*CHARACTER NOTES
#3. Specimens are recorded as elongate only if the body
  (excluding genitalia) is distinctly elongate (e.g. \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{},
  \i{}Euphranta\i0{}, and \i{}Dacus\i0{} (\i{}Callantra\i0{})). \par{}Taxa which
  are intermediate between the two figured body forms have been left unrecorded
  in the dataset. This means they will not be eliminated from the taxa under
  consideration on the basis of how you record your specimen. We felt it would
  be less misleading to leave these unrecorded, than to record both states.
  \par{}Other characters may not yet reflect this philosophy of leaving the
  character unrecorded when all states could be interpreted as applying. There
  is at present no way to distinguish actual variability among specimens from
  variability in the subjective interpretation of states when more than one
  state is recorded.
#4. Our coding has attempted to reflect seasonal or geographic variation in
  populations, insofar as such variation could be determined. However, we have
  generally not taken into account age variation: teneral specimens are
  generally paler than fully hardened ones. \par{}Additionally, microtomentum
  (particularly on tephritines) can obscure the ground color, causing the
  specimen to appear fuzzy gray or yellowish gray: look for the color beneath
  the microtomentum. \par{}Evaluation of overall body color can also be very
  subjective when extensive color patterns create figure/ground perception
  problems: which is the ground color? If there is any doubt, or if there are
  any states which definitely do not apply to your specimen, then just select
  the states that could reasonably apply to your specimen. \par{}Other
  characters deal with thorax color and abdomen color independently. If you find
  you are relying extensively on color characters, you may wish to use the Set
  error tolerance button to enhance the reliability of your final
  determination.
#5. Frontal bristles are located on the lateral part of the frons, near the eye,
  and are almost always acuminate and inclinate. There are usually 2-3 pairs,
  but there may be only 1 or as many as 5 or more. They may be modified into
  large, erect, often truncate bristles which arise on a ridge, giving a
  crown-like appearance in the males of some species (e.g., \i{}Strauzia
  longipennis\i0{}) in several genera. \par{}If frontal bristles are absent,
  check the following attributes to be sure you have a tephritid fly: 1)
  Subcosta incomplete, abruptly bent toward costa near apex; 2) Wing with costal
  vein twice-broken (at the humeral crossvein and at the end of the subcosta);
  3) Cell cup usually with an extension in the postero-distal corner; 4)
  Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, adapted for piercing.
#6. Orbital bristles are located on the orbital plate, anterior to the inner
  vertical bristle. There are usually 1-2 pairs. They are usually acuminate and
  reclinate, but the posterior pair may also be inclinate
  (\i{}Paraterellia\i0{}, \i{}Xyphosia\i0{}, & Terelliini) or lanceolate (pale
  and stubby) (Tephritinae), or the anterior pair may be capitate and
  proclinate (males of some \i{}Ceratitis\i0{} spp.).
#7. Capitate orbital bristles are characteristic of males of some
  \i{}Ceratitis\i0{} species, including \i{}C. capitata\i0{} (MedFly). The exact
  shape of the capitate part varies among the species.
#8. Orbital bristles are located on the orbital plate, anterior to the inner
  vertical bristle. There are usually 1-2 pair. They are usually reclinate, but
  the posterior pair may also be inclinate (\i{}Paraterellia\i0{},
  \i{}Xyphosia\i0{}, and Terelliini). Males of some \i{}Ceratitis\i0{} species
  have a single, capitate, proclinate bristle, while the female has 2 reclinate
  bristles.
#9. Orbital bristles are located on the orbital plate, anterior to the inner
  vertical bristle. There are usually 1-2 pair. They are usually acuminate, but
  may also be lanceolate (usually pale and stubby-appearing) in Tephritinae.
#10. Ocellar bristles are located on or immediately adjacent to the ocellar
  triangle. \par{}Frontal bristles are located on the frontal plate, near the
  eye, and are almost always acuminate and inclinate.
#11. The postocellar bristles are located on the occiput behind the ocellar
  triangle; they are often minute and scarcely distinguishable from setulae.
#12. The two (inner and outer) vertical bristles are located on the vertex near
  the medial corner of the eye.
#13. The postocellar bristles are located on the occiput behind the ocellar
  triangle; they are often minute and scarcely distinguishable from setulae.
  \par{}The outer vertical bristle is located on the vertex near the medial
  corner of the eye, and medial to the postocular row of bristles. \par{}The
  postvertical bristles are located on the occiput behind the inner vertical
  bristle. \par{}Lanceolate bristles are distinctly stubby in appearance,
  rather than hair-like (acuminate).
#14. Post-ocular bristles are located in a row behind the posterior margin of
  the eye. The lanceolate bristles have a distinctly stubby appearance and are
  usually pale whitish; acuminate bristles are more hair-like and are often
  dark, sometimes pale, but not whitish.
#15. Postocular bristles are located in a row behind the posterior margin of the
  eye. In some cases, the postocular bristles have been recorded as reduced
  because they are extremely sparse, rather than particularly fine.
#16. The genal bristle is located on the gena below the eye. Tephritidae usually
  have a single bristle, but there may be numerous long setulae in the vicinity.
  Do not confuse this bristle with the posteriorly-directed gular bristle, or
  with the vibrissa of some non-tephritid families.
#17. Head height is measured from vertex to genae and excludes mouthparts; head
  length is measured from face to occipital foramen and excludes the antenna.
#19. In general the frontofacial angle is determined based on the plane of the
  frontal bristles and the plane of the face as defined by the point above the
  antenna and a point on the face at half the height of the face; however, an
  extremely well developed boss on the mesofrons may also give a rounded
  appearance.
#20. The overall shape of the face is recorded. Concave, flat, and convex
  refer to the curvature of a vertical line at mid-face. The presence of a
  transverse sulcus may cause this line to be convex above and concave below.
#21. A more or less distinct transverse sulcus or groove is often found about
  halfway between the antennal sockets and the oral margin, and often causes the
  face profile to appear convex above and more or less concave below the sulcus
  (see face (profile)), although this undulant profile is not always
  accompanied by a sulcus. Distinct antennal grooves are considered as setting
  off a median raised area or carina even when no actual keel-like ridge is
  present.
#22. Measure the face from just above the antenna to the oral margin at
  mid-face. Measure the frons from the lunule to the vertex.
#23. Facial orientation as defined here is the degree to which the genal groove
  (marked by a row of small setulae) exceeds (projecting), meets (vertical),
  or fails to meet (receding) the projection of a line connecting the base of
  the antenna with the mid-face.
#24. Most Trypetinae, Ceratitini, and Tephritinae have the face without dark
  marks, while most Dacini have dark spots in the antennal furrows. In some
  species there is a transverse dark band either at mid-face or at the oral
  margin; other species have the face entirely or almost entirely black.
#25. The parafacial is the area between the ptilinal suture and the eye. The
  parafacial spot is a dark spot located opposite the base of the antenna. This
  does NOT refer to dark spots associated with the bases of the frontal
  bristles.
#26. These are distinct markings of silvery microtomentum.
#27. Parafrontal setulae are located near the eye, among the frontal bristles.
