*SHOW ~ Grass genera of the world - character list for tonatsor. 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <derivations and allusions of generic names:>/
 
#2. <common name:>/
 
#3. ~ <\i{}sensu lato\i0{} genus to which sometimes referred (see Notes)>/
 
#4. type species:/
 
#5. including <synonyms: genera included in the current description,
          including superfluous names>/
 
#6. excluding <segregate genera for which separate descriptions are
          provided>/
 
#7. <longevity of plants:>/
       1. annual <or biennial, without remains of old sheaths or culms>/
       2. perennial <with remains of old sheaths and/or culms>/
 
#8. <reeds:>/
       1. reedy <helophytic, tall, to (2)3 m or more in height; culms
          woody and persistent, always leafy>/
       2. not reedy <<implicit>>/
 
#9. <habit:>/
       1. <conspicuously> rhizomatous/
       2. <conspicuously> stoloniferous/
       3. caespitose/
       4. decumbent <including rooting at the nodes, implying roots
          developing at nodes bearing leaves rather than scales>/
 
#10. <perennials, whether geophytic>/
       1. geophytic/
       2. not geophytic/
 
#11. the flowering culms <whether having foliage leaves; dimorphic culms;
          intended mainly for bambusoids>/
       1. leafless/
       2. leafy/
 
#12. plants to <diameter: as yet uncoded>/
       cm in diameter/
 
#13. <mature> culms <maximum height; data unreliable for large genera>/
       cm high/
 
#14. culms <whether woody or herbaceous>/
       1. woody and persistent/
       2. herbaceous <not woody, not persistent>/
 
#15. culms to <maximum diameter: note cm units, intended for bamboos>/
       cm in diameter/
 
#16. culms <shape: intended for bamboos>/
       1. cylindrical <terete>/
       2. flattened on one side/
 
#17. culms <whether scandent>/
       1. scandent/
       2. not scandent <self-supporting, scrambling or floating>
          <<implicit>>/
 
#18. culms <habit>/
       1. self-supporting <<implicit>>/
       2. decumbent/
       3. scrambling/
       4. scandent/
       5. pendent/
       6. floating/
 
#19. culms <whether branched above>/
       1. branched <vegetatively> above/
       2. unbranched <vegetatively> above/
 
#20. buds from which the primary culm branches arise <in bamboos, number>/
 
#21. primary branches <complement, number>/
 
#22. primary branches <arrangement>/
       1. horizontally aligned/
       2. in an irregular line/
       3. clumped/
       4. girdling/
       5. around a triangular space/
 
#23. the <culm> branching <nature>/
       1. simple/
       2. fastigiate/
       3. suffrutescent/
       4. dendroid/
 
#24. culms <whether tuberous at base>/
       1. tuberous <at base>/
       2. not tuberous <at base> <<implicit>>/
 
#25. culms <number of aerial nodes: as yet uncoded>/
       noded/
 
#26. culm nodes <exposure; few data>/
       1. exposed/
       2. hidden by leaf sheaths/
 
#27. culm nodes <whether hairy or glabrous>/
       1. hairy/
       2. glabrous/
 
#28. culm nodes <number of ridges: bamboos>/
       ridged/
 
#29. culm leaves <presence; few data>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#30. culm leaf sheaths <bamboos: presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#31. culm leaf sheaths <persistence>/
       1. deciduous/
       2. persistent/
 
#32. culm leaf sheaths <whether keeled>/
       1. keeled/
       2. compressed/
       3. rounded/
 
#33. culm leaf sheaths <bamboos: when deciduous, persistent girdle>/
       1. leaving a persisten girdle <after falling>/
       2. not leaving a persistent girdle/
 
#34. culm leaf sheaths <bamboos: auricles>/
       1. conspicuously auriculate/
       2. not conspicuously auriculate/
 
#35. culm leaves <bamboos: blade>/
       1. with conspicuous blades/
       2. without conspicuous blades/
 
#36. culm leaf blades <bamboos: shape>/
       1. linear/
       2. lanceolate/
       3. ovate/
       4. triangular/
 
#37. <mid> culm internodes <whether solid or hollow: avoid the peduncle>/
       1. solid <or spongy>/
       2. <conspicuously> hollow/
 
#38. <bambusoid habit, unicaespitose or pluricaespitose (intended for
          bamboos):>/
       1. unicaespitose/
       2. pluricaespitose/
 
#39. rhizomes <form (intended mainly for bamboos)>/
       1. pachymorph <sympodial>/
       2. leptomorph <monopodial>/
 
#40. plants <whether conspicuously armed>/
       1. conspicuously armed <<specify how>>/
       2. unarmed <<to become implicit, except in bamboos>>/
 
#41. plants <presence of multicellular glands, with comments on location,
          form>/
       1. with multicellular glands/
       2. without multicellular glands <<implicit>>/
 
#42. young <vegetative> shoots <whether extra- or intravaginal: poorly
          recorded>/
       1. extravaginal <bursting through the bases of subtending sheaths>/
       2. intravaginal <emerging from between subtending sheath and stem>/
 
#43. the <fresh> shoots <whether aromatic when crushed>/
       1. aromatic/
       2. not aromatic <<implicit>>/
 
#44. leaves <whether mainly basal, or mainly on the culms>/
       1. mostly basal/
       2. not <distinctly> basally aggregated <i.e., the culms leafy>/
 
#45. leaves <whether differentiated into sheath and blade>/
       1. clearly differentiated into sheath and blade <<implicit>>/
       2. not clearly differentiated into sheath and blade/
 
#46. leaves <phyllotaxy>/
       1. spirally disposed <from intitiation>/
       2. <at least initially> distichous <though subject to subsequent
          displacement; the near-universal condition> <<implicit>>/
 
#47. leaves <whether auricles present or absent>/
       1. auriculate/
       2. non-auriculate/
 
#48. leaves <presence of auricular setae>/
       1. with auricular <oral> setae/
       2. without auricular <oral> setae <<implicit, save in
          Bambusoideae>>/
 
#49. <leaf> sheath margins <whether joined>/
       1. joined <to at least one-quarter of their length: sheaths
          tubular>/
       2. free <<implicit>>/
 
#50. <comments on sheaths:>/
 
#51. leaf blades <extreme reduction>/
       1. <all> greatly reduced <with main functions transferred
          elsewhere>/
       2. not all greatly reduced <<implicit>>/
 
#52. leaf blades <shape; data incomplete>/
       1. linear/
       2. linear-lanceolate/
       3. lanceolate/
       4. ovate-lanceolate/
       5. ovate/
       6. elliptic <oblong>/
       7. obovate/
 
#53. leaf blades <apices flat or cucullate>/
       1. apically cucullate <hooded>/
       2. apically flat/
 
#54. leaf blades <texture>/
       1. leathery/
       2. flimsy/
       3. neither leathery nor flimsy <<implicit>>/
 
#55. leaf blades <whether broad or narrow <specify the true range>>/
       1. broad <maximum (flattened) width greater than 1 cm>/
       2. narrow <maximum (flattened) width less than 1 cm>/
 
#56. leaf blades <mid-width; data very incomplete>/
       mm wide <in the middle>/
 
#57. leaf blades <whether cordate or sagittate>/
       1. <at least some of them> cordate/
       2. <at least some of them> sagittate/
       3. not cordate, not sagittate <<implicit>>/
 
#58. leaf blades <whether setaceous>/
       1. setaceous <i.e., fine and bristle-like: not to be confused with
          pungent, subulate etc.>/
       2. not setaceous <<implicit>>/
 
#59. leaf blades <folded/rolled>/
       1. flat/
       2. folded/
       3. rolled/
       4. acicular/
 
#60. leaf blades <whether needle-like>/
       1. hard, woody, needle-like <and plants prickly, e.g.
          \i{}Triodia\i0{}>/
       2. not needle-like <plants not prickly> <<implicit>>/
 
#61. leaf blades <presence abaxially of multicellular glands>/
       1. without abaxial multicellular glands/
       2. exhibiting multicellular glands abaxially/
 
#62. the abaxial leaf blade glands <distribution>/
       1. on the blade margins/
       2. costal <usually basal to macrohairs>/
       3. intercostal/
 
#63. leaf blades <whether pseudopetiolate>/
       1. pseudopetiolate/
       2. not pseudopetiolate <<implicit>>/
 
#64. leaf blades <venation>/
       1. pinnately veined/
       2. palmately veined/
       3. <conventionally> parallel veined <venation neither pinnate nor
          palmate> <<implicit>>/
 
#65. leaf blades <whether cross veined>/
       1. cross veined <with more than the occasional transverse vein
          detectable>/
       2. without cross venation/
 
#66. leaf blades <whether disarticulating>/
       1. <or at least many of them, ultimately> disarticulating from the
          sheaths/
       2. persistent <not disarticulating>/
 
#67. leaf blades <whether vernation rolled or folded>/
       1. rolled in bud/
       2. once-folded in bud/
       3. folded like a fan in bud/
 
#68. <adaxial> ligule <presence>/
       1. <consistently> present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent <at least from upper leaves>/
 
#69. <adaxial> ligule <form; avoid seedlings>/
       1. an unfringed membrane <may be variously hairy or ciliolate>/
       2. a fringed membrane/
       3. a fringe of hairs/
       4. a rim of minute papillae/
 
#70. <adaxial> ligule <shape of apex>/
       1. truncate/
       2. not truncate <acute, obtuse or rounded>/
 
#71. <adaxial> ligule <length at middle: generally recorded only for
          membranous, unfringed forms>/
       mm long/
 
#72. <outer> contra-ligule <presence; data very incomplete>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#73. plants <whether monoecious, with bisexual spikelets, or dioecious>/
       1. <bisexual, but> monoecious with all the fertile spikelets
          unisexual/
       2. bisexual, all with <at least some> bisexual spikelets/
       3. dioecious <with separate male and female-fertile individuals -
          including gynodioecious>/
 
#74. plants <whether having hermaphrodite florets: not to be confused with
          presence or absence of hermaphrodite spikelets>/
       1. with <at least some> hermaphrodite florets/
       2. without hermaphrodite florets/
 
#75. the spikelets <whether heterospiculate: exclusive of hidden
          spikelets>/
       1. of <at least two> sexually distinct forms on the same plant
          <e.g., female or hermaphrodite and sterile or male-only;
          including heterogamous. Vestigial spikelets represented only by
          their pedicels have here been regarded as spikelets>/
       2. all alike in sexuality <on the same plant (homogamous): ignore
          hidden axillary spikelets, etc. Implicit>/
 
#76. the spikelets <sexuality>/
       1. hermaphrodite/
       2. female-only/
       3. male-only/
       4. sterile/
 
#77. the male and female-fertile spikelets <disposition on the plant>/
       1. in different inflorescences/
       2. on different <main> branches of the same inflorescence/
       3. segregated, in different parts of the same inflorescence branch/
       4. mixed in the inflorescence/
 
#78. the spikelets <whether heteromorphic (intended mainly for
          heterospiculate andropogonoids)>/
       1. overtly heteromorphic/
       2. <externally> homomorphic/
 
#79. the spikelets <whether the spikelet combinations are all heterogamous:
          generally applied only to andropogonoids, inapplicable when
          exclusively homogamous>/
       1. in both homogamous and heterogamous combinations/
       2. all in heterogamous combinations/
 
#80. plants <whether outbreeding or inbreeding>/
       1. outbreeding <allogamous>/
       2. inbreeding <autogamous>/
 
#81. plants <cleistogamy in exposed spikelets>/
       1. exposed-cleistogamous <associated with varying degrees of
          spikelet and/or floret modification>/
       2. chasmogamous <<unreliably implicit>>/
 
#82. plants <possession of hidden, cleistogamous spikelets in leaf axils or
          on specialised rhizomes>/
       1. with hidden cleistogenes <more or less hidden, usually
          conspicuously modified cleistogamous spikelets>/
       2. without hidden cleistogenes <<implicit>>/
 
#83. the hidden cleistogenes <location>/
       1. in the leaf sheaths/
       2. subterranean <rhizanthogenes>/
 
#84. <whether apomixis observed, with data comment on
          pseudogamy/non-pseudogamy; data mainly from Connor 1979:>/
       1. apomictic/
       2. reproducing sexually <<unreliably implicit>>/
 
#85. <occurrence of vivipary (poorly recorded):>/
       1. viviparous/
       2. not viviparous/
 
#86. inflorescence <whether determinate (semelauctant) or indeterminate
          (iterauctant or with a seemingly indeterminate synflorescence)>/
       1. determinate <semelauctant> <<implicit>>/
       2. indeterminate <iterauctant: with axillary buds at the spikelet
          bases>/
 
#87. inflorescence <whether possessing pseudospikelets>/
       1. with pseudospikelets <having basal bracts with axillary buds or
          spikelets, in addition to or instead of the usual barren glumes>/
       2. without pseudospikelets <<implicit>>/
 
#88. inflorescence <reduction>/
       1. reduced to a single spikelet/
       2. few spikeleted/
       3. <normally> many spikeleted <<unreliably implicit>>/
 
#89. inflorescence <chasmogamous: overall form>/
       1. a single spike <per culm>/
       2. of spicate <spike-like> main branches <of spikes, narrow racemes
          or narrow panicles>/
       3. a false spike, with spikelets <or spikelet clusters> on
          contracted axes/
       4. a single raceme <per culm; at least some of the spikelets clearly
          pedicellate>/
       5. paniculate <and not readily referable to any of the other
          states>/
 
#90. inflorescence <tumbleweeds>/
       1. deciduous in its entirety <including tumbleweeds>/
       2. not deciduous <<implicit>>/
 
#91. inflorescence <whether open or contracted: mainly applied to
          panicles>/
       1. open/
       2. contracted <very compact, or narrow and spike-like>/
 
