i0{} Hughes
(\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. elegantissima\i0{} Labill.
(\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. falcata\i0{} Hughes (\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}),
\i{}S. falcata scabra\i0{} (\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. filiculmis\i0{}
Delile (\i{}Nassella\i0{}), \i{}S. filifolia\i0{} Nees
(\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}), \i{}S. gigantea\i0{} Link (\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}?),
\i{}S. ichu\i0{} Kunth (\i{}Jarava\i0{}), \i{}S. leucotricha\i0{} Trin. &
Rupr. (\i{}Nassella\i0{}), \i{}S. neomexicana\i0{} (Thurb.) Scribn.
(\i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}), \i{}S. nervosa\i0{} Vickery (Austrostipa), \i{}S.
pubescens\i0{} R. Br. (Austrostipa), \i{}S. ramosissima\i0{} (Trin.) Trin.
(Austrostipa), \i{}S. teretifolia\i0{} Steudel. (= \i{}stipoides\i0{},
\i{}Austrostipa\i0{}), \i{}S. verticillata\i0{} Nees & Sprengel
(\i{}Austrostipa\i0{})> 536<This sensu lato description is retained,
pending preparation of adequately detailed, comparative descriptions for
the segregate genera \i{}Achnatherum\i0{}, \i{}Austrostipa\i0{},
\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{} \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{} and \i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu
stricto (see Barkworth and Everett 1987, Barkworth 1993, Jacobs and Everett
1996) and worldwide assignments of species to them. Freitags (1985)
preference for sensu lato treatment pending a much needed worldwide
monograph has much merit.> 540<stipa-sl> 
 
# \i{}Stipa\i0{} <L.> sensu stricto/
1<from the Greek \i{}stupe\i0{} (tow, oakum) or \i{}stuppeion\i0{} (fibre),
alluding to plumose awns or (more likely) to the fibre obtained from
esparto grass (e.g. \i{}S. tenacissima\i0{})> 3<\i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu lato>
6<\i{}Achnatherum\i0{}, \i{}Anemanthele\i0{}, \i{}Austrostipa\i0{},
\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}, \i{}Lorenzochloa\i0{}, \i{}Nassella\i0{},
\i{}Orthachne\i0{}, \i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Trikeraia\i0{}> 7,2
9<densely>,3 11,- 13,(8-)10-90(-100) 14,2 19,1/2 23,1<nearly
always>/3/2<more or less suffrutescent to fastigiate in \i{}S.
muelleri\i0{}> 25,2-4 26,1 27,1/2 37,1<rarely>/2 38,- 42,2 44,1/2 47,1/2
51,1<<5%> occasionally>/2<usually> 52,1 55,2 56,0.3-4 58,1<e.g. \i{}S.
tirsa\i0{}>/2 59,1<e.g. \i{}S. sibirica\i0{}>/2/3/4 65,2 66,2 67,1/2<?>
69,1/2 70,1/2 71,0.1-8(-15) 72,1/2<?> 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2/1&2 82,1/2<?>
83<(if present)>,1<?> 88,2 89,5 90,2 91,1/2<?> 94,1/2<?> 95,- 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 141,(10-)12-60(-90)
145,1/1-2 147,1 154,2 157,1 159,1<at least in Section Stipa>
160,3<(1.2-)2-5 mm long> 161,1 163,2 165,1-2<?> 166,2-3<?> 167,2 170,-
174,1 176,1<usually, via long-acuminate apices>/2<?> 179,2 187,3/5(-7)
189,3/5/7/9 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate, (6.5-)10-30 mm long>
211,1<covering the palea> 212,2 213,2 214,3 215,1<with the
abaxial-epidermal silica bodies square or rectangular> 216,1-2<?> 218,1/2
220<when incised, usually minutely>,2 221,1<\i{}S. gigantea\i0{}>/2 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1/3 229,- 231,2<?> 233,3 234,3<at least 10 cm and often
over 30 cm long, up to 50 cm in \i{}S. pulcherrima\i0{}> 235,2 236,2<but
usually jointed at the base> 238,1 240,1<the hairs usually ascending,
diffuse or in longitudinal ranks> 244,2<terete> 246,1 247,2 248,3-5 250,1
251,1<only slightly shorter than the lemma> 253,2 254,2<flat> 255,1 256,1
257,1 258,2 259,3<usually, the veins falling short of the apex>/4<e.g. 2
strong and two weak veins in \i{}S. lingua\i0{}> 260,1 261,1/2/3 264,1
265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2<stipoid, the anterior usually somewhat different>
269,2<<95%> nearly always>/1<e.g. \i{}S. margelanica\i0{}> 270,2 271,1
272,3 274,2.5-10(-13) 275,1/2 277,1 280,2 283,2/3-4<3-4 in Section Barbata>
284,1 286,2 287,2-3<4-18 mm long> 289,1/2 290,2 291,1 295,2 298,2 299,2
301,2 302,2 303,1/2 304,1<the epiblast of \i{}S. pennata\i0{} short and
truncate> 305,2<with a 95-130 degree angle between coleoptile and
coleorhiza> 306,2 308,1 309,1/2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,3-5 322,2 323,2 327,1
328,1 329,1 330,1 331,1<heavily pitted> 332,2<but sometimes recorded
adaxially, then inconspicuous, flimsy, perhaps one-celled> 345,2 351,1
353,1<and some ostensibly solitary> 354,1 355,3 356,1&2&3<not more than
slightly crescentic> 357<prickles, sometimes blunt, and a few thick-walled
macrohairs, in \i{}S. pennata\i0{}> 360,2 361,1 363,3&5&6<\i{}S.
pennata\i0{}>/3&6<\i{}S. tenacissima\i0{}> 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1
394,2 395,2<other than by its position> 396,1 397,2 398,2 399,1<\i{}S.
pennata\i0{}>/2<\i{}S. tenacissima\i0{}> 401<of \i{}S. pennata\i0{}>,1
403,2 404,1<with all the larger bundles> 405,1 406,2 407,2<joining the
bundles> 411,1 413,2 415,2 469,11/12 470,36/40/44<with 44 commonest>
471,3/4 473<small to medium sized> 476,2<?> 477,1 480,4 487,11 488,7 489,43
490,80 491<about>,50<?> 492<Eurasia, Mediterranean, Africa (especially Near
and Middle East)> 493,1&2&3 494,1 495,1&2 497,2&3 498,2&3 506,1&2 511,1
512,4 513,2 518<many important in dry climates, e.g. \i{}S. barbata\i0{},
\i{}S. lessingiana\i0{}> 522<\i{}S. tenacissima\i0{} (Halfa, Esparto grass)
used for papermaking mats and cordage> 524,5 531,1&2 534<Tsvelev 1976;
Barkworth and Everett 1987; Jacobs amd Everett 1996> 535<Metcalfe 1960>
536<This is an unsatisfactory attempt to account for the proposed sensu
stricto treatment of \i{}Stipa\i0{}. Supposedly characteristic
rectangular abaxial leaf blade epidermal silica bodies (Barkworth and
Everett 1987) are refuted by Metcalfes detailed descriptions of two of the
best known species. See further comment under \i{}Stipa\i0{} sensu lato.>
538,1<though limited to \i{}S. pennata\i0{} and \i{}S. tenacissima\i0{}>
540<stipa-ss> 
 
# \i{}Stipagrostis\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}stupe\i0{} (tow, oakum) or \i{}stuppeion\i0{} (fibre)
and \i{}agrostis\i0{} (a fodder grass), alluding either to plumose awns or
a perceived likeness to \i{}Stipa\i0{} (another grass genus, q.v.)>
5<\i{}Schistachne\i0{} Fig. & De Not> 7,1<<10%> rarely>/2 9,3 13,10-200
14,2 15,- 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,3/1/2 27,1/2 37,1/2 40,2 44,1/2
52<narrowly>,1 55,2 58,1/2 59,1<<10%> rarely>/2/3<or subterete>/- 65,2
66,1/2 67,2 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,1/2 96,- 100,2 101,2 102,2
103,- 108,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,7-20<?> 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,- 154,2
157,1/2 160,3<well developed, bearded or not> 161,1<rarely rounded or
minutely bifid> 163,2 165,1-2 167<(the longer)>,2<usually exceeding it>
170,- 174,1-2<acuminate to obtuse> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<scarious> 182,-
187<usually>,3 189,3(-11) 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<cylindrical> 211,1/2
214,3<leathery, the glumes membranous> 216,1 220,- 221,2 223,3
224<usually>,1/2<<2%> \i{}S. anomala\i0{}> 228,3 229,- 231,1<at least, not
geniculate in the usual sense> 233<usually>,3<at least on the median
branch>/1<<2%> \i{}S. anomala\i0{}> 234,3 235,2<3 veins in the column>
236,1<at the base of the column, or near the middle of the lemma - rarely
persistent> 240,2<usually glabrous or scabrid> 244,2 247,1 248,3 250,1
251,2<usually less than half lemma length> 255,1-2 256,1 257,1 258,1 259,3
260,1 264,1/2 265<when present,>,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,2 271,1-2
272,3 274,2-5.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2<but tightly enclosed in
the lemma> 289,2 290,1<often, shallowly> 291,2-3<?> 295,2 298,1 299,1/2
303,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 307,1 308,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,5 322,1 323,2
328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339,45-51-57 341,6-7.5 342,6-8.6
343,24-28-35 344,0.53-0.6 345,1 346,(30-)34.5-45(-48) 348,2&3 350,2 351,1
353,1 354,1 358,1<in the form of numerous bulbous-based and pitted, short
pointed or umbonate prickles> 360,3 363,3<predominantly, in some
species?>/4<of the broad, almost round type, predominant in (e.g.) \i{}S.
ciliata\i0{}> 365,2 370,1 374,1<and PCR sheath single, by contrast with
\i{}Aristida\i0{}> 389,1 393,1-2 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,2<these
linking with traversing colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries>
405,1<anchors and Is> 406,1 413,1<\i{}S. garubensis\i0{}> 421,- 436,-
442,- 464,- 469,11 470,22&44 471,2&4 473<small> 477,5 483,7 487,2 488,7
489,4 490,80 491,50 492<Africa, southwest Asia, northwest India>
493,1&2&3&4 494,1&2 495,1&2 496,1 497,2 498,1 499,1&2&4 504,11 506,1
508,1&2&3&4 512,4 513,2 515<desert and semidesert, sometimes dunes - e.g.
\i{}S. ciliata\i0{}, a sandbinder> 517<\i{}S. ciliata\i0{}, \i{}S.
uniplumis\i0{}> 518<e.g. \i{}S. ciliata\i0{}, \i{}S. obtusa\i0{}, \i{}S.
plumosa\i0{}> 534<de Winter 1965> 535<studied by us - \i{}S. ciliata\i0{}
(Desf.) de Winter, \i{}S. uniplumis\i0{} (Licht.) de Winter> 540<stipagro> 
 
# \i{}Streblochaete\i0{} <Hochst.>/
5<\i{}Koordersiochloa\i0{} Merr., \i{}Pseudostreptogyne\i0{} A. Camus> 7,2
9,3 11,- 13,30-100 14,2 19,2 38,- 47,2 49,1 52,2 59,3 65,2 69,1 70,2
71,3-12 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<narrow> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,1-2<the panicle sometimes unilateral>/2 123,3
141,16-28 144,- 145,2 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 160,3 161,1 162,1 163,2
165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 174,1 176,2 177,2<rounded dorsally>
179,2<narrow, membranous-herbaceous with hyaline margins> 183,- 187,3
189,5<with transverse linking> 191,2 192,2 193<several, in a lanceolate
cluster> 194,1<male or sterile> 196,2 208,2-6 214,2-3<herbaceous> 216,2<or
hardening slightly> 218<shortly>,2<to nearly entire> 220<slightly>,2 221,2
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1 231,2<the very long, filiform awns coiling
and intertwining with one another, so that the spikelet is dispersed as a
unit> 233,1<scabrid> 234,3<distally filiform> 235,1 240,2 244,2<dorsally
rounded> 246,- 247,2 248,7 250,1 251,2<about half the lemma length> 255,2
258,2<herbaceous> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,2
271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,1 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,2 301,2 322,1
323,2 327<the costal long-cells narrower> 328,2<the costals thicker> 330,1
331,1 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,2 354,2 357<prickles present
over the veins> 360,3 363,1 365,2 370,2 374,1 406,1 442,- 469,10 477,2
478,2 479,5 487,11 488,7 489,13 490,80 491,1<\i{}S. longiaristata\i0{}>
492<tropical Africa, Java, Lombok, Philippines; montane> 493,4&5 494,2
496,1&2&3 499,2&3 500,3 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,3 513,1 514,2 515<montane
forest glades> 534<Tateoka 1965b> 535<studied by us> 540<strebloc> 
 
# \i{}Streptochaeta\i0{} <Schrad.>/
5<\i{}Lepideilema\i0{} Trin.> 7,2 9,1<the internodes crowded> 11,2
13,35-105 14,1 15,0.3 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,2 39,1 40,2 44,2 46,1
47,1<from the sheath> 48,1 50<the juncture of blade and sheath a smooth,
dark band of tissue covered by cilia abaxially> 52,3-5 55,1 56,(5-)10-95
58,- 63,1 64,2-1<in that the veins converge into the midrib from a distance
of several cm above the base of the lamina> 65,1 66,1 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1
78,- 85,2 86,1 87,1/2<depending on interpretation: buds sometimes present
in the bract axils, but these seemingly not proliferating> 89,4<or a
raceme of spikes, if the spikelet be so interpreted> 98,1/2<sometimes
ending in a tuft of hairs> 101,2 102,2 103,2 108,2<tough> 120,1 121,2
122,3<the raceme many-sided> 123,3 124,4 140,2<with 5 spirally arranged,
dentate bracts (?glumes, sometimes with axillary buds), a sixth produced
into a very long, coiled awn, 7 and 8 side by side opposing 6, and 9-11
whorled to form a central cone, lemma, palea and lodicules absent>
141,10-20 145,2 147,3<all the pseudospikelets of the inflorescence often
shed as a unit, entangled via the long awns of their
G\sub{}6\nosupersub{}s which are deflected by the central cones into the
cleft between bracts 7 and eight> 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,3<in the form of 11
or twelve bracts, as described elsewhere, the lowermost to 4 mm long, the
uppermost to 15 mm> 165,1 170,- 171,2 176,1<the G\sub{}6\nosupersub{} with
a long, coiled, terminal awn>/2<the rest> 177,2 191,1 196,1/2<according to
interpretation> 208,1 210<absent, or at least unrecognisable> 250,1 252,1/2
264,2 272,6 273,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,3 286,2 289,1 290,2
291,3<terete> 295,2 297,2-3 298,2 301,2 303,2 304,2 305,1 306,2 307,2 308,2
309,1 310,1 311,2 322,1 323,2 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1&2<but
the latter forms asymmetric, reflecting oblique end-walls> 331,1 332,1
335,1 339,(84-)90-96(-99) 341,(6-)7.5-9 342,9.3-13.2
343,(43.5-)58.5-66(-69) 344,0.52-0.72 345,1 346,24-33 348<high>,2/1 350,2
351,2 360,3 363<exclusively>,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,2<or at least
without conspicuous arm cells, in the material seen> 391,1 392,2 393,3
395,1<via a T-shaped adaxial rib and a small, rounded, abaxial keel>
396,3<there being a small bundle adaxial to the main one> 397,1 399,1<these
large and wide> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 469,11 470,22 471,2 477,3
478,4 481,9 487,1 488,7 489,44 490,80 491,3 492<Mexicoto Argentina> 493,7
494,3 502,1&3&4&6 504,11 513,1 534<Judziewicz and Soderstrom 1989>
535<Metcalfe 1960; dtudied by us - \i{}S. spicata\i0{} Schrad. ex Nees>
540<streptoc> 
 
# \i{}Streptogyna\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
5<\i{}Streptia\i0{} Doell> 7,2 9,2-3 11,2 13,60-100 14,2 15,0.5 19,2 39,1
40,2 44,1<\i{}S. americana\i0{}>/2<\i{}S. crinita\i0{}> 47,1<at the top of
the sheath - inconspicuous or absent in \i{}S. americana\i0{}>/-
48,1<better developed in \i{}S. crinita\i0{}>/- 52,1-3 55,1 56,13-36<15-25
cm long> 63,1/2 65,1<few laterals, above the base> 66,1 69,2 70,1 72,1<in
the form of a hard rim> 73,2 74,1 89,4<inilateral, spiciform> 91,- 101,2
102,2 103,3 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1 123,3 141,25-35
145,1-2 147,1 148,2<the rachilla joint at the base of each floret forming a
hook, aiding in dispersal> 149,4 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1/2 158,- 163,2
165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} much longer> 167,1 171,2 176,2 179<papery>
182,- 187,1-3(-5) 189,(5-)7-17 191,2 192,2<with glabrous lemmas> 194,1
196,2 208,2-4 211,1 214,2-3<rigidly leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2
221,2<bidentate> 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,1 232,1 233,1<antrorsely
scabrous> 234,1-2 240,1<silky villous below the middle> 244,2 248,7-13
250,1<narrowly linear> 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3<these median,
contiguous> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1<only inconspicuously so in
\i{}S. americana\i0{}> 270,2 271,1 272,2 275,2 276,2 277,1/2 280,1<only at
the base in \i{}S. americana\i0{}> 283,2<\i{}S. crinita\i0{}>/3<\i{}S.
americana\i0{} - in both species, they elongate after anthesis to entangle
with one another and with the lemma awns> 286,2 287,3 289,1 291,1 293<when
present,>,1/- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 303,1/2<some, in \i{}S. crinita\i0{}>
304,1 305,1 306,2 308,2 309,1 310,1<with a short mucro> 311,1 312,2 313,1
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,2<the costals rather thicker walled> 330,1<mostly>
331,1 332,2 345,1 346,18-24 348,2<in \i{}S. americana\i0{}>/2&3<in \i{}S.
crinita\i0{}> 350,2 351,1 353,1<mostly> 354,1 356<narrowly>,7 360,1<\i{}S.
crinita\i0{}>/2<\i{}S. americana\i0{}> 363,4<predominating>/5-6 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1<\i{}S. crinita\i0{}>/2<no trace of these in \i{}S.
americana\i0{}> 391,1 392,2 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,3<the large keel with an
abaxial arc, plus one small adaxial bundle> 397,1 399,1<these large> 401,1
403,2<or a few without, in \i{}S. crinita\i0{}> 404,1<with most bundles>
405,1<a few with Is and Ts> 406,1 442,- 469,12 470,24 477,3 478,4 481,10
487,8 488,7 489,45 490,80 491,2 492<Africa, India, Central and South
America> 493,3&4&7 494,2&3 496,1&3 499,2&3 500,1 502,1&3&4 504,11 508,1&3
513,1 514,2 515<in dry forests> 534<Soderstrom and Judziewicz 1987>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}S. americana\i0{} C.E. Hubb.>
540<streptog> 
 
# \i{}Streptolophus\i0{} <Hughes>/
7<rambling>,1 9,4<?> 11,- 13,100-200 14,2 19,1 27,1 38,- 44,2 52,3 55,1
56,15-20 57,1-2 58,- 63,1<with long petioles> 65,2 69,2 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,1&4<sterile at the tip of main inflorescence axis> 89,3<the
lateral branches comprising spikelets and bristles organized in cuneate,
peduncled burrs, the burrs racemosely and loosely borne on a slender, wavy
rachis> 91<a raceme of burrs, by contrast with the sessile burrs of
\i{}Cenchrus\i0{}> 98,2<the main rachis and the burr-like branches
terminating in spiny bristles> 101,2 102,2 103,1<to pedunculate burrs of
spikelets-plus-bristles> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the burrs falling entire
with their peduncles> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 116,3<the spinescent bristles
dichotomising from two basal stumps, forming a basketlike support for the
spikelets> 117,1 118,2 120,1 121,2 141,3.5 144,- 145,3 147,3<in the burr>
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1-2 167,1 171,2 176,2 187,0 189,3 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 208,1 214,3 215,2<minutely verrucose>
216<becoming leathery> 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244,2 248,5 250,1 259,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 287,1<2 mm long> 291,2 295,1
298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(54-)60-78
341,(5.4-)5.7-6(-7.2) 342,8.3-14.4 343,(34-)37.5-49.5(-54) 344,0.63-0.69
345,1 346,22.5-27 348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,1<the rows
interrupted by large prickles> 363,8 364<mostly>,1&3<short> 365,2 370,1
374,2 395,1<via its keel> 396,1 399,2<epidermis seemingly extensively
bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1<primaries only - most larger bundles with
abaxial girders only, or with abaxial girders and adaxial strands> 405,2
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}S.
sagittifolius\i0{}> 492<Angola> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3
534<Hughes 1923> 535<studied by us> 540<streptol> 
 
# \i{}Streptostachys\i0{} <Desv.>/
5<\i{}Keratochlaena\i0{} (= \i{}S. rigidifolia\i0{}), \i{}Oncorachis\i0{}>
7,2 9,4 11,- 13,25-150(-200) 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2
52<broadly>,3/4 55,1 56,7-30(-43) 57,1/3 58,- 63,2 65,2 66,2 68,1/2 69<when
present,>,3<sometimes with scattered hairs in the ligule position, and
marginal tufts> 72,1<in \i{}S. macrantha\i0{}>/- 73,2 74,1 75,2 89<large,
leafy,>,5<its limits hard to define> 91,1 99<sinuous> 101,1/2<?> 102,1/2<?
- with narrow secondary panicles and racemes> 103,3/4/5 108,2 120,1/2 121,2
123,2-3 141,3.6-9.3 142<narrowly>,7 144,1<if ascertainable>/- 145,3 147,3
148,- 149,2&3&4<the internodes thickened> 150,1 151,1<straight> 153,2 154,2
155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1/2 167<(at least the upper)>,2<more or less
equalling the lower lemma> 170,1 171<sparsely>,1<on the back> 174,2<blunt>
176,2 177,2 179,1-2<herbaceous, the lower having its thickened base forming
a downwardly projecting rim> 186<with short, sparse hairs> 187,(1-)3-5(-7)
188<somewhat hooded apically> 189,5/7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2
199<(when present)>,1-2 201,1/2 203,2 204,(3-)5/7 205,2
206,1<membranous-herbaceous, sparsely hairy above> 207,2 208,1 214,3<shiny>
216,1<thinly> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5 250,1 251,1
255,1 257<thinly indurated> 258,1 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2<the anthers divaricate> 277,1
280,1<\i{}S. asperifolia\i0{}>/2 284<dark> 290<of \i{}S.
macrostachya\i0{}>,1 295,2 298,2<or "less than half the length of the
caryopsis"> 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(36-)39-48
341,(4.8-)5.1-6.6(-6.9) 342,6.1-9.4 343,(18-)19-27(-33) 344,0.5-0.73 345,1
346,(28.5-)30-42 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 360,1 363,8 364<mostly>,1 365,2
370,1<\i{}S. macrantha\i0{}, \i{}S. ramosa\i0{}>/2<\i{}S. asperifolia\i0{}>
374,1 385,1/2 386,1<seemingly, in \i{}S. asperifolia\i0{}>/2 387,1<perhaps,
somewhat, in \i{}S. asperifolia\i0{}>/2 390,1<a few> 391,1<in \i{}S.
asperifolia\i0{}>/2 392,2 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,1<in the
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} species>/2<\i{}S. asperifolia\i0{}> 404,1 405,1<Is
in \i{}S. macrantha\i0{}, Ts in \i{}S. ramosa\i0{}>/2<\i{}S.
asperifolia\i0{}> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58/10<?>
491,3 492<North tropical South America, Trinidad> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&3&4
504,11 515<savanna> 534<Morrone and Zuloaga 1991> 535<studied by us -
\i{}S. asperifolia\i0{} Desf.; Morrone and Zuloaga 1991>
536<\i{}Streptostachys\i0{} as carefully re-circumscribed by Morrone and
Zuloaga (i.e. with \i{}S. aucuminata\i0{} referred to \i{}Urochloa\i0{},
and \i{}S. robusta\i0{} excluded) continues to present a wonderful blend
of panicoid and bambusoid features, and is very unusual in including both
C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} and C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} species> 537,2
540<streptos> 
 
# \i{}Styppeiochloa\i0{} <de Winter>/
1<from the Greek \i{}stuppeion\i0{} (fibre) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass),
alluding to tough, fibrous basal parts> 3<\i{}Crinipes\i0{} Hochst.> 7,2
9<densely>,3<the hard, fibrous basal sheaths forming tough, fire-resistant
mats> 13,10-70 14,2 19,2<wiry, the nodes hidden at the base> 31<persistent,
tomentose, splitting into fibres> 37,1 40,2 42,2 44,1/2 47,2 48,- 52,1 55,2
56<to>,1 58,1<resembling the culms> 59,3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,-
71<about>,0.4 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,2<scanty, the spikelets appressed
to the panicle branches> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,-
115,- 123,3 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1 157,1 160,2 161,2<truncate>
163,2 165,1/2 166,1 167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 176<short>,1<or aristate from
the excurrent mid-nerve>/2 177,1 179,2<lanceolate, their apices 3-lobed or
acute/entire> 181,1 187,1 189,1-3 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1/2 196,2 208,2-5
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220<apically>,3 221,2 223,2-3<the three lobes
with awns or mucros> 225<when present,>,3 226,1/2<via shortly excurrent
nerves> 227<the median>,2<when laterals present> 228,3 231,1
233,1<scaberulous> 234,1 235,1 237,1 240,1<at the margins, near the base>
244,1 247,2 248,3-5(-7) 249,2 250,1<narrowly lanceolate> 251,1<equalling
the lemma> 255,2 256,2<via the excurrent nerves> 257,2<membranous> 258,2
259,3 260,3<concave between the keels> 264,1 266,2 271,1<2-5 nerved?> 272,3
274<about>,2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2<but the style bases knob-like> 280,2
283,2 286,2 287,1<about 2 mm long> 289,2 291,3<nearly terete> 295,2 297,U
298,2 299,1 320,2 322<the costal and intercostal zonation fairly
indistinct> 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,2 348,- 351,1
360,1 363,8 364,3 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 387,2<the cells
isodiametric> 393,1 394,2 395,2 396,1 399,1<in all the furrows> 401,1 403,2
404,1<with all the large bundles> 405,1<the large bundles> 406,2 407,2
477,5 483,3 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,2 492<South and southeastern
tropical African mountains> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,2-3
513,2 514,2 515<where there is impeded drainage, in mountains> 534<de
Winter 1966a> 535<photos provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<styppeio> 
 
# \i{}Sucrea\i0{} <Soderstrom>/
1<named for Dimitri Sucre> 7,2 9,1&3 13,30-100 14,2 19,2 27,1/2 40,2 44,1/2
48,2 52<broadly>,5 55,1 56,25-100 63,1 65,1 67,1 68,1/2 73,1 74,2 75,1
76,2&3 77,3<the female spikelets terminal, the males below> 78,1 79,- 89,5
91,1<terminal> 96,- 101,1<the terminal sheath constituting a spathe> 102,2
103,5 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3<the pedicels of
female spikelets thickened apically> 126,2 131<male spikelets without
glumes; lemma membranous, 3-nerved; palea membranous, 2-nerved; lodicules
3, fleshy; stamens 3, free, non-penicillate> 132,2 133,2 134,2 135,1 137,1
138,3 139,1 141,6.5-10 144,- 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,1 163,2
165,2 167,2<exceeding them> 170,- 171,1<finely pubescent>
174,1<ovate-acuminate to shortly subulate> 176<shortly>,1<with a terminal
scabrid subule> 177,2 178,- 179,2<with cartilaginous margins, twisting with
age, tessellate> 187,5 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<fusiform, completely
embracing the palea> 211,U 214,3 215<pitted> 216,1<leathery when young>
223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,2<apparently> 248,5<tessellate> 250,1
251,1<slightly shorter than the lemma> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3<? 2
strong nerves and transverse veinlets> 264,1 265,3 266,1<smaller> 267,2
268,1 269,2 271,1 272,0<3 staminodes> 277,1 280,1<the ovary attenuate into
one long style> 283,2 295,2 298,2 299,1 322,1 323,1 325,2 326,3<round,
thick walled, in 2-3 irregular rows on long-cells and interstomatals, the
costals with mostly only one row> 327,2<the intercostals much broader>
328,1<quite thin walled> 330,1 331,1<coarsely so> 332,1 335,1
339,(45-)48-51(-54) 341,5.4-6.3 342,7.1-10 343,19.5-25.5 344,0.43-0.5 345,1
346,21-24 348<mostly high>,2 350,2 351,1 353,1<mostly> 360,1
363,4&7&8<forming an almost continuous series> 364<the panicoid form>,1
365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1 390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3<except for the midrib>
395,1 396,2<a large median, and a small one on either side> 397,1
399,1<these wide> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with most of the main bundles>
405,1<most of the main bundles with Is or anchors> 469,11 470,22 471,2
477,3 478,3 481,3 487,4 488,3 489,34 490,50 491,3 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3
502,4 504,11 513,1 515<in forest> 534<Soderstrom 1981c> 535<studied by us -
\i{}S. maculata\i0{} Soderstrom> 540<sucrea> 
 
# \i{}Suddia\i0{} <Renvoize>/
7,2 9,1 13,140-300 14,2 15,2.5 19,2 37,1<spongy> 44,2<3-5 laminate leaves
per culm, with several bladeless sheaths at the base> 48,2 52,3 55,1
56,35-105<22-112 cm long> 57,2 59,1 63,1<the petiole 16-100 cm long> 64,1
65,1 66<with a conspicuous articulation at the base> 68,1 69,1 70,2
71,35-80 73<probably>,2<but known only from material with smutted,
imperfect spikelets - i.e., as yet inadequately described> 74<probably>,1
89,5 91,1<much branched, up to 35 cm long, the lower branches often in
verticils> 101,2 102,2 108,2<apparently> 121,2 123,3 141,3.5-4.3 142,10
154,2<seemingly> 163,2 167,2 174,1 176,2 179,2 187,5-7 189,7-9
196,2<seemingly> 208,1<seemingly> 218,1 219,1 223,1 248,3 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348<seemingly>,2&3 351,1
353,2<seemingly solitary> 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 390,2 391,1
392,2 393,3 395,1<very much so, with large air spaces> 396,3 399,1 403,2
404,1 406,1 477,3 478,3 481,8 487,8 488,7 489,40<?> 490,80 491,1<\i{}S.
sagittifolia\i0{}> 492<Sudan> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,1 504,11 512,1-2
534<Renvioze 1984> 536<morphological description very incomplete> 537,2
540<suddia> 
 
# \i{}Swallenia\i0{} <Soderstrom & Decker>/
1<named for J.R. Swallen, agrostologist> 5<\i{}Ectosperma\i0{} Swallen> 7,2
9,1 13<about>,10-60<?> 14,2 19,1<with sterile and fertile branches> 40,2
44,2 47,2 55,2 56,3-6<4-14 cm long> 59,1 61,1 65,2 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1
89,5 91,2<sparse, 4-10 cm long> 92,3<the branches short, appressed, with
1-3 spikelets> 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,10-15<and almost as wide> 145,1 147,4<in material
seen, even in the presence of fruit> 148,1 149,1 154,1 156,1 157,1 163,2
165,2 167,2<almost as long as the spikelet, spreading> 171,2 172,1
174,1<acuminate> 176,2 179,2<thinly membranous> 187,5-7 189,7-11 191,2
192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-7 210<very broad> 214,2-3<membranous or papery>
216,2 218,1 219,1<acute>/2<but mucronate> 223,1/2 240,1<densely villous
below, on the margins and sometimes intercostally> 244,2<dorsally rounded>
247,2 248,5-7 250,1 251,1<often exceeding the lemma>
255,1-2<erose-truncate> 256,2-3<the 2 nerves shortly excurrent> 258,2<thin,
villous below and marginally> 259,3 260,3 264,1<large> 265,2 266,2 268,1
269,2 270<each with a thin, auriculate lobe> 271,1 272,3 274,3.5 277,1
280,2 283,2 284<probably>,1 286,2<and falling free readily> 287,1-2<about 4
mm long> 289,4 291,2<rectangular in section> 294,2<brown> 295,1 297,3 298,1
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325<papilliform cells on the
sides of the intercostal grooves extensively obscuring the stomata>
326<many intercostal cells swollen-papilliform> 327,2<costal long-cells
normal> 328,2<costals thicker-walled> 329,2<these being rather short>
331,2 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<large, with distending basal cell - but
inconspicuous, because both cells thin-walled and tending to collapse>
339,27-33 341,19.5-21 342,1.38-1.57 343,7.2-7.5 344,0.22-0.28 345,1<but
mostly obscured by prickles and distended intercostal cells> 346,21-27
348<where visible, high>,2-3 351,2<infrequent pairs> 352,2 353,1<but rare>
355,1 357<prickles common alongside the intercostal zones> 360,1 362,4
363,2&3<these predominating, including potato shapes and large, supine
crescents>/8<a few> 364<the panicoid form somewhat>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1
374,1 376,1 378,2 385,1 393,2<opposing, rounded adaxial and abaxial ribs>
394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<and in irregular groups> 400,1 401<sometimes>,1
403,2 404,2<most bundles with heavy adaxial and abaxial strands only> 406,1
409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,65 491,1<\i{}S. alexandrae\i0{}>
492<California> 493,6 494,1 495,3 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<sand dunes>
534<Swallen 1956> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us> 540<swalleni> 
 
# \i{}Swallenochloa\i0{} <McClure>/
1<named for J.R. Swallen, agrostologist> 3<\i{}Chusquea\i0{}> 7,2 11,2 14,1
17,1 19,1 37,2<or pith breaking down> 38,1 39,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,1<the
auricles small>/2 48,2 55,1 63,1 65,1 66,1 67,1 72,1/2 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,5<terminating the culm in addition to leafy or leafless lateral shoots>
91,2 92,3<the lateral branches appressed> 96,- 101,1 102,1 103,5 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,5-9 144,- 145,1<?> 147,1
148,2<beneath the fertile lemma> 154,2 155,- 163,2 164,1/2 165,1 167,1
174,2<blunt> 176,2 177,2 179,2 182,1 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 201,2
203,2<with a very short subule> 205,1/1-2 206,2 207,2 208,1 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,2 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1/2 258,2 259,4 260,3-1<being keeled only
near tip> 264,1 265,3 266,1<posterior, smaller> 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2
271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,1<the ovary attenuate> 283,2 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,U 322,1<and the intercostal zones with a median astomatal zone>
323,1 324,1&2<but conspicuously absent from the median, astomatal
intercostal regions> 325,1 326,3<12-20 small, thick walled, lobed or
branching papillae per long-cell, in two or three iregular rows>
327,1-2<those the costal zones much smaller> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 339,39-45 341,6.6-10.5 342,3.7-6.8 343,18-24 344,0.45-0.55
345,1 346,27-30 347,1<often with two on each> 348,- 351,1<in the astomatal
regions> 353,1 354,1 356,2 357<macrohairs and prickles lacking in the
material seen> 358,2 360,1 363<predominantly>,4&7 365,2 370,2 374,1 386,1
390,1 391,1 392,2 393,1 394,1<broad, flat topped> 395,1 396,3 398,2 399,1<a
conspicuous group in each furrow> 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1<the minor bundles
with slender Is, the primary bundles with anchors> 406,1 470,40 477,3
478,4 481,13 487,4<as a synonym> 488,3 489,9 490,22 491,5 492<Bolivia and
Brazil to Costa Rica> 493,7 494,3 502,1 504,11 534<Soderstrom 1978;
Soderstrom and Caldern 1978b> 535<studied by us - \i{}S.
longiligulata\i0{} Soderstrom & Calderon> 537,2 540<swalleno> 
 
