*SHOW Festuca of North America - items. 31-MAR-98 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \i{}Festuca arizonica\i0{} <Vasey>/
1<ARIZONA FESCUE, PINEGRASS, MOUNTAIN BUNCHGRASS> 2<Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}arizonica\i0{} (Vasey) Hack. ex Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 598.
1896. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}arizonica\i0{} (Vasey)
St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 267. 1925.> 3<U.S.A. Arizona: Flagstaff,
1887, \i{}S.M. Tracy 118\i0{}. Holotype US!> 4<\i{}F.
vaseyana\i0{} Hack. ex Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 601. 1896. Type:
U.S.A. Colorado: Veta Pass, 1884, \i{}G. Vasey s.n\i0{}. US!
Beal (1896) noted that the plants were mixed with those labelled
\i{}F. scabrella\i0{}. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F.
scabrella\i0{} var. \i{}asperrima\i0{} Hack. ex Beal, Grasses N.
Am. 2: 605. 1896. Type: U.S.A. Colorado: Veta Pass at an
altitude of 9300 feet. 1884. \i{}G. Vasey s.n\i0{}. Holotype US!
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. pinetorum\i0{} Swallen, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 397. 1950. Type: Mexico. Nuevo Leon:
Municipality Zaragoza, Cerro del Viego, 15 miles west of Dulces
Nombres, altitude 3330 m, 18 August 1948, \i{}F.G. Meyer & D.J.
Rogers 2977\i0{}. Holotype: US.> 6,1 7,(35-)50-100 8,1 9,1 10,2
11,2 12,1 13,2<at least near the ligule> 14,2 15,2 16,2<open
almost to the base; prophylls 1-3 cm long with trichomes on the
veins, occur among the sheaths> 17,1 18,2<small, because the
leaves are long and narrow> 19,2 21,0.5-1.5(-2)<<ligules to 2 mm
in Intermountain Flora>> 22,2 23,15-25(-40) 24,1 25,1/2 26,2
27,2 29,0.3-0.41-0.5 30,0.35-0.55-0.65 31,5<consistently>
32,2<sclerenchyma strands may occur between the abaxial margin
and some veins> 33,2 34,2<seven heavy sclerenchyma zones
opposite veins and at the leaf margins> 35,5<poorly or well
developed> 36,2 37,5-14 38,2 39,3 40,3<at least near the base of
the inflorescence> 42,(4-)6-12(-20) 44,1-2 45,1/2 46,(2.5-)6-12
47,2 48,1 49,1<spikelets towards the ends of the branches>
52,4-7 53,6-16 54,3-6 55,2<not recorded for this taxon>
56,4-6(-8) 58,2 59,1<or almost glabrous> 61,1 62,3-4.8 63,1 64,1
65,4.5-6.5(-7) 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,5.5-8(-9) 71,2 72,1<mainly>/2
73,1<and along the main vein> 74,1 76,0.4-1.5(-2.7) 78,6.2-8
79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.8-1.3 83,3-3.8 84,2 85,3-3.5 86,42 87,1
89,2<abundant in association with pondersoa pine, on slopes,
mesas and in open parks where is occurs. It is often associated
with mountain muhly, pine dropseed and cinquefoil, but also
forms almost pure stands with bunches only a few inches apart.>
90<It frequently occurs on dry, shallow clay loans, but grows
well on sandy, gravelly or rocky soils> 91,3 92,2/3/5 95,1 96,1
98,1/2 101,1 102<FE arizonica> 103<ariz> 104<Cronquist et. al
(1977) suggested that this taxon "is closely related to \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{} Elmer, and some long-awned forms in Arizona may
link the two in intergrading fashion that would warrant making
\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} a variety of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}", but
they proposed no new combination. Data analyses in the text
confirm species status for this taxon.> 105<Cronquist et al.
(1977) in \i{}Intermountain Flora\i0{} recognized this taxon but
with some reservations because it .."is closely related to
\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}, and some long-awned forms in Arizona may
link the two in an integrating fashion that would warrant making
\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} a variety of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}." In
the various analyses reported in Lefkovitch (1993), \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{} usually remained separate from \i{}F.
calligera\i0{} (Piper) Rydb., \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} Elmer, and
other species that have been linked in the literature to \i{}F.
ovina\i0{}. In the results in Aiken et al. (1997), \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{} separated at diagnostic level 6 from all other
taxa in the database. When the plants are observed in their
natural habitats, \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} above 2800 m in Arizona
grasslands, and \i{}F. altaica\i0{} Trin. near sea level on the
Arctic coast of the Yukon, or in the mountains of British
Columbia, these species appear to be very similar bunch grasses
with conspicuous persisting leaf sheaths (see illustrations in
the image library). \par{}\i{}Festuca arizonica\i0{} is
unambiguously a species distinct from \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}.
The three characters, sheaths conspicuous and persisting at the
base of the plant, upper culm internodes with dense trichomes,
and ovary apex densely hairy, have not previously been included
in descriptions of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}, but have been checked
by S.G. Aiken and found to be consistent on all specimens
examined. Plants of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} differ in having
glabrous culm internodes and ovaries. \par{}Aldon and Barstad
(1987) in reporting on the Escudilla Mountain Research Natural
area, stated that "the \i{}Festuca\i0{} species found in both
Middle Meadow and Bead Spring is a giant expression, perhaps not
\i{}Festuca arizonica\i0{} at all, but an unnamed species
characterized by polyploidy". A voucher specimen justifying this
comment was examined by S.G. Aiken (1994) and it is considered
to be a large and robust plant of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}.
\par{}This species is not as palatable as many other range
species (Dayton 1937) but is important because of its abundance
and, on many ranges it furnishes much of the forage. It is eaten
by all classes of livestock, but is more readily grazed by
cattle and horses, than by sheep. Arizona fescue is not
particularly resistant to grazing and even moderately close
grazing tends to reduce the cover. \par{}Although Arizona fescue
produces an abundance of viable seed, artificial reseeding
experiments with it on mountain ranges in the West have not been
very successful. Sowings were made in 1913 on the Coconino
Plateau in northern Arizona, but although many seedlings
resulted and attained average height, most of them subsequently
succumbed. The seedlings that did mature produced little seed
(Forsling and Dayton, 1931). \par{}Three endophytic fungal
symbionts of \i{}Endochloe typhina\i0{} have been reported for
\i{}F. arizonica\i0{} (An et al. 1992).> 106<Intermountain
Flora, Feb. 1990.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca baffinensis\i0{} <Polunin>/
1<BAFFIN ISLAND FESCUE> 2<Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 92 (Biol. Ser.
24): 91. pl. 3. 1940> 3<Canada. N.W.T.: Baffin Island, Pond
Inlet, 12 Sept. 1934, \i{}N. Polunin 706\i0{}. Lectotype: BM!
(Pavlick 1984). Paratypes and topotypes: \i{}Polunin 705\i0{}.
GH! CAN!> 4<\i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}arctica\i0{}
St.-Yves subvar. \i{}pubiculmis\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 253.
1925.> 6,3 7,5-20(-27) 8,1 9,1 10,1/2 11,2 12,1 13,1 14,1
15,2<in the first year> 16,1<"Sheaths fused half or more"
Frederiksen, 1982. Among the sheaths are prophylls 1-2 cm long,
that have retrorse, glabrescent trichomes on the veins and
surface> 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.3 22,2 23,(1.5-)3-9(-17) 24,1
25,2 26,1<or glabrescent> 27,2 29,0.25-0.52-0.8
30,0.55-0.75-1.15 31,3-7 32,2 33,1 34,1 35,5<usually well
defined> 36,1<0.7-1.9 mm wide, when the inflorescence is in the
boot> 37,0.5-3.7 38,2/1 39,1<when visible> 40,3<with retrorse
hairs on the culm at the base of the inflorescence> 42,1.5-3(-4)
44,1-2 45,1 46,0.3-1.5<panicle described by Polunin (1940) as
broadly ovate and very dense, but on plants 20-30 cm tall the
panicle is often elongated and narrow> 47,2 48,2 49,2<often
densely clustered into an ovoid panicle> 52,1-4 53,4.5-8.5
54,1.5-2.5 55,2 56,2-5(-6) 58,2 59,2 60,1 61,1 62,2.2-3.7 63,1
64,1 65,3-5 66,3 68,2<scaberulous> 69,2 70,3.5-5.6 71,2 72,2
73,1 74,1 76,0.8-2.5(-3.3) 78,3.5-6 79,1 80,1 81,1/2 82,0.7-0.9
83,(0.3-)0.5-1.1 84,2 85,2-2.5 86,28 87,1 89,1&2<circumpolar>
91,1/2/3 92,1/3 93,6/10/11/12/13/14/15 94,1 96,1/2/3/5 101,1
102<FE baffinensis> 103<baff> 104<Taxonomic status discussed
(Aiken et al. 1993, 1994, 1995). Phenotypic plasticity studied
by Ramesar-Fortner et al. (1995).> 105<When Polunin (1940)
described \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{} as a new species he indicated
that his collection \i{}706\i0{} was the type and that he had
two cotypes. He published that he had deposited the type in the
Gray Herbarium (GH) and the cotypes at the National Herbarium of
Canada (CAN) and the British Museum (BM). A collection,
\i{}Polunin 706\i0{}, at the BM (photograph by L. L. Consaul,
October 1994, in the image library) was chosen as a lectotype by
Pavlick (1984). It is a mixed collection with plants of both
\i{}F. baffinensis\i0{} and \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. &
Schult. f. indicated by Pavlick's annotation on the sheet.
Collections of \i{}Polunin 705\i0{} from the same locality on
the same date have been located at the Gray and CAN (photograph
of the GH specimen, in the image library). As the collection
\i{}706\i0{} is the more complete and aesthetically pleasing
specimen, we suggest that it was chosen as the holotype and that
a mistake occurred in depositing the cotypes. No specimen of
\i{}Polunin 706\i0{} at CAN, has been found. \par{}McNeill and
Dore (1976) suggested that \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{} may be a
subspecies of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}. In the musters formed by
the Lefkovitch (1993) analyses, \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{} grouped
with \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} Rydb.; \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} was
in a separate group. In isozyme and morphological studies of
four Arctic species (Aiken et al. 1993, 1995) reported
consistent differences in \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{}. A study of
phenotypic plasticity in the same species (Ramesar-Fortner et
al. 1995) documented differences in the growth response of
\i{}F. baffinensis\i0{} and \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} under
controlled growth conditions. These findings are further
substantiated in Aiken et al. (1997). \par{}This species occurs
in the United States, as documented by Frederiksen (1979). She
noted it had been reported from Colorado by Weber (1961) but
that it was rare with a scattered distribution through most of
the Rocky Mountains and seems identical with \i{}F.
baffinensis\i0{} from the Arctic. In the course of mapping the
North American distribution of the species, many records of
collections in the United States have been found.> 106<<Aiken
and Darbyshire 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} <Schult. & Schult. f.> subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{}/
2<Mantissa 2: 646. 1827. \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} R. Br. Chloris
Melvilliana: 31. 1823, non Muhlenberg, Descr. Gram. 167. 1817.
\i{}F. ovina\i0{} var. \i{}brevifolia\i0{} (R. Br.) S. Watson in
King, Geol. Explor. Forth. Parall. Bot. 5: 389. 1871. \i{}F.
ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}brevifolia\i0{} (R. Br.) Hack. Bot.
Centralbl. 8: 406. 1881. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{} (Schult. & Schult. f.) Piper, Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 27. 1906. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{} (Schult. & Schult. f.) Hitchc. U. S. Dep.
Agric. Misc. Publ. 200: 75, 876. 1951.> 3<Canada. N.W.T.:
Melville Island, collected on the W.E. Parry Expedition,
1819-1820, \i{}J. Edwards s.n\i0{}. Lectotype: BM! (Frederiksen
1977).> 4<\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} forma \i{}flavida\i0{}
Polunin, Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 92 (Biol. Ser. 24): 90. 1940.
Type: Canada. N.W.T.: Baffin Island, Lake Harbour, 6249'N,
6955'W, 25-26 August 1927, \i{}M.O. Malte s.n\i0{}. GH!>
6,1/2/3<even reddish or very pale green in forma
\i{}flavida\i0{}> 7,5-35(-55)<tall forms are found among
specimens collected in Alaska, and from nutrient enriched sites
in the Canadian Arctic. They developed in Edmonton, Alberta,
when short plants from the Rocky Mountains, were grown at
Ellerslie Experimental Station. Vouchers at DAO> 8,1/2
9,1<usually>/2<rarely> 10,1/2 11,2 12,1/2 13,1 14,1 15,1/2
16,1<among the sheaths are prophylls 1-2 cm long, with trichomes
on the veins> 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.3 22,2<erose> 23,(2-)10-20
24,1<leaves of arctic plants usually have limited sclerenchyma>
25,2<usually sparsely scaberulous> 26,1<but sometimes developing
obvious trichomes, especially towards the leaf tips, and in
moist habitats> 27,2 29,0.35-0.44-0.65
30,(0.3-)0.55-0.75-0.8(-0.95) 31,3-5(-7) 32,2 33,1 34,1
35,1<well defined, 2-4 variously defined> 36,2<0.6-1.7 mm wide,
but not appearing inflated, cf. \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{}>
37,0.2-1.5 38,2/1 39,1<when visible> 40,1/2<or sparsely
puberulent, the few hairs stiff and antrorse>
42,1.5-4(-5.5)<culms usually 2-3 times longer than the basal
leaves> 44,1 45,1<often spike-like> 46,0.2-1.2 47,2 48,2 49,2<if
applicable, often only one spikelet per rachis node> 52,1-4
53,4-8.5 54,1.5-2.5 55,2<proliferating spikelets observed
rarely, e.g. on a specimen from the N.W.T., DAO 344631. It may
be that proliferating plants of this species are sometimes
included in \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}> 56,2-4(-6) 58,2 59,1/2
60,1 61,1 62,1.2-3.3 63,1 64,1 65,(2.4-)2.9-4.6 66,3 68,2 69,2
70,3-5.2 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1 76,0.8-3.5 78,3-5.5 79,1 80,1 81,1
82,0.7-0.9 83,(0.5-)0.7-1.1(-1.3) 84,1 85,2<ca> 86,28/42/44<?>
87,1 89,1/2 90<circumpolar, most commonly occurring on sandy
beaches, dry eroding cliffs around fox dens, or owl perches, but
occasionally growing through deep moss in the standing water of
wet fens or adjacent to tundra pools. The first author has twice
observated such plants on Ellesmere Island, N.W.T.> 91,1/2/3
92,1/3/6 93,1/2/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15 94,1/2/3 96,3/5 99,12
101,1 102<FE brachy brach> 103<brac> 104<A phenotypically
plastic hexaploid species discussed in Aiken et al. (1995) and
Ramesar-Fortner et al. (1995).> 105<This species is
phenotypically plastic and responds dramatically to additional
nutrients in an environment. Plants grew to 55 cm tall when they
were moved from exposed sites in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta
to Ellerslie Experimental Station, near Edmonton, Alberta. There
they were grown in rich black soil in a transplant experiment
(voucher specimens at DAO). \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{}
occupies the widest range of habitats of any of the North
American arctic taxa. \par{}Whether distinctions between \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} and \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} Rydb. deserve
species status has been debated. Gleason and Cronquist (1991)
treated \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} as a variety named \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}rydbergii\i0{} (St.-Yves) Cronquist.
The taxonomic status of specimens of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
from the Canadian Arctic has been considered by Aiken et al.
(1992, 1993, 1994, 1995), who found the results of SDS-PAGE
(sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)
analyses of seed proteins and isozyme studies provided
additional evidence to justify treating these taxa as species.
The type specimen was collected on Melville Island, in the
Canadian Arctic Archipelago, 7446'N, 11046'W, and specimens
from this island are hexaploid (Mosquin and Hayley 1966). These
authors also reported a tetraploid collection from the same
location. The voucher specimen for the tetraploid, at DAO, was
examined by S.G. Aiken (1994) and annotated as \i{}F.
hyperborea\i0{} Holmen ex Frederiksen.> 106<<account based on
Canadian and Alaskan specimens Aiken et al. 1993, Aiken and
Darbyshire 1990, Gleason and Cronquist 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{}
<Frederiksen>/
2<Nord. J. Bot. 2: 529. 1982> 3<U.S.A. Colorado: Summit Co.,
Hoosier Ridge, 18 August 1960, \i{}K.A. Holmen, A.E. Porsild, &
Weber fix 850\i0{} (material fixed for chromosome counts).
Holotype: C.> 4<\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f.,
Mantissa 2: 646. 1827. pro parte, typo excl.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}breviculmis\i0{} Frederiksen, Nord. J. Bot. 2: 530. 1982.
Type: U.S.A. California: Inyo Co., Mono Mesa, 24 July 1946,
\i{}J. Th. Howell 22706\i0{}. Holotype: CAS.> 6,1/2<often
yellowish from accumulated straw> 7,2.5-12<culm usually less
than twice the length of the basal leaves> 8,1 9,1
10,1<slightly>/2 11,2 12,1 13,1 14,1/2 15,2 16,1<Frederiksen,
1982. Among the sheaths are prophylls that have trichomes on the
veins. These are sometimes easily observed at the base of the
plants> 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.5 22,2 23,1.7-6 24,1/2
25,2<sometimes almost glabrous> 26,1 27,2
29,(0.25-)0.3-0.59(-0.8) 30,0.35-0.95 31,3-5 32,2 33,1 34,1<but
sometimes more strongly developed than in arctic specimens of
subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}> 35,1<well defined, 2-4 variously
defined lateral ribs> 36,2<or very slightly inflated> 37,0.8-2.5
38,1 40,1 42,(0.8-)1.5-2.5 44,1-2 45,1 46,0.4-0.8 47,2 48,1 49,2
52,1-2 53,(3.5-)4-5(-5.5) 54,0.5-2.5 55,2<not recorded for this
taxon> 56,2-4 58,2 59,1/2<scaberulous> 60,1<and on the midvein>
61,1 62,1.8-3 63,1 64,1 65,2.3-3.6(-4.3) 66,3 67,0.6-0.7
68,2<scaberulous> 69,2 70,3.3-4.5 71,2 72,2<scaberulous> 73,1
74,1 76,0.7-2(-3.6)<the 3.6 mm recorded from a DAO specimen>
78,3-3.5(-4) 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-0.9 83,(0.4-)0.9-1.4 84,1
85,1.8-2.5 86,28<T. Mosquin produced 3 counts of 2\i{}n\i0{}=28
from root tip squashes of plants collected in Colorado. The
vouchers are at DAO. Frederiksen (1982) found that guard cell
measurements of the taxon she recognized as \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{} suggested that the
chromosome number is 2\i{}n\i0{}=28> 87,1 89,2 91,3 92,2/3
95,1/2<usually occurring above 2800 m in California on alpine
sites in the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains> 96,1/3/4/5<We
have not established whether there is a complete geographical
separation of the two subspecies, (subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}
and subsp. \i{}coloradensis)\i0{}, or whether they occur at
different altitudes in the same geographical location in Idaho,
Montana, or Wyoming> 101,1 102<FE brachy color> 103<brco>
104<Frederiksen (1982) distinguished this subspecies and \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{} that are here
considered synonymous. Pictures of plants that contributed to
this decision are in the image library.> 105<Frederiksen (1982)
distinguished this subspecies partly because of the recorded
chromosome number 2\i{}n\i0{}=28 which differs from that of
\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}
2\i{}n\i0{}=42. She also distinguished \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{} as a Californian endemic with a high
altitude distribution range in the Californian mountains peaks.
Plants collected in Colorado at Summit Lake, altitude 3917 m, 10
July 1988, \i{}S. J. Darbyshire 3850\i0{}, (CAN 535149,
illustrated in the image library) and a collection from
Colorado: La Plata County, San Juan National Forest, 3738'N,
10737'W, on rock ledges below the summit of Eoleus, elevation
13,900 feet, 29 July 1962, \i{}Joan Michener 887\i0{}, (COLO
181103), match collections from the White Mountains of
California, although most collections from the Rocky Mountains
are larger and appear to occur in a wider range of habitats.
\i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{}
appears to be almost as phenotypically plastic as subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. \par{}Frederiksen (1982) photographed
relatively large plants of this taxon that she called subsp.
\i{}coloradensis\i0{} and relatively small plants that she
called subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{}. Limited examination of high
alpine collections from Arizona, California, Colorado and New
Mexico indicates that the taxon occurs at altitudes above 2800
m. In August 1988, plants of this taxon were observed growing
beside \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}
(St.-Yves) Tzvelev in the White Mountains of California and in
that location the plants of the later taxon were conspicuously
"more robust", had flowered and were beginning to set seed,
while plants of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}coloradensis\i0{} were just coming into flower (illustrated
in the image library).> 106<<Aiken data Sept. 1993: Frederiksen
1982.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca brevissima\i0{} <Jurtzev>/
2<Bot. Zh. (Leningr.) 57: 645. 1972> 3<Russia: Prov. Magadan,
regio Tschukotsky, montes Anadyrsk, in vicin. lacus Eljgygtgyn,
ripa australis, in declivibus australi-occidentalibus, 20 July
1968, \i{}A. Korobkov & B. Jurtzev K-6154\i0{}. Holotype: LE,
Isotype: LE!> 4<\i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}alaskana\i0{}
Holmen, pro parte, quoad typo, sed non descr. Bot. Not. 117:
115. 1964. Type: U.S.A. Alaska: Brooks Range, 6920'N, 145W,
Lake Peters, 7 July 1961, \i{}K.A. Holmen 901\i0{}. Isotype: C.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. brevissima\i0{} forma
\i{}pallida\i0{} (Holmen) Frederiksen, Nord. J. Bot. 2: 531.
1982. Basionym: \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}alaskana\i0{} forma
\i{}pallida\i0{} Holmen, Bot. Not. 117: 115. 1964. Type: U.S.A.
Alaska: Cape Sabine, 6853'N, 16435'W, 1960, \i{}Holmen K.A.
866\i0{}. > 6,1/3 7,(2.5-)10-15(-18) 8,1<tufts separated into
groups of shoots surrounded at the base by more or less numerous
leaf sheaths> 9,1 10,2 11,2 12,1 13,1 14,1 15,2<slowly
disintegrating after more than one year> 16,1<Frederiksen, 1978;
fibrillose prophylls to l cm long occur among the sheaths and
split early in the growing season> 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.3-0.5
22,2 23,1-5 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,2 29,0.4-0.55-0.75 30,0.4-0.68-0.8
31,5-7(-9) 32,2 33,1<(3-)5-7 fine sclerenchyma strands, rarely
well developed> 34,1 35,1-6<usually well defined> 36,2<usually>
37,0.2-1 38,1/2<rarely> 39,1<if visible> 40,1<sometimes scabrous
1-2 cm below the panicle> 42,0.7-2.5(-5)<depauperate with
(2-)3-5(-14) spikelets> 44,1 45,1 46,0.1-1<Frederiksen 1978,
stated that "this species is morphologically very similar to
\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} but differs in having an open panicle
with spreading branches at the time of anthesis> 47,1/2<somewhat
wiry> 48,1 49,2 52,1-3<usually with a single spikelet> 53,4-7
54,1.8-2.5 55,2<one candidate specimen seen, but the plants are
too immature to be sure of the identification> 56,2-4 58,2
59,1/2<that are scaberulous, if present> 60,1<if applicable,
trichomes on the main vein> 61,1 62,2.5-3.2 63,1 64,1 65,3.2-4.8
66,1-3 68,2 69,2 70,(3.9-)4-5(-5.5) 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1
76,0.5-2.5 78,3.8-4.5 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.6-0.8 83,0.9-1(-1.2)
84,1 85,2-2.2 86,14 89,1/2 90<In North America, \i{}F.
brevissima\i0{} grows on exposed, dry, rocky tundra often on the
tops of mountains. In the Northern Yukon near the Alaskan
border, in 1990, it was found at higher altitudes and in more
exposed habitats than \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} Drobow> 91,2/3 92,1
93,14/15 94,1 101,1 102<FE brevissima> 103<brev> 104<Conspecific
with \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen
(Frederiksen 1978). Discussed in Aiken and Fedak (1992).>
105<Frederiksen (1978) documented that \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen is conspecific with \i{}F.
brevissima\i0{}, which occurs on both sides of the Bering
Strait. Material named as \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}alaskana\i0{} by North American authors is generally
referable to \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}. The anthers of \i{}F.
ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}alaskana\i0{} were originally described as
being 2.5-3 mm long, as in \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}, but the type
specimen was determined by Frederiksen (1978) to have much
shorter anthers and was transferred to \i{}F. brevissima\i0{}.
\par{}Unlike \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f.,
\i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} S. Aiken, Consaul, & Lefkovitch, and
\i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} Holmen ex Frederiksen, the panicle
branches of \i{}F. brevissima\i0{} spread at anthesis.
Frederiksen (1978) indicated that this species differs from
\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} in being smaller, having shorter flag
leaf blades, fewer spikelets, (usually one per branch), and
glaucous colour. It differs from \i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} in
having erect leaves that may have 7-9 veins, usually longer flag
leaves, somewhat longer anthers, and the lanceolate lemmas with
erect terminal awns. Other features distinguishing \i{}F.
brevissima\i0{} include the thin, wiry rachis that is often
slightly curved, the somewhat longer ligule, and the usually
attenuate glumes. Length of the flag leaf blade in \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} was observed to be extremely variable during
field work in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The character,
shorter flag leaf blades, should be used with caution. Plants of
\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} occurring in the same areas of North
America as \i{}F. brevissima\i0{} usually have well developed
flag leaf blades.> 106<<Frederiksen 1978, Aiken and Darbyshire
1990. Checked Sept. 1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca calligera\i0{} <(Piper) Rydb.>/
2<Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 537. 1909. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}calligera\i0{} Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 27.
1906. \i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var. \i{}asperrima\i0{} Hack. ex
Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 601. 1896.> 3<U.S.A. Arizona: Flagstaff,
1883, \i{}H.H. Rusby 901\i0{}. Holotype: US! Isotypes: GH! NY!>
6,2 7,30-65 8,1<tussocks very compact; no prophylls found> 9,1
10,2<or rarely purplish> 11,2 12,1 13,1/3<that are retrorse
hairs, and sometimes minute> 14,1<cf. \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}
Vasey which has conspicuous sheaths> 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2
21,0.2-0.3 22,2 23,6-12 24,1 25,2<sparsely, antrorsely scabrous>
26,2 27,2 29,0.25-0.41-0.5 30,0.4-0.5-0.65 31,(3-)5 32,2 33,2
34,2<often heavily thickened - somewhat like \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{}> 35,1<well defined central rib, 2-4 variously
defined lateral ribs> 36,2 37,3-5.5 38,2 39,1 40,1 42,5-9(-15)
44,1-2 45,1 46,2-6(-10) 47,2 48,1 49,1 52,1-4 53,6-8.5(-11)
54,2-3.5 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,2-6 58,2 59,2 60,1
61,1 62,2.5-3.5 63,1 64,1 65,2.8-4 66,3 68,1 69,2<but a distinct
knob at the base of the lemma> 70,3.8-5.2 71,2 72,2
73,1<scaberulous> 74,1 76,1-2.5 78,4-5 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.8-1
83,2.2-3.3 84,2<sparsely; cf. \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} which has a
densely pubescent ovary apex and \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} Elmer
which has a glabrous ovary> 85,2.5-3 86,28<unpublished counts by
J.R. Reeder 1996. He obtained the same chromosome number from
several samples and saw no meiotic irregularities> 87,1 89,2/4
91,3 92,2/3/5 95,1<occurring at and above 2800 m, in
north-eastern Arizona, field observations made by C.-E.
Granfelt, 1993-1996> 96,1/4/5 98,1 101,1 102<FE calligera>
103<call> 104<This species was placed into synonymy with \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{}, (Cronquist et al. 1977) and ignored until
recently. Where plants of this species grow beside \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{} they are visibly different; photographed in image
library.> 105<\i{}Festuca calligera\i0{} has been compared with
\i{}F. arizonica\i0{} and \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} and assessed as
a possible hybrid between them, following the suggestion of
Cronquist et al. (1977) that the latter two taxa may intergrade.
The leaf anatomy in cross sections and the distribution maps of
the taxa, mapped in this database, lend support to this idea.
Plants of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} have ovaries with a densely
hairy apex, \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} plants have ovaries with a
glabrous apex, and \i{}F. calligera\i0{} specimens have ovaries
with a few sparse hairs at the apex, similar to the ovary apex
for \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} Rydb. (Frederiksen 1979, illustrated
in the image library under \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}). Hairs are
absent in the early stages of development, when the ovaries are
less than 1 mm high and without the styles completely separated
at the base. Many samples have been collected at early stages of
development. Pollen fertility has been examined in two anthers
of approximately 10 specimens of \i{}F. calligera\i0{} and
anthers with 90-100% stainable pollen were found. Approximately
10 grams of well formed seeds were collected by C.-E. Granfelt
at two sites in Northern Arizona. The seeds of \i{}F.
calligera\i0{} are conspicuously smaller than the seeds of
\i{}F. arizonica\i0{} received from the same general locality.
\par{}In 1993 and 1994, Carl-Eric Granfelt made collections of
both \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} and \i{}F. calligera\i0{} from above
2800 m on the White Mountains and Escudilla Mountain of north
eastern Arizona. Specimens (deposited at CAN) are sometimes
similar in height but the bases of the plants are strikingly
different as \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} has conspicuous, persisting
sheaths and usually leaves more than twice as long as adjacent
plants of \i{}F. calligera\i0{}. In the latter species the
sheaths are not conspicuous and the culms below the
inflorescences are glabrous. \par{}\i{}Festuca arizonica\i0{}
and \i{}F. calligera\i0{} grow in the same grassland
association, sometimes within a metre of each other (illustrated
in the image library). They do not appear to hybridize, possibly
because \i{}F. arizonica\i0{} flowers later than \i{}F.
calligera\i0{} (C-E. Granfelt, Pinetop Arizona, personal
observations, 1993-1996). Awn length in specimens of \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{} varies from 0.4-2(-2.7) mm long, and in \i{}F.
calligera\i0{} from 1-2.5 mm. No basis for separating the
"long-awned forms" of \i{}F. arizonica\i0{}, referred to by
Cronquist et al. (1977), has been found. \par{}\i{}Festuca
calligera\i0{} appears to occur in the south-western United
States at altitudes above 2800 m. Many of the herbarium
specimens have been collected at early stages of flowering and
in such collections, floral characters are more difficult to
interpret. Aldon and Barstad (1987) listed \i{}F. ovina\i0{} as
occurring in the Escudilla study site and voucher specimens for
the name used were checked and are considered to be plants of
\i{}F. calligera\i0{}. This species appears to have been under
collected and generally overlooked. (Also see notes for \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{}).> 106<data checked 25 March 1993.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca dasyclada\i0{} <Hack. ex Beal>/
2<Grasses N. Am. 2: 602. 1896. \i{}Argillochloa dasyclada\i0{}
(Hack. ex Beal) W.A. Weber, Phytologia 55: 1. 1984.> 3<U.S.A.
central Utah: Rocky Mountains, 1875, \i{}C. C. Parry 93\i0{}.
The type specimen was in the herbarium of Prof. Scribner that
was destroyed by fire. A duplicate at US! has no locality on the
label. Isotype: GH! The GH isotype specimen has more material at
the base of the plant than the holotype, but no strong evidence
of rhizomes.> 6,2 7,20-40 8,1 9,2 10,1 11,1<short> 12,2 13,1
14,1 15,1 16,2 17,1 18,2/3 19,1 20,2 21,0.2-0.5 22,2<cilia
prominent> 23,5-15(-20) 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1/2<loosely rolled>
28,0.6-2 29,0.5-0.82-1 30,0.6-0.82-1<cross sections are usually
as wide as long> 31,7-10 32,2 33,2 34,1 35,6-9 36,1/2 37,2-6
38,2<sometimes dark purple> 39,2 40,3<similar to those of \i{}F.
baffinensis\i0{}> 42,6-12 44,1-4 45,2<almost at right angles to
each other> 46,4-6<lower branches conspicuously pulvinate> 47,2
48,1<prominent and conspicuously ciliate> 49,1 52,3-5 53,5.5-8
54,3-5 55,2 56,2<usually> 58,2 59,2 60,1<and along the keel>
61,1<slightly> 62,3.5-4.5(-5) 63,1 64,2 65,5-7 66,3 67,1-1.5
68,2 69,2 70,5-7 71,2 72,2<sparse> 73,1 74,1 76,2-3 78,4.5-6.5
79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-0.8 83,1.5-2.5 84,2 85,3.5-4.5 86,28 87,1
89,2/4 91,3 92,3 96,1/4<"rocky slopes; endemic to central Utah.
A very distinct species that has been recollected only once in
the Wasatch Plateau", Cronquist (1977). Welsh et al. (1987)
reported the species as growing chiefly in sagebrush, mountain
brush and juniper communities at 2130-3048 m in the Utah
Counties Emery (the type specimen is from Joes Valley),
Garfield, Sanpete and Wasatch and also western Colorado. We have
examined 10 collections from Colorado and 3 from Utah> 101,1
102<FE dasyclada> 103<dasy> 104<Weber (1984) placed this species
in the monotypic genus \i{}Argillochloa\i0{}. This was not taken
up by Aiken et al. (1992), or Darbyshire and Warwick (1992).
Analyses in the text suggest that this is an isolated and relict
\i{}Festuca\i0{} species.> 105<This species was placed in a
monotypic genus by Weber (1984) as \i{}Argillochloa
dasyclada\i0{}, but this has been refuted by Aiken et al. (1992)
and Darbyshire and Warwick (1992). No reason for separating this
species from \i{}Festuca\i0{} is apparent in the analyses by
Lefkovitch (1993). In phenotypic and cladistic analyses, using
this database, the position of \i{}F. dasyclada\i0{} varied
considerably in different analyses. Seed protein evidence,
anatomy, and a general lack of characters beyond the
inflorescence structure discourage recognizing this taxon as a
distinct genus. \par{}The following are details from notes on
the isotype specimen at GH (illustrated in the image library).
The label at the bottom left hand corner reads, "Flora of
central Utah. No. 93. Coll. C.C. Parry. 1895". The letter on the
upper right hand side reads as follows, with (?) indicating hand
written words that could not be interpreted. "Dupl.
Muhlenbergia? Dr. Thurber. Culms erect from a perennial (?)
root, about 1-foot high, scabrous below the panicle and
pubescent below the nodes, otherwise smooth; leaves (?) long
about a line wide, strongly pubescent on the upper surface,
nearly smooth below, rough on the margins, the uppermost reduced
to a mere sheath; ligule a hairy fringe; sheaths loose, smooth,
or minutely pubescent between the striae; panicle about 4 inches
long, open, few flowered; rays in pairs, subdivided in a similar
manner above the middle, much flattened and 2-edged or, with the
apis 3-angled, strongly ciliolate fringed on the angles, pale
yellowish green throughout; spikelets exclusive of awn, 2 lines
long with pedicels mostly much longer; glumes herbaceous,
hyaline on the margins, lanceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate,
ciliate on the keel towards the apex, the upper one third the
longer and barely equalling the floret, its lateral nerves
evanescent towards the apex; floret lanceolate with a distinct
rounded smooth callus accompanied by a conspicuous rudiment of a
second flower; lower palet of firmer texture". C.A. Taylor Jr.
has written, "Isotype: part of sole known collection. August 27,
1947". Under the hand written label, "Festuca dasyclada Hack."
is printed, "Named by F. Lamson-Scribner".> 106<<Aiken data:
Intermountain Flora, Sept. 1993. rechecked 27 Nov. 1994.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca earlei\i0{} <Rydb.>/
2<Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905> 3<U.S.A. Colorado: La
Plata Canyon, 9500 ft., 11 July 1898, \i{}C.F. Baker, F.S.
Earle, S.M. Tracy 920\i0{}. Holotype: NY!> 4<\i{}Festuca
brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}utahensis\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea 2:
254. 1925. \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}utahensis\i0{}
(St.-Yves) Litard., Candollea 10: 108. 1945. Type: U.S.A.
Colorado: near Pagosa Peak, August 1899, \i{}C. F. Baker
176\i0{}. Lectotype: GH! (Frederiksen 1979). \par{}This taxon
has been treated as a synonym of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} (Hitchcock
and Chase 1951), and as a synonym of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}
(Frederiksen 1979).> 6,1 7,15-45 8,2<tufts looser than those of
\i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}> 9,2 10,1/2<usually> 11,2 12,2 13,1 14,1
15,1<fibrillose and reddish brown, similar to \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
but without retrorse trichomes> 16,2<approximately, but
splitting early; among the sheaths occur fragile prophylls
1.5-2.5 cm long with trichomes on the veins and elsewhere
scaberulous> 17,1 18,2<that are more or less prominent> 19,2
21,0.1-1<higher on the sides at the auricles> 22,2 23,6-12
24,1/2 25,2<sparse> 26,1 27,1/2<flag leaves often flat> 28,1-3
29,0.2-0.43-0.6 30,0.5-0.7-0.85 31,5 32,2 33,1 34,1 35,1<well
defined, 2-4 usually well defined> 36,2 37,2-8 38,2 39,1 40,1
42,3-6.5(-8) 44,2 45,1 46,0.5-2 47,2 48,1 49,1<solitary, or with
2-3 spikelets on the short branches> 52,1-4 53,4.3-6.2
54,1.8-3(-4) 55,2 56,2-4 58,2<sometimes approaching subequal>
59,2 60,1<slightly scabrous> 61,1 62,2.2-3 63,1(-3) 64,1
65,2.7-3.7 66,3 67,0.9-1.1 68,2<trichomes delicate> 69,2
70,3.2-4.5 71,2 72,2<scabrous> 73,1 74,1 76,0.4-1.6 78,3.7-4.2
79,1<sometimes sparsely so> 80,1/2 81,1 82,0.4-1
83,(0.6-)0.8-1.4 84,2<hairs dense> 85,2.5-3 87,1 89,2<reported
from 2,800-4000 m, growing on talus slopes, dry grasslands in
meadows of spruce and \i{}Pinus contorta\i0{} woods> 91,3<above
2800 m> 92,2/3/5 95,1 96,1/4 98,1 101,1 102<FE earlei> 103<earl>
104<Treated as a synonym of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} by Hitchcock and
Chase (1951), and of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} by Frederiksen
(1979). This species is distinguished by the glabrous culms,
small anthers, and dense hairs on the tops of the ovaries.
Pictures of herbarium specimens of this taxon are in the image
library.> 105<\i{}Festuca earlei\i0{} has a densely hairy ovary,
a character that is present in other ovina-like species, e.g.
\i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} Hook., and one that distinguishes
\i{}F. earlei\i0{} from \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L., as do the anther
lengths (less than 1 mm long in \i{}F. earlei\i0{}. and more
than 2 mm in \i{}F. rubra\i0{}). When Rydberg (1905) described
\i{}F. earlei\i0{} as a new species, he claimed it was related
to \i{}F. rubra\i0{}. \par{}Some specimens of \i{}F. earlei\i0{}
were described by St.-Yves (1925) as \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var.
\i{}endotera\i0{} St.-Yves and \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var.