#92. inflorescence <compact, solitary: form  mainly applied to panicles
          and solitary racemes>/
       1. capitate <more or less spherical>/
       2. more or less ovoid/
       3. spicate <elongated-symmetrical, spike-like>/
       4. more or less irregular <neither capitate nor ovoid, not
          elongated-symmetrical>/
 
#93. inflorescence <whether branches divaricate>/
       1. with conspicuously divaricate branchlets/
       2. without conspicuously divaricate branchlets <<implicit>>/
 
#94. inflorescence <whether branchlets capillary: avoid INTKEY use with
          non-paniculate inflorescences, which have usually been scored as
          inapplicable>/
       1. with capillary branchlets/
       2. without capillary branchlets/
 
#95. inflorescence <whether digitate or subdigitate>/
       1. digitate <includes paired branches>/
       2. subdigitate/
       3. non-digitate <neither digitate nor subdigitate> <<implicit>>/
 
#96. primary inflorescence branches <number; applied mainly to forms with
          spike-like main branches; data very incomplete>/
 
#97. primary inflorescence branches <insertion on the main axis; data in
          process of transcription from Pooideae and Panicodae databases
          (q.v.); avoid where possible>/
       1. borne biseriately on one side of the main axis/
       2. borne distichously/
       3. inserted all around the main axis <borne neither biseriately nor
          distichously: includes spiralled, alternate, opposite,
          whorled>/
 
#98. inflorescence <whether branches end in spikelets: caution required,
          notably in Paniceae where bristles are interpreted as the naked
          tips of reduced axes>/
       1. with axes ending in spikelets <<implicit>>/
       2. axes <often> not ending in spikelets/
 
#99. rachides <whether clearly (macroscopically) flattened, hollowed or
          winged; data fairly unreliable>/
       1. hollowed/
       2. flattened/
       3. winged/
       4. neither flattened nor hollowed, not winged <<implicit>>/
 
#100. spikelets <whether embedded in the rachis>/
       1. all <more or less> partially embedded in the rachis/
       2. not all embedded <<implicit>>/
 
#101. inflorescence <whether spatheate (note: spatheate not currently
          distinguished from spatheolate)>/
       1. spatheate <<specify>> <ignore mere early enclosure by an
          unmodified flag leaf>/
       2. espatheate/
 
#102. inflorescence <whether comprising a complex of partial
          inflorescences and intervening foliar organs (= leaves, spathes,
          spatheoles>/
       1. a complex of partial inflorescences and intervening foliar
          organs <i.e., a pseudo-inflorescence>/
       2. not comprising partial inflorescences and foliar organs/
 
#103. <ultimate> spikelet-bearing axes <form; intended mainly for
          andropogonoids and bamboos>/
       1. very much reduced <<specify>>/
       2. spikes/
       3. racemes/
       4. spikelike <evidently not spikes, on close examination. e.g.
          \i{}Hemarthria\i0{}, \i{}Phacelurus\i0{}>/
       5. paniculate/
       6. capitate <= 1&5>/
 
#104. the spikelet-bearing axes <andropogonoid, number of spikelet-bearing
          articles (joints)>/
       1. with only one spikelet-bearing article/
       2. with 23 spikelet-bearing articles/
       3. with 45 spikelet-bearing articles/
       4. with 610 spikelet-bearing articles/
       5. with more than 10 spikelet-bearing articles <<specify the
          approximate number>>/
 
#105. the racemes <whether spikelet bearing to the base>/
       1. spikelet bearing to the base/
       2. without spikelets towards the base/
 
#106. <ultimate> spikelet-bearing axes <grouping> <intended mainly for
          andropogonoids>/
       1. solitary/
       2. paired/
       3. clustered <in groups of three or more>/
 
#107. <ultimate> spikelet-bearing axes <thickness of rachides> <intended
          mainly for andropogonoids>/
       1. with very slender rachides/
       2. with substantial rachides/
 
#108. spikelet-bearing axes <whether disarticulating. Note that
          spikelet-bearing axes may be greatly reduced>/
       1. disarticulating <often manifested in clearly articulated
          rachides. Excluding inflorescences falling whole (tumbleweeds)>/
       2. persistent <not disarticulating> <<implicit>>/
 
#109. spikelet-bearing axes <manner of disarticulation>/
       1. falling entire/
       2. disarticulating at the joints/
 
#110. the pedicels and rachis internodes <\i{}Bothriochloa\i0{},
          \i{}Dichanthium\i0{} and relatives>/
       1. with a longitudinal, translucent furrow/
       2. without a longitudinal, translucent furrow <<implicit>>/
 
#111. articles <(joints) of the spikelet-bearing rachis, shape
          (intended mainly for andropogonoids)>/
       1. linear/
       2. non-linear/
 
#112. articles <of the spikelet-bearing rachis: whether bearing an
          elaiosome>/
       1. with a basal callus-knob <elaiosome>/
       2. without a basal callus-knob/
 
#113. articles <of the spikelet-bearing rachis, whether appendaged
          (intended mainly for andropogonoids)>/
       1. appendaged/
       2. not appendaged/
 
#114. articles <of the spikelet-bearing rachis, orientation of
          disarticulation (intended mainly for andropogonoids)>/
       1. disarticulating transversely/
       2. disarticulating obliquely/
 
#115. articles <of the spikelet-bearing rachis, whether hairy (intended
          mainly for andropogonoids>/
       1. densely long-hairy/
       2. somewhat hairy/
       3. glabrous/
 
#116. spikelets <and/or clusters, whether subtended by or associated with
          involucres or bristles representing vestigial branches (note
          that bristles must not be confused with hairs)>/
       1. <all> unaccompanied by bractiform involucres, not associated with
          setiform vestigial branches <<implicit>>/
       2. <at least some of them> subtended by solitary bristles
          <vestigial branches>/
       3. <or clusters> with involucres of bristles <vestigial
          branches> <ignore true hairs>/
       4. associated with bractiform involucres/
 
#117. the <reduced branch> bristles <form, coalescence>/
       1. spiny, markedly coalescent basally/
       2. relatively slender, not spiny/
 
#118. the <reduced branch> bristles <whether deciduous>/
       1. persisting on the axis/
       2. deciduous with the spikelets/
 
#119. the involucres <whether deciduous or persistent>/
       1. persistent on the rachis/
       2. shed with the fertile spikelets/
 
#120. spikelets <grouping: recorded mainly in spikes and racemes>/
       1. <mainly> solitary/
       2. <consistently> paired/
       3. <consistently> in triplets/
 
#121. spikelets <whether secund: currently a catch-all character, covering
          one-sidedness of inflorescence (e.g., \i{}Dactylis\i0{},
          dorsiventral rachides, etc.>/
       1. secund/
       2. not secund/
 
#122. spikelets <insertion>/
       1. biseriate <on one side of the rachis>/
       2. distichous/
       3. not two-ranked <not biseriate, not distichously arranged> <<to
          become implicit>>/
 
#123. spikelets <insertion (revised version)>/
       1. sessile/
       2. subsessile/
       3. pedicellate/
 
#124. pedicel apices <shape; recorded as yet only in Paniceae>/
       1. oblique/
       2. truncate/
       3. discoid/
       4. cupuliform/
 
#125. spikelets <disposition, e.g. \i{}Diplachne\i0{}/\i{}Leptochloa\i0{}:
          not widely recorded>/
       1. imbricate <overlapping and contiguous, like roof tiles>/
       2. not imbricate/
 
#126. spikelets <whether in regular long-and-short combinations, as
          exemplified in typical andropogonoids>/
       1. consistently in long-and-short combinations <i.e.,
          pedicellate/sessile or long-pedicel/short-pedicel pairs or
          triplets: currently includes andropogonoid forms with the
          pedicellate spikelets reduced to their pedicels>/
       2. not <consistently> in distinct long-and-short combinations
          <<implicit>>/
 
#127. spikelets <detail of long-and-short combinations (intended mainly
          for andropogonoids)>/
       1. in pedicellate/sessile combinations/
       2. unequally pedicellate in each combination/
 
#128. pedicels of the pedicellate spikelets <whether fused with the
          rachis: intended for andropogonoids>/
       1. discernible, but <extensively> fused with the rachis/
       2. free of the rachis/
 
#129. the shorter <andropogonoid> spikelets <sessile or
          shorter-pedicelled, sexuality>/
       1. hermaphrodite/
       2. female-only/
       3. male-only/
       4. sterile/
 
#130. the longer <andropogonoid> spikelets <pedicelled or
          longer-pedicelled, sexuality>/
       1. hermaphrodite/
       2. female-only/
       3. male-only/
       4. sterile <comment if reduced to pedicels>/
 
#131. <comments on female-sterile spikelets:>/
 
#132. rachilla of male spikelets <whether prolonged beyond the uppermost
          male floret>/
       1. prolonged beyond the uppermost male floret/
       2. terminated by a male floret/
 
#133. the male spikelets <presence of glumes>/
       1. with glumes/
       2. without glumes/
 
#134. the male spikelets <whether with proximal sterile florets>/
       1. with proximal incomplete florets/
       2. without proximal incomplete florets/
 
#135. the male spikelets <number of florets>/
       floreted/
 
#136. the lemmas <of male spikelets, whether awned>/
       1. awnless/
       2. mucronate/
       3. awned/
 
#137. male florets <number per male spikelet>/
 
#138. male florets <of male-only spikelets, number of stamens>/
       staminate/
 
#139. the staminal filaments <in male-only spikelets, whether joined>/
       1. free <<implicit>>/
       2. joined/
 
#140. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether morphologically conventional>/
       1. morphologically conventional <with readily identifiable glumes,
          lemmas and paleas> <<implicit>>/
       2. <very> unconventional <and hard to interpret>/
 
#141. <female-fertile> spikelets <approximate length, excluding any awns;
          data unreliable for large genera>/
       mm long/
 
#142. <female-fertile> spikelets <shape>/
       1. fusiform/
       2. subcylindrical/
       3. subspherical/
       4. suborbicular/
       5. cuneate/
       6. turbinate/
       7. oblong/
       8. elliptic/
       9. lanceolate/
       10. ovate/
       11. obovate/
       12. oblanceolate/
       13. linear/
 
#143. <female-fertile> spikelets <colour; few data>/
 
#144. <female-fertile> spikelets <orientation of sessile to subsessile
          forms>/
       1. abaxial <G1 when present on the side away from the rachis; in
          panicoid forms having a proximal incomplete floret, the upper
          (female-fertile) lemma backs onto the rachis>/
       2. adaxial <G1 when present against the rachis; in panicoid forms
          having a proximal incomplete floret, the upper (female-fertile)
          lemma is on the side away from the rachis>/
 
#145. <female-fertile> spikelets <plane of compression>/
       1. compressed laterally <lying on the side when placed on a flat
          surface>/
       2. not noticeably compressed <terete>/
       3. compressed <dorsally, ventrally or> dorsiventrally <lying on
          front or back when placed on a flat surface>/
 
#146. <female-fertile> spikelets <shape of dorsiventrally flattened
          forms>/
       1. planoconvex/
       2. biconvex/
 
#147. <female-fertile> spikelets <location of disarticulation positions>/
       1. <readily> disarticulating above the glumes <when mature>/
       2. disarticulating between the glumes/
       3. falling with the glumes <when mature; pending data changes,
          including forms where the spikelets are shed by inflorescence
          disarticulation>/
       4. not disarticulating <common in cultivated cereals>/
 
#148. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether rachilla disarticulates between
          the florets of spikelets with two or more fertile florets>/
       1. not disarticulating between the florets/
       2. disarticulating between the florets/
 
#149. <female-fertile> spikelets <rachilla internode spacings;
          unsatisfactorily defined> <<and inadequately scored for treating
          state 1 as implicit>>/
       1. with conventional internode spacings/
       2. with a distinctly elongated rachilla internode between the
          glumes/
       3. with a distinctly elongated rachilla internode above the glumes/
       4. with distinctly elongated rachilla internodes between the
          florets/
 
#150. <presence or absence of \i{}Ichnanthus\i0{}-type stipe (Paniceae):>/
       1. the upper floret conspicuously stipitate/
       2. the upper floret not stipitate/
 
#151. the stipe beneath the upper floret <thickness: \i{}Ichnanthus\i0{}
          relatives>/
       1. filiform/
       2. not filiform/
 
#152. the stipe beneath the upper floret <shape: \i{}Ichnanthus\i0{}
          relatives>/
       1. straight and swollen/
       2. curved, not swollen/
 
#153. the stipe beneath the upper floret <whether heterogeneous Zuloaga
          1987>/
       1. heterogeneous <membranous towards the base of the palea,
          indurated on the lemma side>/
       2. homogeneous/
 
#154. rachilla <of female-fertile spikelets, whether terminated by a
          female-fertile floret, or prolonged>/
       1. prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret <i.e. not
          terminated by a female-fertile floret: note that racemose
          spikelets with three or more female-fertile florets have all been
          awarded this state>/
       2. terminated by a female-fertile floret <not prolonged>/
 
#155. rachilla <of female-fertile spikelets, whether hairy>/
       1. hairy <between the female-fertile florets, or above the single
          one>/
       2. hairless/
 
#156. the rachilla extension <beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret of
          female-fertile spikelets, rudiments>/
       1. with incomplete florets/
       2. naked/
 
#157. hairy callus <presence: an unsatisfactory catch-all character, but
          widely recorded and useful in keys>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#158. callus hairs <presence, size:
          \i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}/\i{}Agrostis\i0{}>/
       1. present, more than 0.5 mm long/
       2. absent, or if present less than 0.5 mm long/
 
#159. the callus hairs <of female-fertile spikelets, colour>/
       1. white/
       2. brown/
       3. purple/
 