# \i{}Sylvipoa\i0{} <Soreng, L.J. Gillespie & S.W.L. Jacobs>/
3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 4<\i{}S. queenslandica\i0{} (C.E.Hubb.) Soreng, L.J.
Gillespie & S.W.L. Jacobs> 7,2 9<erect or geniculate,>,3 11,2 13,40-150
14,2 19,1 24,2 25,5-9 26,1 27,2 37,2 42,1 43,2 44,1 47<more or less>,2<the
auricles vestigial> 49,2<to the node> 52,1<acuminate> 53,1 55,1 56<16-40 cm
long,>,4-17 59,1 65,1 67,1 69,1 70<laciate or laciniate,>,1 71,2-4.5 73,2
74,1 76,1 89<exserted,>,5 91,1 92<symmetrical> 99<subterete or>,2 101,2
102,2 120<spreading, erect, 2-3 per ultimate branch,>,1 141,3-6.5
142,7/8/9/10 145<somewhat>,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,1 160,2
163,2 165,2<subequal, the lower slightly shorter> 166,1 167,1<half its
length to slightly shorter> 171,1 174,1-2 176<muticous,>,2 177,1
179<narrowly ovate, elliptic or oblong membranous or chartaceous,>,2 181,1
187,1/3 189,3 191,1/2 192<when present,>,2 193<when present,>,1 194,1 195,2
196,2 208,1-6 210<narrowly ovate to elliptic> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1
223<muticous,>,1 240,1<over and between the veins> 244,1 247,2 248,5 249,2
250,1 251,1<somewhat shorter than the lemma> 253,2 255,1/2 257,1 259,3
260,3 261,2<papillose, scaberulous or scabrous> 262,2 263<scaberulus above>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,1-1.8 275,2
276,2 277,1 278<obovoid,>,2 280<2,>,2 283,2 284<with conspicuous secondary
branching,>,1 286,2 287,1<1.4-1.6 mm long> 288<brown> 289<oblong or>,2/4
290,2 291<terete,>,3 292,1 294,2 295,1<0.15-0.2 mm long>
298<fairly>,2<0.36-0.44 mm long> 299,2 301,2 304,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 399,2 402,U 477,8 487,11
488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}S. queenslandica\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5
494,5 503,1 504,2&6 512,3 513,1 515<In and on the margins of rainforests,
at altitudes usually above 1000 m.> 534<Vickery, J.W. (1970). Contr. New
South Wales Natl. Herb. 4: 180; Weiller, C.M. et al. (1995)> 536<Seemingly
distinguished from \i{}Poa\i0{}, at least in Australia, by the basal leaf
sheaths not being keeled, and leaves with acuminose blade apices.> 538,4
540<sylvipoa> 
 
# \i{}Symplectrodia\i0{} <Lazarides>/
1<from the Greek \i{}sym-\i0{} (together or united), \i{}plekton\i0{} (a
spur) and \i{}odous\i0{} (tooth), contrasting an entire basal lemma with
3-toothed or 3-lobed lemmas in the related genus \i{}Triodia\i0{}> 4<Type:
\i{}S. lanosa\i0{} Lazarides> 7,2<robust or slender> 9,3<and rhizomatous>
13,30-135 27,1/2 37,1 40,1 43,2 44,2 47,2 48<with hair tufts in the ligule
region> 49,2 50<the basal sheaths sometimes reddish brown or with woolly
hairs> 55,2 59,4 60,1<cf. \i{}Triodia\i0{}> 61,1 65,2 69,3 72,2 73,2 74,1
89,5 91,1-2 98,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 123<long>,3 145,2 147,1
148,2 149,4<the internode above the fertile floret up to 5 mm long and
adnate to the palea, and the upper internodes also elongated at maturity,
with the sterile florets ultimately disarticulating individually> 154,1
156,1 157,1 161,1<curved or oblique> 163,2 165,1 166,1-2 167,2 171,2
172<usually>,1 174,1 176,1-2<often aristulate> 177,2<rounded or flattened
dorsally> 179,2<cartilaginous, lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate> 187,1-5
189,3-7 191,2 192,2<without paleas, often reduced> 193,2-5 194,2<empty,
cartilaginous, 3-lobed, 3-nerved, unequally 3-awned, finally becoming
distant and prominently exserted by elongation of the internodes> 195,1
196,2 208,1 214,2<cartilaginous> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1
233,1 234,1-2 240,1<marginally and on the midnerve>/2 247,2 248,3 250,1
251,1 255,1<acute> 256,1 258<hardened and adnate to the rachilla below>
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 287,1-2<4-4.5 mm long> 289,4 290,1<on the hilar face> 291,2
295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1<the intercostal zones sunken in narrow grooves,
inaccessible for observation in surface view> 323,1 324,2/1&2 325,2
326,1/2/3 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339<about>,39<where recordable>
341,15 342,2.6 343,7.5 344,0.19 345<not observable> 346,18-21 347,1/2 348,-
360,1 362,4 363,8 364,3<large and sometimes very asymmetric> 365,2 367,2
368,3 369,1 370,1 371,2 372,1<PCR sheaths lateral only or draping>
374,1 375,2/1-2 378,- 389,1<linking the adaxial and abaxial grooves>
390,1<cf. \i{}Sclerodactylon\i0{}, \i{}Triodia\i0{}> 393,2 394,2 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<incorporated in or linked with the colourless
girders> 403,2 404,1 405,1<large anchors> 406,2 407,2 477,6 484,3 487,5
488,7 489,17 490,73 491,2 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,7 509,1
512,4 513,2 534<Lazarides 1985> 535<studied by us - iS. lanosa\i0{} M.
Lazarides, \i{}S. gracilis\i0{} M. Lazarides> 540<symplect> 
 
# \i{}Taeniatherum\i0{} <Nevski>/
1<from the Greek \i{}taenia\i0{} (ribbon) and \i{}ather\i0{} (awn),
alluding to flat-based lemma awns> 3<\i{}Elymus\i0{}> 7,1 9,- 11,- 13,5-60
14,2 37,2 38,- 44,2 47,1<the auricles small> 52,1 55,2 56,0.3-4
59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 68,1<short> 69,1 70,1 71,0.2-0.5 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4<sterile at the tip of the rachis> 85,1<sometimes>/2 89,3<the
clusters reduced to spikelet pairs> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,2 121,2 122,2 123,1 141,8-15 144,- 145,3
147,1 148,- 154,1 155,2<slightly scabrid, flattened between the florets>
156,1 157,2 158,2 160,3 161,1<with only a few marginal spicules> 163,2
165,1-2 167,- 168,1 170,- 171,2 172,2 175,1 176,1<awn-like> 177,-
179,2<indurated at the base> 183,- 187,1/3 189,1/3 191,2 192,2
193<usually>,1 194,1 196,2 208,1 210<attenuate to the awn> 214,1-2 218,1
219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 232,2 233,1<scabrid> 234,3<4-12
cm long> 235,2 240,2 243,2 244,2 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1<about equalling
the lemma> 255,1<obtuse>/2<slightly> 259,3 260,3<scabrid on the keels>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,1 271,2 272,3
274,0.6-1.4<relatively short> 277,2 278,1<fleshy below the styles> 280,2
283,2 286<somewhat>,1 287,2<6-9 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2
301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1/2 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 328,1<quite thick
walled> 330,1&2 331,1/2 332,2 345,1 346,28-33 348,2<mostly, low>/1
350,1<but at the most very slightly>/2 351,1 353,1<mostly> 354,1 356,1-2
358,1 360,2/3 363,1/2/3/6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1<wide,
rounded> 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,1/2 404,1 405,1<in \i{}T.
caput-medusae\i0{}> 406,1 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 472,20 473<large>
474,4.4<1 species> 475,8.8 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,41
491,1<\i{}T. caput-medusae\i0{}, with synonyms \i{}crinitum\i0{} and
\i{}asperum\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean to northwest India> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6
494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,3 504,8 506,1 511,1 512,4 518<\i{}T. asperum\i0{},
\i{}T. crinitum\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrid with \i{}Triticum
aestivum\i0{}. Sterile hybrids made with \i{}Hordeum\i0{} and
\i{}Aegilops\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,1 530,25&32 531,1&2 532,4 533,5 534<Lve
1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T. caput-medusae\i0{} (L.)
Nevski> 540<taeniath> 
 
# \i{}Taeniorhachis\i0{} <T.A. Cope>/
7,2 9,1&2 13<up to>,8 14,2 25,2-5<?> 26,2 44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2
48,2 52,3-5 54<rigid, with white cartilaginous margins, densely pubescent
especially below> 55,2 56<about>,2-4<?> 59,1/2 65,2<?> 66,2<?> 69,1/2<? -
state indistinguishable from the illustration, not mentioned in the
description> 70,1<very short> 73,2 74,1 89,2 95,1 96,2<the pair of
conjugate racemes 1.5-2.5 cm long, their rachides 2.5-3 mm wide>
99,1&2&3<triquetrous, broadly winged laterally, narrowly winged ventrally
down the middle> 101,2 102,2 106<(the conjugate racemes)>,2 108,1 109,1
116,1 120,2 121,1 122,1<the pairs alternating on either side of the median
ridge on the ventral side of the rachis> 123,3 125,1 126,1 127,2 128,2
129,1 130,1 141,6-6.5 142,8-9<lanceolate-elliptic> 144,1<?> 145,3
146,1<flattened ventrally, convex dorsally> 147,3<?> 150,2 154,2 157,2
163,2 164<(the upper)>,2 165,1<the lower a minute scale 0.5-0.6 mm long,
the upper much larger and more substantial> 166,1<the larger, upper glume
being about 2/3 the length of the spikelet> 167,1 171,1<the upper being
pilose between the nerves> 176,2 177,2 179,1<the lower a minute, ovate
scale, the upper lanceolate and membranous> 187,0 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,2 201,2 202<prominently nerved, villous in the outer interspaces>
203,2 204,9-11<the nerves close together> 205,2 208,1 210<acuminate,
chartaceous with hyaline margins, finely longitudinally striate>
214,3<chartaceous> 215<finely>,2 216,2 218,1 219,1<acuminate> 223,1
240,2<?> 244,2 246,1<the hyaline margins enfolding and concealing most of
the palea> 250,1 251,1<?> 253,2 256,1 288<pallid> 289,4 329,U 349,U 358,U
359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U 477,7 478,5
485<presumably>,2<seemingly a \i{}Digitaria\i0{} relative, but not reliably
assignable from the available description> 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6
491,1<\i{}T. repens\i0{} Cope> 492<collected only once, in Somalia
northeast of Mogadishu> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 508,2 512,4 513,2 514,1
515<on a coastal dune of white sand> 534<Cope 1993> 536<these very
inadequate data have been encoded, with some tentative guesswork, from the
original very poor description and illustration. The former (including
Latin diagnosis) occupies only one page, but includes the statement
Caryopsis not seen, separated by 8 lines from fruit ellipsoid, pallid.
Ligule, spikelet orientation, female-fertile palea, lodicules, androecium
(etc.) are neither dealt with in the text nor represented in the
illustration> 537,2 538,4 540<taeniorh> 
 
# \i{}Tarigidia\i0{} <Stent>/
7<glaucous>,2 9,3 11,- 13,80-150 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,1 38,- 40,2 42,2
44,1<but cauline leaves conspicuous> 47<slightly>,1/2 50<the sheath bases
sometimes profusely hairy> 52,1 55,2 56,3-6 59,1<with thickened margins>
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 71,1-5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<in that some at
the raceme bases may be sterile> 89,3/5 91,2 92,3<or the lower branches
ascending> 98,1/2<rarely, the lower branches are shortly produced> 101,2
102,2 103,3<at the base of the inflorescence>/6<at the apex> 106,- 107,-
108,1<at least the lower branches do so> 109,1 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,-
120<clustered or in pairs on lower panicle branches> 121,1 123<shortly>,3
125,1 141,4-4.5 144,1 145,3 147,3 148,1 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 160,1 163,2
165,1<the lower sometimes much reduced>/2<usually> 166,1 167,1 168,2
171,1<sometimes densely so> 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 181,1 187,1
189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,5-7 205,2 206,2<papery,
with long spreading hairs between nerves and at the margins> 207,2 208,1
210<elliptical-obtuse> 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1
247,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274,2.5 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,2 331,1&2<i.e., mixed> 332,1 335,1
339,(69-)78-93(-99) 341,4.5-5.1 342,13.5-20.7 343,(37.5-)42-50(-51)
344,0.5-0.56 345,1 346,30-33 348<high>,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,2 353,- 360,1
363,8 364,1-2 365,2 370,1 374,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2<one
large bundle, about 10 small> 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,2 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,1<\i{}T. aequiglumis\i0{}>
492<southern Africa> 493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2&4 504,11 508,3 512,3-4 513,2
514,2 515<dry grassland> 523<a taxon sharing features of \i{}Digitaria\i0{}
and \i{}Anthephora\i0{}: originally suggested as an intergeneric hybrid -
which accords with absence of fruit in material seen, and the scattered
distribution> 534<Stent 1932; Loxton 1974> 535<studied by us> 537,2
540<tarigidi> 
 
# \i{}Tatianyx\i0{} <Zuloaga & Soderstrom>/
7,2 9,3<with densely villous cataphylls> 13,40-100 14,2 19,2 27,1 42,2 44,2
47,2 52,2<acuminate, those of the upper leaves reduced> 55,2 56,2-4 59,1/3
65,2 66,2 69,3 71,0.3-0.4 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1<pyramidal, many-flowered>
94,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3<the pedicels flexuous> 124,1
141,4-4.5<silvery-villous> 145,3 147,3 149,2&4 150,2<at least, not like
\i{}Ichnanthus\i0{}> 154,2 157,1<via the falcate pedicel tip> 160,2 162,1
163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 171,1<silvery-villous> 173,3 174,1<acute>
176,2 177,2 179,2 182,2 187,3-5 189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,1<two winged, hyaline> 200,2 201,1/2 203,2 204,5-7 205,2-3
206,1<herbaceous, hairy, similar to the glumes> 207,2 208,1 210<ellipsoid>
214,3 215,1<shining, pale> 216,1 218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2
246,2 247,1<?> 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,1 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,1-1.4 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 287,1<2.2
mm long> 290,1 291,2 295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals more
regularly rectangular> 328,1 330,1<though mostly somewhat narrowed at the
ends> 331,1 332,1<and abundant> 335<of peculiar form, not reliably
interpretable in surface view: the apical cell relatively thick walled and
darkly pigmented, usually more or less bent over and often pyriform, the
basal cell apparently more or less sunken> 345,1 346,48-51
348<low>,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,2&8 360,2
363,3/5<common>/6<commonly broadly D-shaped> 365,2 370,1 371<somewhat>,2<in
exhibiting numerous small, peculiarly positioned vascular bundles> 374,1
375,2 378,2 386,2 393,2<peculiarly so: each half-blade with flat bottomed
abaxial ribs corresponding with each main bundle, the adaxial surface with
a wide, triangular marginal rib and internal to it one broad rib
incorporating two costal zones and the intercostal region between them>
396<and blade>,3<there being numerous small bundles, including some aligned
vertically adjoining the abaxial girders of the primary bundles, and some
occurring adaxially to the two primaries which are incorporated in the
blade margin> 403,1 404,1 405,1<all the primaries having a short adaxial
girder and an elongated abaxial one, the combination constituting a massive
I> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2<probably> 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,10
491,1<\i{}T. arnactites\i0{}> 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4 504,11 513,2
515<savanna> 535<studied by us, and described here from poorly preserved
material, with a disintegrating midrib which could not be observed. The
peculiar vascular bundle pattern and the unusual microhairs need further,
detailed study> 540<tatianyx> 
 
# \i{}Teinostachyum\i0{} <Munro>/
3<\i{}Neohouzeaua\i0{}, \i{}Ochlandra\i0{}, \i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}>
6<\i{}Davidsea\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,2 13,400-1000 14,1 15,1-3 17,2<shrubby or
arborescent> 19,1 42,1 44,2 48,U 55,1 56,10-50<15-30 cm long> 57,1/3
63,1<the blade recurved> 65,2<but with bridging by pellucid glands> 66,1
67,1 69,1 73,2 74,1 78,- 86,2 87,1<?> 89,5<spikelets in spike-like
panicles> 99,- 101,1 102,1 103,5<the spike-like panicles on leafy branches>
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 141,15-75 147,1 148,2 154,1
156,1 163,1/2 167,1 176,2 183,- 191,2 192,3 194,1 196,1 197,1
203<shortly>,1/2<but mucronate> 206,2 208,2-10<? few to many> 214,2 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,2-3 225<when present,>,1 228,3 234,1 248,9-11 250,1
259,4<5-9> 260,3 263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,2
271,1<with 3-9 nerves> 272,6 275,2 276,1/2 277,1 278,1 279,1 280,1 283,2/3
286,2 290,U 294,U 296,2<crustaceous> 297,1 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3
489,9 490,80 491,3 492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 537,2 538,4
540<teinosta> 
 
# \i{}Tenaxia\i0{} <N.P. Barker & H.P Linder>/
3<\i{}Danthonia stricta\i0{} Schrad., \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}> 4<\i{}T.
stricta\i0{} (Schrad.) N.P. Barker & H.P. Linder> 7<wiry,>,2 9,3<without
stolons> 13,12-90 19<where recorded,>,2 58,1/2 59,1/3 69,3 73,2 74,1 76,1
82,2 88,2<sometimes>/3 89,4/5 91,1/2 121,1/2 123,3 145,1 147,1 148,1
154<presumably>,1<despite the Linder \i{}et al\i0{}. description?>
156<assuming terminal florets reduced,>,1 157,1<villous> 160<shorter than
the rachilla internode> 161,2<rounded> 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 171,2
172,1/2<on the keels> 174,1 176,2 177,2 179,2<lanceolate or elliptic,
membranous> 181,3 187,1-7 189,1-11 191<dubiously>,1/2 192,2 194,1 195,1
196,2 208,2-7 210<elliptic or oblong> 214,3 216,2 218,2 220,2<the lobes
with or without setae> 221,1-2 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<thus interpreting long
setae - which sometimes arise on the inner sides of the lemma lobes, rather
than their apices> 227<median>,1 228,1 231<(median)>,2 234,2/3<?>
237<(setae)>,1 240,1/2 241<when lemmas hairy, variously arranged,>,1<at
least some of these usually marginal>/2 242,1<but not conspicuously
2-rowed, see \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{}>/2 244,2 247,2 248,7-9 250,1 251,1 255,1
256,1 261,1/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268<cuneate or rhomboid,>,1/2
269,1<with bristles and microhairs> 272,3 277,1 295<elliptical to
punctate,>,1/1-2 297,3 298,1 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U
388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 398,1-2 402,U 470,12/36/56 477,8 487,6 488,7
489,19 490,80 491,8 492<montane Africa to the Himalayas> 493,3&4 494,1&2&3
515<often in seasonably dry montain grassland> 534<Linder et al. (2010:
poor); Grassbase (2016 - more detailed)> 538,4 540<tenaxia> 
 
# \i{}Tetrachaete\i0{} <Chiov.>/
7<wiry>,1 9<loosely>,3 11,- 13,4-25 14,2 27,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 58,1-2
59,1/3<convolute> 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2/3 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 89,3<from an
inflated sheath, a short spike of twin-spikelet glomerules, each glomerule
comprising a pair of spikelets subtended by an involucre of four glumes>
98,1<or at least, in terminal glomerules> 101,1<via an inflated upper
sheath with reduced lamina> 102,2 103,1<to the glomerules> 108,1
109,1<i.e., the glomerules disarticulate from the persistent main axis>
120,2 121,2<the glomerules spiralled on the slender rachis> 123,1 141,3-4
144,- 145,3 147,3<in the glomerules> 148,- 154<minutely>,1 155,- 156,2
157,1<at the base of the glomerule> 163,2 164,2<awn-like, to 1.5 cm long,
bending out-wards> 165,2 166,3 167,2<far exceeding it> 168<slightly>,1
170,2<relative to the spikelet, both being behind the lemma> 171,1<densely
pilose around the spikelets, scabrid above> 175,- 176,1<awn-like>
179,2<identical> 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 212,1<gibbous> 214,1<firmly
membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3<attenuate into a 4 mm awn> 225,1 226,1
228,3 229,- 231,1 234,3 240,1<pilose, especially on the veins>
244<strongly>,1 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 259,3<acuminate, minutely
pubescent> 260,3 264,2<seemingly> 266,- 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 286,2
287,1<2 mm long> 291<sub-triquetrous> 293,- 294,1 295,1 297,3 298,1 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,21-27
340,15 341,6-8.4 342,2.7-3.6 343,6.6-9 344,0.31-0.4 345,1 346,18-21
348,3<mostly with truncated apices> 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1<small> 354,1
355,3 356<panicoid type> 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,1&3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1
376,2 377,1 378,2 393,1-2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,77 491,1<\i{}T.
elionuroides\i0{}> 492<Eritrea, Arabia> 493,3&4 494,2 496,1&3 499,1&2 500,1
504,11 508,2&3 512,4 513,2 515<dry stony slopes> 535<studied by us>
540<tetracha> 
 
# \i{}Tetrachne\i0{} <Nees>/
7,2 9<forming large tufts, the shoots crowded on a short, oblique rhizome>
11,- 13,30-100 14,2 15,0.3 19,1-2 27,2 37,1 38,- 39,- 40,2 42,2 44,1 47,2
52,1 55,2 56,1-4 58,1 59<usually>,3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3<dense> 70,-
71<about>,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 85,1/2 89,2<the few to many branches appressed,
short, dense> 91,- 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 105,1 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 122,1<on one side of rachis, crowded> 123<very
shortly>,3 125<densely>,1 141,4-6 144,2 145,1 147,3 148,1 149,1 150,- 154,1
155,2 156,1 157,2 158,- 160,1 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,2 171,2<scabrid on the
keels> 174,1 176,2 177,1 178<the keels somewhat winged> 179,2<thin, acute,
the lower smaller> 181,1 182,- 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,3 194,1 195,2 196,1
197,2 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,1-3 205,1 206,2<membranous> 207,2<similar to
the glumes, but rather larger> 208,3-5 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2
243,1<scabrous on the keels> 244,1 245<slightly>,1<cf. the glumes> 246,1
247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1<equalling the lemma> 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2<thin>
259,3 260,3 262,1 263,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,1
272,3 274,2 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<2.5 mm long>
289,2 291<slightly>,1 293,- 295,1 297,3/2<removable with difficulty after
soaking> 298,1<about 2/3 the length of the fruit> 299,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1&2<material seen has a mixture of
panicoid type and more or less chloridoid type - but the apical cells are
thin walled and often collapsed or missing> 336,2 339,(24-)27-30 340,15
341,6-6.9 342,3.9-5 343,(9-)12-13.5 344,0.38-0.45 345,1 346,21-24
348,2&3<mostly domes> 350,2 351,1 352,3 353,1 354,1 355,3 356,7 360,2 362,1
363,4<small>/6<a few, and intermediates with saddles> 365,2 367,1 370,1
374,1 375<fairly>,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1<the columns often
wide, cf. \i{}Aristida\i0{}> 393,1-2 394,1<low, round-topped> 395,1-2
396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1 400,2 401,2<these linking with colourless columns>
403,2 404,1<with the primaries- the others with strands only> 405,1 406,2
407,1 409,1 421,- 442,- 464,- 469,10 470,20 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,22 490,77 491,1<\i{}T. dregei\i0{}> 492<South Africa and Pakistan>
493,4 494,2&4 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,3 512,3<often in alluvial soil> 513,2
514,2 515<in high altitude grassland> 535<studied by us> 536<some
cultivated specimens hint at hybridization with \i{}Fingerhuthia\i0{}>
540<tetrachn> 
 
# \i{}Tetrapogon\i0{} <Desf.>/
5<\i{}Codonachne\i0{} Steud., \i{}Cryptochloris\i0{} Benth.,
\i{}Lepidopironia\i0{} A. Rich.> 7,1/2 9,2/3 11,- 13,13-85 14,2 27,2<pale
or dark> 38,- 44,2 47,2 49,2 50<the sheaths keeled> 52,1<tapered> 55,2
59<usually>,2 61,1 65,2 69,2 70,- 71<very narrow> 73,2 74,1 81,1
89,1/2<comprising 1-3 upright racemes or spikes, of which 2 may be partly
or completely fused along their backs> 94,- 95,1/2/3 96,1-3 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,1<the rachis
one-sided> 122,1 123,2 141,2.5-12 142,5 145,1 147,1<the glumes persistent>
148,1/2<but under the fertile florets only> 154,1 156,1 157,1 163,2 164,2
165,2 167,2 171,2 172,1 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,1<awn-tipped>/2 177,1
179,2<lanceolate, long-pointed, subhyaline> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 193,1-4
195,1 196,2 208,2-7 214,3<herbaceous, leathery, the margins hyaline> 216,2
218,1<truncate>/2 219<when entire>,2/- 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1
231,1 234,3 240,1<on the back, the margins glabrous> 244,1 248,3-5 250,1
251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2<membranous, sometimes hairy> 259,3 260,3
263,3<ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274,0.5-0.7 275,2
277,1 283,2 286,2 287,1<1.5-3 mm long> 289,4 291,1<in one species>/2 293,-
295,1 297,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 326<small,>,1 330,1 331,1<coarsely so>
332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,18-21 340,15 341,(6-)7.2-8.4 342,2.1-3
343,(7.5-)9-10.5 344,0.42-0.58 345,1 346,13.5-15 348,3 350,2 351,1 352,2
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 360,1 362,4 363<exclusively>,4 365,2 367,1
370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 385,1 393,2-3 394,1 395,1 396,1 397,1
399,1 400,1 401,1<mostly, with deeply penetrating median cells>/2 403,2
404,1<with the primaries> 405,1<in the primaries> 406,1 409,1 469,10 470,20
471,2 473<small> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,5-6
492<Mediterranean to India, tropical and South Africa> 493,1&2&3&4 494,1&2
495,2 496,1&3 498,1&3 499,1&2&4 500,1 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,2-3 513,1/2
514,2 515<savanna> 518<\i{}T. tenellus\i0{} (and other species potentially
useful), in dry places> 534<Launert 1970> 535<studied by us -
\i{}Tetrapogon tenellus\i0{} Chiov.> 540<tetrapog> 
 
# \i{}Tetrarrhena\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}tetra\i0{} (four) and \i{}arrhen\i0{} (male), alluding
to four stamens> 3<\i{}Ehrharta\i0{}> 7,2 9,2&4 11,- 14,1-2
17,1<often>/2<wiry, often long and scrambling, sometimes capable of
entangling a horse> 19,1 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,1 44,2 47,2 48,U 55,2
59,1<or concave>/3 63,2 65,1<rarely>/2 66,2 69,1-2 70,1 71<short> 72,2 73,2
74,1 88,2 89,4<spike-like, the axis flexuous> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,2 141,4.8-7 145,1 147,1
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 174,2<truncate> 176,2 179,2<leathery to
scarious> 187,1 189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,2 198,2 201,2 203,2
204<faintly>,7 205,2 206,2<tough> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<leathery> 216,2 218,1
219,2 223,1 240,2 244,1-2 248,7 250,1 251,1/2 255,1<acute> 256,1
257,1<membranous> 258,2 259,2 260,2<laterally compressed> 264,1<large>
265,2 266,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1/2 271<relatively>,1<cf. \i{}Ehrharta\i0{}>
272,4<usually>/2<\i{}T. oreophila\i0{}> 274,2-3 275,2 277,1 280,2 291,1
295,1 298,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,2 309,1 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,5 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(30-)34-60(-63)
341,4.5-5.1<\i{}T. oreophila\i0{}>/9.6-18 342,2.1-7.1/10<in \i{}T.
oreophila\i0{}> 343,(10.5-)12-35(-36) 344,0.31-0.71 345,2 346,22.5-45
348,2/3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/1<or oval>/2 360,1 363,3/8 365,2
370,2 374,1 384,2 385,1/2 386,2 390,2 391,2 393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,2 396,1
399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 416,1 477,3 478,3 481,5 487,8 488,7
489,21 490,80 491,5 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1&2 504,1&2&4&5&6
509,1&2 513,1 524,5 525,4 529,5 534<Vickery 1975; Willemse 1982>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T. distichophylla\i0{} R. Br.,
\i{}T. juncea\i0{} R. Br., \i{}T. laevis\i0{} R. Br., \i{}T. oreophila\i0{}
D.I. Morris> 540<tetrarrh> 
 
# \i{}Thamnocalamus\i0{} <Munro>/
5<\i{}Fargesia\i0{} Franch., \i{}Himalayacalamus\i0{} Keng f.> 7,2 9,3 11,2
13,100-500 14,1 15,2 19,1 20<(where recorded)>,1 21,3/4-10 22,1 23,4/1
27<without roots,>,2 30,1 31,1 33,2 34<where recorded,>,2/- 35,1 36<where
recorded,>,4 38,1 39,1 40,2 42,2 44,2 47,2 48,2 55,1 58,- 63,1 65,1 66,1
67,1 69,2 70,1 71,1.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 86,1 87,2 89<(synflorescences)>,4/5
91,2 101,1 102,1 120,1 121,2 123,3 141,15-18 142,7 145,2 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 171,2 174,1 176,2<the upper pointed> 177,2 178,-
179,2 187,8-9 189,9-13 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-8 214,2 215,1 216,2
218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1/2<?> 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,10-11 250,1 251,1 252,2
255,2 256,1 258,2 259,4 260,3 264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2
271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,2 283,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<from the interstomatals> 326,3<small, thickened,
one row per cell on the long-cells of astomatal zones, irregular on the
interstomatals> 327,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 345,1 348,1/2/1&2 350,1 351,1
353,1&2<solitary and paired> 360,3 363,4&8 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,1
390,1 391,1 392,2 393,3<the ribbing at most slight> 395,1
396<usually>,1<complex in \i{}T. aristatus\i0{}> 398,2 399,1 401,1/2 403,2
404,1 405,1 406,1 469,12 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,6
492<eastern Asia> 493,3 494,1 495,1 497,3 504,11 512,2/3 514,2 534<See
Stapleton, C.M.A. (1013). \i{}Bergbambos\i0{} and \i{}Oldeania\i0{}, new
genera of African bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae). PhytoKeys 25: 87-103>
535<Soderstrom and Ellis 1982> 536<see Clayton and Renvoize (1986) and
Soderstrom and Ellis (1987) for the former, completely different generic
interpretations of the species in this circle of affinity> 537,2
540<thamnoca> 
 
# \i{}Thaumastochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}haumastov\i0{} (wonderful) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass)>
7,1/2 11,- 14,2 27,1/2 37,1 38,- 47,2 55,2 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
69,2-3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<the pedicelled spikelets greatly reduced>
89<usually compound, of single, pedunculate, cylindrical, dorsiventral
racemes> 92,- 94,- 99,1 100,1 101,1/2<depending on interpretation> 102,1/2
103,1/4<peduncled, slender, with one or few spikelets> 106,1
107,2<hollowed> 108,1 109,2<the rachis fragile, but the lowest spikelet
falling with the peduncle, which becomes stiff, curved and pointed to
function in dispersal>/1<the only spikelet falling with the specialised
peduncle> 111,2<concavo-convex, compressed or subterete> 112,1 114,1-2
116,1 120,2<if the very reduced pedicelled spikelet is interpreted as
such> 121,1<the sessile spikelets in two alternating rows, on one side of
the rachis> 123,1&3<the pedicelled member vestigial> 126,1 127,1 128,1
129,1 130,4<and vestigial> 131<the pedicelled spikelet reduced to a glume,
or represented only by its fused pedicel> 145,3 147,3<and with the joint>
154,2 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,2 176,2 177,- 179,1<the lower indurated
and sometimes rugulose, the upper hyaline and cymbiform> 183,1<wingless>
184,1-3 185,2 186<transversely>,3/1 187,5-9 189,3-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2<towards the margins> 205,2-3 206,2-3<hyaline> 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,0-3 250,1 259,2/3/1
264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 291,2 295,1 298,1
303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the costals much
smaller> 328,1 329,1<with a few short ones> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,45-51 341,4.5-7.5 342,6-11.3 343,25-33 344,0.57-0.65 345,1 346,37-42
348,3 350,2 351,2 357<cushion-based macro-hairs present, prickle bases
numerous> 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1
399,1<in places, but the epidermis mostly irregularly bulliform>
401<occasionally>,1<these large-celled, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,1 404,1
405,2 406,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,7
492<Northeast India, Southeast Asia to Formosa, Philippines, Marianne &
Caroline Is., Moluccas, Australia> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3 500,1&2&3&4 503,1
504,5&6&7&9 509,1 515<woodland> 534<Hubbard 1936> 535<studied by us -
\i{}Thaumastochloa\i0{} sp.> 540<thaumast> 
 
# \i{}Thedachloa\i0{} <S.W.L. Jacobs>/
4<\i{}T. annua\i0{} S.W.L. Jacobs> 7,1 9,2<scrambling> 13,7-12 18,U
19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,2 52<more or less triangular to 2 cm long>
59,1/3<on drying> 68,1 69,3 71,0.5 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5 91,2
92<dense,>,2<0.3-0.5 cm long, 0.4 cm wide> 101,2<?> 102,2 120,1 141,1.7-2.1
142,9/13 145,1 147,3 148,2 150<shorter than the spikelet,>,1<shortly so>
163,2 166,1/1-2 171,1<the lower one glabrous with ciliate margins, the
upper one with a band of stiff bristles above>/- 173,- 176,2 177,2
179,1<the lower shorter, blunt and inflated, the upper muticous with a band
of stiff hairs above the middle> 184,1 187,3 189<somewhat shorter than the
spikelet,>,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<cleft> 201,1/2 202<with a
deep longitudinal groove, and almost tubular, with the innermost tissue of
the fold absent on older florets> 203,2 204<inflated,>,7 205,3<about as
long as the spikelet> 208,1 210<elliptic, shorter than the lower one> 214,3
217,3 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 246,2<at least, somewhat so> 247,1-2<weakly
developed> 250,1 258,2<membranous> 261,1 287,1<0.8 mm long> 297,3 298,1
329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U
402,U 477,8 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80 491,1<\i{}T. annua\i0{}> 492<northern
Kimberley, Western Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1
534<https://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/node/3350, Grassbase (2016), Jacobs
2003> 536<Potentially of interest re photosynthetic pathway, but the
requisite anatomical data (also essential to taxonomic assignment) totally
lacking.> 538,4 540<thedachl> 
 
