*TAXON IMAGES
# \i{}Festuca arizonica\i0{} <Vasey>/
      arizp2.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                 <@text x=7 y=409 w=261 h=561 m
                        t=Left, small photograph showing yellow green plants of
                        \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} (in the distance) growing in the
                        same area as bluish green, shorter plants of \i{}F.
                        calligera \i0{} (foreground), on Gillespie Flat, Apache
                        Co. Arizona. Photograph by Carl-Eric Granfelt, 21 July
                        1994. Centre, close up of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}. Right,
                        close up of \i{}F. calligera\i0{}.>
      ariza.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=448 y=242 w=496 h=-17 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}. Plicate
                       leaf blades 0.3-0.41-0.5 mm wide, 0.35-0.55-0.65 mm deep,
                       with 5 veins, consistently. Adaxial to abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are absent and sclerenchyma strands
                       may occur between the abaxial margin and some veins.
                       Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well developed, in broad
                       bands or continuous as 7 heavy sclerenchyma zones
                       opposite the veins and at the leaf margins. There are 5
                       ribs, that are poorly or well developed.>
      b1838001.gif <@subject \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} dominated grassland habitat>
                   <@text x=1 y=201 w=202 h=510 m
                          t=Carl-Eric Granfelt examining previous season's
                          growth of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} in N.E. Arizona, White
                          Mountains, in Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, at
                          altitude 2803 m, May 1993.>
      arizp.gif <@subject \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} growing with Ponderosa pine>
                <@text x=40 y=862 w=919 h=80 m
                       t=Left, \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} growing with Ponderosa
                       pine, at approximately 2800 m on San Francisco Mountains,
                       Arizona, May 1993. Right, close up of plants at the end
                       of the winter.>
      b1954074.gif <@subject Type specimen of name in synonymy: US>
                   <@text x=4 y=119 w=226 h=762 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. vaseyana\i0{} Hack. ex Beal
                          Grasses N. Amer. 2: 601. 1896. Label reads, "\i{}F.
                          ovina\i0{} var. \i{}arizonica\i0{} Hack. Dr. Geo.
                          Vasey 1884." Type: U.S.A. Colorado: 1884, Veta Pass,
                          \i{}G. Vasey s.n.\i0{} 1884. US 556147.>
      arizs.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen of interest: NY>
                <@text x=7 y=22 w=298 h=958 m
                       t=Specimen collected in Arizona by H.H. Rusby in 1883.
                       The picture is from a photograph of the herbarium
                       specimen. In the left hand corner is the label \i{}F.
                       arizonica\i0{} V. The collection was made in the same
                       year as H.H. Rusby collected the type specimen of \i{}F.
                       calligera\i0{} as \i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var.
                       \i{}asperrina\i0{} that is illustrated with \i{}F.
                       calligera\i0{}. The two samples contrast in the base of
                       the plant and the length of the leaves.>
      arizm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca baffinensis\i0{} <Polunin>/
      b1838061.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                   <@text x=40 y=268 w=187 h=430 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca baffinensis\i0{} plants approximately 10
                          cm tall with blue green leaves and dark purple
                          inflorescences growing among \i{}Astragalus
                          alpinus\i0{} plants on Melville Island.>
      b1238053.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                   <@text x=11 y=45 w=269 h=884 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca baffinensis\i0{} plants approximately 15
                          cm tall, collected from a well watered slope on
                          Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. As plants of this species
                          become taller, the inflorescences become narrower, and
                          the overall appearance of the plants approaches that
                          of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} plants of the same
                          height.>
      b1838010.gif <@subject Plant habitat>
                   <@text x=16 y=385 w=196 h=192 m
                          t=Grasses with the purple-brown inflorescences are
                          \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{}.>
      b1838011.gif <@subject Habitat at Polar Bear Pass, N.W.T.>
                   <@text x=9 y=51 w=185 h=-23 m
                          t=Habitat at Polar Bear Pass at the High Arctic
                          Research Station on Bathurst Island, N.W.T. The
                          dominant darker plants, at the base of the ladder to
                          the observation tower (upper white box), are \i{}F.
                          baffinensis\i0{}, the other paler \i{}F.\i0{} plants,
                          closer to the knapsack (lower white box), are \i{}F.
                          edlundiae\i0{} in the type locality for this species.>
      baffa.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=527 y=181 w=411 h=607 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{}. Plicate
                       leaf blades are 0.25-0.52-0.8 mm wide and 0.55-0.75-1.15
                       mm deep, with 3-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There are 5, usually well defined,
                       ribs.>
      b1954051.gif <@subject Lectotype specimen: BM>
                   <@text x=13 y=219 w=204 h=526 m
                          t=Lectotype specimen of \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{}
                          (Pavlick 1984). Canada, N.W.T., Baffin Island, Pond
                          Inlet, \i{}Nicholas Polunin 706\i0{}. BM.>
      b1954066.gif <@subject Paratype and topotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=5 y=261 w=151 h=465 m
                          t=Paratype, topotype specimen of \i{}F.
                          baffinensis\i0{}. Canada, N.W.T., Baffin Island, Pond
                          Inlet, \i{}Nicholas Polunin 705\i0{}. GH.>
      baffm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} <Schult. & Schult. f.> subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}/
      b1838013.gif <@subject "Brunette" form>
                   <@text x=11 y=223 w=267 h=543 m
                          t=The genotypic "brunette" form of \i{}F.
                          brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{} showing
                          deep purple-brown inflorescences and the conspicuous
                          remains of the previous season's dead leaves,
                          photographed at Iqaluit, Baffin Island, N.W.T.>
      b1838014.gif <@subject Forma \i{}flavida\i0{} at Baffin Island, N.W.T.>
                   <@text x=15 y=245 w=239 h=511 m
                          t=The forma \i{}flavida\i0{} of \i{}F.
                          brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. Left,
                          forma \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. Right, genotypically
                          albino plants of forma \i{}flavida\i0{}, with yellow
                          green leaves and pale yellowish inflorescences.
                          Photographed at McCormick Inlet, Baffin Island,
                          N.W.T.>
      b1838016.gif <@subject "Red head" form>
                   <@text x=9 y=223 w=217 h=563 m
                          t=Conspicuously red plants of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
                          subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. The redness appears to
                          be a phenotypic colour transition stage for plants
                          with purple inflorescences, towards the end of the
                          summer. Plants growing at the Causeway, Iqaluit,
                          Baffin Island, N.W.T.>
      bracp.gif <@subject Variation in plant height>
                <@text x=21 y=769 w=960 h=231 m
                       t=Plants of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} lined up to show
                       variation in plant height, total size, and colour found
                       within 100 m of each other. The collection was made on
                       Baffin Island, N.W.T. at Cormick Bay, along the beach.
                       Genetic factors appear to explain the paler green plants.
                       The deep blue green plants may well have received
                       additional nitrogen from random sources>
      braca.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=444 y=167 w=465 h=621 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. Plicate leaf blades are
                       0.35-0.44-0.65 mm wide and (0.3-)0.55-0.75-0.8(-0.95) mm
                       deep, with 3-5(-7) veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There is one well defined rib and 2-4
                       variously defined ribs.>
      b1238005.gif <@subject Habitat photograph of Causeway, Iqaluit, Baffin
                            Island, N.W.T.>
                   <@text x=9 y=71 w=173 h=864 m
                          t=General view of habitat disturbed by human
                          influences, taken of the Causeway at Iqaluit, Baffin
                          Island, N.W.T., where the picture of the "red head"
                          form of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}brachyphylla\i0{} was taken (white box,
                          foreground).>
      b1954069.gif <@subject Type specimen of forma \i{}flavida\i0{}: GH>
                   <@text x=13 y=279 w=275 h=422 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}brachyphylla\i0{} forma \i{}flavida\i0{}. Canada,
                          N.W.T., Baffin Island, Lake Harbour. 25-26 Aug. 1927.
                          \i{}M.O. Malte, s.n.\i0{} GH!>
      bracm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} <Frederiksen>/
      brcop.gif <@subject Habitat and close up of plant>
                <@text x=25 y=734 w=583 h=229 m
                       t=Left, White Mountains of California at 3800 m, where
                       plants were found growing 100-200 m below the summit
                       (white arrow). \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}coloradensis\i0{} (upper right) and \i{}F.
                       saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} (lower right)
                       grow within meters of each other at this location.>
      brcoa1.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                 <@text x=450 y=160 w=508 h=754 m
                        t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                        \i{}coloradensis\i0{} based on the average of 10 samples
                        from collections in California. Leaf blades are
                        0.35-0.65 mm wide and 0.35-0.95 mm deep, with 3-5(-7)
                        veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                        absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are poorly
                        developed, in discrete, relatively narrow bands opposite
                        the veins, but sometimes more strongly developed than in
                        arctic specimens of subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. There
                        is one well defined rib and 2-4 variously defined
                        lateral ribs.>
      brcoa2.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                 <@text x=462 y=177 w=452 h=621 m
                        t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                        \i{}breviculmis\i0{} based on the average of 10 samples
                        from outside of California. Leaf blades are 0.25-0.5 mm
                        wide and 0.5-0.95 mm deep, with 3-5 veins. Adaxial to
                        abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                        sclerenchyma strands are poorly developed, in discrete,
                        relatively narrow strands opposite the 1 well defined
                        rib and 2-4 variously defined lateral ribs.>
      brcot.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: C>
                <@text x=20 y=281 w=244 h=414 m
                       t=Type specimen of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}
                       coloradensis\i0{}, scanned from Frederiksen, S. (1982,
                       with permission). U.S.A. Colorado: Summit Co., Hoosier
                       Ridge, \i{}18 August 1960, K.A. Holmen, A.E. Porsild, &
                       Weber fix 850\i0{}. C>
      brbrt.gif <@subject Type specimen of name in synonymy: CAS>
                <@text x=63 y=202 w=278 h=607 m
                       t=Type specimen of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}breviculmis\i0{}, scanned from Frederiksen, S. (1982,
                       with permission). U.S.A. California: Inyo Co, Mono Mesa,
                       24 July 1946, \i{}J. Th. Howell 22706\i0{}. CAS.>
      b1954100.gif <@subject Colorado Herbarium specimen>
                   <@text x=9 y=216 w=196 h=571 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}coloradensis\i0{} collected in Colorado that are
                          similar to the type of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}breviculmis\i0{} published by Frederiksen (1982).>
      b1238032.gif <@subject Arizona Herbarium specimen>
                   <@text x=8 y=348 w=227 h=234 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}coloradensis\i0{} collected in Arizona.>
      brcom.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca brevissima\i0{} <Jurtzev>/
      b1838054.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: LE>
                   <@text x=2 y=245 w=363 h=530 m
                          t=Isotype specimen of \i{}F. brevissima\i0{} from
                          Russia. Latin label reads, "Prov. Magadan, regio
                          Tschukotsky, montes Anadyrsk, in vicin. lacus
                          Eljgygtgyn, ripa australis, in declivibus
                          australi-occidentalibus, \i{}20 July 1968, A. Korobkov
                          and B. Jurtzev K-6154\i0{}". Holotype: LE, Isotype:
                          LE!>
      breva.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=490 y=188 w=441 h=621 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. brevissima\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.4-0.55-0.75 mm wide and 0.4-0.68-0.8 mm
                       deep, with 5-7(-9) veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, with (3-)5-7 fine sclerenchyma strands,
                       rarely well developed, in discrete, relatively narrow
                       strands opposite the veins. There are 1-6 ribs, that are
                       usually well defined.>
      b1838053.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen, southern Yukon: CAN>
                   <@text x=10 y=227 w=252 h=539 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca brevissima\i0{} specimen collected in
                          Yukon: Ogilvie Mountains: mountain east of mile 57-58,
                          on gravel sides of south side of ridge, \i{}31 July
                          1966. R.T. Porsild 378\i0{}.>
      b1954103.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen: CAN>
                   <@text x=9 y=15 w=304 h=972 m
                          t=Controversial herbarium specimen of \i{}F.
