*COMMENT ~ Character notes.

*CHARACTER NOTES
#3. Data on body length is based largely on published
  descriptions, with the exception of several \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} spp.,
  \i{}Ceratitis rosa\i0{} and \i{}Plioreocepta poeciloptera\i0{}. \par{}More
  significance should be attached to the maximum size of the larvae than to the
  minimum size, since it is possible that the latter represents third instar
  larvae which were not yet mature.
#4. States of this character represent points on a continuum. In general, among
  the fruit-infesting species, \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} tend to be coded as state 1,
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} as state 2 and \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{} as state 3. Leaf-mining
  and stem-boring species often fit states 3 or 4, and species infesting
  Asteraceae (other than as miners) almost always fit states 5 or 6.
#5. Sclerotization of the integument refers to parts of the integument not
  normally sclerotized in tephritid larvae. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton,
  anterior spiracles, and rimae of the posterior spiracular slits are normally
  sclerotized. If no other sclerotization exists, code the specimen as entirely
  whitish to yellowish. \par{}Less obvious places to examine for sclerotization
  are the ventral prothorax and the area of the caudal segment between the
  intermediate tubercles (below the posterior spiracles). \par{}Irregular
  sclerotization (of muscle scars in particular, or of other small,
  asymmetrically placed spots) in a few specimens of a sample, is abnormal, but
  not uncommon.
#6. Mature larvae of several pest species, including \i{}Bactrocera
  cucurbitae\i0{}, may have a transverse sclerotized line on the caudal segment
  between the tubercles below the posterior spiracles. \par{}A heart-shaped
  pigmented area has been reported on the ventral side of the prothorax in
  \i{}B. umbrosa\i0{} (White & Elson-Harris 1992). \par{}Larvae with large
  sclerotized areas on the caudal segment and/or dorsum are not known to be
  pests of fruits; most attack Asteraceae, and one (\i{}Plioreocepta
  poeciloptera\i0{}) bores in the stems of asparagus.
#7. Sclerotized processes on the caudal segment are very rare in Tephritidae.
  They are present in \i{}Plioreocepta poeciloptera\i0{} (strongly forked),
  \i{}Terellia\i0{} (\i{}Cerajocera\i0{}) \i{}ceratocera\i0{} (weakly forked),
  and \i{}T. (C.) plagiata\i0{} (two separate processes).
#8. The caudal ridge is diagnostic of Dacini and Ceratitini, although hard to
  see or possibly absent in \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} (\i{}Tetradacus\i0{}). It is a
  ridge of thickened cuticle in the intermediate region of the caudal segment
  below each posterior spiracle. It is usually readily distinguishable by SEM as
  well as under the dissecting microscope, but its presence or absence cannot
  generally be reliably determined in slide-mounted specimens (the presence of
  strong ridge-like structures in slide mounted specimens represents the
  collapse of a tubercle, not the caudal ridge of interest here; see dental
  sclerites instead). \par{}Under the dissecting microscope, examine the caudal
  profile from all angles by rolling the specimen while it is completely
  submerged in alcohol, and you should be able to see the location of the ridge
  by the change in the light diffraction in the thickened part. \par{}In species
  which have the intermediate tubercles I1 and I2 very pronounced (most
  Carpomyina; \i{}Euleia\i0{}), there may also appear to be a ridge, but this is
  due to the proximity of the tubercles themselves, and not to a thickening of
  the cuticle between them (see also stomal guards).
#9. Some tephritids (\i{}Bactrocera\i0{}, \i{}Ceratitis\i0{}, \i{}Dacus\i0{},
  \i{}Euphranta\i0{}, \i{}Blepharoneura\i0{}) are known to skip or jump by
  grabbing their caudal segment with their mandibles and then suddenly releasing
  the tension, which propels them several inches away; larvae of most other
  genera (including \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}, \i{} Toxotrypana\i0{},
  \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{} and all tephritines) are not known to jump.
#10. Fruit-infesting species, as far as is known, have the head in anterior and
  frontal views rounded, and the dorsal anterior margin of the prothorax is not
  hood-like. Leaf-mining species, such as \i{}Euleia\i0{} spp. and others, may
  have the head in anterior and/or frontal views laterally compressed, and the
  anterior margin of the thorax is extended anteriorly, hood-like, over the
  dorsal side of the head.