# \i{}Thelepogon\i0{} <Roth.>/
5<\i{}Rhiniachne\i0{} Steud.> 7<rather stout, erect or decumbent>,1<often
with prop roots> 13,10-150 14,2 19<sparsely>,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,1 42,2 44,2
47,2 52,3<from the amplexicaul base> 55,1 56<to>,30 57,1 59,1 69,1/2
71,0.5-0.8 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4<fertile/sterile, but the latter
reduced to their pedicels> 78,- 89,2<of long, brittle golden racemes>
95,2<the racemes on a short common axis> 96,2-20 99,- 101,2 102,2
103,3<with numerous spikelets> 105,2 106,3 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<curved,
concave, compressed below and clavate upwards> 112,2 113,2 114,1
115,2<i.e., the margins ciliate> 120,2<but the pedicellate one reduced to
the pedicel> 123,1&3<the pedicelled component vestigial> 126,1 127,1
128<basally>,2<the pedicel and joint separated below, contiguous above>
129,1 130,4<and vestigial> 131<the pedicellate member absent, represented
only the flattened, linear pedicel> 141,5-13 144,1 145,3 147,3<deciduous
with the joint and the sterile pedicel> 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,-
157,1<annular> 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,1 171,2 172,1 173,-
174,1 176,2 177,2<rounded on the back> 179,1<both wingless, more or less
rugose, the lower firmer> 181,3 183,2 184,1 185,2 186<strongly>,3/5/4
187,7-9 189,1<to 3?> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 204,2
205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 221,1 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,3 240,2 244,2 247,2
248,3/5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<about 3
mm long> 289,4 291,2 295,1 298,1<about half the length of the fruit> 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1<but fairly thin> 332,1
335,1 339,57-61.5 341,9-10.5 342,5.4-6.7 343,33-37.5 344,0.55-0.63 345,1
346,45-51 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<usually> 354,1 356,2&8 360,3<pairs,
triplets and solitaries> 363,8 364<mainly>,1&3 365,2 370,1 374,2 393,3
395,1 396,1 399,2<constituting most of the adaxial epidermis> 401,- 403,1
404,1 405,2<but almost so in the midrib> 406,1 442,- 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,2<\i{}T. australiensis\i0{}, \i{}T.
elegans\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa, Asia> 493,3&4&5 494,2 496,1&3 499,2&3
500,1&2&3 504,11 508,1&2&3 512,2-3 513,2 514,2 515<seasonally wet, heavy
soils and disturbed ground> 535<studied by us - \i{}T. elegans\i0{} Roth>
540<thelepog> 
 
# \i{}Thellungia\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Eragrostis\i0{}, \i{}Sporobolus\i0{}> 7<robust>,2 9,3 11,- 13,80-150
14,2 27,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 56,2-5 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 73,2
74,1 81,1 89,5 91,2<the primary branches short, erect-appressed> 92,3 94,-
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,2
141<about>,4 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1/2<all the florets hermaphrodite?>
155,2 156<(when present)>,1/2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 174,1 176,2
179,2<membranous, narrow> 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 196,2 208,(1-)3-4
214,2<membranous> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,1 245,2 248,1
250,1 251,2<about one half the lemma length> 255,1<pointed> 256,1 258,2
259,3 272,3 275,2 277,1 283,2 287,1 291,1 295,1 297,1 298,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<the basal and apical cells both short>
336,1 339,(21-)22.5-24(-27) 340,18 341,11.4-14.4 342,1.7-2.1 343,10.5-13.5
344,0.44-0.56 345,1 346,27-36 348,2&3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1&2<some
solitary, a few threes> 355,1 360,1<but in places the short-cells are
quite long> 362,4 363,4&8/5<a few, bordering the veins> 364<the panicoid
type>,1<but saddles and intermediates predominating> 365,2 367,1 370,1
374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 383,2 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in
each groove> 400,1 401,1<these predominating, with large, deeply
penetrating median cells>/2<a few> 403,2 404,1<with the primary bundles
only - the rest mostly with strands adaxially> 405,1<all the primary
bundles with massive anchors> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,51
490,69<as a synonym of \i{}Sporobolus\i0{}> 491,1<\i{}T. advena\i0{}>
492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,2&6&7 509,1 535<studied by us>
536<bridging \i{}Sporobolus\i0{} and \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}, and incompletely
separable from the latter in terms of the current descriptions>
540<thellung> 
 
# \i{}Themeda\i0{} <Forssk.>/
1<from Arabic \i{}thaemed\i0{} (a small quantity of water preserved in a
ditch against a time of need) - the allusion obscure>
5<\i{}Androscepia\i0{} Brong., \i{}Anthistiria\i0{} L. f.,
\i{}Aristaria\i0{} Jungh., \i{}Heterelytron\i0{} Jungh.,
\i{}Perobachne\i0{} Presl> 7,1/2 9,3<coarse, very rarely stoloniferous>
11,- 13,30-310 14,2 19<amply>,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1
55,2 59,1/2 65,2 66,2 67,1/2 69,1-2 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1
79,1<the lower pairs homogamous, homomorphic, forming an involucre under
the terminal triad> 84,1/2 89,5<leafy, comprising short racemes in
spatheate, hard-to-interpret clusters> 91,1 101,1 102,1<composed of short
racemes in spatheate clusters: each cluster terminated by 1-3 pairs of
spikelets, one of each pair sessile and bisexual, the other pedicelled and
male-or-sterile (or a triplet of 1 terminal sessile spikelet with 2
pedicellate ones), the whole surrounded by a whorl of 4 male or sterile,
sessile spikelets constituting an involucre> 103,1 106,3<the racemes
solitary in their spatheoles, these units in groups of three or more in
short capituliform glomerules> 108,1 109,2<each raceme disarticulating at
the level of the female-fertile spikelets> 111,- 113,- 114,-
116,4<constituted by the four imperfect spikelets> 119,1 120,2&3 121<the
clusters>,1/2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3/4 145,2-3 147,3<the
clusters disarticulating immediately above the involucres> 154,2
157,1<usually acute to pungent> 161,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 176,2 177,- 178,1/2
179<leathery> 183,2 184,1 185,2 186,1 187,7-11 189,1-5 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,0 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 210<hyaline,
stipitate beneath the awn> 214,1 216,2 218<usually>,1 221,2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228<usually>,3 229,- 231,2 233,2 234,1-3 240,2 244,2 248,1 250,1/2
251<when present,>,2/3 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1
290,1<channelled down one side> 291,2 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,21-30 322,1 323,1 325,1
326,3<finger-like projections> 327,1 328,2<the costals thicker-walled>
330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(26-)38-64(-72) 341,4.2-6.6 342,7.8-14.3
343,(10-)13-19.5(-22.5) 344,0.35-0.44 345,1 346,24-30 347,1 348<low>,2&3/3
350,2 351,1/2 353,1&2 354,1<rarely>/2 356,3/6/5 360,1 363,8 364,1-3/4 365,2
370,1 374,2 375,1 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,2/3 394,1/- 395,1 396,1/2
399,2<constituting most of the epidermis, irregular save for a large fan
over the keel> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1/2 406,1 410,1 411,1 413,2<1 species>
415,1 416,1 469,5&10 470,20&40&60&80<and aneuploids> 477,7 478,6 485,5
486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,7 491,18 492<warm Africa, Asia, Australia>
493,3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&4&5 495,1&2 496,1&2&3&5 497,3 498,1&3 499,1&2&3&4
500,1&2&3&4 503,1&2&3 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1
512,3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna> 516<\i{}T. arguens\i0{}, \i{}T.
villosa\i0{}> 518<\i{}T. anathera\i0{}, \i{}T. australis\i0{}, \i{}T.
cymbaria\i0{}, \i{}T. triandra\i0{}> 524,2&5 525,4 529,4&5 530,2&39&43
531,2 533,1&2&4&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T. australis\i0{}
(R. Br.) Stapf> 540<themeda> 
 
# \i{}Thinopyrum\i0{} <A. Lve>/
3<\i{}Elytrigia\i0{}, \i{}Elymus\i0{}> 7<rigid, erect, glaucous>,2 9,1
13,25-70 14,2 19,2 42,1 43,1 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,2 55,2 56,6-10
59,3<involute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 80,1/2 89,1<the spikelets
usually appressed> 99,2<on the side facing the spikelets, and smooth on the
main angles> 101,2 102,2 108,1<fragile> 109,2<the spikelets falling with
the internode below> 120,1 121,2 122,2 123,1-2 125<usually>,1 145,1 147,3
154,1 156,1 157,2 160,2<glabrous> 161,1 163,2 165,2<subequal> 166,1 167,1
170,2 174,1-2<obtuse, acute or truncate> 175,2 176,2 177,2 179,2 187,4-12
189,4-12 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,2-10 214,2<leathery> 218,1 219,2 223,1
240,2 243,1 244,2<except towards the tip> 247,2 248,5 249,1 250,1 251,1
256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270<usually
one-lobed> 272,3 274,4-12 277,2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,2-3 290,1
291,2 293,1 295,2 298,2 301,2 302,2 322,2 323,2 327,1<indistinguishable>
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,2 345,2 346,29-39
351,1 353,2<solitary> 360,3<solitary> 361,3/2 363,5<sometimes present>/-
365,- 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,2<large, flat topped ribs
alternating with small round topped ones> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows>
401,- 403,2 404,1<with the primaries, in the large ribs> 405,1<massive
anchors with the main bundles> 406,2<there being a continuous abaxial
layer, linking the feet of the anchors> 407,2 469,7 470,14&28&42
471,2&4&6 472,10 474,5.5<1 species> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49
490,76 491,5 492<coasts of Europe> 493,1&2&4 494,1&4 495,1&2 497,2 498,3
504,1&4&5 506,1 511,1 512,4 513,2 514,1 515<coastal sands> 523<intergeneric
hybrids with \i{}Leymus\i0{} and \i{}Elytrigia\i0{}> 534<Lve 1984>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T. junceiforme\i0{}> 540<thino-ss> 
 
# \i{}Thrasya\i0{} <Kunth>/
3<\i{}Paspalum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 38,- 44,1 55,2
65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,4<spicate, with a winged rachis which
partially embraces the spikelets> 91,- 94,- 98,2<the spikes apparently
bare-tipped> 99,3<partially embracing the spikelets> 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,1<often in back to back
pairs, in one row along the midrib of the rachis> 122,3<in one row> 123,3
126,1<<5%> in \i{}T. mosquitiensis\i0{}>/2 127<in \i{}T.
mosquitiensis\i0{}>,2<the upper pedicel here being longer, though partially
adnate to the rachis> 128<(when in unequally-pedicellate pairs)>,1 129,1
130,1 141,2-4 144<alternately>,1&2 145,1/2/3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,-
157,2<but with a glabrous swelling involving the glume bases, at the base
of the spikelet> 162,1 163,2 165,1 167,1/2 170,1 171,1<the upper>/2 174,2
176,2<but the upper sometimes mucronate with produced nerves> 177,2 178,-
179,1<the lower minute and scarious, the upper conspicuous but thin> 187,0
189,3-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 202<furrowed or bifid>
203,2<sometimes mucronate> 204,5-7 205,2 206,2<firm> 207,2<subindurate>
208,1 214,3 215,2 216,1<thinly so> 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,1<on the apical
margin only>/2 244,2 246,2 247,1 248<faintly>,3-5 250,1 251,1 257,2<firm>
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2
276,2<the anthers divaricate> 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 291,2 293,-
295,1-2<elongated, up to half the grain length> 298,1 322,1 323,1/2 325,1
326,2 327,1 330,1 331,1/2 332,1 335,1 339,(33-)39-66(-69)
341,(6-)7.5-9.6(-11.4) 342,3.5-4.2<in \i{}T. reticulata\i0{}>/7.5-11<in
\i{}T. petrosa\i0{} and \i{}T. thrasyoides\i0{}> 343,(19.5-)21-45(-46.5)
344,0.54-0.73 345,1 346,(24-)26-39(-42) 348,3/2&3<\i{}T.
reticulata\i0{}>/1&2&3<\i{}T. petrosa\i0{}> 349,1<e.g. \i{}T.
petrosa\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}T. reticulata\i0{}, \i{}T. thrasyoides\i0{}> 350,2
351,1 353,1<e.g. \i{}T. thrasyoides\i0{}>/2<\i{}T. petrosa\i0{}> 360,2-3
361,1-3<a few in \i{}T. reticulata\i0{} and \i{}T. thrasyoides\i0{}, none
in \i{}T. petrosa\i0{}> 363,8<e.g. in \i{}T. reticulata\i0{}, and reduced
forms in \i{}T. thrasyoides\i0{}>/- 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,2-3 394,1
395,1 396,2<1 large and about 20 small bundles> 397,1 399,1 401,1 403,1
404,1 405,1/2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58
491<about>,20 492<tropical South America, Trinidad> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2&4&6
504,11 512,2 513,2 515<savanna, on wet sands> 524,5 525,3 528,6 530,18
534<Davidse and Burman 1987> 535<studied by us - \i{}T. petrosa\i0{}
(Trin.) Chase, \i{}T. reticulata\i0{} Swallen, \i{}T. thrasyoides\i0{}
(Trin.) Chase> 536<\i{}Thrasya\i0{} is not convincingly distinguished from
\i{}Paspalum\i0{}> 540<thrasya> 
 
# \i{}Thrasyopsis\i0{} <L. Parodi>/
6<\i{}Paspalum\i0{}> 7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 19,2 27,1 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 65,2
66,2 69,1 70,2 71,1 73,2 74,1 89,1/2<with short plump spikes> 91,- 94,-
95,1<the material of \i{}T. repanda\i0{} seen having 1-2 spikes>/3<when
consisting of only one spike> 96,1-2 98,2 99,2<foliaceous, narrow to broad
and flat> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1
122,1 123,2 141,4-5 144,- 145,3 146,2 147,3 148,- 154,2 157,2 162,1 163,2
165,2 167,2 170,2 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<herbaceous> 187,6-7 189,9
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 203,2 204,7-9 205,2 206,1<membranous,
glabrous> 207,2 208,1 214,3<rigid, shining> 216,1<thinly> 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,2<shiny> 244,2 246,1 248<inconspicuously>,3 250,1 251,1<firm> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2<but
the anthers divaricate> 277,1 280,1 283,2 284<dark> 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
322,1 323,1 325,2 326,1-2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(33-)39-42 341,5.4-6.6
342,6.1-7 343,(15-)22.5-24(-26) 344,0.45-0.61 345,1 346,24-28.5 348,3 350,2
351,2 353,- 354,- 357<numerous cushion-based macrohairs present> 360,1
363,8 364,1&2&3&4<all forms often with points> 365,1<with points on
representatives of the various forms> 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1
396,2<3 large, 8 small bundles> 397,1 399<in broad fans, extending all
the way from one bundle to the next> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,37 490,58 491,2 492<Brazil> 493,7 494,3 502,4&5
504,11 515<savanna> 535<studied by us - \i{}T. repanda\i0{} (Nees) Parodi>
537,2 540<thrasyop> 
 
# \i{}Thuarea\i0{} <Pers.>/
1<after the French botanist du Petit Thouars> 4<Type: \i{}T. involuta\i0{}
(G.Forst.) Roem. & Schult.> 5<\i{}Ornithocephalochloa\i0{} Kurz,
\i{}Microthuareia\i0{} Thouars, \i{}Thouarsia\i0{} Kuntze> 7,2
9,4<creeping, mat-forming> 11,- 13,5-30 14,2 19,2 27,2 32,3 37,1 38,- 40,2
42,2 44,2 47,2 52,2<broad-based> 55,1/2 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,3 70,- 73,2
74,1/2 75,1 76,1&3/1&2&3/2&3<the lower 1-2 spikelets hermaphrodite or
female, the upper 2-6 male-only> 77,3<the male spikelets distal to the
female-fertile ones on the rachis> 78,2 89,-<a peculiar spiciform raceme,
terminal, shortly peduncled, broad and winglike in the female-fertile part,
narrow and beak-like in the upper male part> 91,- 94,- 99,2<below>
101,1<the young inflorescence enclosed in the spathaceous blade of the
uppermost culm leaf> 102,2 103,4 106,1 108,2 120<discernably>,2/- 121,1
122,3<in one row, on the channelled side of the rachis>
123<discernably>,1&3<though the pedicels fused>/- 126,1 128,1 129,- 130,-
131<male spikelets in the upper part of the raceme, articulated with their
bulbous pedicels, deciduous. Both or only the upper of the two florets
male, with 3 stamens> 132,2 134,1/2 135,2<both or only one fertile> 137,1/2
138,3 142,8/9/10 144,2 145,3 147,4<after anthesis the upper (male)
spikelets fall, then the axis bends to enclose the developing fruit, and
the flowering branch bends down to thrust the ripened seed into the sand>
154,2 157,2 163,1-2<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} when present minute, hyaline>
165,- 167,1 170,1 171<the upper softly>,1 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1<when both present, the lower vestigial> 183,- 187<when present,>,0
189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 204,5-7 205,2 206,1
207,2 208,1 214,3 215,1 216<papery> 217,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1<apically,
otherwise glabrous> 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,5-9 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2
259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,1 287,1-2<3-4 mm long> 291,2 295,1 298,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 307,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,- 328,- 329,3<except for occasional
typical long-cells mid-way between the more widely spaced veins> 330,-
331,2 332,1<but sometimes scarce, and hard to find among the macrohairs>
333,2 334,2 335,1 339,42-55-67.5 341,5.4-6.2-6.9 342,7.7-10 343,30-37-45
344,0.59-0.73 345,1 346,21-27 348,2 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<macrohairs
abundant> 360,1/3 361,2/3<in the material seen> 363<when present,
probably>,8<judging from the silica cell shapes>/- 364<presumably>,3/-
365,2 370,1 374,1 375,1 378,2 383,1 385,1 389,1<rarely>/2 393,3 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,2 406,1 413,2<\i{}T. involuta\i0{}> 456,2<the
flattened rachis not leaflike> 463,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,44 491,2 492<1 in Madagascar, 1 Indomalaya, North Australia, New
Guinea> 493,4&5 494,2&5 496,2&3&4&5 500,1&2&3&4 501,3 503,1 504,6&7&9 509,1
511,1 513,2 514,1 515<seashore sand> 516<\i{}T. involuta\i0{}> 518<\i{}T.
involuta\i0{}> 535<studied by us - \i{}T. involuta\i0{} (Forster f.) R. Br.
ex Roem. & Schultes> 540<thuarea> 
 
# \i{}Thyridachne\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}thyridos\i0{} (a window) and \i{}achne\i0{} (chaff),
alluding to the peculiar lower lemma> 5<\i{}Tisserantiella\i0{} Mimeur> 7,1
14,2 52,1 55,2 65,2 69<membranous> 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,4/5<narrow, slender,
spiciform> 91,2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120<mostly>,2 123,1&3 124<minutely>,4 126,1 127,1 128,- 129,1 130,1 144,1
145,3<falcate in lateral view> 147,3 148,- 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2
165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} small, broad, sub-orbicular and thinly membranous,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} gibbous and enveloping the spikelet by its
inflexed margins, oblong-elliptical, obtusely bi- to tri-lobed at the
summit, basally membranous, leathery below but hyaline at the base of the
median line> 182,1<about a quarter as long as G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 187,0
188,1<gibbous> 189,5<obscurely> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1/2
202<apically obscurely trilobed, channelled down the back, the channel
membranous and enlarging below to form a window, the margins and apex
also membranous, leathery elsewhere> 203,2 204<obscurely>,3
205,2-3<equalling G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 206<thinly leathery> 208,1
210<broadly oval> 214,1-2<somewhat leathery or cartilaginous, with
membranous apices> 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,1<or flat> 264,2 266,- 272,3 273,1 275,2
276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 291,2<plano-concave to plano-convex> 295,1 298,1
322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals much more regularly rectangular> 328,1<fairly
thick walled> 329,1 330<more or less>,1 331,1<the sinuosity very coarse,
irregular> 332,1/2<very scarce - commoner adaxially> 335,1 339,21-27
341,5.7-6 342,3.5-4.7 343,12.6-21 344,0.6-0.78 345,1 346,33-39 347,2
348<rather low>,3 350,2 351,1 353,1<the pairs tiny, superposed> 354,1 356,1
357<no macrohairs or prickles seen> 360,2 363,3<predominating>/6/5<a few>
370,2<with large mesophyll lacunae> 374,1 387,U 389,U 393,1<the ribs topped
by clusters of large, thin walled macrohairs> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2 403,2
404,1<if the large, thin walled colourless tissue between the bundles and
the ad- and abaxial fibre groups is interpreted as sclerenchyma>/-
406,1<apart from large fibre groups in the distended blade margins> 477,7
478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,6 491,1<\i{}T. tisserantii\i0{}>
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,1 512,2<in shallow
pools> 514,2 534<Hubbard 1949> 535<studied by us> 540<thyridac> 
 
# \i{}Thyridolepis\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
1<from the Greek \i{}thyridos\i0{} (a window) and \i{}lepis\i0{} (a scale),
alluding to the peculiar lower glume> 4<Type: \i{}T. mitchelliana\i0{}
(Nees) S.T.Blake> 7,2<with basal scaly, woolly cataphylls> 9,3/4 11,-
13,15-50 14,1/2 24,1/2 27,1/2 32,3 37,1 38,- 42,1&2 44,2 47,2 52,1-5 55,2
56,1.5-4.5 58,2 63<somewhat>,1 65,2 66,1 67,1 68,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 75,1
76,1&4<the lowermost spikelets being reduced> 81,1/2 89,4<spikelike,
bristly> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,1 121,2 123<shortly>,3 124,1/3 141,4-7.5 142,7/8/9 144,1 145,3 147,3
154,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 170,1 171,1 176,2 177,2 179,1<both leathery,
the lower blunt, with a transverse row of tubercle-based bristles along the
top of a rectangular, semi-transparent or pigmented window, the upper
broader, rostrate, with tufts of tubercle-based bristles along the margins>
187,7-11 189,7-11 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,2
201,1/2 203,2 204,5 205,2 207,1<not gibbous> 208,1 214,2 216,2<thinly rigid
as in \i{}Paraneurachne\i0{}, by contrast with \i{}Neurachne\i0{}> 217,3
218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1
257,2 258,2 259,3 264,1/2 265<when present,>,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 274<very short> 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2<and only 2 styles, no
appendage on the grain> 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 299,1 303,1 304,2 305,1
306,2 309,1 311,1 312,1 313,2 322,1 323,2 327,1/- 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(36-)48-72(-75) 341,5.4-9.6 342,4.3-10.6 343,(21-)25-38(-42)
344,0.47-0.64 345,1 346,21-39 348,3/2&3<\i{}T. xerophila\i0{}>/1&2&3<\i{}T.
multiculmis\i0{}> 349,1/2 350,2 351,1/2 353,1/2/- 354,1/2/- 357<two of the
species with cushion-based macrohairs and/or prickles> 358,1/2 360,1<but
sometimes also short rows, solitaries, pairs> 363,8 364,1&2&3&4 365,2 370,2
374,1 384,2 385,1 386,1 387,1 393,1/2/3 394,1/- 395,2 396,1 399,1<sometimes
associated with/comprising hair cushions> 401<often>,1/- 403,2
404,2<combining strong abaxial girders with adaxial strands, the latter
linked with the bundles by vertically-elongated colourless cells>
406,1<apart from strong marginal groups> 464,1 469,9 470,18&36 471,2&4
477,7 478,5 485,3 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,49 491,3 492<Australia> 493,5
494,5 503,1&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8 509,1 512,4 513,2 515<dry grassland and
scrub> 518<\i{}T. mitchelliana\i0{} (drought tolerant)> 534<Blake 1972b>
535<Hattersley \i{}et al.\i0{} 1982; studied by us - \i{}T.
mitchelliana\i0{} (Nees) Blake, \i{}T. multiculmis\i0{} (Pilger) Blake,
\i{}T. xerophila\i0{} (Domin) Blake> 540<thyridol> 
 
# \i{}Thyrsia\i0{} <Stapf>/
3<\i{}Phacelurus\i0{}> 7<stout, reed-like, tall>,1 8,- 14,2 54,- 55,2 58,2
59,1<long, hard> 65,2 69,1 73,2 74,1 75,1<heterogamous> 76,1&3/1&4<or the
pedicellate spikelet rarely hermaphrodite> 78,1/2 79,1 89,2<with racemes
borne in terminal racemes or panicles> 91,- 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2
103,4<rather thick, cylindrical> 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<constricted and
dilated> 113,2 114,1 115,3 120,2 121,1<the racemes more or less
dorsiventral> 123,1&3/- 126,1 127,1 128,2<but contiguous> 129,1
130<usually>,3/4<rarely hermaphrodite> 131<the pedicellate spikelets
usually sterile or male-only, sometimes reduced to their pedicels> 144,1
145,3 147,3<and the joint> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2 167,2
170,1 171,2<glabrous, smooth> 173,- 174,1 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<leathery or
papery, the upper naviculate> 183,1 184,2 185,2 186,1<shining> 191,2 192,1
196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1
214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1
251,1 255,1 256,1 258,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3
277,1 284,2 291,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<the costals narrower and more regularly
rectangular, the intercostals unusually large> 328,1<of medium thickness>
330,1-2 331,1<the sinuosity quite fine, conspicuously pitted> 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1<rather large> 345,1 347,2 348<conspicuously>,3 350,2 351,1
353,1 354,1 356,2-3 357<bulbous prickles with tiny points common over the
main veins> 360,2 361,1-2 363,5 370,1 371,1 374,2 378,2 385,1 393<more or
less>,3<with very slight ribs over the primary bundles> 395,1 396,2<a
large, median primary with several smaller bundles on either side> 397,1
398,2 399,2<the epidermis consisting of rather regular, large cells> 403,1
404,1<with the primaries only> 405,1<slight Is, in places, but the
sclerenchyma scanty everywhere except in the large abaxial keel of the
midrib> 406,1 442,- 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80
491,3-4 492<tropical Africa, Asia> 493,3&4&5 494,2 496,1&3 499,2&3
500,1&2&3 504,11 508,2&3 534<Stapf 1922> 535<studied by us - \i{}T.
inflata\i0{} Stapf, \i{}T. undulatifolia\i0{} (Chiov.) Robyns> 540<thyrsia>
 
# \i{}Thyrsostachys\i0{} <Gamble>/
1<from the Greek \i{}thyrsos\i0{} (a Bacchic wand), probably via the
derived botanical term thyrse, and \i{}stachyus\i0{} (relating to
inflorescence), alluding to inflorescence form> 7<arborescent>,2 9,3 11,2
13,800-1000 14,1 15,3-6 19,1 21,11-20 22,1 23,4 30,1 31,2 34,2 35,1 36,1/4
39,1 40,2 44,2 47<auricles very small> 48,1<these small>/2 55,1
56<about>,10-15<by 7-18 cm long> 63,1 66,1 67,1 69,1 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,-
86,2 87,1 89,5<large, compound, thyrsoid, the branch nodes bearing sessile,
spatheate clusters each of few pseudospikelets> 101,1<the spikelet groups
in the axils of short sheaths> 102,1 103,5 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 140,2 141,10-25 142,9/10 144,- 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,1/2 165,1
166,1 167,1 170,- 171,1 174,1 176,2 179,2/- 183,- 189<about>,9<about 4 on
either side> 191,2 192,3 194,1<differing from \i{}Bambusa\i0{} in the more
reduced terminal floret> 196,1 197,1/2 198,1<the palea of the lowest floret
deeply bifid> 199,1 201,1 203,2 205,1 206,2 208,1 214<papery> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1/2<?> 240,1 248<many nerved> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,2<less cleft
thn in the proximal floret> 259,4 260,3<less clearly so than in the
proximal florets> 264,1/2 265<when present,>,1-3 266,1/2 267,2
268,2<narrow> 269,1 270,2 272,6 275,2 276<shortly>,1 277,1 278,1 279,2
280,1<into one, the base not hollow - thick, forming beak in fruit> 283,3
287,2<5 to 10 mm long> 291,3<cylindrical> 293,- 294,2<glabrous> 295,2
296,2<or at least, crustaceous> 297,1/3<?> 298,2<prominent> 303,2 322,1
323,1<papillae small, variously shaped> 325,1 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1
345,1<obscured by papillae> 348,- 349,- 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,7 360,1 363,4
365,2 370,2 374,1 390,1 391,1 393,2 395,1 396,3 399,1 401,1&2 403,2 404,1
405,1<in the large bundles> 469,12 470,72 471,6 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4
488,3 489,9 490,14 491,2 492<Burma, Siam> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2
504,11 515<rain forest> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<thyrsost> 
 
# \i{}Thysanolaena\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}thysanos\i0{} (fringe) and \i{}chlaina\i0{} (cloak),
referring to a fringed upper lemma> 5<\i{}Myriachaeta\i0{} Moritzi>
7<tufted>,2 8<reedlike> 11,- 13,150-400 14,1 19,1<shrubby> 37,1 38,- 44,2
47,1/2 52,3<-acuminate> 54<somewhat>,1 55,1 56,(30-)40-70(-100)<up to 60 cm
long> 57<somewhat>,1<amplexicaul> 58,- 59,1 63,1 65,1 66,1 67,1
69,1/2<minutely ciliolate> 70,1<cartilaginous> 72,1 73,2 74,1 78,-
89,5<large, with numerous tiny spikelets> 91,1<contracted on the primary
branches> 99,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1<pedicels and ultimate
branchlets disarticulating> 109,- 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,- 121,1 123,3
141,1.2-1.8 145,1<and somewhat asymmetric> 147,1&3<falling with the
pedicels, but also disarticulating above the glumes> 148<tardily>,2
154,1<ending in a flattened process 0.5 mm long, with a flattened tip>
157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,2<obtuse> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2<broadly oval, hyaline> 187,0-1 189,0-1 191,2 192,1/3<proximal
incomplete floret always present, distal rudiment present or absent>
194<when present,>,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 202<acuminate, glabrous>
203,2<acuminate> 204,1-3 205,3<equalling the spikelet> 206,1<membranous>
207,2 208,1 214,3 216,1<firmer than the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 218,1 219,1
223,1/2 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,2 255,2 256,1 258,2<thin> 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,2-3 274,0.8 275,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1 289,4/5 291,3 295,1 298,1 299,2 322,1
323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1<but very scarce in material seen:
perhaps variable in frequency, cf. \i{}Phragmites\i0{}?> 335,1 345,1
348<low>,2/3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/2/6/8 360,1 363,8 364,1&2&3
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,1 393,2 394,1 395,1 396,2 399,1<between
each bundle pair> 401<consistently>,1<in the material seen, the fans large
with a deeply penetrating median cell> 403,2 404,1 405,1<most of the
bundles with a smallish I or T> 406,1 469,11/12<?> 477,4/5 483,2<?> 487,9
488,7 489,46 490,80 491,1<\i{}T. maxima\i0{}, = \i{}T. latifolia\i0{}>
492<tropical Asia> 493,3&5 494,2 496,3 500,1&2&3&4 504,9 513,2 514,2 515<on
mountains> 518<\i{}T. latifolia\i0{}> 535<Metcalfe 1960, and studied by us>
540<thysanol> 
 
# \i{}Torreyochloa\i0{} <Church>/
7,2 9,2/3 11,- 13,20-50 14,2 37,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 56,1-2.5 59,1 67,1 69,1
70,2 71,0.5-5 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-6 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2 154,1 157,2
158,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,- 174,2<apically rounded> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,2 183,- 187,1/3 189,1-3 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,3-7 214,3 216,2 218,1/2
219<when entire,>,2/- 221<when incised,>,2<denticulate> 223,1 240,2 244,2
246,- 247,2 248,5-7<these prominent, scaberulous> 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-0.6
277,1<rarely>/2 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 291,1 293,1/- 295,1 298,2 301,2
303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 330,1/2 331,2 332,2
345,1 346,27-38 348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 360,3 363,1<mostly>/2<a
few>/8<a few> 364<sometimes>,4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 395,2 396,1
399,1<in the furrows> 401,1<the fans wide> 403,2 404,1 406,1 442,- 469,7
470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,70
491,4 492<northern Asia, North America> 493,1&3&6&8 494,1 495,1 497,2&3&4&5
504,11 506,2 507,1 512,2 513,2 514,2 515<wet meadows and in shallow water>
535<studied by us - \i{}T. pallida\i0{} Church> 540<torreyoc> 
 
# \i{}Tovarochloa\i0{} <T.D. Macfarlane & P. P.-H. But>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (a grass), and for O. Tovar (Peruvian
agrostologist)> 3<\i{}Poa\i0{}> 7<very diminutive alpine>,1 9,- 11,-
13,0.3-1 14,2 26,2<the internodes condensed> 38,- 47,2 50<sheaths green or
hyaline, with broad membranous margins> 52,1-5 55,2<but \i{}relatively\i0{}
broad, and short> 59,1/2 65,2 68,1<lower leaves>/2<upper leaves> 69,1 70,2
71,0.3 73,2 74,1 89,5<usually shorter than the leaves> 91,2 92,1<nearly
concealed> 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,-
121,2 123,3 141,3-3.3 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1/2 158,2
163,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1<apiculate, the apiculum
sometimes recurved> 176,2 177,1 179,1-2<membranous except along the vein,
the lower sometimes apically lobed or shouldered> 183,- 187,1 189,1 191,1
196,2 208,1 214,2<slightly firmer> 216,2<membranous> 218,1 219,1 223,1<but
apiculate>/2<the awnlet less than 1mm long> 240<uniformly>,1 244,2 246,-
247,2 248,1/3/5<sometimes with one or two pairs of short laterals> 249,2
250,1 251,1 256,1/2<with one or two points, according to whether one or two
veined> 257,2 258,2<membranous> 259,2/3 260,2<when 1 nerved>/1 261,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,2/3<?> 274,0.4-0.6 277,1
280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<1.5-1.7 mm long> 288<pale brown> 291,2 293,-
295,1 298,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 322,2 323,2 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 348,1&2
351,1-2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 359,1<but few silica cells> 360,2 365,2 370,2
374,1 393,3 395,2 396,1 442,- 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61
491,1<\i{}T. peruviana\i0{}> 492<Peru> 493,7 494,3 502,6 504,11 513,2
515<High Andes> 534<Macfarlane and But 1982> 535<Macfarlane and But 1982>
540<tovaroch> 
 