                          brevissima\i0{} collected as \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
                          and questioned as being \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{}. A
                          duplicate of this collection, that was sent to LE, was
                          annotated as \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} by T.V. Petrovsky
                          in 1974. This lead to the suggestion that \i{}F.
                          hyperborea\i0{} occurs in Western Canada, as mapped in
                          Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). Canada, Yukon, Ogilvie
                          Mountains, Mountain east of mile 57-58, in open gravel
                          patches at top of mountain, 31 July 1966. \i{}R.T.
                          Porsild 395\i0{}. The duplicate at LE was annotated as
                          \i{}F. brevissima\i0{} by E. B. Alexeev in Feb. 1981.>
      b1238023.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen, northern Yukon: CAN>
                   <@text x=8 y=251 w=279 h=492 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca brevissima\i0{} collection from northern
                          Yukon, Buckland Hills, 6919'N, 13935'W, on exposed
                          soil hummocks among rocks. Elev. 457 m. \i{}13 July
                          1988. S.G. Aiken 88-257A\i0{}. CAN.>
      brevm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca calligera\i0{} <(Piper) Rydb.>/
      arizp2.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                 <@text x=6 y=410 w=263 h=559 m
                        t=Left, small photograph showing yellow green plants of
                        \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} (in the distance) growing in the
                        same area as bluish green, shorter plants of plants of
                        \i{}F. calligera\i0{} (foreground), on Gillespie Flat,
                        Apache Co., Arizona. Photograph by C-E. Granfelt, 21
                        July 1994. Centre, close up of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{};
                        Right, close up of \i{}F. calligera\i0{}.>
      callt.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: US>
                <@text x=8 y=33 w=289 h=939 m
                       t=Holotype specimen collected in Arizona. The picture is
                       from a photocopy of the herbarium specimen. The left
                       label reads, "renamed \i{}F. ovina calligera\i0{} by
                       Piper because of \i{}F. asperrima\i0{} Link under present
                       rules would be \i{}F. ovina asperrima\i0{} Hack". Above
                       the right label is a note which reads, "This is the type
                       of \i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var. \i{}asperrima\i0{} Hack.
                       Beal Grasses N. Am. 2: 601 as there is no specimen of
                       this number in Herb. Beal. C.V.P. (Piper)". The right
                       label reads "Herb. United States Department of
                       Agriculture. \i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var.
                       \i{}asperrima\i0{} Hack. 901. Locality Arizona. Collector
                       \i{}H.H. Rusby\i0{} 1883".>
      b1954082.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=10 y=15 w=269 h=972 m
                          t=Isotype specimen. The label reads, "Herbarium of
                          Woodbury P. Conant, one-time Assistant to George
                          Vasey. Transferred from Peabody Museum, Salem, 1942.
                          Flora of Arizona. No. 901. \i{}Festuca ovina\i0{} L.
                          var., Flagstaff. Leg. \i{}H.H. Rusby\i0{}, July 1883".
                          Annotated by C.A. Taylor Jr. Aug. 27 1947 as "Isotype
                          of \i{}Festuca amethystina\i0{} var.
                          \i{}asperrima\i0{} Hack. ex Beal.">
      b1238011.gif <@subject Topotype specimen: NAU>
                   <@text x=13 y=353 w=213 h=245 m
                          t=Topotype specimen collected from Flagstaff,
                          Arizona.>
      calla.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=440 y=144 w=479 h=-18 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. calligera\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades 6-12 cm long, erect, stiffish; adaxial blade
                       surfaces with sparse, antrorsely scarbrous trichomes.
                       Leaf cross sections are 0.25-0.41-0.5 mm wide and
                       0.4-0.5-0.65 mm deep, with (3-)5 veins. Adaxial to
                       abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are well developed, in broad bands
                       or continuous, often heavily thickened - somewhat like
                       \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}. There is one well defined central
                       rib and 2-4 variously defined lateral ribs.>
      callm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca dasyclada\i0{} <Hack. ex Beal>/
      dasyp.gif <@subject Habitat and close up>
                <@text x=93 y=877 w=813 h=117 m
                       t=Left, plants growing on steep slope (white arrows) in
                       Utah, Wasatch Co., Buffalo Canyon, Uinta National Forest
                       where sheep were grazing. Right, close up of plant
                       showing divaricating branches of the inflorescence.>
      dasyb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=25 y=223 w=350 h=499 m
                       t=Illustration from Scribner (1901). The description with
                       the illustration describes spikelets as usually
                       2-flowered, about 7 mm long, glumes unequal, the second
                       glume with 3 veins, and the lemmas (flowering glumes)
                       about 6 mm long, scabrous and with 5 veins.>
      dasya.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=548 y=190 w=418 h=544 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. dasyclada\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.5-0.82-1 mm wide and 0.6-0.82-1 mm deep,
                       cross sections are usually as wide as long, with 7-10
                       veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well developed,
                       in discrete, relatively narrow strands opposite the
                       veins. There are 6-9 ribs.>
      b1838057.gif <@subject Habitat in Utah Uinta National Forest>
                   <@text x=26 y=206 w=257 h=567 m
                          t=Habitat of \i{}F. dasyclada\i0{}, which are the
                          larger browner grasses (white box, lower left).
                          \i{}Festuca saximontana\i0{} was growing at the same
                          site as smaller more tufted plants, closely associated
                          with the sage plants.>
      dasyt.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: NY>
                <@text x=9 y=210 w=313 h=567 m
                       t=Holotype specimen of \i{}F. dasyclada\i0{}. Label
                       reads," Ex. Herb. J.H. Redfield. No. 93 \i{}Festuca\i0{}
                       Central Utah S.C.(?) C.C. Parry. 1875". Although this is
                       the holotype, it has less plant material than does the
                       isotype housed at GH. U.S.A. central Utah: Rocky
                       Mountains, 1875, \i{}C.C. Parry 93\i0{}. NY>
      b1954078.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=6 y=16 w=314 h=971 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. dasyclada\i0{}. Label at the
                          bottom left hand corner reads, "Flora of central Utah.
                          No. 93 Coll. C.C. Parry. 1875". Letter on upper right
                          hand side reads, "Dupl \i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{}? Dr.
                          Thurber Culms erect from a perennial (?) root, about
                          1-foot high, scabrous below the panicle and pubescent
                          below the nodes, otherwise smooth; leaves (?) long
                          about a line wide, strongly pubescent on the upper
                          surface, nearly smooth below, rough on the margins,
                          the uppermost reduced to a mere sheath; ligule a hairy
                          fringe; sheaths loose, smooth, or minutely pubescent
                          between the striae; panicle about 4 inches long, open,
                          few flowered; rays in pairs, subdivided in a similar
                          manner above the middle, much flattened and 2-edged
                          or, with the apis 3-angled, strongly ciliolate fringed
                          on the angles, pale yellowish green throughout;
                          spikelets exclusive of awn, 2 lines long with pedicels
                          mostly much longer; glumes herbaceous, hyaline on the
                          margins, lanceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate,
                          ciliate on the keel towards the apex, the upper one
                          third the longer (glume) and barely equaling the
                          floret, its lateral nerves evanescent towards the
                          apex; floret lanceolate with a distinct rounded smooth
                          callus accompanied by a conspicuous rudiment of a
                          second flower; lower palet of firmer texture". C.A.
                          Taylor Jr. has written, "Isotype: part of sole known
                          collection. August 27, 1947". Under the hand written
                          label "\i{}F. dasyclada\i0{} Hack." is printed, "Named
                          by F. Lamson-Scribner".>
      dasym.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca earlei\i0{} <Rydb.>/
      b1238010.gif <@subject Isotype specimen, Baker 175: RM>
                   <@text x=11 y=262 w=266 h=465 m
                          t=Herbarium specimen of name in synonymy, cited as an
                          example of \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var.
                          \i{}endotera\i0{} St.-Yves, (1925, Candollea 2: 254).
                          U.S.A. Colorado, Pagosa Peak, 12,000', \i{}Aug. 1899.
                          Baker 175\i0{}. Isotype: RM.>
      b1238009.gif <@subject Isotype specimen, Baker 175: RM>
                   <@text x=14 y=201 w=258 h=604 m
                          t=A second herbarium specimen of \i{}F. earlei\i0{},
                          cited as an example of \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var.
                          \i{}endotera\i0{} St. -Yves (1925, Candollea 2: 254).
                          U.S.A. Colorado, Pagosa Peak, 12,000', \i{}Aug. 1899.
                          Baker 175\i0{}. Isotype: RM.>
      earlt.gif <@subject Holotype specimen, NY>
                <@text x=11 y=249 w=300 h=492 m
                       t=Photograph of holotype specimen of \i{}Festuca
                       earlei\i0{} annotated by L.E. Pavlick and E.B. Alexeev.
                       U.S.A. Colorado, La Plate Canon, 12,000', \i{}11 July
                       1898 Aug. 1899. C.F. Baker, F.S. Earle, and S.M. Tracy
                       920\i0{}. Holotype: NY!>
      b1838032.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen: COLO>
                   <@text x=11 y=115 w=323 h=766 m
                          t=Herbarium specimen of \i{}F. earlei\i0{} from
                          Colorado. Photograph of the specimen is at DAO.
                          Annotated as \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} by S.
                          Frederiksen, March 1979, re-examined by S. Aiken
                          (1994) and considered to be \i{}F. earlei\i0{}. U.S.A.
                          Colorado. Clear Creek Co.: tundra slopes, 12000 ft.
                          alt., head of Stevens Gulch, north base of Gray's
                          Peak. Aug. 5, 1950, \i{}W.A. Weber 5938\i0{}. COLO
                          61549.>
      earls.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen of interest>
                <@text x=8 y=84 w=296 h=838 m
                       t=Herbarium specimen annotated as \i{}Festuca
                       minutiflora\i0{} Rydb. by Signe Frederiksen in 1982 after
                       she had published the paper, "\i{}Festuca
                       minutiflora\i0{} a neglected species" in 1979. This
                       specimen, considered by us to be \i{}F. earlei\i0{}
                       contrasts with the specimen lectotypified by S.
                       Frederiksen as the type of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}.
                       (Illustrated with that species).>
      earla.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=440 y=254 w=473 h=467 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. earlei\i0{}. Leaf blades
                       are 0.2-0.43-0.6 mm wide and 0.5-0.7-0.85 mm deep, with 5
                       veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are poorly
                       developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There is one well defined rib and 2-4
                       usually well defined ribs.>
      earlm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca edlundiae\i0{} <S. Aiken, Consaul & Lefkovitch>/
      b1238052.gif <@subject Close up of plant>
                   <@text x=14 y=331 w=205 h=325 m
                          t=Plant growing in the Northwest Territories,
                          Cornwallis Island, near Resolute Bay on VIP Hill.
                          Photograph by Hugh Gibbins, 1994.>
      edlua.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=488 y=283 w=461 h=-12 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.5-0.66-0.9 mm wide and 0.8-0.92(-1.1) mm
                       deep, with 5-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There are 5 well developed ribs.>
      b1838011.gif <@subject Habitat at Polar Bear Pass, N.W.T.>
                   <@text x=4 y=38 w=195 h=926 m
                          t=Habitat at Polar Bear Pass at the High Arctic
                          Research Station on Bathurst Island, N.W.T., where the
                          type specimen of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} was collected.
                          The dominant darker plants, at the base of the ladder
                          to the observation tower (upper white box), are \i{}F.
                          baffinensis\i0{}, the other paler \i{}F.\i0{} plants,
                          closer to the knapsack (lower white box), are \i{}F.