#11. The cephalic lobes bear the antenna and the maxillary palp. \par{}The
  figures illustrate the relative degree of development of the cephalic lobes
  typical of (1) \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} and \i{}Dacus\i0{}, (2) \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}
  and \i{}Ceratitis\i0{}, (3) \i{}Carpomya\i0{}, \i{}Myiopardalis\i0{}, and
  \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{}, and (4) \i{}Euleia\i0{} and Tephritinae. \par{}Note that
  not all species are typical in the development of the cephalic lobes.
  Furthermore, species lacking well-developed cephalic lobes may differ
  substantially from the figure for state 4 in regards to the general appearance
  of the rest of the mask.
#12. The antenna consists of a basal segment and an apical segment, both of
  which have sclerotized walls. Usually these two segments are clearly visible
  by SEM and on slide-mounted specimens. In species which bore or mine in stems
  and leaves, or infest flowerheads and galls, there appears to be only a single
  segment (by SEM) only slightly more pronounced than the surrounding
  reticulation; or the sclerotized part of the basal segment may be narrow and
  ringlike (in slide-mounted specimens), and not evident externally in these
  species.
#13. The primary lobe of the stomal organ is the lobe which bears the stomal
  sensilla, located just anterior to the oral ridges, and ventral to the
  maxillary palp. \par{}In Dacini, Ceratitini, and Tephritinae, it is small and
  round and surrounded by secondary lobes or reticulation. In Toxotrypanini, it
  is large and elongate-rounded. In leaf-mining and stem-boring species so far
  studied (e.g. \i{}Euleia\i0{}), it is elongate-flattened, with the sensilla
  recessed in a pit. In the subtribe Carpomyina and in Euphrantinae it is
  rounded and protuberant.
#14. The stomal organ is located just anterior to the oral ridges, and ventral
  to the maxillary palp. The following sensilla are typically present on the
  stomal organ: 1 to 3 (or more) peg-like sensilla, 1 campaniform sensillum, and
  2 pit sensilla. The peg sensilla are branched in some species, which may make
  them appear more numerous than they are. A single stout peg sensillum is
  characteristic of subtribe Carpomyina.
#15. The peg sensilla are borne on the primary lobe of the stomal organ, which
  is located just anterior to the oral ridges, and ventral to the maxillary
  palp. They are sometimes branched, strongly so in \i{}Bactrocera tryoni\i0{},
  for example. \par{}In \i{}B. dorsalis\i0{} obtained from culture in Hawaii,
  the degree of branching was variable.
#16. The stomal organ is located just anterior to the oral ridges, and ventral
  to the maxillary palp. The following sensilla are typically present in a
  slight depression on the stomal organ: 1 to 3 (or more) peg-like sensilla, 1
  campaniform sensillum, and 2 pit sensilla. In three species of
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} (\i{}A. leptozona\i0{}, \i{}A. serpentina\i0{} and \i{} A.
  striata\i0{}), additional structures resembling peg sensilla surround this
  depression.
#17. The primary lobe of the stomal organ is the lobe which bears the stomal
  sensilla, and is located just anterior to the oral ridges, and ventral to the
  maxillary palp. The secondary lobes (when present) surround the small primary
  lobe, or may be reduced to a few antero-medial lobes. These can frequently be
  seen with a good dissecting microscope, using the same technique as for
  counting oral ridges, however SEM provides a much more detailed view.
  \par{}Short leaf-like secondary lobes are typical of Ceratitini, and of the
  \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} group of subgenera of \i{}Bactrocera\i0{}. Long,
  ridge-like medial secondary lobes are typical of the \i{}Zeugodacus\i0{} group
  of subgenera of \i{}Bactrocera\i0{}, and are also present in \i{}Dirioxa\i0{};
  \i{}Dacus\i0{} may also have this type of structure (see fig. of D.
  lounsburyii). \i{}Bactrocera oleae\i0{} has round, protuberant secondary
  lobes. \par{}Secondary lobes are absent in other genera of fruit flies,
  although the stomal organ of Tephritinae is often embedded in the overall
  reticulation of the head, some of which might be considered homologous to
  secondary lobes, This is also true of some other species which also inhabit
  the drier host microhabitats in flowerheads, leaves, stems and roots.
  \par{}Secondary lobes which may subtend the primary lobe never bear
  sclerotized teeth (see stomal guards instead).
#18. Count all lobes which are closely associated with the primary lobe of the
  stomal organ.