\i{}utahensis\i0{} St.-Yves. The collection, \i{}Baker 175\i0{},
was cited as an example of the latter taxon. Two sheets of the
\i{}Baker 175\i0{} collection, borrowed from RM, have slightly
smaller plants than many specimens of \i{}F. earlei\i0{} (when
compared with size ranges in this database). St.-Yves (1925)
cited both \i{}Baker 175 and 176\i0{} as examples of \i{}F.
brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}endotera\i0{}. Frederiksen (1979)
placed both subspecies in synonymy with \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}
Rydb., but commented that she included \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{}
var. \i{}utahensis\i0{} only with some hesitation, pointing out
that it deviates from \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} especially in
having more florets per spikelet and broader leaves. She claimed
to have found transitional specimens even among the few
specimens examined. Some specimens annotated by Frederiksen as
\i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} are plants of \i{}F. earlei\i0{}.
Cronquist et al. (1977) placed \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var.
\i{}endotera\i0{} in synonymy with \i{}F. ovina\i0{}, indicating
that there were numerous collections cited from the western U.S.
and Canada. \par{}Alexeev (1982), as translated from Russian,
stated that "this is the only North American species with small
anthers (0.6-0.75 mm long), extravaginal shoot regeneration,
short underground rhizomes, and sheaths that are closed almost
to the top. We know of only two Central Asiatic species with
this combination of characters - \i{}F. venusta\i0{} St.-Yves
and \i{}F. nitidula\i0{} Stapf. St.-Yves (1925) assigned the
type specimen of \i{}F. earlei\i0{} to a variety that he
described, i.e., \i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}endotera\i0{},
which represents a conglomerate of four small-anthered species:
\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f., \i{}F.
minutifolia\i0{} Rydb., \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} Rydb., and
\i{}F. earlei\i0{}. Only two of these - \i{}F. earlei\i0{} and
\i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} - have a pilose ovary, and only one -
\i{}F. earlei\i0{} - has extravaginal shoots." \par{}In the
course of the study, the first author has examined approximately
30 specimens of \i{}F. earlei\i0{} without finding evidence of
the horizontal "short underground rhizomes" referred to by
Alexeev (1982). Some samples have evidence of an etiolated basal
"tussock" and short vertical stems from which roots arise. Both
\i{}F. earlei\i0{} and \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} show phenotypic
plasticity with evidence on herbarium labels suggesting that
small and large plants have often come from different
microhabitats, even at the same location (for example \i{}Baker
175 and 176\i0{}). Large specimens of \i{}F. earlei\i0{} are
sufficiently robust to have been identified as \i{}F.
rubra\i0{}, while many specimens of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} have
previously been identified as \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}. Large
specimens of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} approach the dimensions of
small to medium size specimens of \i{}F. earlei\i0{}, but have a
finer more delicate form when the two species are compared.
\par{}The nearest neighbour of \i{}F. earlei\i0{} in distance
matrices, generated by the DELTA program DIST from this
database, is \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. Twelve other taxa classified as \i{}F.
ovina\i0{}-like are nearer than the closest taxon of the \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} complex. The leaf anatomy in cross section was
considered more ovina-like (Aiken and Consaul 1995).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca edlundiae\i0{} <S. Aiken, Consaul & Lefkovitch>/
2<Syst. Bot. 20: 381. 1995> 3<Canada. N.W.T.: Bathurst Island,
Polar Bear Pass, 7543'N, 9812'W, marine worked carbonate
ridge, on the north side of a broad valley west of the Goodsir
River, 11 August 1985, \i{}S.G. Aiken 3949\i0{}. Holotype: CAN
502531! Isotype: DAO 460223!> 6,1 7,(2.5-)5.5-10(-14) 8,1 9,1/2
10,2 11,2 12,1 13,1/3 14,2 15,2 16,2<sheaths often opening and
drying flat and conspicuous as yellow straw within the plant
tussock; fragile prophylls, with trichomes on the veins split
early> 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,(1.5-)3-6(-9) 24,2 25,2
26,1/2<hairs visible at 40> 27,2 29,0.5-0.66-0.9
30,0.8-0.92(-1.1) 31,5-7 32,2 33,1 34,1 35,5<well developed>
36,1<0.8-1.5 mm wide> 37,0.3-1.25 38,1<one unusually etiolated
specimen was found with a single node visible> 40,1 42,1.5-3.5
44,1-2 45,1 46,0.4-0.7 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,1-2 53,4.5-8.5 54,3-4
55,2 56,2-6 58,2 59,1 61,1 62,1.8-3.1 63,1 64,1 65,2.9-4.3<often
conspicuously lanceolate and longer than the upper glume of
\i{}F. hyperborea\i0{} Holmen ex Frederiksen in the straw of the
previous inflorescence. Illustrated in the image library> 66,3
68,2 69,2 70,3.6-5.2 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1<usually> 76,1.1-2.9
78,3.8-5.5 79,1<sparse hairs> 80,1 81,1 82,0.8-1 83,0.6-1.1 84,1
85,2.5-3<evidence of cleistogamy found on the type specimen>
86,28 87,1 89<found on calcareous tills> 91,1/2 93,12 101,1
102<FE edlundiae> 103<edlu> 104<A High Arctic species found in
alkaline habitats. Described by Aiken et al. (1995). The
specific epithet honours Dr. Sylvia A. Edlund, for her extensive
and intensive contributions to Arctic field work and her studies
of vegetation in the Arctic Archipelago over many years.
Phenotypic plasticity was studied by Ramesar-Fortner et al.
(1995). Extensively illustrated in the image library.> 105<The
taxon was first identified as a new species by B. May,
University of California at Davis, (personal communicaton 1992),
from isozyme analyses (Aiken et al. 1994). The specific epithet
honours Dr. Sylvia A. Edlund, for her extensive and intensive
contributions to Arctic field work and her studies of vegetation
in the Arctic Archipelago over many years. Previously, specimens
of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} were usually placed in \i{}F.
hyperborea\i0{} or \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f.
A study of phenotypic plasticity in four species of arctic
fescues (Ramesar-Fortner et al. 1995) reported differences in
the growth response of \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} and \i{}F.
hyperborea\i0{} under controlled growing conditions.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca filiformis\i0{} <Pourr.>/
1<HAIR FESCUE, FINE LEAVED SHEEP FESCUE> 2<Mm. Acad. Roy. Sci.
Toulouse 3: 319 (6, no. 493). 1788.> 3<France: Aude, Narbonne,
la Clape, \i{}Pourret s.n\i0{}.> 4<\i{}F. capillata\i0{} Lam.
Fl. Fr. 3: 597. 1778. nom. illeg. (Voss 1972). \i{}F. ovina\i0{}
var. \i{}capillata\i0{} (Lam.) Alef., Landw. Fl.: 354. 1866.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. tenuifolia\i0{} Sibth., Fl.
Oxon.: 44. 1794. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var. \i{}tenuifolia\i0{}
(Sibth.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 714. 1817.> 6,2/3
7,18-40(-55) 8,1 9,1 10,1 11,2 12,1 13,1/2 14,2 15,2 16,2 17,1
18,2 19,2 21,0.15-0.3 22,2 23,(5-)11-23(-30) 24,1<wiry and
conspicuously fine> 25,2 26,2<scabrous at least towards the tip>
27,2 28,- 29,0.2-0.31-0.4(-0.6) 30,0.3-0.47-0.6 31,3-7 32,2 33,2
34,2<forming a complete, usually narrow ring> 35,1<well defined>
36,2 37,0.5-5 38,2 39,1 40,2<usually strongly scabrous to
puberulent> 42,1-4(-8) 44,2 45,1 46,0.5-1.5(-2) 47,2 48,2 52,2-6
53,3-6(-6.5) 54,1.5-2.5 55,2<among North American records; they
have been observed on plants growing in Europe,
Markgraf-Dannenberg, 1980> 56,2-6 58,2 59,1/2 60,- 61,1 62,1-2.5
63,1 64,1 65,1.7-2.3(-3.9) 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,2.3-4(-4.4) 71,2
72,2 73,1 74,1<very short>/2 76,0-0.4 78,2.3-3.7(-4) 79,1<at the
apex only> 80,1 81,1 82,0.4-0.6 83,1.5-2.2 84,1 85,1.5-2
86,14/28 87,2<to a limited extent> 88,1&5 91,2/3 92,1/3/4/6/7
93,2/3/4/5/6/7/11 94,2<?>/3 96,3 97,2<?>/4<?>/10
99,1/2/3/4/5/6/7<?>/8<?>/9<?>/10/11<?>/12<?>
100,8/9/10/11<?>/12<?>/13 101,1 102<FE filiformis> 103<fili>
104<An introduced species, HAIR FESCUE, FINE LEAVED FESCUE,
\i{}F. capillata\i0{} Lam., \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}capillata\i0{} (Lam.) Alef., \i{}F. tenuifolia\i0{} Sibth.
Sometimes sold as an ornamental \i{}F. ovina glauca\i0{}
(illustrated in the image library)> 105<\i{}Festuca
filiformis\i0{} is a European introduction in North America,
which is sometimes sold under the name "ovina" or "sheep
fescue". The occurrence of the species in Eastern Canada was
discussed in Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). It was observed to be
planted extensively beside roads in Nova Scotia (Aiken and
Consaul, observations 1992). Occasional herbarium specimens
indicate that \i{}F. filiformis\i0{} has been introduced to
Western North America, but the extent is not known. \i{}Festuca
filiformis\i0{} and \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} (Hack.) Krajina are
available in "blue" glaucous forms sold under the trade name
"glauca". \i{}Festuca\i0{} plants labelled "glauca" in
ornamental gardens may be either species, but in western North
America they are more usually \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{}.>
106<Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990; Flora Europaea, Sept.1993.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca frederikseniae\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 28. 1985. \i{}F. vivipara\i0{}
var. \i{}hirsuta\i0{} Schol. in Devold & Schol., Skr. om
Svalbard og Ishavet 56: 139. 1933. \i{}F. vivipara\i0{} subsp.
\i{}hirsuta\i0{} Frederiksen Nord. J. Bot. 3: 287. 1981>
3<Greenland: Fredriksdal, Juli 1828, \i{}Vahl s.n\i0{}.
Lectotype: C. (Frederiksen 1981).> 6,2 7,15-25(-30) 8,1 9,1 10,2
11,2 12,1 13,1/2/3 14,2 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.25-0.5
22,2 23,4-11 24,1<from underlying, almost continuous
sclerenchyma> 25,2 26,1/2 27,2 28,- 29,0.3-0.49-0.75
30,0.65-0.84-0.95 31,5-7 32,2 33,2 34,2 35,1<well defined, 2-4
variously defined lateral ribs> 36,2 37,15-30 38,2<rarely>/1
39,1<when visible> 40,1/3<often hirsute near the inflorescence>
42,1.5-4 44,1 45,1 46,0.2-0.7 47,2 48,1/2 49,3 52,1-2
53,10-35<almost all proliferating> 54,2-3.5 55,1 56,1-5 58,2
59,2 60,2<densely pubescent> 61,1 62,2-3 63,1 64,1 65,3-4.6 66,3
68,- 69,2 70,4.3-5.5 71,1 72,2 73,2<densely pubescent> 74,1
75,1/2 76,0-0.2 78,5.3<only one palea found after a detailed
search of five herbarium sheets> 79,1 80,1<one sample> 81,1
82,0.9 83,2.5 84,1 85,- 86,28 87,1 89,1<or cold coastal
habitats> 91,1/2 93,1/2/6 101,1 102<FE frederik> 103<fred>
104<Treated as a species (Alexeev 1985) and as a subspecies,
\i{}F. vivipara\i0{} subsp. \i{}hirsuta\i0{} Frederiksen
(Frederiksen 1977).> 105<For taxonomic discussion see Aiken and
Darbyshire (1990).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca hyperborea\i0{} <Holmen ex Frederiksen>/
1<NORTHERN FESCUE> 2<Bot. Not. 130: 273. 1977> 3<Greenland.
Pearyland: Jorgan Brondlund Fjord, 28 July 1950, \i{}K.A. Holmen
8078\i0{}. Holotype: C!> 4<\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} sensu
Schol., Vascular Plants from Northern Svalbard, p. 24. 1934, non
Schult. & Schult. f. Mantissa 2: 646. 1827.> 6,3<often pink or
purple tinged> 7,2.5-10(-13.5) 8,1<loosely caespitose> 9,1
10,1/2 11,2 12,1<or below existing tillers> 13,1 14,1<often
obscured by dense tufting and recurved leaves> 15,2<during the
first season> 16,1<prophylls and old sheaths split between the
veins; prophylls scaberulous or with long trichomes on the
veins> 17,1 18,2/3 19,2 21,0.1-0.3 22,2 23,1-6 24,1 25,2
26,1/2<small and appressed in the Canadian Arctic, Aiken et al.
1994, in the data bank> 27,2 29,0.4-0.55-0.75 30,0.6-0.76-0.95
31,4-7 32,2 33,1 34,1 35,5 36,1<0.5-1.2 mm wide>
37,0-0.8<characteristically short and spoon-shaped>
38,1/2<rarely> 39,1<when visible> 40,1 42,1.1-2.2 44,1-2 45,1
46,0.1-0.5<pedicels> 47,1/2 48,2<sparse> 49,2 52,1-2 53,3-6.5
54,2.5-4 55,2 56,3-4 58,2 59,1 61,1 62,1-3.5 63,1 64,1
65,2.2-3.2<usually broader than the first glume and
conspicuously shorter than the upper glume of \i{}F.
edlundiae\i0{} when the two species are compared> 66,3 68,2 69,2
70,2.9-4 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,2 76,0.7-3 78,3-3.5 79,1<trichomes
sparse> 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-0.9 83,0.4-1.1 84,1 85,2.3-3 86,28 87,1
89,1 91,1/2 93,12/13/15<5 herbarium specimens from Quebec (DAO
and CAN) that were considered to be this species, have been
re-examined and annotated as \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{} by the first author> 101,1 102<FE
hyperborea> 103<hype> 104<Recognized as distinct by Holmen
(1952) but not formally published as a species until Frederiksen
(1977). Her description included the taxon separated as \i{}F.
edlundiae\i0{} by Aiken et al. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity was
studied by Ramesar-Fortner et al. (1995). Extensively
illustrated in the image library.> 105<Although this taxon was
recognized as distinct by Holmen (1952) for specimens collected
in Greenland, Porsild (1964) did not recognize it as occurring
on the Arctic Islands. Frederiksen (1977) formally published a
species description that also included characteristics of the
species now recognized as \i{}F. edlundiae\i0{} S. Aiken,
Consaul, & Lefkovitch (Aiken et al. 1995).> 106<<Aiken and
Darbyshire 1990, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} <Elmer> subsp. \i{}idahoensis\i0{}/
1<IDAHO FESCUE, BLUE BUNCHGRASS> 2<Bot. Gaz. 36: 53. 1903.
\i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var. \i{}asperrima\i0{} subvar.
\i{}idahoensis\i0{} (Elmer) St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 260. 1925.>
3<U.S.A. Idaho: Shoshone Co., Smith's Valley, July 1900,
\i{}L.R. Abrams 668\i0{}. Holotype: DS. Isotype: NY.> 4<\i{}F.
ovina\i0{} var. \i{}ingrata\i0{} Hack. ex Beal, Grasses N. Am.
2: 598. 1896. \i{}F. ingrata\i0{} (Hack. ex Beal) Rydb., Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}ingrata\i0{} (Hack. ex Beal) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 10: 28. 1906. \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} var.
\i{}ingrata\i0{} (Hack. ex Beal) B. Boivin, Naturaliste Canad.
94: 505, 524. 1967. Isotype: U.S.A. Oregon: 1880, \i{}Howell
23\i0{}. Isotype: US. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. ovina\i0{}
var. \i{}columbiana\i0{} Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 599. 1896.
Type: U.S.A. Washington: Blue Mountain, Tukanon River, June
1892, \i{}E. R. Lake 2188\i0{}. Isotype: GH! US.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. ovina\i0{} var. \i{}oregona\i0{}
Hack. ex Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 599. 1896, non \i{}F.
oregona\i0{} Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 2: 126. 1877. \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{} var. \i{}oregona\i0{} (Hack. ex Beal) C.L.
Hitchc., Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 17: 577. 1969. Type: U.S.A.
Oregon: "common over the hills," 1884, \i{}Cusick 753\i0{}.
Isotype US! \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. ingrata\i0{} var.
\i{}nudata\i0{} Vasey ex Rydb., Agric. Exp. Sta. Agric. Coll.
Colorado Bull. (Fl. Colorado) 100: 50. 1906. Type: U.S.A.
Colorado: Middle Park, 1892, \i{}Beardslee\i0{}.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var.
\i{}asperrima\i0{} subvar. \i{}robusta\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea
2: 264. 1925, pro parte. Type: U.S.A. Washington: Walla Walla
Co., on high ridges of the Blue Mountains, 15 July 1896,
\i{}Piper 2410\i0{}. Type: GH!> 6,1/2<sometimes adjacent plants
are distinctly different colours> 7,30-100 8,1 9,1 10,1/2 11,2
12,1 13,1<usually>/2/3 14,2 15,2 16,2<prophylls, 1-3 cm
delicate, predominantly glabrous, inconspicuous among dense
sheaths> 17,1 18,2<small> 19,2 21,0.3-0.6 22,2
23,(5-)8-25(-35)<adjacent plants may have conspicuously long or
short leaves> 24,1 25,2 26,1<usually>/2<scaberulous or with long
trichomes> 27,1/2<usually plicate, but often loosely rolled>
28,1-3 29,0.35-0.42-0.6 30,0.55-0.62-0.7 31,(4-)5(-6) 32,2 33,2
34,2 35,3-5 36,2 37,(1.5-)3-7(-9.5) 38,2 39,1-2 40,1/2
42,(5-)7-12(-20) 44,1-2 45,1<sometimes loosely so> 46,(1.5-)3-7
47,2 48,1/2 49,2 52,(1-)3-7 53,(5.8-)7.5-17(-19) 54,(2.5-)3-6
55,2<usually; a specimen which developed inflorescenses with
proliferating spikelets, is a plant of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}
collected in Southeastern Alberta and grown outside at the
Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. CAN
520008> 56,(2-)3-7(-9) 58,2 59,1/2 60,1<if trichomes are
present> 61,1 62,(2.5-)3-5(-6) 63,1-3 64,1 65,(3-)4-8 66,3-4
68,2<or sparsely antrorsely scabrous, rachilla joints usually
visible, and often conspicuously zig-zag> 69,2 70,(5-)6-8(-10)
71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1 76,1-6(-7) 78,(5-)6-8(-9) 79,1 80,1 81,1
82,0.9-1.1 83,(2.5-)3.2-4(-4.5) 84,1 85,4-4.5 86,28 87,1 89,4
91,2/3 92,1/2/3/5<<??>> 93,9/10/11 94,2/3 95,2/3 96,1/2/3/4/5
98,1 101,1 102<FE idaho idaho> 103<idah> 104<After much
confusion, reflected in the pre-1970 synonymy, this taxon has
become widely accepted as a distinct species (see for example
Cronquist et al. 1977, Pavlick 1983a, 1983b).> 105<\i{}Festuca
idahoensis\i0{} was considered a distinct species by Rydberg
(1917), Hitchcock and Chase (1951), Hitchcock et al. (1969), and
Cronquist et al. (1977). Boivin (1967) considered the taxon to
be \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} var. \i{}ingrata\i0{} (Hack. ex
Beal) Boivin, but this was not generally accepted and reasons
for not doing so were presented by Pavlick (1983a). \par{}That
\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} was initially recognized as three
varieties of \i{}F. ovina\i0{}, (var. \i{}ingrata\i0{}, var.
\i{}oregona\i0{}, and var. \i{}columbiana\i0{}) is a reflection
on the phenotypic plasticity observed in this species. The
ranges of size variation recorded for characters in the species,
as currently circumscribed, are larger than for any other taxon
in the data bank. For example, among collections from Colorado
there are plants from high altitudes (2500-3000 m), that often
have scabrous leaves, with leaf sections smaller on average and
with fewer than the 5 veins usually present in cross sections of
leaves of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} plants. Fully mature spikelets
may be under 6 mm long and have only two florets, which
contrasts sharply with large spikelets of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}
that may reach 19 mm in length and have as many as 9 florets.
\par{}Whether distinct subspecies or varieties within \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{} s.l., beyond subsp. \i{}roemeri\i0{} (Pavlick)
S. Aiken should be recognized, has not been determined. Since
the data for \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} includes wide ranges for
character sizes, it is not surprising that the INTKEY program
'Diagnose' draws attention to problems found in separating small
plants of this taxon, from \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} Rydb. The
taxa can be readily distinguished by the length of the awns
(\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} 2-7 mm; \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} up to
2.5 mm) and by the length of the anthers (\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}
2.5-4 mm; \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} 1.2-2.1 mm) when these
characters are present. Pre-anthesis specimens of \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{}, from high altitudes, provide many
identification challenges. \par{}Pavlick (1983b) stated that in
British Columbia, subsp. \i{}idahoensis\i0{} occurs in
grasslands and in open areas in the montane and subalpine zones.
In the grasslands, it occupies relatively mesic situations; in
the dry zone of southern British Columbia, it occupies the more
mesic mid valley slopes. In the montane and subalpine zones, it
occurs on the open, south-facing slopes, in open forests, and in
grass balds. It has previously been recorded as an important
component of the grasslands and dry forest vegetation of
southern British Columbia east of the Cascade Mountains by
Spilsbury and Tisdale (1944), Tisdale (1947), McLean and Holland
(1958), Brayshaw (1965, 1970) and McLean (1970). \par{}Idaho
fescue excels many of its associated forage species in ability
to withstand heavy grazing and trampling, although it will
succumb to continued grazing abuse. All classes of livestock
relish it in the spring, as well as later in the season, where
it grows on north slopes or in cooler, moister sites and where
the herbage remains tender. Under such conditions it is often
grazed more closely than other associated grasses. As the season
advances the plants tend to become somewhat tough and harsh, and
less succulent, with a proportionate decrease in palatability
for sheep. This species cures well on the ground and makes a
good or very good fall forage. When accessible, it is also a
good forage for winter use (Dayton 1931).> 106<<Intermountain
Flora, Aiken data for Jepson Manual, Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990,
Sept. 1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} subsp. \i{}roemeri\i0{} <(Pavlick) S.
Aiken>/
2<\i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} subsp. \i{}roemeri\i0{} (Pavlick) S.
Aiken, Can. J. Bot. (Aiken et al. 1997). \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}
var. \i{}roemeri\i0{} Pavlick, Can. J. Bot. 61: 350. 1983.
\i{}F. roemeri\i0{} (Pavlick) E. B. Alexeev, Novosti Sist.
Vyssh. Rast. 22: 23. 1985.> 3<Canada. British Columbia:
Vancouver Island, Mt. Finlayson, 28 June 1978, \i{}L. E. Pavlick
78-233\i0{}. Holotype: V!> 4<\i{}F. amethystina\i0{} var.
\i{}asperrima\i0{} subvar. \i{}robusta\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea
2: 264. 1925, pro parte, typo excl.> 6,2<moderately shiny or
glaucous> 7,35-100 8,1 9,1 10,1/2 11,2 12,1
13,1<usually>/2/3<herbarium voucher, \i{}V 98918\i0{}> 14,2 15,2
16,2<prophylls 1.5-3 cm long, delicate, with glabrescent
trichomes on the veins> 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.4 22,2 23,15-35
24,1 25,1<usually>/2<to 4 mm long> 26,1 27,2 28,-<drying to 1.2
mm when pressed> 29,0.4-0.54-0.8 30,0.75-0.9-1.2 31,(5-)7(-10)
32,2 33,2 34,2<the broad bands particularly well developed at
the midvein and leaf margins, and often only in these positions>
35,5-9 36,2 37,7-12(-18) 38,2 39,1 40,1 42,(8-)10-20(-25) 44,1-2
45,1 46,3-7 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,4-9(-11) 53,9.5-12(-13.5)<<L.E.
Pavlick>> 54,3-5.5 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,3-6 58,2
59,1/2 60,1 61,1<minutely> 62,2-5 63,1 64,1 65,4-5.5(-6.2) 66,3
68,2 69,2 70,6.5-8.2 71,2 72,2<scaberulous> 73,1 74,1 76,2-4(-5)
78,6.5-8 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.6-1.2 83,3-4<<2.9-3.6 L.E.
Pavlick>> 84,1 85,U<<Leon?>> 87,- 89,4 91,2/3 92,1/2 93,11
94,2/3 95,2 101,1 102<FE idaho roem> 103<roem> 104<First
described as a variety, but treated here as a subspecies based
on analyses of this database, and unpublished evidence from seed
protein banding profiles. It appears to be a geographically
distinct taxon. (B. L. Wilson, University of Oregon, personal
communication 1996).> 105<First described as a variety, but
treated here as a subspecies based on analyses of this database,
and unpublished evidence from the seed protein banding profile.
It appears to be a geographically distinct taxon. (B.L. Wilson,
University of Oregon, personal communication 1996).
\par{}Pavlick (1983b) stated that "the habitat of var.
\i{}roemeri\i0{} on Vancouver Island is influenced by being in
the rain shadow of the Olympic and Vancouver Island mountains
and in having mild winters in which most precipitation is rain.
...On Vancouver Island var. \i{}roemeri\i0{} occurs on
south-facing, grass balds up to about 500 m elevation and at
lower elevations in open, often rocky outcrop areas in the
\i{}Pseudotsuga menziesii\i0{} or \i{}Quercus garryana\i0{}
forests." \par{}Pavlick (1983b) gave the following attributes
for distinguishing the taxa: \par{}Basal sheaths 0.8\endash{}1.2
mm diameter about 7 mm below summit; panicle 7\endash{}11 cm
long; basal leaf diameter (long axis)
(0.3\endash{})0.5\endash{}0.7 mm diameter, plant thus fine in
aspect; leaves plicate, hexagonal, involute (near midleaf),
usually with 5 nerves, the ribs (adaxial side) densely long
pubescent; range in Canada, east of the Cascade Mountains...
subsp. \i{}idahoensis\i0{} \par{}Basal sheaths 1.0\endash{}1.4
mm diameter about 7 mm below summit; panicle 9.5\endash{}16.0 cm
long; basal leaf diameter (long
axis)(0.5\endash{})0.6\endash{}0.9(\endash{}1.2) mm, plant thus
coarse in aspect; leaves obovate-pyriform in cross section (near
midleaf) with margins tending to open, usually with 7 nerves,
the ribs (adaxial side) lightly scabrous to sparsely short
pubescent; range in Canada, west of the Cascade Mountains
(southeastern Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands)...subsp.
\i{}roemeri\i0{}> 106<<Pavlick 1983; Aiken independently
gathered data, Sept. 1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca lenensis\i0{} <Drobow>/
2<Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14: 158. 1915> 3<Russia: Prov.
Jakutsk, slope of the Lena River, near Kjatczinskoje, 6 June
1914, \i{}G. I. Dolenko 103\i0{}. Lectotype LE! (Tzvelev 1984).>
4<\i{}F. auriculata\i0{} Drobow, Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR
14: 159. 1915, sensu Aiken and Darbyshire (1990).
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen, Bot. Not. 117: 115. 1964, pro parte,
quoad descr. sed non typus.> 6,2 7,(7-)10-30(-50) 8,1 9,1 10,2
11,2 12,1 13,1/2/3 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,- 18,2 19,2 21,0.2-0.4 22,2
23,4-9(-13) 24,1 25,2 26,1/2<trichomes glabrescent,
conspicuously long when present> 27,2 29,0.4-0.52-0.7
30,0.65-0.79-1 31,5-7 32,2 33,1/2<sclerenchyma in three areas
only, at the midvein and leaf margins, sometimes strongly
developed> 34,- 35,1<well developed, 2-4 variously defined> 36,2
37,0.3-2 38,2/1 39,1<when visible> 40,1/2<near inflorescence,
elsewhere glabrous> 42,1.5-4(-5.5) 44,1-2 45,1
46,0.1-0.7<pedicels> 47,2 48,1/2 49,- 52,1 53,(5-)7-9(-11)
54,2.5-5 55,2 56,(2-)4-5(-7) 58,2 59,1/2 61,1 62,2.5-3.6 63,1
64,1 65,3-4.5 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,3-6 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1
76,1-2.6(-3) 78,3.5-5.5 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-0.9 83,2.3-3.7
84,1 85,2-2.5 86,14 87,1 89,1/2 91,2/3 92,1 93,10/14/15 94,1
101,1 102<FE lenensis> 103<lene> 104<Treated as \i{}F.
auriculata\i0{} Drobow (Frederiksen 1983), \i{}F. ovina\i0{}
subsp. \i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen (Porsild and Cody 1980), \i{}F.
lenensis\i0{} (Aiken and Darbyshire 1990) and \i{}F\i0{}. agg.
\i{}auriculata\i0{} (Tzvelev 1976, Aiken et al. 1993).>
105<\i{}Festuca lenensis\i0{} has been known as: \i{}F.
ovina\i0{} var. \i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen (Hultn 1968, Porsild
and Cody 1980), \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} Drobow (Frederiksen
1983), \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} Drobow (\i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen pro parte; Aiken and Darbyshire 1990).
\par{}As a result of isozyme analyses and the examination of the
type specimens of \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} and \i{}F.
lenensis\i0{}, the name \i{}F\i0{}. agg. \i{}auriculata\i0{} was
used by Aiken et al. (1993) following Tzvelev (1976). The study
was based on specimens from the Northern Yukon and the
suggestion was made that plants from this location may have been
sufficiently isolated from Russian plants to have speciated to a
distinct subspecies. No further work has been done on this
suggestion and the name \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} is used, as the
Yukon plants are considered closer to the type of that name.
Three collections from Alaska sent in by David Murray,
University of Alaska, had the leaf anatomy of \i{}F.
auriculata\i0{} s.s., but they had grown in very harsh
environments. Until further evidence is available, they are
considered to be stunted plants of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} that had
a very short growing season. \par{}In some DELTA analyses the
similarity of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} to the introduced
"pseudovina" (\i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} Schleich. ex Gaud. s.l.) of
the grass seed trade is evident. Both are diploid species
(possibly sister taxa) that occur naturally in the fescue
steppes of the southeastern Altai where they are valuable
forage, particularly in the spring (Dulepova 1986, Namzalov
1986).> 106<<Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca minutiflora\i0{} <Rydb.>/
2<Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}minutiflora\i0{} (Rydb.) Howell, Leafl. West. Bot. 6: 151.
1951.> 3<U.S.A. Colorado: Cameron Pass, 13 July 1896, \i{}Baker
s.n\i0{}. Holotype: NY! Part of the type US!> 4<\i{}F.
brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}endotera\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea 2:
254. 1925. \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}endotera
\i0{}(St.-Yves) Litard. Candollea 10: 108. 1945. Type: U.S.A.
Colorado: near Pagosa Peak, August 1899, \i{}C.F. Baker
176\i0{}. Lectotype: GH! Isolectotype NY! (Frederiksen 1979).>
6,3 7,4-30(-40) 8,1<in small tufts> 9,1 10,2<usually> 11,2 12,1
13,1 14,1 15,2 16,1/2<observed as approximately half the length>
17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.3<<0.75 mm is length given in original
description but as yet this is unconfirmed>> 22,2<narrow leaves,
tiny ligules, tiny cilia> 23,1-7(-10) 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,-
29,0.2-0.33-0.45 30,(0.2-)0.4-0.45-0.55<conspicuously narrow and
triangular in outline relative to most other \i{}Festuca\i0{}
taxa in North America> 31,3-5 32,2 33,1 34,1 35,1<well defined,
0-2 variously defined> 36,2 37,0.8-3 38,2<usually>/1<rarely>
39,1<when visible> 40,1 42,1-4(-5) 44,1-3 45,1<or slightly open>
46,0.15-1.5 47,1/2 48,1/2<sometimes almost glabrous> 49,2 52,1-3
53,2.5-5 54,1.5-2.5 55,2<not recorded for this taxon>
56,2-5<usually 2> 58,2 59,2<slightly scaberulous> 60,1
61,1<especially at the apex> 62,1.3-2.5 63,1 64,1 65,2-3.4 66,3
67,0.7-0.8 68,2 69,2 70,2-3.4 71,2 72,2<sparse> 73,1 74,1
76,0.5-1.5(-1.7) 78,2.7-3.1 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.45-0.6
83,(0.4-)0.7-1.1 84,2<with a few sparse hairs> 85,2-2.5 86,28
87,1 89,2 91,2/3 92,2/3/5 93,10/11/15 95,1/2/3 96,1/2/3/4/5 98,1
101,1 102<FE minutiflora> 103<minu> 104<Considered a "neglected
species" by Frederiksen (1979). Now more widely understood
(Aiken and Darbyshire 1990). In herbarium records, specimens of
\i{}F. earlei\i0{} have been annotated as this species,
especially by Frederiksen in the course of her study published
in 1979.> 105<Frederiksen (1979) considered \i{}F.
minutiflora\i0{} a neglected species. She mapped the
distribution and since that time we have found more specimens
particularly in Canada (Argus and Aiken 1987, Aiken and
Darbyshire 1990). While agreeing with Frederiksen (1979) that
\i{}F. brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}utahensis\i0{} St.-Yves is
synonymous with \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}, we suggest that \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}endotera\i0{} (St.-Yves) Litard. is
synonymous with \i{}F. earlei\i0{} Rydb. (see the notes for
\i{}F. earlei\i0{}). \par{}Frederiksen (1979) included \i{}F.
brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}utahensis\i0{} in \i{}F.
minutiflora\i0{} "only with some hesitation". She noted that
"the top of the caryopsis is hairy, but it deviates, especially
in having more florets per spikelet and broader leaves. However,
there are transitional specimens even among the few specimens
examined." Both \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} and \i{}F. earlei\i0{}
show phenotypic plasticity with evidence on herbarium labels
suggesting that small and large plants have often come from
different microhabitats at the same location (\i{}Baker 175 and
176\i0{} collections). Large specimens of \i{}F.
minutiflora\i0{} approach the dimensions of small to medium size
specimens of \i{}F. earlei\i0{}, but have a finer more delicate
form when the two species are compared. The degree of this
difference is indicated in that large specimens of \i{}F.
earlei\i0{} are sufficiently robust to have been identified as
\i{}F. rubra\i0{}, while many specimens of \i{}F.
minutiflora\i0{} have previously been identified as \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f. \par{}Rydberg (1905) gave
the ligule length for \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{} as 0.75 mm, but
all specimens examined to date have ligules less than 0.5 mm
long. Ligules in \i{}F. earlei\i0{} are 0.1-1.0 mm long.>
106<<Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Data for Jepson Manual, Sept.
1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca occidentalis\i0{} <Hook.>/
1<WESTERN FESCUE> 2<Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 249. 1840.> 3<U.S.A. Oregon:
on the plains of the Columbia, near the sea, 1825, \i{}Douglas
224\i0{}. Isotype: GH! Lectotype: K. (Alexeev 1985).> 4<\i{}F.
ovina\i0{} var. \i{}polyphylla\i0{} Vasey in Beal, Grasses N.
Am. 2: 597. 1896. Type: U.S.A. Oregon: \i{}T.H. Howell 26\i0{},
and \i{}Henderson 8\i0{}. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F.
rubra\i0{} var. \i{}longiseta\i0{} (Hack.) sensu Beal. Grasses
N. Am. 2: 606. 1896, but not as to basionym. \i{}F.
longiseta\i0{} Hegetschw. & Heer, Fl. Schw. 92: 1840. Type:
Canada. British Columbia: Vancouver Island, 1887,
\i{}Macoun\i0{}.> 6,3 7,(25-)45-110 8,1 9,1/2 10,1/2 11,2 12,1
13,1/3<that are minute hairs; silica deposits sometimes
prominent> 14,1 15,2<in the first year> 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2
21,0.1-0.4(-0.5) 22,2 23,(5-)10-20(-40) 24,2 25,2 26,1<rarely
scaberulous> 27,2<becoming longitudinally sulcate when dry> 28,-
29,0.25-0.35-0.6 30,0.35-0.64-0.75 31,(3-)5-7 32,2 33,1 34,1
35,1<well defined, 2-4 poorly defined> 36,2<usually, somewhat
inflated when inflorescence is in the boot> 37,3-12 38,2 39,2
40,1 42,5-20 44,1-2 45,1/2 46,(1-)2-10 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 52,3-6
53,6-12 54,1-3 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,2-5(-7) 58,2
59,2 60,1 61,1 62,2-5 63,1 64,1 65,3-6 66,(1-)3 68,2 69,2
70,4-7(-8) 71,2 72,2<sparsely scaberulous> 73,1<usually>/2 74,1
76,3-12 78,4-7 79,1 80,1 81,1/2<rarely> 82,0.7-1.5 83,(1-)1.7-3
84,2 85,3-4.5 86,14/28/42/46/56/64/70 87,1 91,2/3 92,1/2/3/4/6
93,7/10/11 94,2/3 95,2 96,2/3/5 97,9/10 99,5 101,1 102<FE
occidentalis> 103<occi> 104<WESTERN FESCUE, widely accepted as a
distinct species.> 105<In the above description, data for
Canadian specimens (Aiken and Darbyshire 1990) are combined with
data gathered from Californian specimens (Aiken 1993) and
encompass the size ranges found in this species throughout North
America. \par{}Hitchcock et al. (1969) commented that, "although
sometimes approaching \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} this species is
nearly always recognizable from the former by the smaller
lemmas, some of which are always exceeded by the awn". The fine
leaves of \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} are angular in outline from
fine bundles of underlying sclerenchyma, those of \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{} Elmer s.l. are more rounded in outline from wide
bands of underlying sclerenchyma (Aiken and Consaul 1995). The
ovary apices of plants of \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{} are densely
hairy, those of plants of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} are glabrous.>
106<<Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Aiken data for Jepson Manual,
Piper (1906), Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Sept. 1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca ovina\i0{} <L.>/
1<OVINA, SHEEP FESCUE> 2<Sp. Pl.: 73. 1753> 3<"Habitat in
Europae collibus apricis aridis vulgatissimum".> 4<for synonymy
see Tzvelev (1976) and Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980).> 6,1/2
7,(10-)20-45(-75) 8,1 9,1 10,2<usually straw coloured> 11,2 12,1
13,1/3<that are scabrous> 14,2 15,2 16,2<usually to the base>
17,1 18,2/3 21,0.2-0.3 22,2 23,10-30 24,1 25,2<often dense>
26,2<that are minutely scabrous> 27,2 29,0.6-0.75 30,0.8-1.2
31,5-7 32,2 33,2 34,2<as a complete, relatively uniform ring,
c.f. \i{}F. filiformis\i0{}> 35,1<well developed, 2-3 poorly
developed> 36,2 37,3-6 38,2 39,1 40,2<or almost glabrous>
42,2-12<loosely compacted> 44,1 45,1 46,1-3 47,2 48,1<very
scabrid> 49,3 52,1-5 53,(4-)4.8-6.3(-7.3) 54,2-3 55,2<usually,
but recorded in European specimens> 56,3-8<green, glaucous, or
purple tinged> 57,1 58,2 59,2 60,1<and on the main vein> 61,1
62,2.5-3 63,1 64,1 65,(2.2-)2.6-4.6<0.8-1.3 mm wide> 66,3
67,0.5-1.2 68,2 69,2 70,(2.6-)3.5-4.5(-5.1)<1.4-1.7(-2) mm wide,
lanceolate to oblanceolate> 71,2 72,1/2<sparse> 73,1<and on the
main vein if applicable> 74,1 75,1 76,1-1.7
78,(2.5-)3.4-4.8(-5.3) 79,1 80,1 81,2 82,0.9-1.3 83,2-2.8 84,1
85,2-3<?> 86,14 87,2 88,5 89,2<sometimes planted on ski slopes,
grown in the Rogue Valley, Oregon>/4 101,1 102<FE ovina>
103<ovin> 104<This European introduction has apparently been
grown to a limited extent at Agricultural Experimental Stations,
particularly in the United States. Alexeev (1982), having
indicated that the species was not considered to occur in North
America, discusses a single specimen collected in Illinois.