                          edlundiae\i0{} in the type locality for this species.>
      b1238026.gif <@subject Habitat on Arctic tundra>
                   <@text x=3 y=64 w=204 h=880 m
                          t=Habitat photograph of Arctic tundra at the research
                          station at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, N.W.T.
                          Flagging tapes in pink and yellow were part of an
                          isozyme experiment that determined that \i{}F.
                          edlundiae\i0{} was genetically distinct from \i{}F.
                          hyperborea\i0{} and not an isozyme form related to
                          microhabitat differences.>
      b1238027.gif <@subject Close up of microhabitats>
                   <@text x=3 y=66 w=209 h=870 m
                          t=Plants in microhabitats on tundra, adjacent to the
                          High Arctic Research Station at Polar Bear Pass on
                          Bathurst Island, N.W.T. The pink flagging tape is
                          beside a plant growing isolated in the centre of a
                          frost boil, the yellow flagging tape is beside plants
                          growing in dark frost cracks, with other plants and
                          accumulated organic matter. The plants were tagged in
                          the experiment that established that \i{}F.
                          edlundiae\i0{} is a distinct species and not an
                          isozyme ecotype of \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} (Aiken et
                          al. 1995). At the early stage of the growing season
                          when plants were tagged, no distinctions between the
                          species were visible. The isozyome results and
                          observations later in the season established that more
                          than 80% of the plants studied at the site were \i{}F.
                          edlundiae\i0{}.>
      b1238028.gif <@subject Habitat at Resolute, N.W.T.>
                   <@text x=9 y=135 w=187 h=737 m
                          t=Habitat photograph taken near VIP Hill (in the
                          distance), Resolute Bay on Cornwallis Island, N.W.T.
                          White plastic bags on the tundra indicate location of
                          a plant of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} relative to a plant
                          of \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{}.>
      b1838060.gif <@subject Contrast of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} and \i{}F.
                            hyperborea\i0{}>
                   <@text x=23 y=294 w=177 h=367 m
                          t=A plant of \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} (left) growing
                          beside \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} (right) at Resolute,
                          Cornwallis Island, N.W.T.>
      b1954101.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: CAN>
                   <@text x=8 y=104 w=258 h=790 m
                          t=Holotype specimen of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{}. Canada.
                          N.W.T., Bathurst Island, Polar Bear Pass, 7543'N,
                          9812'W, marine worked carbonate ridge, on the north
                          side of a broad valley west of the Goodsir River.
                          \i{}11 Aug. 1985. S.G. Aiken 3949\i0{}, Holotype: CAN
                          502531.>
      edlum.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca filiformis\i0{} <Pourr.>/
      b1954044.gif <@subject Plants growing along roadside>
                   <@text x=11 y=372 w=244 h=231 m
                          t=Photograph of \i{}F. filiformis\i0{} plants growing
                          along the roadside in Nova Scotia.>
      glauca.gif <@subject Colour forms>
                 <@text x=28 y=635 w=515 h=320 m
                        t=Plants of \i{}F. filiformis\i0{} growing under the
                        name \i{}F. ovina glauca\i0{} in the Plantations
                        Gardens, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The name
                        "glauca" refers to the waxy blue colour of the leaves.
                        In Eastern North America, ornamental plants of \i{}F.
                        ovina glauca\i0{} are often \i{}F. filiformis\i0{}; in
                        Western North America, they are more likely blue colour
                        forms of \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{}.>
      filib.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=32 y=283 w=313 h=381 m
                       t=An illustration of \i{}F. filiformis\i0{} from Scribner
                       (1901) as \i{}F. ovina\i0{}, SHEEP'S FESCUE. The notes
                       accompanying the plate confirm the identification of this
                       drawing as illustrating \i{}F. filiformis\i0{}.>
      filia.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=438 y=240 w=479 h=472 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. filiformis\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.2-0.31-0.4(-0.6) mm wide and 0.3-0.47-0.6 mm
                       deep, with 3-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well
                       developed, in broad bands or continuous, forming a
                       complete, usually narrow ring. There is one rib, that is
                       well defined.>

# \i{}Festuca frederikseniae\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
      fredc_2.gif <@subject Plant and Spikelet>
                  <@text x=5 y=615 w=645 h=369 m
                         t=Left, A plant of \i{}F. frederikseniae\i0{}, with
                         vegetatively proliferating inflorescences. Isolated
                         plants are growing in the nearby gravel. Vegetatively
                         proliferating bulbils of \i{}F. frederikseniae\i0{} are
                         among the first vascular plant species to colonize
                         ground exposed by a retreating glacier (background).
                         Right, close up of spikelet with glumes, and 2-3
                         florets, with healthy anthers. The top of the spikelet
                         is vegetatively proliferating. Photographs taken in
                         Norway, at the Blasisen (=Blue Ice) Glacier, at Finse
                         along the Bergen-Oslo railway, by Per Salvesen, in
                         1980.>
      fredc_1.gif <@subject Habitat in Norway>
                  <@text x=44 y=777 w=926 h=200 m
                         t=Left, \i{}F. frederikseniae\i0{} habitat in Norway.
                         Numerous vegetatively proliferating bulbils were
                         collected in the icy melt water and on the snowbed.
                         Right, proliferating bulbil photographed growing on
                         ice. Photographs taken in Norway, at Gronhoin, Lesja,
                         by Per Salvesen, in 1980.>
      fefra.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=446 y=246 w=462 h=467 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. frederikseniae\i0{}.
                       Plicate leaf blades are 0.3-0.49-0.75 mm wide and
                       0.65-0.84-0.95 mm deep, with 5-7 veins. Adaxial to
                       abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are well developed, in broad bands
                       or continuous. There is one well defined rib and 2-4
                       variously defined lateral ribs.>
      fredm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca hyperborea\i0{} <Holmen ex Frederiksen>/
      b1238051.gif <@subject Close up of plant growing on Cornwallis Island>
                   <@text x=13 y=310 w=178 h=376 m
                          t=Close up of \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} plant growing on
                          Cornwallis Island, VIP Hill near Resolute Bay.
                          Photograph by Hugh Gibbins, 1994.>
      b1838060.gif <@subject Contrast of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} and \i{}F.
                            hyperborea\i0{}>
                   <@text x=25 y=298 w=186 h=372 m
                          t=A plant of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} (left) and \i{}F.
                          hyperborea\i0{} (right) growing side by side at
                          Resolute, Cornwallis Island.>
      hypea.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=460 y=267 w=477 h=429 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.4-0.55-0.75 mm wide and 0.6-0.76-0.95 mm
                       deep, with 4-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There are 5 ribs.>
      b1238016.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: C>
                   <@text x=10 y=204 w=302 h=601 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} collected in
                          Greenland at Kedelkrogselv 8210'N, 3100'W alt. 60 m.
                          2n=28. Annotated as the Holotype by Signe Frederiksen,
                          1979 Type: Greenland. Pearyland: Jorgan Brondlund
                          Fjord, 28 July 1950, \i{}K. Holmen 8078\i0{}.
                          Holotype: C>
      b1954103.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen: CAN>
                   <@text x=7 y=15 w=311 h=972 m
                          t=Controversial herbarium specimen of \i{}F.
                          brevissima\i0{} collected as \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
                          and in question of being \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{}. A
                          duplicate of this collection, which was sent to LE,
                          was annotated as \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} by T.V.
                          Petrovsky in 1974. This lead to the suggestion that
                          \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} occurs in Western Canada, as
                          mapped in Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). The duplicate
                          at LE was annotated as \i{}F. brevissima\i0{} by E. B.
                          Alexeev in Feb. 1981. Canada, Yukon, Ogilvie
                          Mountains, Mountain east of mile 57-58, in open gravel
                          patches at top of mountain, 31 July 1966, \i{}R.T.
                          Porsild 395\i0{}.>
      hypem.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} <Elmer> subsp. \i{}idahoensis\i0{}/
      b1838064.gif <@subject Colour forms>
                   <@text x=25 y=336 w=210 h=266 m
                          t=Adjacent plants of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}idahoensis\i0{} show contrasting blue-green and
                          green glaucous leaves.>
      b1238060.gif <@subject Habitat in British Columbia>
                   <@text x=43 y=345 w=139 h=240 m
                          t=Photograph of \i{}Festuca\i0{} grassland in British
                          Columbia.>
      b1238062.gif <@subject Close up of habitat in British Columbia>
                   <@text x=15 y=199 w=295 h=563 m
                          t=Close up of grasses in the previous habitat image.
                          \i{}F. campestris\i0{} is the dominant grass, but
                          there are some \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} plants growing
                          beside the marker. The site approaches the northern
                          limit of the known range of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}.>
      b1238061.gif <@subject Natural grassland habitat>
                   <@text x=23 y=207 w=159 h=555 m
                          t=Natural grassland in British Columbia. Grasses occur
                          at the bottom of valleys and south facing slopes,
                          while trees occur on the north facing slopes.>
      idaha.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=463 y=208 w=487 h=546 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}idahoensis\i0{}. Leaf blades are usually flat or
                       plicate, but often loosely rolled. Flat blades are 1-3 mm
                       wide. Plicate leaf blades are 0.35-0.42-0.6 mm wide and
                       0.55-0.62-0.7 mm deep, with (4-)5(-6) veins. Adaxial to
                       abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are well developed, in broad bands or
                       continuous. There are 3-5 ribs.>
      b1954088.gif <@subject Specimen of type in synonymy: GH>
                   <@text x=8 y=206 w=268 h=564 m
                          t=Specimen of type in synonymy, \i{}F.
                          amethystina\i0{} var. \i{}asperrima\i0{} subvar.
                          \i{}robusta\i0{} St.-Yves. Type: U.S.A. Washington:
                          Walla Walla Co., on high ridges of the Blue Mountains,
                          15 July 1896, \i{}Piper 2410\i0{}, Type: GH.>
      idaht.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen of interest: NY>
                <@text x=7 y=199 w=294 h=605 m
                       t=Annotated as an isotype of \i{}F. idahonesis\i0{}
                       Elmer. Main label reads, "Ex-herbarium of Le Roy Abrams.
                       \i{}No. 688 Festuca ovina arizonica\i0{} Smith's Meadow,
                       Shrs(?) River, Idaho July 1, 1900". The plant designated
                       as the the type has the collection number 668.>
      idahs.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen of interest>
                <@text x=5 y=24 w=299 h=954 m
                       t=Considered the holotype of \i{}Festuca ingrata\i0{}
                       var. \i{}nudata\i0{} Rydb. by Arnold Tiehm, Sept. 1988.
                       The annotations suggest that this has been debated. The
                       top left hand annotation reads, "The specimen at U.S.
                       N.H. bears A.S.H's annotation Type of \i{}F. ingrata\i0{}
                       v. \i{} nudata\i0{} Rydb. Aug. 13, 1947. C.A. Taylor".