#19. Secondary lobes may surround the sensilla-bearing primary stomal lobe;
  their margins are usually entire, but in some species (e.g. \i{}Bactrocera
  latifrons\i0{}) are distinctly dentate, serrate, or scalloped.
#20. Sclerotized stomal guards are found as brown denticles on the posterior or
  ventral side of the primary lobe. They are present in many Carpomyini
  (Rhagoletis, Carpomya, Myiopardalis, Zonosemata), and appear as brown spot(s)
  or as a row of teeth when viewed with a dissecting microscope. In
  slide-mounted material they are frequently obscured by the mandibles. In SEM
  preparations, while the denticles per se are clearly visible, it is not known
  if they are all always sclerotized, but this seems to be the case. For
  purposes of this expert system, they have not been considered as secondary
  lobes of the stomal region.
#21. Sclerotized stomal guards are found as brown denticles on the posterior or
  ventral side of the primary lobe. They are present in many Carpomyini
  (Rhagoletis, Carpomya, Myiopardalis, Zonosemata), and appear as brown spot(s)
  or as a row of teeth when viewed with a dissecting microscope. In
  slide-mounted material they are frequently obscured by the mandibles. In SEM
  preparations, while the denticles per se are clearly visible, it is not known
  if they are all always sclerotized, but this seems to be the case. For
  purposes of this expert system, they have not been considered as secondary
  lobes of the stomal region.
#22. Oral ridges are transverse ridges located on either side of the mandibles.
#23. Oral ridges are transverse ridges located on either side of the mandibles.
  They are best counted after first allowing the liquid to drain out of the
  grooves beneath them, if a dissecting microscope is used. Do not count the
  small detached accessory plates (q.v.) on the fringe of this area. (=ORL)
#24. Oral ridges are transverse ridges located on either side of the mandibles.
  Their margins are best seen under SEM. In slide-mounted material, margins
  usually appear entire.
#25. Accessory plates are found at the lateral margin of the oral ridges, and
  may be small and shell-like or elongate and imbricate with the oral ridges.
#26. Accessory plates are found at the lateral margin of the oral ridges, and
  may be small and shell-like or elongate and imbricate with the oral ridges.
#27. Accessory plates are found at the lateral margin of the oral ridges, and
  may be small and shell-like or elongate and imbricate with the oral ridges.
  Their margins usually resemble those of the oral ridges.
#28. Very elongate, finger-like lobes arising from the reticulation above the
  mandibles is common among Tephritinae, most of which infest Asteraceae. At
  present it is not known to occur among other subfamilies.
#29. The median oral lobe lies in the preoral cavity between the mandibles. It
  is usually unremarkable, but in \i{}Bactrocera aquilonis\i0{} it has been
  reported as protruding and laterally expanded (White & Elson-Harris 1992), and
  in \i{}Plioreocepta poeciloptera\i0{} it is divided into a pair of flattened
  3- to 4- lobed structures which lie along the medial face of the mandibles.
#30. The labium is located on the ventral part of the head, posterior to the
  mandibles. As far as is known, it is broadly triangular in fruit-infesting
  species, but in leaf-mining or stem boring species, and in species infesting
  Asteraceae, it tends to be elongate and narrow.
#31. Subapical teeth on the mandible are located on the ventral side of the
  mandible, sometimes on the lateral or medial edge, or both (when two teeth are
  present). Examine slide-mounted specimens carefully, focussing up and down, to
  determine the presence or absence of subapical tooth or teeth. These teeth are
  absent in most fruit-infesting species (use EXPA to see exceptions), and
  present in most leaf-mining or stem-boring trypetines and most, if not all,
  tephritines. \par{}Note: previously published figures of Euleia fratria and
  Rhagoletis fausta (Phillips 1946) have omitted the well developed subapical
  teeth.
#32. Subapical teeth are located on the ventral side of the mandible, sometimes
  on the lateral or medial edge, or both (when two teeth are present). \par{}The
  size of the subapical tooth may vary, particularly where states 1 & 2 are
  concerned. It is not known if this is due to wear or represents intrinsic
  variation.
#33. Subapical teeth are located on the ventral side of the mandible, sometimes
  on the lateral or medial edge, or both (when two teeth are present).
#34. In Trypetinae and Tephritinae, the base of the mandibles tends to be stout,
  perpendicular, and does not form an elongate neck dorsally. In Dacinae, the
  dorsal part of the base is somewhat elongate, forming a neck, and the base of
  the mandibles is somewhat more oblique with respect to the tip of the
  mandibles.