#160. callus <presence/length; data very incomplete>/
       1. absent/
       2. short/
       3. long/
 
#161. callus <whether blunt or pointed>/
       1. pointed/
       2. blunt/
 
#162. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, present or absent>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#163. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, number: glumes are barren,
          with neither axillary spikelets nor florets>/
       1. one per spikelet/
       2. two/
       3. several/
 
#164. glumes <whether glumes of the female-fertile spikelets are all
          minute>/
       1. minute <relative to the rest of the spikelet>/
       2. relatively large <<implicit>>/
 
#165. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether markedly unequal in the
          intact spikelet; regardless of any differences in form>/
       1. very unequal <in length in the intact spikelet>/
       2. more or less equal <in length in the intact spikelet: generally
          includes subequal>/
 
#166. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, length relative to the spikelet;
          poorly recorded>/
       1. <markedly> shorter than the spikelets/
       2. about equalling the spikelets/
       3. exceeding the spikelets/
 
#167. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, lengths relative to proximal
          (adjacent) lemmas; refers to the longer glume when glumes
          unequal>/
       1. <decidedly> shorter than the adjacent lemmas <in intact
          spikelets>/
       2. long relative to the adjacent lemmas <more or less equalling or
          exceeding them>/
 
#168. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether free or joined>/
       1. joined <at least basally>/
       2. free <<implicit>>/
 
#169. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether ventricose>/
       1. conspicuously ventricose <basally>/
       2. not ventricose <<implicit>>/
 
#170. glumes <of sessile to subsessile female-fertile spikelets, position
          relative to rachis>/
       1. dorsiventral to the rachis <the entire spikelet orientated
          dorsiventrally to flatwise>/
       2. lateral to the rachis <the spikelets usually but not always borne
          flatwise>/
       3. displaced <e.g., lateral to each other on side away from rachis>/
 
#171. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether hairy>/
       1. hairy/
       2. hairless/
 
#172. glumes <of hairless female-fertile spikelets, whether glabrous or
          scabrous>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. scabrous/
 
#173. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, hair disposition>/
       1. with distinct hair tufts/
       2. with distinct rows of hairs/
       3. without conspicuous tufts or rows of hairs <<implicit>>/
 
#174. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, shape of apex>/
       1. pointed/
       2. not pointed <blunt or incised>/
 
#175. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, shape>/
       1. subulate/
       2. not subulate <<to become implicit>>/
 
#176. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether awned>/
       1. awned/
       2. awnless/
 
#177. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether carinate (i.e.,
          one-keeled to middle or below)>/
       1. carinate <one-keeled>/
       2. non-carinate <includes forms with more than one keel, as well as
          those with non-keeled glumes>/
 
#178. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether conspicuously winged on
          the median keel>/
       1. with the keel conspicuously winged/
       2. without a median keel-wing <<implicit>>/
 
#179. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether markedly dissimilar in
          form or texture; ignore mere size difference>/
       1. very dissimilar <<specify>>/
       2. <more or less> similar/
 
#180. lower glume <\i{}in situ\i0{} length relative to upper glume of
          female-fertile spikelet: not recorded if glumes more or less
          equal>/
       times the length of the upper glume/
 
#181. lower glume <length relative to lowest lemma: not widely recorded>/
       1. shorter than the lowest lemma/
       2. about equalling the lowest lemma/
       3. much exceeding the lowest lemma/
 
#182. lower glume <length relative to the lowest lemma (originally
          introduced to deal with \i{}Colpodium\i0{}/\i{}Catabrosa\i0{})>/
       1. much shorter than half length of lowest lemma/
       2. longer than half length of lowest lemma/
 
#183. lower glume <of female-fertile spikelets, whether distinctly
          two-keeled to the middle or below (intended mainly for
          andropogonoids)>/
       1. two-keeled <distinctly two-keeled to the middle or below>/
       2. not two-keeled <not distinctly two-keeled, at least below the
          upper quarter> <<implicit, save in Andropogonodae>>/
 
#184. lower glume <of female-fertile spikelets, shape of back (recorded
          mainly for andropogonoids)>/
       1. convex on the back/
       2. flattened on the back/
       3. concave <between the keels> on the back/
       4. sulcate on the back/
 
#185. lower glume <of female-fertile spikelet, whether pitted with 13
          pits, cf. \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{}; not synonymous with lacunose,
          qv. (intended for andropogonoids)>/
       1. with a conspicuous pit/
       2. not pitted <<implicit>>/
 
#186. lower glume <of female-fertile spikelet, texture (intended mainly for
          andropogonoids)>/
       1. relatively smooth <i.e. glabrous, scabrous or hairy, but not
          lacunose, rugose, tuberculate, muricate or spiny>/
       2. lacunose with <several-to-many> deep depressions/
       3. rugose/
       4. tuberculate/
       5. muricate/
       6. prickly/
 
#187. lower glume <of female-fertile spikelet, mid-zone nerve number>/
       nerved/
 
#188. upper glume <whether (asymmetrically) saccate: e.g.
          \i{}Sacciolepis\i0{}>/
       1. distinctly saccate/
       2. not saccate <<implicit>>/
 
#189. upper glume <(or the single glume) of female-fertile spikelets,
          mid-zone nerve number>/
       nerved/
 
#190. upper glume <(or the single glume) of female-fertile spikelets,
          whether prickly>/
       1. prickly/
       2. not prickly <<implicit>>/
 
#191. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether containing sterile or male-only
          florets in addition to female-fertile florets>/
       1. <normally> with female-fertile florets only/
       2. <or at least some of them, normally> with incomplete <sterile or
          male-only> florets <note that the situation at the apex of
          spikelets with more than three florets is often unknown or
          unclear>/
 
#192. the incomplete <male or sterile> florets <position in spikelet>/
       1. proximal to the female-fertile florets/
       2. distal to the female-fertile florets/
       3. both distal and proximal to the female-fertile florets/
 
#193. the distal incomplete florets <of female-fertile spikelets, number;
          few data>/
 
#194. the distal incomplete florets <of female-fertile spikelets,
          specialisation>/
       1. merely underdeveloped <neither clearly specialised nor peculiarly
          modified in form>/
       2. clearly specialised and modified in form/
 
#195. the distal incomplete florets <of female-fertile spikelets, whether
          awned; data very incomplete>/
       1. awned/
       2. awnless/
 
#196. <female-fertile> spikelets <presence or absence of proximal
          incomplete florets>/
       1. with proximal incomplete florets <includes empty lemmas>/
       2. without proximal incomplete florets <and no proximal empty
          lemmas>/
 
#197. the proximal incomplete florets <of female-fertile spikelets, when
          present, number (intended mainly for panicoids)>/
 
#198. the proximal incomplete florets <of female-fertile spikelets, whether
          paleate>/
       1. paleate/
       2. epaleate/
 
#199. palea of the proximal incomplete florets <of female-fertile
          spikelets, development>/
       1. fully developed/
       2. reduced <or vestigial>/
 
#200. palea of the proximal incomplete florets <whether becoming hardened
          and enlarged laterally: mainly for Panciceae>/
       1. becoming conspicuously hardened and enlarged laterally/
       2. not becoming conspicuously hardened and enlarged laterally
          <<implicit>>/
 
#201. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          sexuality>/
       1. male/
       2. sterile/
 
#202. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          shape comments>/
 
#203. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          whether awned>/
       1. awned/
       2. awnless/
 
#204. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          mid-zone nerve number (intended mainly for panicoids)>/
       nerved/
 
#205. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          length relative to the female-fertile ones in the intact spikelet
          (intended mainly for panicoids)>/
       1. exceeded by the female-fertile lemmas/
       2. more or less equalling the female-fertile lemmas/
       3. decidedly exceeding the female-fertile lemmas/
 
#206. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          firmness relative to the female-fertile ones (intended mainly for
          panicoids)>/
       1. less firm than the female-fertile lemmas/
       2. similar in texture to the female-fertile lemmas/
       3. decidedly firmer than the female-fertile lemmas/
 
#207. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets,
          whether becoming indurated (intended mainly for panicoids)>/
       1. becoming indurated/
       2. not becoming indurated/
 
#208. <number of> female-fertile florets <per female-fertile spikelet>/
 
#209. <female-fertile> lemmas <insertion>/
       1. conspicuously non-distichous/
       2. not conspicuously non-distichous <<implicit>>/
 
#210. <female-fertile> lemmas <shape comments>/
 
#211. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether convolute>/
       1. convolute <and hiding at least the lower part of the palea>/
       2. not convolute <<implicit, but data not yet reliable>>/
 
#212. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether saccate>/
       1. saccate/
       2. not saccate <<unreliably implicit>>/
 
#213. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether crowned; see Notes>/
       1. with an apical crown/
       2. without a crown <<implicit>>/
 
#214. <female-fertile> lemmas <firmness, relative to the glumes>/
       1. less firm than the <firmer of the> glumes/
       2. similar in texture to the <firmer of the> glumes/
       3. decidedly firmer than the <firmer of the> glumes/
 
#215. <female-fertile> lemmas <texture; data mainly for Australian
          Paniceae>/
       1. smooth/
       2. <longitudinally, minutely> striate <rugulose>/
       3. <transversely> rugose/
 
#216. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether becoming indurated>/
       1. becoming indurated <cf. fingernails, when mature and dry>/
       2. not becoming indurated <hyaline, membranous, leathery,
          cartilaginous etc.>/
 
#217. <female-fertile> lemmas <of Paniceae, colour of mature L2>/
       1. white in fruit/
       2. yellow in fruit/
       3. brown in fruit/
       4. black in fruit/
 
#218. <female-fertile> lemmas <shape of apex>/
       1. entire/
       2. incised/
 
#219. <female-fertile> lemmas <entire, whether pointed or blunt>/
       1. pointed/
       2. blunt/
 
#220. <female-fertile> lemmas <number of lobes>/
       lobed/
 
#221. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether deeply cleft>/
       1. deeply cleft <to a third or more>/
       2. not deeply cleft/
 
#222. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether crested, cf. \i{}Cyrtococcum\i0{}>/
       1. crested at the tip/
       2. not crested <<implicit>>/
 
#223. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether mucronate or awned>/
       1. awnless <neither mucronate nor awned>/
       2. mucronate <with a short, hard point or vestigial or incipient
          awn>/
       3. awned/
 
#224. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, form>/
       1. triple or trifid, commonly with a basal column <\i{}Aristida\i0{}
          type>/
       2. not of the triple/trifid, basal column type <<implicit>>/
 
#225. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, if present, number>/
 
#226. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, position>/
       1. median/
       2. median and lateral/
       3. lateral only/
 
#227. <the median> awns <of female-fertile lemmas, whether different from
          the laterals in form> <<use comment 'the median' in items, e.g.
          '219(the median),1>>/
       1. different in form from the laterals/
       2. similar in form to the laterals/
 
#228. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, position>/
       1. from a sinus/
       2. dorsal/
       3. apical/
 
#229. awns <of dorsally awned female-fertile lemmas, position>/
       1. from near the top <from the upper quarter, or near the apex, or
          just behind an apical notch>/
       2. from well down the back <from near the middle, or below>/
 
#230. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, whether hooked
          (uncinate)>/
       1. hooked/
       2. not hooked <<implicit>>/
 
#231. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, whether straight or
          geniculate when dry>/
       1. non-geniculate <straight or curved>/
       2. geniculate <usually twisted at the base>/
 
#232. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, when
          non-geniculate, shape>/
       1. straight/
       2. recurving/
       3. flexuous/
 
#233. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, hairiness>/
       1. hairless <glabrous or scabrous>/
       2. hairy <but not long-plumose>/
       3. long-plumose/
 
#234. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, relative length>/
       1. much shorter than the body of the lemma/
       2. about as long as the body of the lemma/
       3. much longer than the body of the lemma/
 
#235. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, number of veins
          entering base>/
       1. entered by one vein/
       2. entered by several <three or more> veins/
 
#236. awns <main, median awns of female-fertile lemmas, whether deciduous;
          e.g. \i{}Stipa\i0{}/\i{}Oryzopsis\i0{}>/
       1. deciduous/
       2. persistent <<to become implicit>>/
 
#237. the lateral awns <relative length>/
       1. shorter than the median <in the intact spikelet>/
       2. about equalling the median/
       3. exceeding the median/
 
#238. awn bases <of female-fertile lemmas, whether twisted; few data>/
       1. twisted/
       2. not twisted/
 
#239. awn bases <of female-fertile lemmas, whether flattened; few data>/
       1. flattened/
       2. not flattened/
 
#240. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether hairy: excludes callus and awns>/
       1. <conspicuously> hairy/
       2. hairless <glabrous, scabrous, sparsely puberulent, etc.>/
 
#241. the hairs <of the female-fertile lemmas, whether in tufts>/
       1. in tufts/
       2. not in tufts <<implicit>>/
 
#242. the hairs <of the female-fertile lemmas, whether in transverse rows>/
       1. in transverse rows/
       2. not in transverse rows <<implicit>>/
 
#243. <female-fertile> lemmas <hairless, whether glabrous or scabrous>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. scabrous/
 
#244. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled at least
          to the middle on the back>/
       1. carinate <with a single median keel>/
       2. non-carinate <rounded, flat, with two or more keels>/
 
#245. the keel <of female-fertile lemmas, whether winged; few records>/
       1. winged/
       2. wingless <<implicit>>/
 
#246. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether margins \i{}Digitaria\i0{} or
          \i{}Paspalum\i0{} type (intended for Paniceae)>/
       1. having the margins <at least over the upper two-thirds> lying
          flat on the palea <\i{}Digitaria\i0{}-type>/
       2. having the margins <at least over the lower two-thirds> inrolled
          against the palea <\i{}Paspalum\i0{}-type>/
 