                       The lower annotation by A.S. Hitchcock reads,
                       "=\i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} Elmer. Type of \i{}F.
                       ingrata\i0{} v. \i{}nudata\i0{} Rudb. (\i{}F. ovina\i0{}
                       v. \i{}nudata\i0{} Vasey as syn.)".>
      idahm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} subsp. \i{}roemeri\i0{} <(Pavlick) S. Aiken>/
      roemp.gif <@subject Habit and close up>
                <@text x=16 y=830 w=975 h=158 m
                       t=Habitat and close up of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}roemeri\i0{}. Left, plants growing on the steep slope
                       of Cape Pepetua, Oregon, March 1996. Deep green plants
                       growing, immediately below where the person is sitting,
                       are Chewings fescue. The remainder of the hill side is
                       dominated by \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}roemeri\i0{}. Right, close up of up of \i{}F.
                       idahoensis\i0{} subsp. \i{}roemeri\i0{} in early spring.>
      roema.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=444 y=221 w=502 h=544 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}roemeri\i0{}. Leaf blades are 0.4-0.54-0.8 mm wide
                       and 0.75-0.9-1.2 mm deep, with (5-)7(-10) veins. Adaxial
                       to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are well developed, in broad bands or
                       continuous. The broad bands are particularly well
                       developed at the midvein and leaf margins, and often only
                       in these positions. There are 5-9 ribs.>
      idrom.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca lenensis\i0{} <Drobow>/
      b1838004.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                   <@text x=44 y=297 w=347 h=384 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca lenensis\i0{} at anthesis. Note
                          spikelets are not appressed to the rachis. Within 24
                          hours the spikelets on the same plant had become
                          appressed to the rachis.>
      lenea.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=437 y=238 w=496 h=544 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}. Leaf blades
                       are 0.4-0.52-0.7 mm wide and 0.65-0.79-1 mm deep, with
                       5-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are poorly developed
                       or well developed. There are sclerenchyma in 3 areas
                       only, at the midvein and leaf margins, sometimes strongly
                       developed. There is one well developed rib and 2-4
                       variously defined ribs.>
      lenep.gif <@subject Habitat in the Northern Yukon>
                <@text x=82 y=842 w=839 h=156 m
                       t=Left, habitat photograph with grey-green grasses near
                       the orange flagging tape (white box), growing on
                       argillite outcrop near Alaskan/Yukon border. Right, plant
                       collected at anthesis, showing spikelets spreading from
                       the inflorescence rachis.>
      lenep2.gif <@subject Position of inflorescence branches>
                 <@text x=299 y=639 w=701 h=361 m
                        t=Left, inflorescences at anthesis with spikelets
                        spreading away from the inflorescence rachis. Plants
                        photographed in the late afternoon. Right, plants from
                        the same collection photographed the following morning.
                        With the digging up of the specimens and keeping them
                        overnight the inflorescence branches had become
                        appressed to the rachis. This character which had been
                        used by Tzvelev (1976) to separate \i{}F.
                        auriculata\i0{} from \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} is considered
                        to reflect on the stage of anthesis plants are at when
                        collected.>
      habitat.gif <@subject Plant habitat in Barren Grounds>
                  <@text x=46 y=156 w=292 h=628 m
                         t=\i{}Festuca lenensis\i0{} occurs on rocky slopes,
                         that most other barren ground species do not inhabit.
                         In the "barren grounds" of the Yukon, there are few
                         suitable habitats for grasses. They usually cannot
                         compete with the dense vegetation cover of the heath
                         plants (red in the fall), willows, (green) and sedges
                         (yellow).>
      b1238024.gif <@subject The Yukon Shingle Point>
                   <@text x=5 y=78 w=198 h=853 m
                          t=The Yukon Shingle Point. Gravel shoreline near the
                          site where the specimen considered to be \i{}F.
                          auriculata\i0{} by Alexeev (1985) was collected. The
                          exact location has been destroyed and no evidence of
                          the species in the adjacent area was found in an
                          extensive 2 day search in 1988 by S.G. Aiken.>
      b1838005.gif <@subject Lectotype specimen: LE>
                   <@text x=10 y=221 w=297 h=565 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} from
                          Leningrad. Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14: 158.
                          1915 former USSR: Prov. Jakutsk, slope of the Lena
                          River, near Kjatczinskoje, \i{}6 June 1914, G. I.
                          Dolenko 103\i0{}. Lectotype LE! (Tzvelev 1984).>
      habitat2.gif <@subject Habitat of plants with, contrasting height forms>
                   <@text x=21 y=80 w=313 h=855 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} of contrasting
                          heights where collected from this habitat. A shallow
                          hollow towards the centre of this picture had tall
                          plants more than 20 cm high growing in the bottom of
                          the hollow which had additional moisture and nutrients
                          from accumulated debris. Short plants were on the
                          adjacent sun baked tundra. The temperature on the
                          collection day was near 30C. The herbarium voucher is
                          shown in the next image.>
      b1838009.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen, contrasting height forms: CAN>
                   <@text x=8 y=44 w=285 h=915 m
                          t=Height forms of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} found growing
                          within a metre of each other in the Yukon. The tall
                          plant was growing in a sheltered hollow with
                          additional moisture and nutrients. The short plants
                          were growing on adjacent sun baked tundra. The
                          temperature on the collection day was near 30 degrees
                          Celcius. Plant less than 20 cm high had been used by
                          Tzvelev (1976) to separate \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} from
                          \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}. Height differences are
                          considered to depend on the environment in which the
                          plants are growing and the phenotypic plasticity of
                          \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}.>
      b1838006.gif <@subject Controversial Specimen: DAO>
                   <@text x=6 y=203 w=252 h=569 m
                          t=Duplicate of a specimen annotated as \i{}F.
                          auriculata\i0{} and collected in the Northern Yukon at
                          Shingle Point, that Alexeev (1985) considered to be
                          evidence of \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} occurring in
                          Canada.>
      lenem.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca minutiflora\i0{} <Rydb.>/
      b1838031.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen>
                   <@text x=22 y=156 w=286 h=680 m
                          t=Plant of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} from Rocky
                          Mountains National Park, Larimer Co., 11,600 ft.; dry,
                          sandy soil. 26 Aug. 1964, \i{}Dale W. McNeal Jr. No.
                          316\i0{}. Specimen at University of Colorado, Boulder,
                          No. 197573. Photograph of the specimen at DAO.
                          Specimen re-examined 1994.>
      minut.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: NY>
                <@text x=12 y=199 w=302 h=530 m
                       t=Label reads, "Plants of North Colorado collected by
                       Carl. F. Baker. \i{}Festuca ovina capillata\i0{} (Det.
                       Scrib.) Cameron Pass, 7-13-96, Altitude 10,000 feet".
                       Annotated by S. Frederiksen in 1979 and indicated as the
                       holotype by her in Bot. Not. 132: 317. 1979>
      minub.gif <@subject Ovary with sparse hairs>
                <@text x=13 y=258 w=226 h=463 m
                       t=An ovary of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} showing a few dense
                       hairs at the apex with styles removed. Scanned with
                       permission from Frederiksen (1979); photographed at x
                       100.>
      minua.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=435 y=206 w=469 h=621 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.2-0.33-0.45 mm wide and (0.2-)0.4-0.45-0.55
                       mm deep, conspicuously narrow and triangular in outline
                       relative to most other \i{}F.\i0{} taxa in North America.
                       There are 3-5 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There is one well defined rib and 0-2
                       variously defined ribs.>
      minum.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca occidentalis\i0{} <Hook.>/
      occib.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=79 y=420 w=203 h=121 m
                       t=Illustrated in Piper (1906) as \i{}F.
                       occidentalis\i0{}.>
      occia.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=448 y=231 w=462 h=506 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.25-0.35-0.6 mm wide and 0.35-0.64-0.75 mm
                       deep, with (3-)5-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There is one well defined rib and 2-4
                       poorly defined ribs.>
      b1954083.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=15 y=284 w=315 h=379 m
                          t=Isotype specimen of \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{}. Main
                          label reads, "\i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} Hook. Plains of
                          the Columbia, Douglas. Herb. Tor." GH.>
      occit.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: NY>
                <@text x=10 y=230 w=295 h=526 m
                       t=Isotype of \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} Hook. Plains of the
                       Columbia, Douglas. Herb. Tor. NY. On the original label
                       there is a dark number of 224, which is the number of the
                       holotype, but beside that number is a fainter, more
                       likely original number of 228.>
      occim.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} <L.> subsp. \i{}rubra\i0{} s.l./
      b1838035.gif <@subject Roadside photograph of "red" fescue plants>
                   <@text x=19 y=389 w=196 h=188 m
                          t=Roadside planting of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}rubra\i0{} in Western Canada.>
      b1838066.gif <@subject Field grown plants>
                   <@text x=52 y=232 w=310 h=503 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}rubra\i0{} in
                          an experimental plot at the Central Experimental Farm,
                          Ottawa. The upper plant is \i{}F. rubra\i0{}; the
                          lower plant is \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}richardsonii\i0{}, transplanted to Ottawa, from
                          the Yukon.>
      rubra.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=505 y=269 w=449 h=485 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}rubra\i0{}. Leaf blades are 0.4-1.1 mm wide and
                       0.65-1.25 mm deep, with 5-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are well developed, in discrete, relatively
                       narrow strands opposite the veins. There are 5 well
                       defined ribs.>

# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} <Hack. ex Piper>/
      rudep.gif <@subject Plants growing in California>
                <@text x=102 y=840 w=804 h=158 m
                       t=Plants of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}densiuscula\i0{}, growing in Humbolt County,
                       California. Left, plants influenced by salt spray tended
                       to be brownish yellow; right, plants growing in a
                       relatively sheltered site beside the Albion tidal estuary
                       were conspicuously blue green.>
      rudea.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=494 y=194 w=462 h=552 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}densiuscula\i0{}. Leaf blades are 0.5-0.75-1.05 mm
                       wide and 0.65-1.05-1.25 mm deep, with 5-7 veins. Adaxial
                       to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are well developed, in discrete, relatively
                       narrow strands opposite the veins. The discrete strands
                       maybe relatively large. There are 5 well defined ribs.>
      b1954070.gif <@subject Type specimen: US>
                   <@text x=7 y=15 w=302 h=972 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}densiuscula\i0{} collected in California, Crescent
                          City, \i{}Davy and Blasdale 5931\i0{}, 30 June 1899.
                          US 556145. Folded onto the top of the specimen taxon
                          is a letter from E. Hackel to C.V. Piper dated Jan. 6,
                          1903. It reads as follows, with (?) indicating
                          handwritten words that could not be interpreted. "Dear
                          Sir, Your letter of Dec., 1902 was followed yesterday
                          by the parcel containing two specimens of \i{}F.
                          rubra\i0{} from California. The specimen gathered at
                          Fort Bragg (\i{}Davy 6107 \i0{}) is quite identical
                          with \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subvar. \i{}pruinosa\i0{}
                          Hack. in Report of the Bot. Exchange Club of the
                          British Isles for the year 1884, p. 119 (folia
                          pruinose, panicula anjusta, zisculo (?) (?) glabree,
                          (?) pubescentes). This was collected first in the isle
                          of Sky by Linton (?), afterwards I received it from
                          other British coast localities (??? geography) and
                          from the coast of N. France (Bretagne, lg. Crie (?)).
                          The other specimen, from Crescent City (\i{} Davy &
                          Blasdale 5931\i0{}) though very similar to the first
                          has not the stratum of wax on the leaves, which makes
                          one of the characters of subvar. \i{}prunosa\i0{},
                          giving them the pruninous aspect. The leaves of the
                          Crescent City plant seem also somewhat glaucous, but
                          only in consequence of the (?) epidermis. It therefore
                          cannot be identified with subvar. \i{}pruinosa\i0{},
                          but must get a new subvarietal name. Now I find that
                          there is little difference between your specimen
                          \i{}Davy + Blasdale 5931\i0{} and Howell's Pacif.
                          Coast Pl. (? 1882 no. 74 (76?) (labeled \i{}F.
                          ovina\i0{} v. \i{}rubra\i0{} Gray) and some others of
                          Pringles gathered 1882 on the Coast of California,
                          Mendocino County, which I named in letters to Prof.
                          Scribner: \i{} F. rubra\i0{} var.