# \i{}Trachypogon\i0{} <Nees>/
1<from the Greek \i{}trachus\i0{} (rough) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to awns of female-fertile spikelets> 5<\i{}Homopogon\i0{} Stapf>
7<slender>,2<very rarely annual> 9,3 13,30-200 14,2 19,2 27,1<with white
hairs> 47,2 52,1 55,2 58,2 59,3<usually, convolute>/1<sometimes> 69,1 70,2
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78<more or less>,1<the male or neuter spikelets
without a callus, often awnless> 79,2 89,2/4 91,- 94,- 95,1/3<when
unbranched> 101,2 102,2 103,3<long, terminating the culms> 106,1/2/3<up to
5 racemes> 107,- 108,2<but the joints articulated and usually shortly
bearded> 113,2 114<oblique> 120,2 123,3 126,1<in which the usual pattern of
sexuality is inverted> 127,2 128,2 129,3/4 130,1 131<the short-pedicelled
male or neuter spikelets persistent, sometimes dorsally flattened. Without
a callus, often awnless. L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} sterile> 132,2 134,1 136,1
137,1 144,- 145,2<cylindrical> 147,3<falling from the pedicels> 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,1<in the pedicelled members> 161<of the pedicelled
members>,1<attached obliquely to the pedicel> 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,2 170,-
171,1 173,3 176,2 177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} firmer, convolute and 2-keeled, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, channelled on each side of the rounded keel>
183,1 185,2 186,1 187,7-11<the nerves inconspicuous between the keels,
anastomosing above> 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2
205,2 206<hyaline> 207,2<ciliate above> 208,1 210<hyaline basally, but
becoming stipitate-cartilaginous above> 214,1 216,2 218,1 221,2 223,3 225,1
226,1 228,3 229,- 231,2 233,2-3 234,3 240,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1/2
251<when present,>,3 258,2<hyaline> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 277,1 283,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,(39-)42-45(-48) 341,5.4-6 342,7-8.9 343,(18-)24-26(-27) 344,0.46-0.57
345,1 346,22.5-27 348<mostly>,3 350,2 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<bulbous-based
costal prickles abundant> 359,1 360,1 363,8 364,1<some>/3<mostly> 365,2
370,1 374,2<but many individual bundles have intervening mestome on one
side, or are approaching the XyMS+ condition, and the main midrib bundle is
XyMS+> 383,1 385,1 389,1<these being the arms of
bulliform-plus-colourless cell arches> 393,1<low, round-topped, over
primary bundles> 395,1 396,2<a large median, and three small laterals on
either side> 397,1 399,1 401,2<linking via colourless cells with the
abaxial epidermis> 402,1 403,2<even the smallest having minute abaxial
strands> 404,1<with the primary laterals> 405,1<the primary laterals> 406,1
413,1<1 species, doubtfully>/2<3 species> 442,- 469,5/10 470,20&40 477,7
478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,34 491<about>,13 492<tropical
America and Africa, Madagascar> 493,4&7 494,1&2&3&4 495,1&3 496,1 497,4
499,2&3&4 502,1&2&4&5&6 504,11 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 512,3 513,2 514,2
515<savanna> 524,5 525,2&4 527,1 529,4 530,13&39 531,2 533,2&5 535<studied
by us - \i{}T. plumosus\i0{} Nees> 540<trachypo> 
 
# \i{}Trachys\i0{} <Pers.>/
5<\i{}Trachyozus\i0{} Reichenb., \i{}Trachystachys\i0{} Dietr.>
7<diffuse>,1 9,4 11,- 13,15-30 14,2 27,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2/1 56,6-12<by
2.5-5 cm long> 65,2 66,2 69,3 71,3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4/1&3&4<the clusters
of complete spikelets surrounded by incomplete ones> 78,1<each cluster with
proximal barren spikelets, the outermost reduced to thickened, rigid bracts
or recurved spines> 89,2<of one-sided, winged, spikelike racemes, the
underside of each bearing alternating, short-peduncled glomerules, the
latter containing 2-3 bisexual spikelets plus bracts and spines> 91,-
94,- 95<usually>,1 96,(1-)2-3 98,U 99,3 102,- 103,1<to glomerules> 106,-
107,- 108,1 109,1<the glomerules constituting burrs, which fall with the
rachis joint, i.e. the main rachides also disarticulate> 111,- 113,- 114,-
115,- 116,4<spiny, representing the variously reduced sessile/subsessile
spikelets surrounding the clusters> 119,2 120,- 121,1<the clusters from the
midrib on one side of the broad, flat, jointed rachis> 123,2 140,2<or hard
to interpret, because of the associated involucral spikelets> 141,5-6 144,-
145,3 147,3<within the cluster> 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,1 166,1
167,1 170,- 171<the upper>,1 174,1<acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<the
lower small, subulate-lanceolate and glabrous, the upper membranous and
lanceolate, hairy> 183,- 187,0 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,2<tiny> 201,2 202<expanded to form a broadly ovate, involucral scale>
203,2<acute> 204,11-17 205,3 206,3<leathery> 207,1 208,1
210<ovate-lanceolate to linear-oblong> 214,2<membranous or papery> 216,2
218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2 244,2 246,1 247,1 248,3 250,1 251,1
259,3<membranous> 260,3 264,1<tiny> 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
271,2 272,3 275,1 276,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<3 mm long>
291,2 293,- 295,1 298,1 299,1 322,1 323,2 329,2 331,1&2<mixed> 332,1 335,1
339,51-57 341,5.1-5.4 342,9.4-11.2 343,25.5-27 344,0.45-0.5 345,1
346,23.5-28-33 348<mostly low>,2<sometimes tending to parallel> 350,2 351,2
353,- 354,- 357<with cushion-based macrohairs> 359,1 360,1<but rather
ambiguous, because the costal short-cells rather long!> 363,8 364<mostly>,3
365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393,3<?> 394,- 395,1 396,2<1 large plus 8 small
bundles> 397,1 399,2<constituting most of the epidermis> 401,- 403,1 404,2
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,80 491,2<\i{}T.
copeana\i0{}, \i{}T. muricata\i0{}> 492<southern India & Burma, especially
coastal> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1&2 504,11 513,2 514,1/2 515<mainly in
coastal sand> 535<studied by us> 540<trachys> 
 
# \i{}Tragus\i0{} <Haller>/
1<\i{}Tragus\i0{}: from Dioscorides, perhaps via the Greek \i{}tragos\i0{}
(he-goat), because the rigid hairs on the leaves and the bristles on the
spikelets reminded the author of a goats beard> 4<Type: \i{}T.
racemosus\i0{} (L.) All.> 7,1/2 9,2/4<usually creeping> 11,- 13,5-65 14,2
27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 57<slightly>,1/3 58,2<somewhat rigid, the
margins pectinate> 59,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 68,1 69,2<very narrow>/3 70,-
73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<with one or more members of the cluster reduced>
89,3<a spicate raceme of crowded glomerules, the latter very shortly- or
rarely long- peduncled, each with 2-5 spikelets> 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2
103,1<to the glomerules> 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the clusters falling
whole> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 121,2 123,1-2 141,2-5 144,2 145,3 147,3<in
the cluster> 154,2 157,2 163,1/2 165,1<<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} much
reduced or absent>> 166,3 167<(the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{})>,2<equalling the
spikeleta> 168,2/- 170,1 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,-
179,1<the lower tiny, scarious or absent, the upper large, hard, with 5
rows of hooked spines on the back> 183,- 187,0 189,5-7 190,1 191,1 196,2
208,1 210<lanceolate, acute or acuminate> 214,1<membranous> 216,2 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,1<with minute spinous bristles, all over or only centrally>
244,2 248,3 250,1 255,1<pointed> 258,2<hyaline, glabrous> 259,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,1 272,3 274,0.4-0.7 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,1 287,1 291,2/3 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1
305,1 306,1 307,1 308,1 309,1 311,1 312,1 313,3 314,6-12 322,1 323,1/2
324,2 325,2 326,1 331,1 332,1/2 333<when present,>,2 334,2 335<when
present,>,2 336,3 340,30 342,2.5 344,0.3 345,1 346,25-30 348<low>,2/2&3
350,2 351,1<rarely>/2 352,1/2 354,1/2 355,1/2 356<when present,>,2 359,1
360,1 362,4 363,4<mostly>/6<a few> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2
377,1 378,1 379,1 382,1 383,2 385,1 393,2/3 394,1/- 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1
401,1&2 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 410,1/2 469,10 470,20&40 471,2&4
473<small> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,71 491,7 492<6 in warm
Africa, 1 pantropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5 495,1&2&3 496,1&2&5
497,2&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4 502,1&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,2&4&5&6&7&8 506,1 507,2
508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 511,1 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<often in disturbed
ground> 516<\i{}T. berteronianus\i0{}, \i{}T. racemosus\i0{}, \i{}T.
roxburghii\i0{}> 524,5 525,4 529,3 531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}T. australianus\i0{} Blake> 540<tragus> 
 
# \i{}Tribolium\i0{} <Desv.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}tria\i0{} (three) and \i{}bolus\i0{} (a fiery meteor
in the form of an arrow), possibly referring to three florets encased in
the very bristly glumes> 4<Type: \i{}T. hispidum\i0{} (Thunb.) Desv.>
5<\i{}Brizopyrum\i0{} Stapf, \i{}Lasiochloa\i0{} Kunth,
\i{}Plagiochloa\i0{} Adamson and Sprague> 6<\i{}Karrochloa\i0{},
\i{}Urochlaena\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,1/2/3<mostly> 13,2-60 14,2 19,1/2 27,2 37,2
40,2 42,1<in \i{}T. uniolae\i0{}>/2<the rest> 44,1/2 47,2 48,2<but
sometimes hair-tufted at the mouth of the sheath> 52,1 55,2 56,0.3-4 58,1/2
59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2/2-3 71,0.3-2<the fringe sometimes double, the
row of short hairs interspersed with longer ones> 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,1<sometimes, in \i{}T. uniolae\i0{}>/2 76,1&4<\i{}T. uniolae\i0{}>/1
78,2 88,2-3 89,1<in \i{}T. uniolae\i0{}, this
distichous>/4<occasionally>/5<generally, and compact, with short pedicels
and branches> 90,2 91,2 92,1/2/3<sometimes interrupted> 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1/2 122,1/2<\i{}T.
uniolae\i0{}>/3 123<very shortly>,3/2/1 125,1 141,2-10 142<broadly>,5/4
144,- 145,1/2 147,1 148<tardily>,2 149,1 154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,2
160,1/2<glabrous> 163,2 165,1-2 166,1-3 167,1/2 170,1<when orientation
ascertainable>/- 171,1<usually, with glandular, often tubercle-based
hairs>/2 172,1/2 174,1<acute, acuminate or subulate-caudate> 176,2 177,1/2
179,2<naviculate, membranous to chartaceous> 181,1-3 187,(3-)5(-7)
189,5(-7) 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1<\i{}Urochlaena\i0{}>/2 196,2 208,2-9(-14)
214,1-2<membranous to chartaceous> 216,2 218,1<sometimes emarginate,
scarcely \i{}incised\i0{}> 219,1-2<acute to emarginate> 220<sometimes>,2
221,2 223,1/2<rarely> 240,1<usually with clavate hairs>/2
244,1<usually>/2<sometimes> 247,2 248,(5-)7/9 249,1 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1
257,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3 262,1/2 263,2/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,1/2 271,1/2 272,3 274,1-3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1/3
286,2 287,1<1-2 mm long> 288<yellow-brown> 289<obovate> 291,2 295,1
297<fairly>,2 298,2 299,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1 315,2 317,1<\i{}T.
obliterum\i0{}> 318,1 319,2 320,1<strongly developed> 321,1 322,1 323,2
327,1/2<when the costals are much narrower> 328,1 330,1-2 331,1 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 336,1 339,(58.5-)64-84(-99) 340,30-36 341,9.6-16.5 342,3.8-8.3
343,(30-)34-50(-60) 344,0.48-0.66 345,2/1 346,21-33 348<high>,2/2&3
350,1<slightly>/2 351,1 352,3 353,1<but often apparently solitary, through
overlapping> 354,1 355,3 359,1 360,1 362,1 363,3<few>/8
364<predominantly>,1&3<short>/3&4 365,2 367,1 370,2 374,1 385,2<the
chlorenchyma closely packed> 386,2 387<tending to>,1/2 393,1-3 394,1 395,2
396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1 403,1/2 404,1/2<but then with strong adaxial and
abaxial strands> 405,1<most major bundles with narrow Is> 406,1/2 407,1
409,1 411,1/2 469,6 470,12 471,2-6 477,5 483,3 487,6 488,7 489,19 490,80
491,10 492<South Africa> 493,4&5 494,2&4 496,1 499,4&5 504,4&5&8 511,1
512,3-4<winter rainfall> 513,2 514,2 515<Fynbos and Karoo> 531,2 533,5
534<Renvoize 1985(c); Linder and Davidse 1997> 535<studied by us -
\i{}Plagiochloa acutiflora\i0{} (Nees) Adamson & Sprague (= \i{}T.
acutiflorum\i0{}), \i{}Plagiochloa uniolae\i0{} (L.f.) Adamson & Sprague (=
\i{}T. uniolae\i0{})> 536<Linder and Davidse (1997) included the very
aberrant \i{}Urochlaena pusilla\i0{} here on cladistic grounds; arguing
that because its numerous characteristics are interpreted as \i{}unique
autapomorphies\i0{}, recognition of the monotypic genus \i{}Urochlaena\i0{}
renders \i{}Tribolium\i0{} paraphyletic. Such rather startling applications
of cladistic theory are at odds with the practical requirement that
taxonomic systems should facilitate making generalisations; and in view of
the well known difficulties regarding extent of sampling and
interpretations of morphological characters and character states, and
taxonomic sampling limitations (notably, lack of information on extinct
forms), evidence from nucleic acid sequencing should be helpful. In this
instance, however, subsequent classificatory implementation of the latter
by Linder \i{}et al\i0{}. (2010) has resulted in an unpractical version of
\i{}Tribolium\i0{} (incorporating \i{}Karroochloa\i0{}, as well as
\i{}Urochlaena\i0{}) that cannot be diagnosed morphologically>
540<triboliu> 
 
# \i{}Trichloris\i0{} <Benth.>/
3<\i{}Chloris\i0{} or \i{}Leptochloa\i0{}> 7,2 9,2/3 13,70-150 14,2 69,3
73,2 74,1 76,1 89,2 95,1<the racemes erect ot ascending> 101,2 102,2 120,1
121,1<the spikelets 2-rowed, broadside on to the rachis> 123,1 141,2.5-7
142,9 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,1 170,1 174,1
176,1<the upper>/2<the lower> 177,1 179,1<the lower lanceolate, awnless and
hyaline to membranous, the upper acuminate, awned and membranous> 187,1
189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,1/2 210<elliptic>
214,3<chartaceous> 215,1 216,2 218,2<from the tip, into awns> 219,1<acute>
223,3 225,3 226,2 237,1-2 240,1-2<glabrous to puberulous> 244,1 245,2 248,3
250,1 256<apically with excurrent keel veins> 289,4 290<concavo-convex>
291,2<\i{}T. crinita\i0{}, \i{}T. pluriflora\i0{}> 297<soft,>,1 395,1 477,8
487,5 488,7 489,17 490,31 491,2 492<North and South America> 493,6&7
494,1&3 534<Grassbase (2016)> 537,2 540<trichlor> 
 
# \i{}Tricholaena\i0{} <Schrad.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}thrix, trichos\i0{} (a hair) and \i{}chlaena\i0{}
(mantle), referring to silky spikelets> 6<\i{}Rhynchelytrum\i0{}>
7,1<rarely>/2 9,3/4 11,- 13,10-120 14,2 19,2 37,2 38,- 59<often
glaucous-inrolled, rigid> 65,2 69,2<very narrow>/3 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1
84,1/2 89,5 91,1/2 94,1<these flexuous> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-3.5 144,- 145,1 148,-
149,2<having G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} slightly separated from
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 154,2 155,- 157,2 162,1 163,1/2 165,1 167<(the
longer)>,2 168,2/- 170,- 171,1<the upper and/or both sometimes variously
hairy>/2 176,2<the upper sometimes mucronate> 179,1<the lower often reduced
to a tiny scale, hairy or glabrous>/2<rarely> 180<about>,0.1-0.2 183,-
187,0-1 189<indistinctly>,3/5<thinly membranous, emarginate to acute> 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 204,3-7 205,3 206,1<often hairy,
resembling the upper glume> 207,2 208,1<dorsally compressed>
214,3<cartilaginous to sub-crustaceous> 215,1 216,1-2 218,1-2 221,2<obtuse
to emarginate> 223,1 240,2<shiny> 244,2 246,1 248,3-5 250,1 251,1 253,2
255,1 257,2 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 269,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,1/2
286,2<but enclosed> 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1
339,51-66 341,5.4-6 342,8.5-12.2 343,24-39 344,0.47-0.59 345,1 346,30-36
348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 359,1 360<mixture on the one epidermis> 363,8
364,1<some>/4<mostly> 365,2 370,1 374,1 375,1 383,1 385,1 393,2-3 394,1
395,2 396,1-2<depending on delimitation of mid-rib> 399,1 401,1 403,1 404,1
405,1 406,1 469,9 470,36 471,4 477,7 478,5 485,2<Melinideae> 487,9 488,4
489,36 490,44 491,12 492<Africa, Madagascar, Canaries, Mediterranean>
493,1&2&3&4 494,1&2&3&4 495,2 496,1&2 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&4 502,6 504,11
508,1&2&3&4 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<sandy and stony soil, sometimes ruderal>
518<\i{}T. teneriffae\i0{}> 524,3 531,2 533,2&5 535<studied by us - \i{}T.
monachne\i0{} (Trin.) Stapf & Hubbard, \i{}T. teneriffae\i0{} Parl.>
540<trichola> 
 
# \i{}Trichoneura\i0{} <Anderss.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}thrix\i0{} (hair) and \i{}neuron\i0{} (nerve), re
ciliate lemma nerves> 5<\i{}Crossotropis\i0{} Stapf> 7,1/2<xeromorphic>
11,- 13,12-100 14,2 19,1<often>/2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1<pointed>
55,2 58,1/2 59<usually>,1 61,1 65,2 69,1 70,1 73,2 74,1 89,2<the racemes
scattered along a central axis> 91,1 94,- 96,8-40 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/- 121,1 122,1<on two faces
of the trigonous rachis> 123,2 141,5.3-14 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
156,1 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 170,1 174,1 176,1/2<tapered into a
mucro or short awn> 177,1 179,2<narrowly lanceolate, membranous,
persistent> 181,3 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-8 214,2<membranous>
216,2 218,2 220,2 221,2<bluntly 2-toothed> 223,2/3 225<when present,>,1
228,1 231,1 234,1 240,1<conspicuously pectinate-ciliate on the lateral
nerves> 244,2<rounded on the back> 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,1-2 256,1 259,3
260,3 263,2/3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1<deeply> 332,1 333,1 334,2
335,2<basal cell globular, apical cell small> 336,2 339,25-27(-30) 340,24
341,(11.4-)12-13.5(-15) 342,1.9-2.4 343,(7.5-)8.4-9(-10.5) 344,0.28-0.38
345,1 346,22-26 348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1
357<numerous small, papilla-like prickles present> 359,1 360,1<but short
cells often relatively long> 362,4 363,8 364,3<mostly>/1<few>/4<few> 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 393,2-3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,1
401,1&2 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<Is or anchors in all
bundles> 406,1 409,1 469,10 470,20 471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17
490,72 491,7 492<America, tropical Africa> 493,4&6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1 496,1
497,4 499,1&2&3&4 502,6 504,11 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 512,4 513,2 515<in sandy
or stony soil> 524,5 525,3 528,7 534<Phillips 1973> 535<studied by us -
\i{}T. arenaria\i0{} (Hochst. & Steud.) Ekman> 540<trichone> 
 
# \i{}Trichopteryx\i0{} <Nees>/
7,1/2<with slender culms> 9,3/4 13,2-90 14,2 19,1/2 27,1 37,2 40,2 42,2
44,2 47,2 52,2-3 55,2 56,2-6<the base rounded or contracted> 65,2 69,3
71,0.3 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,2 123,3 126,1/2 127<when long-and-short>,2
141,2.5-6 143<brown> 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2<disarticulating readily
between L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, less readily
between G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 149,1 154,2 155,2
157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2 164,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} one third to one
half spikelet length> 166<(the upper)>,2 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171,1/2
174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} rarely obtuse> 176,2<though the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} can be aristulate and the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
acuminate> 177,2 179,2<membranous or papery, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
narrower> 181,1 187,3 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<two keeled,
thin> 201,1/2 203,2 204,(1-)3 205,3 206,1-2 207,2<resembling the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} in form and texture> 208,1 214,2-3<membranous,
hardening to leathery> 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1/3 226,1/2<with the
lobes terminating in awns additional to the median> 227<the median>,1<when
laterals present> 228,1 229,- 231,2 233,1 234,3 235,1 236,2 237<when
present,>,1<straight> 240,1 241,1<with a sub-marginal tuft of erect hairs,
in the middle on each side> 244,2 246,2<the palea embraced and almost
enclosed> 247,2 248,5-7 249,2 250,1 251,1 255<minutely>,2 256,1
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 262,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 272,2
274<about>,1 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 290,1 295,2 298,1 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals narrower and more regularly rectangular in \i{}T.
stolziana\i0{} and \i{}T. dregeana\i0{}> 328,2<the costals thinner walled>
330,1&2 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(36-)39-42(-45) 341,(5.1-)5.7-6(-6.6)
342,5.9-8.2 343,21-25.5(-28.5) 344,0.54-0.68 345,1 346,31-36 348,3/2&3
350,2 351,1<sometimes paired with macrohair bases> 354,2 359,1 360,1 363,8
364<mostly>,3 365,2 370,1 371,1/2 372<when unconventional>,4 374,2 375,1
383,1 388,1/2 393,3 394,- 395,2<at least in the two species seen> 396,1
399,1/2<\i{}T. stolziana\i0{} having a largely, irregularly bulliform
epidermis> 403,1 404,1/2<\i{}T. stolziana\i0{} with little sclerenchyma, as
strands only> 405<when present,>,1 406,1 469,12<?> 470,24 471,2<?> 477,7
478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80 491,5 492<southern and tropical
Africa, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2&3 496,1&2 499,2&3 502,6 504,11 508,1&2&3
512,2/3 513,1/2 514,2 515<streambanks, grasslands and forest margins>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T.x stolziana\i0{} Henrard; photos
of \i{}T. dregeana\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<trichopt> 
 
# \i{}Tridens\i0{} <Roem. & Schult.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}tria\i0{} (thrice) and \i{}dens\i0{} (tooth),
referring to three-toothed lemmas> 5<\i{}Antonella\i0{} Caro,
\i{}Gossweilerochloa\i0{} Renvoize, \i{}Tricuspis\i0{} P. Beauv.,
\i{}Windsoria\i0{} Nutt> 6<\i{}Erioneuron\i0{}, \i{}Tridentopsis\i0{}> 7,2
9,1-2<rarely>/3 11,- 13,5-160 14,2 19,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,2 38,- 42,2 44,1/2
47,2 52,1/2 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/2/3 61,1 65,2 67,1 68,1 69,2/3 73,2 74,1 81,1
89,5 91,1-2<very variable> 92,1-3/- 94,1/2/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,4-15 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,1 154,1 156,1 157,1/2 158,- 160,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,1 167,1/2 170,-
174,1<acute to acuminate> 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous, often thin> 187,1
189,1-3(-7) 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-12 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1/2<from
minutely emarginate or toothed, to deeply and obtusely 2-lobed> 223,2-3<the
midnerve usually excurrent as a mucro or short awn, the laterals also often
excurrent> 225<when present,>,1/3 226,1/2 227<the median>,2<when laterals
present> 228,1 231,1 234,1 235,1 237,1 240,1<on the nerves, at least below>
244,1-2 246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<widened and bowed below> 255,2 256,1
258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1-3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,-
272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1-2 288<dull brown> 289,4
291,2 295,1<less than half the fruit length> 297,3 298,2<about 2/5 of the
grain length> 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<the
costals smaller, narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,2<but
peculiar, the basal cell seemingly expanded below into a foot> 336,3
339,18-21 340,15 341,9-10.5 342,1.7-2.3 343,5.4-7.5 344,0.26-0.42 345,1
346,24-29 348,2<mostly>/3<a few, almost> 350,2 351,1<fairly> 352,2
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 357<a few intercostal prickles present> 358,2
359,1 360,1 362,4 363,4<abundant>/8 364<when panicoid
type,>,1/3/4<variously incomplete> 365,2 367,1 370,1 373,1 374,1 375,1
376,2 377,1 378,2 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,1 389,2<though some of the
bulliform-plus-colourless groups come close to traversing> 393,3 395,1<by
virtue of a larger bundle with heavy abaxial sclerenchyma, and adaxial
colourless tissue> 396,1 397,1 399,1 400,2 401,2<these deeply penetrating>
403,2 404,1<with all the main bundles> 405,1<midrib with an anchor, the
rest with anchors or Is> 406,1 409,1 414,3.83-3.87 442,- 469,8/10<?>
470,16&32&40&72 471,2&4&5&9 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,55 491,18
492<eastern and southern U.S.A. and Mexico> 493,6 494,1&3 495,1&3 497,4
502,4&5 504,11 507,2&3 513,2 515<meadows, plains, open woodland> 524,5
525,5 530,48 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T.
braziliensis\i0{} Nees> 540<tridens> 
 
# \i{}Tridentopsis\i0{} <P.M. Peterson>/
3<= \i{}Tricuspis mutica\i0{} Torr.> 4<\i{}T. mutica\i0{} (Torr.) P.M.
Peterson> 7,2 13,20-100 60<flexible, not sharp-tipped,>,2 68,1 69,1/2 73,2
74,1 89,5 91,1/2 120,1 123,3 141,3-13 142,7/10 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
156,1 157,1<pubescent> 165,2 166,2 167,2 174,1<acute or acuminate>
176<mucronate,>,2 177,1 179<membranous,>,2 181,3 187,1/2-7 189,1/2-7 191,2
192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,5-12 210<elliptic> 214<chartaceous,>,3 216,2
218,1-2 221<when incised,>,2<dentate> 223,1/2 244,2<?> 248,3 250,1
251,1-2<not widened or bowed below, i.e unlike \i{}Tridens\i0{}> 260,3
261,1/3 263,1-2 285,2 289<oblong> 290,1<deeply grooved to folded on the
side of the hilum> 291,2 294,1<reticulate> 297,3 329,U 331,1 332,1 335,2
349,U 358,U 361,1 363,8 365,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
404,1 405,1<I's, the sclerenchyma almost filling the adaxial ribs> 409,1
477,8 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,35 491,2<\i{}T. eragrostoides\i0{}, \i{}T.
mutica\i0{}> 492<North, Central and South America, Caribbean> 493,6&7
494,1&3 515<on clay, sandy and rocky soils in arid places> 534<Grassbase
(2016)> 535<from Metcalfes (1960) summary of Burbidges (1945) account of
\i{}Tridens mutica\i0{}> 538,4 540<tridopsi> 
 
# \i{}Trigonochloa\i0{} <P.M. Peterson & N. Snow>/
3<\i{}Leptochloa\i0{}> 4<\i{}T. uniflora\i0{} (Chipp.) P.M. Peterson & N.
Snow> 7,1-2<short-lived> 9,1/2/3/4 13,15-130 14,2 19,1 27,2 37,1 55,1-2
56<(1-)13(-17 cm long,>,0.3-14(-19) 59,1 69,1<becoming irregularly
lacerate> 73,2 74,1 89,2 95,3 97,3<with the spicate 1.5-7cm long branches
scattered along the central axis> 123,2 125,1<overlapping> 141,1.9-2.8
145,1 147,1 154,1/2<?> 163,2 165,2 166,2-3 167,2 174,1<acute to acuminate>
176<mucronate or not,>,2 179<linear to narrowly ovate,>,2 181,2-3 187,1
189,1 196,2 208,1-2 210<ovate> 216<thinly membranous to hyaline,>,2 218,1
219,1<acute> 222,1 240<minutely>,1<along the nerves>/- 248,3 250,1 251,1
260,3 263<ciliolate> 272,3 288<light brown> 289<narrowly>,4 290,1
294<smooth to slightly rugose-striate> 297,3 322,1 323,1 328,2<thicker
\i{}intercostally\i0{}> 329,1/2<many long-cells very short> 330,1 331,1
332,1 333,1-2 334<nearly always>,2/1<rarely> 335,2 336,3 345,1 346,15-25.5
348<low>,2-3 350,2 351,1 352,2 353,1/2<solitary> 354,1/2 355,1/2 362,4
365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,1/2 376,2 377,3 385,1 393,2 394,1 395<fairly>,1
396,1 397,1 398,2 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 470,36 477,8 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,59 491,2<\i{}T. rupestris\i0{}, \i{}T. uniflora\i0{}>
492<southern Africa east to India and Sri Lanka> 493,3&4 494,1&2&4
534<Peterson, P.M. & Snow, N. (2012).\i{} PhytoKeys\i0{} 13: 25-38>
535<studied by us (but slides of \i{}T. uniflora\i0{} to be re-examined);
Metcalfe (1960)> 540<trigonoc> 
 
# \i{}Trikeraia\i0{} <Bor>/
3<\i{}Stipa\i0{}> 5<\i{}Stipa\i0{} sect. Lasiagrostis (Link) Hackel,
\i{}Achnatherum\i0{} sect. Trikeraia (Bor) Tsvelev (see Freitag 1985)> 7,2
9,3 11,- 13,7.5-20<\i{}T. oreophila\i0{}>/60-70(-90)<\i{}T. hookeri\i0{}>
14,2 38,- 42,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-1.5 59,1/3<convolute or involute> 65,2 66,2
69,1/2<\i{}T. hookeri\i0{}> 70,1 71,0.4<\i{}T. oreophila\i0{}>/2<\i{}T.
hookeri\i0{}> 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,7.5-11 144,- 145<slightly>,3/2
147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,2<0.5 mm long in \i{}T. hookeri\i0{}>
161,2 163,2 165,2 166,2/3 167,2 170,- 176,2<sometimes mucronate> 177,2
178,- 179,1-2<lanceolate, the upper sometimes with a 0.5 mm mucro and two
short lobes> 187,3<\i{}T. hookeri\i0{}>/5<\i{}T. oreophila\i0{}> 189,3
191,1 196,2 208,1 211,2<covering only the sides of the palea> 213,2
214,3<membranous> 216,2 218,2 220,2<dissected into two conspicuous,
acuminate or shortly awned lobes> 221,2 223,3 225,1<\i{}T.
oreophila\i0{}>/3 226,1/2<\i{}T. hookeri\i0{} with two short straight
lateral awns in addition to the median one> 227<(the median)>,1 228,1 229,-
231,1-2<indistincly unigeniculate in \i{}T. hookeri\i0{}> 233,1<scabrous>
234,2-3 235,2<3> 236,2 237<of \i{}T. hookeri\i0{}>,1 238<somewhat>,1
240,1<on the back, the lobes glabrous> 244,2 246,1 248,3-7 250,1
251,1<slightly shorter than the lemma> 254,2 255,1<acute> 257,1<hyaline>
258,2 259,3 260,1 261,3<hairy down the middle like the lemma> 264,1 265,3
266,1 267,2 268,2<two stipoid and fleshy at the base> 269,2 270,1/2<?>
271,1 272,3 274,1-1.5<\i{}T. oreophila\i0{}>/4-4.5<\i{}T. hookeri\i0{}>
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1 323,1 324,1&2
325,1<and obscuring them> 326,3<small, in longitudinal rows on the
long-cells> 331,1 332,2<also absent adaxially> 345,1 346,33-39 347,2 348,-
351,1 353,1 359,1 360,3 363,8 364,3-4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1 395,2
396,1 399,1<restricted to the bases of the furrows, small and irregular,
cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,2 407,2 477,1 480,4 487,11
488,7 489,43 490,80 491,2 492<Pakistan to Tibet> 493,3 494,1 495,2 498,3
504,11 513,2 514,2 515<montane, by water> 534<Bor 1955; Macfarlane and
Watson 1980; Freitag 1985; Cope 1988> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us -
\i{}T. hookeri\i0{} (Stapf) Bor> 537,2 540<trikerai> 
 
# \i{}Trilobachne\i0{} <Schenk ex Henrard>/
7,1 13,20-100<or more?> 14,2 27,1 38,- 39,- 40,2 44,2 52,2/3 55,2
56,50-75<to 70 cm long> 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,1<at least, in different
partial inflorescences> 78,1 79,- 89,-<of distinct male and female partial
inflorescences mixed in fascicles in the upper leaf axils> 101,1 102,1<with
a hierarchy of spathes and spatheoles> 103,3 106,3<panicled> 107,2 108,1
109,2<swollen at base of fertile spikelets> 111,2 114,1 123,1&3/2&3
126,1<in both male and female inflorescences> 127,1/2 128,2<to somewhat
fused at their bases> 129,2<female inflorescence>/3<male inflorescence>
130,4 131<male spikelets each with 2 male florets, each with 2 fleshy,
glabrous lodicules and 3 free stamens> 132,2 134,2 135,2<both fertile>
137,2 138,3 141,7-8 145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2
171<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>,1 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
crustaceous, cupular at the base, trilobed with the central lobe largest,
the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} ovate-acute, thinner> 183,2 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 201,2 203,2 204,13-15 205,3 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1
219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 250,1<but small> 251,2<about 1/3 of the
lemma length> 255,1-2 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 260,1 264,2 272,0 277,1
283,2 284,2 290<slightly>,1 291,2 295,2<elongated, in the sulcus> 329,U
349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U 402,U
470,20 477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,21 491,1<\i{}T. cookei\i0{}>
492<India> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 515<forest margins> 534<Stapf
1894> 538,4 540<trilobac> 
 
# \i{}Triniochloa\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
7,2 9,3 11,- 14,2 38,- 47,2 49,1 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,8-9 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3
141,10-12 144,- 145,2/3 147,1 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 161,2 162,1 163,2
164,2 165,1 166,1/2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,2<thin, membranous, papery> 183,- 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1
214,3<subleathery> 216,2 218,2 220<setaceously>,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,2 229,1/2 231,2 235,2 240,2 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5(-7) 250,1 251,1
259,3 260<closely>,3<sulcate between> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,1 268,1 269,2
270,- 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,2<about 5 mm long> 291,2 293,-
295,2 298,2 301,2 304,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1&2 331,1&2 332,2 345,2
348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353,2<nearly all solitary> 354,2 357<a few prickles
present over the veins> 359,1 360,3 363,1&8<a continuous series of
elongated-crenate, elongated-nodular and crosses, even a few dumb-bells>
364<when panicoid type,>,1/3/4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 394,2
395,1<via its large bundle and a prominent abaxial keel> 396,1 398,2 403,2
404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<the large bundles with Ts, the smaller
bundles with Is> 406,1 442,- 469,8 470,32 471,4 477,2 478,2 479,5 487,11
488,7 489,30 490,80 491,4-5 492<Mexico to Ecuador and Peru> 493,6&7 494,3
502,1&6 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<stony hillsides> 535<studied by us - \i{}T.
stipoides\i0{} (H.B.K.) Hitchcock> 540<trinioch> 
 