#247. <female-fertile> lemmas <presence of germination flap>/
       1. with a clear germination flap <when mature>/
       2. without a germination flap/
 
#248. <female-fertile> lemmas <number of nerves traversing mid-region>/
       nerved/
 
#249. <female-fertile> lemmas <confluence of nerves: data very incomplete>/
       1. with the nerves confluent <i.e. merging, not merely convergent>
          towards the tip/
       2. with the nerves non-confluent/
 
#250. <female-fertile> palea <presence in female-fertile florets>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#251. <female-fertile> palea <relative size>/
       1. relatively long <three-quarters or more of female-fertile lemma
          length>/
       2. conspicuous but relatively short <less than three-quarters of
          female-fertile lemma length>/
       3. very reduced <or vestigial>/
 
#252. <female-fertile> palea <whether convolute>/
       1. convolute around the flower/
       2. not convolute <<implicit, but data not yet reliable>>/
 
#253. <female-fertile> palea <whether gaping; especially Aveneae>/
       1. gaping/
       2. tightly clasped by the lemma <not gaping>/
 
#254. <female-fertile> palea <whether prow-tipped or pinched; see Notes>/
       1. prow-tipped <pinched>/
       2. not prow-tipped <<implicit>>/
 
#255. <female-fertile> palea <whether incised>/
       1. entire/
       2. apically notched/
       3. deeply bifid/
 
#256. <female-fertile> palea <whether with awns or setae>/
       1. awnless, without apical setae/
       2. with apical setae/
       3. awned/
 
#257. palea <texture; data very incomplete>/
       1. thinner than the lemma/
       2. textured like the lemma/
 
#258. <female-fertile> palea <whether indurated>/
       1. indurated/
       2. not indurated/
 
#259. <female-fertile> palea <nerve number>/
       1. nerveless/
       2. 1-nerved <truly 1-veined, or with two contiguous veins>/
       3. 2-nerved <with two well-separated nerves>/
       4. several nerved <<specify>>/
 
#260. <female-fertile> palea <whether dorsally 2-keeled, one-keeled
          (carinate), or keel-less>/
       1. keel-less/
       2. one-keeled/
       3. 2-keeled/
 
#261. <female-fertile> palea back <indumentum; as yet uncoded>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. scabrous/
       3. hairy/
 
#262. <female-fertile> palea keels <whether winged; data very incomplete>/
       1. winged/
       2. wingless/
 
#263. <female-fertile> palea keels <female-fertile, hairiness>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. scabrous/
       3. hairy/
 
#264. lodicules <presence in female-fertile florets>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#265. lodicules <number in female-fertile florets>/
 
#266. <presence of third lodicule in female-fertile florets:>/
       1. third lodicule present/
       2. no third lodicule/
 
#267. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, whether anterior pair joined or
          free>/
       1. joined <at least basally>/
       2. free/
 
#268. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, texture>/
       1. <distally> fleshy <cuneate; panicoid type>/
       2. <distally> membranous <i.e. pooid type>/
 
#269. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, whether hairy>/
       1. ciliate <or hairy>/
       2. glabrous/
 
#270. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, whether toothed; inapplicable
          when fleshy>/
       1. toothed/
       2. not toothed/
 
#271. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, vascularization; note that this
          fairly unsatisfactory character is not equivalent to presence or
          absence of xylem strands>/
       1. heavily vascularized <cf. bamboos>/
       2. not or scarcely vascularized <i.e. the norm>/
 
#272. stamens <number per female-fertile floret (not applicable to male
          spikelets or male florets)>/
 
#273. stamens <whether filaments joined>/
       1. with free filaments <<implicit>>/
       2. monadelphous/
       3. diadelphous/
       4. triadelphous/
 
#274. anthers <of hermaphrodite florets, length; data very incomplete,
          unreliable for large genera>/
       mm long/
 
#275. anthers <of hermaphrodite florets, whether penicillate>/
       1. penicillate/
       2. not penicillate/
 
#276. anthers <of hermaphrodite florets, whether connective apically
          prolonged>/
       1. with the connective apically prolonged/
       2. without an apically prolonged connective/
 
#277. ovary <of female-fertile florets, whether apex glabrous or hairy>/
       1. apically glabrous/
       2. apically hairy/
 
#278. ovary <whether with a conspicuous apical appendage>/
       1. with a conspicuous apical appendage/
       2. without a conspicuous apical appendage <<implicit>>/
 
#279. the <ovary> appendage <form: intended for bamboos>/
       1. long, stiff and tapering <\i{}Schizostachyum\i0{} type>/
       2. broadly conical, fleshy <umbonate: \i{}Bambusa\i0{} type>/
 
#280. styles <whether fused>/
       1. fused <at least basally; each stigma assumed to represent one
          style>/
       2. free to their bases/
 
#281. styles <fusion: as yet uncoded>/
       1. completely fused/
       2. joined below/
       3. free/
 
#282. style bases <degree of separation; as yet uncoded>/
       1. adjacent/
       2. widely separated/
 
#283. stigmas <number>/
 
#284. stigmas <colour, in chasmogamous spikelets>/
       1. white/
       2. red <anthocyanin> pigmented <i.e. red, pink, purple or black>/
       3. <golden> brown/
 
#285. disseminule <constitution; data not yet entered>/
       1. a naked seed/
       2. a free caryopsis/
       3. a caryopsis enclosed in but free of the lemma and palea/
       4. a caryopsis enclosed within and partially fused with the lemma
          and palea/
       5. consisting of the abscised spikelet/
       6. consisting of the abscised spikelet and its pedicel/
       7. comprising the rachis segment and associated structures/
       8. consisting of the disarticulated spikelet-bearing inflorescence
          unit/
       9. constituted by the complete, deciduous inflorescence/
 
#286. fruit <adherence>/
       1. adhering to lemma and/or palea/
       2. free from both lemma and palea <but may be enclosed>/
 
#287. fruit <length when mature>/
       1. small <less than 4 mm>/
       2. medium sized <410 mm>/
       3. large <more than 10 mm long>/
 
#288. fruit <colour; few data>/
 
#289. fruit <shape>/
       1. linear/
       2. fusiform/
       3. banana-shaped/
       4. ellipsoid/
       5. subglobose/
       6. pyriform/
 
#290. fruit <whether grooved in transverse section>/
       1. longitudinally grooved <sulcate>/
       2. not grooved <includes terete, triangular in section, etc.>
          <<implicit>>/
 
#291. fruit <plane of compression>/
       1. compressed laterally/
       2. compressed <dorsally, ventrally or> dorsiventrally/
       3. not noticeably compressed/
       4. trigonous/
 
#292. fruit <indumentum: as yet uncoded>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. scabrous/
       3. hairy/
 
#293. fruit <hair distribution>/
       1. with hairs confined to a terminal tuft/
       2. hairy on the body/
 
#294. fruit <or grain surface pattern>/
       1. sculptured/
       2. <relatively> smooth <the near-universal condition> <<implicit>>/
 
#295. hilum <form>/
       1. short <punctiform or shortly elliptical, less than half length of
          fruit>/
       2. long-linear <more than half as long as fruit>/
 
#296. pericarp <texture>/
       1. thin <the usual condition> <<implicit>>/
       2. thick and hard/
       3. fleshy <fruit a berry>/
 
#297. pericarp <whether fused or loose (or free)>/
       1. free/
       2. loosely adherent <fairly easily removable when soaked>/
       3. fused <<implicit, except in Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae>>/
 
#298. embryo <relative size>/
       1. large <at least one-third as long as fruit>/
       2. small <less than one-third as long as fruit>/
 
#299. embryo <whether waisted in surface view>/
       1. waisted/
       2. not waisted/
 
#300. seed <whether endospermic>/
       1. endospermic <<implicit>>/
       2. non-endospermic <i.e. endosperm greatly reduced in the mature
          fruit: confined to some bamboos, where the condition is sometimes
          described as "liquid">/
 
#301. endosperm <hard or liquid>/
       1. liquid <soft or milky> in the mature fruit <confined to
          Pooideae>/
       2. hard/
 
#302. endosperm <presence of lipid>/
       1. with lipid/
       2. without lipid/
 
#303. endosperm <form of starch grains>/
       1. containing only simple starch grains <each with only one hilum>/
       2. containing <at least some> compound starch grains <with at least
          some grains having two or more hila>/
 
#304. embryo <presence of epiblast>/
       1. with an epiblast/
       2. without an epiblast/
 
#305. embryo <presence of scutellar tail>/
       1. with a scutellar tail <i.e. with a cleft between scutellum and
          coleorhiza>/
       2. without a scutellar tail/
 
#306. embryo <relative length of mesocotyl internode>/
       1. with an elongated mesocotyl internode/
       2. with a negligible <short> mesocotyl internode/
 
#307. embryo <number of scutellum bundles>/
       1. with one scutellum bundle/
       2. with more than one scutellum bundle/
 
#308. embryonic leaf margins <whether overlapping or meeting>/
       1. meeting/
       2. overlapping/
 
#309. seedling <relative length of mesocotyl; compiled data probably
          unreliable, because germination conditions should be
          standardized>/
       1. with a short mesocotyl/
       2. with a long mesocotyl/
 
#310. seedling <tightness of coleoptile>/
       1. with a loose coleoptile <at least near tip>/
       2. with a tight coleoptile/
 
#311. first seedling leaf <possession of lamina>/
       1. with a well-developed lamina/
       2. without a lamina/
 
#312. the <first seedling leaf> lamina <relative width; data on seedling
          leaf characters mainly from Kuwabara 1960, 1961 and H.T. Clifford
          \i{}pers. comm.\i0{}>/
       1. broad <length/breadth, ratio less than 20>/
       2. narrow <length/breadth ratio 20 or more>/
 
#313. the <first seedling leaf> lamina <carriage>/
       1. erect/
       2. curved/
       3. supine/
 
#314. the <first seedling leaf> lamina <vein number, in middle>/
       veined/
 
#315. micropyle <whether oblique>/
       1. <detectably> oblique <curving away from the floral axis>/
       2. not noticeably oblique/
 
#316. outer integument <completeness>/
       1. extensive, being absent only from the micropylar region/
       2. covering no more than the chalazal half of the ovule <or reduced
          to a collar at the base of the ovule on the side of its
          attachment to the placenta>/
 
#317. outer integument <thickening around micropyle>/
       1. more than two cells thick at the micropylar margin/
       2. two cells thick at the micropylar margin/
 
#318. inner integument <whether complete>/
       1. discontinuous distally <via a broad or expanded micropyle>/
       2. continuous, the micropyle constricted/
 
#319. inner integument <thickening around the micropyle>/
       1. <at least somewhat> thickened around the micropyle <more than two
          cells thick>/
       2. not thickened around the micropyle <only one or two cells thick>/
 
#320. synergids <haustorial or not>/
       1. haustorial/
       2. not haustorial/
 
#321. synergids <starch>/
       1. exhibiting large, globular starch grains/
       2. without large, globular starch grains <these absent, or if
          present very finely granular>/
 
#322. costal/intercostal zonation <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis,
          presence>/
       1. conspicuous/
       2. lacking/
 
#323. papillae <presence in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#324. papillae <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, general
          location; data very incomplete>/
       1. costal/
       2. intercostal/
 
#325. intercostal papillae <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade,
          whether over-arching the stomata (at least at one end)>/
       1. <frequently> over-arching the stomata/
       2. not over-arching the stomata/
 
#326. intercostal papillae <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade,
          form, arrangement>/
       1. consisting of one oblique swelling per cell/
       2. consisting of one symmetrical <conical or finger-like> projection
          per cell/
       3. several per cell <<specify appearance>>/
 
#327. long-cells <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, whether
          similar in shape costally and intercostally>/
       1. similar in shape costally and intercostally/
       2. markedly different in shape costally and intercostally/
 
#328. long-cells <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, whether
          similar in thickness costally and intercostally>/
       1. of similar wall thickness costally and intercostally/
       2. differing markedly in wall thickness costally and intercostally/
 
#329. intercostal zones <of abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, whether of
          typical long-cells>/
       1. with typical long-cells <more or less exclusively> <<implicit
          when epidermis adequately described>>/
       2. exhibiting many atypical long-cells/
       3. without typical long-cells/
 
#330. mid-intercostal long-cells <of the abaxial epidermis of the leaf
          blade, shape>/
       1. <more or less> rectangular/
       2. <more or less> fusiform <narrowed at their ends>/
 
#331. mid-intercostal long-cells <of the abaxial epidermis of the leaf
          blade, whether walls straight or sinuous in (outer) optical
          section>/
       1. having markedly sinuous <tessellated> walls/
       2. having straight or only gently undulating walls/
 
#332. microhairs <presence in abaxial leaf blade epidermis>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#333. microhairs <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, shape>/
       1. more or less spherical/
       2. elongated <<to become implicit>>/
 
#334. microhairs <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, number of
          cells visible>/
       1. ostensibly one-celled <usually indicative of a sunken basal
          cell>/
       2. clearly two-celled <<to become implicit>>/
       3. uniseriate/
 
#335. microhairs <in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, form>/
       1. panicoid-type <distal cell more or less parallel-sided or tapered
          to the apex; usually relatively elongated, thin-walled, often
          collapsed or missing. Probably secreting polysaccharide and/or
          protein>/
       2. chloridoid-type <distal cell inflated or more or less
          hemispherical, relatively short, usually thick-walled relative to
          the panicoid type, persistent. Secreting polysaccharide and/or
          proten, rarely salt>/
       3. \i{}Enneapogon\i0{}-type <long, with very long basal cell and
          relatively short, inflated apical cell. Secreting polysaccharide
          and/or protein>/
 