                          \i{}densiuscula\i0{}, but without publishing this
                          name. Pringles specimen (I noted no number, only the
                          year 1882, of which I have not example in my
                          herbarium, but which I sent back to Prof. Scribner)
                          must have been (after the notes I took from it) quite
                          the same as yours (\i{}5931\i0{}). Howell's is
                          somewhat different by the awned fertile glumes, less
                          stiff leaves. You may use for your \i{}5931\i0{} the
                          name \i{}densiuscula\i0{} or \i{}densiflora\i0{} as
                          you like. It is evident that there is much variety in
                          the forms of \i{}rubra\i0{}, especially in the coast
                          forms of it and it may perhaps be superfluous to keep
                          all of them with special names. In the sense of my
                          \i{}Monographie Festucarum\i0{} your two specimens
                          might also be united under \i{}rubra juncea\i0{}, but
                          in this case the character of that must be enlarged to
                          enclose also the forms with tight panicles. I shall
                          always be ready to give you any information on grasses
                          you desire and I shall also make use of your offer to
                          exchange rare species of N. Am. Grasses with those of
                          S. America etc. Mr. Hitchcock will tell you, that I
                          spoke with him (when he called on me here) regarding a
                          large collection of Grasses that I might sell to the
                          Nat. Herbarium. I had not yet the time to go over the
                          whole collection and to complete it (?) types from my
                          herbarium but I shall do so in the lapse of the next
                          month (or 2 months) and then I shall make an offer
                          containing all the number of species and specimens.
                          Yours ever truly, E. Hackel.">
      b1954085.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=10 y=277 w=259 h=390 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}densiuscula\i0{} collected in Crescent City,
                          May-Aug. 1899, \i{}J. Burth Davy 5931\i0{}. GH
                          Isotype.>
      b1954076.gif <@subject Specimen of type in synonymy: US>
                   <@text x=5 y=17 w=216 h=970 m
                          t=Specimen of type in synonymy as \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
                          \i{}littoralis\i0{} Vasey. Labels read, "Part of Type
                          ex. Herb Beal C.V.P (Piper). Howell's Pacific Coast
                          Plants. Oregon. \i{}F. rubra littoralis\i0{} Vasey. On
                          sand dunes by the sea Tillamook Bay. July 1882,
                          \i{}Thomas Howell\i0{}." Annotated by Leon E. Pavlick,
                          British Columbia Provincial Museum Nov. 1981, as
                          Cotype \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L. var. \i{}littoralis\i0{}
                          Vasey ex Beal and by P. Auquier, as \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
                          L. subvar. \i{}pruinosa\i0{} Hack. = \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
                          L. subsp. \i{}pruinosa\i0{} (Hack.) Piper, US 556144.>
      b1954084.gif <@subject Specimen of type in synonymy: GH>
                   <@text x=9 y=197 w=232 h=600 m
                          t=Specimen of type in synonymy as \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
                          var. \i{}pruinosa\i0{} (Hackel) Piper. Collected in
                          California: Mendocino Co., Fort Bragg, July 29, 1899,
                          \i{}Davy and Blasdale 6117\i0{}. GH.>

# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}richardsonii\i0{} <(Hook.) Hultn>/
      b1838066.gif <@subject Field grown plants>
                   <@text x=47 y=245 w=317 h=491 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}richardonsii\i0{} in an experimental plot at the
                          Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The upper plant is
                          \i{}F. rubra\i0{} and the lower plant is \i{}F.
                          rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}richardonsii\i0{}, transplanted
                          to Ottawa, from the Yukon.>
      ruria.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=502 y=250 w=427 h=513 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}richardonsii\i0{}. Leaf blades are 0.5-0.71-1.1 mm
                       wide and 0.7-1.12-2 mm deep, with 5-8 veins. Adaxial to
                       abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are well developed, in discrete, relatively
                       narrow strands opposite the veins. There are 5 well
                       defined ribs.>
      b1954068.gif <@subject Syntype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=8 y=264 w=170 h=461 m
                          t=Syntype specimen of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.\i{}
                          richardonsii\i0{} collected from the Arctic sea-coast,
                          1825 (?) \i{}J. Richardson s.n\i0{}. GH.>
      rurit.gif <@subject Syntype specimen: NY>
                <@text x=27 y=316 w=267 h=285 m
                       t=Syntype specimen of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.\i{}
                       richardonsii\i0{} collected from the Arctic sea-coast,
                       \i{}J. Richardson s.n\i0{}., 1825 (?).>
      rurim.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca saximontana\i0{} <Rydb.> subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{}/
      saxic.gif <@subject Flowering plant>
                <@text x=37 y=162 w=350 h=680 m
                       t=Garden grown plant of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}saximontana\i0{} with inflorescences at anthesis. The
                       plants were collected in Alberta in 1980, grown at the
                       Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario for
                       many years and later transferred to a private garden in
                       Ottawa, where they have continued to thrive and spread by
                       seed.>
      saxii.gif <@subject Inflorescences>
                <@text x=53 y=305 w=247 h=341 m
                       t=Close up of the inflorescence of the previous plant of
                       \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{} with
                       numerous spikelets at anthesis.>
      saxia.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=456 y=265 w=450 h=506 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}saximontana\i0{}. Leaf blades are 0.3-0.45-0.7 mm
                       wide and 0.5-0.72-0.9 mm deep, with 5-8 veins. Adaxial to
                       abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are well developed, in broad bands or
                       continuous (rarely). There is one well defined rib and 2
                       poorly defined ribs.>
      b1838057.gif <@subject Habitat in Utah Uinta National Forest>
                   <@text x=16 y=206 w=277 h=545 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca saximontana\i0{} grows as small tufted
                          plants, closely associated with the blue green sage
                          plants and is found in the same habitat as \i{}F.
                          dasyclada\i0{}, the larger browner grasses (white box,
                          lower left).>
      saxit.gif <@subject Holotype: NY>
                <@text x=13 y=199 w=276 h=606 m
                       t=Original label reads, "Plants of the Northern Rocky
                       Mountains. Collected in the vicinity of Banff, Alberta,
                       Canada by \i{}W.C. McCalla 2331\i0{}. \i{}Festuca
                       saximontana\i0{}. Side of road. Mountain Avenue. Alt.
                       2600 ft. July 28th 1899.">
      saxim.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} <(St.-Yves) Tzvelev>/
      brcop.gif <@subject Habitat and plant>
                <@text x=29 y=802 w=573 h=154 m
                       t=Habitat and plant of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}purpusiana\i0{}. Left, White Mountains of California
                       at approximately 3800 m (at arrow). At 100-200 m below
                       the summit, \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}coloradensis\i0{} (upper right) and \i{}F.
                       saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} (lower
                       right), grow within meters of each other.>
      sapua.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=413 y=285 w=505 h=473 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}purpusiana\i0{}. Leaf blades are 0.3-0.4-0.5 mm wide
                       and 0.55-0.65-0.8 mm deep, with 5 veins. Adaxial to
                       abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are poorly developed or well developed, in
                       broad bands or continuous. There is one well defined rib
                       and 2-4 poorly defined ribs.>
      b1954001.gif <@subject Cotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=13 y=253 w=297 h=491 m
                          t=Second specimen of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}purpusiana\i0{} cited by St.-Yves (1925), cotype.
                          Flora of South-Eastern California, Mountains north of
                          Farewell Gap, Alt. 11-12000 ft., April-Sept. 1897,
                          \i{}C.A. Purpus 5112\i0{}.>
      sapum.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca trachyphylla\i0{} <(Hack.) Krajina>/
      b1838065.gif <@subject Growing as an ornamental plant>
                   <@text x=21 y=210 w=178 h=567 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca trachyphylla\i0{} growing as an
                          ornamental plant. Photograph taken at the
                          horticultural gardens, Agriculture Canada, Central
                          Experimental Farm, Ottawa.>
      tracacul.gif <@subject Growing as "no mow" grass>
                   <@text x=66 y=327 w=347 h=354 m
                          t=\i{}Festuca trachyphylla\i0{} being grown as a "no
                          mow" grass. Photograph taken at Alberta Ellerslie
                          Experimental Station, Edmonton, Alberta.>
      traca.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=421 y=152 w=496 h=706 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.4-0.47-0.6 mm wide and 0.75-0.9-1.15 mm
                       deep, with (5-)7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well
                       developed, in broad bands or continuous forming an
                       interrupted or almost continuous, unevenly thickened
                       ring; Markgarf-Dannenberg (1980) indicated that the
                       sclerenchyma is sometimes in 3 strands, but this has not
                       been found in North American specimens. There are 3-5
                       ribs.>

# \i{}Festuca valesiaca\i0{} <Schleich. ex Gaud.> s.l./
      b1238031.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen: NAU>
                   <@text x=13 y=234 w=263 h=493 m
                          t=Herbarium specimen of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{}. Sample
                          collected in Arizona, Kaibab Forest near the Grand
                          Canyon. It was possibly planted to stabilize roadsides
                          in the area.>
      valep.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=86 y=275 w=244 h=372 m
                       t=Illustration of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} from Hegi, G.
                       1906. \i{}Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa\i0{}.>
      valea.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=387 y=242 w=546 h=582 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.2-0.35-0.5 mm wide and 0.4-0.6-0.85 mm deep,
                       with 5-7 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands
                       are absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well
                       developed, in broad bands or continuous. There are 3
                       stout strands at midvein and blade margins; sclerenchyma
                       rarely confluent. Leaf cross sections are similar to
                       those of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} Drobow, but smaller. There
                       is one well defined rib and 2 poorly defined ribs.>

# \i{}Festuca viridula\i0{} <Vasey>/
      virib2.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                 <@text x=97 y=342 w=230 h=323 m
                        t=Illustration of \i{}F. viridula\i0{} by R. Cowing that
                        accompanied the original description of this species
                        Vasey (1892).>
      viria.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=452 y=321 w=509 h=402 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. viridula\i0{}. Leaf blades
                       are 0.4-0.65-1 mm wide and 0.85-1-1.3 mm deep, with veins
                       7-12. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent;
                       sclerenchyma sometimes on the top of the ribs. Abaxial
                       sclerenchyma are well developed, in broad bands or
                       continuous. There are 5-10 ribs.>
      virim.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca viviparoidea\i0{} <Krajina ex Pavlick s.l.>/
      vipam.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca altaica\i0{} <Trin.>/
      altap.gif <@subject Habitat and inflorescence>
                <@text x=18 y=874 w=967 h=122 m
                       t=Habitat and inflorescence of \i{}F. altaica\i0{}. Left,
                       a zone dominated by \i{}F. altaica\i0{} in the China Head
                       Mountains of British Columbia. Right, inflorescences
                       photographed against the skyline to show the drooping
                       angles of the branches.>
      altap2.gif <@subject Habitat in Northern Yukon>
                 <@text x=15 y=93 w=201 h=840 m
                        t=The reddish zone towards the foreground of this
                        picture is dominated by bunches of \i{}F. altaica\i0{}
                        (a bunch is indicated by the arrow). Caribou in the
                        distance had been grazing in this area, which was an
                        unusually grassy area of the "barren" lands.>
      altaa.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=640 y=144 w=342 h=715 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. altaica\i0{}. Plicate leaf
                       blades are 0.5-0.79-1.4 mm wide and 0.65-0.96-1.2 mm
                       deep, with 7-17 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are present. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       poorly developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                       opposite the veins. There are 6-9 well defined ribs.>
      altas.gif <@subject Holotype of controversial specimen: NY>
                <@text x=5 y=24 w=314 h=953 m
                       t=Holotype of the Drummond collection of \i{}F.
                       altaica\i0{} that became the type specimen of \i{}F.
                       scabrella\i0{}. The main label reads. "Type? \i{}F.
                       scabrella\i0{} n. sp! Hook. Fl. Bor. p.253. 6.233.
                       Sheaths scabrous... with minute hairs, Rocky Mountains.
                       T. Drummond. Hooker". The faded label reads "this is the
                       typical plant distinguished by the small size and smaller
                       spikelets, and no ligule. It occurs well north of the
                       Rocky Mountains. It extends to the Gaspe region in Canada
                       F. (Fernald)". This specimen has been annotated as a
                       lectotype by L.E. Pavlick and as an isosyntype by A.