# \i{}Triodia\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}treis\i0{} (three) and \i{}odous\i0{} (tooth),
referring to 3-toothed or 3-lobed lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}T. pungens\i0{}
R.Br.> 5<\i{}Triodon\i0{} Baumg.> 6<\i{}Plectrachne\i0{}>
7<prickly>,2<porcupine grass> 9,3 11,- 13,20-120(-240) 19,1/2<commonly>
23,1/2 27,2 38,- 40,1 43,1<often resinous>/2 47,1/2 49,2 50<the sheaths
often viscid> 52,1 55,2 58,2 59,4 60,1 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,2 68,1 69,3 73,2
74,1 89,1<<5%> \i{}T. spicata\i0{}>/5 91,1/2 92<when contracted,>,3/4
94,1<notably, in \i{}T. pascoeana\i0{}>/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,2-3 145,1 147,1 148,2 149,1<by
contrast with \i{}Symplectrodia\i0{}> 154,1 155,2 157,1 160,2 161,2 163,2
165,2 166,1<to subequal> 167,1/2 171,2 172,1 176,2 177,1/2 187,1-7(-20)
189,1-7(-20) 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,4-15 216,1<usually, in the body>
218<usually>,2 220,3<or 3-toothed, rarely entire> 221,2<at least by
contrast with \i{}Plectrachne\i0{}, the lobes usually being shorter than
the body> 223,1/2 240,1<usually, on the body - the lobes often glabrous>
244,1-2 248,3-20 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 262,1/2 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1/2 269,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 289,4 295,1 297,3
298,1 299,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1/1&2<the abaxial grooves
lacking across the leaf centre> 323,2<but abundant adaxially> 329,-
332,1<probably, but well hidden in the deep, narrow and hairy abaxial
grooves - common enough adaxially> 335,2 337,1<in \i{}T. scariosa\i0{}>
338,1 345,2<or if present abaxially, confined to the grooves and unseen>
348,- 350,- 359,1 360,1 362,4 363,8 364,3 365,2 367,2 368,3 369,1 370,1
371,2 372,1<i.e. the sheaths lateral-only to the main bundles, and at
least in the lateral parts of the blade, draping over adjacent bundles, so
that many PCR cells are very distant from the vascular tissue> 373,2<\i{}T.
scariosa\i0{}> 374,1 375,2 378,- 380,2 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,1
389,1<linking the adaxial and abaxial grooves, at least in the middle part
of the blade where the PCR cells do not drape> 390,1 393,2<with narrow
abaxial grooves>/1&2<sometimes lacking the abaxial grooves towards the
margins> 394,2 395,1/2 396,1/2 397,2<but the blade often with
\i{}abaxial\i0{} blocks of colourless tissue towards the margins> 399,1<but
incorporated in the colourless tissue> 400,2<only close to the midrib>
401,2<incorporated in or linked with the colourless girders> 403,2 404,1/2
405,1 406,1/2 407<when present,>,1/2 414,4.52-4.91 477,6 484,3 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,73 491<about>,40<with species formerly refered to
\i{}Plectrachne\i0{} excluded> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5 503,1&3
504,2&4&5&6&7&8 509,1&2 512<extreme>,4<with species formerly referred to
\i{}Plectrachne\i0{} excluded> 513,2 515<on arid, sandy or stony soils>
531,2 533,5 534<Burbidge 1953, 1960; Jacobs 1971. This description does not
account for generic re-circumscriptions involving transference of
\i{}Plectrachne\i0{} species to \i{}Triodia\i0{} (see Lazarides, in
\i{}Austral. Syst. Bot.\i0{} 10: 381-489 (1997)> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}T. basedowii\i0{} Pritzel, \i{}T. clelandii\i0{} N.T. Burbidge,
\i{}T. concinna\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}T. hubbardii\i0{} N.T. Burbidge,
\i{}T. irritans\i0{} R. Br., \i{}T. longiceps\i0{} J.M. Black, \i{}T.
marginata\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}T. pungens\i0{} R. Br., \i{}T.
racemigera\i0{} Gardner, \i{}T. secunda\i0{} N.T. Burbidge, \i{}T.
spicata\i0{} N.T. Burbidge> 540<triod-ss> 
 
# \i{}Triplachne\i0{} <Link>/
7,1 9,- 11,- 13,5-25 14,2 27,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-3 59,1 65,2 66,2
69,1 70,1 71,2-3 73,2 74,1 89,5<1-5 cm long> 91,2 92,3/2 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,3-4.5 144,- 145,1
147,1 154,1 156,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 170,- 171,2<shiny, scabrid
on the keel> 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<membranous, lanceolate, acute> 187,1
189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<truncate> 212<somewhat>,1<gibbously ovate in
profile>/- 214,1<scarious> 216,2 218,1 223,3 225,3 226,2<the two outer
veins excurrent, plus the median> 227<the median>,1 228,2 229,2 231,2 234,3
235,1 237,1<straight, via the outer, excurrent veins> 240,1<with long
appressed hairs> 244,2 248<obscurely>,5 250,1 251,1 253,2 259,3 264,2 266,-
272,3 274,0.5 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 295,1 298,2 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals long and narrow, the intercostals somewhat diamond-shaped
and inflated> 328,1 330,2<strongly so> 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,37-45 348,2/3
350,1 351,1 353,1&2<solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2 359,1 360,1/3 363,1/8
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 393,1/2 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
405,1 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,2 491,1<\i{}T.
nitens\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean, Canaries> 493,1&2&4 494,1&2 495,2 496,1
498,1&2 499,1 504,11 512,4 513,2 515<near the sea> 535<studied by us>
540<triplach> 
 
# \i{}Triplasis\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}triplasios\i0{} (triple), alluding to lemmas with an
awn and two subulate lobes> 5<\i{}Diplocea\i0{} Raf., \i{}Merisachne\i0{}
Steud., \i{}Uralepis\i0{} Nutt> 7,1/2 9,3 11,- 13,30-100 14,2 19,2 27,1
38,- 44,2 47,2<but with hair tufts at the auricle regions> 55,2
59,1/3<involute> 61,1 65,2 67,1 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,1<the
culms breaking at the nodes, leaving the cleistogenes within the sheaths;
small panicles in upper sheaths, reduced to modified spikelets in the lower
ones> 88,2 89,5<short, purple> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,6-10 142,13 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2
149,3&4 154,1 157,1 158,- 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 174,1/2
176,2 177,1 179,2 187,1 189,1 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,2-4 218,2 220,2
223,2/3 225<when present,>,1 228,1<or mucronate from the notch> 231,1
233,2<silky tomentose> 234,1-2<to slightly longer> 240,1<the nerves
silky-villous> 244,1 246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1 259,3 260,3 263,3<densely
long-villous, glabrous between them> 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 277,1 280,1
283,2 284,2 287,1 288<dull brown> 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,1 297,3<?> 304,1
305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1<the intercostal zones in deep grooves> 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1 329,1/2<with short members, in
places> 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2 334,2 335,2<but the apical cells
unusually thin walled, often collapsed> 336,1-2 339<of \i{}T.
pupurea\i0{}>,24-27 340,30 341,11.4-13.5 342,1.9-2.3 343,5.4-8.4
344,0.2-0.3 345,1<in deep grooves, overarched by the costal prickles>
346,16.5-27 348<low>,2<predominating>/3 350,1-2 351,1 352,2 353,2<sometimes
paired with prickles, sometimes ostensibly solitary> 355,1 357<large costal
and small intercostal prickles abundant> 359,1 360,1/1&2&3<i.e. varying
from place to place in \i{}T. americana\i0{}> 362,4 363,8
364<large,>,3<short to long> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3
378,2 383,2<in \i{}T. americana\i0{}> 389,1 393,2 394,1<round to flat
topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1<in every furrow> 400,2 401,2<these continued into
the colourless columns> 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<every
bundle with a conspicuous I or anchor> 406,1 409,2 442,- 469,10 477,6
484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,35 491,2 492<southeast U.S.A.> 493,6 494,1&3
495,1 497,4 502,1 504,11 507,1&2&3 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandy soils> 524,5
525,4 529,4 530,42 531,2 533,5 535<studied by us - \i{}T. americana\i0{}
Beauv., \i{}T. purpurea\i0{} (Walt.) Chapm.> 537,2 540<triplasi> 
 
# \i{}Triplopogon\i0{} <Bor>/
1<from the Greek \i{}triplasios\i0{} (triple, threefold) and \i{}pogon\i0{}
(beard), alluding to glumes with three hair-tufts> 7<large, stilt-rooted>,1
13,50-180<or more?> 14,2 27,2 44,2 47,2 52,3<acuminate> 55,1 56,10-35
63,1<attenuate to the base> 69,1 71,1.5 73,2 74,2<the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}
having a female-only floret> 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<glumes of the pedicelled
spikelets not hair-tufted> 79,1<the lowermost pair both sterile>
89<falsely>,5<the numerous culm branches terminating in pedunculate
racemes> 101,1 102,1 103,3<6 or more noded> 106,1 108,1 109,2 111,1<to
slightly widened upwards, flattened> 113,2 114,1 115,1<densely silky on
margins> 120,2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1/4<the lowermost sessile
spikelet being rudimentary, and the second pair often reduced> 130,4<?>
131<pedicelled spikelets sterile(?), to 5 mm long> 141,8-10 145,1 147,3
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,1 163,1 164,2 167,2 170,- 171,1 173,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} with two tufts, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} with one>
176,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} lanceolate, with a median groove and
incurved margins and a hair tuft on either side above the middle, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} complanate, not grooved, with one median tuft>
183,2<except towards the tip, and wingless> 184,4 185,2 186,1
187<many-nerved> 189<about 9-nerved> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
201,1<the floret with 3 stamens> 203,2 204,3 205,2-3 206,2<thin> 207,2
208,1 214,1<thin> 216,2 218,2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,- 231,2
233,1<scabrid> 234,3 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,2 255,1 256,1
258,2<thin> 259,3 260,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,0 277,1
280,2 283,2 287,1<3.5 mm long> 290,1<adaxially> 291<strongly>,1<and
3-angled> 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3<a row per long-cell>
329,1-2<some of them short> 331,1<thin> 332,1 335,1 339,(24-)31-44
343,(13-)16-29 344,0.6 345,1 348<tall>,2&3 351,2<infrequent> 353,- 354,-
359,1 360,1/3<confused by long short-cells> 363,8 364,1-3/4<and
intermediates> 365,2 370,1<vbs crowded> 374,2 385,1 393,3 394,-
395,1<keel rounded> 396,2<3 large median bundles and several smaller
laterals> 397,1 399,2<in irregular groups, cf. \i{}Ammophila\i0{}> 401,-
403,1 404,1 406<as a hypodermal adaxial plate in the keel> 477,7 478,6
485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,42 491,1<\i{}T. ramosissimus\i0{}>
492<Bombay> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 515<forest margins> 531,2 533,2
534<Bor 1954> 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<triplopo> 
 
# \i{}Tripogon\i0{} <Roem. & Schult.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}treis\i0{} (three) and \i{}pogon\i0{} (beard),
referring to hairs at the base of the three lemma nerves> 4<\i{}T.
bromoides\i0{} Roem. & Schult.> 5<\i{}Archangelina\i0{} Kuntze,
\i{}Kralikia\i0{} Coss. & Dur., \i{}Kralikiella\i0{} Batt. & Trab.,
\i{}Plagiolytrum\i0{} Nees> 6<\i{}Oropetium\i0{}> 7,1/2 9,3/- 11,- 13,4-65
14,2 19<where recorded,>,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,1 47,2 52,1<often filiform>
55,2 58,1/2 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,1-3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,1<slender> 91,- 94,-
99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1
121,2 122<alternately>,2 123,1 125,2 141,3-25 144,2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,1<minute> 160,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1 167,1-2 170,1
171,2 172,1 176,2 177,1 179,1/2<membranous, narrow, the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often asymmetric> 187,1 189,1/3/5 191,2 192,2<or
rarely, the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} also neuter> 194,1 196,2 208,3-20
216,2<scarious with hyaline margins> 220,2/4 221,2<the teeth small>
223,2/3<usually awned or mucronate from a median sinus or behind the apex,
the lobes sometimes awned or mucronate> 225<when present,>,1/3/5
226,1/2<via mucronate to awned lobes> 227<the median>,2<when laterals
present> 228,1/3 231,1 234,1-3 240,2 243,1 244,1 248,1-3 250,1
255,1<truncate>/2 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,2/3 260,3 262<usually>,1<below>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 272,2/3 274,0.8-1.3 275,2 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1<0.8-2.2 mm long> 291,3<terete>/4 293,- 295,1 297,3
298,1/2<1/3 the length of the fruit or somewhat less> 301,2 302,2 303,2
304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 311,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1
333,1-2 334,2 335,2 336,3 339,16.5-21 340,2.4-3.6 341,9-12 342,1.6-2
343,10.5-12(-13.5) 344,0.58-0.67 345,1 346,18-21 348,2/3 350,2 351,2 352,2
353,1 354,1 355,2 359,1 360,1 362,4 363,4&5<or rectangular> 365,1 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 385,1 389,1/2 393,2/3 394,1/-
395,1/2 396,1 400,2 401,2<these sometimes linking with traversing columns
of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 413,2<1 species> 469,10
470,20 473<small> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,74 491<about>,30
492<tropical Africa, Asia, Australia> 493,3&4&5&6 494,1&2&3&5 495,1&2
496,1&3 497,2&3&4 498,1&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&4 502,4&5&6 503,1&3
504,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9 506,2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1&2 512,2-4 513,2 514,2
524,5 525,3 528,7 534<Phillips and Launert 1971> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied
by us - \i{}T. loliiformis\i0{} (Muell.) Hubbard> 540<tripogon> 
 
# \i{}Tripsacum\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}tri\i0{} (three) and \i{}psakas\i0{} (small pieces),
re breaking up of spikes into (at least) three pieces>
5<\i{}Dactylodes\i0{} Kuntze, \i{}Digitaria\i0{} Adans.> 7,2 9<forming
clumps, from thick knotty rhizomes> 11,- 13,70-400 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1/2
59,1 69,1-2 71<short> 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3 77,3 78,1 84,1/2 89,2<terminal
and axillary inflorescences of 1-5 racemes, the male spikelets distal to
the females on the same rachis> 91,1 94,- 95,1/3<when unbranched>/2 96,1-5
99,1<in association with the female spikelets> 100<(female)>,1 101,2 102,2
103,4 107,2<the female part becoming bony> 108,1 109,2<in the lower, female
part - the male section falling whole> 111,2<the female spikelets sunken in
the hollows> 120,1<female spikelets, sometimes accompanied by a
rudiment>/2<males> 121,1<above: the male spikelets on one side of
rachis>/2<below: female spikelets opposite> 123,1<female>/1&3<male>
126,1<male>/2<female> 129,2/3 130,3 131<male spikelets 5-12 mm long, with 2
membranous glumes and 2 florets> 133,1<two> 135,2 140,1<but the inner parts
hyaline> 141,5-10 144,1<?> 145,1/2/3<?> 147,3<and the joint> 148,- 154,2
155,- 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,1<indurate, fused with the rachis>
167,2<enclosing the female spikelets> 170,1 171,2 176,2 177,2 178,- 183,U
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 201,2 203,2 204,0 205,2-3 206,2<hyaline>
207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,0
250,1<hyaline> 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 264,2 266,- 272,0 277,1 280,1 283,2
295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1<walls of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1<but often
balanoform and blunt tipped> 339,49-78<\i{}T.
dactyloides\i0{}>/81-90<\i{}T. laxum\i0{}> 341,12-13.5<in \i{}T.
laxum\i0{}> 342,6.2-7.5<\i{}laxum\i0{}> 343,25-45<\i{}T.
dactyloides\i0{}>/55-66<\i{}T. laxum\i0{}> 344,0.54<\i{}T.
dactyloides\i0{}>/0.69-0.73<\i{}laxum\i0{}> 345,1 346,57-60 348,2-3 350,2
351,1 353,1<and solitary> 354,1 356,5/2/6 359,1 360,1<in places>/3
363,5<few>/8 364,1-3 365,2 370,1 374,2 382,2 385,2 393,3 394,-
395,1<keeled> 396,2<a large median, and a few to many small laterals> 397,1
399,1 401,1<sometimes the groups large celled - \i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,1
404,1<with all but the smaller bundles> 413,1<1 species>/2<1 species> 442,-
469,9 470,36&72&90&108 471,4&8&10&12 476,1 477,7 478,6 485,6 487,9 488,1
489,2 490,75 491<about>,12 492<warm America> 493,6&7 494,1&2&3 495,1&3
496,3 497,4 500,3 502,1&2&4&6 504,2 507,2&3 511,1 512,2/3 513,1&2 515<open
woodland and damp places> 516<\i{}T. laxum\i0{}> 517<several, notably
\i{}T. andersonii\i0{} (Guatemala), \i{}T. dactyloides\i0{}, \i{}T.
laxum\i0{}> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Zea\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3
528,2&7&10 531,2 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T. laxum\i0{}
Nash> 540<tripsacu> 
 
# \i{}Triraphis\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}treis\i0{} (three) and \i{}raphis\i0{} (a needle),
referring to the three-awned lemmas> 4<Type: \i{}T. mollis\i0{} R.Br> 7,1/2
9,3<mostly small xeromorphs> 11,- 13,(1-)4-140 14,2 19,1<amply, in \i{}T.
ramosissima\i0{}>/2 23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,1 47,2 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3<or
junciform>/- 61,1 65,2 66,2 69,2/3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1/2<rarely
spiciform> 92<when contracted,>,3-4/- 94,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,2 123,3 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<rarely>/2 166,1 167,1 170,- 174,1/2<often
bidentate> 176,1<or mucronate, from the sinus>/2 177,1 179,2<narrow,
persistent> 187,1 189,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,3-10 216,2<membranous>
218,2 220,3/4<when the central lobe is bidentate> 221,1<on either side of
the central lobe> 223,3 225,3 226,2<the lateral lobes setiform-awned or
mucronate> 227<the median>,2 228,1<of the central lobe> 229,-
231,1<setiform> 237,1 240,1<villous on the lateral nerves>
244,2<3-keeled>/1<when the lateral keels are near the margins> 248,3 250,1
251<shorter than the lemma> 255,2/3 258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,1/2 269,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1
289,1 291,4 293,- 295,1 297,3 298,1 299,1 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 307,1
308,1 311,1 312,1<fairly> 313,2 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 336,1 337,2<in \i{}T. mollis\i0{}> 339,(40-)50-72(-75)
341,(6-)6.6-7.5(-8.4) 342,6.8-11 343,(27-)30-42(-46) 344,0.44-0.63 345,1
346,(24-)25-31.5(-36) 348,1&2/2&3/1&2&3 349,1 350,2 351,2 352,2
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 359,1 360,1/3 362,4 363,8 364,1-2/3 365,2 367,1
370,1 373,2<\i{}T. mollis\i0{}, although exhibiting PCK-like leaf blade
anatomy> 374,1 375,1 376,1 378,1 379,3 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,1 393,2
394,1/2 395,1/2 396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1/2<in \i{}T. pumilio\i0{}, according
to Metcalfe 1960> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 414,4-4.01 416,1 469,10 470,20
471,2 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,47 490,80 491,7 492<tropical and southern
Africa, Australia> 493,4&5 494,2&5 496,1 499,1&2&4 503,1&3
504,2&4&5&6&7&8&9 508,3&4 509,1&2 512,3-4 513,2 514,2 515<savanna, in sandy
or rocky soil> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T. mollis\i0{} R.
Br.> 540<triraphi> 
 
# \i{}Triscenia\i0{} <Griseb.>/
7,2 9,3 13,20-50 14,2 19,2 37,2 44,1 55,2 58,1<or filiform> 59,4<reduced to
the midrib> 65,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,2 91,2<the few-spikeleted, ascending
branches distant> 96,3-5 101,2 102,2 103,3<the spikelets appressed> 106,1
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1<?> 123<shortly>,3<the pedicels slender> 141,3
145,3 147,3 148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
about half as long as the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 166<(the upper)>,2
167<(the upper)>,2 171,2 174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} acute,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acuminate> 176,2 177,2 180<about>,0.5 187,1 189,3
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2<similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
204,3 205,3 206,1-2 207,2 208,1 210<narrow, rather acuminate, chartaceous
with firm, flat margins> 214,1-2<thin, but papery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1
240,2 243,1 244,2 246,1<palea nearly enclosed in flat edges of lemma>
247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,1 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2
284,1 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 298,2<see Pilger> 322,1 323,2 327,2<the
costals much smaller> 328,1<rather thin walled> 330,1 331,1 332,1
335,1<rather broad> 339,54-66 341,(7.5-)8.4-11.4(-11.7) 342,4.7-7.8
343,(28.5-)31.5-39(-42) 344,0.5-0.64 345,1 346,36-40.5 348,3<low, but
consistently with points> 350,2<overlapping> 351,1 353,1 354,1
356,8<apparently, though mostly incompletely developed in material seen>
358,- 359,1 360,2 361<mostly>,2 363,8/- 364,1&3&4<mostly poorly developed,
in the material seen> 365,2 366,1 370,2 374,1 386,2 389,- 396,2<the leaf
having a deep, u-shaped arc comprising three primaries and four small
bundles> 397,1<the centre of the leaf blade occupied by colourless pith,
in which the bundles are embedded, these being in contact with the
peripheral chlorenchyma only via their abaxial sclerenchyma girders> 399,-
402,- 403,2 404,2<no adaxial sclerenchyma> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9
488,4 489,37 490,10 491,1<\i{}T. ovina\i0{}> 492<Cuba> 493,7 494,3 502,1
504,11 515<streamsides> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<trisceni> 
 
# \i{}Trisetum\i0{} <Pers.>/
1<from the Latin \i{}tri\i0{} (three) and \i{}setum\i0{} (bristle),
alluding to lemmas with three awns> 4<Type: \i{}T. striatum\i0{} (Lam.)
Pers. ??> 5<\i{}Acrospelion\i0{} Schult., \i{}Parvotrisetum\i0{} Chrtek,
\i{}Rupestrina\i0{} Prov., \i{}Sennenia\i0{} Sennen, \i{}Trisetaria\i0{}
Forssk., \i{}Trisetarium\i0{} Poir.> 6<\i{}Avellinia\i0{},
\i{}Peyritschia\i0{}> 7,1<\i{}Trisetaria\i0{}>/2 9,1/3 11,- 13,4-150 14,2
37,2 38,- 42,1 47,2 52,1 53,1/2 55,2 56,0.2-12 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2
67,1 69,1<sometimes puberulent or ciliolate> 70,1/2 71,1-1.5 73,2 74,1 75,2
80,1&2 81,1/2 89,5 91,1/2 92<when contracted,>,3<but interrupted>/4 101,2
102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2.4-9
144,- 145,1 147,1/3/4 154,1 155,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 157<usually>,1
160,2 163,2 165,1-2 166,1/2 167,1/2 170,- 174,1<acute or acuminate> 176,2
177,1 179,2 187,1-3 189,1-5 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,(1-)2-5(-12) 214,2
216,2 218,2 220,2<bifid or with two setae> 223<usually conspicuously>,3<by
contrast with \i{}Koeleria\i0{}, but rarely awnless> 225<when
present,>,1/3/- 226,1/2<via setae from the lobes> 227<the median>,1<when
laterals present> 228,2<or subterminal>/- 229,1/2/- 231,1/2/- 234,1-3
235,1/- 237<when present,>,1 240,2 244,1 248,3-7 250,1 251,1 253,1
256,2<the two nerves ending as bristle tips> 257,1 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1/2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.3-4.5 275,2 276,2
277<usually>,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1/2 288<dull> 291<slightly>,1 295,1
298,2 299,2 301,1 302,1 303,2 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,2 310,2 311,1
312,2 314,3 322,1 323,2 327,1/2 328,1/2 330,1/2 331,1/2 332,2 345,1
346,(30-)33-41(-42) 348,1 350,1 351,1/2 353,2/- 354,2/- 359,1 360,1/2/3
363,1/2 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 394,1/2 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1
406,1 413,2<1 species> 442,2 469,6&7 470,12&14&24&28&42&56 471,2&4&6&8
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,13/61<\i{}Parvotrisetum\i0{} only> 491<about>,85 492<North &. South
temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1&2&3 496,3&4
497,1&2&3&4&5 498,2&3 500,2&4 501,1 502,1&6&7 503,1 504,1&2&5&3&4&6&10
505,1&2 506,1&2 507,1 509,2 511,1 512,3/4 513<mostly>,2 514,2 515<meadows,
mountain slopes, upland grasslands, weedy places> 517<\i{}T.
flavescens\i0{}> 518<\i{}T. flavescens\i0{}, \i{}T. spicatum\i0{}, \i{}T.
wolfii\i0{} etc.> 523<integeneric hybrids with \i{}Koeleria\i0{}
(\i{}Trisetokoeleria\i0{} Tsvelev), \i{}Sphenopholis\i0{}> 524,5 525,2&3&4
527,2 528,4 529,1&2 530,17&24&25&29&31&32&33&36&38 531,1&2 532,1&5 533,5
534<Koch 1979> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Trisetum
spicatum\i0{} (L.) Richter> 536<see description of \i{}Koeleria\i0{} for
comments on the unsatisfactory taxonomic situation around \i{}Koeleria\i0{}
and \i{}Trisetum\i0{} (involving \i{}Trisetaria\i0{},
\i{}Graphephorum\i0{}, \i{}Rostraria\i0{}, \i{}Lophochloa\i0{} and
\i{}Peyritschia\i0{})> 540<trisetum> 
 
# \i{}Tristachya\i0{} <Nees>/
5<\i{}Apochaete\i0{} (C. E. Hubbard) Phipps, \i{}Dolichochaete\i0{} Phipps,
\i{}Loudetia\i0{} A. Br., \i{}Monopogon\i0{} Presl, \i{}Muantijamvella\i0{}
Phipps, \i{}Veseyochloa\i0{} Phipps> 6<\i{}Isalus\i0{}> 7,1<<10%> rarely>/2
9,3 13,15-270 14,2 24,1/2 55,1/2 59,1/3<then involute or convolute, often
rigid> 69,3 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5/4<of triads> 91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 120<usually>,3<the triads terminating the panicle
branches, sometimes in unequally pedicelled groups of 2-3> 121,2 123,3<the
pedicels within a triad usually connate> 141,10-45<often large> 143<brown>
144,- 145,1-2<?> 147,1 148,2<disarticulating easily between
L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, less easily between
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} and L\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 154,2<rarely prolonged?>
155,2 157,1 158,- 160,3 161<narrowly conical,>,1<usually pungent, sometimes
narrowly obtuse in \i{}T. huillensis\i0{}> 163,2 165,2 167,2 168,2 169,-
170,- 171,1<sometimes with cushion-based hairs>/2<glabrous> 174,1/2
176,2<obtuse, or lanceolate to acuminate, or rostrate> 177,2<flattened or
convex> 178,- 179,2 182,- 183,- 187,3/5<<10%> rarely> 188,- 189,3/5<<10%>
rarely> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1<narrow, two keeled> 201,1
203,2<similar to G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 204,(3-)5-9 205,1 206,1-2<papery to
leathery> 207,2 208,1 214,2-3<leathery to cartilaginous> 216,2 218,2
220,2<the lobes obtuse, pointed or aristulate> 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,1<from between the lobes> 229,- 231,2 233,1<scabrid>/2 234,3
236,1<usually>/2<<5%> \i{}T. bicrinita\i0{}> 240,1<usually>/2 241,1<rarely,
with tufts at the bases of the lobes>/2 244,2 246,2<the latter enclosed,
save at its summit> 247,1 248,5-7 250,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,2<thickened,
but not wing-shaped> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1<narrowly cuneate>
272,3<usually?> 277,2 280,2 283,2 286,2<but embraced by lemma and palea>
290,1 295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(48-)54-87(-90)
341,6-7.2 342,10.9-15 343,23-30<\i{}T. hispida\i0{}>/40-47<\i{}T.
bequartii\i0{}> 344,0.45-0.54 345,2<e.g. in \i{}T. bequartii\i0{}>/1
348,2<mostly, low>/3 351,1<fairly> 353,1<and solitary> 359,1 360,1 363,8
364<mostly>,3 365,2 370,1 374,2 383,1 389,1/2<in \i{}T. bequartii\i0{},
there are broad zones of colourless tissue both adaxially and abaxially,
but the vascular bundles are embedded in a continuous central zone of
photosynthetic tissue> 393,1-3 394,- 395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1 399,1
401,1/2<sometimes traversing to the abaxial epidermis> 402,1/2 403,1
404,1/2<e.g. \i{}T. bequartii\i0{}> 405,1<when present> 406,1 431,1 442,-
469,10&12 470,24&40 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80
491<about>,20 492<tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, tropical
America> 493,4&7 494,2&3 496,1 499,2&3&4 502,1&4&6 504,11 508,1&2&3&4
512,2-4 513,1&2 514,2 515<grassland and savanna, woodland and floodplains,
wet to dry soils> 524,5 525,1 526,3 531,2 533,2&4 535<Metcalfe 1960;
studied by us - \i{}T. bequartii\i0{} de Willd.> 540<tristach> 
 
# \i{}Triticum\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Triticum\i0{}: classical Latin name for wheat> 5<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}
Link, \i{}Deina\i0{} Alefeld, \i{}Frumentum\i0{} Krause,
\i{}Gigachilon\i0{} Seidl, \i{}Nivieria\i0{} Ser., \i{}Spelta\i0{} Wolf>
7,1 9,3 11,- 13,40-170 14,2 19,2 27,1/2 37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,1 52<narrowly
to broadly>,1 53,2 55,1-2 56,2-20 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1 71,0.6-2
73,2 74,1 75,1/2 76,1/1&4<often incomplete at the base of the spike> 80,2
89,1<elongated> 91,- 94,- 99,1 100,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,2<these
flattened or hollowed> 108,1<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}>/2 109<when
fragile,>,2<above or below the spikelet> 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2
122,2 123,1 141,9-16 144,- 145,1 147,1/3/4<in cultivated forms> 148,1/2
154,1 156,1 157,2 160<very>,2 161,2 163,2 165,2 167,1/2 170,2 173,3
174,2<obtuse, truncate or bidentate via the lateral nerves> 175,2 176,1<or
mucronate>/2 177,1<at least above, before the grain expands> 178,1<and
crested, in \i{}Gigachilon\i0{}>/2 179,2<ovate or oblong, chartaceous or
rarely membranous> 187,5-11 189,5-11 191<usually>,2 192,2 193<usually>,1/2
194,1 196,2 208,1<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}>/2-6 214,2-3 216,1 218,1-2<1 to
several dentate, or acuminate> 223,1/3 225<when present,>,1 226,1 228,1/3
231,1 234,1-3 235,2 240,1/2<but scabrid> 244,2/1<at least above> 248,5-11
249,2 250,1 251,1 255,1<not split or divided at
maturity>/2<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}> 259,3 260,3 262<somewhat>,1 264,1 265,2
266,2 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 272,3 274,2-4.5 275,2 277,2 278,1<fleshy
below the styles> 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2<free threshing> 287,2-3<to 11 mm
long> 289,4 290,1 291,2/3 293,1 295,2 298,1-2<to 1/3 the caryopsis length>
299,2 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,1 305,2 306,2 308,1 309,1 310,2 311,1 312,2
313,1 314<many> 322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1/1&2 331,1/2/1&2 332,2 345,1
346,63-69 348,1/2<low> 350,1 351,1<e.g. \i{}T. polonicum\i0{}>/2<usually>
353<when present, mostly>,1 354,1/- 356,1<or oval>/2 358,1 359,1
360,2<\i{}T. polonicum\i0{}>/3<or varying from vein to vein> 363,1/2/3/6
365,2 370,2 374,1 384,2 385,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1/2 398,2 399,1<in the
furrows> 401,1 403,1 404,1<rarely>/2 405<if present,>,2 406,1 410,1 411,2
413,2<1 species> 416,1 469,7 470,42/14&28<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}>
471,6/2&4<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}>
472,1<\i{}Crithodium\i0{}>/1&2<\i{}Gigichilon\i0{}>/1&2&4<\i{}Triticum\i0{}
sensu stricto> 474,4.9-6.2<8 species, mean 5.9> 475,12.2<3 species,
9.8-13.8> 477,2 478,1 479,1 487,11 488,6 489,49 490,76 491,8 492<Europe,
Mediterranean, Western Asia> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1 495,2 498,2
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 515<stony hillsides, dry
grassland, weedy places> 519<several, but modern agriculture largely
confined to \i{}T. aestivum\i0{} (Bread Wheat) and \i{}T. durum\i0{}
(Macaroni Wheat)> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Aegilops\i0{}
(\i{}Aegilotriticum\i0{} Wagner ex Tschermak), \i{}Agropyron\i0{}
(\i{}Agrotriticum\i0{} Ciferri & Giacom.), \i{}Elymus\i0{},
\i{}Elytrigia\i0{} (\i{}Trititrigia\i0{} Tsvelev), \i{}Hordeum\i0{}
(\i{}Tritordeum\i0{} Aschers. & Graebn.), \i{}Lophopyrum\i0{},
\i{}Secale\i0{} (\i{}Triticosecale\i0{} Wittmack), \i{}Taeniatherum\i0{}.
See also \i{}Elymotriticum\i0{} P. Fourn., \i{}Agrotrisecale\i0{} Ciferri
& Giacom. (\i{}Agropyron\i0{}  \i{}Secale\i0{}  \i{}Triticum\i0{}),
\i{}Oryticum\i0{} Wang & Tang (supposedly \i{}Oryza\i0{} 
\i{}Triticum\i0{})> 524,5 525,3&4 528,4 529,1 530,17&25&33 531,1&2 532,4&5
533,5 534<Lve 1984> 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}T.
aestivum\i0{} L.> 540<triticum> 
 