#28. Mesofrontal setulae are located on the mesofrons, between the rows of
  frontal bristles.
#29. Measure eye height (maximum diameter) vs. width (minimum diameter) as seen
  in profile.
#30. Measure the antenna from the base of the scape to the tip of the first
  flagellomere. Measure the face from just above the antenna to the oral margin
  at mid-face.
#31. The antennal segments, from base to apex, are: scape, pedicel, and
  flagellum. The flagellum consists of the first flagellomere (often called the
  third antennal segment and the hair-like arista. \par{}Most tephritids have
  the scape, pedicel, and first flagellomere short relative to the face (state
  1). In \i{}Bactrocera\i0{}, \i{}Dacus\i0{}, \i{}Monacrostichus\i0{},
  \i{}Munromyia\i0{}, and \i{}Zacerata\i0{}, however, some or all of these
  segments are more elongate (states 2-4).
#32. Measure the face from just above the antenna to the oral margin at
  mid-face.
#33. The dorsoapical point of the first flagellomere may be a small tubercle not
  visible from a strictly lateral view, especially in \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{},
  \i{}Carpomya\i0{}, \i{}Myiopardalis\i0{} and \i{}Zonosemata\i0{}; in most
  other genera the first flagellomere is rounded.
#34. Measure the greatest length of the first flagellomere.
#35. Short-plumose arista (with hairs about twice the width of the base of the
  arista to about half the width of the first flagellomere) are recorded as
  plumose.
#36. Check the hairs at the base of the arista.
#37. The proboscis is usually capitate, with a stout haustellum and large
  labella. In a few species the haustellum is greatly elongate and geniculate,
  in others the proboscis is reduced and nearly vestigial.
#38. The inner scapular bristle is a small bristle located near the anterior
  margin of the scutum near the midline.
#39. The inner scapular bristle is a small bristle located near the anterior
  margin of the scutum near the midline. If the bristles are pale brownish, both
  states are recorded.
#40. The outer scapular bristle is a small bristle located near the anterior
  margin of the scutum near the anterior, mesal corner of the postpronotal lobe.
#41. The outer scapular bristle is a small bristle located near the anterior
  margin of the scutum near the anterior, mesal corner of the postpronotal lobe.
  If the bristles are pale brownish, both states are recorded.
#42. The postpronotal bristle is located on the postpronotal (=humeral) lobe. In
  taxa where it may be present but minute, both states are recorded.
#43. The presutural dorsocentral bristle is located between the transverse
  suture and the anterior margin of the scutum, on a line lateral to the
  acrostichal bristle and mesal to the intra-alar bristle. \par{}Presutural
  dorsocentral bristles are present in only a few tephritids; these species
  usually also have at least some of the bristles or setulae pale and lanceolate
  (stubby-appearing).
#44. The presutural supra-alar bristle is located laterally on the scutum anterior to the
  transverse suture, near the level of the anterior notopleural bristle.
#45. The postsutural supra-alar (=anterior supra-alar) bristle is located above
  the base of the wing, behind the transverse suture. Occasionally there is also
  a supernumerary postsutural supra-alar bristle (e.g., \i{}Bactrocera
  tsuneonis\i0{}). \par{}Do not count the postalar bristle, which is sometimes
  called the posterior supra-alar bristle.
#46. The acrostichal bristle (=prescutellar bristle) is located anterior to the
  scuto-scutellar suture, near the midline. \par{}Confusion could arise when the
  acrostichal bristle is absent and the dorsocentral bristle is present (as in
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{} spp.), versus acrostichals present and dorsocentrals
  absent (many \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} spp.); however, the habitus of these two
  groups is distinctive.
#47. The postsutural dorsocentral bristle is located between the transverse
  suture and the scuto-scutellar suture, on a line lateral to the acrostichal
  bristle and mesal to the intra-alar bristle, in most Tephritidae other than
  Dacini (in which it is absent). The exact location of the bristle is also
  useful for identification purposes (see postsutural dorsocentral bristles
  (position)). \par{}A presutural dorsocentral bristle is also present in a few
  species (see presutural dorsocentral bristle (presence)).
#48. The postsutural dorsocentral bristle is located on a longitudinal line
  between the acrostichal and intra-alar bristles. Its position on this line
  varies from close to the transverse suture to near the scuto-scutellar suture.
  It is absent in the Dacini and a few other Tephritidae. The postsutural
  supra-alar (=anterior supra-alar) bristle is located above the base of the
  wing, behind the transverse suture. The postalar bristle is the lateral-most
  bristle on the posterior part of the scutum, and lateral to the intra-alar
  bristle. State 5 includes those taxa in which the dorsocentral bristle is no
  farther anterior to the postalar bristles than 1/3 of the distance between the
  postalar bristle and the postsutural supra-alar. \par{}If your specimen seems
  to fit state 5 and the acrostichal bristle appears to be absent, be sure you
  have not mistaken the dorsocentral bristle (red) for the acrostichal (green).
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{} spp. may have the dorsocentral but not the acrostichal;
  females have a distinctive long curved syntergosternite. Many
  \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} spp. have the acrostichal but all lack the dorsocentral
  bristle; males usually have a pecten of bristles on the third abdominal
  tergite.
#49. The postalar and intra-alar bristles are located on the scutum behind the
  postsutural supra-alar bristle, above and behind the wing, but lateral to the
  dorsocentral bristle. The postalar bristle is the more lateral of the two. The
  intra-alar bristle has been referred to as the inner postalar in the some
  publications.
#50. The intrapost-alar bristle(s) are located just anterior to the
  scuto-scutellar suture, slightly lateral to the line of the dorsocentral
  bristles, and mesal to the intra-alar bristle. If present, they are usually
  small.
#51. Scutellar bristles (usually 1-2 pairs) are located along the margin of the
  scutellum. Acanthonevrini and a few species of other Trypetinae have 3-6
  pairs. They are not to be confused with well developed setulae which may also
  occur near the margin, but which lack well developed alveoli.
#52. Basal scutellar bristles are absent in many Dacini, while apical scutellars
  are absent or greatly reduced in some Tephritinae. In the event the bristles
  are broken off, look for well developed alveoli (sockets).
#53. Measure each bristle from base to tip (not by the comparative extent of
  their tips in relation to the apex of the scutellum).
#54. The anterior notopleural bristle is absent in \i{}Dacus arcuatus\i0{}.
#55. Acuminate bristles are hair-like; lanceolate bristles are swollen and
  stubby in appearance.
#56. The anepisternal (=mesopleural) bristles are located in a vertical row on
  the anepisternum, anterior to the wing base. Some anepisternal bristles grade
  into setulae; if in doubt about what constitutes an outstanding bristle,
  give a range of values.
#57. The katepisternal (=sternopleural) bristle is located on the katepisternum
  near the posteroventral corner of the anepisternum. Tephritidae have at most 1
  katepisternal bristle.
#58. The anepisternal (=mesopleural) bristles are located in a vertical row on
  the anepisternum, anterior to the wing base. Pale includes both pale
  acuminate and pale lanceolate (stubby) bristles.