                       Alexeev.>
      altap1.gif <@subject Controversial Drummond isotype specimens: GH>
                 <@text x=6 y=10 w=237 h=982 m
                        t=Drummond collections of \i{}F. altaica\i0{} housed at
                        the Gray Herbarium. Left, the original sheet appears to
                        have been cut around the plant material on the left hand
                        side of the sheet and mounted onto a second sheet with
                        no more information on the entire sheet than is shown on
                        the right hand side. On the extreme left the words along
                        the border read, " \i{}F. Thurberi\i0{} V =
                        \i{}scabrella\i0{}". The writing at the bottom left hand
                        corner is, "Rky. Mt. Drummond". The specimen was
                        photographed by Agriculture Canada as number 279. The
                        upper annotation reads, "\i{}Festuca altaica\i0{} Trin.
                        in Ledeb. (possible isotype of \i{}F. scabrella\i0{}
                        Torr. in Hook.) Determined by Leon E. Pavlick, B.C.
                        Provincial Museum, Victoria. Sept. 1981." The lower
                        annotation reads, "probably isotype of \i{}Festuca
                        scabrella\i0{} Torr. in Hook. (nix Thurberi!) Aug. 27
                        1947. C.A. Taylor Jr."(C.A. Taylor was a student of H.A.
                        Gleason at Cornell University who began a thesis study
                        of \i{}Festuca\i0{} but never finished it). Right, a
                        second sheet that appears to be the other half of the
                        sheet on the left. This has been stamped ISOTYPE. The
                        annotation beside the stamp reads, "Festuca scabrella
                        Torr. in Hook. Fl. Bot. Am. 2. p. 252. t. 233. Rocky
                        Mts. Hook. ex. Torr. Drummond (original stook)". A
                        second closely associated label reads, "Ex. Herb. George
                        Thurber (Purchased 1800)".>
      altap3.gif <@subject Genotypic variation>
                 <@text x=6 y=30 w=295 h=948 m
                        t=Fig. 1. \i{}Festuca altaica\i0{} collection from the
                        Yukon with relatively long and wide, flat leaves. W.J.
                        Cody 27968. Plants like this, S.G. Aiken 90-078, had
                        2\i{}n\i0{}=28 chromosomes. Fig. 2. \i{}F. altaica\i0{}
                        collection of plants from the same Yukon site as those
                        in Fig. 1, W.J. Cody 27696. The leaves are conspicuously
                        shorter and inrolled so that they appear very narrow.
                        Plants like this, S.G. Aiken 90-079, had 2\i{}n\i0{}=28
                        + 2B chromosomes. Fig. 3. Somatic metaphase plate of
                        \i{}F. altaica\i0{} collection S.G. Aiken 90-079,
                        showing a chromosome number of 2\i{}n\i0{}=28 + 2B.
                        Arrows point to the two B chromosomes. 4800 x. Fig. 4.
                        Somatic metaphase plate of \i{}F. altaica\i0{}, S.G.
                        Aiken, 90-079 showing a chromosome number of
                        2\i{}n\i0{}=28 + 2B. Arrows point to the two B
                        chromosomes. Present also are fragments deleted from
                        other chromosomes. 3000 x. (Original pictures in Aiken
                        and Fedak, 1992).>
      altam.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca californica\i0{} <Vasey>/
      calip.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                <@text x=19 y=825 w=963 h=158 m
                       t=Left, \i{}Festuca californica\i0{} plants. Right, close
                       up of spikelets of the plants. Photographed in Oregon,
                       Jackson County, at Buckle County Park, 20 June, 1994, by
                       Barbara Wilson>
      calip2.gif <@subject Plant habit>
                 <@text x=17 y=743 w=962 h=240 m
                        t=Left, \i{}Festuca californica\i0{} plants with sparse
                        inflorescences. Right, close up of inflorescence
                        branches which are separated by an angle of
                        approximately 90 at the lowest inflorescence node. The
                        inflorescence branches of \i{}F. altaica\i0{} and \i{}F.
                        subverticillata\i0{}, that are borne much the same way,
                        are illustrated with those species. Photographed in
                        Oregon, Jackson County, at Buckle County Park, 20 June,
                        1994, by Barbara Wilson>
      calib.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=86 y=383 w=235 h=175 m
                       t=Illustration from Piper (1906) as \i{}F.
                       aristulata\i0{} (Torrey) Shear.>
      calfa.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=677 y=146 w=298 h=710 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. californica\i0{}. Leaf
                       blades are 0.6-1.2-1.8 mm wide and 0.95-1.31-1.7 mm deep,
                       with 7-15 veins, prominent. Adaxial to abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are present. Abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are well developed, in broad bands or continuous.
                       There are 7-14 ribs.>
      b1838104.gif <@subject Habitat>
                   <@text x=52 y=292 w=303 h=392 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. californica\i0{} growing in
                          California, Napa Valley, Spanish Flat, 1 mile south of
                          lower Charles Valley Road. A common plant in the
                          chaparral. S.G. Aiken 88-439.>
      calit.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: US>
                <@text x=11 y=273 w=315 h=455 m
                       t=Holotype specimen of \i{}F. californica\i0{} Vasey.
                       Photocopy of specimen. The label has \i{}scabrella\i0{}
                       crossed out. Coll. \i{}H.N. Bolander 1505\i0{}. Torr.
                       Oakland Hills, 1862. The specimen was annotated by E.B.
                       Alexeev in June, 1979.>
      b1954080.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=11 y=180 w=269 h=640 m
                          t=Isotype specimen of \i{}F. californica\i0{}. The
                          labels read, "California. Coll. H.N. Bolander 186.
                          \i{}Fest. scabrella\i0{} Torr. Oakland (unreadable)
                          =1505 of Cat. St.Yves source local and collect. \i{}F.
                          californica\i0{} Vasey C.V.P. (Piper), Isotype, GH.>
      calim.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca campestris\i0{} <Rydb.>/
      b1238062.gif <@subject Close up of flowering plants>
                   <@text x=31 y=271 w=267 h=416 m
                          t=Grasses in \i{}Festuca\i0{} grassland in British
                          Columbia. The taller grass is \i{}F. campestris\i0{}.
                          The marker, in 10 cm units, is beside a blue green
                          plant of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}.>
      b1838034.gif <@subject Habitat>
                   <@text x=23 y=185 w=217 h=471 m
                          t=Tussock of \i{}F. campestris\i0{} showing spring
                          re-growth after burning (white arrows point to burned
                          areas). Photographed in British Columbia by S.J.
                          Darbyshire, 1982.>
      b1238063.gif <@subject \i{}F. campestris\i0{} beside \i{}F.
                            idahoensis\i0{}>
                   <@text x=12 y=361 w=200 h=273 m
                          t=The taller grass is \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. The
                          grass beside the marker, divided in to 10 cm units, is
                          \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}.>
      b1238060.gif <@subject Habitat in British Columbia>
                   <@text x=15 y=211 w=191 h=502 m
                          t=Fescue grasslands in British Columbia. \i{}F.
                          campestris\i0{} is a dominant grass, but there are
                          some \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} plants, approaching the
                          northern limit of its known range.>
      b1238061.gif <@subject Grasslands in British Columbia>
                   <@text x=2 y=60 w=198 h=878 m
                          t=Grasslands in British Columbia. South facing,
                          exposed slopes are too dry to support the growth of
                          gymnosperm trees that occur on the north facing
                          slopes. Shown in the foreground are planted,
                          introduced \i{}Elymus\i0{} species, which are usually
                          found in a middle ground, native \i{}Festuca\i0{}
                          grassland.>
      campa.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=721 y=54 w=269 h=815 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. Plicate
                       leaf blades are 0.6-0.95-1.75 mm wide and 0.8-1.02-1.9 mm
                       deep, with 7-10 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are present. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       well developed, in broad bands or continuous. There are
                       6-10 prominent ribs.>
      campt.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: NY>
                <@text x=11 y=333 w=297 h=277 m
                       t=Isotype specimen of \i{}Festuca scabrella\i0{} var.
                       \i{}major\i0{}, collected by \i{}W.N. Suksdorf\i0{}
                       Washington Ter., Spokane Co., \i{} W.N. Suksdorf,
                       118\i0{}.>
      camps.gif <@subject Specimen of interest: NY>
                <@text x=9 y=264 w=327 h=455 m
                       t=Specimen of \i{}Festuca scabrella\i0{} var.
                       \i{}major\i0{}, collected by \i{}W.N. Suksdorf\i0{}
                       Washington State, Spokane Co., prairies. June 18, 1881.
                       This is a possible isotype, but lacks the collection
                       number 188 on the label.>
      b1954075.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: US>
                   <@text x=6 y=175 w=248 h=642 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. Left, label
                          reads, "From the United States National Herbarium
                          \i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Trin. var. Locality: Spokane,
                          Wash. Ter. Collector \i{}W.W. Suksdorf 118\i0{}, June,
                          1884." US>
      b1954073.gif <@subject Cited with type specimen: US>
                   <@text x=10 y=240 w=235 h=494 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. Label
                          reads," \i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Torr. var.
                          \i{}major\i0{} V. Collector \i{}G.R. Vasey\i0{},
                          Washington Territory, 1883. Cited in original
                          description". US 1005099.>
      b1954018.gif <@subject Impact of burning>
                   <@text x=9 y=125 w=298 h=751 m
                          t=Herbarium specimen of \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. Plant
                          less than 30 cm tall on 3 June 1902 show limited new
                          seasons growth after burning. Leaf cross sections show
                          fewer than 5 abaxial to adaxial sclerenchyma strands.
                          For further discussion see the taxonomic notes.
                          Eastern Washington: \i{}Wenar David Griffiths and J.S.
                          Cotton 92\i0{}. US 1005087.>
      campm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca hallii\i0{} <(Vasey) Piper>/
      b4261032.gif <@subject Plants in prairie habitat>
                   <@text x=20 y=270 w=217 h=-9 m
                          t=Dominant grass is \i{}F. hallii\i0{} growing in the
                          Kernen prairie, near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
                          Photograph by E. Hendrycks, Canadian Museum of
                          Nature.>
      hallip.gif <@subject Fescue prairie habitat>
                 <@text x=32 y=168 w=255 h=606 m
                        t=Kernen prairie, near the town of Saskatoon,
                        Saskatchewan, is approximately 5 acres of native prairie
                        that has never been plowed. One of the dominant native
                        grasses is \i{}Festuca hallii\i0{}. Photograph by E.
                        Hendrycks, Canadian Museum of Nature.>
      halla.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=540 y=265 w=419 h=475 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. hallii\i0{}. Leaf blades
                       are 0.4-0.78-1 mm wide and 0.7-0.98-1.25 mm deep, with
                       5-10 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       present. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well developed,
                       in broad bands or continuous, often narrow. There are 5-8
                       ribs.>
      hallm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca kingii\i0{} <(S. Watson) Cassidy>/
      kingb2.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                 <@text x=49 y=281 w=270 h=392 m
                        t=Illustration of \i{}F. kingii\i0{} from Scribner
                        (1901). Notes accompanying the illustration read, (a)
                        Spikelets 3-5 flowered, 6-8 mm long with
                        ovate-lanceolate, thin acute glumes.>
      kingb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=83 y=392 w=200 h=167 m
                       t=Illustration in Piper (1906) as \i{}F. confinis\i0{}
                       Vasey.>
      kinga.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=612 y=273 w=360 h=573 m
                       t=Leaf blades are 0.65-0.93-1.25 mm wide and
                       1.05-1.39-1.97 mm deep, data from 6 leaves of 4
                       specimens. There are 10-16 veins. Adaxial to abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are present. Abaxial sclerenchyma
                       strands are well developed, in broad bands or continuous.