# \i{}Tsvelevia\i0{} <E. Alekseev>/
3<\i{}Poa kerguelensis\i0{}, \i{}Poa\i0{}, \i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7,2
9<densely>,3 13,4-10 14,2 19,2 42,2 47,2 50<sheaths scarious> 52,1 55,2
56,0.5-0.7 59,2-3<folded to involute> 65,2 66,2 67,2 69,1 70,2 71,0.7-1.5
72,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,2 92,2 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123,3 141,3.5-4 145,1
147,1 148,2 154,1 155,2 156,1 157,2 163,2 165,1<to almost equal> 166,1-2
167,1 171,2 172,1 174,1 175,2 176,2 177,1 179,2 180<about>,0.6-0.75 181,1-2
187,1 189,3 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,2-3 214,2<thin> 216,2 218,1-2
219,1 220<if incised,>,2-3/- 221,2 223,1 240,1<especially on the nerves>
244,1 247,2 248,3 249,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 255,2 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3
260,3 262,2 263,3<below> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 272,3
274,0.5-0.7 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1<about 2 mm
long> 290,1 291<slightly>,2 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,2 328,1<thick walled>
330,1 331,1<heavily pitted> 332,2 345,2 348,- 351,1 353,1 359,1 360,2<with
only a few short rows> 363,3&6 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,3 395,1<by
the rounded abaxial keel, and flanking hinges> 396,1 399,2<other than the
midrib hinges> 401,- 403,2 404,2<each bundle with a small abaxial strand
only> 406,1 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,61 491,1<\i{}T.
kerguelensis\i0{}> 492<Chatham Islands> 493,5 494,6 504,10 505,1 512,4
514,1 515<maritime sand> 534<Alekseev 1985> 535<studied by us>
540<tsvelevi> 
 
# \i{}Tuctoria\i0{} <J. Reeder>/
1<\i{}Tuctoria\i0{}: an anagram of \i{}Orcuttia\i0{} (a related grass
genus)> 7,1 9<culms ascending or decumbent, not producing juvenile floating
leaves> 14,2 37,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 47,2 55,2 56,5-12 59,1/3 61,2 62,3 65,2
66,2 68,2 73,2 74,1 89<dense, many sided,>,1/4 101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2
122,3<spiralled> 123,1-2 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1 156,1 163,2 165,2 167,1
174,2 176,2 179,2<broad, 2-5 toothed> 183,- 187,9-15 189,9-15 191,2 192,2
196,2 208,5-30(-40) 218,1/2 221,2<entire, erose or denticulate>
223,1/2<usually, centrally> 248,11-17 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,1
264,1<minute, often fused to the palea> 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3 277,1 283,2
286<not viscid> 291,1 295,1 297,3 298,1<clearly visible through the
pericarp> 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,2 330,1 331,1 332,1 333,1-2
334,1-2 335,2<of the sunken, button mushroom type> 339,(10.5-)12-15(-18)
341,9-12-13.5 342,1-1.3 343,(6-)6.6-7.5(-10.5) 344,0.47-0.63 345,1
346,(21-)24-27(-29) 348,1<broadly>/2 350,1 351,2 352,1 355,1 357<with
costal prickles and long, thin intercostal macrohairs> 359,1 360,1 362,4
363,8 364,4<mostly, elongated>/3 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 378,2
395<seemingly>,2 396,1 399,1<in the furrows, the details not observable in
material seen> 403,2 404,1<only some of the major bundles> 406,1 469,10
470,24&40 471,2&4<and aneuploids> 477,6 484,2 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,51
491,3 492<California and Mexico> 493,6 494,1 495,3 504,11 512,2 534<Reeder
1965> 535<studied by us - \i{}T. greenei\i0{} (Vasey) J. Reeder>
540<tuctoria> 
 
# \i{}Uniola\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Uniola\i0{}: ancient Latin plant name> 5<\i{}Nevroctola\i0{} Raf.,
\i{}Trisiola\i0{} Raf. (1817), \i{}Triunila\i0{} Raf.>
6<\i{}Leptochlopsis\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/2 13,100-220 14,2 37,1-2 54<harsh> 55,2
61,1 69,3 73,2 74,1 81,1/2 89,2/5 91,2<the crowded branches overlapping>/1
101,2 102,2 108,2 121,2 123<long to short>,3 141,10-25 145,1 147,3 148,1
149,1 154,1 163,2 166,1 170,- 174,1 176,2 177,1 179,2<narrow, rigid> 191,2
192,1/3 194<(when present)>,1 196,1 197,3-5 206,2 208,7-15 210<acute or
acuminate> 214<papery or leathery> 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 244,1<and
compressed> 248,7-10 250,1 251,1 256,1 259,3 260,3 262,1 263,3<ciliate>
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 270,- 271,1/2 272,3 289,4 290,U 294,U
296,U 297,1 298,1 299,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 307,2 308,1 311,1 312,2 313,1
322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals narrower, more regularly rectangular>
328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1/1&2<in \i{}U. paniculata\i0{}> 331,1
332,2<but present adaxially> 335<chloridoid type> 345,1 346,21-33 348<low
to high>,2 350,1<and somewhat sunken, in \i{}U. paniculata\i0{}>/2<in
\i{}U. pittieri\i0{}> 351,1 352,3 353,1&2 354,1<but no perfect silica
bodies seen>/2 355,3 357<macrohairs and prickles absent> 358,2 359,1 360,3
361,2<and scarce, in the material of both species examined> 362,1 363<where
detectable>,3-4<well developed saddles adaxially>/- 365<sometimes>,1/2
367,1 370,1 374,1 375,2 376,2 377,3 378,2 382,1 383<probably>,1<? - judging
from inadequate material> 385,1 389,1<the columns wide> 393,1 394,1<round
to flat topped, in \i{}U. pittieri\i0{}>/2<tall and flat topped, with
hollowed sides in \i{}U. paniculata\i0{}> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,2
401,2<these in every furrow, linked with the colourless columns> 403,2
404,1<\i{}U. pittieri\i0{}>/2<\i{}U. paniculata\i0{}, where the upper
region of each of the tall ribs is occupied by lightly lignified
colourless tissue, containing a few scattered thick-walled fibres,
linking the bundle with an adaxial strand> 405<in \i{}U.
pitteri\i0{}>,1<every bundle being associated with a substantial I> 406,2
407,1 408,2 409,1 469,10 470,40 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,22 490,77 491,2
492<North America, West Indies> 493,6&7 494,3 502,1&6 504,11 513,2 514,1
515<sand dunes and salt flats> 522<\i{}U. paniculata\i0{} a significant
sandbinder> 534<Yates 1966a> 535<studied by us - \i{}U. paniculata\i0{} L.,
\i{}U. pittieri\i0{} Hack.> 537,2 540<uniola> 
 
# \i{}Uranthoecium\i0{} <Stapf>/
4<Type: \i{}U. truncatum\i0{} (Maiden & Betche) Stapf> 7,1<or short-lived
perennial> 9,3 11,- 13,15-50 14,2 16<flattened> 19,1 27,1 32,3 37,2 38,-
44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56<about>,4 59,1<soft> 65,2 66,2 69,2-3 70,-
71,0.75-1.5 73,2 74,1 89,2<of short spikes, each of 2-4 spikelets, the
spikes on a common, flattened cartilaginous axis> 91,2 94,- 97,2 98,1<but
these rudimentary>/2<often ending in a flattened bristle> 99,2<i.e., the
common axis> 100,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<the short
spikes falling with the adjacent internode of the fragile common axis>
111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123,1 124,3 126,- 141,8-10 142,9 145,3
147,3<and with the spike> 154,1 156,2 157,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 167,1<the
upper 1/2, the lower 1/4 its length> 171,2 172,1 174,2 176,2 179,2<firmly
chartaceous, truncate> 187,3-7 188,1<gibbous> 189,7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1
198,1 199,1<2-keeled> 201,2 202<membranous along the midline, leathery on
the sides, caudate-acuminate> 203,2<but caudate-acuminate> 204,3-5
207,2<but cartilaginous between the outer nerves> 208,1 210<ovate-elliptic,
subulate-caudate above> 214,3 215,1 216,1<thinly> 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 235,- 240,2 244,2 246,1 248,5 250,1
255,1<apically prolonged, the tip caudate> 256,2 257,2 258,1 259,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,3 274<about>,0.5 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 295,1
298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,(66-)69-75(-81)
341,6-7.5 342,9.2-11.9 343,(30-)33-42(-43.5) 344,0.43-0.57 345,1
346,34.5-36 348,3 350,2 351,1 353,1 354,1 356<mainly>,5 357<prickles
abundant> 359,1 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2 385,1 393<adaxially with
numerous large, thin walled, blunt macrohairs> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,2<the
epidermis extensively, irregularly bulliform> 403,1 404,2<the large bundles
with heavy strands simulate combined girders in collapsed material, but
there always appear to be thin walled, colourless cells intevening between
the PCR sheath and the fibre groups> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4
489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}U. truncatum\i0{}> 492<Australia> 493,5 494,5
503,1&3 504,2&6&7 509,1 512,4 513,2 515<grassland on clay> 535<studied by
us> 540<uranthoe> 
 
# \i{}Urelytrum\i0{} <Hackel>/
7,1<rarely>/2 9,3 13,60-250 14,2<erect> 19,2 27,2 37,1 42,2 43,1<and with a
strong bitter taste>/2 44,1/2 47,1<the auricles from the sheaths, glabrous
or hairy> 52,1 55,1/2 59,1/3<convolute> 65,2 66,2 69,1 70,2<apically
rounded> 71,2-5 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,1<the pedicellate spikelet
usually with a long-awned G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 79,2 89,2/4<of one to many
long, rigid, spiciform, cylindrical or slightly flattened racemes>
95,1/3<when the raceme solitary> 99,1&2 101,2 102,2 103,3<these long,
many-noded> 104,5<up to 35> 105,1 106,1-3 107,2 108,1 109,2 111,2<clavate>
112,1 113,1 114,2 115,2/3 120,2 123,1&3<the pedicels resembling the
internodes> 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,3<very rarely with one floret
hermaphrodite>/4 131<the pedicelled spikelets with a conspicuously
long-awned G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. Having two florets, usually both male,
very occasionally one hermaphrodite. Sometimes sterile and reduced to the
glumes> 133,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} conspicuously awned> 135,2<usually
both male> 141,5-10 144,1 145,3 146,1 147,3<and with the adjacent joint and
pedicel> 148,1 149,1 154,2 155,- 157,1 160,3<but concealed by the joint
until the raceme disarticulates> 161,2 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<larger than
them> 170,1 171,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 173,3
174,1 176,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} occasionally bi-aristulate>/2
177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, dorsally flattened, 2-keeled, the
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, naviculate-keeled> 181,3 183,1 184,2 185,2
186,1/1&5 187<obscurely>,5-7 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1
201,1 203,2 204,2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2
218,1 219,1/2 223,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,2-5 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 257,2
258,2<hyaline> 259,3 260<flat backed> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,2 272,3 274,1.5-4 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2 287,1<about
3-4 mm long> 289,4 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,1 325,2 326,1<conspicuiously so on
the interstomatals> 330,1 331,1&2 332,1 335,1 339,57-66
341,(6.6-)7.5-8.4(-9) 342,6.7-9.1 343,28.5-36 344,0.5-0.55 345,1<most
grooves with a single row> 346,(42-)43-45(-51) 348,2<mostly>/3 350,2 351,2
359,1 360,1/2<especially over the midrib> 363,8 364,3&4 365,2 370,1 374,2
375,1 383,1 385,1 389,1 393,1<and small narrow abaxial ones> 394,1<becoming
smaller away from the midrib> 395,1 396,2<a large median, and one or two
smaller laterals on either side, according to interpretation of the midrib
limits> 397,1 399,1-2<the groups very large> 401<irregularly
grouped,sometimes>,2 402,1<the arms of the arches sometimes traversing the
mesophyll> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries> 405,1<Is and Ts> 406,1 465,1
469,10 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63 491,7
492<South and tropical Africa, Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 499,2&3&4
504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<savanna grassland> 531,2 533,1
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}U. squarrosum\i0{} Hack.; photos of
\i{}U. agropyroides\i0{} provided by R.P. Ellis> 540<urelytru> 
 
# \i{}Urochlaena\i0{} <Nees>/
3<\i{}Tribolium\i0{}> 4<\i{}U. pusilla\i0{} Nees> 7,1 9,3 13,7-20
14,2<glabrous> 19<much branched from the base> 27,2 37,2 40,2 42,2 44,2
47,2 48,2<but hair-tufted at the mouth of the sheath> 50<the uppermost
sheath blade-bearing, broadly winged from the margins in the upper half and
clasping the inflorescence> 52,1 55,2 56,0.5-2<to 3 cm long> 59,1/3 65,2
66,2 69,2 70,2<acute> 71,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<those at the
bases of the lower branches 1-flowered, or consisting of 2-4 empty glumes>
89,5 90,1<the culm disarticulating at the uppermost node, complete with the
inflorescence and the uppermost leaf> 91,2<to 2.5 cm long> 92,2<small,
embraced at the base by the sheath of the uppermost leaf and deciduous with
it> 94,- 101,- 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 116,- 120,1 121,2
141,4 145<slightly>,1 147,3<and with the whole inflorescence, the adjacent
node and its leaf> 148,- 149,1 154,1 155,1 156,1 157,- 160,1 163,2 164,2
165,2 166,1 171,1<at least, the upper margins with tubercle based hairs>
174,1 176,1<acuminate into scabrid 8-13 mm awns> 177,2<dorsally rounded>
179,2<ovate-oblong, acuminate, membranous> 181,1 187,4-6 189,5-7 191,2
192,2 194,1 195,1 196,2 208,3-7 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,3<tapering into
the awn> 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 232,2 234,1-3<but shorter than the
glume awns> 235,2 240,1<with fine tubercle-based marginal hairs above, and
club-shaped hairs on the mid-nerve> 244,2<somewhat rounded on the back>
247,2 248,7-9 249,1 250,1<linear-oblong> 251,1<equalling the lemma> 255,2
256,1 257,1<membranous> 258,2 259,3 260,3 262,2 263,3 264,1<minute> 265,2
266,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 274<about>,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2<short> 283,2
284,1 286,2<enclosed by little-altered lemma and palea> 287,1<1-2 mm long>
291,2<and obscurely concave on the front> 295,1<but relatively large> 297,1
298,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,1 315,2 316,2 317,2 318,1 319,2 320,1 321,1
322,1 323,2 327,1-2<the costals narrower> 328,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1
345,1 348,2<mainly>/3 351,1 359,1 360,1 363,8 364<small,>,3&4 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,1<somewhat so> 386,2 387<tending to>,1<loose> 393,1 394,1<low,
round-topped> 395,2 396,1 399,2<the bulliforms in conspicuously irregular
groups> 401,- 404,2 406,1 469,7 477,5 483,3<?> 487,6<as a synonym> 488,7
489,19 490,80 491,1<\i{}U. pusilla\i0{}> 492<South Africa> 493,4 494,4
504,11 512,4 513,2 514,2 515<in Karoo> 535<photos provided by R.P. Ellis>
540<urochlae> 
 
# \i{}Urochloa\i0{} <P. Beauv.>/
4<Type: \i{}U. panicoides\i0{} P.Beauv.> 5<\i{}Moorochloa\i0{} (= \i{}U.
mosambicensis\i0{}, \i{}Pseodobrachiaria\i0{}> 6<\i{}Brachiaria\i0{}> 7,1/2
9,1/2/3/4 11,- 13,(7-)20-200 14,2 19,1/2 24,1/2 27,1/2 32,1<mostly>/3
37,1/2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1/2/3/4 55,1/2 56,2.6-20 59,1/2/3 65,2 66,2 67,1
68,1/2<<2%> rarely> 69,1<rarely>/2/3 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<then some
spikelets reduced to disc-tipped pedicels>/2 76,1/1&4 80,1 84,1/2 89,2 91,-
94,- 95,1/2/3 96,(1-)2-30 97,1/3 98,1<nearly always>/2<or at least with
only rudimentary terminal spikelets, e.g. \i{}U. ruziziensis\i0{}>
99,1/2/3/4<filiform to triquetrous of ribbonlike> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2<occasionally in fascicles>/- 121,1 122,1<on
one side of the rachis> 123,1/2/3 124,1/3 139<of female-sterile
spikelets>,1 142,7/8/9/10/11/12 144,1<\i{}Urochloa\i0{} sensu
stricto>/2<\i{}Brachiaria\i0{} sensu lato, and generally when the spikelets
are paired>/1-2<the orientation being not infrequently ambiguous> 145,2/3
146,1/2 147,3 148,1 149,1/2<the internode then often accrescent to the
sheathing base of the lower glume> 154,1<occasionally>/2 156<when
present,>,2 160,1/2<if a short stipe representing accrescence of the base
of G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and the internode above is seen as callus> 163,2
165,1/2 167,2<i.e. the longer, upper glumes> 170,1<or their orientation
ambiguous>/- 171,1/2 176,2 179,1/2 187,0/1-2/3-7(-11)<e.g. \i{}U.
jubata\i0{}, with 7-11> 189,5-11 191<nearly always>,2 192,1 196<nearly
always>,1 197,1 198,1<usually>/2 199,1/2 201,1<occasionally even
bisexual>/2 203,2<muticous> 204,5-7<and sometimes cross-veined> 205,2/3
206,1 207,1<<5%> very rarely>/2 208<nearly always only>,1 214,3
215,2/3<i.e. usually more or less sculptured and dull> 216,1/2<leathery,
cartilaginous or crustaceous> 217,1/2 218,1 219,1/2 222,1<rarely, e.g.
\i{}U. paucispicata\i0{}>/2<usually> 223,1/2/3<i.e. muticous to shortly
awned, mucronate to awned condition having previously been used to
distinguish \i{}Urochloa\i0{} sensu stricto from \i{}Brachiaria\i0{} sensu
lato> 225<when detectable,>,1 226,1 228,3 231,1 233,1 234,1 240,2 244,2
246,2 247,1 248,3-4/5/6-7 250,1 251,1 253,1<sometimes?>/2 255,1 256,1
257,1/2<?> 258,1/2<?> 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 273,1
275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 289,4/5 291,2 295,1 296,1 298,1 299,1
301,2 302,2 303,1 304<(recorded only for \i{}Brachiaria\i0{} sensu lato)>,2
305,1 306,1 308,2 315,2 316,2 317,1 318,1 319,2 320,2 321,2 322,1 323,1/2
325,2 327,1 328,1 329,1 330,1 331,1 332,1 335,1 339,32-76 341,4.5-6
342,12.5-16.7 343,18-48 344,0.52-0.69 345,1 346,31.5-33 348,2/3 349,2 350,2
351,1/2 353,1/2 354,1/2 356<when present,>,5/6 358,2 359,1 360,1 363,8
364,1/2/3/4 365,2 370,1 371,1 373,1 374,1 375,1 378,1/2 379<when
present,>,1 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,1 393,2/3 394<when ribbed,>,1
395,1/2 396,1/2 397,1/2 399,1 401,1/2 403,1/2 404,1/2 405,2 406,1 413,2
414<of \i{}Pseudobrachiaria\i0{} = \i{}U. deflexa\i0{}>,3.36-3.43 415,2
469,7&9 470,18&28&32&36&48&54&64&72 476,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4
489,36 490,44 491<about>,120 492<pantropical> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,1&2&3&5
495,1&2&3 496,1&2&3&4&5 497,2&3&4 498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4 500,1&2&3&4 501,3
502,1&2&3&4&5&6 503,1&3 504,2&5&6&7&8&9 506,1 507,2&3 508,1&2&3&4 509,1
511,1 512,2/3/4 513,1&2 514,2 516<\i{}U. ciliatissima\i0{}, \i{}U.
deflexa\i0{}, \i{}U. distachya\i0{}, \i{}U. fasciculata\i0{}, \i{}U.
lata\i0{}, \i{}U. mutica\i0{}, \i{}U. paspaloides\i0{}, \i{}U.
plantaginea\i0{}, \i{}U. platyphylla\i0{}, \i{}U. ramosa\i0{}, \i{}U.
reptans\i0{}, \i{}U. texana\i0{}> 517<\i{}U. arrecta\i0{} (Tanner), \i{}U.
brizantha\i0{} (Palisade), \i{}U. decumbens\i0{} (Surinam), \i{}U.
mutica\i0{} (Para)> 518<\i{}U. brizantha\i0{}, \i{}U. bovonei\i0{}, \i{}U.
comata\i0{}, \i{}U. decumbens\i0{}, \i{}U. deflexa\i0{}, \i{}U.
distachya\i0{}, \i{}U. jubata\i0{}, \i{}U. nigropedata\i0{}, \i{}U.
serrata\i0{} etc.> 519<\i{}U. deflexa\i0{} - a minor cereal in West Africa>
524,3&5 525,3&4 528,2&3&7 529,4 530,16&18&20 531,1&2 532,2&4 533,1&2&3&5
534<Webster (1987), Morrone and Zuloaga (1992 and 1993), Veldkamp (1996)>
535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}U. decumbens\i0{} (Stapf) Webster,
\i{}U. foliosa\i0{} (R.Br.) Webster, \i{}U. mosambicensis\i0{} (Hackel)
Dandy> 536<For justification of this sensu lato treatment of
\i{}Urochloa\i0{}, see taxonomic comments under \i{}Brachiaria\i0{}.>
540<urochloa> 
 
# \i{}Urochondra\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
7,2 9,3 13,40 14,2 19,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 52,1<acuminate, rigid,
subulate-tipped> 55,2 56,2-7 59,3<convolute>/4<towards the tip> 60,- 61,1
65,2 66,2 69,3<dense> 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5 91,2 92,3<5-10 cm long
in material seen> 94,- 96,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123<very shortly>,3 141,2.5 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,-
149,1 154,2 155,- 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1<or at least, somewhat shorter>
170,- 171,1<slightly, on the upper third of the mid-nerve> 173,- 174,1
176,2<not mucronate> 177,1 179,2<lanceolate, hyaline> 183,- 184,- 185,-
186,- 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<acuminate> 214,2<hyaline> 215,-
216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,2<to aristulate> 240,1/2 244,1 247,2 248,1
250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1<glabrous> 258,2<hyaline, delicate> 259,3<but the
veins very scanty> 260,3 264,2 266,- 272,3 274<relatively long> 275,2 276,2
277,2 278,1<beaked> 280,2 283,2 287,1 289,4 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,1<becoming swollen when wet, extruding the seed> 322,1<the intercostal
zones in deep grooves, their detailed histology inaccessible> 323,1 324,2
326,2<thick-walled> 328,2<costals thicker-walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted,
with abundant pits in outer walls> 332,1<in deep, narrow abaxial grooves,
obscured by thick walled macrohairs and blunt prickles> 333,1-2 334,2 335,2
336,3 339,30-36 340,2 341,13.5-19.5 342,1.8-2.2 343,15-18 344,0.5-0.55
345,1 346,15-18 348<high>,2&3 350,2 359,1 360,2 362,1 363,3&4&5&6 365,2
367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,3 378,2 389,1 393,2<deep, narrow abaxial
grooves opposite the broader adaxial furrows> 394,2<large flat-topped ribs
alternating with small pointed ones> 395,2 396,1 397,1<exhibiting extensive
blocks of colourless tissue adaxially and abaxially with all the bundles,
each block bounded adaxially and abaxially by sclerenchyma and laterally by
the rows of PCR cells> 399,1 400,2 401,2<these connected with the
traversing columns of colourless cells> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries, the
smaller bundles with only abaxial girders> 405,1<heavily I-shaped in the
main bundles> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,51 490,79
491,1<\i{}U. setulosa\i0{}> 492<northeast tropical Africa> 493,4 494,1&2
495,2 496,1 498,3 499,1&2 504,11 508,2 513,2 514,1 515<in coastal sand>
535<studied by us> 537,2 540<urochond> 
 
# \i{}Vahlodea\i0{} <Fries>/
3<\i{}Deschampsia\i0{}> 7,2 9,1/3 11,- 13,15-80 14,2 27,2 37,2 38,- 44,2
47,2 49,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-5 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1/2<dentate or
lacerate> 71,2 73,2 74,1 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,2-5.5 144,- 145,1-2 147,1 148,2
154,1 156,2 157,1<the hairs 1/2 to 2/3 as long as the lemma> 158,1 162,1
163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2<about twice as long> 170,- 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1
179,2 183,- 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,2-3 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,2 223,3
225,1 226,1 228,2 229,1/2 231,2 233<proximally>,2 240,1<above>/2<glabrous
above the callus> 244,2 246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.4-0.8 277,1 280,2
283,2 284,1 286,1/2 298,2 301,2 322,1 323,2 327,2<costals more rectangular>
328,2<costals thicker-walled> 330,2 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,(21-)24-33(-36)
348,1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 357<prickle bases abundant> 359,1 360,3
363,1/2<few> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,2-3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1
401,1<these wide, shallow> 403,2 404,1<with the primaries only> 405,2 406,1
442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 474,3.2<1 species> 477,2 478,2 479,4
487,11 488,5 489,41 490,40 491,3-4 492<northeast Asia> 493,1&3 494,1&6
495,1 497,1&2 504,11 505,2 506,1&2 512,2<calcifuge> 535<studied by us -
\i{}V. atropurpurea\i0{} (Wahl.) Fries> 540<vahlodea> 
 
# \i{}Valiha\i0{} <S. Dransfield>/
3<\i{}Ochlandra\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 13,600-1000 14<erect,>,1 15<of V.
diffusa,>,6-10 19,1 20,1 21,11-20 22,3 23,4 30,1 37,2 39<elongated,>,1 47,1
48,U 52<apically attenuate,>,3 55,1 56<4.5-8 cm long,>,9-15 63,1 69,2 72,2
73,2 74,1 76,1 86,1 87<seemingly>,2<?> 89<(synflorescence)>,5
101<bractiferous> 102,1 140,1-2 141,(3-)12-35 142,13 145,1-2 147,1 149,1/2
154,1/2 157<if present,>,2 163<persisent,>,3<5-6> 166,1 171,1/2 174,1<acute
or setaceously attenuate> 177,2 179<chartaceous,>,1-2 187,9/15 189,19/23-27
191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate> 214<chartaceous,>,2 215<unwrinkled,
without grooves,>,1 216,2 218,1 219,1<acute to acuminate> 223,1 240,1/2
244,2 248,21/29-41<\i{} \i0{}> 250,1 252,1 255<dentate> 256,1
257<chartaceous,>,2 258,2 259<of \i{}V. diffusa\i0{}>,4<actually many -
16-22> 264,1 265,3 266,1 268,2 270<acute,>,2 272,6 278,2 283,3
287,2-3<about 10 mm long> 289<oblong> 297<tardily>,1 298<with a basal
plumule> 325,U 345,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U
387,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,38 491,2<\i{}V.
diffusa\i0{}, \i{}V. perrieri\i0{}> 492<Africa, western Indian Ocean,
Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,1&2 522<used for construction work and for
making musical instruments> 540<valiha> 
 
# \i{}Vaseyochloa\i0{} <A. Hitchc.>/
1<named after a botanist, Vasey, plus Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass)> 7,2
9,1&3 13,40-100 14,2 19,2 27,2 40,2 47,2 55,2 56,1-4 59,1/3<loosely
involute> 61,1 65,2 69,3 72,1<partial, of hairs> 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5
91,1<5-20 cm long, with few branches> 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,10-18 142<narrowly>,10 144,-
145,1-2 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 155,2<glabrous> 156,1 157,1<as the
stipe-like base of the lemma> 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1 170,- 171,2 172,1
174,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 176,2
177,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 179,2<rather firm,
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} broader> 187,3-5 189,7-9 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,6-12 214,2<membranous or thinly papery> 216,2 218,1 219,1-2 223,1
240,1<below> 244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,2 248<distinctly>,7-9 250,1 251,1
255<probably>,2<splitting at maturity> 256,1 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
262<narrowly>,1<and hollowed between the wings> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 272,3 273,1<these very long> 274<short> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2<sometimes with a vestigial third style> 287,1<2.5-3 mm long>
288<black> 290<ovate-rounded, ventrally deeply concave>
291,2<concavo-convex> 294,1-2<obscurely striate> 295,1 297,3 298,1 304,1
305,1 306,1 308,1 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1<at one end> 326,1<at one end of
interstomatals and some intercostal long-cells> 327,2<the costals longer>
328,1<medium-thin walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2 334,2
335,2<unusually large> 336,3 339,(33-)36-39(-42) 340,24 341,10.5-12-14.4
342,2.7-3.5 343,(7.5-)8.4-9(-12) 344,0.21-0.27 345,1 346,21-22.5(-24) 348,2
350,2 351,1 352,2 353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 359,1 360,1<to solitary - the
short-cells mainly very long> 362,4 363,8 364<mostly>,3<some quite
elongated> 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 383,2 393,1-2<the ribs
round-topped> 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<in all the adaxial furrows> 400,1
401<seemingly exclusively>,1 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all
bundles> 406,1 409,1 470,60 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,35
491,1<\i{}V. multinervosa\i0{}> 492<Texas> 493,6 494,1 495,1 497,4 504,11
507,2 513,2 515<sandy, open woods> 535<studied by us> 540<vaseyoch> 
 
# \i{}Veldkampia\i0{} <Ibaragi & S. Kobay>/
7,1 9<with solitary, prostrate culms rooting at the lower nodes> 14,2 18,2
19,2 27,2 52,1-3 55,2 56<1-2 cm long,>,1.4-3.5 63,1 69,1 71,0.5-0.7 73,2
74,1 75,1 76,1&4 78,1<the sterile ones reduced to pedicels> 79,2 89,2 101,2
102,2 103,3 104,5<with 14 spikelet pairs on each> 108,1 109,2 111,1<about
0.9 mm long, the tip crateriform> 126,1<? - available description
ambiguous> 127,1/- 128,2 129,1 130,4<reduced to their pedicels> 132,2
141,1.7 142,7 145,1 147,3 154,2 157,1 158,1-2<0.3-1mm> 159,1 163,2 165,2
166,2 167,2 176,1<the upper with a 30 mm awn> 177,2 179,1<the lower oblong,
awnless, obtuse or emarginate, cartilaginous, the upper oblong and
long-awned> 191,2 192,1 196<according to the descriptions seen,>,2
208,2<different - the lower muticous, the upper awned> 214,1
216,2<membranous> 218<apically>,1<the lower>/2<the upper> 223<long>,3<the
upper>/1<the lower> 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2 234,3<30-35 mm long> 238,1
240,2 244,2 246,1 250,1-2 251<if present,>,1-3<0.7 mm long in the lower
floret> 256,3 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U
391,U 397,U 402,U 477,8 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,64 491,1<\i{}V.
sagaingensis\i0{}> 492<tropical Asia, Indo-China> 493,3 494,2 496,3
534<Grassbase (2016)> 536<the Clayton et al. generic and species
descriptions are hopelessly confused re. spikelet morphology (q.v.), so the
current compilation is unreliable> 538,4 540<veldkamp> 
 
# \i{}Ventenata\i0{} <Koeler>/
5<\i{}Heteranthus\i0{} Borkh., \i{}Heterochaeta\i0{} Schult.>
6<\i{}Gaudiniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pilgerochloa\i0{}> 7,1 11,- 13,10-70 14,2 27,2
37,2 38,- 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,1-2.5 59,2/3<convolute> 65,2 67,1 69,1
70,2<acute, often lacerate> 71,2-4 73,2 74,1 89,5/4 91,1/2
92<sometimes>,3/- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,-
120,- 121,2 123,3 141,8-15 144,- 145,1 147,1 148,2<the lowermost floret
persisting, falling later with the glumes and pedicel> 154,1 157,1 158,2
160,2 161,1<in the upper florets> 163,2 165,1 167,1 174,1<acute to
acuminate> 176,2 177,2 178,- 179,2<herbaceous, with wide, scarious margins>
183,- 187,3-7 189,3-9 191,1/2 192,2 196,2 208,2-7 214,2 216,2<papery,
margins scarious> 218,1<the lowest>/2<apically bidentate or bifid>
223,3<the L\sub{}1\nosupersub{} shorter and awnless but sometimes having an
apical seta, the upper awned lemmas often bifid, with apical teeth or setae
additional to the awn> 225,1 226,1 228,2 229,2 231,2 240,2 244,2 246,-
247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 253,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,1.2-2.5 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,1 287,1<2.5 mm
long> 291,1 295,1 298,2 301,1 302,1 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1 331,1
332,2 345,1<fairly> 346,31-39 348<tending to>,1/2 350,1<mostly, slightly>
351,1 353,1 354,1 359,1 360,2 363,1<fairly short>/3<a few>/6<a few> 365,2
370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1<round topped> 396,1 398,2
399<seemingly>,2<bulliforms not apparent in material seen> 403,2 404,2<the
main bundles with an abaxial girder and an adaxial strand> 406,1 442,-
469,7 470,14 471,2 473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41
490,61 491,5 492<southern Europe> 493,1&2&6 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,11 506,1 512,4 513,2 524,5 525,3 528,4 530,17 535<studied by us -
\i{}V. dubia\i0{} (Leers) Coss.> 540<ventenat> 
 
# \i{}Vetiveria\i0{} <Bory>/
1<from Tamil \i{}vetti\i0{} (khus-khus or cus-cus) and \i{}ver\i0{} (root),
alluding to aromatic roots> 3<\i{}Chrysopogon\i0{}> 5<\i{}Mandelorna\i0{}
Steud., \i{}Lenormandia\i0{} Steud.> 7,2<often with aromatic roots>
9<forming large clumps from stout rhizomes> 11,- 13,50-300 14,2 19,2 27,2
37,1 38,- 43,1/2<?> 44,1 47,2 49,2 50<the lower sheaths compressed> 52,1
55,1/2 65,2 66,2 69,2-3 73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1&3/1&4 78,2 79,2 89,2/5<a
panicle with slender, whorled, simple or rarely compound racemes> 91,1 94,-
101,2 102,2 103,3 104,2-4/5<typically with many spikelet pairs> 106,- 107,1
108,1 109,2 111,1 113,2 114,1 120,2/- 121,1<rarely>/2 123,1&3 126,1 127,1
128,2 129,1 130,3/4 131<the pedicelled, male spikelets similar to the
sessile ones, or slightly smaller> 141,4.5-10 145,1 147,3<and with the
joint and pedicel> 154,2 157,1/2 161,1-2 163,2 165,2 167,2 173,- 174,-
176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, sometimes>/2 177,- 179,1<the lower rounded on
the back, the upper naviculate> 183,U 184,1 185,2 186<spinulose> 187,5
189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2 203,2 204,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2
208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 221,2<bidentate> 223,1/2/3 225<when
present,>,1 228,1 231,2 233,1<glabrous> 234,1-3 240,2 244,2 248,1-3 250,1/2
251<when present,>,3 255,2 256,1 258,2<hyaline> 259,1 264,1 265,2 266,2
267,2 268,1 269,2 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,1 291,3 295,1 298,1
303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 311,1 312,1 313,2 314,21-30 322,1 323,2 327,1
328,1 330,1 331,1<the sinuosities very tight in \i{}V. elongata\i0{}> 332,1
335,1<but often balanoform - the thin walled apical cells quite broad and
blunt> 339,(39-)48-51(-54) 341,9-12.6 342,3.8-5.5 343,(25-)27-30(-33)
344,0.55-0.63 345,1 346,27-33 348<low>,2/3 350,1<the interstomatal end
walls very thickened in \i{}V. elongata\i0{}> 351,1 353,1 354,1 356,3/5
359,1 360,2 363,5<exclusively, in \i{}V. elongata\i0{}>/8 364,1<in \i{}V.
zizanioides\i0{}> 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,2 382,2 383,1 385,1 393,3 394,-
395,1 396,2 397,1<the adaxial mesophyll of the rest of the blade also
extensively colourless in \i{}V. elongata\i0{}, and with large
intercellular lacunae in \i{}V. zizanioides\i0{}> 399,2<except in
association with the midrib> 401,- 403,1 404,1 406,1 469,5&10 470,20&40
476,1 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,80 491,10 492<tropical
Africa, Asia, Australia> 493,3&4&5&6&7 494,2&5 496,1&2&3 499,1&2&3&4
500,1&2&3&4 503,1 504,2&5&6&7&9 508,1&2&3&4 509,1 512,2 514,2
515<floodplains and streambanks> 521<\i{}V. zizanioides\i0{} (from the
roots)> 522<\i{}V. zizanioides\i0{} is valuable for hedging, and as a guard
against soil erosion (it also repels pests such as rats and snakes - O.
Sattaur 1989, \i{}New Scientist\i0{} \b{}1664\b0{}, 16-17)> 531,1&2 532,4
533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}V. elongata\i0{} (R. Br.)
Stapf ex C.E. Hubbard> 540<vetiveri> 
 