#35. The parastomal bars are generally readily visible in fruit-infesting
  Tephritidae as slender sclerites arising on the tentoropharyngeal sclerite and
  extending anteriorly dorsal to the hypopharyngeal sclerite. In leaf-mining and
  stem-boring trypetines, and in tephritines, they appear to be short, stout and
  so closely associated with the hypopharyngeal sclerite as to appear to be
  absent.
#36. Dental sclerites are small, elongate sclerites immediately posterior or
  medial to the ventral part of the base of the mandibles. When they are
  posterior, as in Dacini, Ceratitini, and Dirioxa pornia, they are readily
  visible in slide preparations. If not readily visible they may be medial or
  absent, but they have not been studied sufficiently to distinguish between
  these two possibilities.
#37. The distribution of spinules on the body is best determined on
  slide-mounted material, however, other means can also be used. The number of
  rows of spinules on the anterior margin of the dorsum of each segment tends to
  become reduced in the more posterior segments, with the segments on which they
  last tend to appear being of some taxonomic use.
#38. The complete complement of sensilla on the caudal segment consists of: 2
  dorsal (D1, D2); 1 lateral (L); 4 intermediate (I1a+b; I2; I3); and 3 ventral
  (V) for a total of 10 pairs of sensilla. No exceptions have been found among
  fruit-infesting species of Tephritidae. Some of these sensilla may be borne on
  minute papillae or tubercles, while others are visible (as in
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}) only with the greatest difficulty with the dissecting
  microscope. In slide-mounted material they often cannot be seen at all.
#39. The two pair of dorsal caudal sensilla are located dorsal to the posterior
  spiracles. \par{}Absent or visible only with great difficulty means the
  sensilla are practically indistinguishable from the specks of dust that are
  inevitably floating in the preservation fluid. \par{}Obvious means they are
  definitely identifiable as sensilla, although the novice is likely to consider
  that they hard to see. \par{}On separate papillae or tubercles means they
  are visible as four separate small papilla scarcely larger than a sensillum,
  but easily seen. \par{}On a single papilla or tubercle means they are
  visible as two bifid tubercles.
#40. The intermediate caudal sensillum I3 is located near, but slightly ventral
  to the lateral corner of the spiracular area. \par{}Absent or visible only
  with great difficulty means the sensilla are practically indistinguishable
  from the specks of dust that are inevitably floating in the preservation
  fluid. \par{}Obvious means they are definitely identifiable as sensilla,
  although the novice is likely to consider that they hard to see. \par{}On a
  papilla or tubercle means a papilla or very small tubercle scarcely larger
  than a sensillum, but easily seen.
#41. The lateral caudal sensillum L is located on the lateral part of the caudal
  segment about halfway between the spiracular area or the I3 sensillum, and the
  anterior margin of the segment. \par{}Absent or visible only with great
  difficulty means the sensilla are practically indistinguishable from the
  specks of dust that are inevitably floating in the preservation fluid.
  \par{}Obvious means they are definitely identifiable as sensilla, although
  the novice is likely to consider that they hard to see. \par{}On a papilla or
  tubercle means a papilla or very small tubercle scarcely larger than a
  sensillum, but easily seen.
#42. The intermediate sensilla I1a and I1b are located very close together on
  the medial side of the intermediate area, below the posterior spiracles. When
  there is a caudal ridge (q.v.) these sensilla are at the medial corner of it.
  \par{}Absent or visible only with great difficulty means the sensilla are
  practically indistinguishable from the specks of dust that are inevitably
  floating in the preservation fluid. \par{}Obvious means they (or at least
  one of them) are definitely identifiable as sensilla, although the novice is
  likely to consider that they hard to see. \par{}On a single papilla or
  tubercle, not bifid apically means a small papilla scarcely larger than a
  sensillum, on which no more than one sensillum can be seen. \par{}On a single
  papilla or tubercle, bifid apically means a small papilla scarcely larger
  than a sensillum, on which two sensilla can be seen.
#43. The intermediate sensillum I2 is located on the lateral side of the
  intermediate area. When there is a caudal ridge, the I2 sensillum is located
  below it. \par{}Absent or visible only with great difficulty means the
  sensilla are practically indistinguishable from the specks of dust that are
  inevitably floating in the preservation fluid. \par{}Obvious means they are
  definitely identifiable as sensilla, although the novice is likely to consider
  that they hard to see; or they may be on a small papilla.