                       There are 10-16 ribs.>
      kingm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca ligulata\i0{} <Swallen>/
      b0880001.gif <@subject \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} plant habit>
                   <@text x=59 y=353 w=297 h=272 m
                          t=Plant growing in Texas, Big Bend National Park.
                          Photograph by Jackie Poole Texas Parks and Wildlife
                          Department.>
      b0880002.gif <@subject \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} ligule>
                   <@text x=14 y=299 w=240 h=416 m
                          t=The junction of the leaf and leaf blade showing the
                          relatively long ligule in this species. Plant growing
                          in Texas, Big Bend National Park. Photograph by Jackie
                          Poole Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.>
      b0880003.gif <@subject \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} inflorescence>
                   <@text x=22 y=299 w=336 h=345 m
                          t=Close up of inflorescence showing branches borne to
                          one side of the rachis Plant growing in Texas, Big
                          Bend National Park. Photograph by Jackie Poole Texas
                          Parks and Wildlife Department.>
      b1954093.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: US>
                   <@text x=10 y=141 w=243 h=718 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} collected in Texas,
                          Culberson County, Guadalupe Mountains, in shaded moist
                          slopes along creek, upper McKittrick Canyon. Alt. 1980
                          m, \i{}22 July 1931, J.A. Moore and J.A.
                          Steyermark\i0{}. US 1501601.>
      b1954005.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=6 y=147 w=226 h=712 m
                          t=Plants of \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} collected in Texas,
                          Culberson County, Guadalupe Mountains, in shaded moist
                          slopes along creek, upper McKittrick Canyon. Alt. 1980
                          m, 22 July 1931, \i{}J.A. Moore and J.A.
                          Steyermark\i0{}. GH.>
      ligut.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: MO>
                <@text x=14 y=240 w=312 h=500 m
                       t=Plants of \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} collected in Texas,
                       Culberson County, Guadalupe Mountains, in shaded moist
                       slopes along creek, upper McKittrick Canyon. Alt. 1980 m,
                       22 July 1931, \i{}J.A. Moore and J.A. Steyermark\i0{}. MO
                       1011736.>
      ligua.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=483 y=69 w=486 h=852 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. ligulata\i0{}. Leaf blades
                       are 0.6-0.71-1 mm wide, when tightly rolled and
                       0.75-0.91-1.2 mm deep, based on 5 cross sections. There
                       are 5-7 veins, 3 large, 2 or 4 small. Adaxial to abaxial
                       sclerenchyma strands are present, or absent, apparently
                       differing from \i{}F. thurberi\i0{} in this character but
                       both conditions reported by Manuel Gonzalez, a student of
                       Stephen Koch, who in 1989 had many herbarium specimens on
                       loan for a thesis project and analyzed a DELTA character
                       list. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well developed, in
                       discrete, relatively narrow strands opposite the veins.
                       There are 7 ribs.>
      ligum.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca parishii\i0{} <(Piper) Hitchc.>/
      b1954081.gif <@subject Isotype specimen>
                   <@text x=9 y=217 w=300 h=530 m
                          t=Isotype specimen of \i{}F. parishii\i0{}. Label
                          reads, "Cotype. Plants of Southern California, San
                          Bernardino Co. \i{}F. aristulata Parishii\i0{} Piper.
                          Mill Creek Falls, Southern Slope of San Bernardino
                          Mts. Alt. 5,500 ft. \i{}No. 5036 Coll. S.B.
                          Parish\i0{}, June 20, 1901".>
      parit.gif <@subject Holotype specimen>
                <@text x=8 y=141 w=298 h=723 m
                       t=Holotype specimen of \i{}F. parishii\i0{}. Annotated by
                       E.B. Alexeev, June 1979. Photocopy of specimen. Label
                       reads, "Plants of Southern California, San Bernardino Co.
                       \i{}Festuca aristulata Parishii\i0{} Piper. Mill Creek
                       Falls, Southern Slope of San Bernardino Mts. Alt. 5,500
                       ft. No. 5036 Coll. S.B. Parish June 20, 1901".>
      paria.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=655 y=122 w=326 h=685 m
                       t=Leaf blades are 0.45-0.65 mm wide and 0.95-1.1 mm deep
                       (data from the two leaf cross sections shown), with 7
                       veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well developed
                       (sclerenchyma bands relatively narrow). There are 3-7
                       ribs, with the midrib well defined and the lateral ribs
                       variously defined.>

# \i{}Festuca thurberi\i0{} <Vasey>/
      thurb.gif <@subject Line Drawing>
                <@text x=94 y=401 w=175 h=162 m
                       t=Illustration of \i{}F. thurberi\i0{} from Piper
                       (1906).>
      thura.gif <@subject Leaf anatomy>
                <@text x=540 y=208 w=435 h=517 m
                       t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. thurberi\i0{}. Leaf blades
                       are 0.6-0.87-1.2 mm wide and 0.75-1.2-1.7 mm deep, with
                       9-15 veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                       present. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are well developed,
                       in broad bands or continuous, sclerenchyma varying in
                       thickness. There are 9-13 ribs.>
      b1954072.gif <@subject Holotype specimen: US>
                   <@text x=8 y=325 w=231 h=353 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. thurberi\i0{} from Colorado,
                          South Park, 1873, \i{}John Wolf 11154\i0{}. Holotype:
                          US.>
      b1954091.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=8 y=342 w=257 h=273 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. thurberi\i0{} from Colorado,
                          South Park, 1873, \i{}John Wolf 11154\i0{}. Isotype:
                          GH.>
      thurm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca arundinacea\i0{} <Schreb.>/
      arunb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=54 y=227 w=308 h=530 m
                       t=Illustration from Scribner (1898) as \i{}F. elatior
                       arundinacea\i0{}. REED FESCUE. The notes accompanying the
                       description state, "Introduced here and there, District
                       of Columbia, Michigan, Utah, Oregon etc." In 1996, it has
                       a very widespread distribution.>
      arunc.gif <@subject Ciliate auricles of \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}>
                <@text x=9 y=140 w=177 h=719 m
                       t=Ciliate auricles of \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}. Young
                       leaves with well developed auricles are ciliate in \i{}F.
                       arundinacea\i0{} and glabrous in \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}.
                       The cilia and even the auricles are often lost or sparse
                       in older leaves of herbarium specimens.>
      b0667014.gif <@subject Contrasting auricle characters of \i{}F.
                            arundinacea\i0{} and \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}>
                   <@text x=21 y=196 w=166 h=573 m
                          t=Contrasting auricle characters of \i{}F.
                          arundinacea\i0{} and \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}. Left,
                          \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}, auricles glabrous. Right,
                          \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}, auricles ciliate.>
      b0667009.gif <@subject Contrast of inflorescences at anthesis>
                   <@text x=13 y=180 w=311 h=609 m
                          t=Contrast of inflorescences at anthesis. Left,
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. pratensis\i0{} showing the
                          lowest node having a single spikelet and a short
                          branch that may have 2-4 spikelets. Right,
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{} showing the
                          lowest node having two branches, each with several
                          spikelets.>
      b0667010.gif <@subject Contrast of inflorescences after anthesis>
                   <@text x=4 y=37 w=309 h=928 m
                          t=Contrast of inflorescences after anthesis. Left, an
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. pratensis\i0{} showing
                          appressed branches at the lowest node. There is a
                          single spikelet right of the main rachis and a longer
                          branch with 3-4 spikelets to the left. Right, an
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}. The branches
                          are not appressed after anthesis, and the way that a
                          pair of branches is borne towards one side of the
                          rachis is characteristic.>
      b1238064.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen: NAU>
                   <@text x=14 y=344 w=247 h=271 m
                          t=Herbarium specimen of \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{} with
                          vegetatively proliferating spikelets.>

# \i{}Festuca gigantea\i0{} <(L.) Vill.>/
      b1954102.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen: CAN>
                   <@text x=12 y=281 w=216 h=383 m
                          t=Duplicate specimen of \i{}F. gigantea\i0{} from one
                          of two collection sites in Quebec, known in 1995.>
      gigam.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca pratensis\i0{} <Huds.>/
      b0667007.gif <@subject Plant at anthesis>
                   <@text x=11 y=223 w=268 h=506 m
                          t=Plant of \i{}F. pratensis\i0{} at anthesis, showing
                          inflorescences with few branches and few spikelets per
                          branch. At anthesis the branches spread open but
                          remain at acute angles to the rachis.>
      pratb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=32 y=164 w=335 h=655 m
                       t=Illustration from Scribner (1898) as \i{}F. elatior
                       pratensis\i0{}. MEADOW FESCUE. The notes accompanying the
                       description state, "In fields and waysides, introduced,
                       Nova Scotia, to North Carolina, west to Washington,
                       Oregon and Kansas". In 1898, this species was more common
                       than REED FESCUE, while in 1996 it is less so.>
      b0667014.gif <@subject Contrasting auricle characters of \i{}F.
                            arundinacea\i0{} and \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}>
                   <@text x=23 y=176 w=165 h=614 m
                          t=Contrasting auricle characters of \i{}F.
                          arundinacea\i0{} and \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}. Left,
                          \i{}F. pratensis\i0{}, auricles are glabrous. Right,
                          \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}, auricles are ciliate.>
      b0667008.gif <@subject Close up of base of inflorescence at anthesis>
                   <@text x=25 y=296 w=250 h=418 m
                          t=A close up of the base of the inflorescence of
                          \i{}F. pratensis\i0{} at anthesis, showing the lowest
                          node with a single spikelet (left) and a short branch
                          that in this case has two spikelets.>
      b0667009.gif <@subject Contrast of inflorescences at anthesis>
                   <@text x=17 y=154 w=304 h=683 m
                          t=Contrast of inflorescences at anthesis. Left,
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. pratensis\i0{} showing the
                          lowest node with a single spikelet and a short branch
                          that may have 2-4 spikelets. Right, inflorescence of
                          \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{} showing the lowest node having
                          two branches, each with several spikelets.>
      b0667010.gif <@subject Contrast of inflorescences after anthesis>
                   <@text x=4 y=37 w=309 h=928 m
                          t=Contrast of inflorescences after anthesis. Left, an
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. pratensis\i0{} showing
                          appressed branches at the lowest node. There is a
                          single spikelet right of the main rachis and a longer
                          branch with 3-4 spikelets to the left. Right, an
                          inflorescence of \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}. The branches
                          are not appressed after anthesis, and the way that a
                          pair of branches is borne towards one side of the
                          rachis is characteristic.>
      b0667012.gif <@subject Post-anthesis inflorescence>
                   <@text x=20 y=217 w=283 h=537 m
                          t=A post-anthesis inflorescence of \i{}F.
                          pratensis\i0{} showing the lowest node with a single
                          spikelet (right) and a short branch that in this case
                          has 4 spikelets (appressed left). The flag leaf is
                          close to the base of the inflorescence and almost at
                          right angles to it.>

# \i{}Festuca elmeri\i0{} <Scribn. & Merr.>/
      elmeb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=100 y=424 w=185 h=120 m
                       t=Illustration of \i{}F. elmeri\i0{} from Piper (1906).>
      elmes.gif <@subject Isotype specimen of name in synonymy: NY>
                <@text x=12 y=286 w=275 h=416 m
                       t=Isotype specimen of \i{}F. howellii\i0{}, Hack. ex Beal
                       Grasses N. Amer. 2: 591. 1896. Label reads, "\i{}F.
                       howellii\i0{} Hook. Oregon. T. Howell. 7/5/1887". NY>
      elmem.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca sororia\i0{} <Piper>/
      b1954079.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=6 y=16 w=233 h=975 m
                          t=Annotated as "Isotype specimen of \i{}F.