# \i{}Vietnamocalamus\i0{} <T.Q. Nguyen>/
4<\i{}V. catbaensis\i0{}> 7,2 9,1 11,2 13<erect,>,150-250 14,1 15,5-10 16,1
19,1 21,1 23,3 30,1 39,2 47,1<these falcate> 48,1 52,3 55,1 56<20-26 cm
long,>,30-45 63,2 69,1 70,1 71,0.5 72,2 73,2 74,1 76,1 88<axillary, basally
embraced by the subtending leaf,>,1/2 120,1 121,2 123,3 140<fairly>,1/-
141,15 142,13 145,1-2<subterete> 147,1 148,2 149,1 154,1 156,1 157,2
163<persistent,>,3<three> 166,1 176,2 177<chartaceous,>,2
179<lanceolate,>,2 191,2 192,2 194,1 195,2 196,2 208,3-4 210<lanceolate>
214<chartaceous,>,2 215<without grooves,>,1 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 244,2
248,7 250,1 252,2 257<chartaceous,>,2 264,1 265,3 272,3 274,3 278,2 283,2
297,3 325,U 345,U 354,U 355,U 358,U 361,U 367,U 383,U 384,U 385,U 386,U
387,U 390,U 391,U 393,U 398,U 477,8 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,1<\i{}V.
catbaensis\i0{}> 492<China and Indo-China> 493,3 494,1&2 540<vnamcatb> 
 
# \i{}Vietnamochloa\i0{} <Veldkamp & Nowack>/
1<from the Greek \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass) and geography> 7,1 9,3 13,25 14,2
19,2 44,1 52,1 56,1.5-2 59,1/3 60,2 61,1 63,2 69,3 73,2 74,1 75,2 89,5 95,3
101,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 125,2 141,4-4.25 142,1 145,3 147,1 154,1
155,2 156,2 157,1 163,2 165,2 166,3 167,2 171,2 172,1 174,1 176,2 177,1
179,2 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,2 218,1 221,2 223,3 224,2 225,1
226,1 231,1 234,1 240,1 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 259,3 261,3
272,3 274,1.5 280,2 283,2 286,2 287,1 291,2 294,2 295,1 296,1 297,3 298,1
322,1 323,2 327,1<broader intercostally> 328,1 330,1 331,1<irregular> 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,2 336,2 339,24-30 340,18-21 341,6 342,6 343,9-12 344,0.3
345,1 346,15 347,2 348,2 350,2 351,1<few> 352,2 353<mostly>,1<when present>
354,1<few> 355,3<but few> 356,3 357<prickles and macrohairs present only on
the leaf margins> 360,1 361,1 362,4 363,4 367,1 370,1 371,1 374,1 375,2
376,1 378,2 386,2 393,3<but abaxially ribbed> 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 400,1
401,1<middle cell very large and deeply penetrating the chlorenchyma> 403,2
406,1 409,1<large> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,17 490,80 491,1<\i{}V.
aurea\i0{}> 492<Vietnam> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2 534<Nowack and Veldkamp
1994> 535<Van den Borre 1994> 540<v_ochloa> 
 
# \i{}Vietnamosasa\i0{} <Nguyen>/
1<name referring to \i{}Sasa\i0{} (a bamboo genus, q.v.) and geography>
3<\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosasa\i0{} - including \i{}A. ciliata\i0{}
A. Camus and \i{}A. pusilla\i0{} Chevalier and Camus> 7,2 9,1 11,2
13,50-150<small bamboos> 14,1 15,0.3-1 16,1 19,1 21,11-20 23,4 30,1 37,1/2
39,2 40,2 44,2 47,1 48,1 52,2 55,2 56,2-8(-10)
57<broadly>,1<subauriculate> 63,1 65,1 66,1 68,1 69<membranous> 72,2 73,2
74,1 86,1/2<? -in \i{}V. pusilla\i0{}, where the presence and number of
glumes is variable, and the lower is sometimes gemmiparous> 87,1<?>/2
101,1/2 103,3/4<flowering branches simple> 106,3<in fascicles> 108,2
123,1-3 140,1/2 141,30-70 142,7/13 145,1 147,1 148,2 154,1
162,1/2<sometimes, in \i{}V. pusilla\i0{}> 163<when present,>,1-2<\i{}V.
pusilla\i0{}>/2 181,1 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2 208,6-12 210<lanceolate>
223,1 240,2 248<multinerved> 250,1 251,1 252,2 255,1/2 256,1 259,4 260,3
264,1 265,3 266,1 267,2 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1<below> 272,6 274,3.5-7<the
filaments short> 278,2 280<basally>,1 283,3 284,2 290,1 294,U 296,U 297,U
329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U 397,U
402,U 477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,3 489,9 490,14 491,3<\i{}V. darlacensis,
V. ciliata, V. pusilla\i0{}> 492<southern Vietnam> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2
534<Nguyen, T.Q. (1990). New taxa of bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) from
Vietnam. \i{}Botanicheskii Zhurnal\i0{} \b{}75\b0{}, 221-225. See Chevalier
and Camus 1921, A. Camus 1919 and E.G. & A. Camus 1923 for descriptions of
included \i{}Arundinaria\i0{} (\i{}Pseudosasa\i0{}) species>
536<description inadequate> 537,2 538,4 540<v_osasa> 
 
# \i{}Viguierella\i0{} <A. Camus>/
7<slender>,1 9,3 13,10-40 14,2 19,1 27,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-3 59,1/3
61,1 65,2 68,1 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1<theoretically>/2 76,1/1&4<by
recognition of well disguised vestigial spikelets> 78,1/2<each manifest
spikelet being subtended at its base by a tiny hyaline bract,
(?)representing a reduced spikelet or branch system> 79,2 89,4<a
bottlebrush> 98,- 101,2<but bracteate> 102,2 103,4 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 116,4<or at least, each with one small bract> 119,1
120<ostensibly solitary> 123<shortly>,3<erect, the pedicel becoming the
callus> 141,4-7 145,1 147,3<and with the pungent pedicel> 154,1 155,2 156,1
157,1<1-1.2 mm long> 160<of the spikelet>,2/- 161,1/- 163,2 165,2 167,1
171,1 176,1<with long, straight, scabrid terminal awns> 177<somewhat>,1
179,2<hairy, asymmetric, truncate or bilobed> 187,2 189,3 191,2 192,2
193,1-3 195,1<reduced to a cluster of awns> 196,2 208,1 214,2<membranous>
216,2 218,1/2 221,2 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,1<this slight>/3 229,- 231,1
233,1<scabrid> 234,3 240,2 243,1 244,2<dorsally rounded> 247,2 248,3/5
250,1 251,1 255,1<pointed> 256,2<glabrous> 258,2<membranous> 259,3 260,3
264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,1/2 273,1<these long> 274<short> 275,2 276,2
277,1 280,2 283,2 289,3 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1<thick walled> 330,1 331,1<and pitted> 332,1 333,2
334,2 335,1 339,36-39-45 340,18 341,(5.1-)5.4-5.7(-6) 342,6.3-7.6
343,19.5-21 344,0.43-0.54 345,1 346,19-22.5 348<mostly>,2 350,2 351,1 352,3
353,2<solitary> 354,2 355,1 359,1 360,2 362,1 363,3-6<predominantly more or
less imperfect saddles, intergrading with the other forms> 365,2 367,1
370,1 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1 378,1 379,1-2 391,1<in the sense that a PCR
cell on either side of each bundle protrudes laterally, constituting a wing
which approaches that of the adjacent bundle> 392,1 393,3 394,- 395,1-2<a
slightly larger bundle and keel> 396,1 399,1<between each bundle pair>
400,1 401,1<the median cells deeply penetrating> 403,2 404,1<with all the
bundles> 405,1<all the bundles> 406,1 409,1 466,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,52 490,80 491,1<\i{}V. madagascariensis\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4
494,2 496,2 504,11 512,4 513,2 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<viguiere> 
 
# \i{}Vossia\i0{} <Wall. & Griff.>/
7<aquatic>,2 9,1 11,2 13,100-200<above the water, from floating culms up to
7 m long> 14,2<propagating from stem fragments> 15,1 29,1 37,1 44,2 47,2
52,1-2 55,1 56,6-25<up to 1 m long> 59,1 65,2 68,1 69,2 73,2 74,1 75,1/2
76,1/1&3 78,2 79,2 89,2<rarely a single raceme> 95<usually>,1 96<several
to many, rarely only one> 99,1 100,1 101,2 102,2 103,3<spiciform,
subcylindrical or flattened, with 12 or more internodes> 104,5<12 or more>
106,3 107,2 108,1<but rachis not very fragile> 109,2 111,2<flattened
dorsally, inflated above> 113,2 114,1 115,3 120,2 121,2 122,2<in
alternating pairs on the zigzag rachis> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1
130,1/3 141,6-8 145,3 146,1 147,3<and with the adjacent joint and pedicel>
148,- 154,2 155,- 157,2 158,- 163,2 165,2<when the apical convergence of
the veins is considered, but the very long awn of the lower confuses the
issue>/- 167<(the longer)>,2 171,2<scabrid on margins and keels> 173,-
174,1 176,1<or at least, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} long-caudate, with a
flat tail> 177,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}> 179,1<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} leathery, flat-backed, caudate-acuminate and
2-keeled, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner and naviculate> 183,1 184,2
185,2 186,1 187<indistinctly many veined between the keels>
189<indistinctly several to many veined> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1
199,1 201,1 203,2 204,2 205,2 206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline>
216,2 218,1 219,1 221,- 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
253,2 255,1 256,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1
269,2 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U 322,1<in
places> 323,1<in places>/2 324<where detected,>,2 326,1<where seen, at one
end of the long-cells> 327,1 328,1<of medium thickness> 330,1 331,1 332,1
333,2 334,2 335,1 345,1 347,2 348,2-3 350,2 351,1 353<obscurely>,1/- 354,1
356,3<abundant, but small and seemingly poorly developed> 357<with rows of
large prickles on some of the costae> 360,2 361,1-2 363<mostly>,5<abundant,
but mostly small and seemingly poorly developed> 370,1 374,2 375,1 383,1
385,1 393,1-2 394,2<emphatically so> 395<very>,1 396,2<with a large median
primary, a large primary bordering the midrib on each side, and small
bundles in between> 397,1<and an adaxial lignified hypodermal layer> 398,1
399,1 401,1<these large, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type, often situated over a minor
bundle> 403,2 404,1<with the main bundles> 405<sometimes>,1<slight Is
only> 406,1 442,- 470,20 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,2 487,9 488,1 489,2 490,63
491,1<\i{}V. cuspidata\i0{}> 492<tropical Africa and Asia> 493,3&4&5 494,2
496,1&3 499,2&3&4 500,1&2 504,11 508,1&2&3&4 512,1/2 513,2 514,2 515<swamps
and river margins> 535<studied by us, and photos provided by R.P. Ellis>
537,2 540<vossia> 
 
# \i{}Vulpia\i0{} <C. Gmelin>/
1<after J.S.Vulpius (1760-1840), a German chemist> 2<\i{}Rats tail
fescue\i0{}> 3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 4<Type: \i{}V. myurus\i0{} (L.) C.C.Gmel.>
5<\i{}Chloammia\i0{} Rafin., \i{}Distomomischus\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Festucaria\i0{} Link, \i{}Loretia\i0{} Duval-Jouve, \i{}Mygalurus\i0{}
Link, \i{}Narduretia\i0{} Villar, \i{}Nardurus\i0{} (Bluff, Nees & Schauer)
Reichenb., \i{}Prosphysis\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Zerna\i0{} Panzer>
6<\i{}Ctenopsis\i0{}> 7,1/2<<10%> rarely> 9,3 11,- 13,5-90 14,2 19,2 27,2
37,1/2 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 53,1 55,2 56,0.5-3 58,1-2 59,1/3<convolute
when dry> 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,1 70,1/2 71,0.2-6 73,2 74,1 80,2 81,1/2
89,4<<20%> rarely>/5 91,1/2 92<when contracted>,3/4 97,1 101,2 102,2 103,-
106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 121<usually more or less>,1 123,3
141,5-16 145,1 147,1<also, sometimes, at the base of the pedicel> 148,2
154,1 155,1/2 156,1 157,2 160,2 163,2 165,1 166,1 167,1/2 168,2/- 170,1
174,1 176,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, sometimes>/2 177,2 178,- 179,1<usually,
the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} often minute, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} acute to
acuminate> 187,0/1 189,1/3 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,2-15<rarely only 1>
210<tapered> 214,2-3<chartaceous, with thin margins> 216,2 218,1 219,1
223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 234,1-3 235,1 240,1/2 244,1-2 248,3-5
250,1 251,1 255,2 256,1 258,2 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2
269,2 270,1/2 272,1-2<rarely 3> 274,0.3-5 275,2 277,1/2 280,2 283,2 286,1
287,1/2/3 290,1 291,2 293,1/- 295,2 298,2 299,2 301,2 302,1 303,2 304,1
305,2 306,2 310,2 311,1 312,2 313,1 314,1-3 322,1 323,2 327,1 330,1/2 331,1
332,2 345,2/1 346<when present,>,(36-)39-51(-54) 348,1 350,1/2 351,1
353,1<mainly>/2<solitary> 354,1<when paired> 359,1 360,2 363,1/2<a few>/3/6
365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,1 396,1 399,1<at the bases of
the furrows> 401,1 403,2 404,2 406,1 411,2 469,7 470,14&28&42 471,2&4&6
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,43 491,23
492<temperate> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8 494,1&2&3&6 495,1&2&3 496,1 497,2&4&5
498,1&2&3 499,1&2&3 502,1&5 504,1&2&3&4&5&6&8&10 505,2 506,1 507,2&3
508,1&2&3 511,1 512,3/4 513,2 514,1<sometimes>/2 515<dry places, including
coastal sand> 516<\i{}V. bromoides\i0{}, \i{}V. myuros\i0{}>
523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Festuca\i0{} - \i{}Festulpia\i0{}
Melderis ex Stace & R. Cotton (several species involved)> 524,5 525,3&4
528,4 529,1 530,17&24&29&32&33&35&36 531,1&2 532,1&4 533,5 534<Cotton and
Stace 1977, Stace 1981> 535<studied by us - \i{}V. bromoides\i0{} (L.)
Gray, \i{}V. incrassata\i0{} (Salz. ex Loesel.) Parl., \i{}V. inops\i0{}
Hack., \i{}V. megalura\i0{} (Nutt.) Rudb., \i{}V. myuros\i0{} (L.) Gmelin,
\i{}V. unilateralis\i0{} (L.) Stace (= \i{}Vulpia\i0{} Sect. Nardurus>
540<vulpia> 
 
# \i{}Vulpiella\i0{} <(Trabut) Burollet>/
7,1 9,- 11,- 13,10-40 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1 55,2<?> 65,2 69,1 70,1 71,2-4
73,2 74,1 89,5<2-10 cm long, with up to 4 branches at each node> 91,1<the
branches and pedicels pulvinate> 93,2<by contrast with \i{}Cutandia\i0{}>
101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,1 109,1<branches disarticulating at the
pulvini> 111,- 113,- 114,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,8-25(-40) 144,-
145,1 147,1&3 148,2<each lemma falling with the internode below, rather
than the one above> 154,1 156,1 157,2 158,2 163,2 165,1 167,1 170,1
171,2<scabrid on the midribs> 174,1<acuminate> 176<shortly>,1 177,2 179,2
187,1 189,1-3 191,2 192,2 196,2 208,5-12(-18) 210<aculeolate, acuminate>
214,2 216,2<firm> 218,1 219,1 223,3<the awn to 8 mm long> 225,1 226,1
228,1/3 229,- 231,1 234,1-2 235,1 240,2 244,2 247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1 259,3
260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2
283,2 286,1<to the palea> 287,1<3 mm long> 290,1 291,2 293,-
295,1<oblong-linear> 298,2 301,2 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 330,2 331,2
332,2 345,1 348,1 350,1 351,2 359,1 360,1<mainly, sometimes paired>
363,1/2<few> 365,2 370,2 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1
406,1 442,- 469,7 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,56 491,1<\i{}V.
stipoides\i0{}> 492<Mediterranean> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,2
504,11 506,1 512,4 513,2 515<dry sandy places> 535<studied by us>
540<vulpiell> 
 
# \i{}Walwhalleya\i0{} <K.E. Wills & J.J. Bruhl>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{}> 4<\i{}W. pungens\i0{} K.E. Wills & J.J. Bruhl> 7,2
9,1/2/3 13,10-100 14,2 27,2 37,2 44,2 47,2 52,1/1-2 55,2 56<107-20 cm
long,>,1.9-7 59,1/2 69,1 71<erose or entire,>,0.7-4 73,2 74,1 76,1 89,5
91,1<3-30 cm long> 95,3 99<grooved to angled> 101,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 124,4
141,2.2-3.8 142,8-9 145,3 147,3 148,2 149,1/2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1-2<the
lower falling only somewhat shorter> 166<(the upper)>,2 167,2 171,2 172,1/2
174<more or less>,1 176,2 177,2 179<oblong, ovate, lanceolate or elliptic,
more or less>,1 180<about>,0.75 181,2/3 187,3-7 189,7-9 191,2 192,1 196,1
197,1 198,1-2 199<if present,>,2 201,2 202<lanceolate, ovate or elliptic>
203,2 204<prominently>,7-9 205,2-3 206<membranous or chartaceous,>,1 207,2
208,1 210<elliptic> 214,3 215<muricate, not basally hyaline> 216,1 217,2
218,1 219<more or less>,1<acuminate, acute or apically rounded> 222<with
the recurved apex apiculate or mucronate,>,2 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2
247,1 248<"obscurely nerved"> 250,1 251,1 255,2 258,1 261,2<finely
muricate> 264,1 265,2 272,3 329,U 332<supposedly>,1 335,1 349,U 358,U 359,U
365,U 367,1 370,2 374,1 389,U 397,U 398,2 402,U 477,8 487,9 488,4 489,36
490,80 491,3<\i{}W. proluta\i0{}, \i{}W. pungens\i0{}, \i{}W.
subxerophylla\i0{}> 492<eastern Australia> 493,5 494,5 504,2&4&6 513,1<?>
534<Wills, K.E. and Bruhl, J.J. (2000). \i{}Aust. Syst. Bot.\i0{}
\i{}13\i0{}, 437-468> 537,2 538,3&4 540<walwhall> 
 
# \i{}Wangenheimia\i0{} <Moench>/
3<\i{}Festuca\i0{}> 7<rather rigid>,1 9,- 11,- 13,10-30 14,2 38,- 47,2 52,1
55,2 58,2 59,3<convolute> 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,1.5-2.5 73,2 74,1 75,2
89,4<spike-like, the pedicels short> 91,- 94,- 98,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,-
107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1 121,1 123,2-3<the pedicels 0.2 to 0.6
mm long> 125,1 141,3.5-8 144,- 145,1 147,1 148<tardily>,2 154,1 156,1 157,2
158,2 163,2<leathery, the midrib thickened> 165,2 167,2 170,3<the
G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} orientated parallel to the rachilla on the flattened
side of the spikelet> 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,1 179,1<the lower linear,
subulate, the upper lanceolate> 187,1 189,2/3 191,2 192,2 194,1 196,2
208,3-11 214,2<leathery, the margins membranous> 216,2 218,1
219,1/2<acuminate to obtuse-apiculate> 223,1 240,1 244<more or less>,1
246,- 247,2 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,2<shortly bifid> 256,1 259,3 260,3 264,1
265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1 271,2 272,3 274,2-2.5 277,1 280,2 283,2
286,2 287,1<1.8-2.4 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,1 298,2 304,1 305,2 306,2
308,1 322,1<costal silica-bodies larger> 323,2 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,1<coarsely> 332,2 345,2 348,- 349,- 350,- 351,1 353<nearly all>,1 354,1
358,1<over the veins> 359,1 360,2 363,1<a few, short>/3<mostly, more or
less irregular> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 393,1 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1
401,1 403,2<but scanty sclerenchyma> 404,2<strands only> 406,1<save at the
blade margins> 442,- 469,7 470,14 471,2 477,2 478,2 479,7 487,11 488,5
489,41 490,43 491,2 492<Spain, North Africa> 493,1&2&4 494,1 495,1&2 497,2
498,2 504,11 506,1 513,2 535<studied by us - \i{}W. lima\i0{} (L.) Trin.>
540<wangenhe> 
 
# \i{}Whiteochloa\i0{} <C.E. Hubb.>/
4<Type: \i{}W. semitonsa\i0{} (F.Muell. ex Benth.) C.E.Hubb.> 7,1<or
short-lived perennials> 9,3-4 11,- 13,30-105 14,2 27,1/2 32,3 37,1 38,-
44,2 47,2 55,2 56,2-5.5 59<loosely>,2/1 65,2 66,2 69,2 70,- 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1<the branches solitary, usually distant> 94,1 97,3 98,1<usually>/2<the
branches sometimes bristle-tipped in \i{}W. cymbiformis\i0{}> 101,2 102,2
103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,1/2 121,1-2 123,3
124,3<rarely>/4 126,2<but often paired> 141,2.25-4 142,7/8/11 144,-
145<slightly>,1/2 147,3 148,- 149,4 150,1<shortly so> 154,2 155,- 157,2
163,2 165,1 167<(the upper)>,2 170,- 171,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} hispid or
ciliate on the nerves, with tubercle-based hairs>/2 176,2<sometimes
mucronate> 178,- 179,1<membranous, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} broadly ovate
and enclosing the base of the spikelet, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} larger,
cymbiform, acuminate with a hardened apex> 187,3-5 189,5-7<the nerves
prominent> 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203,2 204,5 205,3<with
dorsal groove or depression> 206,1-2<membranous to leathery> 207,1/2 208,1
214,3 215<faintly but distinctly>,3 216,1<crustaceous> 217,2 218,1
219,1<acute or acuminate> 223,2<with a slightly curved apiculum>
240,1<apically puberulous>/2<glabrous> 244,2 246,1 248,5 250,1 251,1 255,1
256,1 258,1<with indurated flaps> 259,3 260,3 264,1 266,2 267,2 268,1 269,2
270,- 272,3 275,2 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1<1.5-2.25 mm long> 291,2
293,- 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 327,1<but the intercostals much larger, and
inflated> 328,1 330,2 331,1/2 332,1 335,1 339,54-60 341,6.3-9 342,6.7-7.6
343,36-39 344,0.63-0.69 345,1 346,33-36 348,3 350,2 351,2 353,2<solitary>
354,2 359,1 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2 375,1 378,2 385,1 389,1 393,3
394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1/2<then the epidermis irregularly bulliform>
401<when clearly grouped,>,1<these large-celled, \i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,1
404,1 405,2 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,6
492<Australia and Moluccas> 493,5 494,5 503,1 504,5&6&7 509,1 513,2
515<sandy alluvial soils in savanna> 535<studied by us - \i{}W.
cymbiformis\i0{} (Hughes) B.K. Simon, \i{}W. semitonsa\i0{} (Muell. ex
Benth.) Hubbard> 540<whiteoch> 
 
# \i{}Willkommia\i0{} <Hackel>/
1<named for H.M. Willkomm> 5<\i{}Willbleibia\i0{} Herter> 7,1/2 9,2/3
13,20-40 14,2 19,2 27,2 37,2 40,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,2 56,2-4 59,1 61,2
62,1&3 65,2 66,2 69,3 70,- 72,2 73,2 74,1 78,- 81,1/2<?> 89,2 95,3<the
spikes scattered along a central axis> 96,3-8 99,2&3 101,2 102,2 108,2
111,- 113,- 115,- 121,1<on one side of the rachis> 122,1 123<very
shortly>,3 141<about>,4 144,2 145,3 147,1 148,- 149,2&3 154,2 155,- 157,2
161,1 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} about two-thirds the length of
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 167<(the upper)>,2<slightly exceeding the spikelet>
170,1 171,2<glabrous to scabrid> 173,- 174,1<somewhat, in
G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>/2<blunt to slightly notched, G\sub{}1\nosupersub{}>
176,2 177,2<rounded> 178,- 179,2<thin, the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} flimsier>
184,- 185,- 186,- 187,0 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1-2 215,- 216,2 218,1
219,1 221,- 223,1<but acuminate>/2-3 225<when present,>,1 228,3 231,1 233,1
234,1 235,1 240,1 244,2<but the median nerve slightly prominent> 246,-
247,2 248,3 250,1 251,1<glabrous or silky-hairy> 255,1-2<minutely trilobed>
256,1 258,2<thinly membranous, flimsy> 259,3 260,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 270,- 271,2 272,3 274<relatively long> 275,2 276,2 277,1 280,2
283,2 289,4 290,U 294,U 295,1 296,U 297,U 298,1 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1
322,1 323,1 324,2 325,2<or scarcely so> 326,1/2 327,2<costals much longer,
much narrower> 329,2-3<the long-cells short to very short> 330,1 331,1-2
332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2<but the apical cell thin-walled> 336,1 339,27-30
340,15 341,17.4-19.5 342,1.5-1.7 343,9-12 344,0.3-0.42 345,1 346,18-21
348,2&3 350,2 351,2 352,1 353,- 354,- 355,1 359,1 360,1 362,4
363<predominantly>,4 365,2 367,1 370,1 374,1 376,2 377,1 378,2 393,2-3<with
slight abaxial ribs> 394,- 395,1<via a larger bundle and sclerenchyma mass>
396,1 399,1 400,1 401,1<mostly>/2<few of these> 403,2 404,1<with the large
bundles> 405,1<the large bundles> 406,1 409,1 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7
489,17 490,71 491,2 492<1 in southern U.S.A., 3 in southern Africa> 493,6&7
494,1&3 495,1 497,4 502,5 504,11 507,2 512,4 515<open habitats in savanna,
usually halophytic> 535<studied by us - \i{}W. sarmentosa\i0{} Hack.> 537,2
540<willkomm> 
 
# \i{}Xerochloa\i0{} <R.Br.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}xeros\i0{} (dry) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass), referring
to habitat> 4<type: not designated. Lecto: \i{}X. imberbis\i0{} R.Br.
\i{}fide\i0{} R.D.Webster, \i{}Austral. Paniceae\i0{} 261 (1987)>
5<\i{}Kerinozoma\i0{} Steud.> 7,1<rarely>/2 9,3<often rush-like>/4 11,-
14,1/2 27,2 32,3 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,2 58,1/2 59,1/3<involute> 65,2 66,2
69,2<very reduced> 73,2 74,1/2<the upper floret of perfect spikelets
sometimes (?) being female, with 2-3 staminodes> 75,1<heteromorphous, with
some of the spikelets reduced> 76,1&4/1&2&4 89,-<of globose, spathaceous
units, fascicled and interspersed with prophylls, the fascicled units
solitary and terminating the culm, or arranged in a leafy panicle> 98,2<the
rachis produced beyond the uppermost spikelet> 100,1/2 101,1 102,1 103,1<to
very short spikes, with tough rachides> 106,3<with groups of 3-5 in a
spathe> 108,1 109,1/2<the ultimate units breaking up, or falling entire>
120,1 121,2 123,1 126,2 131<the literature suggests that some spikelets are
variously reduced> 141,4.8-12 142,7/8/9/10/11 144,1 145,1-3 147,3<with
the spikelet bearing axes falling, and a second zone of disarticulation
beneath the glumes> 149,1 154,2 157,2 163,1/2 165,1/- 167,1 171,1/2 176,2
177,2 183,- 187,0-1 189,2-5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1/2
203,2 204,3-9 205,2-3 206,2<membranous to cartilaginous, with a hyaline
area at the base> 208,1 210<acuminate> 214,3<membranous to cartilaginous>
215,1-3<or muricate> 216,1-2 217,1/2/3 218,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2
247,1/2 248,2 250,1 252,1 257,2 259,3 264,2<or vestigial> 272,3/0<or
staminodal?> 275,2 277,1 280,1 283,2 284,2 291,2 295,1 298,1 303,1 304,2
305,1 306,1 322,1 323,2 328,1 330,1/2 331,1 332,1<often arising from
specialized epidermal cells> 335,1 339,(48-)51-72(-78)
341,(10.5-)11.4-14.4(-15) 342,3.6-6.5 343,(27-)30-51(-57) 344,0.53-0.75
345,1 346,(30-)33-51 348,2 350,2 351,1/2 353,1<usually> 354,1 359,1 360,3
363,3<predominating>/8 365,2 366<almost entirely>,1<obviously so in \i{}X.
barbata\i0{} and \i{}X. imberbis\i0{}, less obviously so in \i{}X.
laniflora\i0{} where the quite broad midrib is recognisable as such by
the reduced lateral flanges and with reference the other species> 370,1
374,2 375,1 378,2 385,1 389,1/2 396<(i.e. the bulk of the blade)>,2 397,1
399,2<the adaxial epidermis being largely bulliform> 402,1 403,1/2 404,2
406,1 442,- 460,1/2 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,4
492<Siam, Java, Australia> 493,5 494,2&5 496,3 500,3 503,1 504,5&6&7 509,1
512,4<extreme> 513,2 515<dry stream beds and clay flats> 534<Webster 1987>
535<studied by us - \i{}X. barbata\i0{} R. Br., \i{}X. imberbis\i0{} R.
Br., \i{}X. laniflora\i0{} Benth.> 540<xerochlo> 
 
# \i{}Yakirra\i0{} <Lazarides & R. Webster>/
1<\i{}Yakirra\i0{}: aboriginal name for some of the species>
3<\i{}Ichnanthus australiensis\i0{} and relatives> 4<Type: \i{}Y.
pauciflora\i0{} (R.Br.) Lazarides & R.D.Webster> 7,1/2 9,3 13,8-75 14,2
19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1 27,1/2 32,3 37,1/2 44,2 47,2 52,1-3 55,2
56,1.5-7<3-30 cm long> 59,1/3 65,2 68,1 69,3 73,2 74,1 78,- 89,5<rarely,
reduced to racemes - e.g. in \i{}Y. australiensis\i0{}> 91,1/2 97,3 101,2
102,2 108,2 120,1 121,2 123,3 124,4 141,3.2-6.8 142,7/8/11/12 144,2<when
appressed>/- 145,3 147,1/3 149,2&4<the latter being a straight, swollen
elaiosome> 150,1 151,2 152,1 153,2 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,1 167<(the
upper)>,2 171,1<with adaxial hairs at the apex of G\sub{}2\nosupersub{}>
173<(the lower)>,2<with a transverse row of setae> 174,1<acuminate to
acute, ovate, elliptic to oblanceolate> 176,2 177,2 179<membranous> 187,3-9
189,5-9 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1-2 201,2 203,2 204,5-9<elliptic
to oblanceolate, acute to acuminate> 205<longer than the fertile lemmas>
206,1<membranous> 207,2 208,1 210<acute> 214,3 215,1 216,1 217,2/3 218,1
219,1 223,1 240,2 243,1 244,2<dorsally rounded> 246,2 247,1 248<with strong
nerves> 250,1 251,1 255,1 256,1 258,1 259,3 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 269,2
272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 287,1 291,2 295,1 298,1 322,1 323,2 331,1
332,1 335,1 339,(39-)42-51 341,(4.5-)5.1-7.5 342,5.9-10.7
343,(18-)19.5-28.5(-30) 344,0.46-0.62 345,1 346,(33-)36-48(-51) 348,2&3
350,2 351,1 359,1 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,1 375,2 378,1/2 379<when
present,>,1 383,2 385,1 393,2 395,2 396,1 399,1 401,1 403,2 404,1 405,2
406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,54 491,7 492<Australia,
Burma> 493,3&5 494,2&5 496,3 500,2 503,1&3 504,5&6&7 509,1 512,3-4
534<Lazarides and Webster 1984> 535<studied by us - \i{}Y.
australiensis\i0{} (Domin) Lazarides & Webster, \i{}Y. majuscula\i0{} (F.
Muell. ex Benth.) Lazarides & Webster, \i{}Y. muelleri\i0{} (Hughes)
Lazarides & Webster, \i{}Y. nulla\i0{} Lazarides & Webster \i{}Y.
pauciflora\i0{} (R.Br.) Lazarides & Webster> 540<yakirra> 
 
# \i{}Ystia\i0{} <P. Compre>/
1<named after Rd. Pre Vanderyst (van der Yst), Belgian agrostologist>
3<\i{}Schizachyrium\i0{} (\i{}S. kwiluense\i0{})> 7,2 13<about>,50-150 14,2
19,1 44,2 52<narrowly>,1 55,2 65,2 69,1 71<short> 73,2 74,1 78,1<the
pedicellate spikelets with awns reduced or lacking> 89,5<a false panicle of
small racemes> 101,1 102,1 103,3 104,4<with 6-7 spikelet pairs> 106,1<in
the spatheoles> 107,1<flexuose> 108,1 109,2 115<scabrid> 120,2&3<with
terminal triad> 123,1&3 126,1 127,1 128,2 129,1 130,1 141,4-5 147,3 154,2
157,1 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 167,2 171,2<glabrous below, scabrid above>
176,2 179,1<the G\sub{}1\nosupersub{} papery with involute margins and
apically bidentate, the G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} thinner, naviculate, shortly
subulate or acuminate> 183,2<except at the tip> 185,2 186,1 187,(5-)7(-9)
189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2<reduced to a hyaline lemma> 201,2 203,2
208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,2 221,1<to about a third> 223,3<in the
sessile spikelet>/1-2<in the pedicellate spikelet> 225,1 226,1 228,1 231,2
233<shortly>,2/1<scabrid> 234,2-3<4-5 mm long, in the sessile spikelet>
244,2 247,2 250,2 264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 272,3 283,2 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 371,U 387,U 388,U 389,U 390,U 391,U
397,U 402,U 477,7 478,6 485,5 486,1 487,9<as a synonym?> 488,1 489,2 490,5
491,1<\i{}Y. stagnina\i0{}, cf. \i{}Schizachyrium kwiluense\i0{}>
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2&3 504,11 508,2&3 534<Compre
1963> 537,2 538,4 540<ystia> 
 