#59. The laterotergite (= katatergite + anatergite) of Adraminae bears long,
  fine, erect setulae, which are difficult to see. The best view is usually
  obtained by looking under the wing from behind the scutellum, so the light can
  glint off the hairs. These long, fine hairs should not be confused with the
  dense, short setulae which also may occur on the laterotergite.
#60. Mixed dark and pale setulae may be difficult to discern if one color
  predominates, or if reflectance causes dark setulae to appear light.
#61. Scutal setulae should be examined in anterior as well as posterior view.
  Most tephritids have the scutellum sparsely setulose, while in Dacini it is as
  densely setulose as the scutum. The scutellum was recorded as bare only when
  there were no setulae at all, or only one or two which might be easily rubbed
  off.
#62. Long, erect setulae are distinctly longer than setulae of the scutum, and
  not at all decumbent. Select short, decumbent if scutellar setulae are
  similar to those of the scutum.
#63. Intermixed dark acuminate + pale lanceolate (stubby-appearing) is meant
  here.
#64. The transverse suture is almost complete in Monacrostichus citricola; all
  other known Tephritidae have the lateral branches widely separated.
#65. The presence or absence of a complete sclerotized postcoxal metathoracic
  bridge can be difficult to determine if the surrounding sclerotized parts of
  the cuticle are pale.
#66. This refers to the ground color, not to stripes, bands, or spots. If the
  colour seems intermediate between orange-brown and red-brown, select both
  states.
#68. Generally, pale means distinctly bright yellowish to whitish. A fulvous
  postpronotal lobe with a fulvous ground color, or a dark postpronotal lobe
  with a dark ground color is thus recorded as predominantly of the ground
  color. A bright yellowish to whitish postpronotal lobe with a fulvous to dark
  ground color is recorded as one of the pale alternatives. However, if the
  postpronotal lobe is fulvous to orange-brown and the ground color is very
  dark, you may want to select both states, and also use the character
  postpronotal lobe (color compared with lateral postsutural stripe), if
  applicable.
#69. Select concolorous if both postpronotal lobe and lateral postsutural
  stripe are bright yellowish to whitish. Select darker if the postpronotal
  lobe is fulvous or darker, and the lateral postsutural stripe is bright
  yellowish to whitish. If the stripes on the dorsum are darker than this, it
  may be advisable not to use this character.
#70. Generally, pale means distinctly bright yellowish to whitish. If the 
  posterior part of the notopleuron is bright yellowish to whitish and the 
  general ground color of the thorax is fulvous to dark score the specimen as 
  pale. If the posterior part of the notopleuron is fulvous or darker than 
  the thorax in general, the specimen should be scored as same as ground color. 
  However, if the posterior part of the notopleuron is fulvous to orange-brown 
  and the general ground color is very dark, it may be advisable not to use this 
  character.
#71. This pale bright yellowish to whitish mark is similar to the color of the
  postpronotal lobe and/or the posterior part of the notopleuron, in contrast to 
  the yellowish-brown to dark brown or black general ground color of the thorax.
#72. A dark lyre-like pattern on the scutum is typical of Terelliini (see
  taxon illustrations for \i{}Craspedoxantha marginalis\i0{} and
  \i{}Chaetorellia carthami\i0{}).
#73. These discrete spots may run into one another; they are well-defined
  against the ground color, in any case.
#74. This refers to a difference in ground color, and not to any apparent stripe
  caused by non-microtrichose areas.
#75. These stripes are bright yellowish to whitish. The lateral stripes extend
  approximately from the inner part of the transverse suture posteriorly toward
  (but not necessarily reaching) the intra-alar bristle. \par{}The cuticle of
  the stripes, in the species (of Dacini) for which this character was created,
  is actually transparent, and the color is due to the underlying tissues; if
  these have pulled away from the cuticle or have become discolored,
  determination of the presence of stripes, or their extent, requires close
  examination of the cuticle. See also characters medial postsutural stripe of
  scutum (shape) and lateral postsutural stripes of scutum (extent).
#76. The cuticle of the stripe is actually transparent, and the color is due to
  the underlying tissues; if these have pulled away from the cuticle or have
  become discolored, determination of the shape of the stripe requires close
  examination of the cuticle. It may be difficult to distinguish between the
  last three states.
#77. Taxa were recorded as ending anterior to intra-alar bristles only if the
  stripe is distinctly anterior to the intra-alar bristle. \par{}The cuticle of
  the stripes is actually transparent, and the color is due to the underlying
  tissues; if these have pulled away from the cuticle or have become discolored,
  determination of the presence and extent of stripes requires close examination
  of the cuticle.
#78. Select with blackish dorsocentral stripe only if the scutum is mostly
  yellow and/or redbrown, with a dark brown or black stripe aligned with the
  dorsocentral bristle.
#79. The spot, if present, is found on the middle of the posterior margin of
  the scutum and the anterior margin of the scutellum and/or in the
  scutoscutellar suture which lies between them.
#80. If there is a triangular or vertical mark rather than a horizontal stripe,
  select absent, and see distinct pale vertical anepisternal stripe
  (presence, forward extent), katepisternite with pale yellowish or whitish
  spot (presence), and transverse suture (color anterior to suture).
#81. This refers to the extent of a bright yellowish to whitish vertical stripe
  or triangular marking on the anepisternum, below the notopleuron. If the
  stripe is horizontal, select state absent, and see discrete
  pale horizontal stripe along upper anepisternum (presence).
#82. This spot is usually present when there is a vertical stripe on the
  anepisternum (see distinct pale vertical anepisternal stripe (presence,
  forward extent)).
#83. Pale means a bright yellowish to whitish color, rather than yellow-brown
  or orange-brown. The pale transverse stripe is a narrow triangle on the scutum
  immediately anterior to the suture. It may be reduced to a small pale spot,
  which may continue posteriorly as the posterior lateral vittae.
#84. The katatergite is the lower part of the laterotergite. Select yellow if
  the katatergite is at least partly bright yellowish to whitish, while same as
  general body color includes fulvous to orange-brown, as well as darker
  colors. However, if the region is fulvous and the ground color is black or
  dark fuscous, it may be advisable not to use the character. See also character
  anatergite with pale yellowish or whitish spot (presence): if the
  katatergite is pale, the anatergite may also be pale.
#85. The anatergite is the upper part of the laterotergite. Select yellow if
  the anatergite is at least partly bright yellowish to whitish, while same as
  general body color includes fulvous to orange-brown, as well as darker
  colors. However, if the region is fulvous and the ground color is black or
  dark fuscous, it may be advisable not to use the character. See also character
  katatergite with pale yellowish or whitish spot (presence): if the
  anatergite is pale, the katatergite should also be pale.
#86. The subscutellum is a narrow convex ridge immediately beneath the posterior
  margin of the scutellum. Teneral specimens often have the subscutellum paler
  than fully hardened specimens. The color of the mediotergite (the broad,
  convex region immediately below the subscutellum is treated as a separate
  character (see mediotergite (color and markings)).