Specimens have been found from South Carolina, Utah and several
places in California usually in cultivated or seeded sites. In
Oregon, it is grown extensively in the Rogue Valley, Oregon in
an area of 250,000 acres.> 105<This European introduction has
apparently been grown to a limited extent at Agricultural
Experimental Stations, particularly in the U.S.A., and seeded at
ski areas. It is reported that seed of \i{}F. ovina\i0{} was
ordered by Rocky Mountain National Park personnel from a Turkish
source (or perhaps seeds of a cultivar from there), to
revegetate the degraded roadside along Trail Ridge in the park
(W.A. Weber 1995, personal communication). \par{}Alexeev (1982)
having indicated that the species was not considered to occur in
North America, discusses a single specimen collected in Illinois
(Pialt Co., Allerton Park near Monticells, 31 May 1959, \i{}G.N.
Jones 24309\i0{}, LE). The first author has found the following
additional records of introduced \i{}F. ovina\i0{}: California,
Sonoma Co., cultivated in a Nursery in Freestone, 4 July 1964,
\i{}Elizabeth McClintock\i0{}, DAV 446040; California, Santa
Barbara Co. Parking lawn of Santa Barbara Street, 22 May 1956,
\i{}Henry M. Polland\i0{}, DAV 412342; California, Alpine Co.
Mt. Reba ski area, northwest of Lake Alpine, approximately 7800
ft. Disturbed roadside, perhaps seeded 2 August 1977, \i{}J.T.
Howell 52509\i0{}, DAV 621476; California, Sierra Co., Yuba
Summit, meadow, 18 June 1981, \i{}Catherine Best\i0{}, DAV
734387, 734391; California, Yolo Co., Agronomy Experimental
Areas, Davis Campus, ornamental planting, 29 May 1961, \i{}B.
Crampton BC-76\i0{} DAV (Agronomy) 27947; Illinois, Lisle,
Morton Arboretum, 5 June 1967, \i{}T.R. Dudley, N.A. 18712\i0{},
UTC 158833; South Carolina, Anderson Co., Anderson, May 1924,
\i{}Rev. J. Davis\i0{}, (Dudley) DAV 203972; Utah, Uintah Mts.,
Dyer Mine, dead timber, 9 July 1902, \i{}L.N. Goodding
1207\i0{}, MO 2968069; Washington, Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier
National Park, Mt. Fremont, trail, 9 Aug. 1955, \i{}P.H. Raven
8535\i0{}, CAS 409977; Washington, Okanagan Co., Okanagan
National Forest, 1.5 mi S of Sweetgrass Lookout on Sweetgrass
Ridge near Winthrop, 5700 ft. elevation. 4829'N; 12011'W, 20
July 1961, \i{}J.G. Smith 186\i0{}. This population had
persisted for 8 years. (Barbara Wilson personal communication
1996). Barbara Wilson has provided the following records from
the Pringle herbarium (VT): Vermont, Addison Co., Button Island,
Ferrisburg, 26 June 1981, \i{}P.F. Zika 3773\i0{}; Vermont,
Bennington Co., Mount Equinox, elev. 1700 ft., 3 July 1981,
\i{}P.F. Zika 3814\i0{}; Vermont, Chittenden Co., Jonesville,
Richmond, railroad tracks, 16 June 1981, \i{}P.F. Zika
3612\i0{}; Vermont, Charlotte Co., old fields, 11 June 1877,
\i{}C.G. Pringle s.n.\i0{}> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} <L.> subsp. \i{}rubra\i0{} s.l./
1<RED FESCUE> 2<Sp. Pl.: 74. 1753> 3<Europe: \i{}in sterilibus
siccis\i0{}.> 4<For extensive lists of synonymy see Hultn
(1942), Hitchcock and Chase (1951), Tzvelev (1976), Alexeev
(1985), Pavlick (1985). The following description is based on
data collected from plants considered to be commercial cultivars
of slender and strong creeping red fescue.> 6,1/2/3
7,15-90(-120) 8,2<unless plants are constrained by habitat
factors> 9,1/2 10,1<reddish colour usually apparent>
11,1<sometimes suppressed in rocky environments> 12,2
13,3<usually retrose, but less commonly glabrescent or glabrous>
14,1 15,1 16,1 17,1 18,2/3 19,2 21,0.1-0.5 22,2 23,6-30 24,2
25,2 26,1 27,1/2 28,1-4 29,0.4-1.1 30,0.65-1.25 31,5-7 32,2 33,2
34,1 35,5<well defined> 36,2 37,3-8 38,2/1 39,1-2<when visible>
40,1 42,(2-)5-14(-20) 44,1-4 45,1<usually, lower branches
sometimes spreading> 46,1.5-8 47,2 48,1<usually>/2<rarely>
49,1/2 52,3-7 53,(6-)9-12(-13) 54,3-4.5 55,1/2<plants with
proliferating spikelets have sometimes been referred to as
\i{}F. prolifera\i0{} (Piper) Fernald> 56,(2-)4-6(-10) 58,2
59,1/2 60,1/2 61,1 62,(2-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) 63,1(-3) 64,1
65,3.5-5.5(-6) 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,(4-)5-7(-8) 71,2
72,1/2<usually> 73,1 74,1 76,(0.3-)1-3.3(-5) 78,5-6.6 79,1 80,1
81,1 82,0.8-1.1 83,(2.2-)3-4(-4.5) 84,1 85,3-4.5
86,14/21/28/42/49/53/56/64/70 87,1&2 88,1/2/3<turf and sometimes
pasture species> 91,1/2/3 92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7
93,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12<?>/13<?>/14/15 94,1/2/3 95,1/2/3
96,1/2/3/4/5 97,1/2/4/5/6/10 98,1<?>/2<?>
99,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12
100,1<?>/2<?>/3/5<?>/6<?>/8/10/11/12/13/14<?> 101,1 102<FE rubra
rubra> 103<ruru> 104<A polymorphic species with many trade
cultivars, commonly known as "slender" (2\i{}n\i0{}=42) or
"strong" (2\i{}n\i0{}=56) creeping red fescues (Duyvendak et al.
1981).> 105<This treatment covers most of the \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
complex including over 100 cultivars. Members of the \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} complex may be identified by the presence of young
tiller sheaths that are fused in a tube almost to the top (Stace
et al. 1992). One may be alerted to look for this character if
the sheaths are reddish brown with retrorse hairs and the older
sheaths are fibrillose. Leaf cross sections of the \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} complex are characteristic (Aiken and Consaul 1995).
\par{}In the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) list of Cultivars Eligible for Certification
(1993), 211 cultivars of red fescue from thirteen countries in
Europe and North America are listed. \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} has
been introduced or bred to produce new cultivars throughout
North America many times, particularly in regions from Oregon in
the south, to the Peace River District of Alberta in the north.
The taxonomy of the \i{}F. rubra\i0{} complex in northwestern
North America was examined by Pavlick (1985) who stated that the
taxa, that he recognized, intergrade morphologically. It has not
been possible to apply his treatment, that was developed for
British Columbia, to the variation within \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l.
that is observed in the whole of North America. \par{}Attempts
were made to separate an Atlantic coastal subspecies, based on
plants that appear to be a slender creeping red fescue and
relatively salt tolerant. Much of the Atlantic coast has been
farmed for more than two centuries and it was found that
distinctions between native and introduced plants could not be
made satisfactorily based on herbarium material. It is
understood that Martin Dub and coauthors (Dub and Morisset
1983, 1987, 1995, Dub, et al., 1985) are working on the
problem.> 106<<Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Intermountain Flora.
Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} <Hack. ex
Piper>/
2<Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 22. 1906. \i{}F.
densiuscula\i0{} (Hack. ex Piper) E. B. Alexeev, Byull. Mosk.
O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 87: 113. 1982. \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
var. \i{}genuina\i0{} subvar. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} (Hack. ex
Piper) St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 240. 1925.> 3<U.S.A. California:
Crescent City, May-August 1899, \i{}Davy 5931\i0{}. Holotype:
US! Isotype: GH!> 4<\i{}F. rubra\i0{} var. \i{}littoralis\i0{}
Vasey ex Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 607. 1896, non G. Meyer,
Chloris Hanover 621, 622. 1836. Type: U.S.A. Oregon: Tillamook
Bay, on sand dunes by the sea, July 1882, \i{}Thomas Howell
s.n\i0{}. Holotype US! nom. illeg.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}arenicola\i0{} E. B. Alexeev, Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir.
Otd. Biol. 87: 115. 1982. Holotype: U.S.A. California: Northern
Coast region, sand dunes of ocean at Humbolt Bay, 4 July 1900,
\i{}J.P. Tracy 894\i0{}. Holotype: LE. Paratypes also cited by
Alexeev (1982): U.S.A. California: Eureka, low moist ground,
back of Humbolt Bay, 13 July, 1915, \i{}A.S. Hitchcock, Am.
Grass Nat. Herb. 469\i0{}, LE, BR. U.S.A. California: San
Francisco, 12 May 1882, \i{}M. E. Jones 3251\i0{}, BR.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The use of the name \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} is discussed in Aiken and Fedak
(1992).> 6,1/2<illustrated in the image library> 7,15-60 8,1/2
9,2 10,1<sometimes very red> 11,1/2 12,2 13,1/2 14,1 15,1
16,1<most sheaths split early and the margins overlap> 17,1 18,3
21,0.2-0.4 22,2 23,7-25 24,1<stiffer than the leaves of
cultivars of \i{}F. rubra\i0{}: usually with more sclerenchyma,
but this is variable> 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,- 29,0.5-0.75-1.05
30,0.65-1.05-1.25 31,5-7 32,2 33,2 34,1<the discrete strands
maybe relatively large> 35,5<well defined> 36,2 37,0.4-11
38,2<usually, but not exposed on the type specimen of
\i{}densiuscula\i0{}> 39,- 40,1 42,3-9 44,1-3 45,1 46,1.5-4.5
47,2 48,-<glabrous or sparsely scaberulous> 49,2 52,3-15
53,7.6-12 54,1.5-3.5 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,5-8
58,2 59,1<often glaucous> 61,1 62,2.9-3.7 63,1 64,1 65,4.5-5.2
66,3 68,2 69,2 70,4.5-7.1 71,2 72,1 74,1 76,0.3-1<reported to be
absent in coastal forms, but usually to 0.3 mm long at least>
78,5-7 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-1.1 83,2.8-3.8 84,1 85,3.5-4.5
86,42 87,1 90<West coast endemic plants found growing as a sand
binders in northern California and Oregon> 91,3 92,1/2 94,2 95,2
101,1 102<FE rubra densiu> 103<rude> 104<Reasons for recognizing
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} were discussed in
Aiken and Fedak (1992).> 105<On the holotype specimen of this
taxon is a folded letter from E. Hackel to C.V. Piper dated 6
Jan. 1903. It reads as follows, with (?) indicating handwritten
words that could not be interpreted. \par{}"Dear Sir, \par{}Your
letter of Dec. 18, 1902 was followed yesterday by the parcel
containing two specimens of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} from California.
The specimen gathered at Fort Bragg (\i{}Davy 6107\i0{}) is
quite identical with \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subvar.
\i{}pruinosa\i0{} Hack. in Report of the Bot. Exchange Club of
the British Isles for the year 1884, p. 119 (folia pruinose,
panicula anjusta, zisculo (?) (?) glabree, (?) pubescentes).
This was collected first in the isle of Sky by Linton (?),
afterwards I received it from other British coast localities
(??? geography) and from the coast of N. France (Bretagne, lg.
Crie (?)). The other specimen, from Crescent City (\i{}Davy &
Blasdale 5931\i0{}) though very similar to the first has not the
stratum of wax on the leaves, which makes one of the characters
of subvar. \i{}pruinosa\i0{}, giving them the pruninous aspect.
The leaves of the Crescent City plant seem also somewhat
glaucous, but only in consequence of the (?) epidermis. It
therefore cannot be identified with subvar. \i{}pruinosa\i0{},
but must get a new subvarietal name. Now I find that there is
little difference between your specimen \i{}Davy + Blasdale
5931\i0{} and Howell's Pacif. Coast Pl. (? 1882 no. 74 (76?)
(labelled \i{}F. ovina\i0{} v. \i{}rubra\i0{} Gray) and some
others of Pringles gathered 1882 on the Coast of California,
Mendocino County, which I named in letters to Prof. Scribner:
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} var. \i{}densiuscula\i0{}, but without
publishing this name. Pringle specimen (I noted no number, only
the year 1882, of which I have not example in my herbarium, but
which I sent back to Prof. Scribner) must have been (after the
notes I took from it) quite the same as yours (\i{}5931\i0{}).
Howell's is somewhat different by the awned fertile glumes, less
stiff leaves. You may use for your \i{}5931\i0{} the name
\i{}densiuscula\i0{} or \i{}densiflora\i0{} as you like.
\par{}It is evident that there is much variety in the forms of
\i{}rubra\i0{}, especially in the coast forms of it and it may
perhaps be superfluous to keep all of them with special names.
In the sense of my \i{}Monographie Festucarum\i0{} your two
specimens might also be united under \i{}rubra juncea\i0{}, but
in this case the character of that must be enlarged to enclose
also the forms with tight panicles. \par{}I shall always be
ready to give you any information on grasses you desire and I
shall also make use of your offer to exchange rare species of N.
Am. Grasses with those of S. America etc. Mr. Hitchcock will
tell you, that I spoke with him (when he called on me here)
regarding a large collection of Grasses that I might sell to the
Nat. Herbarium. I had not yet the time to go over the whole
collection and to complete it (?) types from my herbarium but I
shall do so in the lapse of the next month (or 2 months) and
then I shall make an offer containing all the number of species
and specimens. \par{}Yours ever truly, \par{}E. Hackel."
\par{}Aiken and Fedak (1992) reported a chromosome count of
2\i{}n\i0{}=42 obtained for a plant from California, Humbolt
County, Fort Bragg, beside the estuary of the Albion River at a
Biological Field Station. The plant was one of several growing
2-4 m from the tide line, 12 August 1988, (\i{}S.G. Aiken,
88-438\i0{}. CAN 534351 and 534318). The evidence from the
SDS-PAGE analyses of seed proteins (Aiken et al. 1992),
suggested that this taxon is closely related to commercial
cultivars of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. and better treated as a
subspecies. \par{}In the sand dunes of northern California and
southern Oregon there is an apparently native member of the
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. complex that is adapted to saline, sand
dune habitats. It differs from commercial \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
cultivars in having distinctive glaucous blue foliage that is
firm to the touch from underlying well-developed sclerenchyma
strands. Another conspicuous difference distinguishing it from
commercial \i{}F. rubra\i0{} is that the spikelets have almost
awnless lemmas. When grown in the greenhouse, plants developed
vivid red leaf sheaths. When plants grow in the unstable moving
substrate of seashores and dunes and also when they are grown
under greenhouse conditions, they develop vigorous stolons up to
30 cm long. In situations where they were growing between a rock
and a well-trodden path, or between rocks, plants were observed
to be almost caespitose (\i{}S.G. Aiken 88-436\i0{}, contrasted
with \i{}88-437\i0{}). While the vigour of the stolon
development suggests a strong creeping red fescue, the diameter
of the stolon is characteristic of a slender creeping red fescue
cultivar (D. Huff, Crop Science Dept., Rutgers University,
personal communication 1991). At the Biological Field Station at
the estuary of the Albon River, commercial \i{}F. rubra\i0{} had
been planted for turf. However, around the borders of the lawn
it had been undisturbed and in August 1988 was observed to be
flowering. No evidence of hybridization was observed between the
planted cultivar and the native member of the complex that
appeared to have flowered much earlier in the season, even where
the plants grew within 3 m of each other. \par{}Alexeev (1982)
recognized \i{}F. densiuscula\i0{} (Hack. ex Piper) E. B.
Alexeev and also \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}arenicola\i0{} E.
B. Alexeev as a second Californian littoral member of the \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} complex. The two taxa were said to differ in the
degree of openness of the panicle, the degree of scabrousness of
the panicle branches, lemma lengths, and the glaucousness of the
leaves. After growing plants from near the type locality of
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}arenicola\i0{} in the greenhouse
for 3 years, examining the collections of coastal \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} from the herbaria at CAS and UC, and making some
observations of plants growing along the Californian coast,
Aiken suggests that there is only one native littoral taxon in
northern California. The morphological variation recorded
appears to be related to habitat, varying with the degree of
exposure to the prevailing wind, how much the sand dunes are
moving, and whether the plants grow on or near rocks. The amount
of leaf sclerenchyma and the degree of leaf folding appear to
vary with the salinity and dryness of the habitat, but even in
greenhouse conditions the leaves were observed to remain folded,
glaucous, and usually had more sclerenchyma developed in the
leaf cross sections than is usual for commercial cultivars of
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} (Aiken and Fedak 1991).> 106<<Aiken data based
on a survey of Californian plants.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}richardsonii\i0{} <(Hook.)
Hultn>/
2<Fl. Alaska and Yukon 2: 246. 1942> 3<Canada. Arctic sea-coast,
1825 (?), \i{}J. Richardson s.n\i0{}. Syntype GH!> 4<\i{}Festuca
richardsonii\i0{} Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 250. 1840.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}arctica\i0{} auct. non (Hack.) Govor., Fl. Urala: 127.
1937.> 6,2 7,(8-)15-40(-50) 8,2<loosely caespitose> 9,2 10,1/2
11,1 12,2 13,2<trichomes prominent, retrorse, if present> 14,1
15,2 16,1 17,1 18,3 21,0.1-0.4 22,2 23,3-25 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,2
28,- 29,0.5-0.71-1.1 30,0.7-1.12-2 31,5-8 32,2 33,2 34,1
35,5<well defined> 36,2 37,(1.5-)2-4(-6) 38,1/2 39<1 when
visible> 40,1 42,(2-)3-5(-7) 44,1-2 45,1 46,0.4-1.3 47,2 48,2
49,2 52,1-4 53,(6-)7-8 54,1.5-3 55,2<usually, samples with
proliferating spikelets are synonymous with \i{}F.
prolifera\i0{} var. \i{}laesiocarpa\i0{} Fernald. One living
plant brought into Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa, from the Yukon
(\i{}W.J. Cody & J..H. Ginns 31787\i0{}, DAO.) produced normal
inflorescences in the spring and inflorescences with
proliferating spikelets in the fall for at least two seasons,
when grown outside at the Agriculture Canada, Central
Experimental Farm, in Ottawa> 56,2-7 58,2 59,2<scabrous or with
long, whitish trichomes> 60,2 61,2 62,1.5-3 63,1 64,1 65,3-4.8
66,3 68,2 69,2 70,5-6.5 71,2 72,2<similar in distribution to
trichomes on the glumes> 73,2 74,1 76,0.2-1.6 78,4.5-6 79,1 80,1
81,1/2 82,0.9-1.1 83,2.7-3.7 84,1 85,2-2.5 86,42 87,1 89,1&2
91,1/2/3 92,3 93,1/3/6/7/8/9/10/12/13/14/15 96,3/5 101,1 102<FE
rubra richar> 103<ruri> 104<Possibly synonymous with \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}arctica\i0{}, but this was questioned by
Tzvelev (1976).> 105<Tzvelev (1976) questioned whether this is
the same taxon as \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}arctica\i0{}.
Alexeev (1985) placed \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}richardsonii\i0{} into synonymy with subsp.
\i{}arctica\i0{}. While Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) recognized
\i{}F. richardsonii\i0{}, Aiken et al. (1992) discussed reasons
for recognizing the taxon as a subspecies, but did not study
Eurasian specimens. \par{}\i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}richardsonii\i0{} has limited distribution in the western
arctic islands, with several records from Victoria Island and
small islands nearby. The collection from Melville Island
\i{}S.A. Edlund 379A\i0{} was from an area well used by
muskoxen. The suggestion that it has been found on Devon Island
at Truelove Inlet, was made by A. Elveakk, University of Tromso,
but no voucher has been seen (personal communicaton 1991).>
106<<Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca saximontana\i0{} <Rydb.> subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{}/
1<ROCKY MOUNTAIN FESCUE> 2<Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 536. 1909.
\i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{} (Rydb.) St.-Yves,
Candollea 2: 245. 1925. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} var. \i{}rydbergii\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea
2: 245. 1925. \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} (Rydb.) Hultn, Fl. Alaska and Yukon 2:
242. 1942. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var. \i{}saximontana\i0{} (Rydb.)
Gleason, Phytologia 4: 21. 1952. \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} var.
\i{}rydbergii\i0{} (St.-Yves) Cronquist, in Man. Vasc. Pl.
Gleason and Cronquist, 749. 1991> 3<Canada. Alberta: Rocky
Mountains, in the vicinity of Banff, side of road, Mountain
Avenue, 4600 feet, 28 July 1899, \i{}W.C. McCalla 2331\i0{}.
Holotype: NY! Isotypes: K, US!> 4<\i{}F. canadensis\i0{} E. B.
Alexeev, Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 88: 104.
1983. Type: Canada. Ontario: comt de Simcoe, Wasaga Beach, sur
les dunes de la Baie Georgienne, 12 July 1936, \i{}F.
Marie-Victorin, F. Rolland-Germain & F. Dominique 46144\i0{}.
(Translated, Canada. Ontario: Simcoe County, Wasaga Beach, on
the sand dunes of Georgian Bay, 12 July 1936, \i{}F.
Marie-Victorin, F. Rolland-Germain, F. Dominique 46144.)\i0{}
Holotype: LE. Isotype: DAO! \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} Rydb. var. \i{}robertsiana\i0{} Pavlick, Can.
J. Bot. 62: 2452. 1984. Type: Canada. British Columbia: Taseko
Mt. (Chilcotin), \i{}Pavlick 81-178\i0{}. Holotype: V.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}pseudovina\i0{} sensu Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10:
27. 1906, quoad. pl. cit. non \i{}F. pseudovina\i0{} Hack. ex
Weisb.> 6,2/3 7,(5-)20-50(-60) 8,1 9,1 10,2 11,2 12,1
13,1/2<sometimes with minute retrorse pubescence> 14,2 15,2
16,2<fused to one third of their length, Frederiksen (1983);
prophylls 1-2.5 cm long, delicate, with glabrescent keels> 17,1
18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.4 22,2 23,2-20 24,1 25,2 26,1/2<antrorsely,
at least toward the apex; one specimen with long leaves, growing
in a meadow in Utah had small trichomes developed on the abaxial
surface of leaves. Voucher: Utah, Garfield Co., 5 mi. east of
Widstoe, meadow, yellow pine, spruce forest, 4 August 1954,
\i{}B.P. Harrison 12334\i0{}. NY> 27,2 28,- 29,0.3-0.45-0.7
30,0.5-0.72-0.9 31,5-8 32,2 33,2 34,2<rarely> 35,1<well defined,
2 poorly defined> 36,2 37,0.5-4 38,2 39,1-2 40,1 42,3-9(-13)
44,1-2 45,1 46,0.5-3(-5) 47,2 48,1/2 49,2<or evenly distributed
on short branches, that are usually appressed to the rachis>
52,1-4 53,(3.5-)4.5-9(-10) 54,1.5-3(-4) 55,2<usually, recorded
rarely, e.g. DAO 228637> 56,(2-)3-4(-6) 58,2 59,2 60,1<and along
midvein> 61,1 62,1.5-3.5 63,1 64,1 65,2.5-4.8 66,3 67,0.9-1.1
68,2 69,2 70,3-5.6 71,2 72,1/2 73,1 74,1 76,0.5-2(-2.5) 78,3-5
79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.5-0.7 83,(0.9-)1.2-1.7(-2.1)<sometimes as
small as 0.9 mm in Oregon specimens, B.L. Wilson, personal
communication 1995> 84,1 85,2.2-2.8 86,42 87,1 89,2&4 91,1/2/3
92,1/2/3/4/5/6 93,1/2/6/7/8/9/10/11/14/15 94,1/2/3 95,1/2/3
96,1/2/3/4/5 97,3/4/7/9/10 98,1 99,5 101,1 102<FE saximon saxi>
103<sasa> 104<Whether distinctions between \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} and \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} deserve species
status has been debated. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) considered
\i{}F. saximontana\i0{} to be the variety \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}rydbergii\i0{} (St.-Yves) Cronquist.
Evidence from SDS-PAGE of seed proteins (Aiken et al. 1992)
encouraged recognition as a full species.> 105<Whether
distinctions between \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. &
Schult. f. and \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} deserve species status
has been debated. Hultn (1942) reduced the taxon to \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{} based on anther
length, but Hultn (1968) recognized the taxon as a full
species. Frederiksen (1982) stressed that \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} deviates from \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} and
related taxa in having strongly developed sclerenchyma in the
leaf blades and anthers normally longer than 1.2 mm. Gleason and
Cronquist (1991) treated \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} with varietal
status as \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}rydbergii\i0{}
(St.-Yves) Cronquist. This was on the basis that Cronquist could
not see a difference between the taxa (personal communication
1990). \par{}On the NY type specimen of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{},
W.A. Weber of the University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
Colorado, 9 November 1966, wrote, "Hultn (1942) reduced this to
subspecific rank under \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schultes. Holmen
(1964) showed that the type (this specimen) has long anthers and
hence could not belong to \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} but showed
some close affinity to the Eurasian \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{}.
\par{}Although I can not vouch for the separation of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} from \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{}, I support
Holmen's contention that \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} has little in
common with \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} and for the time being I
feel should be maintained at specific rank. The following
diagnostic key serves to distinguish the two. \par{}Anthers
1.0-1.5 mm long; leaves glaucous; culms tall, about 2 to 3 times
the height of the basal leaves; ligule conspicuous, 0.3 mm long;
lemma 6.0-7.5 mm. long inclusive of the awn; plants of lower and
middle foothill to subalpine. ...\i{}F. saximontana\i0{}
\par{}Anthers 0.7-0.8 mm long; leaves green; culms usually less
than twice the height of the basal leaves; ligule minute or
obsolete; lemma 3-4 mm long inclusive of the awn. ..\i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{}. \par{}In addition to the characters cited
above, the more extensive sclerenchyma development in the leaves
of \i{}saximontana\i0{}, mentioned by Holmen, give the blades a
rigidity and resistance to crumpling which sets is apart from
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{}. In \i{}brachyphylla\i0{} the leaves are
more often collapsed between the nerves and easily folded or
crumpled." \par{}Although the two species are normally quite
distinct, some early season collections may be difficult to
determine. In the northern areas of the range of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{}, there are specimens that have been collected
with the characters: anther lengths, leaf dimensions in cross
sections, and sclerenchyma development, that overlap with \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{} (locations for
example in St. Elias Mountains, southwest Yukon; Great Bear
Lake, N.W.T. and James Bay, Ontario and Quebec). Larger
specimens of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{}, may grow up to 55 cm tall in lush
conditions, a height more common in plants of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{}. When there are limited habitat data on
herbarium labels, identification often is a challenge. \par{}In
a study of candidate specimens to confirm the record of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} on Baffin Island, N.W.T., the first author
concluded that the single specimen recorded from Iqaluit, Baffin
Island, N.W.T. (annotated by S. Frederiksen, housed at CAN and
mapped by Aiken and Darbyshire 1990) is a tall specimen of
\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}. This species is sensitive to nitrogen
loads randomly applied in microhabitats and which may result in
plants twice the size of an adjacent "typical" \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{}. Isozyme studies and SDS-PAGE of the seed
proteins have failed to produce evidence that \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} occurs in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
(Aiken et al. 1992, 1993, and 1995). Data on herbarium labels
and field observations suggests that taller plants of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} occur at lower elevations and in more sheltered
habitats. The development of purple coloration in spikelets, of
this taxon and others in the genus, is often associated with
exposed alpine or arctic habitats. An albino form of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} has been observed, but this has not been
taxonomically recognized (cf. \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} forma
\i{}flavida\i0{} Polunin). \par{}In studying the leaf anatomy,
Aiken and Consaul (1995) found that in \i{}F. saximontana\i0{}
the sclerenchyma is in broad bands, that are sometimes almost
continuous. Rarely the sclerenchyma is reduced to three bands at
the midrib and leaf margins, such that the leaf cross sections
looks superficially like \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} Drobow or \i{}F.
valesiaca\i0{} Schleicher ex Gaud. Leaf cross sections with only
three bands of sclerenchyma were observed among specimens
collected towards the southern end of the distribution range of
\i{}F. saximontana\i0{} in the United States.> 106<Aiken and
Darbyshire 1990, Intermountain Flora as \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}rydbergii\i0{}, Feb. 1990.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} <(St.-Yves)
Tzvelev>/
2<Bot. Zh. (Leningr.) 56: 1254. 1971. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} var. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} St.-Yves,
Candollea 2: 247. 1925. \i{}F. purpusiana\i0{} Tzvelev, Zalki
SSSR (Poaceae URSS): 406. 1976.> 3<U.S.A. California: Mountains
north of Farewell Gap, elev. 11-12,000 ft. April-Sept. 1897,
\i{}C.A. Purpus 5112\i0{}, pro parte. GH! Topotype: \i{}C.A.
Purpus 3076\i0{} US!> 4<\i{}F. ovina\i0{} var. \i{}supina\i0{}
sensu Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 27. 1906, non (Hack.)
Schur, Bot. Centralb. 8: 405. 1881.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. supina\i0{} sensu Rydb., Fl. of
Rocky Mountains: 86. 1917, non Schur, Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 784.
1866. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. saximontana\i0{} var.
\i{}purpusiana\i0{} (St.-Yves) Frederiksen & Pavlick in
Frederiksen, Nord. J. Bot. 2: 534. 1983. Type: U.S.A. Oregon:
Wallowa Mt., near lake, 2 August 1900, \i{}Cusick 2454\i0{}.
Lectotype: GH. (Frederiksen 1982).> 6,2<variable> 7,5-25
8,1<sometimes forming dense, tightly grouped clumps> 9,1 10,2
11,2 12,1 13,1 14,2<more conspicuous than is usual in \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} Frederiksen> 15,2
16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,2-6.5 24,1<especially in
short plants from arid habitats> 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,-
29,0.3-0.4-0.5 30,0.55-0.65-0.8 31,5 32,2 33,1/2 34,2 35,1<well
defined, 2-4 poorly defined> 36,2 37,1-2.5
38,1<usually>/2<rarely> 39,1<where applicable> 40,1 42,1-5
44,1-2 45,1 46,0.5-1.2 47,2 48,1/2 49,2 52,1-4(-5)
53,(4.8-)5.5-6.5(-7.6)<<Frederiksen 1982, 5.5-6.5 mm>> 54,1.5-3
55,2 56,2-5 58,2 59,2 60,1<sometimes sparse> 61,1 62,2-3.4 63,1
64,1 65,3-4.8 66,3 68,2<scaberulous> 69,2 70,3.6-5.6 71,2
72,2<scaberulous> 73,1<and down the central vein, but elsewhere
glabrous> 74,1 76,0.8-1.8 78,3.6-4.7 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.6-1.4
83,1.5-1.8 84,1 85,2-2.5 86,42<Frederiksen (1982) cult SF 774,
seeds originating from Bitteroot Mountains, Montana> 87,1 89,2
91,3 92,1/2/3 94,2/3 95,2/3 96,1/4 101,1 102<FE saximon purp>
103<sapu> 104<the status of this taxon was indicated Tzvelev
(1976), discussed in Alexeev (1985), in Aiken et al. (1992) and
also in this paper.> 105<The descriptive data are based on
specimens from alpine regions of Oregon and California. Seed
protein data suggested that \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
\i{}purpusiana\i0{} is distinct from short forms of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} Rydb. subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{} (Aiken et al.
1992). In that study, the protein profile determined by SDS-PAGE
analyses of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}
seed obtained from the White Mountains of California was
compared with the profiles of samples of subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} and \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. &
Schult. f. obtained from across Canada. The profile of the
subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} lacked a heavily stained band that
was present in six samples of subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{} from
widely separated areas in North America. Instead the profile of
subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} had two narrow bands more similar to
those that were found in the same position on \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} profiles. The seed protein results might have
suggested recognition of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}purpusiana\i0{}, but the morphological characteristics of
anther lengths and sclerenchyma deposition in leaf cross
sections are more similar to \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{}. \par{}\i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}coloradensis\i0{} (=\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}breviculmis\i0{}) plants were growing in association with
\i{}F. saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} at a White
Mountain site in California. They were visibly much shorter,
more compact, and at a different stage of flowering (photographs
in the image library). It is suggested that \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}, like \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} has evolved at
high altitudes and in relative isolation in the south western
United States (Aiken et al. 1992). As both subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} and subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} have
2\i{}n\i0{}=42 chromosomes, they are more likely to be able to
hybridize if they grow together. It is suspected from herbarium
label data that the two subspecies are separated by altitude
differences in many locations, with subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{}
in dry grasslands below a forest zone and subsp.
\i{}purpusiana\i0{} isolated on the tops of mountains above 3000
m, but this needs more research. \par{}The confusion is
reflected in the literature. Tzvelev (1976) indicated that the
taxon is known from Chukotsk Peninsula in Asia, an extension
that corresponds well with the extension of other Beringian
plants, and he recognized \i{}F. purpusiana\i0{} (St.-Yves)
Tzvelev. Alexeev (1985) stated that, in North America, subsp.
\i{}purpusiana\i0{} is an ecological response of \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} where less sclerenchyma forms in the leaves and
refers the Asian material of \i{}F. purpusiana\i0{} sensu
Tzvelev to \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}. \par{}Frederiksen (1982)
based the name \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} var. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}
on the \i{}Cusick 2454\i0{} type, collected in mountains of
eastern Oregon, and made the combination in collaboration with
L.E. Pavlick. She suggested that the two varieties deviate in
(a) the length of the culm, which is distinctly shorter in the
taxon she recognized as var. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} and (b) the
length of the culms relative to the length of the blades (culms
are about twice the length of the blades in "var."
\i{}purpusiana\i0{} and more than twice the length of the blades
in var. \i{}saximontana\i0{}). The first author has found these
characters to be very variable, both on herbarium specimens and
in the course of field work. Frederiksen's observations, based
on a few specimens only, were that the leaf sheath is never
fused more than 1/3 in var. \i{}saximontana\i0{}, while it is
fused 1/2 or more in var. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}. Frederiksen
concluded that although there seems to be real differences
between the taxa concerning the fusion of the leaf sheaths,
there are difficulties in distinguishing between them. \par{}The
only two diagnostic characters given by St.-Yves (1925) are the
colour of the spikelets (normally green or reddish in subsp.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} and mostly green variegated, with purple in
subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}) and the fusion of the leaf sheath
(at most 1/4 fused in subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{}, 1/3-1/2 fused
in subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{}). Some authors have emphasized the
amount of sheath closure as a taxonomic character in separating
the segregated taxa subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{}, subsp.
\i{}purpusiana\i0{}, var. \i{}robertsiana\i0{} Pavlick, and
\i{}F. canadensis\i0{} E. B. Alexeev (Alexeev 1983, Frederiksen
1982). \par{}During development a "split ring" develops in the
sheaths of subsp. \i{}saximontana\i0{} (Aiken and Darbyshire
1990, illustrated in the image library) It is suspected that the
rate of growth of the new shoot coming up through the sheath may
influence how rapidly this split opens. The first author's
experience and that of Pils (1985), is that this feature is
highly variable in most fescues. It can be difficult to
determine the difference between 1/4, 1/3, or 1/2 sheath closure
in arctic or alpine species that have short sheaths. Lui and
Dengler (1992), in an anatomical study, found that the early
stages of development of the closed sheaths of \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
s.l. and the open sheaths of \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} (Hack.)
Krajina had many similarities. The work of these authors
appeared to imply that differences in sheath development between
closely related taxa may be difficult to detect, if plants are
grown under uniform conditions, that is, the character, degree
of sheath opening, may have a phenotypic component. \par{}Aiken
and Darbyshire (1990) also noted that a number of collections of
\i{}F. saximontana\i0{} from subalpine and alpine habitats of
southern Alberta and British Columbia retained their small
stature and dense tufts under uniform cultivation in Ottawa. The
variety recognized by Pavlick (1984), i.e. var.
\i{}robertsiana\i0{}, described from the Rocky Mountains of
British Columbia, is intermediate in culm length between the
taxa recognized by Frederiksen (1982) as var.
\i{}saximontana\i0{} and var. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} and is placed
into synonymy with \i{}F. saximontana\i0{}.> 106<gathered for
Jepson Manual project: Sept. 1993.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca trachyphylla\i0{} <(Hack.) Krajina>/
1<HARD or SHEEP FESCUE> 2<Acta Bot. Bohem. 9: 190, tab. 2, fig.
5,6. 1930. \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}eu-ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}duriuscula\i0{} subvar. \i{}trachyphylla\i0{} Hack., Monogr.
Festuc. Europ.: 91. 1882.> 3<Germany. Brandenberg: Prenzlau, 90
km N.N.E. of Berlin, 1.5.(18) 65, \i{}Grantzow\i0{}, ex herb
Hackel. Lectotype: W, 977. (Wilkinson & Stace 1989, p. 295).>
4<\i{}F. duriuscula\i0{} auct. non L. 1753. \i{}F. ovina\i0{}
var. \i{}duriuscula\i0{} auct. non (L.) Koch. 1837.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Festuca longifolia\i0{} forma
\i{}villosa\i0{} (Schrad.) Dore, in McNeill and Dore,
Naturaliste Canad. 103: 560. 1966, non \i{}Festuca ovina\i0{}
var. \i{}villosa\i0{} Schrad. 1806.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. brevipila\i0{} Tracey, Plant
Syst. Evol. 128: 287. 1977. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Wilkinson
and Stace (1989, 1991) cite further synonymy and discuss related
taxa that are relevant to the occurrence of the taxon in
Eurasia, and their concerns about the validity of the name.>
6,1/2/3<sometimes glaucous, blue-green> 7,(20-)30-50(-75) 8,1
9,1/2 10,1<sometimes slightly purple> 11,2 12,1 13,1/2/3
14,2<but not always conspicuous> 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,-
21,0.1-0.3 22,2 23,8-30 24,1<hard> 25,2 26,1/2<scabrous,
sometimes tomentose> 27,2 28,- 29,0.4-0.47-0.6 30,0.75-0.9-1.15
31,(5-)7 32,2 33,2 34,2<forming an interrupted or almost
continuous, unevenly thickened ring; Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980)
indicated that the sclerenchyma is sometimes in 3 strands, but
this has not been found in North American specimens> 35,3-5 36,2
37,2-7 38,2 39,1-2 40,1/3<sometimes retrorsely hairy just below
the panicle> 42,3-10(-13) 44,1 45,1 46,1.2-3.5 47,2
48,2<strongly scabrid> 49,2 52,1-5 53,5.5-9(-10) 55,2<usually,
but occurring occasionally in North American material e.g. CAN
525881> 56,4-7(-8) 58,2 59,2 60,1<and on midvein> 61,1 62,2-4
63,1-3 64,1 65,3-5.5 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,(3.8-)4-5(-5.5) 71,2
72,1/2 73,1/2<very variable; almost glabrous, glabrous with long
hairs on margins near apex, or surface completely scabrous> 74,1
76,0.5-2.5<Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980) describes the awn as about
half as long as the lemma> 78,4-5 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.6-1
83,2-3(-3.4) 84,1 85,2.5-3.5 86,42 87,2 88,2<ground cover> 89,-
91,1/2/3 92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7 94,3 95,2 96,5 97,1<?>/2/4/5/10 98,1
99,1<?>/3/4/5/6/8/9<?>/10/12 100,6<?>/8<?>/9/12<?>/13<?> 101,1
102<FE trachyphylla> 103<trac> 104<Native to Eurasia and widely
introduced in North America as "hard", "sheep", or "ovina"
fescue for land stabilization on pipelines, mine tailings, ski
slopes, and roadside plantings. Wilkinson and Stace (1989)
suggested that the correct name of the taxon is \i{}F.
brevipila\i0{}. Reasons for disputing this are given in the
detailed notes.> 105<An Eurasian native that is widely
introduced in North America as "hard", "sheep", or "ovina"
fescue for land stabilization on pipelines, mine tailings, ski
slopes, and roadside plantings. It has been observed planted on
mine tailings in Sudbury, Ontario, on ground disturbed by the
Alaskan pipeline project through Alberta, and on ski slopes in
the Appalachian Mountains. \par{}McNeill and Dore (1976)
discussed this species under the name \i{}F. longifolia\i0{} and
explained that although it is definitely related to \i{}F.
ovina\i0{}, the type of \i{}F. duriuscula\i0{} L. is a member of
the \i{}F. rubra\i0{} group and so the epithet cannot be applied
in this sense. While they were aware that Tzvelev (1972b) had
adopted the name \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} they referred to other
European authors Auquier (1973) and Kergulen (1975) who
retained the name \i{}F. longifolia\i0{} for at least part of
\i{}F. duriuscula\i0{} auct. Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980),
followed Tzvelev (1972b, 1976) and adopted the name \i{}F.
trachyphylla\i0{} for hexaploid plants of the complex.