                          sororia\i0{} Piper, Aug. 27 1947. C.A. Taylor Jr."
                          Main label reads "177, from the United States National
                          Herbarium, \i{}F. fratercula\i0{} Rupt? Det. 7500 ft.
                          In ravines. Locality Rincon Mountains, Arizona.
                          Collector \i{}G.C. Nealley\i0{}, Aug. & Sept. 1891.
                          rel." GH.>
      sorot.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: NY>
                <@text x=17 y=197 w=280 h=600 m
                       t=Annotated as "Isotype specimen of \i{}F. sororia\i0{}
                       Piper, Aug. 27 1947. C.A. Taylor Jr." Main label reads,
                       "177, from the United States National Herbarium, \i{}F.
                       fratercula\i0{} Rupt? Det. 7500 ft. In ravines. Locality
                       Rincon Mountains, Arizona. Collector \i{}G.C.
                       Nealley\i0{}, Aug. & Sept. 1891." NY>
      sorom.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca subulata\i0{} <Trin.>/
      subub.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=63 y=398 w=270 h=171 m
                       t=Illustration from Scribner (1901) as \i{}F.
                       jonesii\i0{}, which is a synonym.>
      b1954089.gif <@subject Type specimen of nomen nudum: GH>
                   <@text x=10 y=178 w=238 h=643 m
                          t=Type specimen of nomen nudum. \i{}F. jonesii\i0{}
                          Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1893, nomen
                          nudum; U.S.A. Utah: City Creek Canon, Alt. 7300 feet.
                          \i{}Marcus E. Jones, A.M.\i0{} 17 July, 1880. GH.>
      subum.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca subuliflora\i0{} <Scribn.>/
      subfb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=83 y=420 w=201 h=125 m
                       t=Illustrated in Piper (1906) as \i{}F.
                       subuliflora\i0{}.>
      subfm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca paradoxa\i0{} <Desv.>/
      parap.gif <@subject Habitat and close up of plant>
                <@text x=0 y=68 w=241 h=868 m
                       t=Habitat and close up of a plant of \i{}F.
                       paradoxa\i0{}. Main picture, Margaret Magai is holding an
                       inflorescence of pre-anthesis cluster fescue. Inset, a
                       close up of the inflorescence showing clustered and
                       drooping arrangement of spikelets. Later in the growing
                       season, when caryopses have developed making the
                       inflorescence heavier, this is more pronounced.>
      b1954090.gif <@subject Isotype specimen: GH>
                   <@text x=9 y=173 w=218 h=676 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{}. Label on
                          bottom left hand corner reads, "\i{}Festuca
                          pratensis\i0{}? \i{}nutans\i0{}. Barrens of Ky
                          apparently native! C.W. Short M.D., Kentucky, 1842."
                          Isotype GH.>
      param.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca subverticillata\i0{} <(Pers.) E. B. Alexeev>/
      b0667004.gif <@subject Inflorescence branch with spikelets at anthesis>
                   <@text x=21 y=242 w=201 h=502 m
                          t=A plant of \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{} showing an
                          inflorescence branch with spikelets at anthesis. The
                          branch has 5 spikelets, that do not overlap. The
                          spikelet, second from the right, is open in anthesis.>
      b0667002.gif <@subject Inflorescence pre-anthesis>
                   <@text x=35 y=238 w=260 h=498 m
                          t=Pre-anthesis inflorescence of \i{}F.
                          subverticillata\i0{} showing lower branches slightly
                          reflexed and borne in pairs that are separated by a
                          wide angle. Note relatively few spikelets per branch.>
      b0667003.gif <@subject Inflorescence pre-anthesis>
                   <@text x=42 y=262 w=241 h=455 m
                          t=Pre-anthesis inflorescence of \i{}F.
                          subverticillata\i0{} showing lower branches slightly
                          reflexed and borne in pairs that while separated by a
                          wide angle, arise from one side of the rachis.>
      b0667005.gif <@subject Habitat and inflorescences "shelling out">
                   <@text x=34 y=253 w=288 h=466 m
                          t=Inflorescences of \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{} that
                          are almost erect at anthesis, droop under the weight
                          of seeds to be almost parallel with the forest floor.
                          Many of the spikelets have shed some or all of their
                          seeds.>
      b0667006.gif <@subject Inflorescences after seed set>
                   <@text x=36 y=310 w=191 h=416 m
                          t=Inflorescence branches of \i{}F.
                          subverticillata\i0{} become strongly reflexed when
                          spikelets are heavy with seeds. Most of the spikelets
                          have shed all of their seeds.>
      subvm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca versuta\i0{} <Beal>/
      versb.gif <@subject Line drawing>
                <@text x=71 y=420 w=220 h=130 m
                       t=Illustration from Piper (1906) as \i{}F. johnsoni\i0{}
                       Vasey.>
      verst.gif <@subject Holotype specimen of name in synonymy, US>
                <@text x=7 y=275 w=282 h=424 m
                       t=Holotype specimen of \i{}F. nutans\i0{} var.
                       \i{}johnsonii\i0{} Vasey. Collected: Texas: Hamilton Co.,
                       1886, \i{}Mr. Johnson, s.n\i0{}. Photocopy of specimen.
                       Annotated by E.B. Alexeev.>
      versm.gif <@subject Distribution map>

# \i{}Festuca auriculata\i0{} <Drobow> s.s./
      b1838006.gif <@subject Herbarium specimen>
                   <@text x=8 y=242 w=251 h=490 m
                          t=Duplicate of a specimen collected in the Northern
                          Yukon at Shingle Point, that Alexeev (1985) considered
                          to be evidence of \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} occurring in
                          Canada.>
      auagsp.gif <@subject Spikelet>
                 <@text x=78 y=307 w=318 h=357 m
                        t=Spikelet of \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} scanned from
                        Frederiksen, S. (1983). \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} in North
                        America - Nord. J. Bot. 3: 631 (with permission).>
      b1238024.gif <@subject The Yukon Shingle Point>
                   <@text x=5 y=78 w=198 h=853 m
                          t=The Yukon Shingle Point. Gravel shoreline near the
                          site where the specimen considered to be \i{}F.
                          auriculata\i0{} by Alexeev (1985) was collected. The
                          exact location has been destroyed and no evidence of
                          the species in the adjacent area was found in an
                          extensive 2 day search in 1988 by S.G. Aiken.>
      b1838008.gif <@subject Type specimen, LE>
                   <@text x=10 y=232 w=308 h=539 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} from the LE
                          herbarium. Neotype: Yakutian, ASSR, Bulunskii region,
                          northern Verkhoyanye, middle coarse of Kharaulakh
                          River, stony tundra near the foot of coniform hill, 7
                          VII 1960, B. Yuetsev. LE.>

# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{} <Frederiksen>/
      brcoa1.gif <@subject = \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}coloradensis\i0{} leaf anatomy>
                 <@text x=423 y=129 w=508 h=754 m
                        t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                        \i{}coloradensis\i0{} based on the average of 10 samples
                        from collections in California. Leaf blades are
                        0.35-0.65 mm wide and 0.35-0.95 mm deep, with 3-5(-7)
                        veins. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands are
                        absent. Abaxial sclerenchyma strands are poorly
                        developed, in discrete, relatively narrow strands
                        opposite the veins, but sometimes more strongly
                        developed than in arctic specimens of subsp.
                        \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. There is one well defined rib and
                        2-4 variously defined lateral ribs.>
      brbrt.gif <@subject Type specimen of name in synonymy: CAS>
                <@text x=63 y=202 w=278 h=607 m
                       t=Type specimen of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}breviculmis\i0{}, scanned from Frederiksen, S. (1982,
                       with permission). U.S.A. California: Inyo Co, Mono Mesa,
                       24 July 1946, \i{}J. Th. Howell 22706\i0{}. CAS.>

# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} <Frederiksen> s.s./
      brcop.gif <@subject Habitat and close up of plant>
                <@text x=26 y=745 w=581 h=249 m
                       t=Left, White Mountains of California at 3800 m, where
                       plants were found growing 100-200 m below the summit
                       (white arrow). \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                       \i{}coloradensis\i0{} (upper right) and \i{}F.
                       saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} (lower right)
                       grow within meters of each other at this location.>
      b1838019.gif <@subject Plant growing in California>
                   <@text x=44 y=350 w=186 h=279 m
                          t=Plant of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}coloradensis\i0{} growing in the White Mountains
                          of California.>
      brcoa2.gif <@subject = \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                          \i{}coloradensis\i0{} leaf anatomy>
                 <@text x=492 y=188 w=423 h=664 m
                        t=Leaf cross section of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
                        \i{}breviculmis\i0{} based on the average of 10 samples
                        from outside of California. Leaf blades are 0.25-0.5 mm
                        wide and 0.5-0.95 mm deep, with 3-5 veins. Adaxial to
                        abaxial sclerenchyma strands are absent. Abaxial
                        sclerenchyma are poorly developed, in discrete,
                        relatively narrow strands opposite the 1 well defined
                        rib and 2-4 variously defined lateral ribs.>

# \i{}Festuca prolifera\i0{} <(Piper) Fernald> var. \i{}prolifera\i0{}/
      b1954086.gif <@subject Type specimen>
                   <@text x=10 y=112 w=235 h=791 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. prolifera\i0{} var.
                          \i{}prolifera\i0{}. Lower left hand label reads,
                          "\i{}Festuca ovina\i0{}, L. var. \i{}vivipara\i0{}.
                          Alpine brooks, Mt. Washington, September 2, 1877.
                          \i{}C.G. Pringle\i0{}". In hand writing at centre of
                          sheet, "\i{}F. prolifera\i0{} (Piper) Fern.">

# \i{}Festuca prolifera\i0{} var. \i{}lasiolepis\i0{} <Fernald>/
      b1954067.gif <@subject Type specimen>
                   <@text x=10 y=223 w=295 h=528 m
                          t=Type specimen of \i{}F. prolifera\i0{} var.
                          \i{}lasiolepis\i0{}. Flora of Western Newfoundland,
                          Main Arm (East Arm of charts), Bonne Bay. Limestone
                          cliffs near Stanleyville, \i{}M.L. Fernald, Bayard
                          Long and J.M. Fogg, Jr. 1236, 9 August 1929\i0{}. GH.>

# \i{}Festuca vallicola\i0{} <Rydb.>/
      b1238012.gif <@subject Isotype specimen, NY>
                   <@text x=6 y=164 w=265 h=675 m
                          t=Isotype specimen from NY of \i{}F. vallicola\i0{}.
                          Right hand label reads: "\i{}F. rubra\i0{} L. Locality
                          Sliver Bow, Mont. Meadow. \i{}2108 P.A. Rydberg\i0{},
                          8 July 1805". The delicate nature of the plants
                          suggests they may be have been collected in the first
                          year of growth. Isotype NY.>
      b1238014.gif <@subject Isotype specimen, NY>
                   <@text x=8 y=167 w=276 h=681 m
                          t=Isotype specimen of \i{}F. vallicola\i0{} from NY.
                          Right hand label reads: \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L. Locality
                          Sliver Bow, Mont. Meadow. \i{}2108 P.A. Rydberg\i0{},
                          8 July 1805. The delicate of the plants suggests they
                          may be have been collected in the first year of
                          growth. Isotype NY.>
      b1954092.gif <@subject Holotype specimen, US>
                   <@text x=6 y=110 w=237 h=790 m
                          t=Holotype specimen of \i{}F. vallicola\i0{}. Right
                          hand label read: \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L. Locality Sliver
                          Bow, Mont. Meadow. \i{}2108 P.A. Rydberg\i0{}, 8 July
                          1805. The delicate of the plants suggests they may be
                          have been collected in the first year of growth.
                          Holotype US.>