#87. The mediotergite is a broad convex area on the posterior end of the thorax
  between the subscutellum and the base of the abdomen. Teneral specimens often
  have the mediotergite paler than fully hardened specimens. The color of the
  subscutellum (the narrow, convex ridge immediately beneath the posterior
  margin of the scutellum) is treated as a separate character (see subscutellum
  (color and markings)).
#88. Recorded only for \i{}Anastrepha bistrigata\i0{} and \i{}A. striata\i0{}.
  \par{}This character concerns only the setulae on the scutum near and
  posterior to the transverse suture. \par{}On the dark dorsocentral stripe (the
  stripe on which the dorsocentral bristle is located) there is a shiny,
  nonmicrotrichose area on which the setulae are dark brown or black. Lateral to
  it, there may be a nonsetulose area, or the setulae may continue uninterrupted
  to the pale sublateral stripe. \par{}On the part of the scutum near the
  tranverse suture where the dark dorsocentral stripe crosses it (or the part
  aligned with the presutural and postsutural dark areas if the stripe is
  interrupted), there may be a nonsetulose area, or the setulae may be evenly
  distributed through this area.
#89. The line between microtrichia evenly distributed vs. in discrete
  pattern is not always clear. If in doubt, select both states.
#90. Microtrichia are minute hairlike structures that can be seen only at very
  high magnification. They normally appear as a dustlike covering and should not
  be confused with scutal setulae. Microtrichial patterns are best seen in dry
  specimens in light projected from an angle to create a shadow on the surface
  of the specimen. They may be obscured on specimens collected in McPhail traps
  by particles from the lure material. The dorsocentral stripe is the
  longitudinal area more or less aligned with the dorsocentral bristle.
#91. Species with a convex and swollen scutellum also have the posterior
  margin entirely convex, in addition to having the dorsal surface strongly
  convex. This type of scutellum is common in Ceratitini and Oedaspidini.
#92. \i{}Bactrocera xanthodes\i0{} is the only species of tephritid of economic
  importance with a bilobed scutellum.
#93. These dark and pale patterns are usually quite distinct. However, in the
  case of a single apical fuscous spot, the spot may have indistinct margins. In
  other cases, an apparent fuscous spot may be caused in a normally uniformly
  colored scutellum by the underlying muscles being pulled away or discolored.
#94. Count only isolated dark spots (even if underneath the margin), but not
  marks which are contiguous with the scuto-scutello suture.
#97. Slender is defined by a length:width ratio of 5 or greater; swollen is
  defined by a length:width ratio of 3 or less. This character can be sexually
  dimorphic.
#98. Bristles are recorded as regular even if very fine, if they are
  distinctly longer than surrounding setulae; bristles are recorded as spinelike
  if they are exceedingly stout (e.g. \i{}Monacrostichus citricola\i0{},
  \i{}Munromyia nudiseta\i0{}, \i{}Adrama\i0{} spp.). See also fore femur
  (ventral spines) and fore femur (setation).
#99. Spines are very stout, thorn-like bristles. See also characters fore
  femur (type of posteroventral setation) and fore femur (setation).
#100. The posterodorsal rows of bristles are generally rather irregular. See
  also fore femur (type of posteroventral setation) and fore femur
  (setation).
#101. Bristles are recorded as spinelike if they are exceedingly stout (e.g.
  \i{}Munromyia nudiseta\i0{}, \i{}Adrama\i0{} spp.).
#102. Feathering refers to the rows of long, dense, feather-like setulae on
  the legs of the males of some Ceratitini.
#103. Select as entirely of one color only if all femora are all of the same
  color and lack any distinctly darker markings. You should also use the
  characters dark mark on fore femur (extent), dark mark on middle femur
  (extent) and dark mark on hind femur (extent) if there are darker markings,
  or if the legs are entirely dark.
#104. Enter the extent of the dark portion or spot as a percentage of the length
  of the entire femur. If estimating, give a range, for example 10-20.
#105. Enter the extent of the dark portion or spot as a percentage of the length
  of the entire femur. If estimating, give a range, for example 10-20.
#106. Enter the extent of the dark portion or spot as a percentage of the length
  of the entire femur. If estimating, give a range, for example 10-20.
#107. Microtrichiation is sometimes difficult to determine near the base of the
  wing.
#108. Microtrichia are best seen under transmitted light. If microtrichia appear
  to be absent, check the apical and basal areas carefully, and also the
  anterior margin. In a few cases, the microtrichia in the apical area continue
  down the anterior margin for a considerable distance; these are recorded as
  apical as well.
#109. Microtrichia are best seen under transmitted light. If microtrichia appear
  to be absent, check the apical and basal areas carefully, and also the
  anterior margin. In a few cases, the microtrichia in the apical area continue
  down the anterior margin for a considerable distance; these are recorded as
  apical as well.
#110. Wing microtrichia are best seen under transmitted light. Cell bm, the
  basal medial cell, is located in the middle of the wing near the base. It
  usually has a subapical transverse crease.
#111. Due to the irregular shape of the bare area, it may be difficult to
  distinguish between states 2 and 3. If in doubt, select both states.
#112. Wing microtrichia are best seen under transmitted light. Cell cup, the
  basal cubital cell, is located in the posterior, basal third of the wing. It
  often has a posterior, distal lobe.
#113. These modified microtrichia are usually smaller and denser than those on
  the remainder of the wing, and may give the appearance of slight infuscation.
  They occur in males of Dacini. See also pecten of dark bristles on tergite 3
  of male (presence) for a related character which is more easily observed.
#114. Choose the lowest-numbered state which applies to your specimen.
  Cross-banded includes even very broad bands or dark areas at the wing-tip
  and merges into mostly dark. Some species may have dark longitudinal marks
  in basal cells which appear reticulate. Costal-banded also includes
  species with 2 out of three of the following: pterostigmal dark spot, apical
  dark spot, anal streak; and merges into mostly hyaline (most of these
  species have tergal glands). Reticulate includes species with numerous light
  spots, especially in the basal posterior quarter of the wing and merges into
  stellate. Stellate includes species with dark star-shaped mark in the
  apical half of the wing; do not record these as cross-banded. Mostly
  hyaline includes mostly species which lack tergal glands. Mostly dark
  includes species which could be perceived as cross-banded; select this state
  if the pattern consists of 2-3 anterior and 3-4 posterior marginal hyaline
  incisions; 2-3 small hyaline spots may be present on the wing disk.
#115. Select \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}-like if the S-band is present; this band is
  formed if the discal band is strongly oblique, extending from the apex of cell
  cup, across r-m to the middle of cell r1 where it is fused to the anterior
  apical band, which extends to the wing apex along the Costa. Select
  \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{}-like if the S band is absent. Select
  \i{}Ceratitis\i0{}-like if the basal cells are mostly hyaline with dark
  spots. Select state 4 for any crossbanded wing pattern which does not fit any
  of the above.
#116. This character refers only to the colored parts of the wing (not including
  the hyaline parts).
#117. The presence of dark longitudinal streaks in the basal cells of the wing
  is characteristic of many Ceratitini, including Medfly.