Kergulen, when he visited Ottawa in the early 1980's, annotated
plants collected in Quebec as \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} and
stated that \i{}F. longifolia\i0{} is a more delicate, diploid
species with limited distribution on sandy acidic soils in
coastal western Europe, southern Britain, and northwestern and
central Europe. \par{}Alexeev (1975) described \i{}F.
trachyphylla\i0{} as an anthropogenic, introgressive, hybrid
species of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} Schleich. ex Gaud.  \i{}F.
ovina\i0{} L. \par{}Wilkinson and Stace (1989) selected a
lectotype for the name \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}eu-ovina\i0{} var. \i{}duriuscula\i0{} subvar.
\i{}trachyphylla\i0{} Hack. but pointed to the combination
\i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} Hack. ex Druce, which is an earlier
homonym of \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} (Hack.) Krajina. Wilkinson
and Stace (1989) rejected the latter name in favour of \i{}F.
brevipila\i0{} Tracey. The use of the "trachyphylla" epithet by
Druce appears to have been an unintended slip for the epithet
"trachylepis" and, although not corrected, was never repeated in
his later works. Additionally, the grammatical construction and
use of pronouns in the protologue is ambiguous and the diagnosis
provided is not clearly attached to the name \i{}F.
trachyphylla\i0{}. The interpretation of \i{}F.
trachyphylla\i0{} Hack. ex Druce as nomen nudum is adopted here
(based on extensive work by S. J. Darbyshire, personal
communication 1995 and quoted here with his permission).
\par{}Lui and Dengler (1992) in an anatomical study found that
the early stages of development of the closed sheaths of \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} s.l. and the open sheaths of \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{}
had many similarities. Darbyshire and Warwick (1992) were unable
to distinguished the chloroplast DNA of the two taxa.>
106<<Aiken and Darbyshire, Gleason and Cronquist, Flora
Europaea, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca valesiaca\i0{} <Schleich. ex Gaud.> s.l./
1<PSEUDOVINA> 2<Agrost. Helv. 1: 242. 1811> 3<"hab. in loci
arenosis Valesiae. Cicra Brenson copiose..." (Chase and Niles
1962).> 4<\i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} subsp. \i{}pseudovina\i0{}
(Hack. ex Wiesb.) Hegi, Illustr. Fl. Mitteleuropa 2. 334. 1908.
\i{}F. ovina\i0{} var. \i{}pseudovina\i0{} Hack. Bot. Centralb.
8: 405. 1881\i{}. Festuca pseudovina\i0{} Hack. ex Wiesb.,
Oesterr. Bot. Z. 30: 126. 1880. Type: \i{}Im Thale der reichen
Liesing zwischen Kalksburg und dem Rothen Stadel\i0{} (Austria).
Holotype: Herbar. Kitaibel in Banat-Romania (Chase and Niles
1962).> 6,2 7,20-40(-50) 8,1 9,1 10,1/2 11,2 12,1 13,1
14,2<sometimes not very conspicuous> 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2
21,0.2-0.4 22,2 24,1 25,2 26,2<or scabrid, trichomes sometimes
conspicuously long> 27,2 28,- 29,0.2-0.35-0.5 30,0.4-0.6-0.85
31,5-7 32,2 33,2 34,2<3 stout strands at midvein and blade
margins, sclerenchyma rarely confluent; leaf cross sections
similar to those of \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} Drobow but smaller>
35,1<well defined, 2 poorly defined> 36,2 37,1-4 38,2<usually>
39,1<when visible> 40,1/2<almost glabrous in subsp.
\i{}pseudovina\i0{} (Hack. ex Wiesb.) Hegi, scabrous in subsp.
\i{}valesiaca\i0{}> 42,2-7<2-4 cm long in subsp.
\i{}pseudovina\i0{}; 3-7 cm long in subsp. \i{}valesiaca\i0{}>
44,1 45,1 46,0.5-1.5 47,2 48,1 49,- 52,1-4 53,4.5-8.5<4-6 mm in
subsp. \i{}pseudovina\i0{}, 6.5-8.5(-10) mm in subsp.
\i{}valesiaca\i0{}> 54,1.5-3.5 55,2 56,2-5 58,2 59,2
60,1<sparsely scabrous> 61,1 62,2-3 63,1 64,1
65,(2.2-)2.5-4(-4.3) 66,3 68,2<sparsely> 69,2
70,(2.6-)3.4-5(-5.2) 71,2 72,1/2 73,1<scabrous or ciliate> 74,1
76,1.5-2<1/3 to approaching 1/2 as long as the lemma>
78,3.2-4.8(-5.1) 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.6-0.9 83,2.1-2.6 84,1
85,2.8-3.2 86,14/28 87,2 88,5<some collections labelled \i{}F.
ovina\i0{} in North American herbaria, have been found to belong
to this taxon> 89,2<planted to stabilize ski slopes in the Rocky
Mountains> 101,1 102<FE valesiaca> 103<vale> 104<This Eurasian
complex is occasionally introduced to North America by the grass
trade as "pseudovina".> 105<\i{}Festuca valesiaca\i0{} is an
European species sold under the trade name "pseudovina",
apparently to a limited extent in North America. The species has
been grown experimentally in New Jersey at Rutgers University,
in New York at Ithaca, in Washington State at Pullman, and as a
lawn grass in Kansas, Saline County. Records indicate that it
has been planted in Lincoln County, Wyoming, Carbon County,
Montana, and in the Kaibab National Forest, Arizona. A record
from the Yukon was found by S.J. Darbyshire (Canada: N.W.T.: 10
km south of Mackenzie Highway, 6117'N, 12056'W, hummocky till,
moraine, boreal mixed woods, elevation 800 ft. Revegetation
trial No. 17. Ditch seeded in Jan-Mar. 1985. Specimen collected,
14 July 1986, \i{}Kaye MacInnes 86-70\i0{}, DAO). Whether the
plants are still extant is not known. Barbara Wilson has drawn
our attention to four specimens from Vermont in the Pringle
herbarium (VT). \par{}The taxon is distinguished from other
introduced \i{}Festuca\i0{} species by the leaf cross sections
that have heavy sclerenchyma only at the midrib and leaf margins
and in these respects are similar to the leaf sections of \i{}F.
lenensis\i0{}, and rarely to leaves of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{}
Rydb. \par{}\i{}Festuca valesiaca\i0{} occurs naturally in the
fescue steppes of the southeastern Altai and the Dauria steppe
of the Transbaikal region where it is a valuable forage,
particularly in the spring (Dulepova 1986, Namzalov 1986). Both
\i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} and \i{}F. lenensis\i0{} are dominant
grasses in steppes of southern Chunya, although \i{}F.
valesiaca\i0{} appears to be more important and widespread.
Tzvelev (1976) considered subsp. \i{}valesiaca\i0{} a more
xerophilic taxon than subsp. \i{}pseudovina\i0{}. \par{}The
taxonomic confusion surrounding the name \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{}
and the taxa recognized within the complex are indicated by the
36 entries associated with the name in Chase and Niles (1962).
Tzvelev (1976) recognized \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} subsp.
\i{}valesiaca\i0{} and \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} subsp.
\i{}pseudovina\i0{}; Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980) considered the
latter to be a full species \i{}F. pseudovina\i0{}. The taxon is
not well understood in North America.> 106<Data based on
European specimens at CAN, Literature accounts, and
approximately 10 collections from North Russian steppes, Tzvelev
1976, Markgraf-Dannenberg 1980.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca viridula\i0{} <Vasey>/
1<GREEN-LEAF FESCUE, GREEN FESCUE, MOUNTAIN BUNCH GRASS> 2<U.S.
Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. Bull. 132: pl. 93. 1893. \i{}Gnomonia
viridula\i0{} (Vasey) Lunell, Am. Midl. Natl. 4: 224. 1915.
\i{}F. viridula\i0{} var. \i{}vaseyana\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea
2: 265. 1925.> 3<U.S.A. Washington: Mt. Paddo, (=Mt. Adams),
3-6000 feet, 6 July 1882, \i{}W.N. Suksdorf s.n\i0{}. Lectotype:
US! (Pavlick, 1983c, discusses why this specimen and not a
collection from California by Bolander is the lectotype).>
4<\i{}F. gracillima\i0{} Thurb. in S. Watson, Bot. Calif. 2:
318. 1880, non Hook. f., Fl. Antarctic. 383. 1847.> 6,3
7,(35-)50-100 8,1<forming small clumps> 9,1 10,1/2 11,2 12,1
13,1 14,1<as they tend to turn brown early> 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2
19,2 21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,10-25 24,1/2 25,2<finely
puberulent-scaberulous> 26,1 27,1/2<loosely rolled>
28,0.8-2(-2.5) 29,0.4-0.65-1 30,0.85-1-1.3 31,7-12
32,2<sclerenchyma sometimes on the top of the ribs> 33,2 34,2
35,5-10 36,2 37,4-8(-12) 38,2 39,1-3 40,1 42,4-12(-15)
44,2<pulvinate at the base> 45,1 46,1.5-3 47,1/2 48,2 49,2
52,(1-)2-4 53,9-12(-15) 54,2-2.5 55,2<not recorded for this
taxon> 56,(2-)3-6(-7) 58,2 59,2 60,1 61,1 62,(2.4-)3.5-5 63,1
64,1 65,4.5-6(-7.5) 66,3 67,1-1.5 68,2<minutely scaberulous; the
rachilla is usually visible, but not conspicuously zig-zag as it
often is in spikelets of \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}> 69,2
70,(5.5-)6.5-8 71,2 72,1/2<scaberulous> 73,1<and along margins,
scaberulous> 74,1 75,1/2 76,0-0.5(-1.4) 78,(5-)6-7(-8.2)
79,1<usually> 80,1 81,1/2 82,1.2-1.5 83,(2-)3-4(-5)<<check
anthers only 2 mm>> 84,2 85,3.5-5 86,28 87,1 89,4 90<subalpine
or alpine slopes and rock slides, and meadows to well above
timberline> 91,2/3 92,1/2/3 93,10<recorded from this province
but no voucher for the record has been found>/11 94,2/3 95,2/3
96,2/3 101,1 102<FE viridula> 103<viri> 104<Pavlick (1983c)
documented confusion over the lectotype of this species.>
105<Pavlick (1983c) documented confusion over the lectotype of
this species and explained that Vasey's (1893a) selection was
correct. He documented that Piper (1906) misinterpreted the
protologue in Vasey (1893b) and selected a specimen collected by
Bolander in California as the type; he was followed by Hitchcock
and Chase (1951). \par{}A taxon that has been placed into
synonymy with \i{}F. viridula\i0{} is \i{}F. howellii\i0{} Hack.
ex Beal, (Grasses N. Am. 2: 591. 1896. \i{}F. viridula\i0{} var.
\i{}howellii\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 266. 1925. Type: U.S.A.
Oregon: Josephine Co., Deer Creek Mountains, July 1887,
\i{}Thomas Howell\i0{}. US!) Whether this type is a specimen of
\i{}F. viridula\i0{} is the subject of a study by B.L. Wilson
(personal communication, 1995). \par{}\i{}F. viridula\i0{} was
described as intermediate to \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{} var.
\i{}oregona\i0{} Hack. ex Beal (Hitchcock et al. 1969). These
authors commented that \i{}F. viridula\i0{} "approaches \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{}, especially the var. \i{}oregona\i0{} but
differs not only because of the unawned or only awn-tipped
lemmas, but also because of the flat blades and the marcescent
fibrous veins of the sheaths, in this respect resembling \i{}F.
rubra\i0{}". It differs from both these species in having
ovaries with dense pubescence at the apex. The sheaths of \i{}F.
viridula\i0{} s.s. remain entire; those of \i{}F.
washingtonica\i0{} are marcescent (see notes under the latter
species). \par{}Where it occurs, particularly in the United
States, this species is an important alpine and subalpine forage
that is highly palatable and nutritious.> 106<<Aiken and
Darbyshire 1990, Aiken Jepson Manual data, Flora of the Pacific
Northwest, Piper 1906.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca viviparoidea\i0{} <Krajina ex Pavlick s.l.>/
2<Can. J. Bot. 62: 2454. 1984. \i{}F. vivipara\i0{} subsp.
\i{}glabra\i0{} Frederiksen, Nord. J. Bot. 1: 288-289. 1981>
3<Greenland. Jameson Land: Gurreholm, 14 August 1958, \i{}K.
Holmen 807\i0{}. Holotype: C.> 4<\i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} forma
\i{}vivipara\i0{} Skvortsov. Fl. Arct. URSS: 222-223. 1964, nom.
nud. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{} subsp.
\i{}krajinae\i0{} Pavlick, Can. J. Bot. 62: 2456. 1984. Type:
Canada. British Columbia: Liard River Basin, Fairy Lake, upper
alpine lake west of camp at western tip of Fairy Lake, 5720'N
12356'W, bare gravel soil in animal trail, 26 July 1977, \i{}G.
W. Argus & E. Haber 9987\i0{}; Holotype: V. Isotype: CAN!> 6,2
7,11-20-28 8,1/2 9,1/2 10,1/2 11,1/2 12,1/2 13,1/2/3 14,1/2 15,1
16,1/2 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.25-0.5 22,2 23,3-9-16 24,2 25,2
26,2 27,2 29,0.35-0.5-0.6 30,0.6-0.7-0.85 31,5-7 32,2 33,1/2
34,1 35,1 36,2 37,1.4-2.5-3.5 38,2 39,1 40,1/3 42,1-3 44,1 45,1
46,0.2-1 47,2 48,1/2 49,2 52,1-2 53,7-25 54,1.5-3 55,1 56,1-4
57,1 58,2 59,1/2 60,1/2 61,1/2 62,3-4.2 63,1 64,1 65,3.6-6 66,3
69,2 70,3.6-6.9 71,2 72,2 73,1/2 74,1 75,1 76,0-0.8
78,4.8-5.2<if present> 79,1<if applicable> 80,U 81,U
82,U<probably not formed> 83,2 84,1 86,49/56 87,1 89,1/2
90<Holoarctic, and alpine habitats> 91,1/2/3 92,1/3 93,11<the
western cordillera>/12<on north eastern Ellesmere Island> 94,1
96,3 101,1 102<FE viviparoid> 103<vdea> 104<Following
Frederiksen (1982) and Alexeev (1985), the species and
subspecies recognized by Pavlick (1984) are treated as
synonymous.> 105<Following Frederiksen (1982) and Alexeev (1985)
the species and subspecies recognized by Pavlick (1984) are
treated as synonymous. Pavlick (1984) speculated on the hybrid
origin of this taxon as \i{}F. baffinensis\i0{} Polunin  \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f. Both the postulated
parents occur on Ellesmere Island and in the western cordillera.
Some of the nine specimens at CAN from the western cordillera,
annotated by Pavlick as \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{} subsp.
\i{}krajinae\i0{}, have rhizomes. This suggests one of the
parents may be a member of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l., possibly
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}richardsonii\i0{} (Hook.) Hultn,
as hairs occur on the lemmas of \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}. There
is a diversity in the leaf cross sections of plants from this
area (observed by S. Aiken among specimens at CAN) and
illustrated by Alexeev (1985). \par{}The name \i{}F.
vivipara\i0{} was applied in North America to any fescue of the
\i{}ovina\i0{} group with proliferating spikelets (Hitchcock and
Chase 1951, Boivin 1967, Scoggan 1978). \i{}Festuca
vivipara\i0{} subsp. \i{}vivipara\i0{} is an old-world taxon not
known from North America. A polyphyletic origin for this taxon
is suggested by the diversity of morphological forms, leaf cross
section anatomy, and the chromosome numbers. It has been
suggested that the viviparous \i{}Festuca\i0{} may be species
complexes of hybrid origin that persist by means of vegetative
proliferation or "vivipary" (Flovik 1938, Tzvelev 1972b,
Siplivinskii 1973, Frederiksen 1981, and Pavlick 1984). For
further discussion of viviparous fescues see Aiken et al. (1987)
and Aiken and Darbyshire (1990).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca washingtonica\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 87: 115. 1982.>
3<U.S.A. Washington: Pacific North West, Chelan County, Peavine
Canyon, 3 June 1960, \i{}J.G. Smith\i0{}. LE. Isotype WTU!>
6,3<bright green> 7,(60-)70-80(-100) 8,1<but tufts breaking into
individual tillers> 9,1 10,2<or rarely purple> 11,2 12,2
13,1/3<sometimes 0.4-0.7 mm long, fine and delicate, protruding
at angles of 70-90 degrees from the sheath, older sheaths
approaching scabrous> 14,1 15,1/2<one some plants the sheaths
are quite persistent and do shred, but do not become fibrillose
and in \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L.> 16,1<young sheath observed to be
closed almost to the collar> 17,1/2<if villous, then similar to
the leaf blade and sheath hairs> 18,3 21,0.2-0.3(-0.5) 22,2
23,(13-)15-20(-35) 24,1 25,2<ca. 0.1 mm long> 26,1/2<scabrous on
midvein and sclerenchyma strands, appearing shiny in fresh
material> 27,1<when fresh>/2<after drying: both conditions
illustrated by Alexeev 1982> 28,2-3 29,0.9-1 30,0.9-1 31,7-9
32,1<rarely>/2<but commonly with sclerenchyma on the tops of the
ribs adjacent to the main lateral bundles> 33,2 34,2<some
strands heavily thickened, others relatively narrow> 35,7<well
defined> 36,1<usually> 37,8.5-17 38,2 39,1-2 40,1 42,10-15
44,1/2 45,1 46,0.5-4(-6) 47,1/2 48,2 49,2 52,2-8 53,9.5-15(-18)
54,1.5-2.5 55,2 56,(3-)5-8(-10) 58,2 59,2 60,1<scaberulous> 61,1
62,(3.5-)4-5.5 63,1 64,1 65,5.5-7 66,3 67,0.9-1.5 69,2
70,(6.5-)7-9(-11) 76,1.5-3.5<-4> 78,6-7 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,1-1.5
83,3-4<-4.7 mm: pre-anthesis anther 2.7 mm> 84,2 87,1
90<semi-arid shrub-steppe> 91,3 92,1 94,3 101,1 102<FE
washingtonic> 103<wash> 104<Described as a new species by
Alexeev (1982) but not widely taken up. The limited samples
examined have allowed data analyses that suggest this is a
distinct species, which differs from \i{}F. viridula\i0{} in
having closed sheaths and extravaginal shoots where the latter
species has open sheaths and intravaginal shoots. Both taxa have
densely hairy ovaries. Alexeev (1982) described the ovary of
\i{}F. washingtonica\i0{} as glabrous, but the plant he named as
a type had been collected early in the growing season, and the
isotype has very immature ovaries that are too young to have
developed hairs.> 105<Described as a new species by Alexeev
(1982) but not widely taken up. The specimens examined by the
first author and SDS-PAGE analyses of seed proteins confirm that
this is a distinct species. \par{}When Alexeev (1982) recognized
this taxon, he commented, that "in habit and anatomical
structure of the leaf blades, this species resembles \i{}F.
rubra\i0{}. However, within the limits of the very polymorphous
latter species, we do not know of a single taxon with leaf
blades that are externally scabrous, as in \i{}F.
washingtonica\i0{}, which has trichomes up to 0.08 mm long."
Alexeev (1982) cited as the type specimen, a plant that had been
collected on 3 June 1960 and he described the ovary apex as
glabrous. Alexeev appears to have examined only one specimen and
that of a plant collected so early in the growing season that
the ovaries were too small to have developed apical hairs.
\par{}Specimens of this taxon may sometimes have been labelled
\i{}F. viridula\i0{} Vasey or \i{}F. rubra\i0{}. (Specimens
examined: the isotype, and specimens from U.S.A. Washington:
Benton Co., growing in a narrow strip just below the tip of
Rattlesnake Mountain in the snowmelt zone, in rocky silt loan,
with \i{}Artemisia tridentata\i0{}, \i{}Lupinus laxiflorus\i0{}
var. \i{}calcaratus\i0{}, \i{}Poa nevadensis\i0{}, \i{}Senecio
integerrimus\i0{}, \i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{}, \i{}Melica
bulbosa\i0{} and \i{}Poa cusickii\i0{}, elevation 3400 feet, 4
June 1995, (and from the same site later in the season)
\i{}Kathryn Beck & Florence Caplow 95088\i0{}). \par{}Hitchcock
et al. (1969) when discussing \i{}F. viridula\i0{} commented on
the "marcescent fibrous veins of the sheaths". This is a
characteristic of \i{}F. washingtonica\i0{} which has closed
sheaths; those in \i{}F. viridula\i0{} are open. The concept of
\i{}F. viridula\i0{} in Hitchcock et al. (1969) may have covered
both taxa. \i{}Festuca washingtonica\i0{} differs from \i{}F.
viridula\i0{} in having closed sheaths, extravaginal shoots, and
abaxial to adaxial sclerenchyma strands in the leaves,
illustrated by Alexeev (1982). Both species have mature ovaries
with dense hairs at the apex.> 106<Data based on specimen sent
in by Kathryn Beck and Florence Caplow, from Washington, Benton
Co. Rattlesnake Mountain, snowmelt zone. Collection 6/4/1995,
ie. early flowering season material and a second specimen
collected 26 June, 1995 that has mature ovaries. The variable
leaf sheath hairiness may be a reflection of high moisture
content in snowmelt zone early in the growing season. Original
description modified after receiving a letter on 18 March, 1996
from Floresnce Caplow and Kathryn Beck. Isotype examimined at
Corvallis.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca altaica\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<NORTHERN ROUGH FESCUE> 2<\i{}In\i0{} Ledebour, Fl. Altaica 1:
109-110. 1829. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}eu-altaica\i0{}
var. \i{}genuina\i0{} subvar. \i{}typica\i0{} St.-Yves.
Candollea 2: 270. 1925> 3<Central Asia, Russia, Altai Mountains,
"\i{}in summa alpe ad fontem fl. Acjulac rarissima\i0{}",
(translation: "Very rare on mountain summit at source of Acjulac
River") \i{}C.B. Trinius s.n\i0{}. Holotype and three possible
isotypes LE (Tzvelev 1976).> 4<\i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Torrey in
Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 252, tab. 233. 1840. \i{}F. altaica\i0{}
subsp. \i{}scabrella\i0{} (Torrey) Hultn, Fl. Alaska and Yukon
1: 241. 1942. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} var. \i{}scabrella\i0{}
(Torrey) Breitung, Am. Midl. Natl. 58: 12. 1957. Type: Canada.
Alberta: Rocky Mountains, 1826, \i{}T. Drummond 187\i0{};
Holotype: originally at NY, Torrey Herbarium; now at GH! "Ex.
Herb. Torrey". Isotype: GH! Alexeev (1982) noted that the
syntypes "Drummond" numbers "71, 187, 212" are at K and NY!
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. altaica\i0{} forma
\i{}pallida\i0{} Jordal, Rhodora 54: 36. 1952. Type: U.S.A.
Alaska: Brooks Range, near Wiseman, 19 June 1949, \i{}L. H.
Jordal 1862\i0{}. Holotype: MICH (Confirmed, Reznicek (MICH),
personal communication 1995). \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F.
altaica\i0{} forma \i{}vivipara\i0{} Jordal, Rhodora 54: 36.
1952. Type: U.S.A. Alaska: Brooks Range, Wild Lake, 31 July
1949, \i{}L. H. Jordal 2471\i0{}. Holotype: MICH. (Confirmed,
Reznicek (MICH), personal communication 1995).
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}"\i{}F. altaica\i0{} forma
\i{}scabrella\i0{}" (Torrey) Looman & Best, Budd's Flora Canad.
Pr. Prov., Agric. Canada Research Branch Publ. 1662: 128. 1979,
pro syn.> 6,1/3 7,(25-)30-90(-120) 8,1 9,1 10,1<slightly
reddish>/2<usually> 11,1<as short stems between the
tillers>/2<not often observed on herbarium specimens> 12,1/2
13,1/2 14,2 15,2 16,2<prophylls 3-5 cm long with glabrescent,
retrorse trichomes 0.4-0.7 mm long on the veins, occur among the
sheaths> 17,1 18,2/3 21,0.2-0.6 22,2 23,(4-)10-30(-45) 24,1 25,2
26,2<illustrated Aiken and Lefkovitch 1984, p. 1868, in the
image library > 27,1<occasionally>/2<usually> 28,2-4<leaf widths
in this taxon vary considerably which may be related to the
presence of B chromosomes (Aiken and Fedak 1992). The larger
leaves are often flat in the field, but roll during
preservation. The illustration in Aiken et al. (1985) is that of
a smaller leaf; the cross section illustrated in Aiken and
Consaul (1995) is from a more average and relatively larger
leaf> 29,0.5-0.79-1.4 30,0.65-0.96-1.2 31,7-17 32,1 33,1 34,1
35,6-9<well defined> 36,2 37,2-8 38,1 40,1/2<minutely
scaberulous, sometimes on the same plant, e.g. CAN 38206,
collection from Alaska> 42,5-16 44,1-3 45,2<"open to somewhat
contracted, the lower branches spreading to ascending", Looman
and Best 1979, p.128.> 46,(3-)5-13<often secund, i.e. two
branches arising from one side of the rachis and often blown in
the same direction in a wind> 47,1/2 48,2 49,1<often purple>
52,(2-)4-10<spikelets borne towards the ends of the branches>
53,8-14 54,2-5 55,2 56,3-4(-6) 58,2 59,1/2<rarely scaberulous>
60,1/2<when applicable> 61,1<borders translucent>
62,(4-)4.2-6.8(-8.3) 63,1 64,1 65,(4.5-)5.3-7.5(-10) 66,1-3 68,2
69,2 70,(6.5-)7.5-9(-12) 71,1 72,2 73,2 74,1<illustrated by
Pavlick and Looman 1984, p. 1741 and in the image library>
76,0.2-0.7 78,6-9(-11)<almost as long as the lemma> 79,1 80,1
81,2 82,1-1.5 83,2.6-4.5(-5) 84,2 85,4-5 86,28<+ B chromosomes,
Aiken and Fedak, 1992. W.W. Mitchell, University of Alaska,
Agricultural Experimental Station, Palmer, Alaska made an
unpublished count of 2\i{}n\i0{}=56, personal communication
1990. A specimen collected in Michigan, Otsego Co., \i{}Dore
21169\i0{} had 2\i{}n\i0{}=28 T. Mosquin, March 1965. DAO. Two
specimens from Quebec, Ungave, \i{}Lepage 39,502, 39,524\i0{}
had 2\i{}n\i0{}=28. T Mosquin, March 1965, DAO.> 87,1 89,1/2
91,2/3<and Asia> 92,1/6 93,1/2/6/11/14/15 94,1 99,5 101,2<subg.
\i{}Hesperochloa\i0{}, sect. \i{}Breviaristatae\i0{} Krivot,
Alexeev (1980)> 102<LE altaica> 103<alta> 104<NORTHERN ROUGH
FESCUE. There has been almost constant agreement that this is a
distinct species, see for example: Aiken and Lefkovitch (1984),
Pavlick and Looman (1984), Alexeev (1985), Harms (1985).>
105<There has been constant agreement that this is a distinct
species (Pavlick and Looman 1984, Alexeev 1985, Harms 1985,
Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Gleason and Cronquist 1991).
Characters useful for distinguishing this species from other
rough fescues are in the notes for \i{}F. campestris\i0{} Rydb.>
 
# \i{}Festuca californica\i0{} <Vasey>/
1<CALIFORNIA FESCUE> 2<Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893>
3<U.S.A. California, collected on the hills around Oakland,
1862, \i{}H.N. Bolander 1505\i0{}. Holotype: US! Isotype: GH!>
4<\i{}Bromus kalmii\i0{} var. \i{}aristulatus\i0{} Torrey, U.S.
Expl. Miss. Pacif. Rpt. 4: 157. 1856. \i{}Festuca
aristulata\i0{} (Torrey) Shear ex Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 10: 32. 1906. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} var. \i{}aristulata\i0{}
(Torrey) St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 273. 1925. Type: U.S.A.
California: Mark West Creek, 1856, \i{}Bigelow s.n\i0{}.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Festuca hitchcockiana \i0{}E. B.
Alexeev, Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 87: 111.
1982. Type: U.S.A. California: Santa Clara Co., 6 May 1921,
\i{}A. H. Wolley-Dod 207\i0{}. Holotype: K.> 6,2 7,60-120 8,1
9,1 10,1 11,2 12,1 13,1/3<scabrous or scaberulous; sometimes
with long trichomes on the margins near the collars; sometimes
densely hairy> 14,2 15,2 16,2 17,2<usually or less commonly,
almost glabrous> 18,2 19,2<tufts of hairs from the collars may
occur on erect auricle swellings> 21,0.8-1.5 22,2 23,8-40(-60)
24,1 25,2 26,1 27,1/2<usually> 28,1.8-3.5 29,0.6-1.2-1.8
30,0.95-1.31-1.7 31,7-15<prominent> 32,1 33,2 34,2 35,7-14 36,2
37,5-32 38,2 39,2<Piper 1906> 40,1 42,14-30 44,1/2 45,2<with few
large spikelets towards the ends of the branches> 46,5-12 47,2
48,1 49,1 52,4-8 53,13-18 54,(2.5-)4.5-8 55,2<not recorded for
this taxon> 56,4-6 58,2 59,1<or slightly scabrous on keel> 61,1
62,4.7-6.7 63,1 64,1 65,(5-)6-8 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,7.5-10.6 71,2
72,2<more or less scaberulous> 73,2 74,1 76,1.5-2.2 78,7.2-10.7
79,1 80,1 81,2 82,1.2-1.6 83,4.5-5 84,2 85,4.5-5.5 86,28 87,1
89,4 91,3 92,1/2 94,2 95,2 101,2<subg. \i{}Hesperochloa\i0{},
sect. \i{}Breviaristatae\i0{} Krivot, Alexeev (1980)> 102<LE
californica> 103<cali> 104<Alexeev (1982) suggested there is a
closely related species \i{}F. hitchcockiana\i0{} E. B. Alexeev,
distinguished on the characters ligule length and absence of
collar hairs, but this has not been confirmed. \i{}Festuca
californica\i0{} var. \i{}parishii\i0{} (Piper) Hitchc.,
previously considered synonymous, (Hitchcock and Chase 1951,
Aiken 1993) has been analyzed from limited material as
potentially a distinct species, \i{}F. parishii\i0{} (Piper)
Hitchc.> 105<\i{}F. hitchcockiana\i0{} E. B. Alexeev was
distinguished from \i{}F. californica\i0{} by the characters,
ligule length (longer in \i{}F. hitchcockiana\i0{}), and the
absence of collar hairs (\i{}F. hitchcockiana\i0{}). Collar
hairs vary in abundance from dense to almost absent, even on the
same plants. Only one specimen with conspicuously long ligules
(1-4 mm) was found, by S. Aiken, in the course of the study of
\i{}Festuca\i0{} for the treatment of the genus in \i{}The
Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California\i0{} (Aiken 1993). In
that treatment, Aiken considered as synonymous \i{}F.
californica\i0{} and \i{}F. californica\i0{} var.
\i{}parishii\i0{} (Piper) Hitchc. Having gathered data from the
type specimen of var. \i{}parishii\i0{} (illustrated in the
image library) and analysed it using INTKEY options with this
database, the taxon appears to be a distinct species (Aiken et
al. 1997). The taxon is part of an ongoing study.> 106<<Aiken's
data gathered for the Jepson Manual project, checked Sept.
1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca campestris\i0{} <Rydb.>/
1<MOUNTAIN ROUGH FESCUE, FOOTHILLS ROUGH FESCUE, BUFFALO
BUNCHGRASS. The last common name refers to the fact that buffalo
were fond of this grass> 2<Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900.
\i{}F. scabrella\i0{} var. \i{}major\i0{} Vasey, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1893. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} var.
\i{}major\i0{} (Vasey) Gleason, Phytologia 4: 21. 1952.>
3<U.S.A. Washington: Spokane Co., common on prairies, 18 June
1884, \i{}Suksdorf 118\i0{}. Holotype: US!> 4<\i{}"F.
doreana\i0{} Looman", Looman & Best, Budd's Flora Canad. Pr.
Prov., Agric. Canada Research Branch Publ. 1662: 128. 1979. pro
syn.> 6,2 7,(30-)40-90 8,1<in Montana it grows in tussocks
30-40(-60) cm in diameter> 9,1 10,1 11,1<rarely as short
rhizomes>/2 12,1/2 13,1/2 14,2 15,2 16,2<prophylls 2-5.5 cm long
with glabrescent trichomes on the veins occur among the sheaths;
a prophyll, 5.5 cm long, was found on a collection from Alberta,
CAN 215039> 17,1 18,2<usually>/3 21,0.1-0.5 22,2 23,10-60 24,1
25,2 26,2<illustrated Aiken and Lefkovitch 1984, p.1868 and in
the image library> 27,1<rarely>/2<usually> 28,1.6-3<when flat or
loosely rolled> 29,0.6-0.95-1.75 30,0.8-1.02-1.9 31,7-10 32,1
33,2 34,2 35,6-10<prominent> 36,2 37,2.5-7.5 38,1 40,1/2 42,5-18
44,1-3 45,2<"open to somewhat contracted at anthesis", Looman
and Best 1979, p.128> 46,2.5-7(-13)<tending to be stiffer than
in \i{}F. altaica\i0{} and not secund> 47,1/2 48,2 49,1<usually
greenish> 52,2-6 53,8-12(-16) 54,2.5-7 55,2 56,(3-)4-5(-7)
58,2<usually, but rarely approaching subequal> 59,1/2 60,1
61,1<border less conspicuously translucent than in plants of
\i{}F. altaica\i0{}> 62,4.5-7.5(-8.5) 63,1(-3) 64,1
65,5.3-8.2(-9) 66,(1-)3 68,2 69,2 70,(6.2-)7-8.5(-10) 71,1/2
72,2 73,2 74,1<illustrated by Pavlick and Looman 1984, p. 1742
and in the image library; the \i{}Suksdorf 118\i0{} type
specimen (US) has a limited number of florets, but several have
dried with the veins of the lemma relatively prominent>
76,0.5-1.5 78,6-9 79,1 80,1 81,1<rarely>/2 82,1-1.5
83,(3.3-)4.5-6 84,2 85,3.5-4.5 86,56 87,1 89,4 91,2/3 92,1/3
93,10/11 94,2/3 96,2/3<Harms (1985) suggested that Michigan and
eastern Canadian disjunct populations of rough fescue belonged
to this taxon, but after examining specimens we have mapped them
as \i{}F. altaica\i0{}> 101,2<subg. \i{}Hesperochloa\i0{}, sect.
\i{}Breviaristatae\i0{} Krivot, Alexeev (1980) by implication>
102<LE campestris> 103<majo> 104<MOUNTAIN ROUGH FESCUE,
FOOTHILLS ROUGH FESCUE, BUFFALO BUNCHGRASS. Piper (1906) and
St.-Yves (1925) placed this taxon in synonymy with \i{}F.
altaica\i0{} Trin. Harms (1985) defended the treatment of this
taxon as a subspecies, \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp.
\i{}scabrella\i0{} (Torrey) Hultn but based the name on a
Drummond specimen annotated by Pavlick in 1981 and Aiken in 1995
to be \i{}F. altaica\i0{}. Pavlick and Looman (1984), Aiken and
Lefkovitch (1984) and Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) considered
this taxon to be the species \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. Alexeev
(1985) placed it into synonymy with \i{}F. hallii\i0{} (Vasey)
Piper . The taxonomic status has been re-assessed using analyses
of this database.> 105<Mountain fescue was placed in synonymy
with \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}altaica\i0{} Trin. by Piper
(1906) and St.-Yves (1925). Alexeev (1985) placed mountain
fescue into synonymy with \i{}F. hallii\i0{} (Vasey) Piper.
Harms (1985) gave reasons why the taxon should be treated as a
subspecies, \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}scabrella\i0{}
(Torrey) Hultn, but based the name on a type specimen that is
considered, by S. G. Aiken, to be \i{}F. altaica\i0{} Trin. (see
below). It was considered to be a species, \i{}F.
campestris\i0{}, by Pavlick and Looman (1984), Aiken and
Lefkovitch (1984) and Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). \par{}The map
presented in Aiken and Lefkovitch (1984) and the more detailed
maps in Aiken and Consaul (1995) indicate geographic separation
among the taxa. Even where maps show the taxa as sympatric, e.g.
southern Alberta and British Columbia, the plants are growing at
different altitudes, separated by a band of boreal forest;
\i{}F. altaica\i0{} at tree line or above, \i{}F.
campestris\i0{} in grassland areas around 1500 m or below.
\par{}Aiken and Lefkovitch (1984) decided the results of an
epidermal peel study supported the Looman and Best (1979)
concept of three species among the rough fescues occurring in
Canada. However, they cautioned that the only measurement found
to have potential for separating the taxa, namely the length of
the intercostal cells, "fails to be useful for identification
purposes as the ranges of values overlap among the species".