#44. The intermediate sensilla I1a+b and I2, may be on separate and widely
  separated papillae (\i{}Anastrepha\i0{}), or they may be somewhat closer
  together on the same tubercle (\i{}Rhagoletis\i0{}, \i{}Carpomya\i0{}).
#45. The three ventral caudal sensilla are located between the intermediate area
  and the anal area. Relative to the other sensilla they are usually more
  difficult to see, and some or all of them may be reduced to mere pits.
  However, in the Carpomyina (\i{}Rhagoletis\i0{}, \i{}Carpomya\i0{} etc.), they
  are on a large tubercle similar to the intermediate tubercle. \par{}Absent or
  visible only with great difficulty means the sensilla are practically
  indistinguishable from the specks of dust that are inevitably floating in the
  preservation fluid. \par{}Obvious means at least one is identifiable as a
  sensillum, although the novice is likely to consider that it is hard to see.
  \par{}On a papilla means a small papilla scarcely larger than a sensillum,
  but easily seen. \par{}On a tubercle means a low protuberance of much larger
  circumference than a papilla.
#46. The anal lobes usually are plainly visible in Tephritidae, particularly
  among fruit-infesting species. Among these a few species (e.g. \i{}Rhagoletis
  cerasi\i0{}) have the anal lobes very protuberant and somewhat expanded
  distally. The degree of protrusion, however, may vary among individuals: in
  life, they are capable of being protruded and retracted somewhat. In most
  Tephritinae and certain other species the anal lobes may be absent,
  indistinct, or retracted within the anal slit.
#47. The anal organ consists of a pair of lobes or perianal pads. Each of these
  lobes may be entire, grooved, or distinctly bilobed.
#48. This character refers to the outline of the external part of the anterior
  spiracle, across the tubules. In states 1 and 2, the tubules are somewhat
  elevated above the level of the surrounding cuticle. In state 3, the tubules
  are within a sulcus or nearly covered by the anterior margin of the
  mesothoracic segment. In slide mounted specimens, state 3 is represented by
  having the internal basal part of the spiracle often not preserved, leaving
  only the broad arc of tubules on the distal part.
#49. Anterior spiracular tubules (digits) are best counted after first allowing
  the liquid to evaporate somewhat from the body of the larva, if a dissecting
  microscope is used. A compound microscope is sometimes better, but requires
  slide preparation. (=ANS)
#50. Anterior spiracular tubules are most often in a single uniform or irregular
  row. Two rows occur in some \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{}, and \i{}Plioreocepta
  poeciloptera\i0{} has more than three rows.
#51. \i{}Euleia\i0{} spp. and at least some other Trypetini have the posterior
  spiracles surrounded by extremely well developed dorsal and intermediate
  tubercles which form a ring around the spiracular area that distincly sets
  this area off from the rest of the caudal segment.
#52. Measure the rimae from the outside edges. For Anastrepha species which are
  difficult to distinguish, take the average of the dorsal and ventral rimae.
  (=LTH)
#53. Measure the length and width of the rimae from the outside edges and take
  the ratio of length to width. For species other than \i{} Anastrepha\i0{},
  much of the data in the system taken from the literature appears to have been
  eyeballed.
#54. The form of the spiracular processes is a useful character for comparative
  purposes, but is difficult to encode as a single useful character for matching
  taxa in the database. The four states presently given for the dorsal (SPI)
  spiracular processes represent only two aspects of their form.
#55. Count the number of trunks of spiracular processes in the dorsal group. The
  dorsal group can usually be identified even in disarticulated slide mounts of
  the caudal segment: it is the group oriented approximately at right angles
  (rather than at approximately the same angle) to the lateral group next to it.
#56. Count the number of trunks of spiracular processes in the ventral group.
  The ventral group can usually be identified even in disarticulated slide
  mounts of the caudal segment: it is the group oriented approximately at the
  same angle (rather than at approximately a right angle) as the lateral group
  next to it.
#57. Count the number of trunks of spiracular processes in each lateral group.
  You can enter the data as a range of values, or as the average for the two
  groups. (Data in the system is entered as a range of values). For example, if
  group 2 has 6 trunks and group 3 has 10 trunks, enter the data as 610 or as
  8. These two methods may retrieve slightly different groups of taxa due to the
  way the program handles numeric data entered as ranges.