#118. Costal band is the traditional term for the coloration on the costal
  margin of the wing of Dacini - even though it may be reduced or discontinuous
  or very faint. Other species which have a continuous band from cell sc to the
  apex of vein R4+5 and lack crossbands have this character recorded as well.
#119. Select expanded at apex if it gives the appearance of a spot (due to
  this expansion), or if the greatest depth of the band in the vicinity of vein
  R4+5 is about twice its depth in cell r1. If the appearance of a spot is
  caused by color differences, see costal band (color).
#120. Ignore infuscation on the r-m crossvein, if any: select a state according
  to the overall extent of the costal band only.
#121. Select all one color unless the dark parts are markedly darker. If both
  the apex and the pterostigma are darker, select states 2 \i{}and\i0{} 3.
#122. A major crossband is defined as one which reaches at least half way
  across the wing, or to the wing margin.
#123. A major crossband is defined as one which reaches at least half way
  across the wing. Sometimes the infuscation on the dm-cu crossvein is very
  faint.
#124. Select not covered by a single crossband if only one of the veins is
  covered by a crossband and the other is hyaline, or if both are covered by
  separate crossbands, or if these bands are joined, if there is a hyaline
  incision extending between the crossveins. \par{}Select covered by a single
  crossband if both crossveins lie within a single crossband (even though other
  crossbands may be present which cross one of the crossveins), and there is no
  hyaline incision extending between the crossveins.
#125. Cell r2+3 is an elongate cell in the anterior apical half of the wing
  between veins R2+3 and R4+5. This character refers to that part of it apical
  to the level of crossvein r-m. In most species of \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}, there
  is a large hyaline area between the discal band and anterior apical bands and
  vein R4+5 (state 1). But in some species (e.g. \i{}A. grandis\i0{}), the
  anterior apical band is broad and occupies all of this part of the cell. This
  character was developed primarily for \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} species, however,
  other taxa have been recorded against it as well.
#127. The anal streak occurs in Dacini, and consists of a dark band extending
  from cell cup posteriorly along the cell cup extension and reaching or nearly
  reaching the posterior margin of the wing. \par{}If a dark band extends
  anteriorly from cell cup to the wing margin, select absent, and see
  subbasal crossband (presence).
#128. This character applies especially to darker spots within a different-hued
  pattern: e.g. dark brown spots in a fulvous band, such as occurs in many
  Ceratitini and Terellini.
#129. The intercalary band (= accessory costal band) is here considered to be a
  crossband originating on the costal margin at the level of the discal cell,
  but which does not cross the r-m or dm-cu crossveins. When present, it is
  separate from the apical band except in Rhagoletis turanica.
#130. The sub-basal crossband is in the region from the hm crossvein to cell
  cup.
#131. The sub-basal crossband is in the region from the hm crossvein to cell
  cup. The discal crossband is the crossband which includes the r-m crossvein;
  it usually crosses at least partway into the discal cell.
#132. Cell r1 is between veins R1 and R2+3 and occupies most of the anterior
  magin of the apical half of the wing. This character refers to that part of it
  immediately apical to the apex of vein R1.
#133. The anterior apical band borders the costa along the anteroapical margin
  of the wing. Measure its width perpendicular to its inner margin at the apex
  of vein R4+5.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter .8-1 instead of .9 
#134. This character concerns the separation of the anterior apical band from
  the costal margin by a narrow hyaline area; ignore any hyaline incision in the
  basal half of cell R1. The anterior apical band is the band along the costal
  margin in the apical part of the wing, in species considered crossbanded
  (see dominant wing pattern).
#135. The anterior apical band (or the apical portion of the costal band)
  borders the costa along the anteroapical margin of the wing, and sometimes
  extends to the apex of vein M.
#136. The apical band is the band along the costal margin in the apical part of
  the wing, in species considered crossbanded (see dominant wing pattern).
  The apical band may be forked into anterior and posterior apical crossbands.
  The posterior apical crossband may actually arise from the subapical band (to
  form the V band), as well as from the from the anterior apical crossband, or
  it may be an isolated spot on the wing margin. If present, see also posterior
  apical crossband (fusion to other bands).
#137. Select isolated if there is a dark spot or band touching the posterior
  margin of the wing between the anterior apical crossband and the subapical
  crossband that is not connected to either of them. Select fused to subapical
  band if it is connected to the subapical band to form an inverted V-shape.
  Select fused to apical band if it is connected to the anterior apical
  crossband. If it arises at the juncture of the subapical and apical bands,
  select both states.
#138. The costal band borders the anterior margin of the wing from the base to
  at least the apex of vein R1). The discal band is the crossband covering
  crossvein r-m. This character was developed primarily for \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}
  species, however, other taxa have been recorded against it as well.
#139. The discal band is the crossband covering crossvein r-m. When present, it
  usually is perpendicular to the long axis of the wing or runs in an anterior-
  basal to posterior-apical direction (state 1). In most species of
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} it is oblique in the other direction, from the
  posterior-basal part of the wing (at the apex of cell cup) to the anterior
  apical part, where it usually fuses with the anterior apical band.
#140. The discal crossband is the crossband which includes the r-m crossvein; it
  usually crosses at least partway into the discal cell. The anterior apical
  band is the band along the costal margin in the apical part of the wing, in
  species considered crossbanded (see dominant wing pattern).
#141. The discal crossband is the crossband which includes the r-m crossvein; it
  usually crosses at least partway into the discal cell. \par{}The subapical
  crossband is the crossband which includes the dm-cu crossvein.
#142. The discal band is the crossband that covers crossvein r-m. The subapical
  band is the crossband that covers crossvein dm-cu.
#143. The subapical crossband is the crossband which includes the dm-cu
  crossvein. The anterior apical band is the band along the costal margin in the
  apical part of the wing, in species considered crossbanded (see dominant
  wing pattern).
#144. Select present if any costal bristles immediately basad of the subcostal
  break are distinguishable from other costal bristles in their length OR
  stoutness.
#145. This ratio is an approximation.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter .8-1 instead of .9 
#146. This ratio is an approximation.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#147. Select bare if about 4 or more bristles are absent on vein R1 dorsally,
  opposite the end of vein Sc.
#148. Bare means absence of setulae; fine microtrichia may be present,
  however.
#149. Vein R2+3 is strongly undulant in Themarictera flaveolata (the bends
  rounded), usually somewhat undulant in Toxotrypana spp. (the bends abrupt),
  and slightly undulant in \i{}Zacerata asparagi\i0{}.
#150. This vein need not reach the costa, and in \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{} may also
  be associated with a posteriorly directed accessory vein.
#151. There may be only 1-2 bristles on node only and these may be easily lost
  or overlooked; check both wings. The proximal and distal sections of vein R4+5
  are bounded by the location of the r-m crossvein. Sparse means bristles are
  separated by a distance much greater than their length; dense means bristles
  are separated by a distance about equal to their length (or less).
#152. Ventral setation of vein R4+5 is more difficult to observe than dorsal
  setation. It is helpful to look from as close to the plane of the wing as
  possible, especially from the posterior edge.