\par{}An SDS-PAGE study of seed proteins in the genus suggested
that the three taxa \i{}F. altaica\i0{}, \i{}F. campestris\i0{},
and \i{}F. hallii\i0{} appear to be closely related (Aiken and
Gardiner 1991). The greater number of bands in the seed protein
profiles recorded for \i{}F. campestris\i0{} when compared with
those for \i{}F. altaica\i0{} and \i{}F. hallii\i0{} indicated
that this taxon is not an autoploid of either of them. The
possibility that \i{}F. campestris\i0{} is an allopolyploid of
\i{}F. altaica\i0{}  \i{}F. hallii\i0{} was considered but
could neither be proved nor disproved. \par{}Leaf morphology is
phenotypically plastic and many factors appear to result in
reduced numbers of sclerenchyma strands, for example, when the
leaves (a) have developed early in the growing season, (b) are
relatively long, (c) come from a plant that has grown at high
altitudes, (d) have regrown from tussocks that have been burnt
or, (e) been severely grazed. This is shown in specimens towards
the southern end of the distribution range and well documented
in a US collection of specimens from Eastern Washington and
Northern Montana. These specimens sometimes have leaves that are
similar to those of \i{}F. hallii\i0{}, but inflorescences and
spikelets of \i{}F. campestris\i0{}. The presence of B
chromosomes appears to influence leaf width in \i{}F.
altaica\i0{} (Aiken and Fedak 1992) but whether B chromosomes
occur in \i{}F. campestris\i0{} has not been established.
\par{}The impact of grazing on vegetative morphology was
suspected by C.V. Piper (Piper 1906) who wrote on a specimen,
"Don't believe this indicates 'blades deciduous from the sheath
with age', but that this plant was grazed (underlined twice).
The junction of the sheath and blade may be found in the old
plant." (Specimen: Washington: Kittitas Co., Wenstcha Mountains,
4000 ft, 2 July 1897, \i{}A.D. Elmer, 460\i0{}. US 73432). The
basal tussock of this specimen has the chewed remains of
approximately 15 groups of sheaths that would usually have more
than 45 leaves, by July, but has only 14 leaves developing from
four of the sheath groups. Etiolation, leading to longer than
usual leaves also appears to reduce the number of adaxial to
abaxial sclerenchyma strands. (Specimen: Washington: Stepton,
May 1900, \i{}J.R. Vasey 5\i0{}. US 1005085, a sample with
leaves, to 70 cm long and leaf cross sections with only 3
abaxial to adaxial sclerenchyma girders). This is consistent
with findings in Aiken and Consaul (1995) that longer leaves in
some \i{}Festuca\i0{} species tend to become narrower and have
less sclerenchyma. Burning may lead to new growth with narrow
leaves. (Specimen: Montana: Sanders Co., 5 miles east of
Thompson Falls, 21 April, 1934, \i{}C. L. Hitchcock\i0{}. US
1730096). The variation observed in leaf anatomy characteristics
suggests why Alexeev (1985) in a paper that illustrated leaf
cross sections, recognized only \i{}F. altaica\i0{} and \i{}F.
hallii\i0{}. In the course of this study, the taxonomic status
of mountain fescue has been reconsidered and examined in
analyses run on this database (see Aiken et al. 1997).
\par{}Characteristics found useful for separating the species
follow. \par{}1. The degree of rhizome development. Rhizomes are
rarely observed in \i{}F. altaica\i0{}, they are short, if
present, in \i{}F. campestris\i0{} (Johnston and Cosby, 1966)
and well developed in \i{}F. hallii\i0{}. \par{}2. Colour
differences of the inflorescences. Inflorescences are bluish
gray green in \i{}F. campestris\i0{} and purplish, or dark
purple in \i{}F. altaica\i0{}. (There is an albino form, \i{}F.
altaica\i0{} forma \i{}pallida\i0{} Jordal). \par{}3. The
orientation of inflorescence branches. In \i{}F. altaica\i0{}
these are often blown to one side and slightly drooping, those
of \i{}F. campestris\i0{} are stiffer and even slightly
ascending. \par{}4. Relative lengths of glumes. The glumes of
both species, \i{}F. altiaca\i0{} and \i{}F. campestris\i0{},
may approach subequal in length but they are usually
conspicuously unequal. Also, the upper glume is consistently
shorter than the adjacent lemma. These characters contrast with
the character states in \i{}F. hallii\i0{} spikelets, where the
glumes are usually subequal and the upper glume is as long, or
longer than the adjacent lemma. \par{}5. The width and
translucency of the glumes and lemma margins. In \i{}F.
altaica\i0{} these structures have conspicuously translucent
borders causing the spikelets to shine in sunlight, those of
\i{}F. campestris\i0{} have less conspicuously transparent
margins and the spikelets are not obviously shiny. \par{}Harms
(1985) discussed type specimens of the name \i{}F.
scabrella\i0{} Torrey, that were collected by Thomas Drummond
"in alpine districts of the Rocky Mountains" in 1825 or 1826 on
the John Franklin Second Expedition. Harms (1985) concluded that
"unfortunately the quality of the type materials was too
inadequate and the spikelets too immature to assure their
unequivocal identification as either \i{}F. altaica\i0{} sensu
stricta or the more southern mountain taxon... Most of the
individual plants appear depauperate for either taxon and have
rather scanty panicles. Although measurements of the lengths of
spikelets, glumes and lemmas fell more into the expected range
for \i{}F. altaica\i0{} sensu stricta than for the more southern
mountain taxon, these are questionably reliable for the
particular maturation stages. Coloration of herbage and
spikelets was obscure. The rather contracted panicles with
mostly ascending-erect upper branches, on the other hand,
suggested the latter, as did the relatively inconspicuous
glume-borders. Thus, identification of the available type
material seemed inconclusive, although I was most inclined to
place it with the more southern mountain taxon...." \par{}In
examining the isotype and possible second isotype collections of
Drummond from GH, in 1994, (illustrated in the image library)
the first author agreed with the annotations made by L.E.
Pavlick (Sept. 1981) that these specimens are plants of \i{}F.
altaica\i0{} sensu stricta. They are similar to many that she
has seen growing below 1000 m in the Northern Yukon. The culms
are 28 cm to more than 50 cm high (one long culm has been cut
and was obviously longer). One specimen has a flag leaf blade
that has dried almost flat and is more than 2 mm wide. The
specimens were collected as the inflorescences approached
anthesis and the panicles can be described as immature but
approaching open and lax; one of the branches has opened up to
be at right angles to the main rachis. Spikelets are 10-13 mm
long, with 3-5 florets. Most of the colour of the specimens has
turned to a dark straw yellow, but the spikelets retain evidence
of dark bands of purplish-brown on the lemmas. Some lemmas have
conspicuous, translucent borders: on others the borders have
inrolled somewhat, as the specimens dried. The lemma lengths
range from 7-9.5 mm and rachilla internodes from 1.5-2 mm,
making the florets of the spikelet more widely separated than is
common in mountain fescue. \par{}Since he was convinced that the
Drummond specimens are more likely plants of mountain fescue,
Harms (1985) placed the name \i{}F. scabrella\i0{} var.
\i{}major\i0{} Vasey into synonymy. The type for this name,
\i{}Suksdorf 118\i0{} has a pressed culm approximately 95 cm
long, the leaves, although faded to straw colour, are slightly
greyish green, the flag leaf blades are involute. The
post-anthesis inflorescence branches are erect and up to 13 cm
long, with numerous pairs of unequal glumes: the lower glumes
5-6(-6.5) mm long, the upper glumes 6.5-7(-8) mm long. A leaf
cross section had five sclerenchyma girders and anatomy typical
of mountain fescue. Rydberg (1900) based the species name \i{}F.
campestris\i0{} on the \i{}Suksdoff 118\i0{} specimen.
\par{}Buffalo bunchgrass produces a large amount of forage and
is especially relished by horses and cattle; it is somewhat too
hard a grass for sheep. On winter ranges, it is considered one
of the best grasses, as it cures well on the stalk and retains
its nutritive properties all winter. On the lower ranges, the
small amount of snow held against the strong winds in the centre
of the grass bunches serves both to moisten and soften the
herbage, and is a source of water for the livestock. On the
higher ranges, continuously covered by winter snow, this grass
greens up faster in the spring and appears to be better relished
by livestock than when growing on the lower winter ranges. The
high palatability of both the leaves and stalks in many
instances has resulted in cropping to the ground line which
decreases the abundance of this valuable grass (Dayton 1931).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca hallii\i0{} <(Vasey) Piper>/
1<PLAINS ROUGH FESCUE> 2<Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 10: 31.
1906. \i{}Melica hallii\i0{} Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 296. 1881.
\i{}Daluca hallii\i0{} (Vasey) Lunell, Am. Midl. Natl. 4: 221.
1915. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}eu-altaica\i0{} var.
\i{}genuina\i0{} subvar. \i{}hallii\i0{} (Vasey) St.-Yves,
Candollea 2: 271. 1925. \i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Torrey in Hook.
subsp. \i{}hallii\i0{} (Piper) W.A. Weber, Univ. Colo. Stud.,
Ser. Biol. 7: 8. 1961. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp.
\i{}hallii\i0{} (Vasey) Harms, Madrono 32: 9. 1985.> 3<U.S.A.
Colorado: Rocky Mountains, northern half of the State, 1862,
\i{}Hall 7\i0{} (= \i{}Hall & Harbour 621\i0{}. US!)> 4<\i{}F.
confinis\i0{} subsp. \i{}rabinosa\i0{} Piper, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 10: 41. 1906. \i{}F. kingii\i0{} var.
\i{}rabinosa\i0{} (Piper) Hitchc., Am. J. Bot. 21: 128. 1934.
\i{}Hesperochloa kingii\i0{} var. \i{}rabinosa\i0{} (Piper)
Swallen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 54: 45. 1941. Type: U.S.A.
Wyoming: Branch Crazy Womans Cr., Alt. 8000 ft., with \i{}Stipa
minor\i0{}, 30 July 1898, \i{}Williams and Griffiths 25\i0{}.
Holotype: US!> 6,2<"culms glabrous, often lustrous...blades
mostly gray-green" Looman and Best 1979, p. 129>
7,(18-)20-65(-85) 8,1<but less so than in \i{}F. altaica\i0{};
"somewhat rhizomatous and mat forming", Harms 1985> 9,1
10,1<usually> 11,1<more or less well developed> 12,1 13,1<or
minutely scaberulous at 40> 14,2 15,2 16,2<prophylls 1-2 cm
long with scabrous or scaberulous trichomes on the veins, occur
among the sheaths> 17,1 18,2<usually> 19,2 21,0.3-0.6 22,2
23,10-35 24,1 25,2 26,2<illustrated by Aiken and Lefkovitch,
1985, p. 1868 and image library> 27,2 29,0.4-0.78-1
30,0.7-0.98-1.25 31,5-10 32,1 33,2 34,2<often narrow> 35,5-8
36,2 37,1.5-3(-5) 38,1 40,2<minutely scaberulous> 42,6-16 44,1-2
45,1<"open to contracted at anthesis", Looman and Best 1979,
p.129> 46,2-4(-7) 47,1/2 48,2 49,2<with relatively few
spikelets> 52,2-8 53,7-9.5<mostly green> 54,2-3.5 55,2
56,2-3<fertile, upper florets 0-2 sterile or with anthers only>
58,1 59,1<<strikingly so>> 61,1<boarder not conspicuously
translucent> 62,(5-)6.5-8(-9.5) 63,1 64,2<often longer than the
first lemma> 65,(6.2-)7-8.5(-9.5) 66,1-3 68,2 69,2 70,5.5-7(-9)
71,2 72,2 73,2 74,1<illustrated by Pavlick and Looman, 1984, p.
1741> 76,0.5-1.3 78,5-6.5(-8.5)<almost as long, or longer than
the lemma> 79,1 80,1/2 81,1/2 82,0.9-1.1 83,4-6 84,2 85,2.5-3.5
86,28 87,1 89,4 90<Harms, 1985, stated that, "this rough fescue
is a variant of the northern Great Plains grasslands and
parklands (western Alberta, central Saskatchewan, to south
eastern Manitoba and north western Dakota), apparently disjunct
near Thunder Bay, Ontario, extending south along the eastern
foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Wyoming to south
central Colorado (in Colorado, at high elevations, rare and
perhaps disjunct, as suggested by Weber, 1961".> 91,2/3 92,1/3/4
93,7/8/9/10 94,3 96,1/3/5 97,7 101,2<subg.
\i{}Hesperochloa\i0{}, sect. \i{}Breviaristatae\i0{} Krivot,
Alexeev (1980)> 102<LE hallii> 103<hall> 104<Pavlick and Looman
(1984), Alexeev (1985), and Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) treated
this taxon as a full species. Harms (1985) suggested that it is
better treated as \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}hallii\i0{}.
Reasons for treating this taxon at the species level are shown
in Tables 2-3 and Fig. 1 and discussed in the notes for \i{}F.
campestris\i0{} in the database.> 105<Pavlick and Looman (1984),
Alexeev (1985) and Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) treated this
taxon as a full species. Harms (1985) suggested that this should
be treated as \i{}F. altaica\i0{} subsp. \i{}hallii\i0{} (Vasey)
Harms. The decision to continue to recognize this taxon as a
full species rather than a subspecies is discussed in the notes
for \i{}F. campestris\i0{} Rydb.> 106<<Aiken and Darbyshire,
1990, Sept. 1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca kingii\i0{} <(S. Watson) Cassidy>/
2<Colo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 12: 36. 1890. \i{}Poa kingii\i0{}
S. Watson, in King, Rep. Geol. Explor. 40th parallel 5: 387.
1871. \i{}Festuca watsoni\i0{} Nash in Britt. Man. Fl. N. States
and Canada: 148. 1901. \i{}Wasatchia kingii\i0{} (S. Watson) M.
E. Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 16. 1912. \i{}Hesperochloa
kingii\i0{} (S. Watson) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 106.
1912. \i{}Leucopoa kingii\i0{} (S. Watson) W. A. Weber, Univ.
Colo. Stud. Ser. Biol. 23: 2. 1966.> 3<U.S.A. Nevada: Elko Co.,
East Humbolt (Ruby) Mountains, July 1868, \i{}Watson 1317\i0{}.
The location of the type specimen has been searched for by W. A.
Weber and other botanists, but it has not been found (S. J.
Darbyshire, personal communication 1994).> 4<\i{}Festuca
confinis\i0{} Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 126. 1884. Type:
Colorado: Peu (error for Pen) Gulch, altitude 8000 feet, in
1884, \i{}Vasey\i0{}. Holotype: US!> 5,2 6,2 7,30-100 8,1<bases
to 2 m in diameter> 9,1 10,1/2<usually predominantly straw
coloured> 11,1<often absent on herbarium specimens> 12,1
13,1/2/3<veins very prominent> 14,2 15,2 16,2<prophylls 1-2 cm
long with 2-3 rows of trichomes along the veins, occur among the
sheaths, e.g. US 919615; prophylls are rarely preserved and are
distinct from the glabrous rhizome scale leaves> 17,1 18,2/3
19,2 21,0.8-2(-3.5) 22,2<sometimes sparsely so>
23,14-30<glaucous and coarsely striate> 24,1 25,1/2<sparsely
scaberulous to scabrous> 26,1<but often with prominent silica
deposits in short cells> 27,1<usually>/2<leaves developed later
in the growing season may be tightly rolled and appear young,
but in cross section have heavily developed sclerenchyma>
28,1.5-4(-7) 29,0.65-0.93-1.25 30,1.05-1.39-1.97<6 leaves from 4
specimens> 31,10-16 32,1 33,2 34,2 35,10-16 36,2 37,2.3-12 38,1
40,1 42,7-20<on both male and female plants> 44,2(-3)<arising at
the same position on one side of the rachis> 45,1<usually>/2
46,0.7-6.5 47,1/2 48,2 49,3 52,2-6 53,6-12 54,2.5-4.5<male
spikelets tending to be larger than female spikelets> 55,2<not
recorded for this taxon> 56,2-3(-5) 58,2<usually>/1 59,1 61,2
62,3-5.5 63,1 64,1 65,4-6.5 66,1-3 68,2<sparsely> 69,2 70,4.5-8
71,1/2 72,2 73,2<especially on the main vein> 74,1<keeled>
75,2<usually, sometimes present as a short mucro> 78,4.4-7 79,1
80,1 81,1/2 82,1.2-2.6 83,(2.5-)3.6-5 84,2 85,3.5-5 86,56 87,1
90<moist to dry grassland, rolling hills, open ridges or talus
slopes to 11,000 feet> 91,3 92,1/2/3/4 94,2 95,2/3 96,1/2/3/4/5
97,6 101,2<subg. \i{}Hesperochloa\i0{}, sect. \i{}Leucopoa\i0{}
(Griseb.) Krivot, Alexeev (1980)> 102<LE kingii> 103<king>
104<This taxon has separate female and male plants which has
been a reason for treating it as a distinct genus
(\i{}Hesperochloa)\i0{} or a subg. of \i{}Festuca\i0{} (subg.
\i{}Hesperochloa\i0{} sect. \i{}Leucopoa)\i0{}. No reason for
placing the taxon in a separate genus has been found based on
the analyses of this database (Aiken et al. 1997). It is not
certain that Cassidy made the combination based on the Watson
type specimen.> 105<This taxon has separate female and male
plants which has been used to justify treating it as a distinct
subgenus or genus. No reason for placing the taxon in a separate
genus has been found based on the analyses of this database
(Aiken et al. 1997). The taxon is treated here as a
\i{}Festuca\i0{} based on INTKEY analyses of this database and
the results of analyses of seed proteins using SDS-PAGE
analyses. There have been discussions as to whether Cassidy ever
saw the type of Watson's \i{}Poa kingii\i0{} (S. J. Darbyshire,
personal communication 1994).> 106<<Aiken data for Jepson
Manual, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca ligulata\i0{} <Swallen>/
1<GUADALUPE FESCUE> 2<Am. J. Bot. 19: 436. 1932> 3<U.S.A. Texas:
Culberson Co., Guadalupe Mountains, upper McKittrick Canyon,
shaded moist slopes along creek, alt. 1980 m, 22 July 1931,
\i{}J.A. Moore & J.A. Steyermark 3576\i0{}. Holotype: US!
Isotypes: GH! MO!> 4,- 6,2 7,45-80 8,1<Swallen 1932, described
plants as "loosely tufted"> 9,1 10,2 11,1<the base of the plant
described as "decumbent, often rhizome-like" Swallen 1932,
"often rhizomatous", Gould 1975. Rhizomes are not obvious on the
holotype type or isotype specimens examined> 12,1<information
supplied by Manuel Gonzalez 1989> 13,1/3<minutely scaberulous>
14,1 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2/3<ligules conspicuous, decurrent> 19,2
21,3-4(-8)<acuminate> 22,2<at apex> 23,6-35 24,1 25,2<scabrous,
with prominent veins> 26,2<scabrous> 27,1/2<loosely rolled>
28,1-3 29,0.6-0.71-1<when tightly rolled> 30,0.75-0.91-1.2<based
on 5 cross sections> 31,5-7<3 large, 2 or 4 small> 32,1/2<\i{}F.
thurberi\i0{} Vasey always has strands present> 33,2 34,1 35,7
36,2 37,5-7(-12) 38,2 39,1-3 40,2<scaberulous to scabrous near
the panicle> 42,6-10(-16) 44,1-3 45,1/2 46,5-7 47,1/2
48,1/2<scabrous> 49,2 52,2-5<spikelets distributed towards the
ends of branches and tending to overlap> 53,6-8(-8.5) 54,1.5-2.5
55,2 56,2-3 58,2<midveins prominent> 59,2<scabrous>
60,2<scabrous> 61,2<scabrous at the tips> 62,2.8-4.1 63,1
64,2<or often slightly shorter> 65,3.5-5.5 66,3 68,2 69,2
70,4.5-6 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1 75,2 78,4-6<as long or slightly
longer than the lemma> 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.5-1.2 83,1.5-2.6 84,2
85,3.2-3.5<the hilum about half as long as the grain> 86,U 87,1
91,3 92,5 98,2<endemic to western Texas, occurring in the higher
mountains of the Trans-Pecos, below 2000 m on gentle moist and
shaded pine-oak-juniper woodland slopes in semi-arid habitats
with gravelly, sandy loams> 101,2 102<LE ligulata> 103<ligu>
104<Swallen (1932) considered this species related to \i{}F.
thurberi\i0{}. Analyses of this database, suggest that \i{}F.
ligulata\i0{} is not as closely related to \i{}F. thurberi\i0{}
as originally suggested. Fig. 1, Tables 1-2.> 105< Swallen
(1932) considered this species is "related to \i{}F.
thurberi\i0{} but differing in its less densely tufted habit,
more slender culms, smaller panicles, fewer flowered spikelets
and shorter obtuse lemmas". Analyses using this database,
suggest that \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} is not as closely related to
\i{}F. thurberi\i0{} as Swallen implied> 106<scant description
given by Swallen: information also supplied by Manuel Gonzalez,
Stephen Koch and Status Report on \i{}Festuca ligulata\i0{} for
Texas. J.M. Poole (1989) for Texas Natural Heritage Program,
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Data checked against type
and Gould (1975) Sept. 1994. \par{}The species has been looked
for at the type locality, but has not been seen there (personal
communication, J.M. Poole, 1997).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca parishii\i0{} <(Piper) Hitchc.>/
2<\i{}in\i0{} Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 169. 1912. \i{}Festuca
aristulata\i0{} subsp. \i{}parishii\i0{} Piper, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 10: 33. 1906. \i{}Festuca californica parishii\i0{}
(Piper) Hitchc. \i{}in\i0{} Abrams, Illust. Fl. 1: 222. 1923.
\i{}Festuca altaica\i0{} var. \i{}parishii\i0{} (Piper)
St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 273. 1925.> 3<U.S.A. California: southern
slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, Alt. 5,500 ft., 20 June
1902, \i{}S.B. Parish 5036\i0{}. Holotype: US! Isotype: GH!> 6,1
7,60-70 8,1 9,1 10,1 11,2<base of plant elongated, from growing
through sand> 12,1 13,3<that are retrorse and sometimes dense>
14,2 15,2 16,2 17,1<or with a few trichomes> 18,3 21,0.3-0.5
22,2 23,10-25 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,- 29,0.45-0.65 30,0.95-1.1
31,7 32,2 33,2<sclerenchyma bands relatively narrow> 35,3-7<the
midrib well defined, the lateral ribs variously defined> 36,2
37,2 38,2 39,1 40,1<Piper (1906) stated that the lower part of
the stem is covered with short retrorse pubescence. This is not
obvious on the GH isotype> 41,2 42,10-20 44,2 45,2
46,5-8<pulvinate, borne on one side of the inflorescence> 47,2
48,1 49,2 52,2-4 53,11-16 54,0.3-0.4 55,2 56,3-4 57,1 58,2 59,2
60,1<and on main vein> 61,1<at the apex> 62,0.5-0.8 63,1 64,1
65,6.5-9.5 66,3 67,2-2.8 68,2 69,2<but appearing as a swollen
knob of tissue at the base of the lemma> 70,9.5-11 71,2 72,2
73,2 74,1 75,1 76,1-2 78,9-10.5 79,1 80,1 81,2 82,1.4-1.7 84,2
85,4-6 86<unknown> 87,1 89,2 91,3 92,2 95,2<San Bernardino
Mountains> 101,2 102<LE parishii> 103<pars> 104<Treated as
synonymous with \i{}F. californica\i0{} Vasey by Aiken (1993),
but the subject of further study. Data gathered from the GH
isotype specimen, and analysed in this paper, suggest that this
is a distinct species. There is a photograph of the isotype
specimen and diagrams of two leaf cross sections in the image
library.> 105<Treated as synonymous with \i{}F. californica\i0{}
Vasey, by Aiken (1993). After examining the isotype specimen
from GH, in 1994-95, and examining the data analyses in Aiken et
al. (1997), this is considered to be a distinct species. There
is a photograph of the isotype specimen and diagrams of two leaf
cross sections in the image library.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca thurberi\i0{} <Vasey>/
1<THURBER'S FESCUE> 2<\i{}In\i0{} Rothr. Cat. Pl. Geogr. and
Geol. Explor. and Surv. W. 100th Meridian: 56. 1874. \i{}F.
tolucensis\i0{} subsp. \i{}thurberi\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea 2:
304. 1925.> 3<U.S.A. Colorado: South Park, 1873, \i{}Wolfe 406
(Vasey 11154)\i0{}. Holotype: US! Isotype: GH!> 4<\i{}Poa
festucoides\i0{} M.E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II. 5: 723.
1895, non Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 182. 1791.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Poa kaibensis\i0{} M.E. Jones,
Erthea 4: 36. 1896. Type: U.S.A. Utah: Mt. Ellen, Henry
Mountains, 25 July 1894, \i{}Jones 5671.\i0{}> 6,3 7,45-120
8,1<bunchgrass> 9,1 10,2<usually> 11,2 12,1 13,1/3<near the
collar> 14,2 15,2<striate> 16,2 17,1 18,3<ligules decurrent>
21,2-5(-9) 22,1<scaberulous on the abaxial surface> 23,30-45
24,1 25,2 26,2<usually harshly scabrous> 27,2 28,-
29,0.6-0.87-1.2 30,0.75-1.2-1.7 31,9-15 32,1 33,2
34,2<sclerenchyma varying in thickness> 35,9-13 36,2 37,5-15
38,2 39,1-2<often purple> 40,1<lower down>/2<near the
inflorescence> 42,(7-)10-15(-17) 44,1(-2) 45,2<slightly
drooping, commonly pulvinate> 46,4.5-9<the longest, half to
two-thirds as long as the panicle> 47,2 48,2 49,2<that are often
pulvinate at the base> 52,2-7 53,(8-)10-14 54,2.5-4 55,2<not
recorded for this taxon> 56,(3-)4-5(-6) 58,2<sometimes
approaching subequal> 59,2<minute> 60,2 61,2 62,4-5 63,1 64,1
65,4.5-6.5(-7) 66,1-3 68,2<densely scaberulous> 69,2
70,(6-)6.5-8(-10) 71,2 72,2<usually scaberulous> 73,1<especially
on the veins> 74,1 75,1<but very short>/2 76,0-0.2 78,6-7 79,1
80,1 81,1 82,1-1.2 83,3-4.5 84,2 85,3.8-4.5 86,28/42 87,1 90<oak
brush woodlands in foothills to subalpine meadows> 91,3 92,2/3/5
95,1 96,1/4/5 98,1 101,2 102<LE thurberi> 103<thur>
104<Considered to be close to \i{}F. ligulata\i0{}, Swallen
(1932), but this has not been substantiated; see results and
discussion in this paper. Cronquist et al. (1977) noted that
"\i{}Festuca thurberi\i0{} is very closely related to \i{}F.
campestris\i0{}" but the former taxon appears to be a distinct
and isolated species in our analyses.> 105<This species is named
in honour of its discoverer, Dr. George Thurber (1821-90),
botanist and quartermaster of the United States Mexican Boundary
Commission (1850). Thurber was a professor of botany and
horticulture at Michigan Agricultural College 1859-63 and editor
of the American Agriculturalist 1863-90 (Dayton 1913).
\par{}Cronquist et al. (1977) noted that "\i{}Festuca
thurberi\i0{} is very closely related to \i{}F. campestris\i0{}
Rydb. (=\i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Torrey in Hook.) and resembles it
in all respects except for the prominent ligules and
statistically shorter glumes and lemmas". Not only do the
lengths of the ligules and the awns in the two taxa not overlap,
but the ligules and glume margins in \i{}F. thurberi\i0{} are
glabrous and those in \i{}F. campestris\i0{} are ciliate.>
106<<Intermountain Flora, Aiken data.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca arundinacea\i0{} <Schreb.>/
1<TALL FESCUE, REED FESCUE> 2<Spicil. Fl. Lips.: 57. 1771.
\i{}F. elatior\i0{} var. \i{}arundinacea\i0{} (Schreb.) Wimmer,
Fl. Schles. ed. 3: 59. 1857. \i{}F. elatior\i0{} subsp.
\i{}arundinacea\i0{} (Schreb.) Celak., Prodr. Fl. Bohm 1: 51.
1867. \i{}Lolium arundinaceum\i0{} (Schreb.) Darbysh., Novon 3:
241. 1993.> 3<Scheuchzer, \i{}Agrostaphia\i0{}, tab. V, fig. 18,
1719. Lectotype selected Reveal et al. (1991), Taxon 40: 136.>
4<\i{}Festuca elatior\i0{} L. Sp. Pl.: 75. 1753, nom. rejic.
Type: Herb. Linn. no. 92.17. LINN Lectotype: Linder, Bothalia
16: 59. 1986. More extensive synonymy in the Catalogue of New
World Grasses. R.J. Soreng, Project Leader, US.> 6,3
7,(30-)50-150(-200)<Markgraf-Dannenberg 1980> 8,1 9,1/2 10,2
11,1/2<rhizomes short, if present> 12,2 13,1/2/3<occasionally
lower sheaths glabrous, upper sheaths scabrous> 14,1/2
15,1<"only tardily" Gleason and Cronquist 1991>/2<usually pale
straw coloured> 16,2 17,1 18,1 19,1 20,2 21,0.4-1 22,2 23,11-30
24,1 25,1/2<veins prominently ridged> 26,1 27,1 28,4-12<coarse,
thick and predominantly vein-ridged on upper surface> 31,15-25
32,1 33,- 34,- 36,2 37,8-20(-25) 38,2 39,1-2<when visible> 40,1
42,10-35 44,2-3<rarely 1, the shortest branch having few to
several spikelets> 45,2 46,6-12<lax, subsp.
\i{}arundinacea\i0{}> 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,5-15 53,(5-)8-15.5<10-12
mm subsp. \i{}arundinacea\i0{}> 54,2-3.5 55,2<one specimen from
Arizona, NAU 37218, illustrated in the image library> 56,3-6(-9)
58,2<lanceolate, subsp. \i{}arundinacea\i0{}> 59,1<or almost so,
sometimes with a few sparse trichomes on the main vein> 61,2
62,3-6 63,1-3 64,1 65,(4-)4.5-7(-9) 66,3(-5) 68,2 69,2
70,(4-)7-9(-11.5) 71,1/2 72,1/2 73,2<usually, with scabrous
trichomes mainly on the veins> 74,1/2<subsp.
\i{}arundinacea\i0{}> 76,0-1.5(-4)<unawned subsp.
\i{}arundinacea\i0{}> 78,6.7-10.3 79,2 80,1 81,1 82,0.9-1.6
83,(2.5-)3-4 84,1 85,2-3 86,28/42/56/63/70 87,2 88,2 89,5
90<widely planted for hay, often forming coarse tussock-like
clumps along roadsides and irrigation ditches. We have not seen
records from Ala, Conn, Fla, Mass, Maine, Ohio, RI, Va., or Vt
but strongly suspect this species has been planted in most if
not all of these states> 91,2/3 92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7
93,2/3/6/7/10/11/15 94,1/2/3<grown experimentally at Palmer,
Alaska, but not very winter hardy, W.W. Mitchell, personal
communication 1994> 95,1/2/3 96,1/2/4 97,2/4/5/8/10 98,2
99,5/8/12 100,1/2/5/6/7/8/10/12/14 101,3 102<SC arundinacea>
103<arun> 104<Introduced TALL FESCUE. Extremely important as a
pasture species and used extensively beside roads for soil
stailization. The results of this study do not support the
transfer of this taxon to \i{}Lolium\i0{} (Darbyshire 1993).>
105<The transfer of this taxon to \i{}Lolium\i0{} (Darbyshire
1993) was evaluated in Aiken et al. (1997).
\par{}Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980) recognized five subspecies
within \i{}F. arundinacea\i0{}, separated on the characters of
panicle shape (lax or dense), spikelet size, (5-9 mm versus
10-12 mm), glume shape (subulate versus lanceolate) and lemma
apex (dentate, unawned, acuminate or awned). Herbarium specimens
suggest that at least some of the subspecies have been
introduced to North America but how extensively is not known.>
106<<Aiken data, Intermountain Flora, Gleason and Cronquist,
Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca gigantea\i0{} <(L.) Vill.>/
1<GIANT FESCUE> 2<Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 110. 1787. \i{}Bromus
giganteus\i0{} L. Sp. Pl.: 77. 1753. \i{}Lolium giganteum\i0{}
(L.) Darbysh., Novon 3: 241. 1993.> 3<Prussia. Silesia:
\i{}habitat in pratis pinquioribus cum Fest. elatiore, sed
rarius obvenit, et magis locis montanis, quam declivibus
crescit\i0{}. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}More extensive synonymy in
the Catalogue of New World Grasses. R.J. Soreng, Project Leader,
US.> 6,3 7,45-150 8,2<bases small> 9,1<sometimes slightly
decumbent> 10,2 11,2 12,2 13,1/2/3<that are scaberulous and
retrorse> 14,1<usually brownish> 15,1<slowly>/2 16,2 17,1 18,1
19,2 21,0.5-2.5 22,1 23,10-50 24,2 25,1/2<not prominently ridged
from underlying veins, with scabrid margins> 26,1<glossy> 27,1
28,6-18 31,26-36 32,1 33,- 34,- 36,2 37,10-20 38,1<rarely>/2
40,1 41,2<lax and nodding> 42,8-50 44,2<unequal, the shorter
branch with 3-6 spikelets, the longer with 6-9 spikelets> 45,1
46,5-10 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,3-9 53,8-13(-20) 54,1.5-2.5<<?>>
55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,3-10 58,2<approaching
subequal> 59,1/2 60,1 61,2<broadly hyaline> 62,4-7 63,1 64,1
65,5-8 66,3 68,2<sparsely> 69,2 70,6-9<ovate, lanceolate> 71,2
72,2 73,1<particularly on the veins> 74,1 76,10-18 78,6-9 79,2
80,1 81,2<slightly> 82,0.9-1.1 83,2.5-3 84,1 85,U 86,42 87,2
88,4 89,- 91,2/3 92,6 93,6<found at two sites in southern
Quebec, Dub and Morisset 1983>/7 99,5/8<adventive in New York
at Dobb's Ferry and the New York Botanical Garden; there is
also, one record in Michigan, S.J. Darbyshire, personal
communication 1994> 101,3<sect. \i{}Plantynia\i0{} (Dumort)
Tzvelev (Tzvelev 1976) > 102<SC gigantea> 103<giga> 104<A rarely
introduced taxon. The results of this study do not support the
transfer of this taxon to \i{}Lolium\i0{} (Darbyshire 1993).>
105<The transfer of this taxon to \i{}Lolium\i0{} (Darbyshire
1993) was evaluated in Aiken et al. (1997). \par{}Information in
the above description is based on: the few specimens that have
been collected in North America, European specimens at CAN, and
the description given by Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980).
\par{}\i{}Festuca gigantea\i0{} is highly self-fertile and thus
the taxon contrasts with most other fescues (Beddows 1931).>
106<<Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Flora Europaea, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca pratensis\i0{} <Huds.>/
1<MEADOW FESCUE, ENGLISH BLUE GRASS> 2<Fl. Angl.: 37. 1762.
\i{}F. fluitans\i0{} var. \i{}pratensis\i0{} (Huds.) Huds. Fl.
Angl. Ed. 2: 47. 1778. \i{}Schedonorus pratensis\i0{} (Huds.) P.
Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr.: 99, 163, 177. 1812. \i{}Bromus
pratensis\i0{} (Huds.) Spreng., Syst. veg. 1: 359. 1825, non
Lam. Encycl. 1: 468. 1785. \i{}Lolium festuca\i0{} Raspail ex
Mutel, Fl. fran. 4: 111. 1837, pro syn. \i{}Bucetum
pratense\i0{} (Huds.) Parn., Grasses Scotland: 105, pl. 46.
1842. \i{}F. elatior\i0{} var. \i{}pratensis\i0{} (Huds.) A.
Gray, Manual Ed. 5: 634. 1867. \i{}F. elatior\i0{} subsp.
\i{}pratensis\i0{} (Huds.) Hack. Bot. Centralbl. 8: 407. 1881.
\i{}Tragus pratensis\i0{} (Huds.) Panz. ex B. D. Jacks., Index
Kew. 2: 1099. 1895, nom. illeg. Lectotype: Herb. Sloane 125.16.
(Reveal et al. 1991). \i{}Lolium pratense\i0{} (Huds.) Darbysh.,
Novon 3: 242. 1993> 3<England \i{}in pratis et pascuis\i0{}.>
6,3 7,30-130<often with decumbent stem bases> 8,2 9,2<usually,
but culms erect above a geniculate base> 10,1/2 11,1/2 12,2 13,1
14,1 15,1 16,2 17,1 18,1<0.7-1.1 mm long, conspicuously smooth
and without trichomes> 19,2 21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,10-25 24,2 25,1/2
26,1/2 27,1<or loosely rolled> 28,2-7<leaves not very rigid,
more or less smooth on the upper surface with sclerenchyma
strands predominantly toward the adaxial surface> 31,18-25 32,1
33,- 34,- 36,2 37,5-15 38,2 39,2-4 40,1 42,(6-)10-25
44,2<usually, rarely 1, the longer branch with 4-6 spikelets,
the shorter branch with 1-3 spikelets; the internodes of the
branches less than twice as long as the spikelets> 45,1<nodding
at the tip> 46,(3.5-)4-6.5 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,1-6
53,(8.5-)12-15.5(-17) 54,2-5 55,2<usually, occurring
occasionally> 56,(2-)4-10(-12) 58,2 59,1/2 60,1/2 61,2
62,(2-)2.6-4(-4.5) 63,1-2 64,1 65,(3-)3.5-5 66,3 68,1 69,2
70,(5-)6-8 71,2 72,1/2 73,1/2<veins not reaching to the apex>
74,1<hyaline, acute, rarely awn-tipped> 76,0-2 78,6-7 79,2 80,1
81,1 82,0.9-1.2 83,(0.5-)2-4.6 84,1 85,3-3.5 86,14/28/42/70 87,2
88,2 89,5 90<we have not seen records of this species occurring
in Ala, Ark., Del., Fla., Ga., Ky., La., Miss., N.C., Nebr.,
N.J., Ohio, Okla, R.I., Tenn., or Tex. but strongly suspect that
it was been planted in most of the northern states. In many
situations it appears to have been the grass of choice used by
early settlers and to have been replaced by \i{}F.
arundinacea\i0{} in plantings at least since the mid twentieth
century> 91,1/2/3 92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7 93,2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/15
94,2/3 95,1/2/3 96,1/2/3/4/5 97,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8<?>/9/10 98,1/2
99,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9<?>/10/11<?>/12
100,1<?>/2/3<?>/4<?>/5<?>/6<?>/7<?>/8/9<?>/10<?>/11/12<?>/13
101,3 102<SC pratensis> 103<prat> 104<Introduced MEADOW FESCUE.
More popular as a pasture species, early in the twentieth
century, and sometimes an indicator of former settlement. The
results of this study do not support the transfer of this taxon
to \i{}Lolium\i0{} (Darbyshire 1993).> 105<Darbyshire (1993)
transferred this species to the genus \i{}Lolium\i0{} which was
evaluated in Aiken et al. (1997). \par{}Meadow fescue was once
popular as a forage in North America but it is cultivated less
frequently. It may be found growing in abandoned pastures in the
Ottawa, Ontario area. It is not as productive or persistent as
tall fescue which has been much more widely planted this
century. The distribution of Meadow fescue is restricted by its
moisture requirement and like tall fescue it is not grown
without irrigation in the mid-west.> 106<Aiken and Darbyshire,
1990; Aiken data for Jepson Manual.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca elmeri\i0{} <Scribn. & Merr.>/
2<Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 468. 1902> 3<U.S.A. California:
Santa Clara Co., Stanford University, April 1900, \i{}A.D.E.
Elmer 2101\i0{}. Holotype: US! Isotype: US.> 4<\i{}Festuca
jonesii\i0{} var. \i{}conferta\i0{} Hack. ex Beal, Grasses N.
Am. 2: 593. 1896. \i{}Festuca elmeri\i0{} subsp.