#336. <abaxial leaf blade> microhair apical cell wall <thickness/firmness
          relative to that of the basal cell>/
       1. thinner than that of the basal cell and often collapsed/
       2. thinner than that of the basal cell but not tending to collapse/
       3. of similar thickness/rigidity to that of the basal cell/
 
#337. microhairs <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, whether with
          partitioning membranes>/
       1. with `partitioning membranes <only sometimes associated with
          salt secretion>/
       2. without partitioning membranes/
 
#338. the partitioning membranes <of microhairs in the abaxial epidermis
          of the leaf blade, location>/
       1. in the basal cell/
       2. in the apical cell/
 
#339. microhairs <of the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, total
          external length>/
       microns long/
 
#340. <abaxial leaf blade> microhair basal cells <length>/
       microns long/
 
#341. microhairs <of the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, width at the
          septum; for species sample, see attached list>/
       microns wide at the septum/
 
#342. microhair total length/width at septum <useful ranges: 0.51.5 (more
          or less spherical); 1.53 (decidedly plump); 38 (narrow); 840
          (very narrow)>/
 
#343. microhair apical cells <of abaxial leaf blade, length>/
       microns long/
 
#344. microhair apical cell/total length ratio <of microhairs of the
          abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade; useful approximations: 00.3
          (a.c. markedly shorter than b.c.); 0.30.7 (a.c. and b.c. about
          equal); 0.71.0 (a.c. markedly longer than b.c.)>/
 
#345. stomata <presence in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis>/
       1. common <abaxially>/
       2. absent or very rare/
 
#346. stomata <of the abaxial leaf blade, end to end guard cell length>/
       microns long/
 
#347. <stomatal> subsidiaries <of the abaxial leaf blade, whether
          papillate; data not comprehensively checked>/
       1. papillate/
       2. non-papillate/
 
#348. <stomatal> subsidiaries <of the abaxial leaf blade, shape>/
       1. parallel-sided/
       2. dome-shaped/
       3. triangular <includes the triangular-truncate type>/
 
#349. <stomatal> subsidiaries <of the abaxial leaf blade, whether
          parallel-sided and triangular on the same leaf>/
       1. including both triangular and parallel-sided forms on the same
          leaf/
       2. not including both parallel-sided and triangular forms on the
          same leaf <<implicit when epidermis adequately described>>/
 
#350. <stomatal> guard-cells <of the abaxial leaf blade, whether overlapped
          or overlapping (Watson & Johnston 1978: \i{}Aust. J. Bot.\i0{}
          26)>/
       1. overlapped by the interstomatals/
       2. overlapping to flush with the interstomatals/
 
#351. intercostal short-cells <abaxial leaf blade, presence/abundance;
          prickles and hair bases not regarded as short-cells>/
       1. common/
       2. absent or very rare/
 
#352. intercostal short-cells <in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis,
          presence/distribution>/
       1. absent/
       2. irregularly dispersed/
       3. regularly alternating with the long-cells/
 
#353. intercostal short-cells <in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis,
          arrangement>/
       1. in cork/silica-cell pairs/
       2. <ostensibly> not paired <note that some short-cells recorded as
          solitary probably represent superposed cork/silica-cell pairs>/
 
#354. intercostal short-cells <in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, whether
          silicified>/
       1. silicified/
       2. not silicified/
 
#355. intercostal silica bodies <in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis,
          presence, development>/
       1. absent/
       2. imperfectly developed/
       3. present and perfectly developed/
 
#356. intercostal silica bodies <shape; data in process of organization,
          and not yet reliable>/
       1. rounded <currently including oblong and elliptic>/
       2. crescentic/
       3. tall-and-narrow/
       4. acutely-angled/
       5. cross-shaped/
       6. vertically elongated-nodular <= vertically elongated-crenate,
          olyroid-type>/
       7. saddle shaped/
       8. oryzoid-type/
       9. <more or less> cubical/
 
#357. <comments on macrohairs and prickles of the abaxial epidermis of the
          leaf blade:>/
 
#358. crown cells <presence in the abaxial leaf blade epidermis>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit when epidermis adequately described>>/
 
#359. costal zones <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, possession of
          short-cells>/
       1. with short-cells <<implicit when epidermis adequately
          described>>/
       2. without short-cells/
 
#360. costal short-cells <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, arrangement;
          prickles, hair bases not counted as short-cells>/
       1. conspicuously in long rows <of five or more cells>/
       2. predominantly paired/
       3. neither distinctly grouped into long rows nor predominantly
          paired <solitary; in short rows, mixtures of solitaries, pairs,
          short rows, etc.>/
 
#361. costal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, presence>/
       1. present and well developed/
       2. poorly developed/
       3. absent/
 
#362. costal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis,
          distribution when present>/
       1. present throughout the costal zones/
       2. confined to the outer files of the costal zones/
       3. confined to the central file(s) of the costal zones/
       4. present in alternate cell files of the costal zones/
 
#363. costal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, usual
          forms; preponderance often stated in data comments>/
       1. horizontally-elongated crenate/sinuous <pooid type>/
       2. horizontally-elongated smooth/
       3. rounded <round to oval, potato shaped>/
       4. saddle shaped/
       5. tall-and-narrow/
       6. crescentic/
       7. oryzoid <vertical dumb-bell>/
       8. panicoid-type <cross shaped, dumb-bell shaped or nodular>/
       9. acutely-angled <\i{}Isachne\i0{}-type>/
       10. rounded to upright-ovoid, with a raised prickly belt around the
          equator <\i{}Scrotochloa\i0{}-type>/
 
#364. <panicoid-type> costal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade
          epidermis, detailed shape: variation likely to be
          underestimated>/
       1. cross shaped/
       2. butterfly shaped <short dumb-bells with indented ends,
          intermediate between cross- and dumb-bell shaped, etc.>/
       3. dumb-bell shaped/
       4. nodular/
 
#365. costal silica bodies <of the abaxial leaf blade epidermis, presence
          of sharp points; including but not exclusively acutely-angled
          and \i{}Isachne\i0{}-type \i{}sensu\i0{} Metcalfe>/
       1. <conspicuously> sharp-pointed/
       2. not sharp-pointed <<implicit when epidermis adequately
          described>>/
 
#366. leaf blades <whether the mid-laminar region consists largely of
          midrib>/
       1. consisting <largely> of <reasonably interpretable as> midrib/
       2. <conventionally> laminar <rather than consisting (largely) of
          midrib> <<implicit>>/
 
#367. lamina mid-zone in transverse section <shape>/
       1. open <exhibiting infolding or inrolling only under conditions of
          water stress>/
       2. infolded permanently <involving modified internal structure;
          involving some acicular, setaceous, filiform and
          junciform types>/
       3. terete <involving some acicular and junciform types>/
 
#368. lamina mid-zone in transverse section <adaxial outline of permanently
          infolded leaves, excluding terete blades>/
       1. V-shaped/
       2. U-shaped/
       3. circular <disregarding adaxial channel>/
       4. triangular <base broad on either side of median bundle>/
 
#369. the adaxial channel <of the lamina, in transverse sections of
          permanently infolded leaves, excluding circular forms>/
       1. parallel-sided, with a digitate base/
       2. irregularly furrowed/
       3. rounded/
       4. triangular/
       5. reduced to a small groove/
 
#370. <photosynthetic pathway; see Notes:>/
       1. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of one, reliably
          predicting> C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}/
       2. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of two or more, reliably
          predicting> C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/
 
#371. the <C\sub{}\nosupersub{}4> anatomical organization <of the leaf
          blade, whether conventional>/
       1. conventional <<implicit when ts adequately described>>/
       2. unconventional/
 
#372. organization of <leaf blade> PCR tissue <when unconventional>/
       1. \i{}Triodia\i0{} type <with the PCR cells forming a layer draping
          (at least in places) from one bundle to the next, rather than
          constituting discrete bundle sheaths>/
       2. \i{}Alloteropsis\i0{} type <with two bundle sheaths, the inner
          being PCR>/
       3. \i{}Aristida\i0{} type <the PCR cells constituting a double
          bundle sheath>/
       4. \i{}Arundinella\i0{} type <with single PCR files or groups in the
          mesophyll, in addition to the conventional PCR sheath>/
 
#373. <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}> biochemical type <as determined by enzyme
          assay>/
       1. PCK/
       2. NADME/
       3. NADPME/
 
#374. <leaf blade XyMS; reliably indicative of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} type;
          ascertainable from primary vascular bundles only; see Notes:>/
       1. XyMS+ <C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}, or C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} aspartate
          formers type PCK or NADME (exceptions: Eriachneae)>/
       2. XyMS <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} malate formers, type NADPME>/
 
#375. <leaf blade> PCR sheath outlines <in C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} forms>/
       1. uneven <PCK or PCK-like>/
       2. even <NAD-ME or NAD-ME-like>/
 
#376. PCR sheaths of the primary vascular bundles <of the leaf blades,
          whether interrupted>/
       1. complete/
       2. interrupted/
 
#377. PCR sheaths of the primary vascular bundles <of the leaf blades, how
          interrupted>/
       1. interrupted abaxially only/
       2. interrupted adaxially only/
       3. interrupted both abaxially and adaxially/
       4. interrupted laterally <e.g. \i{}Desmostachya\i0{}>/
 
#378. <leaf blade> PCR sheath extensions <presence>/
       1. present <in at least some veins>/
       2. absent/
 
#379. maximum number of <leaf blade PCR sheath> extension cells/
 
#380. <leaf blade> PCR cells <of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} forms, presence of a
          suberised lamella>/
       1. with a suberised lamella/
       2. without a suberised lamella/
 
#381. <leaf blade> PCR cell chloroplasts <of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} forms,
          shape>/
       1. ovoid/
       2. elongated/
 
#382. <leaf blade> PCR cell chloroplasts <of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} forms,
          whether granal>/
       1. with well developed grana/
       2. with reduced grana/
 
#383. <leaf blade> PCR cell chloroplasts <position>/
       1. centrifugal/peripheral <sometimes NAD-ME, more often indicative
          of NADPME or PCK>/
       2. centripetal <NADME: predominant in arid and semiarid species>/
 
#384. <leaf blade> PBS cells <of C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} forms, presence of
          suberised lamella>/
       1. with a suberised lamella/
       2. without a suberised lamella/
 
#385. <leaf blade> mesophyll <whether chlorenchyma radiate: an ill-defined
          feature, not reliably indicative of photosynthetic pathway>/
       1. with radiate chlorenchyma/
       2. with non-radiate chlorenchyma/
 
#386. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of palisade>/
       1. with <a clear> adaxial palisade/
       2. without <any obvious> adaxial palisade/
 
#387. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of \i{}Isachne\i0{}-type mesophyll>/
       1. \i{}Isachne\i0{}-type/
       2. not \i{}Isachne\i0{}-type <<implicit when ts adequately
          described>>/
 
#388. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of circular cells (i.e. isolated
          PCR cells or cell groups; distinctive cells)>/
       1. exhibiting circular cells/
       2. without circular cells <<implicit when ts adequately
          described>>/
 
#389. <leaf blade> mesophyll <whether traversed by (at least some) columns
          of colourless mesophyll cells>/
       1. traversed by columns of colourless mesophyll cells/
       2. not traversed by colourless <mesophyll cell> columns <<implicit
          when ts adequately described>>/
 
#390. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of arm cells (= ratchet cells)>/
       1. with arm cells/
       2. without arm cells <<implicit when ts adequately described>>/
 
#391. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of fusoid cells>/
       1. with fusoids/
       2. without fusoids <<implicit when ts adequately described>>/
 
#392. the fusoids <whether part of the PBS>/
       1. an integral part of the PBS/
       2. external to <though contiguous with> the PBS/
 
#393. leaf blade <ribbing>/
       1. with distinct, prominent adaxial ribs <only>/
       2. nodular in section/
       3. adaxially <more or less> flat <ignore mid-rib. Includes forms
          with abaxial ribs only>/
 
#394. leaf blade <adaxial ribs, relative sizes>/
       1. with the ribs more or less constant in size/
       2. with the ribs very irregular in sizes <i.e. of two or more size
          orders; ignore the mid-rib>/
 
#395. midrib <of the leaf blade, prominence>/
       1. conspicuous <prominent in the outline, with distinctive
          sclerenchyma, etc.>/
       2. not readily distinguishable <other than by position>/
 
#396. midrib <of the mid leaf blade, vascularization>/
       1. with one bundle only/
       2. having a conventional arc of bundles <i.e. at least three
          bundles>/
       3. having complex vascularization <i.e. with more than one bundle,
          not arranged in a conventional arc>/
 
#397. midrib <and/or middle part of leaf blade, whether extensively of
          colourless mesophyll cells adaxially>/
       1. with <conspicuous> colourless mesophyll adaxially/
       2. without <conspicuous> colourless mesophyll adaxially <<implicit
          when ts adequately described>>/
 
#398. the lamina <in transverse section, symmetry around the midrib>/
       1. distinctly asymmetrical on either side of the midrib <usually
          involving marked asymmetry in the ribbing and/or the form of the
          margin; e.g. as in many bamboos>/
       2. symmetrical on either side of the midrib/
 
#399. bulliforms <in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, whether
          present in discrete adaxial groups; exclude hinge groups
          flanking midribs>/
       1. present in discrete, regular adaxial groups/
       2. not present in discrete, regular adaxial groups <bulliform cells
          absent or in ill defined or irregular groups, or constituting
          most of the epidermis>/
 
#400. the bulliform groups <in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade,
          excluding hinges, whether associated with colourless mesophyll
          cells; data under development; not recommended for current use>/
       1. not associated with colourless mesophyll cells/
       2. associated with colourless mesophyll cells/
 