#153. Measure the shortest distance from the r-m crossvein to the costa, and the
  actual length of the r-m crossvein.
#154. Mid-discal cell is interpreted as the middle third of the cell. In many
  species the r-m crossvein is nearly in the distal third of the cell and has
  been recorded as in the distal third. If in doubt, select states 2
  \i{}and\i0{} 3.
#155. Taxa are recorded as having cell bm parallel sided if the cell is nearly
  as wide near the base as at the apex, and vein M curves strongly down to vein
  Cu basally. Taxa are recorded as having cell bm narrowed basally if the cell
  is much narrower near the base than at the apex, and vein M is mostly
  straight.
#156. This ratio is an approximation.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#157. This ratio is an approximation.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#158. Consider the only the apical-most portion of vein M, and whether it curves
  anteriorly into the costa (e.g. \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} spp.).
#159. This is caused by the strong anterior curvature (or lack thereof) of vein
  M.
#160. Select acute if the posterodistal corner of cell d is more acute than
  the anterodistal corner of cell d. Select right angle if the dm-cu crossvein
  is perpendicular to vein Cu. It may also be advisable to select right angle
  if not distinctly acute or obtuse, or if the posterodistal corner is equal to
  the angle of the anterodistal corner of cell d. Select obtuse if the
  posterodistal corner of cell d is more obtuse than the anterodistal corner of
  cell d.
#161. The posterodistal extension of cell cup is caused by an abrupt bend in
  vein closing the distal end of the cell. This extension is absent, and the
  vein convexly curved, in Myopitini. The posterodistal corner is acute, but the
  vein is not bent, in Rivelliomimini. In a few other species, the extension may
  be virtually absent. \par{}If cell cup has no extension, check the following
  characters to be sure you have a tephritid fly: frontal bristles usually
  present; subcosta incomplete, not actually reaching the costa, and abruptly
  bent toward costa near apex; wing with costal vein twice-broken (at the
  humeral crossvein and at the end of the subcosta); ovipositor strongly
  sclerotized, adapted for piercing. \par{}Otitidae and Pyrgotidae are other
  common families having such an extension of cell cup, but they usually lack
  frontal bristles; the subcosta is complete, clearly reaching the costa, and
  not abruptly bent; and the costa is not broken at the subcosta.
#162. Measure the extension of cell cup from the bend in vein CuA2 to the tip of
  the extension. Vein A1+CuA2 is the vein which continues from the postero-
  apical corner of cell cup toward the wing margin.
#163. Cell cup is recorded as parallel-sided if it is extremely long and thin,
  even if it is slightly constricted at the base.
#164. Select petiolate if the fly is distinctly wasp-waisted, with terga 1+2
  more or less parallel-sided.
#165. Fusion of tergites III-V is a diagnostic character for species of
  \i{}Dacus\i0{}. In \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} and all other tephritids, these
  tergites are separate. \par{}Fusion of these tergites can be difficult to
  determine. Species in this expert system have been scored on the basis of
  whether they appear fused on the very margin of the tergites, when examined in
  ventral view.
#166. The 1st and 2nd terga are fused in all tephritids. The petiole is here
  considered to be only the part of terga 1+2 which is more or less parallel-
  sided. Select state 1 if the outline of tergite 2 is a continuation of the
  outline of tergites 3-5, and state 2 if it is a continuation of the outline of
  tergite 1.
#167. Select flatter, more flexible unless the dorsum of the abdomen forms a
  rather rigid structure like an inverted bowl (e.g. Dacini). If the specimen is
  teneral, do not use this character.
#168. Measure the apical width of tergite 1 at its line of fusion with tergite
  2.
#169. Most tephritids have a slight swelling at the lateral margins of the base
  of tergite 1+2. Select prominent if this swelling is knob-like and
  hemispherical (or nearly so) (e.g. \i{}Dacus\i0{} (\i{}Callantra\i0{})
  \i{}petioliforma\i0{} and other members of this subgenus).
#170. A comb-like row of dark stridulatory bristles is present on the
  postero-lateral margin of the third tergite of males of most species of
  \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} and \i{}Dacus\i0{}. These bristles are distinguished from
  others which occur on the posterior margin of the third tergite by their
  density, more or less uniform length, and dark color. The exact mechanism of
  their action has not been well studied, but they are presumed to rub against
  the microtrichia of the wing margin in the vicinity of vein A1+CuA2.
#171. Tergal glands are more or less rounded regions of matte texture and of the
  same or contrasting color as the color of the tergite, and occur on the
  apparent last segment before the genitalia in both sexes (the 6th tergite of
  the female being concealed beneath the 5th). They occur in all
  \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} and \i{}Dacus\i0{} (and no other genera), and are usually
  well-delimited and easy to observe. \par{}Shining black, convex bullae on the
  fifth tergite occur only in the species belonging to the tribe Rivelliomimini
  (none of which are considered to be of economic importance), and although
  their function is unknown, they are not considered to be tergal glands. Some
  species of Tephritidae have black spots on the abdomen which are not bullae.
#173. In order to count abdominal segments correctly, remember that tergites 1
  and 2 are fused; thus the first apparent segment counts as 2. The ovipositor
  sheath always represents segment 7. Thus, select concealed if there are only
  4 apparent tergites before the ovipositor, or if the margin of tergite 6
  extends only very slightly beyond tergite 5, with most of the tergite
  concealed.
#174. In order to count abdominal segments correctly, remember that tergites 1
  and 2 are fused, thus the first apparent segment counts as 2. The ovipositor
  sheath always represents segment 7. Measure the length of the tergites along
  the midline.
#175. Mixed dark and pale setulae may be difficult to discern if one color
  predominates, or if reflectance causes dark setulae to appear light.
#176. Select uniform if the microtrichia give a uniform silvery sheen or
  matte-like texture to the abdomen. Select in bands if any bands are present
  which are due to microtrichia (check the margin of tergite 1+2 especially).
  This could easily be confused with the presence of light-colored bands on the
  margins of the tergites themselves. Select a delicate reticulation if the
  microtrichia are in distinct small patches. Select absent if the abdomen
  lacks any silvery sheen and is more or less shiny. If in doubt, select all the
  states that might apply.
#178. The shape of the fifth sternite of the males of the genera
  \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} and \i{}Dacus\i0{} is important for identification of
  subgenera \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} (\i{}Bactrocera\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{}
  (\i{}Trypetidacus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{} (\i{}Gymnodacus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{}
  (\i{}Notodacus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{} (\i{}Afrodacus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{}
  (\i{}Tetradacus\i0{}), and \i{}Dacus\i0{} (\i{}Semicallantra\i0{}) (with deep
  concavity); and \i{}B.\i0{} (\i{}Zeugodacus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{}
  (\i{}Hemisurstylus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{} (\i{}Hemizeugodacus\i0{}), \i{}B.\i0{}
  (\i{}Melanodacus\i0{}), \i{}Dacus\i0{} (\i{}Callantra\i0{}), \i{}D.\i0{}
  (\i{}Dacus\i0{}), \i{}D.\i0{} (\i{}Didacus\i0{}) (with shallow concavity).