\i{}luxurians\i0{} Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 38.
1934. \i{}Festuca elmeri\i0{} var. \i{}conferta\i0{} (Hack.)
Hitchc. Am. J. Bot. 21: 128. 1934. Type: U.S.A. California: San
Jose Normal School, collector unknown. "The type of this name
was in the herbarium of Professor Scribner, since destroyed by
fire" (Piper 1906). Isotype: US!> 6,3<leaves mainly on the
culms> 7,40-100 8,2 9,2<but not forming bunches> 10,2 11,2 12,2
13,1 14,1 15,1<towards the end of the growing season> 16,2 17,1
18,3 21,0.1-0.5 22,2<cilia are shorter than the ligule membrane>
23,15-40 24,2 25,2<scabrous or pubescent> 26,1 27,1<sometimes
loosely involute, veins prominent, similar to the leaves of
\i{}F. subulata\i0{}> 28,1.8-6 31,8-18 32,1 33,- 34,1 36,2
37,5-15 38,2 39,3 40,1 42,10-20<very pale green> 44,1-3 45,2
46,7-12<slender, pulvinate at the base> 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 52,8-13
53,7-10.5 54,(1-)1.5-3 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,2-6
58,2 59,1<or nearly so> 60,- 61,1 62,2-4 63,1 64,1 65,3-4.6 66,3
68,2<approximately 1.5 mm long> 69,2 70,5.5-7 71,1<usually>
72,2<minutely hispidulous> 73,2 74,2 76,2-5(-8)
78,5.6-7.6<slightly longer than the lemma; the two scabrous
keels meeting at an acuminate apex and sometimes purple> 79,1
80,1 81,1 82,0.7-1 83,3.4-4 84,2 85,2.5-3.5 86<unknown> 87,1
89,3 91,3 92,1/2 94,2 95,2 101,4<sect. \i{}Elmeri\i0{} Scribn. &
Merr. 1902. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 408, followed by Alexeev
(1980)> 102<SS elmeri> 103<elme> 104<including var.
\i{}luxurians\i0{} Piper and var. \i{}conferata\i0{} (Hack.)
Hitchc. This taxon was considered to have many unusual features
in common with \i{}F. subulata\i0{} and \i{}F. subuliflora\i0{},
(Hitchcock et al. 1969). Analyses of this database suggest that
the taxa are closely related.> 105<During the preparation of the
treatment of \i{}Festuca\i0{} for \i{}The Jepson Manual: Higher
plants of California\i0{} (Aiken 1993), no reasons for
recognizing subspecific taxa in \i{}F. elmeri\i0{} were found.
\par{}Alexeev (1980), as translated, indicated that \i{}F.
elmeri\i0{} has been assigned to this monotypic section and is
endemic to the states of Oregon and California. It differs from
other species of subg. \i{}Subulatae\i0{} in having blades that
are ribbed on top, short bidentate lemmas on the apices of which
are awns that emerge between the bidentate apices, and longer
anthers. \i{}Festuca elmeri\i0{} is similar to \i{}F.
subuliflora\i0{} Scribn. in these characters... It can be
assumed that the species \i{}F. elmeri\i0{} emerged as a result
of the hybridization of \i{}F. subulata\i0{} Trin. and \i{}F.
subuliflora\i0{} and that it inherited the ribbed blades, the
structure of the lemmae and the large anthers from the second
parent and the structure of the callus from the first parent.
\par{}Aiken et al. (1997) in analyses of this database concluded
that \i{}F. elmeri\i0{}, \i{}F. subulata\i0{}, and \i{}F.
subuliflora\i0{} are distinct, but closely related and possibly
sister taxa.> 106<<Piper 1906; Aiken data for the Jepson Manual.
Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca sororia\i0{} <Piper>/
2<Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 197. 1913. \i{}F. subulata\i0{}
var. \i{}sororia\i0{} (Piper) St.-Yves, Candollea 2: 285. 1925.>
3<U.S.A. Arizona: Rincon Mountains in ravines, alt. 225 m.
August and Sept. 1891, \i{}G. C. Nealley 177\i0{}. Holotype: US!
Isotypes: GH! NY!)> 4<\i{}F. fratercula\i0{} auct. non Rupr. ex
Fourn. Max. Pl. 2: 124. 1886.> 6,3<leaves mainly on the culms>
7,(60-)75-130(-150) 8,2 9,2<stout perennials, Cronquist et al.
1977> 10,1 11,1<short> 12,2 13,3<retrorsely scaberulous> 14,1
15,1 16,2<<checked on specimen from New Mexico \i{}K.W. Allred
2974\i0{}>> 17,1 18,3 21,0.5-1.2(-1.5) 22,2<sometimes sparsely,
the cilia are longer than the ligule membrane> 23,10-25 24,2
25,1/2<on the margins and veins, if present> 26,1 27,1
28,3-7(-10) 31,15-25<distance between the veins more than 2
times the width of the veins> 32,1 33,1 34,1 36,2 37,10-17 38,2
39,2-3 40,1 42,10-20(-40)<somewhat nodding> 44,(1-)2(-3)
45,2<capillary and often reflexed> 46,4-10(-12) 47,1/2 48,1/2
49,2 52,3-6 53,(7-)8-12 54,2-4 55,2<not recorded for this taxon>
56,3-4(-5) 58,2 59,2<scabrous on midvein> 60,- 61,2
62,(1.5-)3-4<narrowly lanceolate> 63,1 64,1
65,(3.5-)5-6<lanceolate> 66,(1-)3 68,2<sparse> 69,2<but with a
tuft of hairs similar to the callus of \i{}F. subuliflora\i0{}>
70,(5-)6.5-8.5(-9)<narrowly acuminate> 71,1/2 72,2 73,2 74,1
75,1/2 76,(0-)0.2-1.5(-2)<when applicable> 78,(6-)7-8<slightly
exceeding the lemma> 79,1 80,2 81,1/2 82,1.2-1.5 83,1.8-2.3 84,2
85,4-6 86,28 87,1 89,2 90<moist, shady areas from middle to
subalpine elevations> 91,3 92,2/3/5 95,1 96,1/4 98,1 101,4
102<SS sororia> 103<soro> 104<A relatively rare species that has
been widely accepted as a distinct taxon, since it was described
by Piper (1913). See discussion.> 105<Piper (1913) commented
that the North American grass referred to as \i{}F.
fratercula\i0{} Rupr. ex Fourn. is not that plant at all, but an
unnamed species, which he proceeded to name, \i{}F.
sororia\i0{}. \par{}This is a rare species that occurs in
Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico in mountain ravines. Cronquist
et al. (1977) described it as occurring in open woods and
meadows from middle elevations to the subalpine zone and added a
record from southern Utah (Abajo Mts., \i{}Rydberg and Garrett
9852\i0{}). \par{}Aiken et al. (1997) mapped the distribution of
species that they placed in subg. \i{}Subulatae\i0{}, sect.
\i{}Subulatae\i0{} and noted that in this section \i{}F.
sororia\i0{} is the most distinct species, but unlike the other
taxa it has never been placed in a distinct subgenus. The
species has a limited distribution in the south-western United
States that suggests it may have been separated from its near
relatives and evolved in isolation, or that the species may have
nearer relatives in Mexico. \par{}This species has been looked
for at the type locality, but not found there recently (personal
communication, J. & C. Reeder 1997).> 106<<Aiken data, Piper
1906, p. 197-198, Intermountain Flora.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca subulata\i0{} <Trin.>/
1<BEARDED FESCUE> 2<In Bongard, Mm. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.
Ptersb. Ser. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 173. 1832. \i{}Bromelica
subulata\i0{} (Trin.) Farw., Rhodora 21: 78. 1919, quoad
basionom., non descrip.> 3<U.S.A. Alaska: Sitka Island.
\i{}Mertens\i0{}.> 4<\i{}F. jonesii\i0{} Vasey, Grasses U.S.:
43. 1883, nom. nud. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1893.
\i{}F. subulata\i0{} var. \i{}jonesii\i0{} St.-Yves, Candollea
2: 284. 1925. Type: U.S.A. Utah: City Creek Canon, Alt. 7300
feet, 17 July 1880, \i{}M. E. Jones s.n\i0{}. Holotype: US!
Isotype GH!> 6,3<leafy to near the panicle> 7,35-120 8,2
9,2<somewhat decumbent> 10,2 11,2 12,2 13,1<to more or less
scaberulous> 14,1 15,1<towards the end of the growing season>
16,2 17,1 18,3 21,0.2-0.7(-1) 22,2<the cilia much shorter than
the ligule membrane, compared with \i{}F. subuliflora\i0{} where
the cilia are longer than the membrane> 23,10-30 24,2 25,2
26,1/2 27,1 28,3-8(-10)<dark green above, paler green below,
sometimes with soft hairs> 31,18-27<prominent, the intercostal
region more than twice the width of the veins> 32,1 33,- 34,1
36,2 37,8-15 38,2 39,2-4 40,1/2<sparsely> 42,(10-)15-30(-40)
44,(1-)2(-3)<pulvinate at the base> 45,2<more or less drooping>
46,6-10(-15) 47,1/2 48,1/2 49,1<spikelets green or with a
purplish tinge, oblong, lanceolate and occurring towards the
ends of the branches> 52,(4-)6-11(-25) 53,6-11(-12) 54,1.5-3.5
55,2 56,3-4(-6) 58,2<linear lanceolate> 59,1/2 60,1<scaberulous>
61,1<glume margins are often rolled under and obscured>
62,(1.8-)2-3.2(-4) 63,1 64,1 65,(2-)3.5-5.5(-6) 66,1-3 68,2<1-2
mm long> 69,2 70,(5-)6-7.5(-8.8) 71,2<with only 3 faint nerves>
72,2<varying from almost glabrous to densely scabrous> 73,2 74,1
76,(2.5-)5-10(-17)<sometimes curving but not crinkled>
78,6.3-7<very narrow> 79,1<trichomes very sparse> 80,1 81,1/2
82,0.8-1 83,1.5-2.8 84,2 85,5-10 86,28 87,1 89,3 90<occurring on
both sides of the Cascade Mountains, in moist to dry areas,
often along stream banks or in forest meadows> 91,2/3 92,1/2/3
93,10/11 94,2/3 95,2/3 96,2/3/4/5 101,4<=\i{}Festuca\i0{} subg.
\i{}Schedonorus\i0{}, sect. \i{}Subulatae\i0{} Tzvelev> 102<SS
subulata> 103<subl> 104<Considered to have many unusual features
in common with \i{}F. elmeri\i0{} and \i{}F. subuliflora\i0{},
(Hitchcock et al. 1969). Analyses of this database suggest that
the three taxa are closely related.> 105<"The three species,
\i{}F. subulata, F. subuliflora\i0{} Scribn., and \i{}F.
elmeri\i0{} Scribn. & Merr., have many unusual features in
common, but apparently are amply distinct", from Hitchcock et
al. (1969). Analyses of this database, that involve these
species, were discussed in Aiken et al. (1997).> 106<<Piper,
1906, Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Aiken data for Jepson Manual,
Intermountain Flora, Flora of Pacific Northwest, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca subuliflora\i0{} <Scribn.>/
1<CRINKLE-AWN FESCUE> 2<\i{}in\i0{} Macoun Cat. Canad. Pl. Add.
and Corr. I-IV 2(5): 396. 1890> 3<Canada. British Columbia:
Vancouver Island, Goldstream, 29 June 1897, \i{}Macoun 7\i0{}.
Isotype: CAN!> 4<\i{}F. ambigua\i0{} Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 1: 277. 1893, non \i{}F. ambigua\i0{} Le Gall, Fl.
Morihan, 731. 1852. \i{}F. denticulata\i0{} Beal, Grasses N. Am.
2: 589. 1896. Type: U.S.A. Oregon: in 1881, \i{}T.J. Howell
19\i0{}. US!> 6,3<leaves mainly on the culms, leafy to near the
panicle> 7,(40-)60-100(-125) 8,2 9,2 10,1/2 11,2 12,2
13,1/3<copiously hirsute> 14,1 15,1<towards the end of the
growing season> 16,2<prophylls have scabrous keels, if present>
17,1<usually, sometimes villous if abaxial leaf blade has long
trichomes> 18,3 21,0.2-0.6 22,2<the cilia as long, or longer
than the ligule membrane> 23,(10-)15-30(-40) 24,2 25,1/2<densely
pubescent> 26,1/2 27,1<to somewhat inrolled, strongly narrowed
at the base> 28,2-6(-10) 31,15-30<intercostal region about half
the width of the veins> 32,1 33,- 34,1 36,2 37,5-15 38,2 39,2-4
40,1 42,(7-)10-20 44,1<rarely 2, pulvinate at the base>
45,2<tending to droop> 46,3-15 47,1/2 48,1/2 49,1<spikelets
towards the ends of the branches> 52,(3-)6-11(-15) 53,8-12.5
54,1-5 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,(2-)3-4(-5)
58,2<rarely approaching subequal> 59,1/2 60,1<scabrous on the
midvein, scaberulous towards apex> 61,1<glumes tend to inroll
and obscure the margins> 62,2-4 63,1 64,1 65,3.5-5(-6) 66,1-3
68,2<segments 1.5-2.5 mm long> 69,1 70,6-9 71,1 72,2<scabrous,
particularly on the vein> 73,2 74,2 76,10-15<crinkled, flexuous,
often recurved> 78,6.5-8.5 79,1 80,1 81,1/2 82,0.8-1 83,2.5-4
84,2 85,4-5 86,28 87,1 89,2 90<Predominantly in woods, but also
on moist slopes and in meadows, from near sea level to
subalpine> 91,2/3 92,1/2 93,11<west of the Cascades> 94,2/3 95,2
101,4<subg. \i{}Subuliflorae\i0{}, (Alexeev 1980)> 102<SS
subuliflora> 103<subf> 104<Considered closely related to \i{}F.
elmeri\i0{}, Hitchcock et al. (1969). The lemmas of \i{}F.
elmeri\i0{} are conspicuously more densely hairy than those of
\i{}F. subuliflora\i0{}. The results of this study do not
support the subgeneric status given this taxon by Alexeev
(1980).> 105<"This species is closely related to \i{}F.
elmeri\i0{} Scribn. & Merr. which also has bifid, strongly
veined lemmas and blades hairy on the ventral surface, but which
differs in ligule character and in the non-jointed rachilla
segments. The three species, \i{}F. subulata \i0{}Trin., \i{}F.
subuliflora\i0{}, and \i{}F. elmeri\i0{}, have many unusual
features in common, but apparently are amply distinct," from
Hitchcock et al. (1969). The distribution map of the species
presented in Aiken et al. (1997). suggested that two of the
species have limited west coast distributions. The analyses of
this database suggested that the three species are more closely
related than the species in sect. \i{}Obtusae\i0{}.> 106<<Aiken
and Darbyshire 1990, Aiken Jepson Manual data, Piper, 1906,
Flora of the Pacific Northwest, Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca paradoxa\i0{} <Desv.>/
1<CLUSTER FESCUE> 2<Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat.: 105. 1831> 3<U.S.A.
Habitat unknown. Holotype: ?> 4<\i{}F. nutans\i0{} Biehler, Pl.
Nov. Herb. Spreng. Cent.: 10. 1807, non Moench, Meth. Fl. 191.
1794. \i{}Poa nutans\i0{} (Biehler) Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 86. 1821.
\i{}Gnomonia nutans\i0{} (Biehler) Lunell, Am. Midl. Natl. 4:
224. 1915. Type: Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. shortii\i0{} Kunth ex Wood,
Class-book ed. 3: 794. 1861. \i{}F. nutans\i0{} var.
\i{}shortii\i0{} (Kunth ex Wood) Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 589.
1896. Piper (1906) stated, "No locality cited under the original
very brief description, but a specimen in Short's herbarium
bears the legion, 'Barrens of Meade County, Kentucky.'"
Holotype: PH! Isotypes: GH! WIS! \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F.
nutans\i0{} var. \i{}major\i0{} Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agric. Spec.
Rpt. 63: 43. 1883, nom. nud.> 6,1<light green> 7,50-120
8,2<leaves mainly on the culms> 9,1 10,2 11,2 12,2 13,1/3 14,1
15,1 16,2 17,1 18,3<Piper 1906 stated "auriculate at the base",
but no true auricles have been found> 21,0.2-1 22,2 23,10-40
24,2 25,1/2 26,1 27,1 28,2-8 31,9-30 32,1 33,1 34,1<with
prominent bulliform cells between the ribs> 36,2 37,10-30 38,2
39,(2-)3(-4) 40,1 42,5-20 44,2<usually, rarely 3-5> 45,1<but
early in development drooping from the weight of clustered
spikelets, not reflexed at maturity> 46,3-10 47,2
48,1<prominent>/2<sparse> 49,2<overlapping each other by one
third to one half their length on the lower branches> 52,10-30
53,5-7<oblong lanceolate> 54,(2-)4-4.5(-6)<clavate in bud>
55,2<usually, two specimens collected in Missouri, herbarium of
Ceo. V. Nash at NY! and MO 341986> 56,(2-)4-5(-10) 58,2
59,2<varying from scabrous to scaberulous> 60,2<at least on the
midvein> 61,2 62,2.5-5 63,1 64,2 65,3.5-5.5 66,3 68,1 69,2
70,(3.6-)4-5(-5.2)<coriaceous> 71,2 72,2 73,2<varying from
scaberulous to scabrous> 74,1<but often splitting at the
pronounced midvein> 75,2<mucronate> 77,2<sometimes approaching
indurate> 78,3.5-4.5 79,1<at apex>/2 80,2 81,1 82,0.7-0.8
83,1.1-1.5 84,2 85,2-3 86<unknown> 87,1 91,3 92,4/5/6/7
97,1/2/3/5/8/10 98,2 99,10 100,1/2/3/5/6/9/10/11/12/13 101,5
102<SO paradoxa> 103<para> 104<The taxonomic rank of species
level was evaluated by Aiken and Lefkovitch (1993) and further
confirmed by this study.> 105<The taxonomic rank of this species
was reconsidered by Aiken and Lefkovitch (1993) after the
suggestion by Gould (1975) that this taxon may be merely a
subspecies of \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{} (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev.
The former authors concluded that phenotypic plasticity results
in northern specimens of \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{} often having small
spikelets and morphological measurements that fall within the
traditional ranges of characters of \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{}.
Branches of pre-anthesis inflorescences of \i{}F.
subverticillata\i0{} can have a wide range of lengths and are
often drooping and clustering during some stages of development.
In the southern part of the distribution range, their spikelets
can become similar in size to some of those of \i{}F.
paradoxa\i0{}. Characters often found in published keys, that
were found to overlap in values, are: (a) length of the longest
inflorescence branch, (b) number of spikelets per branch, and
(c) spikelet width. \par{}The following distinguishing
attributes are considered more reliable. \par{}Inflorescence
branches not reflexed at maturity; spikelets clustered,
consistently overlapping each other by 1/3 to 1/2 their length
on the lower branches; spikelets clavate in bud; upper glume
almost as long as or longer than the first lemma.... \i{}F.
paradoxa\i0{} \par{}Inflorescence branches reflexed at maturity;
spikelets often widely separated on the lower branches,
sometimes overlapping slightly towards the ends of the branches;
spikelets lanceolate in bud; upper glume usually shorter than
the first lemma.... \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{} > 106<Gleason
and Cronquist, Lonard manuscript, Aiken and Lefkovitch 1993,
Piper 1906, p. 35.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca subverticillata\i0{} <(Pers.) E. B. Alexeev>/
1<NODDING FESCUE> 2<Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 17: 52. 1980.
\i{}Poa subverticillata\i0{} Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 92. 1805.
\i{}Poa laxa\i0{} Lam., Tabl. Encycl. Mth. Bot. 1: 183. 1791,
non Haenke in Jirasek, Beob. Riesengeb. 118. 1791.> 3<U.S.A.
Virginia. Holotype: P (photocopy!).> 4<\i{}Panicum
divaricatum\i0{} Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 50. 1803. nom. illeg.,
non L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. nec \i{}Festuca
divaricata\i0{} Desf. Fl. Atlanta 1: 89, Pl. 22. 1798.
\i{}Panicum debile\i0{} Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Mth. Bot. Suppl.
4: 283. 1816, non Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 59. 1798. \i{}Panicum
patentissimum\i0{} Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 448. 1817, non
Desf. ex Poir., in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 283. 1816. \i{}Poa
brachiata\i0{} Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat.: 100. 1831. Type:
U.S.A. Carolina. \i{}Hab. in excelsis montibus umbrosis
Carolinae\i0{}. Holotype: P. \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Festuca
obtusa\i0{} Bieler, Pl. Nov. Herb. Spreng. Cent.: 11. 1807.
\i{}Schedonorus obtusus\i0{} (Bieler) Roem. & Schult., Syst.
Veg. 2: 710. 1817. Type: U.S.A. Pennsylvania: Muhlenberg. "In
Muhlenberg's Herbarium in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences
are specimens labelled \i{}F. nutans\i0{} and \i{}F. sylvatica
obtusa\i0{}. Apparently both these are herbarium names of
Muhlenberg, which were first published by Sprengel. Both these
specimens are clearly referable to the common eastern plant
which has so long gone under the name of \i{}Festuca
nutans\i0{}" (Piper 1906). \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Panicum
gracilentum\i0{} Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Mth Bot. Suppl. 4: 276.
1816. Type: Cultive au Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Holotype: P?
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Poa festucoides\i0{} Le Conte ex
Torrey in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2: 367. 1818. Type: U.S.A. New
York: Le Conte. Holotype: NY?
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Festuca pseudoduriuscula\i0{}
Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 312. 1854. Type: U.S.A. Texas:
\i{}Drummond, 398\i0{}. Holotype: P.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}"Festuca nutans\i0{} var.
\i{}palustris\i0{} Muhlenberg" Descr. Gram. 166. 1817. "From
Muhlenberg's brief description this is merely a form of \i{}F.
obtusa\i0{}. It can scarcely be \i{}F. shortii\i0{} to which
Wood referred it. There is nothing so labelled in Muhl.
Herbarium" (Piper 1906). ""Varietas palustris..." this word not
in italics, not proposed as var., merely mention of wet-ground
form" (Chase & Niles 1962). \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}Festuca
obtusa\i0{} forma \i{}pilosifolia\i0{} Dore in McNeill & Dore,
Naturaliste Canad. 103: 560. 1977. Type: Canada. Ontario: Kent
Co., New Fairfield, historic site on Hwy. 2. n. side of Thames
River, wet bottomland hardwoods, 11 June 1960, \i{}P.F.
Maycock\i0{} & \i{}O.B. Maryniak 6437\i0{}. DAO!> 6,3
7,(40-)50-100(-130) 8,2<leaves mainly on the culm> 9,1 10,1/2
11,2 12,2 13,1/3<that are retrorse, 1-4 mm long> 14,1 15,1 16,2
17,1 18,3 21,0.3-1 22,2<sparsely> 23,10-30 24,2 25,1/2<long
trichomes present in forma \i{}pilosifolia\i0{} Dore> 26,1 27,1
28,(3-)4-10 31,16-24<the intercostal region is 2-3 times the
width of the veins> 32,1 33,1 34,1 36,2 37,10-20 38,2 39,3-4
40,1 42,10-25(-30) 44,2<usually>/3<pulvinate at the base>
45,2<reflexed at maturity> 46,1.5-13.5 47,2
48,1<usually>/2<sparsely> 49,1<spikelets borne towards the ends
of the branches> 52,2-7<often widely separated on the lower
branches, sometimes overlapping slightly towards the ends of the
branches> 53,4-6 54,2-4<lanceolate in bud> 55,2<usually, a
collection from Arkansas, MO 1207326, has a few proliferating
spikelets> 56,2-4(-5) 58,2 59,2<longer in forma
\i{}pilosifolia\i0{}> 60,1 61,1 62,2-3(-3.5) 63,1 64,1
65,2.5-4(-4.4) 66,3 68,1 69,2 70,3.2-4.7 71,2 72,2 73,2<varying
from scaberulous to scabrous> 74,1 75,2 78,3.5-5<as long or
slightly longer than the lemma> 79,2 80,1 81,1 83,1.01-1.6(-2.2)
84,2 85,3.8-4.2 86,42 87,1 89,3 91,2/3 92,4/6/7 93,3/5/6/7/8
97,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10 99,2/3/4<?>/5/6/7/8/9/10
100,3/5/9/10/11/12/13/14 101,5 102<SO subverticill> 103<subv>
104<Taxonomic status of \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{} as a species
distinct from \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{} was examined by Aiken and
Lefkovitch (1993), and confirmed in this study.> 105<Alexeev
(1980, 1985) used the name \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{} for this
species but did not explain his reasons, beyond listing basic
synonymy. A detailed, unpublished study of the nomenclature by
S. J. Darbyshire, Department of Agriculture Canada, and his
discussions with the late A. Cronquist, New York Botanical
Gardens, resulted in acceptance of the name \i{}F.
subverticillata\i0{} (Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Gleason and
Cronquist 1991). Aiken and Lefkovitch (1993) suggested
characteristics on which this species is most reliably separated
from \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{} Desv. (see notes for that species).>
106<<Piper 1906, Aiken and Darbyshire, 1990, Gleason and
Cronquist 1990, Aiken and Lefkovitch 1993>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca versuta\i0{} <Beal>/
1<TEXAS FESCUE> 2<Grasses N. Am. 2: 589. 1896. \i{}Festuca
texana\i0{} Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 119. 1886, non
Steud. Syn. Fl. Glum. 1: 310. 1854. \i{}Festuca obtusa\i0{} var.
\i{}versuta\i0{} (Beal) St.- Yves, Candollea 2: 280. 1925.>
3<U.S.A. Texas: "shades, upper Llano", 1884, \i{}J. Reverchon
1618\i0{}. Isotype: US!> 4<\i{}F. nutans\i0{} var.
\i{}johnsonii\i0{} Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548.
1894. \i{}F. johnsonii\i0{} (Vasey) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 10: 35. 1910. Type: U.S.A. Texas: Hamilton Co., 1886,
\i{}Johnson, s.n\i0{}. Holotype: US!> 6,2/3<at least sometimes,
with slender, glabrous culms, leaves mainly on the culms>
7,50-100 8,2 9,1 10,1/2 11,2 12,2 13,1/2<lower sheaths with
retrorse hairs> 14,1 15,1 16,2 17,1 18,2/3<<? Piper 1906
described this species as auriculate, referring to erect
swelling?>> 19,2 21,0.5-1 22,1<sometimes erose, but without
defined trichomes> 23,20-25 24,2 25,1/2<or scabrous> 26,1
27,1<or loosely involute> 28,2-9 31,15-35<internerve distance
about 2 times the width of the veins> 32,1 33,1 34,1 36,2
37,(5-)10-25 38,2 39,3 40,1 42,(8-)10-30(-40) 44,2<pulvinate at
the base and flexuous> 45,2 46,5-12 47,2 48,1/2 49,1<spikelets
borne towards the ends of the branches> 52,5-15 53,6-9(-11)
54,2-3.5 55,2<usually, two specimens, US 1258476 and MO 852950,
have proliferating spikelets> 56,2-5 58,1/2 59,2 60,2<at least
on the midvein> 61,2 62,4-6(-7) 63,1 64,2 65,5-7 66,3 68,1/2
69,2<rounded on the back> 70,(5-)5.5-7(-8) 71,2 72,1<apex
sometimes slightly scaberulous on the midvein> 74,1 75,2<or apex
mucronate> 78,5-7(-8) 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.8-1 83,2-3 84,2
85,2.5-3(-3.5) 86<unknown> 87,1 89,3<moist, shaded sites, rocky
hill sides, and mountains> 91,3 92,4/5 97,8 98,2 101,5<Placed in
subg. \i{}Drymanthele\i0{}, sect. \i{}Texanae\i0{} E. B. Alexeev
(Alexeev 1980)> 102<SO versuta> 103<vers> 104<Aiken and
Lefkovitch (1993) commented that this taxon may have affinities
with subg. \i{}Obtusae\i0{}, rather than with subg.
\i{}Drymanthele\i0{} as suggested by Alexeev (1985). The results
of this study support considering this species closely related
to \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{} and \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{}.>
105<Aiken and Lefkovitch (1993) stated that in the course of
their study it had become apparent that \i{}F. versuta\i0{} may
have affinities with subg. \i{}Obtusae\i0{} rather than
monotypic status in subg. \i{}Drymanthele\i0{} sect.
\i{}Texanae\i0{} as Alexeev (1980) had suggested. Although the
spikelet lengths of many specimens of \i{}F. versuta\i0{} are
conspicuously larger than those of the other two species in
subg. \i{}Obtusae\i0{}, small specimens overlap in size with
large specimens of \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{} Desv. and \i{}F.
subvertillicata\i0{} (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev. The spikelet shape
in \i{}F. versuta\i0{} approaches that of large specimens of
\i{}F. subverticillata\i0{}, while spikelet widths and their
arrangement on the inflorescence branches are often similar to
those of \i{}F. paradoxa\i0{}. In the analyses of this database,
the two nearest neighbours of \i{}F. versuta\i0{} are \i{}F.
paradoxa\i0{} and \i{}F. subverticillata\i0{}, and the three
taxa group together in phenograms (Aiken et al. 1997).>
106<<Aiken data checked against US type, Piper 1906, Gould 1975,
H. and C. 1950. Feb. 1990.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca amethystina\i0{} <L.>/
2<Sp. Pl.: 74. 1753> 3<"Roy. lugbd. 68" cited. Hack. Monogr.
Fest. Eur. 123. 1882, holds \i{}F. amethystina\i0{} excluding
reference to "Scheuchz!" as valid (Chase and Niles 1962).> 101,1
103<amet> 104<This European taxon, is sometimes cultivated as an
ornamental in New Mexico and possibly elsewhere.> 105<A European
taxon that is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. "Slender
tufted perennial; blades filiform, 15-25 cm long; panicle 5-10
cm long, rather narrow; spikelets similar to \i{}F. ovina\i0{}",
Hitchcock and Chase (1951).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca arvernensis\i0{} <Auquier, Kergulen, & Markgr.-Dann.>/
2<Lejunia nov. ser. 89: 15. 1977. \i{}F. glauca\i0{} Lam. non
Vill. Encycl. 2: 459. 1788. Type: France, "nous avons trouv
cette Gramine en abondance dans l'Auvergne, aux environs de
Murat, en montane au Cantal, pres de Thiezac"> 101,1 103<arve>
104<This name includes "\i{}F. glauca\i0{}". It is sold as an
ornamental grass that is available in New Mexico (K. Allred,
personal communication 1995) and possibly more widespread.>
105<This name includes the old "\i{}F. glauca\i0{}". It is
solely an ornamental grass that is available in New Mexico (K.
Allred, personal communication 1995). It is possibly more
widespread.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca auriculata\i0{} <Drobow> s.s./
2<Tr. Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14: 159. 1915.> 3<Kolyma
region, Panteleevskaya coniform hill, peak and stony screes,
1905, \i{}I. Shulga 155\i0{}. Holotype: lost (Tzvelev 1976).
Neotype: Yakutian, ASSR, Bulunskii region, northern Verkhoyanye,
middle coarse of Kharaulakh River, stony tundra near the foot of
coniform hill, 7 July 1960, \i{}B. Yuetsev\i0{}. LE!> 4<\i{}F.
ovina\i0{} subsp. \i{}alaskana\i0{} Holmen, Bot. Not. 117: 114.
1964, pro parte, quod descr. sed non typus.> 6,2 7,8-15(-20) 8,1
9,1 10,2 11,2 12,1 13,1/2/3 14,2 15,2 16,1<approximately half>
17,1 18,2 19,2<if sheaths are hairy, the auricles positions are
also hairy> 21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,1-6 24,1<sometimes recurved> 25,2
26,1/2 27,2 29,0.3-0.45 30,0.5-0.65 31,5 32,2 33,1<occurring at
midvein and leaf margins only> 34,1 35,1<well defined, 0-4
variously defined> 36,2 37,0.1-1.5<conspicuously variable>
38,2<rarely>/1 40,1/2<sparsely scabrous, if applicable>
42,1-2<with 3-6(-10) spikelets> 44,0<inflorescence unbranched>
45,- 46,- 47,2 48,1 52,1<borne singularly on the rachis>
53,5.5-6 54,3-4 55,2 56,3-5 58,2 59,2 60,1 61,1 62,2.2-3.2 63,1
64,1 65,2.8-3.4 66,3 68,2 69,2 70,3.7-4.2 71,2 72,2
73,1<scaberulous> 74,1 76,0.5-2 78,3.5-4.2 79,1 80,1 81,1
82,0.7-0.9 83,1.6-2.5 84,1 85,U 86,14<Tzvelev 1976> 87,1 89,1/2
90<found in the alpine zone consisting primarily of mats of
\i{}Dryas\i0{} and common on exposed talus slopes> 91,3 92,1
94,1 101,1 102<FE auriculata> 103<auri> 104<See \i{}F.
lenensis\i0{}. Data were gathered from three small specimens
from Alaska, sent in by David Murray, University of Alaska to
assess whether they could be distinguished from \i{}F.
lenensis\i0{}. The results are inconclusive at this time. A
photograph of a duplicate of the specimen that Alexeev (1982)
cited as a record of \i{}F. auriculata\i0{} in Canada is in the
image library under \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}> 105<See \i{}F.
lenensis\i0{} Drobow. Data were gathered from three small
specimens sent in from Alaska to assess whether they could be
distinguished from \i{}F. lenensis\i0{}. The results are
inconclusive at this time. Alexeev (1985) suggested on the basis
of one specimen that this species occurs in Canada. The specimen
(illustrated in the image library) is considered to be that of
\i{}F. lenensis\i0{}. Two days of detailed field work in the
area of the collection from the Northern Yukon, established that
a large gravel pit has developed at the original collection site
and that no other candidate specimens appeared to occur in the
surrounding area (3 km in all directions).> 106<Tzvelev.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{}
<Frederiksen>/
2<Nord. J. Bot. 2: 530. 1982.> 3<U.S.A. California: Inyo Co.,
Mono Mesa, 24 July 1946, \i{}J. T. Howell 22706\i0{}. Holotype:
CAS.> 6,2 7,4-10<culms less than twice the length of the basal
leaves> 8,1 9,1 10,2 11,2 12,1 13,2<prophylls with trichomes on
the veins, sometimes obvious at the base of the plant>
14,1/2<not very conspicuous in small plants> 15,2
16,1<Frederiksen 1982> 17,1 18,2 19,- 21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,1.7-3.5
24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 29,0.25-0.39-0.55(-0.8) 30,0.35-0.53-0.7
31,(3-)5 32,2 33,1 34,1 35,1<2-4 poorly developed lateral ribs>
36,2<or very slightly inflated> 37,0.8-2.5 38,1 40,1 42,0.8-2.5
44,1-2 45,1 46,0.5-0.7 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,1-2 53,(3.5-)4-5.2
54,0.5-2 55,2<not recorded for this taxon> 56,2-4 58,2 59,1 61,1
62,2.4-3 63,1 64,1 65,3-4.3 66,3 69,2 70,3.3-4.5 71,2 72,2 73,1
74,1 76,0.7-1.2 78,3-4 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-0.8 83,0.9-1.4 84,1
85,1.8-2.2 86,28<Frederiksen 1982, based on guard cell
measurements> 87,1 89,2 90<endemic in California on alpine sites
in Sierra Nevada and White Mountains> 91,3 92,2 95,2 101,1
102<FE brachy brevi> 103<brbv> 104<Data gathered from
Californian plants at an early stage of studying this taxon. It
is now considered synonymous with \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{}.> 105<These data where gathered,
1987-1990, from Californian specimens, following the recognition
of this subspecies by Frederiksen (1982) and Aiken (1993). This
taxon is now considered synonymous with \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{}
subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} Frederiksen; see notes for that
taxon (Aiken et al. 1997, illustrated in the image library).>
106<<Aiken data collected for Jepson Manual project. Checked
Sept. 1993.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{}
<Frederiksen> s.s./
2<Nord. J. Bot. 2: 529. 1982> 3<U.S.A. Colorado: Summit Co.,
Hoosier Ridge, 18 August 1960, \i{}K.A. Holmen, A.E. Porsild,
and W.A. Weber fix 850\i0{}. Holotype: C.> 4<\i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f. s.l. Mantissa 2: 646.
1827. Data were gathered 1987-1990 and reassessed, 1994-1995.>
6,1/2<often yellowish from accumulated straw> 7,2.5-12<culms
less than twice the length of the basal leaves, Frederiksen
1977> 8,1 9,1 10,1<slightly>/2 11,2 12,1 13,1 14,1 15,2
16,1<Frederiksen 1982, character in the key; prophylls that have
trichomes on the veins, occur among the sheaths and are
sometimes obvious at the base of the plant> 17,1 18,2 19,2
21,0.1-0.5 22,2 23,2-6 24,1 25,2<sometimes almost glabrous> 26,1
27,2 29,(0.25-)0.3-0.42-0.5 30,0.5-0.64-0.95 31,3-5 32,2 33,1
34,1<but sometimes more strongly developed than in arctic
specimens of subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{}> 35,1<well defined,
2-4 variously defined lateral ribs> 36,2 37,0.8-2.5 38,1 40,1
42,1.5-2.5 44,1-2 45,1 46,0.4-0.8 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,1-2
53,(3.5-)4-5(-5.5) 54,1-2.5 55,2<not recorded for this taxon>
56,2-4 58,2 59,2<scaberulous> 60,2<and on the midvein> 61,1
62,1.8-3 63,1 64,1 65,2.3-3.6(-4.3) 66,3 67,0.6-0.7
68,2<scaberulous> 69,2 70,3.5-4.5 71,2 72,2<scaberulous> 73,1
74,1 76,0.7-2(-3.6)<<3.6 mm recorded in a DAO specimen>>
78,3-3.5(-4) 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.7-0.9 83,0.9-1.4 84,1
85,1.8-2.5 86,28<There are three vouchers at DAO with
2\i{}n\i0{}=28 for this taxon, collected and determined by T.
Mosquin> 87,1 89,2 91,3 92,2/3 95,2 96,1/3/4/5<We have not
established whether the two subspecies occur at different
altitudes but in the same geographical areas of Idaho, Montana,
or Wyoming> 101,1 102<FE brachy color> 103<brcs> 104<Frederiksen
(1982) distinguished this subspecies and \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}breviculmis\i0{} that are now
considered synonymous. The data here were gathered from plants
collected outside of California at an early stage of the study.>
105<Frederiksen (1982) photographed relatively large plants of
this taxon that she called subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} and
relatively small plants that she called subsp.
\i{}breviculmis\i0{}. Limited examination of high alpine
collections from Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and
Oregon indicates that the taxon occurs at altitudes above 2800
m. Plants of this taxon were observed growing beside \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} subsp. \i{}purpusiana\i0{} (St.-Yves) Tzvelev
in the White Mountains of California and in that location the
latter plants were conspicuously "more robust", had flowered and
were beginning to set seed, while plants of \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{} were just coming
into flower (illustrated in the image library).
\par{}Frederiksen (1982) distinguished this subspecies partly
because of the recorded chromosome number 2\i{}n\i0{}=28, which
differs from that of \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult.
f. subsp. \i{}brachyphylla\i0{} 2\i{}n\i0{}=42. She also
distinguished \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} subsp.