#58. Measure the basal width of the spiracular processes as the distance between
  outer-most trunks at their insertion point. This ratio is useful in
  discriminating among certain species of Anastrepha. (=BAS)
#59. Count the number of tips of the spiracular processes in the dorsal and
  ventral groups and take the average.
#60. The branching ratio is the ratio of the number of tips to number of trunks.
  This ratio is useful in discriminating among certain species of Anastrepha.
  (=RT02)
#61. \i{}Carpomya vesuviana\i0{}, \i{}C. schineri\i0{} (not currently in the
  system) and \i{}Myiopardalis pardalina\i0{} have the area between the
  posterior spiracles with a rugose, cellular or alveolate appearance. Allow the
  surface of the caudal segment to dry briefly to better observe this character.
#62. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION \par{}To distinguish between \i{}Anastrepha
  striata\i0{} and \i{}A. bistrigata\i0{}, insert the values for BAS, ANS and
  TRK, and calculate C. \par{} C = 23.5log(BAS)  0.75(ANS)  0.63(TRK)  15
  \par{}where \line{}ANS = the number of tubules on the anterior spiracle,
  \line{}BAS = the basal width of the spiracular processes as the distance
  between outer-most trunks at their insertion point, \line{}TRK = the number of
  trunks on the posterior spiracular processes.
#63. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION \par{}To distinguish between \i{}Anastrepha
  fraterculus\i0{} and \i{}A. obliqua\i0{}, insert the values for BAS, LTH and
  ANS, and calculate C. \par{} C = 22.70log(BAS)  0.45(LTH)  0.99(ANS) + 24.00
  \par{}where \line{}ANS = the number of tubules on the anterior spiracle,
  \line{}BAS = the basal width of the spiracular processes as the distance
  between outer-most trunks at their insertion point, \line{}LTH = the length of
  the rimae of the posterior spiracular openings.
#64. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION \par{}To distinguish between \i{}Anastrepha
  obliqua\i0{} and \i{}A. suspensa\i0{}, insert the values for ANS, TIP, LTH and
  ORL, and calculate C. \par{} C = 1.40(ANS) + 0.60(TIP) + 0.24(LTH)  2.45(ORL)
   30.93 \par{}where \line{}ANS = the number of tubules on the anterior
  spiracle. \line{}LTH = the length of the rimae of the posterior spiracular
  openings. \line{}ORL = the number of oral ridges (per side). \line{}TIP = the
  number of branch tips of the dorsal or ventral posterior spiracular processes.
#65. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION \par{}To distinguish between \i{}Anastrepha
  fraterculus\i0{} and \i{}A. suspensa\i0{}, insert the values for BAS and RTO2,
  and calculate C. \par{} C = 24.20log(BAS) + 26.67log(RTO2)  40.52 \par{}where
  \line{}BAS = the basal width of the spiracular processes as the distance
  between outer-most trunks at their insertion point. \line{}RTO2 = the ratio of
  the number of branch tips to the number of trunks of the posterior spiracular
  processes.
#66. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION \par{}To distinguish between \i{}Anastrepha
  suspensa\i0{}, \i{}A. fraterculus\i0{} and \i{}A. obliqua\i0{}, insert the
  values for BAS, ORL, RTO2, ANS and LTH, and calculate Cf, Cs, and Co. \par{}
  Cf = 186.07log(BAS) + 13.01(ORL) + 39.58log(RTO2) + 8.63(ANS) + 1.10(LTH) 
  294.42 \par{} Cs = 151.06log(BAS) + 17.23(ORL)  5.62log(RTO2) + 8.51(ANS) +
  1.25(LTH)  285.19 \par{} Co = 161.23log(BAS) + 14.17(ORL) + 27.96log(RTO2) +
  9.77(ANS) + 1.58(LTH)  326.32 \par{}where \line{}ANS = the number of tubules
  on the anterior spiracle. \line{}BAS = the basal width of the spiracular
  processes as the distance between outer-most trunks at their insertion point.
  \line{}LTH = the length of the rimae of the posterior spiracular openings.
  \line{}ORL = the number of oral ridges (per side). \line{}RTO2 = the ratio of
  the number of branch tips to the number of trunks of the posterior spiracular
  processes.
#68. Don't use more than 1 of the host plant family (...) characters in an
  identification.
#70. For specimens from near regional boundaries, select as many regions as
  might apply.