#180. The T-shaped dark mark is usually distinct; however it may be less obvious
  when the transverse dark mark on segment 3 covers the entire segment and there
  are broad lateral dark marks as well. \par{}The medial black stripe occurs
  most often on abdominal segments 3-5, but occasionally occurs on segments 2-5,
  or 4-5.
#181. Abdominal color patterns may be obscured by darkened internal tissues.
  This character refers only to cuticular color.
#182. Broadly contiguous means that the lateral dark marks on any of the
  abdominal segments 3-5 extend to the posterior margin of that segment, and are
  confluent with the lateral marks of the succeeding segment. \par{}Separate
  means that the lateral dark marks are largely on the anterior lateral margins
  of the tergite(s) and usually do not extend to the posterior margin. \par{}All
  species with a pattern of distinct, medially uninterrupted dark bands (even
  though they reach the lateral margin) or with lateral spots not reaching the
  lateral margin of the tergites, have been recorded as having no lateral dark
  marks. \par{}Vague and diffuse markings may be difficult to record reliably.
  Poorly preserved specimens may also appear to have dark markings due to the
  degradation of internal tissues.
#183. Abdominal color patterns may be obscured by dark internal tissues. This
  character refers only to cuticular color.
#184. Measure the outer surstyli from the point where they emerge from the
  general outline of the epandrium in posterior view.
#185. If the outer surstyli are parallel-sided and distinctly narrower than the
  epandrium, select state 2.
#186. The length of the posterior lobe of the surstylus of the males of the
  genus Bactrocera is important for identification of subgenera. \par{}Dacini
  having the posterior lobe short (at most twice as long as the anterior lobe)
  are: \i{}Bactrocera\i0{} (\i{}Bactrocera\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}.
  (\i{}Trypetidacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Gymnodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}.
  (\i{}Notodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Afrodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}.
  (\i{}Tetradacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Hemisurstylus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}.
  (\i{}Hemizeugodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Melanodacus\i0{}), \i{}Dacus\i0{}
  (\i{}Callantra\i0{}), \i{}D\i0{}. (\i{}Dacus\i0{}), \i{}D\i0{}.
  (\i{}Didacus\i0{}), and \i{}D\i0{}. (\i{}Semicallantra\i0{}). \par{}Dacini
  having the posterior lobe long (at least 6 times as long as the anterior lobe)
  are: \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Zeugodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Javadacus\i0{}),
  \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Niuginidacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Sinodacus\i0{}),
  \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Austrodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Paratridacus\i0{}),
  \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Hemiparatridacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Diplodacus\i0{}),
  \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Heminotodacus\i0{}), \i{}B\i0{}. (\i{}Papuodacus\i0{}),
  \i{}B\i0{}. and (\i{}Paradacus\i0{}), and \i{}B\i0{}.
  (\i{}Queenslandacus\i0{}).
#187. In the male, the outer surstylus is fused to the ventral end of the
  epandrium. Dissection is often necessary to see it properly. This character
  refers to its shape in posterior view.
#188. The aedeagus is the intromittent organ of the male. In tephritids it is
  usually very long and slender. It emerges near the bases of the outer surstyli
  and is coiled at rest in a membranous area between tergite 5 and the
  postabdomen. Dissection is usually necessary to find it. It is difficult to
  measure with precision, but should be uncoiled and stretched with two pairs of
  forceps for measurement. The swollen, apical distiphallus should be included
  in this measurement.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#189. The aedeagus is the intromittent organ of the male. In tephritids it is
  usually very long and slender. It emerges near the bases of the outer surstyli
  and is coiled at rest in a membranous area between tergite 5 and the
  postabdomen. Dissection is usually necessary to find it. It is difficult to
  measure with precision, but should be uncoiled and stretched with two pairs of
  forceps for measurement. The swollen, apical distiphallus should be included
  in this measurement. \par{}The length of the mesonotum is the length of the
  scutum plus the scutellum measured in dorsal view.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter .8-1 instead of .9 
#190. In the male, the distiphallus is the swollen, apical part of the aedeagus.
  It normally is located in a membranous area between tergite 5 and the
  postabdomen, and dissection is usually necessary to observe it.
#191. In the male, the distiphallus is the swollen, apical part of the aedeagus.
  It normally is located in a membranous area between tergite 5 and the
  postabdomen, and dissection is usually necessary to observe it. It often has a
  basolateral membranous lobe. This character should be checked carefully
  because the lobe may be difficult to see if not inflated.
#192. In the male, the distiphallus is the enlarged, apical part of the
  aedeagus. It normally is located in a membranous area between tergite 5 and
  the postabdomen, and dissection is usually necessary to observe it. In most
  fruit flies, it has extensive internal sclerites (state 1). In
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, only a slender basal sclerite, a
  small involuted subapical sclerite, and a T-shaped apical sclerite are
  strongly sclerotized (state 2) and most of the medial part appears membranous.
#193. In the male, the distiphallus is the enlarged, apical part of the
  aedeagus. It normally is located in a membranous area between tergite 5 and
  the postabdomen, and dissection is usually necessary to observe it. In a few
  genera, there is a large, dark, strongly sclerotized spine near the base.
#194. In the male, the distiphallus is the enlarged, apical part of the
  aedeagus. It normally is located in a membranous area between tergite 5 and
  the postabdomen, and dissection is usually necessary to observe it. In
  \i{}Acanthiophilus helianthi\i0{}, there is an isolated, setulose rod which
  arises in the basal half of the distiphallus.
#195. In the male, the distiphallus is the enlarged, apical part of the
  aedeagus. It normally is located in a membranous area between tergite 5 and
  the postabdomen, and dissection is usually necessary to observe it. The vesica
  is the membranous, apical baglike part. In many genera, there is an isolated
  rodlike sclerite in the vesica.
#196. This refers to overall curvature of syntergosternite 7, not to its shape.
  See the taxon figure for \i{}Toxotrypana curvicauda\i0{} for an example of
  strongly curved. No other genus of Tephritidae is known to have a
  syntergosternite 7 of this type. See also syntergosternite 7 (shape).
#197. Measure the length of a part in dorsal view with respect to that part.
#198. Measure the length of syntergosternite 7 in ventral view.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#199. In the female, the tergite and sternite of abdominal segment 7 are fused
  to form syntergosternite 7. In \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}
  its base has a
  small, laterally projecting, flaplike lobe on each side, but they often are
  hidden between tergite 6 and sternite 6. If the specimen is fresh or in fluid,
  you may be able to pull syntergosternite 7 outward to better expose the base.
  In dried specimens, dissection of the abdomen may be necessary. There usually
  is a dark spot on the lobe that may be visible even if the lobe itself is not
  distinct.
#200. We have recorded all taxa based on dried specimens. It is possible that
  dried specimens which have syntergosternite 7 flattened may have had a conical
  syntergosternite 7 when fresh, and that the keel in at least some species is
  simply an artifact of the drying process. If your specimen is fresh and has a
  conical syntergosternite 7, it may be advisable to select both "conical" and
  "flattened". Bottle-shaped means conical or cylindrical basally but abruptly
  narrowed into a tubular neck apically, as in \i{}Bactrocera tsuneonis\i0{} and
  \i{}B. minax\i0{}. Tubular means the tubular portion forms by far the
  greater part of the syntergosternite, as in \i{}Toxotrypana curvicauda\i0{}.