#401. bulliforms <in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, form of
          groups>/
       1. in simple <more or less> fans <i.e. without contiguous colourless
          mesophyll cells, deeply penetrating or not>/
       2. associated <internally> with colourless mesophyll cells to form
          deeply-penetrating fans/
       3. combining with colourless mesophyll cells to form narrow groups
          penetrating into the mesophyll/
 
#402. bulliforms <in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade, whether
          associating with colourless mesophyll cells to form arches over
          minor leaf blade bundles>/
       1. associating with colourless mesophyll cells <sometimes> to form
          arches over small vascular bundles/
       2. nowhere involved in bulliform-plus-colourless mesophyll arches
          <<implicit when ts adequately described>>/
 
#403. <presence in the leaf blade of small vascular bundles unaccompanied
          by sclerenchyma:>/
       1. many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by
          sclerenchyma/
       2. all <or nearly all> the vascular bundles accompanied by
          sclerenchyma/
 
#404. combined <foliar> sclerenchyma girders <presence in the leaf blade of
          vascular bundles combining both adaxial and abaxial girders>/
       1. present <at least some, if only associated with midribs>/
       2. absent/
 
#405. combined <foliar> sclerenchyma girders <adaxial and abaxial
          sclerenchyma girders, whether forming anchors, Is or Ts in
          one or more bundles of the leaf blade (include the midrib)>/
       1. forming figures <anchors, Is or Ts> <in at least some
          bundles>/
       2. nowhere forming figures <i.e. no anchors, Is or Ts>/
 
#406. <leaf blade> sclerenchyma <whether all bundle-associated>/
       1. all associated with vascular bundles <apart from any marginal
          fibres>/
       2. not all <obviously> bundle-associated/
 
#407. the extra <leaf blade> sclerenchyma <location of leaf blade
          sclerenchyma not associated with vascular bundles; exclusive of
          any in the midrib>/
       1. in abaxial groups/
       2. in a continuous abaxial layer/
       3. within the mesophyll/
       4. in adaxial groups/
 
#408. the extra <leaf blade> sclerenchyma <position of groups within the
          lamina; exclusive of midrib>/
       1. abaxial-hypodermal, the groups isolated <opposite bulliforms
          and/or furrows>/
       2. abaxial-hypodermal, the groups continuous with colourless
          columns/
       3. adaxial-hypodermal, contiguous with the bulliforms/
 
#409. the lamina margins <presence of marginal fibres, i.e. groups not
          associated with vascular bundles>/
       1. with fibres/
       2. without fibres/
 
#410. culm internode bundles <arrangement; poorly recorded; data mainly
          from Metcalfe 1960>/
       1. in one or two rings <ignore outer rings of very few bundles>/
       2. in three or more rings/
       3. scattered/
 
#411. tissues of the culm bases <whether accumulating abundant starch>/
       1. with abundant starch/
       2. with little or no starch <implying fructans and/or sucrose>/
 
#412. fructosans predominantly <short- or long-chain>/
       1. short-chain/
       2. long-chain/
 
#413. leaves <presence of flavonoid sulphates>/
       1. containing flavonoid sulphates/
       2. without flavonoid sulphates/
 
#414. leaf blade chlorophyll \i{}a\i0{}:\i{}b\i0{} ratio/
 
#415. serological cross-reactions of pollen antigens/
       1. available <to display comparative data, view the illustrations
          associated with this character; for further information, see
          Notes>/
       2. not available <<implicit>>/
 
#416. RuBisCO K\i{}m\i0{}(CO\sub{}2\nosupersub{}) and K\i{}m\i0{}(RUBP)
          data/
       1. available <to view comparative data, display the illustrations
          associated with this character>/
       2. not available <<implicit>>/
 
#417. spikelets <whether in much-reduced andropogonoid racemes, each of
          these reduced to a single triplet and enclosed at its base by a
          trumpet-like development of the peduncle tip (\i{}Anadelphia
          scyphofera\i0{} etc.)>/
       1. in much-reduced andropogonoid racemes, each of the latter
          reduced to a single triplet and enclosed at its base by a
          trumpet-like development of the peduncle tip/
       2. not borne as in \i{}Anadelphia scyphofera\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#418. <whether inflorescence of 23 glumeless, bracteate spikelets, the
          lodicules represented by a fringed annulus
          (\i{}Anomochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. inflorescence of 23 glumeless, bracteate spikelets, the
          lodicules represented by a fringed annulus/
       2. plant not as in \i{}Anomochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#419. <\i{}Arundo\i0{}/\i{}Phragmites\i0{}:>/
       1. female-fertile lemmas conspicuously hairy; ligule hairs to 0.3 mm
          long, shorter than the membrane/
       2. female-fertile lemmas hairless; ligule hairs longer than 0.5 mm,
          longer than the membrane/
 
#420. <whether the inflorescences of very peculiar pseudospikelets,
          characterized by development of rachides with long terminal
          segments, each of which serves as the pedicel of an abscissile
          spikelet (\i{}Atractantha\i0{}):>/
       1. the inflorescences of very peculiar pseudospikelets,
          characterized by development of rachides with long terminal
          segments, each of which serves as the pedicel of an abscissile
          spikelet/
       2. the inflorescences not as in \i{}Atractantha\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#421. <whether lemmas as broad as long, gibbous and umbonate, cordate at
          base (\i{}Briza\i0{}):>/
       1. lemmas as broad as long, gibbous and umbonate, cordate at base
          <\i{}Briza\i0{}>/
       2. lemmas not as in \i{}Briza\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#422. <whether lemma awn winged, the wing extending down upper back of the
          lemma (\i{}Brylkinia\i0{}):>/
       1. lemma awn winged, the wing extending down the upper back of the
          lemma/
       2. lemma not wing-awned <<implicit>>/
 
#423. <whether having male inflorescences elevated, with one to four
          spicate, unilateral branches, and the female spikelets in
          burr-like spatheate clusters (\i{}Buchlo\i0{}):>/
       1. the male inflorescences elevated, with one to four spicate,
          unilateral branches; female spikelets in burr-like clusters,
          usually two burrs per inflorescence, each burr on a short, stout
          rachis, partially enclosed in a broad, bractlike leaf sheath,
          falling entire with the indurate rachis united with the upper
          glumes/
       2. inflorescence not as in \i{}Buchlo\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#424. <whether upper glume extended downwards into a conspicuous spur
          (\i{}Centrochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. upper glume extended downwards into a conspicuous spur/
       2. upper glume not as in \i{}Centrochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#425. <whether pedicels articulated and bearded with long hairs at and
          above the joint (\i{}Chaetobromus\i0{}):>/
       1. pedicels articulated and bearded with long hairs at and above the
          joint/
       2. pedicels not as in \i{}Chaetobromus\i0{} (q.v.)/
 
#426. <whether inflorescences in hard, globular 612 mm utricles
          (\i{}Coix\i0{}):>/
       1. inflorescences in hard, globular 612 mm utricles/
       2. inflorescences not as in \i{}Coix\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#427. <whether spikelets in numerous small, compact, short-branched
          panicles, each panicle at the tip of a stout, recurved peduncle
          and enclosed by a leathery, toothed involucre, the peduncles
          themselves subtended by the inflated sheaths of the (modified)
          upper leaves (\i{}Cornucopiae\i0{}):>/
       1. spikelets in numerous small, compact, short-branched panicles,
          each panicle at the tip of a stout, recurved peduncle and
          enclosed by a leathery, toothed involucre, the peduncles
          themselves subtended by the inflated sheaths of the (modified)
          upper leaves/
       2. spikelets not borne as in \i{}Cornucopiae\i0{} (q.v.)/
 
#428. <\i{}Cortaderia\i0{}/\i{}Lamprothyrsus\i0{}:>/
       1. the lemma awns lateral and median, the median strongly flattened/
       2. the median lemma awn not strongly flattened, laterals present or
          absent/
 
#429. <whether lemmas awned, the awn bearing a ring of minute hairs at the
          middle, and apically clavate (\i{}Corynephorus\i0{}):>/
       1. lemmas awned, the awn bearing a ring of minute hairs at the
          middle, and apically clavate/
       2. lemmas without the characteristic \i{}Corynephorus\i0{} awn
          <<implicit>>/
 
#430. <whether the inflorescence of a few digitately-borne, bracteate
          spikelets, subtended by a spatheate leaf atop a single elongated
          culm internode, the plant very sedge-like in appearance
          (\i{}Cyperochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. the inflorescence of a few digitately-borne, bracteate spikelets,
          subtended by a spatheate leaf atop a single elongated culm
          internode, the plant very sedge-like in appearance/
       2. plants not as in \i{}Cyperochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#431. <whether the lower glume exceeding the female-fertile lemma
          (\i{}Diandrostachya\i0{}):>/
       1. the lower glume exceeding the female-fertile lemma/
       2. the lower glume shorter than the female-fertile lemma/
 
#432. <whether grain with a conspicuous whitish or yellowish, glossy beak
          (\i{}Diarrhena\i0{}):>/
       1. grain with a conspicuous whitish or yellowish, glossy beak/
       2. fruit not as in \i{}Diarrhena\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#433. <whether plants from a short rosette of winter leaves, the primary
          panicle producing secondary inflorescences with cleistogamous
          spikelets (\i{}Dichanthelium\i0{}):>/
       1. plants from a short rosette of winter leaves, the primary panicle
          producing secondary inflorescences with cleistogamous spikelets/
       2. plants not as in \i{}Dichanthelium\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#434. <whether the pedicelled member of the sessile/pedicellate spikelet
          pairs much the larger, very striking, with a broad, flat, papery,
          reddish, long-awned lower glume (\i{}Diectomis\i0{}):>/
       1. the pedicelled member of the sessile/pedicellate spikelet pairs
          much the larger, very striking, with a broad, flat, papery,
          reddish, long-awned lower glume/
       2. without the sessile/pedicellate spikelet pairs characteristic of
          \i{}Diectomis\i0{} <<implicit>>/
 
#435. <\i{}Enneapogon\i0{}/\i{}Schmidtia\i0{}/\i{}Cottea\i0{}/\i{}Kaokochloa\i0{}:>/
       1. female-fertile lemmas 9-lobed, each lobe terminating in an awn/
       2. female-fertile lemmas 6-lobed and 5-awned, with an awn arising
          between each pair of lobes/
       3. female-fertile lemmas irregularly lobed, the lobes produced into
          711 awns/
       4. female-fertile lemmas with an incurved-emarginate apex, and a
          narrow awned lobe at each margin (sometimes with 12 shorter,
          additional lobes)/
 
#436. <whether spikelets supported on a peculiar, hardened, cupuliform
          callus (\i{}Eriochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. spikelets supported on a peculiar, hardened, cupuliform callus/
       2. no \i{}Eriochloa\i0{}-type callus <<implicit>>/
 
#437. <\i{}Hackelochloa\i0{}/\i{}Hemarthria\i0{}/\i{}Rottboellia\i0{}:>/
       1. lower glume of female-fertile spikelet globose, pitted/
       2. lower glume of female-fertile spikelet flattish, not pitted;
          pedicellate spikelets similar to the female-fertile spikelets/
       3. lower glume of female-fertile spikelet flattish, not pitted;
          pedicellate spikelets reduced, herbaceous/
 
#438. <whether plants of wet places, the leaves remarkably thin and
          delicate (\i{}Hubbardia\i0{}):>/
       1. plants of wet places, the leaves remarkably thin and delicate/
       2. plants not as in \i{}Hubbardia\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#439. <whether the adaxial surface of the leaf blade raised into sinuous
          lamellae (\i{}Hydrothauma\i0{}):>/
       1. the adaxial surface of the leaf blade raised into sinuous
          lamellae/
       2. the adaxial surface of the leaf blade not as in
          \i{}Hydrothauma\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#440. <whether plants aquatic, with inflated leaf sheaths serving as floats
          (\i{}Hygroryza\i0{}):>/
       1. plants aquatic, with inflated leaf sheaths serving as floats/
       2. plants not as in \i{}Hygroryza\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#441. <whether the upper part of the female-fertile lemma exhibits a
          pappus-like arangement of long hairs (\i{}Jarava\i0{}):>/
       1. the upper part of the <female-fertile> lemma exhibiting a
          conspicuous, pappus-like arrangement of long hairs/
       2. the upper part of the <female-fertile> lemma without pappus-like
          hairs <<implicit>>/
 
#442. <\i{}Koeleria\i0{}/\i{}Trisetum\i0{}:>/
       1. panicle dense, cylindrical, ovoid, not interrupted: awns if
          present straight, subterminal, inconspicuous in the
          inflorescence/
       2. panicle loose, or if dense then interrupted, neither cylindrical
          nor ovoid: awns usually present, usually twisted, usually
          distinctly dorsal, conspicuous if inflorescence compact/
 