\i{}breviculmis\i0{} Frederiksen as a Californian endemic with a
high altitudinal distribution range in the isolation of
Californian mountain peaks. Plants collected in Colorado: Summit
Lake, 3917 m, 10 July 1988, \i{}S. J. Darbyshire 3850\i0{}, CAN
535149, illustrated in the image library; La Plata County, San
Juan National Forest, 3738'N, 10737'W, on rock ledges below
the summit of Eoleus, 13,900 feet, 29 July 1962, \i{}Joan
Michener 887\i0{}, COLO. match collections from the White
Mountains of California. Most collections from the Rocky
Mountains are larger and occur in a wider range of habitats.
\i{}Festuca brachyphylla\i0{} subsp. \i{}coloradensis\i0{}
appears to be almost as phenotypically plastic as subsp.
\i{}brachyphylla\i0{}.> 106<<Aiken data Sept. 1993: Frederiksen
1982>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca brevifolia\i0{} var. \i{}utahensis\i0{} <St.-Yves>/
2<Candollea 2: 257. 1925> 3<Colorado, Pagosa Peak, 12,000',
August 1899, \i{}Baker 175\i0{}. Isotype: RM! > 7,18-25 8,2 9,2
10,1 11,2 12,1/2 13,1/2 14,1 15,1 17,1 18,2/3 21,0.2-0.3 22,2
23,8-10 24,2 25,2 27,2 29,0.4-0.75 30,0.45-0.8 32,2 33,1 34,1
36,2 37,2.5-3 38,2 39,1 40,1 42,4-5 44,2-3 45,1 46,0.4-0.8
47,1/2 48,1<sparse> 52,1-3 53,5-7.5 54,1.8-2.5 55,2 56,3-5 58,2
59,2<scaberulous> 60,1 61,1 62,2.8-3.2 63,1 64,1 65,3.5-3.9 66,3
67,0.9-1.1 68,1 69,2 70,3.5-4 72,2<scaberulous> 73,1 74,1
76,0.5-1.5 78,4-4.5 79,1 80,2 81,1 83,0.7-0.8 84,2<densely> 87,1
89,2 91,3 92,3 96,1/4 102<FE brevifol uta> 103<utah> 104<data
from an isotype specimen, \i{}Baker 175\i0{} and the description
given by St.-Yves (1925), were entered separately. The specimen
is now considered synonymous with \i{}F. earlei\i0{}.
Photographs of \i{}Barker 175\i0{} are in the image library
under \i{}F. earlei\i0{}.> 105<Data from an isotype specimen,
\i{}Baker 175\i0{} were collected for the above description, and
tested against other taxa in the database using INTKEY programs
such as 'Differences'. The specimen is now considered synonymous
with \i{}F. earlei\i0{} Rydb. It is not a variety of \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f. as the ovary is densely
hairy, much more so than in plants of \i{}F. minutiflora\i0{}
Rydb.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca canadensis\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 88: 104. 1983.>
3<Canada. Ontario: comt de Simcoe, Wasaga Beach, sur les dunes
de la Baie Georgienne, 12 July 1936, \i{}F. Marie-Victorin, F.
Rolland-Germain and F. Dominique 46144\i0{}. (Translated,
Canada. Ontario: Simcoe County, Wasaga Beach, on the sand dunes
of Georgian Bay, 12 July 1936, \i{}F. Marie-Victorin, F.
Rolland-Germain, F. Dominique 46144.)\i0{} Holotype: LE.
Isotype: DAO!> 103<cana> 104<Described by Alexeev (1983).
Considered at this time to be synonymous with \i{}F.
saximontana\i0{} although Darbyshire and Warwick (1992) reported
differences in chloroplast DNA between the taxa.> 105<Described
by Alexeev (1983). Considered at this time to be synonymous with
\i{}F. saximontana\i0{} Rydb. although Darbyshire and Warwick
(1992) reported differences in chloroplast DNA between the taxa.
In a preliminary taxonomic study, the first author found no
consistent morphological differences between candidates for
\i{}F. canadensis\i0{} and \i{}F. saximontana\i0{}. A specimen
of western \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} has been growing in Ottawa
since it was transplanted in 1981. An SDS-PAGE study of seed
proteins of \i{}F. saximontana\i0{} Aiken et al. (1993),
suggested some differences between eastern and western
collections considered to be this taxon. More recent studies
suggest that the variation found in the seed protein banding
profiles is similar to that found in the north to south
distribution of other species.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca glauca\i0{} <Lam.>/
2<Encycl. 2:459> 3<Name used in the horticulatural trade in
North America to refer to an ornamental fescue that has glaucous
(blue) leaves. The name is applied to forms that appear blue
from wax on the leaves for specimens of both \i{}F.
filiformis\i0{} Pourr. and \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} (Hack.)
Krajina> 103<glau> 104<Name used in the horticulatural trade in
North America to refer to an ornamental fescue that has glaucous
(blue) leaves. The name is applied to forms that appear blue
from wax on the leaves for specimens of both \i{}F.
filiformis\i0{} Pourr. and \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} (Hack.)
Krajina> 105<Name used in the horticulatural trade in North
America to refer to an ornamental fescue that has glaucous
(blue) leaves. The name is applied to forms that appear blue
from wax on the leaves for specimens of both \i{}F.
filiformis\i0{} Pourr. and \i{}F. trachyphylla\i0{} (Hack.)
Krajina> 
 
# \i{}Festuca groenlandica\i0{} <(Schol.) Frederiksen>/
2<Nord. J. Bot. 2: 533. 1982. \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} var.
\i{}groenlandica\i0{} Schol., Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet
62: 69. 1934.> 3<Greenland. Eqalungmiut, 24 July 1932,
\i{}Maries Dal\i0{}. Holotype: C.> 6,1<fresh green to glaucous>
7,14-37 8,1 9,1 10,2 11,2 12,1 13,3<finely scaberulous> 14,2
15,2 16,2<fused up to one third, Frederiksen 1977> 17,1 18,2
19,2 21,0.2-0.5 23,6-15 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,2 29,0.4-0.5
30,0.65-0.75 31,5-7 32,2 33,2<Frederiksen 1977> 34,2 36,2
37,1-5<Frederiksen 1977> 38,2 39,1 40,1<or almost so>
42,2-5<always branched lanceolate, green or purple>
44,1<abundantly branched> 45,1 46,0.5-1 47,2 48,2 52,1
53,4-5.5<Frederiksen 1982> 54,0.2-0.3 55,2 56,2-4(-5) 58,2
59,1<or almost so> 61,1 62,2-2.5<<?>> 63,1 64,1 65,3-3.5 66,3
68,2 69,2 70,2.9-3.4(-3.7) 72,1/2<very sparsely scaberulous at
the apex> 73,1 74,1 76,0.8-2.1<more or less curved> 78,2.8-3.3
79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.8-1 83,0.8-1.3 84,1 87,1 89,1
91,1<widespread, see map, page 271, Frederiksen 1977> 101,1
102<FE groenlandica> 103<groe> 104<Treated as \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} var. \i{}groenlandica\i0{} Schol. (Frederiksen
1977), but considered to be a full species (Frederiksen 1982).
Information in the database taken from literature only.>
105<Described as \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} var.
\i{}groenlandica\i0{} Schol., Frederiksen (1977), but considered
a full species in Frederiksen (1982). An attempt was made to
gather data for this taxon based on the literature but no
specimens have been examined as yet. It differs from \i{}F.
brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. & Schult. f. in having: a very dense
panicle, smaller and broader spikelets, a shorter, somewhat
curved arista, and mechanical tissue of the basal leaves that is
well developed (Frederiksen 1977). The taxon appears to be
restricted to Greenland. During field work in the Eastern
Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the first author has searched for
candidate specimens that may be assigned to this taxon, but so
far without success.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca hitchcockiana\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 87: 111. 1982.>
3<U.S.A. California: Santa Clara Co., 6 May 1921, \i{}A. H.
Wolley-Dod 207\i0{}. Holotype: K.> 103<hitc> 104<Alexeev (1982)
suggested that this is a distinct taxon differing from \i{}F.
californica\i0{} in not having tufts of collar hairs and in
having a longer ligule. In an extensive study of collections of
\i{}F. californica\i0{}, only one specimen with a longer ligule
was found but in all other respects the specimen resembled
\i{}F. californica\i0{}. The character, tufts of collar hairs,
was found to be very variable in \i{}F. californica\i0{}.>
105<Alexeev (1982) suggested that this is a distinct taxon
differing from \i{}F. californica\i0{} Vasey in not having tufts
of collar hairs and in having a longer ligule. In an extensive
study of collections of \i{}F. californica\i0{}, only one
specimen with a longer ligule was found but in all other
respects it resembled \i{}F. californica\i0{}. The character,
tufts of collar hairs, was found to be very variable.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca mariettana\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 88: 103. 1983.>
3<U.S.A. South Carolina: Greenville Co., grassy abandoned lawn 4
miles west of Marietta, 1 June 1969. \i{}W.T. Batson s.n\i0{}.
Holotype: S.> 103<mari> 104<Described by Alexeev (1983). This
may be an introduced species and possibly a cultivar of \i{}F.
valesiaca\i0{}. Compare the leaf cross section of \i{}F.
mariettana\i0{} in Alexeev (1983) with the leaf cross section of
\i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} illustrated in the image library.>
105<Described by Alexeev (1983). This may be an introduced
species and possibly a cultivar of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{}
Schleich. ex Gaud. Compare the leaf cross section of \i{}F.
mariettana\i0{} in Alexeev (1983) with the leaf cross section of
\i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} Schleich. ex Gaud. illustrated in the
image library. Alexeev (1983) stated that this is one of the
numerous species which occupy an intermediate position between
the "sulcate" (subsect. \i{}Intravaginales\i0{} Hack.) and the
"rubroid" fescues (subsect. \i{}Extravaginales\i0{} Hack.) in
the system of the genus. In the anatomical structure of the
laminae, the degree of closure of the sheaths and a number of
other characters, \i{}F. mariettana\i0{} is similar to the
Arizona endemic \i{}F. calligera\i0{} (Piper) Rydb., but differs
in having smooth leaves. Alexeev (1983) speculated that it is
probably endemic in the mountain meadows of the Appalachians.
This has not been investigated.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca michiganica\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 87: 116. 1982.>
3<U.S.A. Michigan: Midland Co., sandy ground, back of Protestant
Cemetery, 8 June 1927, \i{}R.R. Dreishach 4856\i0{}. Holotype:
LE.> 103<mich> 104<Described by Alexeev (1982). Compare the leaf
cross section of \i{}F. michiganica\i0{} in Alexeev (1982) with
the leaf cross section of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} illustrated in
the image library.> 105<Described by Alexeev (1982). The leaf
cross section of \i{}F. michiganica\i0{} in Alexeev (1982) is
similar to the leaf cross section of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{}
Schleich. ex Gaud. illustrated in the image library.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca oregona\i0{} <Vasey>/
2<Bot. Gaz. 2: 126. 1877> 3<U.S.A. Oregon: 1892, \i{}C.V.
Piper\i0{}. US.> 91,3 92,1/2 94,2/3 95,2 103<oreg>
104<Recognized as a distinct species by Alexeev (1982), who
cited five specimens collected from Washington to California.
The taxon is currently being studied as \i{}F. idahoensis\i0{}
var. \i{}oregona\i0{} using SDS-PAGE analyses of seed proteins
and leaf cross sections.> 105<Recognized as a distinct species
by Alexeev (1982), who cited five specimens collected from
Washington to California. He claimed that the species resembles
Eurasian sulcate fescues of the group \i{}F. ovina\i0{} subsp.
\i{}laevis\i0{} Hack. in having dense tufts, smooth leaf blades
with 3 sclerenchyma strands, 3-5 veins and 7 vascular bundles.
Alexeev (1982) stated that this is not as Hitchcock and Chase
(1951) suggested, a synonym of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L. The leaf
cross sections illustrated by Alexeev (1982) appear similar to
that of \i{}F. valesiaca\i0{} Schleich. ex Gaud. that has been
introduced in some areas. In Oregon, specimens of \i{}F.
idahoensis\i0{} subsp. \i{}roemeri\i0{} (Pavlick) S. Aiken often
have similar leaf cross sections (B.L. Wilson, personal
communication, 1995). \par{}L.E. Pavlick in 1984 annotated a
specimen that Alexeev considered may be a type of \i{}F.
oregona\i0{}, a Vasey collection, US 556161, as "\i{}F.
rubra\i0{} L. subsp." and with the words, "this is not
\i{}Festuca oregona\i0{} Vasey Bot. Gaz. 2: 126. It does not
match Vasey's descriptions, which was published in 1877, 15
years before this specimen was collected."> 
 
# \i{}Festuca prolifera\i0{} <(Piper) Fernald> var.
\i{}prolifera\i0{}/
2<Rhodora 35: 133. 1933. \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}prolifera\i0{} Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 21.
1906. \i{}F. rubra\i0{} var. \i{}prolifera\i0{} (Piper)
Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.> 3<U.S.A. New Hampshire: Mt.
Washington, alpine brooks, 2 September 1877, \i{}C.G. Pringle
s.n\i0{}. Isotype: GH!> 101,1 103<prpr> 104<Considered a
vegetatively proliferating form of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. (Aiken
et al. 1987). The type specimen is illustrated in the image
library.> 105<considered a vegetatively proliferating form of
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. (Aiken et al. 1987). The type specimen is
illustrated in the image library.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca prolifera\i0{} var. \i{}lasiolepis\i0{} <Fernald>/
2<Rhodora 35: 136. 1933. \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}richardsonii\i0{} var. \i{}prolifera\i0{} forma
\i{}lasiolepis\i0{} (Fernald) Lve and Lve, Univ. Colo. Stud.
Ser. Biol. 24: 12. 1966.> 3<Canada. Newfoundland: Main Arm (East
Arm of charts), Bonne Bay, Limestone cliffs near Stanleyville, 9
Aug. 1929, \i{}M.L. Fernald, B. Long and J.M. Fogg, Jr.
1236\i0{}. Holotype: GH!> 101,1 103<prla> 104<Considered a
vegetatively proliferating form of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. (Aiken
et al. 1987), but more closely related to \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
subsp. \i{}richardsonii\i0{} than the previous variety. The type
specimen is illustrated in the image library.> 105<Considered a
vegetatively proliferating form of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. which
is more closely related to \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}richardsonii\i0{} than var. \i{}prolifera\i0{}. (Aiken et
al. 1987). The type specimen is illustrated in the image
library.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rigescens\i0{} <(Presl) Kunth>/
2<Rv. Gram. 1: Sup. 31. 1830. \i{}Diplanchne rigescens\i0{}
Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 260. 1830. Type: Peru. \i{}Haenk.\i0{}>
103<rige> 104<Hitchcock and Chase (1951) cited one specimen of
this species as having been found in Arizona. The description
and the collection location suggest that it may be a sample of
\i{}F. calligera\i0{} Rydb., but the specimen has not been
examined.> 105<Hitchcock and Chase (1951) described this species
as: densely tufted, about 30 cm tall; blades firm, involute,
sharp-pointed; panicle narrow, few-flowered, 5 to 10 cm long;
spikelets about 3-flowered, 6 to 7 mm long; lemmas ovate, thick
convex, awnless to mucronate, 4 to 4.5 mm long. There is a
single specimen of this species in the United States National
Herbarium, labelled "Arizona, Tracy?". On the sheet is a note
made by Professor Piper (Feb. 12, 1904) quoting Tracy, "In open
pine woods 4 miles south-east of Flagstaff, about June 20 1887."
This agrees exactly with specimens of this species from Peru,
whence originally described. Since the species is not known
north of Peru, except from this specimen, it seems probable that
the label has been misplaced. The first author has not seen this
specimen, but speculates from the description and the collection
location, that it may be a specimen of \i{}F. calligera\i0{}
Rydb.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} <L.> s.l./
1<RED FESCUE> 2<Sp. Pl.: 74. 1753> 3<Europe: \i{}in sterilibus
siccis\i0{}.> 4<For extensive lists of synonymy see Hultn
(1942), Hitchcock and Chase (1951), Tzvelev (1976), Alexeev
(1985), Pavlick (1985).> 6,1/2/3 7,8-120 8,1/2 9,1/2 10,1/2
11,1/2 12,1/2 13,1/2/3<often retrose> 14,1 15,1/2 16,1 17,1
18,2/3 19,2 21,0.1-0.5 22,2 23,3-37 24,1/2 25,1/2 26,1/2 27,1/2
28,1-4<flat leaves> 29,0.3-1.4 30,0.5-2<plicate leaves> 31,5-12
32,2 33,1/2 34,1 35,5-9<well developed and pointed> 36,2
37,0.4-11 38,1/2<if applicable> 39,1-3 40,1/2 42,2-20 44,1-4
45,1/2 46,0-8 47,2 48,1/2 49,1/2 52,1-15 53,6-14 54,0.3-4.5
55,1/2 56,2-10 57,1 58,2 59,1/2 60,1/2 61,1/2 62,1.5-4.5 63,1-3
64,1 65,3-6 66,3 67,1-1.5 68,2 69,2 70,4-8 71,1/2 72,1/2 73,1/2
74,1/2 75,1 76,0.2-5 78,4.5-7 79,1 80,1 81,1/2 82,0.7-1.5
83,2.2-4.5 84,1 85,2-4.5 86,14/21/28/42/49/53/56/64/70 87,1/2
88,1/2<widespread in North America from 69N in the western
Arctic to successful introductions at 62N in the eastern Arctic
on Baffin Island, N.W.T., struggling or absent from warmer areas
of the southern United States> 101,1 102<FE rubra> 103<rusl>
104<A synthesis of data from six potential \i{}F. rubra
\i0{}subspecies, considered to cover most of the morphological
diversity in the \i{}F. rubra\i0{} complex in North America.>
105<The information for this \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. descripition
was synthesised from three taxa in the accepted section of the
database, and from three other putative subspecies. 1) There
appears to be an "Atlantic coastal morph" and while all the
specimens examined are \i{}F. rubra\i0{}, the taxonomic status
and rank of the specimens requires further study. 2) Data have
been gathered for large specimens from Alaska and the Yukon,
that are considered to approach subsp. \i{}aucta\i0{}, that
Tzvelev (1976) placed in synonymy with \i{}F. rubra\i0{}. 3) The
taxon considered \i{}F. diffusa\i0{} Dumort, by
Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980) and \i{}F. heteromalla\i0{} Pourr. by
Dub et al. (1993) is a strong creeping red fescue
(2\i{}n\i0{}=56) as defined by Duyvendak et al. (1981), and here
treated as a subspecies. This taxon is entered in the
experimental section of the database under the name \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}multiflora\i0{} (Hoffman) Jirasek. It is
not certain that this subspecies name is valid as the relevant
type specimens have not been examined. Data gathered for the
cultivar Chewings fescue are also in the experimental section as
it has not been determined how this cultivar received the latin
names commonly applied to it.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} <L.> s.l. (data as synthesised)/
5,1 6,1<3>/2<3>/3<3> 7,8-48.2-120 8,1<1>/2 9,1<2>/2 10,1/2<2>
11,1/2<1> 12,1<1>/2 13,1<3>/2<2>/3<4> 14,1 15,1<5>/2<1> 16,1
17,1 18,2<3>/3<4> 19,2<2/2> 21,0.1-0.2917-0.5 22,2<5/5>
23,3-18.8-37 24,1<3>/2<4> 25,1<1>/2<5> 26,1/2<1> 27,1<3>/2
28,1-2.5-4 29,0.3-0.7458-1.4 30,0.5-1.033-2
31,5<5>/6<4>/7<5>/8<3>/9<2>/10-12<1> 32,2 33,1<2>/2<5> 34,1
35,5<3/4>/7-9<1/4> 36,2 37,0.4-5.29-11 38,1<2>/2
39,1<4/4>/2<2/4>/3<1/4> 40,1/2<1> 41,2 42,2-6.916-20
44,1/2<5>/3<3>/4<1> 45,1<5>/2<2> 46,0-2.975-8 47,2
48,1<4/5>/2<2/5> 49,1<1/4>/2<4/4> 52,1-4 53,6-9.258-14
54,0.3-2.48-4.5 55,1<1>/2
56,2<2>/3-4<4>/5-6/7<5>/8<3>/9<2>/10<1> 57,1 58,2 59,1<3>/2<4>
60,1<3/4>/2<2/4> 61,1<4>/2<2> 62,1.5-3.116-4.5 63,1/2-3<1> 64,1
65,3-4.458-6 66,3 67,1-1.25-1.5 68,2 69,2 70,4-5.95-8
71,1<1>/2<5> 72,1<3>/2<5> 73,1<2/5>/2<3/5> 74,1/2<1> 75,1
76,0.2-1.379-5 78,4.5-5.69-7 79,1 80,1<5/5> 81,1<5/5>/2<1/5>
82,0.7-0.99-1.5 83,2.2-3.158-4.5 84,1 85,2-3.35-4.5 86,14-46-70
101,1<5/5> 103<rusy> 104<Data as synthesised by Intkey from the
six putative subspecies of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} in the database.
Comments (numbers in brackets) indicate the distribution of the
character states among the subspecies (but these comments are
not visible in Intkey). A version with these comments removed
and other comments added is included in the database as \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} L. s.l.> 105<Data as synthesised by Intkey from the
six putative subspecies of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} in the database.
Comments (numbers in brackets) indicate the distribution of the
character states among the subspecies (but these comments are
not visible in Intkey). A version with these comments removed
and other comments added is included in the database as \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} L. s.l.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}arenicola\i0{} <E. B. Alexeev>/
2<Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 87: 115. 1982.>
3<U.S.A. California: Northern Coast region, sand dunes of ocean
at Humbolt Bay, 4 July 1900, \i{}J.P. Tracy 894\i0{}. Holotype:
LE. Paratypes: U.S.A. California: Eureka, low moist ground, bank
of Humbolt Bay, 13 July 1915, \i{}A.S. Hitchcock, Am. Grass Nat.
Herb. 469\i0{}. LE. BR. U.S.A. California: San Francisco, 12 May
1882, \i{}M. E. Jones 3251\i0{}. BR.> 91,3 92,2 95,2 103<ruar>
104<Treated in this database as synonymous with \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} with reasons discussed in
the notes for that species.> 105<Treated in this database as
synonymous with \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{}
Hack. ex Piper with reasons discussed in the notes for that
species. When Alexeev (1982) recognized this taxon as a distinct
subspecies he presented illustrations of two leaf cross
sections, one involute and the other of a flat leaf, the first
with heavy sclerenchyma, the second with small sclerenchyma
bundles. He claimed that this Californian, littoral subspecies
differs from the type subspecies in having well developed
sclerenchyma, smooth (not scabrous) panicle branches, spikelets
with a dove-coloured bloom, awnless lemmas, and paleas that are
almost glabrous along the keels. He also noted that in the
material examined from the states of California, Oregon and
Washington, he found a few specimens that were transitional
between subsp. \i{}arenicola\i0{} and subsp. \i{}rubra\i0{} in a
number of characters. For example, some had scabrous panicle
branches and spikelets without a dove-coloured bloom as in
subsp. \i{}rubra\i0{}; the lemmas were awnless and the paleas
were glabrous as in subsp. \i{}arenicola\i0{}. The notes for
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}densiuscula\i0{} comment on the
phenotypic plasticity observed in that subspecies which appears
to accommodate the subspecies that Alexeev described later.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} atlantic coastal morph/
1<East coast maritime red fescue. Taxonomic name and status
uncertain> 6,2 8,2 9,2 10,1<reddish> 11,1 12,2 13,1/3 14,1
15,1<with retrorse hairs> 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,- 21,0.2-0.5 24,2
25,1 26,1 27,2 28,- 29,0.3-0.55 30,0.5-0.8 31,5 32,2 33,1/2 34,1
36,2 38,2 39,1 40,1 42,3.5-8 44,1 45,1/2 46,0-2<sometimes
unbranched> 47,2 48,1 49,- 52,3 53,7.5-11 54,0.3-0.5 55,2 56,3-6
58,2 59,1 60,- 61,1 62,2.5-4.5 63,1 64,1 65,4-5.5 66,3 68,2
70,5.3-6 71,1 72,1/2<sparsely> 73,2 74,1 76,0.4-1.5 78,5-6 79,1
80,1 81,1 82,1-1.5 83,2.5-3.5 84,1 85,3-3.5 87,1 89<saline,
usually sandy habitats> 91,2/3 92,6 93,1/2/3/4/5 99,4 101,1
102<FE rubra atlant> 103<ruat> 104<The possibility that there is
an Atlantic, native taxon of the \i{}F. rubra\i0{} complex was
considered and preliminary data have been gathered, but more
work is required on this problem.> 105<The possibility that
there is an Atlantic, native taxon of the \i{}F rubra\i0{}
complex, has been considered and preliminary data gathered, but
much more work is required on this problem. There may be a
distinct subspecies, but that is not yet clearly understood and
commercial cultivars of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} have been widely
introduced into the area for centuries.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} approaching \i{}aucta\i0{} <Krecz. and
Bobr.>/
2<In Komarov, Fl. U.R.S.S. 2: 518, 767. 1934> 3<U.S.A. Alaska:
Ins. Bering, 25 August 1894, \i{}N. Grebnitzky"\i0{} (Chase and
Niles 1962).> 6,1/3<inflorescences often purplish, drying brown>
7,30-85 8,2 9,2<loosely curving from rhizomes> 10,1<or reddish
brown> 11,1 12,2 13,1/3 14,1 15,1 16,1 17,1 18,2 21,0.2-0.3 22,2
23,10-35 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1/2<usually> 28,2-3<when applicable>
29,0.4-1(-1.4) 30,0.8-1.3 31,5-9 32,2<sclerenchyma occasionally
present on the tops of the ribs> 33,1 34,1 35<prominently
developed> 36,2 37,2-8 38,2<usually> 39,1<when visible>
40,1/2<near the inflorescence> 41,2 42,3.5-10 44,1/2 45,1
46,1.5-5 47,2 48,1 49,2 52,2-5 53,7-14 54,3-4 55,2 56,5-8(-9)
58,2 59,2 60,1<sparse> 61,1 62,3-3.2 63,1 64,1 65,3.5-4.5 66,3
67,1-1.5 68,2 69,2 70,5.5-7 71,2 72,2 73,2<varying from sparse
to relatively dense> 74,1 76,1-2 78,5.3-6.5 79,1 80,1 81,1
82,0.7-1 83,2.8-4 84,1 85,3-4 89,1/2 90<Growing in and around
spruce bogs, and open spruce woods, in the partial shade of
black poplar. Recorded from river valleys and sandy volcanic
soil. This taxon is considered rare in sand dunes, but common in
adjacent woods. > 91,2/3 92,1 93,15 94,1 101,1 102<FE rubra
aucta> 103<ruaa> 104<Data were gathered from large plants of
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. that occur in Alaska and the Yukon.
Collections at CAN, from the area, range in size from plants
similar to those of southern \i{}F. rubra\i0{} to plants with
conspicuously larger and more robust inflorescences, but many
intermediate specimens exist. Tzvelev (1976) treated the name
"aucta" as synonymous with \i{}F. rubra\i0{}> 105<Tzvelev (1976)
treated the name '\i{}aucta\i0{}' as synonymous with \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}rubra\i0{}. Within \i{}F. rubra\i0{} there
are robust specimens collected inland in Alaska and the Yukon
that are distinct from saline tolerating \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
plants collected near the seashore, particularly as the former
usually have conspicuous awns and the latter are almost awnless.
Data for the above description were gathered from surprisingly
large plants of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. that had been collected
in Alaska and the Yukon. Collections at CAN from the area range
in size from plants similar to those from southern distibutions
of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} to plants with conspicuously larger and
more robust inflorescences, but many intermediates occur.>
106<data scored from CAN specimens Feb. 1995.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca\i0{} Chewings/
1<The grass cultivar CHEWINGS FESCUE, latin name and status
uncertain> 6,3<or yellowish green when nitrogen in the substrate
is limited. Plants slender to relatively stout;
Markgraf-Dannenberg 1980> 7,(20-)60-120 8,1 9,1<or slightly bent
at the base> 10,1/2 11,2 12,1/2<and growing close to the outside
of the old leaf sheaths> 13,1/3<retrorse> 14,1 15,1 16,1 17,1
18,3 21,0.1-0.3 22,2 23,(5-)10-30 24,1<slightly pointed> 25,2
26,1/2<near the tip> 27,2 29,0.3-0.7(-1) 30,0.5-1 31,5-7 32,2
33,1 34,1 35<5-6> 36,2 37,4.5-11 38,2 39,1-3 40,1
42,(3-)5-15<purplish, reddish green, or yellowish, usually
contracted after flowering, but sometimes the lowest branches
remain loosely open> 44,1-2 45,1<in the upper part of the
inflorescence, the branches at the lowest node remain spreading;
observation by B.L. Wilson in Oregon> 46,2.5-9 47,2 48,2 49,3
52,5-15 53,(6-)7-12 54,2.5-3.5 55,2 56,(3-)5-8 57,1 58,2 59,2
60,1 61,1 62,(2-)3.2-4.5 63,1 64,1 65,(3-)4.2-5.2 66,3 67,0.7-1
68,2 69,2 70,4.6-6.2 71,2 72,1<usually>/2 73,1 74,1 75,1 76,1-3
78,4-6 79,1 80,1 83,2.8-4 84,1 86,42 87,2 88,2<in Oregon and
Alberta, Peace River District> 89,5 90<possibly widespread>
91,2/3 92,1 93,10 94,2 101,1 102<FE rubra commut> 103<ruco>
104<CHEWING'S FESCUE, \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} Lam.(?),
Markgr.-Dann. (1980), \i{}F. rubra\i0{} var. \i{}commutata\i0{}
Gaud.(?). This taxon is grown for seed in Oregon and sold as a
group of grass cultivars. In New Zealand cultivars considered to
be members of this group have been successfully crossed with
creeping red fescues in grass varietal trials at Grasslands,
Palmerston North, New Zealand (M.B. Forde, personal
communication 1984). No type specimens of potential names have
been examined. It is possible that two different taxa are given
the name Chewings fescue.> 105<The data given here are based on
information obtained from a group of commercial cultivars sold
under the names: atlanta, capital, cascade, countess, enjoy,
illahe, jamestown, longfellow, melinda, and trophy, obtained
from International Seeds, Halsey, Oregon and sent in by B. L.
Wilson, University of Oregon (specimens at DAO). How this
commercial cultivar group received the latin name \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} var. \i{}commutata\i0{} is not known. (\i{}F.
rubra\i0{} var. \i{}commutata\i0{} Gaud. Fl. Helv. 1: 287. 1828.
Type: Switzerland: "Hab. inter gramina dense caespitosa et loci
humidisculis". =\i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} Lam. Encycl. Mth. Bot.
2: 460. 1788.) \par{}The taxon described here is believed to
have been selected from a planting of hard fescue in the South
Island of New Zealand that has been developed as a grass
cultivar group. It has been successfully crossed with creeping
red fescues (as defined by Duyvendak et al. 1981) in grass
varietal trials at Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(M.B. Forde, personal communication 1984). \par{}Among files
belonging to the late Margot Forde (Margot Forde Germplasm
Centre, New Zealand) was the following information which appears
to have been the basis of a talk given in New Zealand by Guy P.
Chewings, the son of George Chewings, from whom the common name
was derived. It contains the following: \par{}"I have been asked
to tell you the history of Chewings fescue and perhaps I had
better start by telling you what it is. \par{}Chewings fescue is
a type of grass that is used all over the world for laying down
lawns, aerodromes, and playing areas of all descriptions,
wherever a tough, springy surface is required. It has the
properties of being able to stand up to unlimited punishment (by
way of treading on), drought, or wet, such as no other grass
has, and it is this wonderful property which makes it so
popular. \par{}Now for its history; I want you to come back with
me to the very early eighties of last century (1800's), and we
will call on one of the earliest seedsmen that Invercargill
(South Island, New Zealand) had \endash{} the late Robert
Cleave. The seed business was in the hands of nurserymen and R.
Cleave had one of the biggest businesses of this kind in
Australasia. Of the seed firms, as we know them today, there
were only two in existence \endash{} The National Mortgage &
Agency Co. and the New Zealand Loan & Mercantile Agency Co.
Their seed business was negligible. Amongst other lawn grass
seeds which Mr. Cleave had imported from Hurst & Son,
Houndsditch, London, was a small parcel of what was known as
"hard fescue". At this time there called on Mr. Cleave, a Mrs.
McIntyre, who had a farm in the Morton Mains district; she was
greatly trouble by her cows cutting up the house paddock and
appealed to Mr. Cleave to help her out of her difficulty, if
possible, by recommending a grass that would stand up to the
hard usage caused by the cows walking through it daily in the
winter time. He recommended trying out some of this hard fescue.
This she did, evidently with success, and two years later asked
Mr. Cleave if he would buy the seed off her paddock if she
harvested it. This he promised to do, and in due course the seed
arrived. Now, having his season's requirement on hand, by the
way of importation, this extra quantity from Mrs. McIntyre
presented somewhat of a problem to Mr. Cleave. \par{}It happened
at this particular time (probably about 1885) that there entered
Mr. Cleave's shop, a person of the name of William Tatham
Tarlton, who had recently come from "Glenelg" South Australia
and had taken up 2000 areas of land in the Mossburn district.
This man was enquiring for a grass suitable for sowing on hard,
stony ground, of which he had plenty on his newly acquired farm,
which be it noted, he had called "Glenelg" after his birthplace.
\par{}Here was an opportunity not to be missed by Mr. Cleave and
he recommended Tarlton to try the hard fescue, which Mrs
McIntyre had grown. This he did and sowed out a piece of
"Glenelg" with hard fescue. \par{}Now let us leave this fescue
growing and take a look round "Glenelg" in October 1887 and we
find on it a visitor who was destined to have his name known
throughout the world wherever a playing area is laid down in
grass. I refer to my father, the late George Chewings, who at
that time was on a health recruiting trip to his friend in New
Zealand (he also being a native of "Glenelg", South Australia).
As father wanted a change of climate and Tarlton wished to go
back to South Australia, a deal was struck, whereby an exchange
of properties took place and father left for the other "Glenelg"
to collect mother and my two sisters; they duly arrived at
"Glenelg", Mossburn, New Zealand, on December 26th 1887 and now
we will return to the hard fescue which we left growing on
Tarlton's property. \par{}On father's first inspection of the
property, which he had just taken possession of, under the
guidance of a man named Patterson, whom Tarlton had left in
charge, he saw in one of the paddocks a section of grass which
evidently displeased him and his remarks to Patterson
were:\endash{} \par{}"That is wiry looking grass, it will be no
good for sheep feed, I will get rid of it as soon as I can."
\par{}"It may not be much use for grazing, but I believe the
seed is saleable", replied Patterson. \par{}"Oh, well, I will
try it out", replied father, and the results of that
conversation I will endeavour to tell you. \par{}And here let me
acknowledge my deepest thanks to Mr. Geo. T. Stevens of Messrs.
J. E. Watson & Co. Mr. Stevens holds a unique position in the
history of "Chewings fescue" as he was the first man ever to
dress Chewings fescue seed on commercial lines and was one of
the first men instrumental in introducing it to other parts of
the world \endash{} but more of that later \endash{} and also my
thanks to Mr. J. M. Wilson of Mess. S. Wright, Stephenson & Co.,
who have made available to me his firm's records, from which I
have derived much information. \par{}Now let us return to
"Glenelg" about January 1888 and we find a man named Michael
Gallagher \endash{} employee of "Glenelg" \endash{} cutting with
a scythe and threshing with the "Irish combine", as the flail
was called, the first fescue that was ever harvested in the
Mossburn district. This same Michael Gallagher was destined
later on to purchase a property adjoining "Glenelg" and still
later a part of "Glenelg" itself, and became one of the larger
growers of Chewings fescue. \par{}This hand harvested seed was
sown on "Glenelg" and the results of this threshing evidently
being satisfactory, father next year cut sufficient ground to
give him 85 sacks of seed which were sent down to Mr. Cleave to
be dressed \endash{} here Mr. Steven's connection with fescue
comes in and I cannot do better than to quote from his
interesting letter:\endash{} \par{}"I cleaned this and it was
sold as hard fescue by Mr. Cleave. The next year your father
sent down 240 sacks. This was just rather a big hurdle to
dispose of locally, but it so happened that Mr. Cleave advised
your father to take a trip to Rotorua for his health. While at
Rotorua your father met many land owners in the North Island and
he impressed upon them the value of his fescue for their pumice
lands and recommenced them to get in touch with Mr. Cleave. At
Cleave's we shortly began to receive telegrams from North Island
land owners asking for the price of "Chewings fescue", the Mr.
being left out to save expense. This is really how the seed got
its present name; your father up to that time being the only
grower." \par{}Here, may I mention the fact that for years it
was quoted as "N.Z. Hard" or "Chewings fescue", then "Chewings
fescue" and now all communications are simply "Chewings".
\par{}The following year father sent in to Mr. Cleaves 440 sacks
and a neighbour, the late Mr. Allen Browning, who had started
growing fescue, also sent in 200 sacks. These being more than
Cleave could dispose of, they were taken over by Messrs.
Tothill, Watson & Co. (now Messrs. J. E. Watson & Co.), to which
firm Mr. Stevens had transferred as seedsman and they exported
it in Britain, U.S.A., and South Africa through the firm of
Sutton & Sons, for whom they were New Zealand agents. The
results, as far as South Africa was concerned, were negative.
And from these small beginnings has been built up a trade that
has grown to very large proportions and today it can absorb into
the vicinity of about 1000 tons annually (but this would seem to
be the limit). \par{}I have time to tell you a few interesting
facts in regard to this unique grass. For many years the
germination, which is so important in all seeds, was very
unsatisfactory when the seed arrived at its destination on the
other side of the world and after years of experimenting, a
solution to this problem has been found in drying the seed. That
it was a problem to be got over may be judged by the fact that
seed of 95% germination in New Zealand would have dropped to 75%
on arrival in the Northern Hemisphere and would continue to drop
rapidly. \par{}The world famed Wimbledon Tennis Courts, which
are considered to be the best in the world, were sown down
entirely with "Chewings fescue" imported from New Zealand and
supplied by a local firm. \par{}The cricket pitches at Lords
(also of world fame) are returfed when necessary with turf grown
entirely from New Zealand Chewings fescue. It may be of interest
to you to know that there are firms in England who grow and sell
turf by the roll \endash{} much as you would buy a roll of
carpet: they have a special machine for cutting and rolling the
turf and you can understand that only a grass of superior turf
qualities would be used. \par{}A question you will be asking
is:\endash{} "If it is only used for playing areas, etc. how can
such an enormous amount of seed be absorbed every year?"
Standard sowings for seed purposes equal 20 lbs per acre,
therefore 1000 tons would sow 112,000 acres. In sowing down
these areas up to 300 lbs of seed per acre are used and when I
tell you that, within a radius of 20 miles of New York, there
are 20 golf courses alone, you can understand where the seed
goes to. \par{}Now you will want to know how many fortunes have
been made by the growers of "Chewings fescue". I can tell you
that too \endash{} NONE. It is true that there have been some
big "rises" made from time to time by some of the growers, but
the average price over a series of years does not work out on a
high level and when the costs of preparation (which are heavy,
as the ground must be perfectly clean for success) and the fact
that it is a "two year's crop" are taken into consideration, the
returns are not large. By a "two year's crop" I mean that it
takes two years to come to maturity and can only be cut every
second year after that and then only after necessary
preparation, but I have not time to go into that tonight. May I
quote one instance that comes to my mind. A farmer threshed 8
bags per acre, a very high yield, but for four years he was
preparing for it. His returns over four years were 2 bags.