#201. Measure the lengths of the exposed syntergosternite 7 and abdominal
  tergite 5 along the midline in dorsal view.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#202. In the female, the tergite and sternite of abdominal segment 7 are fused
  to form syntergosternite 7. Its length is measured ventrally, and may be
  underestimated if the base is hidden by sternite 6. The length of the
  mesonotum is the length of the scutum plus the scutellum measured in dorsal
  view.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter .8-1 instead of .9 
#203. In the female, the eversible membrane is the long, mostly membranous,
  tubular part connecting syntergosternite 7 and the aculeus. It and the aculeus
  are normally retracted inside syntergosternite 7, and dissection may be
  necessary to see it. Normally, it is gradually tapered, with a pair of dark,
  striplike basal areas (taenia) dorsally and ventrally, followed by areas of
  tiny scalelike or toothlike sclerites (state 1). In \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, the basal part is distinctly broader, and dorsally it
  usually has very large, hooklike sclerites (states 2-6).
#204. Measure the length of the aculeus only, not syntergosternite 7 nor the
  eversible membrane. If the specimen is fresh, the aculeus is easily exserted
  by gently squeezing the abdomen near syntergosternite 7 with a pair of
  forceps. The entire aculeus can then be completely extended by pulling gently
  on the aculeus shaft with the forceps. However, grasping the aculeus tip with
  forceps can easily break the tip, and great care should be used if it is
  necessary to grasp the tip.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter 1.9-2.3 instead of 2.1 
#205. In the female, the aculeus is the long, apical, sclerotized part of the
  terminalia, composed of the sclerites of the eighth and more apical segments.
  It and the eversible membrane normally are retracted inside syntergosternite
  7, and dissection may be necessary to see it. Its tip is the part apical to
  the membranous ventromedial area where the egg emerges. The length of the tip
  is measured in ventral view.
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter .45-.55 instead of .5 
#206. In the female, the aculeus is the long, apical, sclerotized part of the
  terminalia, composed of the sclerites of the eighth and more apical segments.
  It and the eversible membrane normally are retracted inside syntergosternite
  7, and dissection may be necessary to see it. Its tip is the part apical to
  the membranous ventromedial area where the egg emerges. The width of the tip
  is measured in dorsal or ventral view (but it should be level)
  \par{}In the Lucid versions of the key, always enter a range of values;
  for example, enter .09-.11 instead of .1 
#207. In the female, the aculeus is the long, apical, sclerotized part of the
  terminalia, composed of the sclerites of the eighth and more apical segments.
  It and the eversible membrane normally are retracted inside syntergosternite
  7, and dissection may be necessary to see it. It normally is parallel sided
  except for the apex and sometimes the base (state 1).
#208. Blunt includes both rounded and truncate-appearing tips. Gradually
  tapering includes the aculeus tips of most tephritids; these tips are
  dorsoventrally flattened and needle-like, with the outline of the tip
  continuing the outline of the shaft as a smooth curve. Slender, needle- like,
  with circular cross-section includes tips which are not dorsoventrally
  flattened. Bilobed or apically emarginate tips may require very high
  magnification. Pointed, with preapical shoulder refers to tips which have
  preapical shoulders or lobes which are well removed from the apex or markedly
  different in size from the more distal parts of the tip. Trilobed includes
  tips which have three equal-sized lobes, with the lateral lobes close to the
  middle lobe. Triangular includes tips which have a distinctly triangular
  shape distinct from the outline of the shaft, but which lack well-defined
  preapical shoulders. Spatulate includes tips which are expanded and
  shovel-like. Gradually tapering, but with medial contriction includes
  aculeus tips similar to that of Anastrepha fraterculus. Sagittate refers to
  tips which are abruptly wider than the shaft. laterally compressed tips have
  a medial ridge. 2 V-shaped ridges, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral are best seen in
  lateral view of the tip and may require a compound microscope; otherwise the
  tip may appear to be as in State 2. This state is present in \i{}Anastrepha
  grandis\i0{}. \par{}Various degrees of serration on the aculeus tip are
  recorded under other characters.
#209. In the female, the aculeus is the long, apical, sclerotized part of the
  terminalia, composed of the sclerites of the eighth and more apical segments.
  It and the eversible membrane normally are retracted inside syntergosternite
  7, and dissection may be necessary to see it. Its tip is the part apical to
  the membranous ventromedial area where the egg emerges. In most tephritids,
  the tip is fused to the main part of the aculeus (state 2), but sometimes it
  is free and movable (state 1).
#210. In the female, the aculeus is the long, apical, sclerotized part of the
  terminalia, composed of the sclerites of the eighth and more apical segments.
  It and the eversible membrane normally are retracted inside syntergosternite
  7, and dissection may be necessary to see it. Its tip is the part apical to
  the membranous ventromedial area where the egg emerges. The tip may have
  lateral teeth or serrations which sometimes can be seen only under a compound
  microscope. This character can be observed in dorsal or ventral view, but the
  aculeus tip must be level. \par{}Occasionally the serration extends past the
  base of the aculeus tip, and the ratio will exceed 100%.
#211. In the female, the aculeus is the long, apical, sclerotized part of the
  terminalia, composed of the sclerites of the eighth and more apical segments.
  It and the eversible membrane normally are retracted inside syntergosternite
  7, and dissection may be necessary to see it. Its tip is the part apical to
  the membranous ventromedial area where the egg emerges. The tip may have
  lateral teeth or serrations that can be observed in dorsal or ventral view,
  but the tip must be level.
#212. Most tephritids have either two or three sclerotized spermathecae which
  appear in a variety of shapes, e.g. grape-cluster-like, more or less rounded
  or mushroom-shaped, or narrow and elongate. If all spermathecae are
  unsclerotized (Myopitini), select without sclerotized spermathecae. \par{}It
  is necessary to dissect the abdomen to observe the spermathecae; having done
  that, you may want to use the character spermathecae (shape) as well.
#213. Tight-set coils includes lumpy, somewhat elongate spermathecae which
  resemble a cluster of grapes. Spherical also includes spermathecae which are
  somewhat mushroom-shaped. Ovoid includes egg-shaped or elongate-oval
  spermathecae. Elongate includes rod-like spermathecae.
#214. Sexes are easily distinguished by the presence of syntergosternite 7 in
  the female, which is easily visible without a microscope in most species;
  females also have a sclerotized aculeus, which is normally withdrawn in
  synterosternite 7. In some species (e.g. many \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{} spp.)
  syntergosternite 7 is very short and a microscope is necessary to see it or
  the knot-like genitalia of the male.
#215. Do not use this character for identification. State 1 (no known lures) has
  been recorded for taxa included in this system, but no distinction has been
  made between does not respond and no published record of response. New
  lure records or results from contaminated lures will cause incorrect
  elimination of taxa.