#443. <whether having female spikelets, with shell- or urn-shaped lemmas
          which are closed save for an apical pore (\i{}Leptaspis\i0{} and
          \i{}Scrotochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. having female spikelets, with shell- or urn-shaped lemmas which
          are closed save for an apical pore/
       2. not having female spikelets as in \i{}Leptaspis\i0{} and
          \i{}Scrotochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#444. <whether female-fertile lemma very broad, with a conspicuous,
          succulent, translucent region near the base of each wing
          (\i{}Lombardochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. female-fertile lemma very broad, with a conspicuous, succulent,
          translucent region near the base of each wing/
       2. female-fertile lemma not as in \i{}Lombardochloa\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#445. <whether spikelets minute, shaped like cartoon birds heads
          (\i{}Lopholepis\i0{}):>/
       1. spikelets minute, shaped like cartoon birds heads/
       2. spikelets not as in \i{}Lopholepis\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#446. <whether plant coarsely tufted, with wiry leaf blades, the
          inflorescence of one very peculiar spikelet enclosed in a sheath
          (\i{}Lygeum\i0{}):>/
       1. plant coarsely tufted, with wiry leaf blades, the inflorescence
          of one very peculiar spikelet enclosed in a sheath/
       2. plant and inflorescence not as in \i{}Lygeum\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#447. <whether spikelets in false pairs, the pedicellate member of the
          andropogonoid pair abscinding from its pedicel but remaining
          attached to the base of the article above, alongside the
          sessile member of that article (\i{}Manisuris\i0{}):>/
       1. spikelets in false pairs, the pedicellate member of the
          andropogonoid pair abscinding from its pedicel but remaining
          attached to the base of the article above, alongside the
          sessile member of that article/
       2. spikelets not arranged as in \i{}Manisuris\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#448. <whether spikelets with the distal incomplete florets and/or the
          rachilla apex forming a terminal clavate appendage
          (\i{}Melica\i0{} et al.):>/
       1. spikelets with the distal incomplete florets and/or the rachilla
          apex forming a terminal clavate appendage/
       2. spikelets without a terminal clavate appendage <<implicit>>/
 
#449. <\i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}/\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}/\i{}Chaetobromus\i0{}/\i{}Schismus\i0{}:>/
       1. female-fertile lemmas with a bent awn, the awn twisted below/
       2. female-fertile lemmas awnless, mucronate or with a short straight
          awn/
 
#450. <\i{}Merxmuellera\i0{}/\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}:>/
       1. spikelets 825 mm long, inflorescence longer than 60 mm long/
       2. spikelets 46(7) mm long, inflorescence 1060 mm long/
 
#451. <whether spikelet with a single gibbous floret, the lemma awn placed
          off-centre (\i{}Nassella\i0{}):>/
       1. spikelet with a single gibbous floret, the lemma awn placed
          off-centre/
       2. spikelet not as in \i{}Nassella\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#452. <whether the inflorescence a coarse, cylindrical raceme, apparently
          representing a raceme of reduced glomerules, each glomerule
          shortly pedunculate, comprising a single spikelet subtended
          crosswise by a lobed scale forming an involucre-plus-bristle
          (\i{}Odontelytrum\i0{}):>/
       1. the inflorescence a coarse, cylindrical raceme, apparently
          representing a raceme of reduced glomerules, each glomerule
          shortly pedunculate, comprising a single spikelet subtended
          crosswise by a lobed scale forming an involucre-plus-bristle/
       2. the inflorescence not as in \i{}Odontelytrum\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#453. the lower lemma <whether combining a median translucent zone (cf. a
          \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{} pedicel) with a terminal pair of
          hygroscopically active setae (\i{}Ophiochloa\i0{})>/
       1. narrow, of peculiar form, having a central hyaline portion
          bordered by well developed, conspicously ciliate and terminally
          setose nerves (the whole being reminiscent of a
          \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{} pedicel), and exhibiting apically a pair of
          cushion-based, 57 mm long, hygroscopically active and awnlike
          setae/
       2. unlike that of \i{}Ophiochloa\i0{} (i.e., without a central
          hyaline portion bordered by well developed, conspicously ciliate
          and terminally setose nerves, and without a pair of
          hygroscopically active setae at the apex) <<implicit>>/
 
#454. <\i{}Paspalum\i0{}/\i{}Echinochloa\i0{}/\i{}Paspalidium\i0{}:>/
       1. glumes and/or sterile lemmas awned or acuminate-mucronate/
       2. spikelets awnless, muticous/
       3. spikelets awnless, the female-fertile lemmas pointed or apiculate
          but not mucronate/
 
#455. <whether seed dark brown, with ruminate endosperm
          (\i{}Phaenosperma\i0{}):>/
       1. seed dark brown, with ruminate endosperm/
       2. seed not as in \i{}Phaenosperma\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#456. <whether spikelets borne on one side of a broad, leaflike rachis
          (\i{}Phyllorhachis\i0{}):>/
       1. spikelets borne on one side of a broad, leaflike rachis/
       2. spikelets not borne on a broad, leaflike rachis <<implicit>>/
 
#457. <whether scandent via leaf blades with retrorsely scabrid margins
          (\i{}Prosphytochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. scandent via leaf blades with retrorsely scabrid margins/
       2. not scandent as in \i{}Prosphytochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#458. <whether female-fertile lemma with its tip extended beyond the palea
          as a conical, herbaceous beak (flotation device) composed of
          aerenchyma with transverse septa, tapering into an awn
          (\i{}Rhynchoryza\i0{}):>/
       1. female-fertile lemma with its tip extended beyond the palea as a
          conical, herbaceous beak (flotation device) composed of
          aerenchyma with transverse septa, tapering into an awn/
       2. female-fertile lemma not as in \i{}Rhynchoryza\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#459. <\i{}Sorghastrum\i0{}/\i{}Sorghum\i0{}:>/
       1. spikelets ostensibly solitary, each accompanied by a barren
          pedicel/
       2. spikelets paired, all the pedicels spikelet-bearing/
 
#460. <whether rush-like, with reduced leaf blades (\i{}Spartochloa\i0{},
          \i{}Xerochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. rush-like, with reduced leaf blades/
       2. not rush-like <<implicit>>/
 
#461. <whether female inflorescence a large, deciduous globular head of
          sessile, bristle-tipped racemes (\i{}Spinifex\i0{}):>/
       1. female inflorescence a large, deciduous globular head of sessile,
          bristle-tipped racemes/
       2. inflorescence not as in \i{}Spinifex\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#462. <whether culms dimorphic, the fertile culms leafless, the vegetative
          culms each with a single developed leaf, this being eligulate and
          with a terete, culm-like sheath (\i{}Steyermarkochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. culms dimorphic, the fertile culms leafless, the vegetative culms
          each with a single developed leaf, this being eligulate and with
          a terete, culm-like sheath/
       2. plants not as in \i{}Steyermarkochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#463. <whether flowering culms ultimately bending over, so as to enclose
          the ripening fruit (\i{}Thuarea\i0{}):>/
       1. flowering culms ultimately bending over, so as to enclose the
          ripening fruit/
       2. flowering culms not as in \i{}Thuarea\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#464. <whether lower glume <of female-fertile spikelet> with a rectangular
          window, surmounted by bristles (\i{}Thyridolepis\i0{}):>/
       1. lower glume <of female-fertile spikelet> with a rectangular
          window, surmounted by bristles/
       2. lower glume without a \i{}Thyridolepis\i0{}-type window (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#465. <whether the lower glume of the pedicellate spikelet with a 510 mm
          (or longer) awn (\i{}Urelytrum\i0{}):>/
       1. the lower glume of the pedicellate spikelet with a 510 mm (or
          longer) awn/
       2. the lower glume of the pedicellate spikelet awnless/
 
#466. <whether the inflorescence a spicate raceme, with each spikelet
          subtended at its base by a tiny hyaline bract (from Madagascar)
          (\i{}Viguierella\i0{}):>/
       1. the inflorescence a spicate raceme, with each spikelet
          subtended at its base by a tiny hyaline bract: Madagascar/
       2. the inflorescence not as in \i{}Viguierella\i0{} (q.v.)
          <<implicit>>/
 
#467. <whether fruiting inflorescence a massive, spatheate cob, the fruits
          in many rows (\i{}Zea mays\i0{}):>/
       1. fruiting inflorescence a massive, axillary, spatheate cob with a
          spongy axis, the fruits in many rows/
       2. fruiting inflorescence not as in maize (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#468. <whether stems cane-like, spikelets in bracteate, globular 13.5 cm
          heads (\i{}Zygochloa\i0{}):>/
       1. stems cane-like, spikelets in bracteate, globular 13.5 cm heads/
       2. plants not as in \i{}Zygochloa\i0{} (q.v.) <<implicit>>/
 
#469. chromosome base number, \i{}x\i0{} =/
 
#470. <diploid chromosome numbers> 2\i{}n\i0{} =/
 
#471. <recorded ploidy levels; data very incomplete:>/
       ploid/
 
#472. haplomic genome content <of Triticeae, as shown by genomic analysis;
          data incomplete>/
       1. A/
       2. B/
       3. C/
       4. D/
       5. E/
       6. F/
       7. G/
       8. H/
       9. I/
       10. J/
       11. K/
       12. L/
       13. M/
       14. N/
       15. O/
       16. P/
       17. Q/
       18. R/
       19. S/
       20. T/
       21. U/
       22. V/
       23. W/
       24. X/
       25. Y/
       26. Z/
 
#473. chromosomes <size, cf. Avdulov 1931; data very incomplete>/
 
#474. haploid nuclear DNA content <2c value divided by ploidy: ranges and
          means>/
       pg/
 
#475. mean diploid 2c DNA value/
       pg/
 
#476. nucleoli <in root tip meristems, whether or not persisting to
          metaphase>/
       1. persistent/
       2. disappearing before metaphase/
 
#477. Watson & Dallwitz (1994): <subfamily>/
       1. Stipoideae/
       2. Pooideae/
       3. Bambusoideae/
       4. Centothecoideae/
       5. Arundinoideae/
       6. Chloridoideae/
       7. Panicoideae/
       8. genus not recognised/
 
#478. <supertribes of Watson & Dallwitz (1994)>/
       1. <Pooideae-> Triticodae/
       2. <Pooideae-> Poodae/
       3. <Bambusoideae-> Oryzodae/
       4. <Bambusoideae-> Bambusodae/
       5. <Panicoideae-> Panicodae/
       6. <Panicoideae-> Andropogonodae/
 
#479. <tribe of Pooideae (Watson & Dallwitz 1994)>/
       1. Triticeae/
       2. Brachypodieae/
       3. Bromeae/
       4. Aveneae <including Agrostideae, Phalarideae>/
       5. Meliceae/
       6. Seslerieae/
       7. Poeae <including Hainardieae, Monermeae>/
 
#480. <tribe of Stipoideae (Watson & Dallwitz 1994)>/
       1. Nardeae/
       2. Lygeae/
       3. Anisopogoneae/
       4. Stipeae/
       5. Ampelodesmeae/
       6. Brachyelytreae/
 
#481. <tribe of Bambusoideae (Watson & Dallwitz 1994)>/
       1. Diarrheneae/
       2. Oryzeae/
       3. Olyreae/
       4. Anomochloeae/
       5. Ehrharteae/
       6. Phaenospermateae/
       7. Phyllorhachideae/
       8. Phareae/
       9. Streptochaeteae/
       10. Streptogyneae/
       11. Guaduelleae/
       12. Puelieae/
       13. Bambuseae/
 
#482. <tribe of Centothecoideae (Watson & Dallwitz, 1994)>/
       1. Centotheceae/
 
#483. <tribe of Arundinoideae (Watson & Dallwitz, 1994)>/
       1. Steyermarkochloeae/
       2. Arundineae/
       3. Danthonieae <and satellites>/
       4. Cyperochloeae/
       5. Micraireae/
       6. Spartochloeae/
       7. Aristideae/
       8. Eriachneae/
       9. Amphipogoneae/
 
#484. <tribe/assemblage of Chloridoideae (Watson & Dallwitz 1994)>/
       1. Pappophoreae/
       2. Orcuttieae/
       3. Triodieae/
       4. main chloridoid assemblage <including Chlorideae, Cynodonteae,
          Eragrosteae, Sporoboleae, Aeluropodeae, Jouveae, Unioleae,
          Leptureae, Lappagineae, Spartineae, Trageae, Perotideae,
          Pommereulleae>/
 
#485. <tribe of Panicoideae (Watson & Dallwitz 1994)>/
       1. Isachneae/
       2. Paniceae/
       3. Neurachneae/
       4. Arundinelleae/
       5. Andropogoneae/
       6. Maydeae/
 
#486. <subtribe of Andropogoneae (Watson & Dallwitz 1994)>/
       1. Andropogoninae <awned Andropogoneae>/
       2. Rottboelliinae <awnless Andropogoneae>/
 
#487. <Soreng \i{}et al\i0{}. (2015): subfamily>/
       1. Anomochlooideae/
       2. Aristidoideae/
       3. Arundinoideae/
       4. Bambusoideae/
       5. Chloridoideae/
       6. Danthonioideae/
       7. Micrairoideae/
       8. Oryzoideae/
       9. Panicoideae/
       10. Pharoideae/
       11. Pooideae/
       12. Puelioideae/
 
#488. <Soreng \i{}et al\i0{}. supertribe>/
       1. Andropogonodae/
       2. Arundinarodae/
       3. Bambusodae/
       4. Panicodae/
       5. Poodae/
       6. Triticodae/
       7.  <no supertribe>/
 
#489. <Soreng \i{}et al\i0{}. tribe>/
       1. Ampelodesmeae/
       2. Andropogoneae/
       3. Anomochloeae/
       4. Aristideae/
       5. Arundinarieae/
       6. Arundineae/
       7. Arundinelleae/
       8. Atractocarpeae/
       9. Bambuseae/
       10. Brachyelytreae/
       11. Brachypodieae/
       12. Bromeae/
       13. Brylkineae/
       14. Centotheceae/
       15. Centropodieae/
       16. Chasmanthieae/
       17. Cynodonteae/
       18. Cyperochloeae/
       19. Danthonieae/
       20. Diarrheneae/
       21. Ehharteae/
       22. Eragrostideae/
       23. Eriachneae/
       24. Guaduellieae/
       25. Gynerieae/
       26. Hubbardieae/
       27. Isachneae/
       28. Littledaleeae/
       29. Lygeae/
       30. Meliceae/
       31. Micraireae/
       32. Molinieae/
       33. Nardeae/
       34. Olyreae/
       35. Oryzeae/
       36. Paniceae/
       37. Paspaleae/
       38. Phaenospermateae/
       39. Phareae/
       40. Phyllorachideae/
       41. Poeae/
       42. Steyermarkochloeae/
       43. Stipeae/
       44. Streptochaeteae/
       45. Streptogyneae/
       46. Thysanolaeneae/
       47. Triraphideae/
       48. Tristachyideae/
       49. Triticeae/
       50. Zeugiteae/
       51. Zoysieae/
       52.  <no tribe>/
 