# \i{}Yushania\i0{} <Keng>/
3<\i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{}> 4<\i{}Y. alpina\i0{} (K. Schum.) W.C. Lin>
6<\i{}Bergbambos\i0{}> 7,2 9,1&3 11,2 13,100-400 14,1 15,0.5-2 19,1
20<consistently>,1 21,(1-)3-20 23,4<mostly>/3 30,1 31,1/2 34,1/2 35,1
36,1/2/4 37,2 38,2 39<metamorph type II> 40,2 44,2 47<auricles
inconspicuous> 48,1<short brown bristles> 52,3 55,1/2 56,5-13<4-18 cm long>
63,1 65,1 66<demarcated,>,1/1-2 67,1 68,1 72,1<very rarely - e.g., \i{}Y.
glandulosa\i0{}>/2 73,2 74,1 78,- 85,2 87,1/2 89,5<with few spikelets per
synflorescence cluster> 101,1 102,1 103,4/5 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 120,-
121,2 122,2 123,3 140,1/2 142<where recorded,>,9/11/- 144,- 145,1 147,1
148,2 154,1 155,1<at the swollen tips of the joints> 156,1 157,2 163,2
167,1 170,- 174,1 176,2<acute to acuminate-tipped> 177,1 179,2 191,2 192,2
194,1 196,2 208,2-7 214,2 216,2 218,1 219,1 223,2-3 225,1 226,1 228,3 231,1
234,1 244,1 248,7/9 250,1 251,1 252,1/2 255,2<acutely bifid> 258,2 259,4<2
between the keels, 2 between each keel and the margin> 260,3 264,1 265,3
266,1 267,1 268,2 269,1 270,2 271,1 272,3 275,2 276,2 277,1 278,2 280,1
283,2 290,1 291,2 293,- 295,2 298,2 322,1 323,1 331,1<these thin> 332,1
335,1 345,1 360,2/3/1<sometimes, over main veins>
363,4<commonly>/7-8<sometimes tending to cross-shaped, then sometimes
tending to be vertically elongated> 370,2 374,1 386,2 390,1 391,1 392,2
393,1 395,1 396,3 398,1 399,1 401,1<mostly>/1&2 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1
477,3 478,4 481,13 487,4 488,2 489,5 490,12 491,1<\i{}Y. alpina\i0{}>
492<China including Taiwan> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,2&3 504,11 534<See
Stapleton, C.M.A. (1013). \i{}Bergbambos\i0{} and \i{}Oldeania\i0{}, new
genera of African bamboos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae). PhytoKeys 25: 87-103>
535<studied by us - \i{}Yushania alpina\i0{}> 536<Clayton and Renvoize
(1986) and Soderstrom and Ellis (1987) proposed different generic
interpretations of species in this circle of affinity> 538,1<but slides to
be re-examined> 540<yushania> 
 
# \i{}Yvesia\i0{} <A. Camus>/
1<named for M.A. Saint-Yves, French agrostologist> 7<slender>,1 11,1
13,15-22 14,2 19,2 26,1 27,2 44,1<almost rosette-forming> 47,2 50<sheaths
glabrous, striate> 52,3-4 55,2<but relatively broad>/- 56,2-4 57<basi
rotundata> 59,1<rigid, sub-erect> 65,2 66,2 69,2 71<short> 72,2 73,2 74,1
89,5<delicate> 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 108,2 120,1 121,1-2<the branches
indistinctly unilateral> 123<shortly to long>,3 124,4 141<about>,2.5 142,9
144,2<insofar as orientation detectable> 145<slightly>,3 146,2 147,3 154,2
157,1 159,1<long, dense, to about 0.5 mm long> 161,2 163,1 166<(the upper,
only glume)>,2 167,2 171<conspicuously>,1<with long, white pubescence>
174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2 183,- 189,3 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,2 201,2
202<conspicuously pubescent, similar to the glume> 203,2 204,5<the laterals
inconspicuous> 205,3 206,1 207,2 208,1 210<obovate-oblong> 214,3<becoming
cartilaginous, distinctly hardened> 215,2 216,- 218,1 223,2<or at least,
mucronulate> 240,2 243,1 244,2 246,2 247,1 248,5 249,1 250,1 251,1 253,2
255,1 256,1 257,2<and glabrous> 258,2 259,3 260,1 261,1 264,1 265,2 267,2
268,1 269,2 271,2 272,3 277,1 280,2 283,2 284,2 286,2<but enclosed>
287,1<1.2 mm long> 288<yellow> 291,3 292,1 295,1 298,1 299,1 301,2 322,1
323,2 327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<fairly thin walled>
329,1/2<often short to almost isodiametric> 330,1&2 331,1&2 332,1
335,1<only the bases seen> 345,1 347,2 348<low>,2&3 350,2 351<fairly>,1
353,1 354,1 356,5&8 357<no microhairs or prickles seen> 359,1 360,1 361,1
363,8 364,1&2&3&4 370,1 374,1 375,2 378,2 383<seemingly>,2<fairly clearly
so, in the poorish material seen> 393,3 395,2 396,1 398,2 399,1 401,1<their
median cells quite large and deeply penetrating, separating all the
bundles> 403,1<or with very little, some seemingly with none> 404,1
405,1<the sclerenchyma quite scanty, forming slight Is with larger
bundles> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,44 491,1<\i{}Y.
madagascariensis\i0{}> 492<Madagascar> 493,4 494,2 496,2 504,11
515<streamside rocks> 534<Camus 1927. \i{}Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.\i0{}
\b{}73\b0{}, 687-690> 535<studied by us> 540<yvesia> 
 
# \i{}Zea\i0{} <L.>/
1<\i{}Zea (zeia)\i0{}, old Greek name for a food grass, possibly spelt>
5<\i{}Mays\i0{} Miller, \i{}Mayzea\i0{} Raf., \i{}Reana\i0{} Brignoli,
\i{}Thalysia\i0{} Kuntze. = \i{}Zea mays\i0{} subsp. \i{}mays\i0{}>
6<\i{}Euchlaena\i0{}, Teosinte (see comments)> 7<robust>,1 9,- 11,-
13,200-450 14,2 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 47,2 55,1 58,- 59,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2
73,1 74,2 75,1<male and female> 76,2&3 77,1 78,1 79,- 80,1 89,-<peculiar:
the female axillary, comprising a stout, spicate spadix with spikelets in
few to several longitudinal rows, terminating in a tuft of long pendulous
styles (silks); the male spikelets in terminal panicles of spiciform
tassels> 91,- 94,- 101,1 102,2 103,- 108,2 120,2 121,2
126,1<male>/2<female> 131<male spikelets in pairs, two-flowered, with
many-nerved, membranous glumes. Lemmas and paleas hyaline, the florets with
three stamens and two cuneate lodicules> 132,2 133,1<two> 134,2 135,2 136,1
137,2 138,3 145,2-3 147,4 154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,2 174,2 176,2 177,-
179,2<basally fleshy, hyaline above> 183,U 185,2 186,1 187,0 189,0 191,2
192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1/2 199<when present,>,1-2 201,2 203,2 204,0 205,2-3
206,2<hyaline> 207,2 208,1 214,1 216,2 223,1 240,2 244,2 248,3 250,1 251,1
255,2 256,2 258,2<papery at base, hyaline above> 264,2 266,- 272,0 277,1
280,1<fused nearly to tip> 283,2<at tip of style> 284,1-2<or green> 287,2
291,2/3 295,1 298,1 301,2 302,2 303,1 304,2 305,1 306,1 308,2 309,2 311,1
312,1 313,2 323,2 331,1 332,1 335,1 337,2<\i{}Zea mays\i0{}>
339,(39-)42-51(-55) 341,(8.4-)9.6-11.4(-12) 342,3.4-5.4 343,(21-)32-38
344,0.5-0.73 345,1 346,(39-)42-48(-60) 348,3 350,2 351,1 354,1 356,6/5
359,1 360,1/3 363,8 364,1 365,2 370,1 373,3 374,2 375,1 380,1 382,2 383,1
385,1 393,3 394,- 395,1 396,2 397,1 399,1 401,1<the groups large-celled -
\i{}Zea\i0{}-type> 403,1 404,1 405,2 406,1 410,3 413,1<\i{}Z. mays\i0{}>
414,4.37 415,1 416,1 467,1 469,10 470,20 471,2 473<small> 474,2.4-5.5<6
values for \i{}Z. mays\i0{}, mean 4.4> 475,5.2<values from 4.4 to 11.0
given for \i{}Zea mays\i0{} by different authors> 476,1 477,7 478,6 485,6
487,9 488,1 489,2 490,75 491,1<\i{}Z. mays\i0{}> 492<unknown in the wild:
originated in tropical America, cultivated in all warm to tropical regions
of both hemispheres> 493,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 494,3 502,1&2&3&5&6
504,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 512,3 517<\i{}Zea mays\i0{}> 519<\i{}Z. mays\i0{}
(Maize, Corn, Mealies)> 523<intergeneric hybrids with \i{}Euchlaena\i0{}
(\i{}Euchlaezea\i0{} Janaki ex Bor), \i{}Saccharum\i0{},
\i{}Tripsacum\i0{}> 524,3&5 525,3 528,10 531,2 533,2&5 535<Metcalfe 1960,
and studied by us> 536<the descriptions of maize relatives require
updating, to conform with modern taxonomic views (e.g. Doebley and Iltis
1980, Iltis 1987). The older and convenient but artificial treatment,
separating the readily distinguishable \i{}Zea mays\i0{} subsp.
\i{}mays\i0{} from the rest, is retained here pending acqisition of
detailed comparative morphological data> 540<zea> 
 
# \i{}Zenkeria\i0{} <Trin.>/
7,2 9,3 11,- 13,60-130 14,2 38,- 55,1/2 56,5-25 59,1/3<convolute or
involute> 63,1<the pseudopetiole stiff> 65,2 69,3 70,- 71,- 73,2 74,1 89,5
91,1/2 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2
123,3 141,2.5-4 144,- 145,1 147,1 154<very shortly>,1/2 155,1 156<(when
present)>,2 158,- 163,2 165,1<G\sub{}2\nosupersub{} longer>/2 166,1 167,1
170,- 176,2 177,1 179,2<spreading, ovate> 182,1/2 187,1 189,1 191,1 196,2
208,2<similar> 214,2-3 216,2<leathery> 223,1<acuminate in \i{}Z.
elegans\i0{}> 240,1<below the middle> 248,5-7 250,1 256,1/2 260,3
263,3<long-ciliate> 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 272,3 290,U 294,U 296,U
297,U 303,2 322,1 323,2 327,2 328,1 330,1 331,1<and pitted; but the
sinuations very fine; by contrast with the coarse sinuations of the
costals> 332,1 335,1<large, the apical cell as long as the basal cell>
345,1 348,2 350,2 351,1 353,2<solitary (square-ish)> 354,2 359,1
360,1<though the short-cells sometimes rather long> 363,7<very regular, cf.
\i{}Pheidochloa\i0{}> 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2 386,2 390,2<but the cell
walls frequently very sinuous> 393,1 394,2<large, flat-topped and a few
small round-topped> 395,2 396,1 399,1<large groups, regularly disposed
between the ribs> 401,1&2 403,2 404,1<with all the bundles> 405,1<all
bundles> 406,1 442,- 477,5 483,3 487,3 488,7 489,32 490,80 491,4 492<India,
Ceylon, Burma> 493,3 494,2 496,3 500,1 504,11 513,2 515<upland grassland>
535<studied by us - \i{}Z. elegans\i0{} Trin.> 537,2 540<zenkeria> 
 
# \i{}Zeugites\i0{} <P. Browne>/
5<\i{}Despretzia\i0{}, \i{}Galeottia\i0{} Mart. & Gal.,
\i{}Krombholzia\i0{} Fourn., \i{}Senites\i0{} Adans.> 7,2 9,2/4 11,2
13,30-100 14,2 17<clambering or trailing> 19<sparsely to amply>,1/2 23,1
40,2 44,2 47,2 48,U 52,3-5 55,1/2 63,1<the pseudopetioles long and slender>
65,1 67,1 73,2 74,2<the lowermost florets in each spikelet female, the
upper male> 78,- 89,5 91,1 94,1 101,2 102,2 147,3 148,1/2<the upper, male
part sometimes shed separately> 154,1 155,2 156,1 163,1 167,1
174,2<truncate to dentate, with cross nerves> 176,2 183,-
187<several-nerved> 189,5 191,2 192,2<male> 193,1-14 196,2 208,1
212<slightly gibbous> 218,1-2 221,2<acute to truncate or dentate>
223,1/2<?> 240,2 248,7-13 250,1 256,1 264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,1 272,0<3
in the male florets> 283,2 295,1 298,2 304,1 305,1 306,2 308,2 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals narrower> 330,1 331,1<deeply> 332,1 335,1 339,30-31-57
341,3.6-5.7 342,6.9-10 343,(12-)13-31.5(-33) 344,0.38-0.58 345,1 346,21-33
348,2&3 350,2 351,2<but abundant microhairs and (small) microhair bases in
\i{}Z. pittieri\i0{}> 353,- 354,- 359,1 360,1/3<in \i{}Z. pittieri\i0{},
the rows are interrupted by prickles> 363,8 364,1&4 365,2 370,2 374,1 385,2
386,1 390,2 391,2 393,3 395,1<a larger bundle> 396,1 399,1 401,1<the fans
large, occupying about half the width of the mesophyll> 403,2 404,1 406,1
470,46 477,4 482,1 487,9 488,7 489,50 490,80 491<about>,12 492<Mexico to
Venezuela, West Indies> 493,7 494,3 502,1&2 504,11 513,1 514,2 515<ravines
and bushy hillsides> 535<studied by us - \i{}Z. mexicana\i0{} (Kunth) Trin.
ex Steud., \i{}Z. pittieri\i0{} Hack.> 540<zeugites> 
 
# \i{}Zingeria\i0{} <P. Smirnov>/
1<after Russian botanist Basil Zinger> 3<\i{}Colpodium\i0{}>
5<\i{}Zingeriopsis\i0{} Probat.> 7,1 9,- 11,- 13,20-50 14,2 38,- 47,2
52<narrowly>,1 55,2 56,0.5-2 59,1<usually>/2/3 65,2 69,1 70,2 71,1-4 73,2
74,1 89<delicate,>,5 91,1 98,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 141,1-3 144,- 145<slightly>,3 147,1 148,-
154,2 157,1 160<very>,2 163,2 164,2 165,1<\i{}Z. verticillata\i0{}>/2
166<(the longer)>,1-2 167,2 170,- 171,2 172,1 174,1<acute> 176,2 177,2
178,- 179,2<ovate, membranous> 187,1 189,3 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,3
216,2<papery in fruit> 218,1 219,2 223,1 240,1<with clavate hairs> 244,2
246,- 247,2 248,3 250,1<similar to the lemma> 251,1 257,2 258,2 259,3 260,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 267,2 268,2 269,2 270,1/2 271,2 272,3 274,0.5-1.3 277,1
280,2 283,2 286,1<often>/2 287,1<0.3-1.7 mm long> 291,2 293,- 295,1 296,2
297,1 298,2 322,1 323,1 324,1&2 325,1<slightly, in \i{}Z.
trichopoda\i0{}>/2 326,1<costally>/2<intercostally> 328,2<costals thicker>
330,1/1&2<\i{}Z. kochii\i0{}> 331,2 332,2 345,1 346,(25-)27-30(-32)
348<low>,2/1 350,1 351,2 353,- 354,- 359,1 360,3 363,1/2<a few>/3<very few>
365,2 370,2 374,1 386,2 395,2 396,1 398,2 403,2 404,1<with the largest
bundles> 406,1 442,- 469,2 470,4&8&12 471,2<2\i{}n\i0{} = 4>/4/6
473<large> 477,2 478,2 479,4 487,11 488,5 489,41 490,24 491,4
492<southeast Russia, Western Asia> 493,1 494,1 495,1&2 497,2 498,3 504,11
506,1 512,3 513,2 514,2 515<meadows and streamsides> 535<studied by us -
\i{}Z. kochii\i0{} (Mez) Tsvelev, \i{}Z. trichopoda\i0{} (Boiss.) P.
Smirn.> 540<zingeria> 
 
# \i{}Zizania\i0{} <L.>/
1<from the Greek \i{}Zizanion\i0{}, ancient Greek for a weed of grain>
5<\i{}Ceratochaete\i0{} Lunell, \i{}Elymus\i0{} Mitchell, \i{}Fartis\i0{}
Adans., \i{}Hydropyrum\i0{} Link, \i{}Melinum\i0{} Link> 7<tall,
aquatic>,1/2 11,- 13,100-300 14,2 27,1/2 37,2 38,- 47,2 48,U 52,2 55,1<to 3
cm>/2 56,5-30 59,1 63,1/2 65,2<?> 69,1 71,3-11 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3
77,2<the lower, pendent branches male, the upper, ascending ones female>
80,2 89,5<large, terminal> 91,1 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 131<male spikelets pendent, lemmas
membranous, acute or short-awned, 5-nerved; palea 3-nerved; 6 free stamens>
133,2 135,1 136,1-3 138,6 139,1 140,2<the glumes obsolete>
141,10-25<ascending> 142,9 144,- 145,1-2 147<falling entire>,- 148,- 150,-
154,2 155,- 157,2 158,2 162,2<but perhaps represented by a small
collar-like ridge on the pedicel> 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<acuminate into the
long, acuminate lemma> 214,- 216,2<papery> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1
228,3<from the into a long, slender awn> 229,- 231,1 234,2-3 244,2 248,3-5
250,1 251,1 259,3 260,2 272,0 277,1 280,2 283,2 287,2/3<10-20 mm long>
291,3<cylindrical> 295,2 301,2 302,2 304,1 305,1 306,2 308,2 309,2
310,1<margins free, lamina well developed> 322,1 323,1 325,1 326,3<each
long-cell with one large and many small papillae> 331,1<the walls thin>
332,1 335,1<tapering to base and apex> 339,26-36 343,14-18 344,0.48 345,1
348,3 351,1 353,1 354,1 356<narrowly>,8/6 359,1 360,2/3 363,7 365,2 370,2
374,1 385,2 390,1 391,1 392,2 395,1<with a characteristic system of
intercellular spaces> 396,3 399,1 401,1/2 403,2 404,1 436,- 442,- 469,15
470,30&34 471,2 473<small> 474,2.2<1 species> 475,4.4<\i{}Z.
aquatica\i0{}> 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,3 492<North
America and Eurasia> 493,1&6 494,1&2 495,1 496,3 497,2&3&4 500,1&2 504,11
506,2 507,1&3 512,1-2 519<breeding of \i{}Zizania aquatica\i0{} (Wildrice,
long gathered from wild stands) is yielding non-shattering forms of
potential economic value> 522<\i{}Z. latifolia\i0{} cultivated for its
edible young shoots> 531,1&2 532,1 533,5 535<Metcalfe 1960> 540<zizania> 
 
# \i{}Zizaniopsis\i0{} <Doell & Aschers.>/
1<from the grass generic name \i{}Zizania\i0{} (q.v.) and the Greek
\i{}opsis\i0{} (appearance), alluding to similarity> 7<robust>,2 9,1&3 11,2
13,100-350 14,2 19,2 38,2 40,2 44,2 48,U 52,1 55,1 56,10-30<and to 1.2 m
long> 59,1 65,2 69,1 70,2<ovate-lanceolate> 71,15-80 73,1 74,2 75,1 76,2&3
77,2/3<the males below the females on the same panicle branches> 78,1 79,-
89,5<large, to 100 cm or more long> 91,1 96,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,-
108,2 111,- 113,- 115,- 120,- 121,2 123,3 131<male spikelets sometimes
larger, with 7-nerved lemma, 2-nerved palea and 6 free, non-penicillate
stamens> 133,2 135,1 138,6 139,1 140,2<through lacking glumes> 141,6-8
142,2/8/9/10 144,- 145,1-2 147<disarticulating from the pedicels>,- 148,-
154,2 155,- 157,2 162,2 191,1 196,2 208,1 210<lanceolate, tapered into the
awn> 218,1 219,1 223,3 225,1 226,1 228,3 229,- 231,1 233,1 234,1-3 248,5-7
250,1 251,1 255,1<narrow, pointed> 259,4<3> 260,2 272,0 277,1 280,1<into
one long style> 283,2 286,2 287,2<6-7 mm long> 291,3<cylindrical> 295,2
301,2 302,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 325,1<in places>/2<elsewhere> 326,3<most
cells in \i{}Z. bonariense\i0{} with a median row of thick walled, circular
or bifurcated papillae, and often with a single very large papilla in
addition; long-cells in \i{}Z. miliacea\i0{} with 2 or 3 irregular rows of
small, thick walled, circular papillae, which tend to associate with those
of the interstomatals to encircle the stomata> 327,1-2<the costals more
regularly rectangular> 328,1<fairly thick walled> 330,1 331,1<the sinuosity
coarse to fairly fine> 332,1 333,2 334,1 335<of peculiar form - small to
medium sized, thin walled, pyriform with pointed tips, and bent over> 345,1
346,24-27<\i{}Z. miliacea\i0{}>/36-39<\i{}Z. bonariensis\i0{}> 347,2
348,2&3<mostly low domes, in \i{}Z. bonariensis\i0{}> 350,1<slightly> 351,1
353,1 354,1/2 356,8/6<in \i{}Z. miliacea\i0{}, ill-defined in \i{}Z.
bonariensis\i0{}> 359,1 360,1<\i{}Z. miliacea\i0{}>/2<\i{}Z.
bonariensis\i0{}> 363,7 365,2 370,2 374,1<the mestome sheath heavily
lignified, often double> 386,2 390,2<seemingly, in the poor material
seen>/2<?> 391,1 392,2 393,1-2 395,1 396,3 397,1<and with large areas of
stellate aerenchyma> 398,2 399,1 401,1<the fans large> 403,2 404,1
405,1<every bundle with an I or an anchor> 406,1 469,12 470,24 471,2
476,1 477,3 478,3 481,2 487,8 488,7 489,35 490,78 491,5 492<southern
U.S.A., South America> 493,6&7 494,1&3 495,1 497,4 502,1&5 504,11 507,2&3
512,2 535<studied by us - \i{}Z. miliacea\i0{} (Michx.) Doll. & Asch.,
\i{}Z. bonariensis\i0{} (Bal. & Poitr.) Spegazz.> 540<zizaniop> 
 
# \i{}Zonotriche\i0{} <Phipps>/
5<\i{}Mitwabochloa\i0{} Phipps, \i{}Piptostachya\i0{} (C. E. Hubbard)
Phipps> 7,2 9,3 13,60-150 14,2 44,2 52,1 55,1-2 59,1 65,2 69,3 73,2 74,1
89,5 91,1-2 101,2 102,2 108,1 109,1<the villous peduncle developing a
fracture zone, so that the spikelet triads fall entire> 120,3<compact>
121,2 123,3<the pedicels connate in the triplet> 141,10-28 143<brown>
147,1&3 148,2 154,2 157,1<beneath the L\sub{}2\nosupersub{}> 160,2 161,2
163,2 165,1-2 167<(the longer)>,2 171,1<with tubercle-based hairs> 173,3
174,1 176,2 179,2<narrowly lanceolate, papery to leathery> 187,3 189,3
191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 201,1 204,5 205,1<2/3 to 3/4 as long as the
spikelet> 208,1 214<thinly leathery> 216,2 218,2 220,2 221,1 223,3 225,1/3
226,1<the lateral lobes muticous>/2<the lateral lobes aristate> 227<the
median>,1<when laterals present> 228,1 231,2 233,1 234,3 236,2
240,1<variously so> 241,1/2 242,1/2 244,2 248,5-9 250,1 259,3 260,3 262,1/2
264,1 266,2 268,1 272,3 293,1<or hairless>/- 295,2 298,1 322,1 323,2
327,2<the costals much narrower> 328,1<of medium wall thickness> 330,1
331,1<these with conspicuous pits> 332,1 333,2 334,2 335,1 339<(the only
complete example seen)>,57 341,6 342,9.5 343,27 344,0.47 345,1 346,27-33
348<low to high>,2&3 350,2 351,1 353,1&2<sometimes seemingly solitary>
354,1 357<a few small intercostal prickles present> 358,2 359,1 360,1 363,8
364,3<elongated> 365,2 370,1 371<somewhat>,2 374<seemingly>,1<the primaries
certainly double-sheathed, and the inner sheath seemingly empty, in the
fairly well preserved material seen> 375,2 378,2 393<with only low,
round-topped ribs over the primary bundles> 395,2 396,1 399,1<large groups
between the primary bundles> 401,1 403,2 404,1<with the primaries>
405,1<Is and Ts> 406,1 477,7 478,5 485,4 487,9 488,7 489,48 490,80 491,3
492<tropical Africa> 493,4 494,2 496,1 499,2 504,11 508,2&3 515<savanna
woodland> 535<studied by us - \i{}Z. inamoena\i0{} (K. Schum.) Phipps>
540<zonotric> 
 
# \i{}Zoysia\i0{} <Willd.>/
1<after Karl von Zois, 1756-1800, country gentleman and plant-collector of
Carniola, Austria> 4<Type: \i{}Z. matrella\i0{} (L.) Merrill>
5<\i{}Brousemichea\i0{} Bal., \i{}Matrella\i0{} Pers., \i{}Osterdamia\i0{}
Necker ex Kuntze> 7<mat forming>,2 9,1 11,- 13,5-50 14,2 19<sparsely to
amply>,1/2 23,1 27,2 37,1 38,- 44,2 46<conspicuously>,2 47,2 55<very>,2
59,1/3 61,1 65,2 66,2 67,1 69,2-3 70,- 73,2 74,1 88,1<in \i{}Z.
minima\i0{}>/2-3 89,3/4 91,- 94,- 101,2 102,2 103,- 106,- 107,- 108,2 111,-
113,- 115,- 120,1 121,2 123<shortly>,3 141,2.3-3.4 144,2 145,1/2/3
147,3<falling singly from the persistent pedicels> 154,2 157,2 160,1 162,1
163,1/2 165,1/- 166,3 167<(the upper)>,2 168,- 176,1<or mucronate, via the
excurrent midnerve>/2 179,1<the lower when present minute and scarious>/-
183,- 187,0/- 189,1 191,1 196,2 208,1 214,1<hyaline> 216,2 218,1 219,2
223,2 240,2 244,2 248,1 250,1/2 251<when present,>,2/3 258,2 259,2/1 264,2
266,- 272,2/3 274,1.3-3 275,2 277,1 280,1/2 283,2 284,1 286,2 287,1 291,1
295,1 297,3 298,1 299,2 301,2 302,2 303,2 304,1 305,1 306,1 308,1 309,2
311,1 312,1 313,1 322,1 323,2<but abundant adaxially> 327,1 328,1 330,1
331,1 332,1 333,1 334,2 335,2 336,3 337,1<in \i{}Z. macrantha\i0{}> 338,1
339,(27-)28.5-30(-31.5) 340,15 341,(13.5-)15.5-16.5 342,1.5-2.2 343,10.5-12
344,0.37-0.47 345,1 346,(18-)19.5-21(-22.5) 348,2/2&3 350,2 351,1 352,3
353,1&2<some solitary> 354,1 355,3 356,2 359,1 360,2/3 362,1 363,3&4&6
365,2 367,1 370,1 373,1<\i{}Z. japonica\i0{}> 374,1 375,1 376,2 377,1-3
378,1 379,4-6 382,1 383,1 385,1 389,1 393,3 394,- 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2
401,2<these often linked with the abaxial epidermis by columns of
colourless cells> 403,2 404,1 405,1 406,1 409,1 416,1 469,10 470,40 471,4
473<small> 477,6 484,4 487,5 488,7 489,51 490,79 491,10 492<Mascarene Is.
to New Zealand> 493,3&4&5&6 494,1&2&3&5&6 495,1 496,2&3&5 497,3&4
500,1&2&3&4 502,1 503,1 504,1&2&4&6&9&10 505,1 507,1 509,1 511,1 512,4
513,2 514,1 515<coastal sands and hinterland> 516<\i{}Z. matrella\i0{}>
517<\i{}Z. macrantha\i0{} (in coastal sand and brackish places)> 520<\i{}Z.
japonica\i0{}, \i{}Z. matrella\i0{}, \i{}Z. tenuifolia\i0{}> 524,5 525,4
529,4 535<Metcalfe 1960; studied by us - \i{}Z. macrantha\i0{} Desvaux>
540<zoysia> 
 
# \i{}Zuloagaea\i0{} <Bess>/
3<\i{}Panicum\i0{} section Bulbosa, but cf. \i{}Urochloa\i0{}> 4<\i{}Z.
bulbosa\i0{} (Kunth) Bess> 7,2 9,1/3 11,2 13,60-150 14,2 24,1 25,3-8 27,2
29,1<20-50 cm long> 32,1/2/3 37,2 44,2 47,2 52,1 55,1-2 56,4-15 59,1 66,2
68,1 69,1/2<?> 70,1 71,0.6-1.2 73,2 74,1 76,1 89<12-40 cm long,>,2/5<?>
91,2<the primary branches appressed to the main axis> 95,3 98,1 101,2 102,2
120,1 123,3<the pedicels 0.3-2 mm long> 124<glabrous, concave,>,4
125<overlapping or not> 141,3-3.5 142,8 145,1-2 147,3 150,2 154,2 157,2
163,2 165,1 166<(the upper)>,2 167,2 171,2 172<membranous,>,1 174,1-2
176<muticous, or the second mucronate,>,2 177,2 179,1-2 180,0.5-0.7 187,3
189,5 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 198,1 199,1 201,1 203<muticous or
mucronate,>,2 208,1 210<elliptic> 214,3 215,2-3<uniformly striate, or
finely transversely rugose> 216,1 217,2/3 218,1 219,1 223<acute,>,1 240,2
244<dorsally rounded,>,2 246,2 250,1 251,1 253,2 290,U 294,U 296,U 297,U
300,U 329,U 349,U 358,U 359,U 365,U 367,1 370,1 371,1 373,3 374,2 375,1
378,2 383,1 387,2 388,2 389,2 390,2 391,2 398,2 470,16&54&72<plus
aneuploids> 477,8 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}Z. bulbosa\i0{}, =
\i{}Panicum bulbosum\i0{}> 492<Southern U.S.A. to Ecuador, South Africa,
Australia> 493,5&6&7 494,1&2&3&4&5 503,1 504,2 511<seemingly>,1 512,3
515<in Australia in temperate wet sclerophyll forests, temperate sub-humid
woodlands and semi-aid shrub woodlands> 518<\i{}Z. bulbosa\i0{}>
534<Webster (1987)> 536<Our slides of \i{}Panicum bulbosum\i0{} leaf
epidermis to be examined?> 537,2 538,3 540<zuloagae> 
 
# \i{}Zygochloa\i0{} <S. T. Blake>/
1<from the Greek \i{}zygon\i0{} (yoke, or pair) and \i{}chloa\i0{} (grass),
referring to dioecious spikelets> 4<Type: \i{}Z. paradoxa\i0{} (R.Br.)
S.T.Blake> 7<shrubby>,2<cane-grass> 9,1<and tussock-forming> 11,-
13,80-200 14,1 15,0.6-0.9<near the base> 16<grooved on one side> 19,1 23,3
27,2 32,3 37,1 38,- 42,2 44,2 47,2 55,1-2 56,4-10<to 30 cm long>
59,1<short, stiff> 65,2 66,1 69,3 70,- 73,3 74,2 75,2<on the same plant>
76,2/3 80,1 89,-<a spatheate panicle of bracteate heads> 91,1
98,2<interpreting one of the bracts as a modified axis tip> 101,1<and
bracteate> 102,1 103,1<to a single spikelet accompanied by two basal
bracts and the small, naked, bractlike axis tip, the units grouped into
capitate heads> 108,1 109,1<the heads falling> 116,4<each spikelet
associated with the three chaffy, rigid-tipped bracts> 119,2 120,1 121,2
123,2 124,3 126,2 131<male spikelets on separate individuals, in small
bracteate heads 1-2 cm in diameter. Glumes similar, 5-7 nerved; lemmas 2,
similar, awnless, 5 nerved, each with a male floret. Paleas conspicuous,
with winged keels. 3 stamens, anthers 4 mm long, no gynoecium> 132,2 133,1
134,2 135,2<both fertile> 136,1 137,2 138,3 141,6-10 142,9/10 145,3 147,3
154,2 157,2 163,2 165,2 167,1 170,- 174,1/2 176,2 179,2<papery> 187,7-9
189,5-7 191,2 192,1 196,1 197,1 201,2 203,2 204,5 207,1 208,1 210<abruptly
acuminate> 214,3 215,1/2 216,1<crustaceous> 217,2 218,1 219,1 223,1 240,2
244,2 246,2 248,5 250,1 255,1<ovate, abruptly acuminate> 256,1 257,2 259,3
264,1 265,2 266,2 268,1 270,- 272,0<3 staminodes> 277,1 280,1 283,2
287,1<about 3 mm long> 290,U 294,U 295,1 296,U 322,1 323,2 327,1 328,1
330,1 331,1 332,1/2<not seen on male material> 335,2 339<about>,66 341,9
342,7.3 343<about>,42 344,0.64 345,1 346,42-57 348,1&2&3 349,1 350,2 351,1
353,1&2<solitary> 354,1<when paired>/2 359,1 360,1 363,8 365,2 370,1 374,2
375,1 385,1 393,2 394,1 395,2 396,1 399,1<the epidermis extensively,
irregularly bulliform> 401,- 403,1 404,1 405,1 406,1 468,1 477,7 478,5
485,2 487,9 488,4 489,36 490,20 491,1<\i{}Z. paradoxa\i0{}> 492<Australia>
493,5 494,5 503,3 504,2&6&7&8 512,4 513,2 515<arid sandy and rocky places>
534<Vickery 1975; Webster 1987> 535<studied by us> 537,2 540<zygochlo> 