Statistics show that over a period of years, the average yield
for the Mossburn and Five Rivers districts works out about 3
bags per acre of the ground cut, or, on a yearly basis 1.5 bags
per acre. \par{}I have had a difference of opinion with
representatives of Sutton & Sons, who claim that they exported
the original seed from England to New Zealand. They did not come
into the fescue business until they were handling seed on behalf
of Tothil, Watson & Co. \endash{} later J.E. Watson & Co." Guy
P. Chewings. \par{}Hubbard (1967) commented, "This
slender-leaved fescue is now widely distributed in the British
Isles owing to its seeds being sown for the formation of lawns.
In a natural state it has been recorded from many English
counties, particularly in the south, where it occurs on
well-drained chalky, gravelly, or sandy soils, in open
grassland, on road verges, railway banks, as well as on waste
ground. Also in most parts of Europe; introduced into N.
America, New Zealand etc. ....The name 'Chewings Fescue' is from
a Mr Chewings who first sold its seed in New Zealand, whence
many hundreds of tons were at one time exported annually to the
United Kingdom. Most seed is now imported from the United States
and the Continent." \par{}A translation of a paper by Lindenbein
(1966) contains the following, "another sod-forming grass which
in more recent times has been increasingly imported from
America, is Chewings Fescue. According to American nomenclature,
this is \i{}F. rubra commutata\i0{} Gaud. There is no doubt that
this name is a synonym of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} var. \i{}fallax\i0{}
Thuill. In German usage this would be the "Horstbildende
Rostschwingel" or the "Tuschende" Schwingel". Hackel, the
classical monographer of the genus \i{}Festuca\i0{}, did not
acknowledge this plant as a separate species, but classified it
as a mere variety of red fescue. \par{}Recently, another author,
Patzke (1964), studied this species. Although he admits that "in
spite of all the difficulties, Hackel (1882) had distinguished
correctly, a fact which underlines his extraordinary skill and
knowledge", he maintains that this plant represents a species.
He also considered the name \i{}F. fallax\i0{} Thuill. (1799)
"somewhat questionable", wherefore he suggested the older name
\i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} Lam. (1789). If the name \i{}F.
fallax\i0{} Thuill. were used, the alpine race would have to be
regarded as a separate species. \par{}Patzke (1964) lists the
most important characteristics in which Chewings Fescue differs
from \i{}F. heterophylla\i0{} Lam., \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{}
Schleich. and \i{}F. ovina\i0{} L. According to him, \i{}F.
nigrescens\i0{} is most easily distinguished from \i{}F. rubra
genuina\i0{} by its lack of runners. He does not mention any
characteristics suitable with a view to seed research.
\par{}Attempts have been made to draw certain conclusions from
the re-classification of the grass as a separate species and the
re-introduction of the probably oldest name with regard to the
applicability of seed regulations. The view has been held that
this species could not be governed by those regulations because
the name \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} is not mentioned in them. It has
been overlooked, however, that the seed regulations do not deal
with names, but with plant races, except in the case of
protected names of varieties, and that the identity of \i{}F.
rubra fallax\i0{} and \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} has been proved."
\par{}Later in 1996 a follow up note on the paper by Lindenbein
(1966) made by Eisele (1966) translated as .."Patzke (1964) has
attempted to prove that we are most likely justified in
differentiating botanically between the cluster-forming red
fescue and the stoloniferous one. I believe that Patzke has
succeeded in proving this. For the two species of red fescue we
now have the two designations, \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L.
(stoloniferous red fescue) and \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} Lam.
(cluster forming red fescue. While the stoloniferous red fescue
has a certain value for agriculture, in the starting of
pastures, the cluster-forming red fescue can be used only to the
establishment of lawns. \par{}Considerations with regard to the
Seed Law. In the list of species the seed law lists the species
\i{}F. rubra\i0{} L. Until the publication of the article by
Patzke (1964) \i{}F. rubra\i0{} var. \i{}fallax\i0{} Thuill., of
course, also belonged to it. This fact brought about a few
unpleasant consequences: since \i{}F. fallax\i0{} is not suited
for agriculture, it is impossible to have a breeding variety
entered in the German Variety List by the Federal Variety Office
as no agricultural value can be indicated. Since, on the other
hand, seed of red fescue can be propagated in Germany only if it
belongs to a variety that can be recognized, the German farmers
have been deprived of a production possibility. Something that
can actually be produced in the Federal Republic must be
imported. \par{}According to my conception, the facts are clear:
the cluster-forming red fescue does not come under the concept
of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L., but under that of \i{}F.
nigrescens\i0{} which in not listed in the list of species.
Thus, the cluster-forming red fescue is not subject to the
provisions of the Seed Law. \par{}Unfortunately, it seems that
so far the agricultural testing stations are not able to
distinguish the seed of cluster-forming red fescue from that of
stoloniferous red fescue. This raises the thought that it may be
no good if the trade in seed from cluster-forming red fescue
cannot be controlled by the Seed Law. Against this we have to
weigh arguments: firstly, seed of \i{}F. ovina\i0{} cannot be
distinguished from \i{}F. rubra\i0{} and \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{}
either, and in the case of \i{}F. ovina\i0{} the desire has
never been expressed to have it placed under the Seed Law.
Secondly, the production of \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{} is much more
difficult than the production of \i{}F. rubra\i0{}, so that the
seed must always be sold at a high price. As a result the sense
of the Seed Law, namely the protection of agriculture from
non-productive seed is completely fulfilled, since nobody would
entertain the idea of delivering seed of \i{}F. nigrescens\i0{}
instead of seed of \i{}F. rubra\i0{}. \par{}The article of
Patzke (1964) is thus of national economic interest: the vicious
circle: demand of agricultural value, registered variety, inland
production, demand for lawn seed, has been broken. Seed for lawn
use can be produced in the Federal Republic. The recognition
does not prevent any agreements with the producers as regards
the special quality required for law (freedom from \i{}Lolium
perenne\i0{}, special treatment for weeds injurious to lawns).
An amount corresponding to the demand can be imported as in the
case of \i{}F. ovina\i0{}. Until now there existed for \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} an import restriction which had the effect that a
tall-growing breeding variety of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} used in
agriculture, was frequently used for lawns as a substitute for
\i{}F. nigrescens\i0{}. The thanks are due to Mr. E. Patzke!"
\par{}The two translations above were among papers collected by
W.G. Dore, Agriculture Canada. \par{}Shildrick (1976) summarized
nomenclatural problems among red fescue cultivars in England
recognizing three categories, and stating that English common
names have not been agreed on, as was still the case in
Duyvendak et al. (1981).> 106<<Hubbard \endash{} entered at
DELTA course in Harvard, without a specimen! Checked against
Flora Europaea Dc. 1994.>> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} var. \i{}fallax\i0{} <(Thuill.) B. Fourn.>/
1<FALLAX, an introduced cultivar of red fescue> 2<\i{}F.
fallax\i0{} Thuill. Env. Paris n. ed. 56: 1799. \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}eu-rubra\i0{} var. \i{}fallax\i0{}
(Thuill.) Hack. Bot. Centralbl. 8: 407. 1881. \i{}F. rubra\i0{}
var. \i{}fallax\i0{} (Thuill.) Brand in Koch, Syn. Deutach.
Schweis. Fl. ed. 3. 3: 2774. 1907. \i{}F. rubra\i0{} subsp.
\i{}fallax\i0{} (Thuill.) P. Fourn., Quatre Flores France ed. 2.
78. 1946.> 3<France. Paris."Habitat in pratis siccis".>
103<rufa> 104<Plants have been grown under this name, as an
experimental cultivar at Beaverlodge, Alberta (N. Fairey,
personal communication 1995).> 105<Plants have been grown under
this name as an experimental cultivar at Beaverlodge, Alberta
(N. Fairey, personal communication 1995).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}glaucodea\i0{} <Piper>/
2<Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 22. 1906> 103<rugl> 104<The
specimens cited by Piper for this name are from eastern states.
It has never been taken up and it is wondered whether the plants
may represent an introduced cultivar.> 105<The specimens cited
by Piper for this name are from the eastern United States. The
name has never been widely used in North America and it is
possible that the plants may represent an introducted cultivar.>
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} subsp. \i{}multiflora\i0{} <(Hoffman)
Jirasek>/
1<a strong creeping red fescue> 2<The place of publication of
this name has not been found> 4<\i{}F. heteromalla\i0{} Pourr.
Chloris Narbonensis "extrait" republished in Mem. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Toulouse 3: 319. 1788. (originally published in 1783).
Type: A Nabonne, dans les prs, France.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}F. diffusa\i0{} Dumort. Obs. Gram.
Belg. 106. 1824. \par{}The following description was prepared
with the help of Martin Dub in 1990.> 6,3 7,34-65<usually in
North America, to 100 cm high in Europe> 8,2<laxly caespitose>
9,1/2 10,1/2<often pinkish red> 11,1 12,1/2 13,3<usually> 14,1
15,1 16,1 17,1 18,3 21,0.1-0.5 22,2 23,10-37 24,1/2 25,2
26,1/2<usually> 27,1<usually>/2<strongly keeled> 28,-
29,0.6-1.05 30,1-1.5 31,7-12 32,2 33,2<strands separate, not
very stout, subequal in width> 34,1<sometimes with sclerenchyma
on the top of the prominent ribs and a few conspicuously long
hairs, Dub et al. 1987, illustrated in the image library>
35,7-9 36,2 37,5-8 38,2 39,1-3 40,1 42,5-10<9-15 cm, Markgraf-
Dannenberg 1980> 44,1-3 45,2<panicle relatively lax and wide>
46,3-7 47,2 48,1<scabrid> 49,- 52,3-7 53,7-9.8(-12)<green,
glaucous, or more or less violet-tinged> 54,- 55,2 56,3-7 58,2
59,2<scaberulous> 60,1 61,2 62,2.6-4 63,1 64,1 65,3.8-5.2 66,3
68,2 69,2 70,(5-)6-7.5 71,2 72,2<scabrous> 73,1<and on the
marginal nerves> 74,1 76,0.65-2.6 78,-<as long as the lemma>
79,1 80,- 81,- 82,- 83,2.4-3 84,1 85,- 86,56 87,2<from northern
and central Europe> 88,1&2 89,5<and damp places> 91,2
93,2/6<Recorded in North America predominantly from Quebec by
Martin Dub, but possibly widespread> 102<FE rubra multif>
103<rumu> 104<Considered to be \i{}F. diffusa\i0{} Dumort, by
Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980) and Dub and Morisset (1987). This
taxon was considered synonymous with \i{}F. heteromalla\i0{}
Pourr. (Dub and Morisset 1995, Kergulen and Plonka 1989). This
is a strong creeping red fescue (2\i{}n\i0{}=56) as defined by
Duyvendak et al. (1981). It is not certain that the subspecies
name is valid, as no potential type specimens have been
examined.> 105<Dub and Morisset (1983, 1995) prefer to follow
Markgraf-Dannenberg (1980) and treat this taxon as a full
species. This was partly because there are nomenclatural
problems if the taxon is treated as a subspecies, since it is
not certain that the subspecies name is valid (M. Dub, personal
communciation 1990). Subspecies status is suggested at this time
as it appears to be no more distinct than the other subspecies
analyzed in this database.> 106<initial data supplied by Martin
Dub, checked against \i{}Flora Europaea\i0{}. Either the
species, or subspecies is not conspicuously in Tzvelev 1976?> 
 
# \i{}Festuca rubra\i0{} var. \i{}trichophylla\i0{} <Ducros ex
Gaud.>/
1<TRICHOPHYLLA, an introduced, slender creeping, cultivar of red
fescue> 2<Fl. Helv. 1: 288. 1828. \i{}F. trichophylla\i0{}
(Ducros ex Gaud.) K. Richter, Pl. Eur. 1: 100. 1890.> 4<Treated
as a distinct species (Markgraf-Dannenberg 1980). The following
information was obtained from that source.> 6,3 7,40-70
8,2<laxly caespitose> 9,2 10,1<reddish> 11,1 12,2 13,1<pinkish>
14,1 15,1 16,1 27,2 30,0.3-0.5(-0.6)<scabrid above, more or less
hairy, subacute> 33,2<rather stout, subequal, rarely confluent>
35,U<not very prominent> 41,2<rather lax but narrow, branches
very slender> 42,6-10 54,7-8.6<green> 65,4.9-5.4<1.6-2 mm wide,
oblong lanceolate, accuminate> 70,3.4-4.3<0.8-1.2 mm wide,
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, often dark below the apex> 74,1
75,1<usually very short> 86,42 87,2 89,5 103<rutr> 104<Plants
were grown under this name as an experimental cultivar at
Beaverlodge, Alberta in 1995.> 105<Plants have been grown under
this name as an experimental cultivar at Beaverlodge, Alberta
(N. Fairey, personal cummunication 1995).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca scabrella\i0{} <Torrey in Hook.>/
2<Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252, tab. 233. 1840. \i{}F. altaica\i0{}
subsp. \i{}scabrella\i0{} (Torrey) Hultn, Fl. Alaska and Yukon
1: 241. 1942. \i{}F. altaica\i0{} var. \i{}scabrella\i0{}
(Torrey) Breitung, Am. Midl. Natl. 58: 12. 1957> 3<Canada.
Alberta: Rocky Mountains, 1826, \i{}T. Drummond 187\i0{};
Holotype: originally at NY, Torrey Herbarium. "Ex. Herb.
Torrey". Isotype: GH! Alexeev (1982) noted that the syntypes
"Drummond" numbers "71, 187, 212" are at K and NY!> 103<scab>
104<Synonym of \i{}F. altaica\i0{}. In examining the isotype and
possible second isotype collections of Drummond from GH, in
1994, (see image library) the first author agreed with the
annotations made by L.E. Pavlick (Sept. 1981) that these
specimens are plants of \i{}F. altaica\i0{} sensu stricta.
\i{}F. scabrella\i0{} var. \i{}major\i0{} Vasey = \i{}F.
campestris\i0{} Rydb., \i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Torrey in Hook.
subsp. \i{}hallii\i0{} (Piper) W.A. Weber = \i{}F. hallii\i0{}
Vasey> 105<Synonym of \i{}F. altaica\i0{}. In examining the
isotype and possible second isotype collections of Drummond from
GH, in 1994, (see image library) the first author agreed with
the annotations made by L.E. Pavlick (Sept. 1981) that these
specimens are plants of \i{}F. altaica\i0{} sensu stricta.
\i{}F. scabrella\i0{} var. \i{}major\i0{} Vasey = \i{}F.
campestris\i0{} Rydb., \i{}F. scabrella\i0{} Torrey in Hook.
subsp. \i{}hallii\i0{} (Piper) W.A. Weber = \i{}F. hallii\i0{}
Vasey.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca vallicola\i0{} <Rydb.>/
2<Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900> 3<Montana: Silver Bow, 9
July 1895, \i{}P.A. Rydberg 2108\i0{}. Holotype: US! Three
isotypes NY!> 4<considered a synonym of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} in
Hitchcock and Chase (1950).> 7,50-60 8,2 9,2 11,1<often short or
absent from herbarium specimens> 12,2 13,3 14,1 15,1
16,2<margins overlapping; \i{}F. rubra\i0{}-like, retrorse
hairs> 17,1 18,3 21,0.1-0.3 22,2 23,5-10 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2
28,- 29,0.6-0.7 30,0.8-0.9 31,5 32,2 33,1 34,1 36,2 37,3.5-8
38,2 39,1-2 40,1 42,4-6 44,1-3 45,1 46,0.5-2 47,2 48,1 53,10-12
54,2-3 55,2 56,5-7 58,2 59,2 60,1 61,1 62,2.9-3.4(-4) 63,1 64,2
65,4-5(-6.5) 66,3 67,1-1.5 68,2 69,2 70,5-6 72,2<scabrous> 73,1
74,1 76,1-1.5 78,5-5.5 79,1 80,1 81,1 83,3.5-4.5 84,1
87,1<<three isotypes and some RM specimens including Sheer 377,
examined, as well as specimens at U.S. that were cited by
Rydberg.>> 91,3 92,3 96,3 101,1 102<FE rubra vallic> 103<vall>
104<The holotype from US and three isotypes of this taxon from
NY have been examined. The basal parts of the plants collected
are very sparse and the spikelets are pre-anthesis. It is not
possible to determine characteristics of leaf anatomy in cross
section, or of the ovary apex. The first author suggests that
the type specimens may represent first year growth of plants of
\i{}F. rubra s.l\i0{}. that have seeded into a moist habitat,
rather than a distinct taxon. Photographs of the holotype and
two of the isotype specimens are in the image library.> 105<When
\i{}F. vallicola\i0{} was described, the author commented that
it had generally gone under the name of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} L.,
but he claimed, "it is distinct, at least from the Scandinavian
plant. The latter quite often tufted, has larger spikelets,
broader glumes, looser sheaths, broad flat stem leaves, and a
much stouter stem. \i{}Festuca vallicola\i0{}, so far as I know,
never forms tufts or bunches and the innovations are few. I
doubt if \i{}F. rubra\i0{} is found at all in the Rocky Mountain
region. All specimens so named which I have seen from the
northern Rockies belong to the present species" (Rydberg 1900).
\par{}This treatment initially considered the taxon to be a
North American endemic member of \i{}F. rubra\i0{} s.l. found in
moist habitats at relatively high altitudes in the Rocky
Mountains. Close examination of the holotype and isotype
material and cited specimens, suggests Rydberg had a mixed
concept on which he based his description. Among the other
specimens cited as being \i{}F. vallicola\i0{} by Rydberg
(1900), many are young and look superficially similar, but on
more thorough examination there are at least two species, one
\i{}F. rubra\i0{}, the other possibly \i{}F. occidentalis\i0{}
Hook., as the ovary apex is densely hairy. Two of the cited
specimens have sparse hairs on the ovary apex. It is possible
that some of the cited specimens and the type are introduced
members of the \i{}F. rubra\i0{} complex, or possibly an
isolated Rocky Mountain taxon, but this requires further study.
The first author suggests that the type specimen from US and the
three isotypes from NY may represent first year plants of \i{}F.
rubra\i0{} s.l. and that in this habitat they may be behaving as
annuals, as first year plants are unable to survive freezing and
thawing of the water in the habitat.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca vaseyana\i0{} <Hack. ex Beal>/
2<Grasses N. Am. 2: 601. 1896.> 3<U.S.A. Colorado: Veta Pass,
1884, \i{}G. Vasey s.n.\i0{} Isotype: US!> 103<vase> 104<Treated
as a distinct species by Alexeev (1982) but as synonymous with
\i{}F. arizonica\i0{} Vasey in this database.> 105<Treated as a
distinct species by Alexeev (1982) but as synonymous with \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{} Vasey in this database. Alexeev (1982) does not
appear to have been aware that specimens of \i{}F.
arizonica\i0{} have awns 0.4-1.5(-2.7) mm long.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca vivipara\i0{} subsp. \i{}vivipara\i0{} <(L.) Sm.>/
2<Fl. Brit. 1: 114. 1800> 102<FE vivipara viv> 103<vivi>
104<This subspecies does not occur in Canada. See discussion in
Aiken and Darbyshire (1990).> 105<This subspecies does not occur
in North America (Aiken and Darbyshire 1990). These authors
noted that "the name \i{}F. vivipara\i0{} has been applied by
authors in various ways. For example, Hitchcock and Chase
(1951), Boivin (1967), and Scoggan (1978) applied it to any
fescue of the \i{}ovina\i0{} group with proliferating spikelets.
Other authors, including Frederiksen (1981), Pavlick (1984), and
Alexeev (1984, 1985), recognized and named various entities at
subspecific or specific ranks. The diversity of morphological
form and chromosome number indicate a polyphyletic origin for
\i{}F. vivipara\i0{} (sensu amplissima). Several authors have
suggested that the viviparous \i{}Festuca\i0{} may be species
complexes of hybrid origin that have become stabilized by means
of vivipary (Flovik 1938, Lve and Lve 1956, Tzvelev 1972b,
Siplivinskii 1973)> 
 
# \i{}Festuca vivipara\i0{} subsp. \i{}glabra\i0{} <Frederiksen>/
2<Nord J. Bot. 1: 288. 1985. Name used in Aiken and Darbyshire
(1990), now placed into synonymy with \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}>
3<Greenland, Jameson Land, Gurreholm, 14 August 1958, \i{}K. A.
Holmen 807\i0{}. Holotype: C.> 6,2 7,11-28 8,1 9,1 10,2 11,2
12,1 13,1 14,1/2 15,1<often brownish> 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2
21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,3-12 24,2 25,2 26,2<uniformly scabridulous>
27,2 28,- 29,0.35-0.48-0.55 30,0.6-0.67-0.75 31,5-7 32,2 33,1/2
34,1 35,1<well defined, 0-4 variously defined> 36,2 37,2-3 38,2
39,1 40,3<with dense or sparse retrorse hairs e.g. a Yukon
specimen, CAN 270342, has hairy culms> 42,1-3 44,1 45,1
46,0.2-0.4 47,2 48,2 49,2 52,1-2 53,7-15<including the
vegetative proliferation> 54,2-3 55,1 56,2-3 58,2 59,1/2
60,1<scabrous, if present> 61,1 62,3-4 63,1 64,1 65,3.6-6 66,3
68,- 69,2 70,3.6-6 71,2 72,2 73,2 74,1<often awnless in
proliferating florets> 76,0.1-0.3<if present> 79,- 80,- 81,-
82,- 83,2<approximately, if present> 84,1 85,- 86,49/56 87,1
89,1/2 91,1/2/3 92,3 93,11/12/14/15 96,3 101,1 102<FE vivipara
gla> 103<vigl> 104<Data were collected from specimens annotated
by Frederiksen. These data were gathered before 1985 and used in
Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). They have been incorporated into
the description of \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{} s.l.> 105<These data
were collected from specimens annotated by Frederiksen before
1985 and used in Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). They have been
incorporated into the description of \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}
Krajina ex Pavlick s.l. in the accepted taxa of the database.
The two CAN specimens from the Canadian Arctic may be \i{}F.
baffinensis\i0{} Polunin  \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. &
Schult. f. hybrids. They have very young inflorescences and few
definitive characteristics.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca vivipara\i0{} subsp. \i{}hirsuta\i0{} <(Schol.)
Frederiksen>/
2<Nord. J. Bot. 3: 287. 1981. Name used in Aiken and Darbyshire
(1990), now placed into synonymy with \i{}F.
frederikseniae\i0{}. \i{}F. vivipara\i0{} var. \i{}hirsuta\i0{}
Schol. in Devold & Schol., 1933> 3<Greenland. Fredriksdal, Juli
1828, \i{}Vahl s.n\i0{}. Lectotype: C. (Frederksen 1981).>
103<vihi> 104<Treated as \i{}F. frederikseniae\i0{} E. B.
Alexeev, following Alexeev (1985).> 105<Treated as \i{}F.
frederikseniae\i0{} following Alexeev (1985).> 
 
# \i{}Festuca viviparoidea\i0{} <(Krajina) ex Pavlick> subsp.
\i{}viviparoidea\i0{}/
2<Can. J. Bot. 62: 2454. 1984.> 3<Greenland, Jameson Land,
Gurreholm, 14 August 1958, \i{}K.A. Holmen 807\i0{}. Holotype:
C. \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{} subsp. \i{}krajinae \i0{}Pavlick,
Can. J. Bot. 62: 2457. 1984.> 4<\i{}F. vivipara\i0{} subsp.
\i{}glabra\i0{} Frederiksen \i{}F.\i0{} \i{}viviparoidea\i0{}
Krajina, Biota N. Am. 2: 342. 1980, \i{}F. ovina\i0{} var.
\i{}vivipara\i0{}.> 6,2 7,11-28 8,1 9,1 10,1/2 11,1/2 12,1
13,1/2/3 14,1/2 15,1<often brownish> 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2
21,0.2-0.5 22,2 23,3-16 24,2 25,2 26,2<uniformly scabridulous>
27,2 28,- 29,0.35-0.6 30,0.6-0.85 31,5-7 32,2 33,1/2 34,1
35,1<well defined, 0-4 variously defined> 36,2 37,1.4-3.5 38,2
39,1 40,1<usually>/2/3 42,1-3 44,1 45,1 46,0.2-1 47,2 48,1/2
49,2 52,1-2 53,7-25<including the vegetative proliferation>
54,1.5-3 55,1 56,1-3 58,2 59,1/2 60,1/2<scabrous, if present>
61,1 62,3-4.2 63,1 64,1 65,3.6-6 66,3 68,- 69,2 70,3.6-6.9 71,2
72,2<to 0.3 mm long, if present> 73,1/2 74,1/2<in proliferating
spikelets> 76,0.1-0.3 78,4.8-5.2<rarely present> 79,- 80,- 81,-
82,- 83,2<approximately, if present> 84,1 85,- 86,49/56 87,1
89,1/2 91,1/2/3 92,3 93,10/11/12 96,3 101,1 102<FE viviparo viv>
103<vdvd> 104<Data in this study were influenced by statements
in Pavlick (1984). He recognized this taxon and subsp.
\i{}krajina\i0{}. Alexeev (1985) recognized only one subspecies,
i.e. subsp. \i{}viviparoidea\i0{} and presented four leaf cross
section drawings documenting the diversity he observed among
specimens.> 105<Pavlick (1984) recognized two entities within
\i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}. The typical subspecies, subsp.
\i{}viviparoidea\i0{}, is circumpolar with Canadian collections
only from Ellesmere Island. The form found in alpine sites in
the western cordillera is referred to as subsp.
\i{}krajinae\i0{} Pavlick. This treatment was not followed by
Alexeev (1985) who presented four rather different leaf cross
sections under the name \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}. In this
treatment we have followed Frederiksen (1981) and Alexeev (1985)
and recognized one taxon at specific level as \i{}F.
viviparoidea\i0{} (see accepted taxa). \par{}The two CAN
specimens from the Canadian Arctic may be \i{}F.
baffinensis\i0{} Polunin  \i{}F. brachyphylla\i0{} Schult. &
Schult. f. hybrids. They have very young inflorescences and few
definitive characteristics. Alexeev (1985) published four leaf
cross sections of this species documenting the variation that he
observed in \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}.> 
 
# \i{}Festuca viviparoidea\i0{} subsp. \i{}krajinae\i0{} <Pavlick>/
2<Can. J. Bot. 62: 2457. 1984.> 3<Canada. British Columbia:
Liard River Basin, Fairy Lake, 26 July 1977, \i{}Argus and Haber
9987\i0{}. Holotype: V. Isotype: CAN!> 6,2 7,13-25 8,2<usually>
9,1/2 10,1/2 11,1/2 12,2 13,1/2/3<sometimes with retrorse hairs
similar to \i{}F. rubra\i0{}, e.g. on isotype> 14,1
15,1<brownish> 16,1<Pavlick 1984>/2<Aiken unpublished> 17,1 18,2
19,2 21,0.1-0.2 22,2 23,5-16 24,2 25,2 26,2<uniformly
scabridulous> 27,2 28,- 29,0.4-0.5-0.6 30,0.6-0.7-0.85 31,5-7
32,2 33,1<sclerenchyma strands 5-7, narrow, the width less than
2 times the height.> 35,1<well defined, 2-4 variously defined>
36,2 37,1.4-3.5 38,2 39,1<if visible> 40,1<usually, a Yukon
collection, CAN 270342, has sparsely hairy culms> 44,1 45,1
46,0.3-1 47,2 48,1/2 49,- 52,1-2 53,7-25<including vegetative
proliferation> 54,1.5-3 55,1 56,1-4<any floret from the lowest
to the fourth or higher may proliferate> 58,2 59,2
60,2<scabrous> 61,2 62,3-4.2 63,1 64,1<usually> 65,4.2-5.3 66,3
68,- 69,2 70,4.8-6.9 71,2 72,2<to 0.3 mm long> 73,1 74,1
76,0-0.8 78,4.8-5.2<usually absent> 79,1 80,- 81,- 82,-
83,2<approximately, if present> 84,1 85,- 86<unknown> 87,- 89,2
91,2/3 93,10/11/15 101,1 102<FE viviparo kra> 103<vdkr>
104<Pavlick (1984). Recognition of this taxon as a distinct
subspecies has not been widely accepted. Morphological data in
this database were collected from specimens that had grown in
the western Cordillera and formed the basis of the description
in Aiken and Darbyshire (1990).> 105<Morphological data in the
data base were collected from specimens that had grown in the
western Cordillera and formed the basis of the description in
Aiken and Darbyshire (1990). \par{}Pavlick (1984) recognized two
entities within \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}. The typical
subspecies, subsp. \i{}viviparoidea\i0{}, is circumpolar with
Canadian collections only from Ellesmere Island. The form found
in alpine sites in the western cordillera is referred to as
subsp. \i{}krajinae\i0{} Pavlick. This treatment was not
followed by Alexeev (1985) who presented four rather different
leaf cross sections under the name \i{}F. viviparoidea\i0{}.>
106<Frederiksen 1981, Pavlick 1984.> 
 
# \i{}Lolium perenne\i0{} <L.>/
1<PERENNIAL RYE GRASS, ENGLISH RYE GRASS> 2<Sp. Pl.: 83. 1753.>
6,1 7,(30-)40-70(-90) 8,1 9,1/2 10,1 11,2 12,2 13,1 14,1 15,2
16,2 17,1 18,1<often tapering to a narrow point> 19,2 21,1-2
22,1 23,(5-)15-25 24,2 25,1/2 26,1 27,1<or loosely rolled>
28,2-4 31,10-20 32,2 33,1 34,2 35<relatively well defined> 36,2
37,4-8 38,1/2 39,1/2<when visible> 41,1 42,(8-)10-20(-25) 43,1
50,1 51,1 53,(5-)7-15(-20) 54,3-5 55,2 56,5-11 57,2<present only
in the uppermost spikelet of an inflorescence> 59,1 60,- 61,2
62,5-10<if present> 63,2-3 64,2<often longer>
65,(4-)6-10(-12)<nearly as long as the spikelet> 66,2-3
67,0.5-0.8 68,1 69,2 70,(4-)5-7 71,1<2-4 veins less prominent>
72,1 74,1/2 76,0-0.2 77,1 78,5-7(-10) 79,2<scabrous on veins>
80,2 81,1 82,0.4-0.7 83,2.9-3.4 84,1 85,3-4 86,14/42 87,2 88,1/2
101,6 102<LO perenne> 103<lope> 104<Data entered for
classification studies.> 105<Data entered for classification
studies.> 
 
# \i{}Lolium temulentum\i0{} <L.>/
2<Sp. Pl.: 83. 1753> 4<\i{}L. arvense\i0{} With.> 6,1/2 7,20-120
8,2 9,1 10,1/2 11,2 12,2 13,1 14,1 15,1 16,2 17,1 18,1 19,2 20,-
21,0.5-2.7 22,1 23,5-27 24,2 25,2<scabridulous at the apex and
beneath> 26,1/2<more or less scabridulous and glossy> 27,1
28,1-2 31,10-50 32,2 33,1 34,1<if present> 35<well defined> 36,2
37,7-15(-20) 38,2 39,3-5 40,2 41,1 42,5-40 43,1 44,-
48<scabridulous> 50,1 51,1 53,8-28 54,3-8 55,2 56,2-15
57,2<present only on uppermost spikelet of an inflorescence>
58,2<sometimes approaching subequal in uppermost spikelet of an
inflorescence> 59,2<scabridulous> 60,2 61,2 62,7-30<if present>
63,5<coriaceous> 64,2 65,7-30<0.75 -1.5 times as long as the
spikelet> 66,5-7 67,1-2.5 68,2<minutely scaberulous> 69,2<a
short cup-like ridge> 70,4.6-8.5<elliptical to ovate, very
turgid at maturity> 71,2 72,2<scabrous> 73,1<and margins>
74,2<usually> 76,0-23 77,1 78,4.6-8.5<as long or slightly longer
than the lemma> 79,1<very scabrous on veins> 80,2 81,1 82,1-1.5
83,3.1-3.5 84,1<styles inserted asymmetrically>
85,(3.8-)4.2-7<2-3 times as long as wide> 86,14 87,2<rarely>
88,2<in Europe, rarely cultivated in Canada> 90<"Perhaps native
in Mediterranean regions; formally widespread in most of Europe
as a weed of cereal crops (especially \i{}Avena\i0{}), but now
only a casual ruderal in most of N. and C. Europe." Humphries
1980> 101,6 102<LO temulentum> 103<lotr> 104<Data entered for
classification studies.> 105<Plants annual. Data entered for
classification studies.> 
 
# \i{}Poa pratensis\i0{} <L.>/
6,1/3 8,2 9,1 10,2 11,1/2 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,1 16,2<half to
three-quarters> 17,1 18,3 21,1-4 22,1/2<most often> 23,8-22 24,1
25,1/2<usually> 26,1<except at margins and tip> 27,1/2<usually>
28,2-3.6 29,0.5-1.5 30,1.3-2.7 31,16-30 32,1 33,2 34,1/2 36,2
37,1.7-5.7 38,2 39,1 40,1 41,2 42,3-11.5 44,2-5 45,2 46,2-5
47,1<but has occasional odd angles> 49,2 52,10-15 53,(3-)4-5(-6)
54,1.9-3 55,2 56,3-4 57,1 58,2 59,2 60,1<and midvein> 61,2
62,1.8-2.5 63,1-3 64,1 65,2.2-3.3 66,3 67,0.6-0.9 68,1
69,2<specialized with web> 70,2.5-5 71,2 72,2 73,-<on the
margins, veins, and callus> 74,1 75,2 78,2.8-3.3 79,1<with fine
hairs>/2 83,(0.8-)1.2-2 84,1 86,21-117 101,7 102<Poa pratensis>
103<poap> 104<data entered for studies involving phylogenetic
analyses.> 105<data entered for studies involving cladistic and
mustering analyses.> 
 
# \i{}Puccinellia distans\i0{} <(Jacq.) Parl.>/
6,1/2 8,2 9,1/2<<Davis is really waffly on this>> 10,1/2 11,2
12,2 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,3 21,0.9-2.2 22,1 23,1.5-6.5
25,2 26,1<or with sparse, very fine, appressed, antrorse hairs.
Scabrous trichomes on margins and at the tip of the blade>
27,1/2<involute> 28,1-2.1 29,0.4-0.7 30,0.7-1.1 31,8-11 32,1
33,2 34,1 35,3-5 36,2 37,1.3-2.8 38,1 40,1 41,2 42,5.5-9 44,2-6
45,2 46,1-5 47,2 48,1 49,2-3 52,5-25 53,3.1-3.7(-5.2) 54,0.9-1.5
55,2 56,3-4(-5) 57,1 58,2 59,1 61,1 62,0.7-1.1 63,1 64,1
65,1.2-2 66,1/3 67,0.5-0.7 68,1 69,2 70,1.7-2.5 71,2 72,1 74,3
75,2 78,1.8-1.9 79,2 83,0.7-1.1 84,1 85,1.1-1.7 86,42 101,8
102<Puc. distans> 103<pucc> 104<Data entered for cladistic
analyses.> 105<Data entered for cladistic analyses.> 
 
# \i{}Vulpia myuros\i0{} <(L.) Gmel.>/
9,1/2 11,2 12,1 14,1<annual> 16,2 17,1 18,2 19,2 21,0.1-0.3
27,2<loosely> 38,2 40,1/2<near the inflorescence> 45,2 52,1-7
53,5-11.5 55,2 57,1 58,2 61,2 62,1-1.5 64,1 65,2.5-5.5 69,2
70,4.5-6.5 71,1 74,1 75,1 76,5-15 83,0.45-0.55 84,1 85,3.5-4.5
86,42 101,9 102<Vulpia myuros> 103<vulp> 104<data entered for
studies involving cladistic and mustering analyses.> 105<data
entered for studies involving cladistic.> 
 
# \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} <old>/
1<GUADALUPE FESCUE> 2<Am. J. Bot. 19: 436. 1932> 3<U.S.A. Texas:
Culberson Co., Guadalupe Mountains, upper McKittrick Canyon,
shaded moist slopes along creek, alt. 1980 m, 22 July 1931,
\i{}J.A. Moore & J.A. Steyermark 3576\i0{}. Holotype: US!
Isotypes: GH! MO!> 4,- 6,2 7,45-80 8,1<Swallen 1932, described
plants as "loosely tufted"> 9,1 10,2 11,1<the base of the plant
described as "decumbent, often rhizome-like" Swallen 1932,
"often rhizomatous", Gould 1975. Rhizomes are not obvious on the
holotype type or isotype specimens examined> 12,2<limited
material examined> 13,1/3<minutely scaberulous> 14,1 15,1 16,2
17,1 18,2/3<ligules conspicuous, decurrent> 19,2
21,3-4<acuminate> 22,2<at apex> 23,6-35 24,1 25,2<scabrous, with
prominent veins> 26,2<scabrous> 27,1/2<loosely rolled> 28,1-2
29,0.6-0.71-1<when tightly rolled> 30,0.75-0.91-1.2<based on 5
cross sections> 31,5-7<3 large, 2 or 4 small> 32,1/2<differing
from \i{}F. thurberi\i0{} Vasey in this character> 33,2 34,1
35,7 36,2 37,5-7(-12) 38,2 39,1-3 40,2<scaberulous to scabrous
near the panicle> 42,6-10(-16) 44,1-3 45,1/2 46,5-7 47,1/2
48,1/2<scabrous> 49,2 52,2-5<spikelets distributed towards the
ends of branches and tending to overlap> 53,6-8 54,1.5-2.5 55,2
56,2-3 58,2 59,2<scabrous> 60,2<scabrous> 61,2<scabrous at the
tips> 62,3-4 63,1 64,2<or often slightly shorter> 65,4-5 66,3
68,2 69,2 70,4.5-6 71,2 72,2 73,1 74,1 75,2 78,4-6<as long or
slightly longer than the lemma> 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,0.5-1.2
83,1.5-2 84,2 85,3.2-3.5<the hilum about half as long as the
grain> 86,U 87,1 91,3 92,5 98,2<endemic to western Texas,
occurring in the higher mountains of the Trans-Pecos, below 2000
m on gentle moist and shaded pine-oak-juniper woodland slopes in
semi-arid habitats with gravelly, sandy loams> 101,1 102<FE
ligulata> 103<ligo> 104<Swallen (1932) considered this species
related to \i{}F. thurberi\i0{}. Analyses of this database,
suggest that \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} is not as closely related to
\i{}F. thurberi\i0{} as originally suggested. Fig. 1, Tables
1-2.> 105<This taxon was tentatively placed in subg.
\i{}Leucopoa\i0{} with \i{}F. thurberi\i0{}, following Swallen
(1932) who considered this species "related to \i{}F.
thurberi\i0{} but differing in its less densely tufted habit,
more slender culms, smaller panicles, fewer flowered spikelets
and shorter obtuse lemmas". Analyses using this database, lead
us to align \i{}F. ligulata\i0{} with subg. \i{}Festuca\i0{}
rather than subg. \i{}Leucopoa\i0{} as suggested in Aiken and
Consaul (1995). It is not as closely related to \i{}F.
thurberi\i0{} as originally suggested.> 106<scant description
given by Swallen: information also supplied by Manuel Gonzalez,
Stephen Koch and Status Report on \i{}Festuca ligulata\i0{} for
Texas. J.M. Poole (1989) for Texas Natural Heritage Program,
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Data checked against type
and Gould (1975) Sept. 1994.> 