#490. <Soreng \i{}et al\i0{}. subtribe>/
       1. Aeluropodinae/
       2. Agrostidinae/
       3. Airinae/
       4. Ammochloinae/
       5. Andropogoninae/
       6. Anthephorinae/
       7. Anthistiriinae/
       8. Anthoxanthinae/
       9. Arthraxoninae/
       10. Arthropogoninae/
       11. Arthrostylidiinae/
       12. Arundinariinae/
       13. Aveninae/
       14. Bambusinae/
       15. Boivinellinae/
       16. Boutelouinae/
       17. Brizinae/
       18. Buergersiochloinae/
       19. Calothecinae/
       20. Cenchrinae/
       21. Chionachninae/
       22. Chusqueinae/
       23. Coicinae/
       24. Coleanthinae/
       25. Cotteinae/
       26. Cteniinae/
       27. Cynosurinae/
       28. Dactylidinae/
       29. Dichelantheliinae/
       30. Dimeriinae/
       31. Eleusininae/
       32. Eragrostidinae/
       33. Farragininae/
       34. Germainiinae/
       35. Gouiniinae/
       36. Guaduinae/
       37. Gymnopogoninae/
       38. Hickeliinae/
       39. Hilariinae/
       40. Holcinae/
       41. Hordeinae/
       42. Ischaeminae/
       43. Loliinae/
       44. Melidininae/
       45. Melocanninae/
       46. Miliinae/
       47. Monanthochloinae/
       48. Muhlenbergiinae/
       49. Neurachninae/
       50. Olyrinae/
       51. Orcuttiinae/
       52. Oryzinae/
       53. Otachyriinae/
       54. Panicinae/
       55. Pappophorinae/
       56. Parapholiinae/
       57. Parianinae/
       58. Paspalinae/
       59. Perotidinae/
       60. Phalaridinae/
       61. Poinae/
       62. Racemobambusinae/
       63. Rottboelliinae/
       64. Saccharinae/
       65. Scleropogoninae/
       66. Scolochloinae/
       67. Sesleriinae/
       68. Sorghinae/
       69. Sporobolinae/
       70. Torreyochloinae/
       71. Traginae/
       72. Trichoneurinae/
       73. Triodiinae/
       74. Tripogoninae/
       75. Tripsacinae/
       76. Triticinae/
       77. Unioliinae/
       78. Zizaniinae/
       79. Zoysiinae/
       80.  <no subtribe>/
 
#491. <number of species:>/
       species/
 
#492. <geographic distribution:>/
 
#493. <world distribution: this character is intended only for
          convenience in key-making; for more precise distributions, see
          geographic distribution:>/
       1. Western Eurasia, U.S.S.R. <includes Iran, Iraq, Turkey>/
       2. Mediterranean/
       3. Eastern Asia <Japan, China to India>/
       4. Africa <and Saudi Arabia>/
       5. Pacific <Malaysia, Indonesia, Australasia, Pacific Islands>/
       6. North America <Canada, Alaska, U.S.A., Mexico>/
       7. South and Central America, West Indies/
       8. Arctic/
 
#494. <floristic Kingdoms; after Takhtajan 1969; data deduced from
          information for Takhtajans floristic regions (q.v.), provided by
          B. K. Simon 1987; see Notes:>/
       1. Holarctic/
       2. Paleotropical/
       3. Neotropical/
       4. Cape/
       5. Australian/
       6. Antarctic/
 
#495. <Holarctic Subkingdoms:>/
       1. Boreal/
       2. Tethyan <ancient Mediterranean>/
       3. Madrean <Sonoran>/
 
#496. <Paleotropical Subkingdoms:>/
       1. African/
       2. Madagascan/
       3. Indomalesian/
       4. Polynesian/
       5. Neocaledonian/
 
#497. <Boreal Subkingdom regions:>/
       1. Arctic and Subarctic/
       2. Euro-Siberian/
       3. Eastern Asian/
       4. Atlantic North American/
       5. Rocky Mountains/
 
#498. <Tethyan Subkingdom regions:>/
       1. Macaronesian/
       2. Mediterranean/
       3. Irano-Turanian/
 
#499. <African Subkingdom regions:>/
       1. Saharo-Sindian/
       2. Sudano-Angolan/
       3. West African Rainforest/
       4. Namib-Karoo/
       5. Ascension and St. Helena/
 
#500. <Indomalesian Subkingdom regions:>/
       1. Indian/
       2. Indo-Chinese/
       3. Malesian <Malayan>/
       4. Papuan/
 
#501. <Polynesian Subkingdom regions:>/
       1. Hawaiian/
       2. Polynesian/
       3. Fijian/
 
#502. <Neotropical regions:>/
       1. Caribbean/
       2. Venezuela and Surinam/
       3. Amazon/
       4. Central Brazilian/
       5. Pampas/
       6. Andean/
       7. Fernandezian/
 
#503. <Australian regions:>/
       1. North and East Australian/
       2. South-West Australian/
       3. Central Australian/
 
#504. <geographical occurrence in Australasia; mainly after Simon 1978,
          1990:>/
       1. Tasmania/
       2. New South Wales/
       3. Australian Capital Territory/
       4. Victoria/
       5. Western Australia/
       6. Queensland/
       7. Northern Territory/
       8. South Australia/
       9. New Guinea/
       10. New Zealand/
       11. not known in Australasia <<implicit>>/
 
#505. <Antarctic regions:>/
       1. New Zealand/
       2. Patagonian/
       3. Antarctic and Subantarctic/
 
#506. <Euro-Siberian Subregions:>/
       1. European/
       2. Siberian/
 
#507. <Atlantic North American Subregions:>/
       1. Canadian-Appalachian/
       2. Southern Atlantic North American/
       3. Central Grasslands/
 
#508. <Sudano-Angolan Subregions:>/
       1. Sahelo-Sudanian/
       2. Somalo-Ethiopian/
       3. South Tropical African/
       4. Kalaharian/
 
#509. <North and East Australian Subregions:>/
       1. Tropical North and East Australian/
       2. Temperate and South-Eastern Australian/
 
#510. <Antarctic and Subantarctic Subregions:>/
       1. South Temperate Oceanic Islands/
       2. Antarctic/
 
#511. <whether commonly adventive on an intercontinental scale:>/
       1. commonly adventive/
       2. not commonly adventive <<implicit>>/
 
#512. <habitat water requirement:>/
       1. hydrophytic/
       2. helophytic <i.e., in marshy places>/
       3. mesophytic/
       4. xerophytic/
 
#513. <habitat light requirement:>/
       1. shade species/
       2. species of open habitats/
 
#514. <salt tolerance, etc.:>/
       1. halophytic/
       2. glycophytic <= not halophytic>/
 
#515. <habitat notes (soil types, etc.):>/
 
#516. significant weed species: <data not comprehensive: extended from
          Hfliger and Scholtz 1980>/
 
#517. cultivated fodder:/
 
#518. important native pasture species:/
 
#519. grain crop species:/
 
#520. lawns and/or playing fields:/
 
#521. commercial essential oils:/
 
#522. <miscellaneous economic/ethnic data:>/
 
#523. <intergeneric hybrids:>/
 
#524. rusts  <genera>/
       1. \i{}Dasturella\i0{}/
       2. \i{}Phakopsora\i0{}/
       3. \i{}Physopella\i0{}/
       4. \i{}Stereostratum\i0{}/
       5. \i{}Puccinia\i0{} <including \i{}Uromyces\i0{}>/
       6. no rusts recorded <by Cummins 1971>/
 
#525. the \i{}Puccinia\i0{} species from <morphological Group; after
          Cummins 1971, amended by D.B.O. Savile (pers. comm.)>/
       1. Group 1/
       2. Group 2/
       3. Group 5/
       4. Group 6/
       5. Group 7/
       6. Group 8/
 
#526. the \i{}Puccinia\i0{} species from <the Group 1 species, Saviles
          subgroups>/
       1. subgroup 1(a)/
       2. subgroup 1(b)/
       3. subgroup 1(c)/
       4. subgroup 1(d)/
 
#527. the \i{}Puccinia\i0{} species from <the Group 2 species, Saviles
          subgroups>/
       1. subgroup 2(a)/
       2. subgroup 2(b)/
 
#528. the \i{}Puccinia\i0{} species from <the Group 5 species, Saviles
          subgroups>/
       1. subgroup 5(a)/
       2. subgroup 5(b)/
       3. subgroup 5(c)/
       4. subgroup 5(d)/
       5. subgroup 5(e)/
       6. subgroup 5(f)/
       7. subgroup 5(g)/
       8. subgroup 5(h)/
       9. subgroup 5(i)/
       10. subgroup 5(j)/
       11. subgroup 5(k)/
 
#529. the \i{}Puccinia\i0{} species from <the Group 6 species, Saviles
          subgroups>/
       1. subgroup 6(a)/
       2. subgroup 6(b)/
       3. subgroup 6(c)/
       4. subgroup 6(d)/
       5. subgroup 6(e)/
 
#530. taxonomically wide-ranging <rust> species: <wide-ranging here =
          recorded on 3 or more host genera by Cummins 1971>/
       1. \i{}Dasturella divina\i0{}/
       2. \i{}Phakopsora incompleta\i0{}/
       3. \i{}Physopella clemensiae\i0{}/
       4. \i{}Stereostratum corticoides\i0{}/
       5. \i{}Puccinia chaetochloae\i0{}/
       6. \i{}Puccinia stenotaphri\i0{}/
       7. \i{}Puccinia microspora\i0{}/
       8. \i{}Puccinia polysora\i0{}/
       9. \i{}Puccinia miscanthae\i0{}/
       10. \i{}Puccinia nakanishikii\i0{}/
       11. \i{}Puccinia longicornis\i0{}/
       12. \i{}Puccinia kusanoi\i0{}/
       13. \i{}Puccinia eritraeensis\i0{}/
       14. \i{}Puccinia graminella\i0{}/
       15. \i{}Puccinia dolosa\i0{}/
       16. \i{}Puccinia orientalis\i0{}/
       17. \i{}Puccinia graminis\i0{}/
       18. \i{}Puccinia levis\i0{}/
       19. \i{}Puccinia substriata\i0{}/
       20. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}setariae-italicae\i0{}/
       21. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}schoenanthi\i0{}/
       22. \i{}Puccinia emaculata\i0{}/
       23. \i{}Puccinia cacabata\i0{}/
       24. \i{}Puccinia coronata\i0{}/
       25. \i{}Puccinia striiformis\i0{}/
       26. \i{}Puccinia montanensis\i0{}/
       27. \i{}Puccinia pygmaea\i0{}/
       28. \i{}Puccinia brachypodii-phoenicoidis\i0{}/
       29. \i{}Puccinia brachypodii\i0{}/
       30. \i{}Puccinia praegracilis\i0{}/
       31. \i{}Puccinia poarum\i0{}/
       32. \i{}Puccinia hordei\i0{}/
       33. \i{}Puccinia recondita\i0{}/
       34. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}turcomanicum\i0{}/
       35. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}fragilipes\i0{}/
       36. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}dactylidis\i0{}/
       37. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}hordeinus\i0{}/
       38. \i{}Puccinia monoica\i0{}/
       39. \i{}Puccinia versicolor\i0{}/
       40. \i{}Puccinia boutelouae\i0{}/
       41. \i{}Puccinia chloridis\i0{}/
       42. \i{}Puccinia schedonnardi\i0{}/
       43. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}clignyi\i0{}/
       44. \i{}Uromyces\i0{} \i{}eragrostidis\i0{}/
       45. \i{}Puccinia miyoshiana\i0{}/
       46. \i{}Puccinia cesatii\i0{}/
       47. \i{}Puccinia esclavensis\i0{}/
       48. \i{}Puccinia aristidae\i0{}/
       49. no wide-ranging rust species <i.e. the positive records limited
          to rusts with restricted host ranges, as given by Cummins 1971>
          <<implicit>>/
 
#531. smuts <families>/
       1. from Tilletiaceae/
       2. from Ustilaginaceae/
       3. not recorded <<implicit, but see qualification>>/
 
#532. <smut genera> Tilletiaceae /
       1. \i{}Entyloma\i0{}/
       2. \i{}Melanotaenium\i0{}/
       3. \i{}Neovossia\i0{}/
       4. \i{}Tilletia\i0{}/
       5. \i{}Urocystis\i0{}/
 
#533. <smut genera> Ustilaginaceae /
       1. \i{}Sorosporium\i0{}/
       2. \i{}Sphacelotheca\i0{}/
       3. \i{}Tolyposporella\i0{}/
       4. \i{}Tolyposporium\i0{}/
       5. \i{}Ustilago\i0{}/
 
#534. morphological/taxonomic: <references>/
 
#535. leaf anatomical: <references>/
 
#536. <special comments:>/
 
#537. <adequacy of> fruit data <for reliability of implicit states>/
       1. more or less satisfactory <<implicit>>/
       2. wanting <totally or seriously lacking>/
 
#538. <adequacy of> anatomical data <for reliability of implicit states>/
       1. more or less satisfactory <<implicit>>/
       2. epidermal only/
       3. for ts only/
       4. wanting <totally or seriously lacking>/
 
#539. <illustrations; see Notes:>/
 
#540. abbreviated taxon name:/
