*CHARACTER IMAGES
#11. rhizome.gif <@subject State 1: Horizontal rooting stems>
                 <@feature x=20 y=48 w=280 h=-1 m>
                 <@state 1 x=20 y=146 w=280 h=-1
                           x=311 y=72 w=677 h=866 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(this illustration).>
                 <@state 2 x=20 y=227 w=280 h=-1
                           x=8 y=236 w=47 h=36 m
                           t=(not illustrated).>
                 <@ok x=120 y=337>
                 <@cancel x=120 y=430>
                 <@notes x=120 y=523>
                 <@text x=20 y=635 w=280 h=294 m
                        t=Position A: a developing rhizome approximately 1.5 cm
                        long. Postion B: well developed rhizomes with scale
                        leaves, indicated by arrows.>
#12. plate1a.gif <@subject State 1: Vegetative shoots, intravaginal>
                 <@text x=13 y=450 w=260 h=533 m
                        t=Festuca saximontana showing intravaginal shoots. Fig.
                        3. Base of plant showing stem internode (a): leaf
                        sheaths (b) not fraying into fibres; tiller (c) with
                        upper portion longitudinally sectioned to show new
                        shoots surrounded by sheath bases (about 3 X). Fig. 4.
                        Enlargement of (c) in 3, longitudinal section through a
                        developing tiller showing shoots (a) developing within
                        surrounding sheaths; root (b) pushing through the bases
                        of the sheaths (about 14 X). Aiken and Darbyshire (1990)
                        Plate 1, with permission.>
                 <@ok x=16 y=377>
                 <@notes x=197 y=377>
                 <@cancel x=106 y=377>
                 <@feature x=35 y=20 w=210 h=48 m>
                 <@state 1 x=13 y=104 w=260 h=-2
                           x=284 y=11 w=708 h=976 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(this illustration).>
                 <@state 2 x=13 y=206 w=260 h=-3
                           x=31 y=203 w=187 h=130 m
                           t=(next illustration).>
     plate1b.gif <@subject State 2: Vegetative shoots, extravaginal>
                 <@text x=13 y=487 w=260 h=487 m
                        t=Extravaginal Vegetative Shoots. Figs. 1,2. Festuca
                        rubra showing extravaginal shoots: Fig. 1. Base of plant
                        showing a rhizome branch (a) between tillers; roots (b)
                        arising at nodes along the rhizome; fibrillose strands
                        (c) from fraying leaf sheaths; prophyll surrounding an
                        extravaginal bud (d) bursting though the leaf sheaths at
                        the base of the culm (about 3 X). Fig. 2. Enlargement of
                        (d) in 1 showing inner (a) and outer (b) sheaths split
                        open between the vascular bundles by the emerging new
                        shoot (c); the first emergent leaf (d) and surrounding
                        prophyll (c) (about 21 X). Aiken and Darbyshire (1990)
                        Plate 1, with permission.>
                 <@ok x=13 y=409>
                 <@cancel x=104 y=409>
                 <@feature x=35 y=20 w=210 h=48 m>
                 <@state 1 x=13 y=93 w=260 h=-3
                           x=2 y=115 w=201 h=82 m
                           t=(previous illustration).>
                 <@state 2 x=13 y=230 w=260 h=-4
                           x=284 y=17 w=705 h=966 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(this illustration).>
                 <@notes x=196 y=409>
#15. plate1cd.gif <@text x=10 y=416 w=320 h=562 m
                         t=Fig. 1. Base of plant showing a rhizome branch (a)
                         between tillers; roots (b) arising at nodes along the
                         rhizome; fibrillose strands (c) from fraying leaf
                         sheaths; prophyll surrounding an extravaginal bud (d)
                         bursting through the leaf sheaths at the base of the
                         culm (about 3 X). Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) Plate 1,
                         with permission. Fig 3. Base of plant showing stem
                         internode (a): leaf sheaths (b) not fraying into
                         fibres; tiller (c) with upper portion longitudinally
                         sectioned to show new shoots surrounded by sheath bases
                         (about 3 X). Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) Plate 1, with
                         permission.>
                  <@ok x=46 y=320>
                  <@cancel x=142 y=320>
                  <@feature x=109 y=23 w=100 h=-1 m>
                  <@state 1 x=10 y=112 w=320 h=-1
                            x=356 y=22 w=290 h=966 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(left).>
                  <@state 2 x=10 y=195 w=320 h=-2
                            x=677 y=22 w=308 h=965 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(right).>
                  <@notes x=238 y=320>
#16. plate2a.gif <@subject State 1: Leaf sheaths, closed more than half their
                          length>
                 <@text x=10 y=458 w=230 h=506 m
                        t=Fig. 1. Cross section towards the base of a developing
                        shoot showing margins (a) of a central developing leaf:
                        midribs of successively older sheaths (b,c,d); a split
                        (e) in the outer (older) sheath opposite its midrib; the
                        three rows of parenchyma cells of the innermost sheath
                        are compact, those of the middle sheath are larger and,
                        in place, tissue degeneration has begun (i.e. the middle
                        row of parenchyma cells is disint egrating) and the
                        outer sheath contains only a single layer of parenchyma
                        underlying the outer (dorsal) epidermis (about 6X).
                        Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) Plate 2, with permission.
                        Fig. 2. Cross section, of Festuca rubra, towards the top
                        of a developing sheath showing a central, very young
                        leaf (a) with a developing midvein and sclerenchyma
                        thickening beginning opposite the midvein and at the
                        leaf margins; a well-developed leaf (b) surrounded by a
                        mature sheath (c) that has no separation zone (d); the p
                        osition opposite the sheath midvein (d) has no vascular
                        bundle and no marginal sclerenchyma thickening,
                        suggesting that, as the inner leaves expand, they are
                        most likely to split the sheath in this position first
                        as in 1(e) (about 6X). Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) Plate
                        2, with permission.>
                 <@feature x=77 y=27 w=90 h=-1 m>
                 <@state 1 x=10 y=108 w=230 h=-2
                           x=248 y=21 w=739 h=954 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(these two illustrations).>
                 <@state 2 x=10 y=218 w=230 h=-2
                           x=27 y=213 w=198 h=95 m
                           t=(see next illustration).>
                 <@ok x=14 y=352>
                 <@notes x=177 y=352>
                 <@cancel x=95 y=352>
     plate2b.gif <@subject State 2: Leaf sheaths, open more than half their
                          length>
                 <@text x=10 y=502 w=270 h=475 m
                        t=Fig. 3 Cross section, of Festuca saximontana, towards
                        the base of a sheath showing a central developing leaf
                        (a) surrounded by an inner sheath (b) with four or five
                        rows of compact parenchyma tissue between the upper and
                        lower epidermis and a separation zone (c) seen between
                        the midveins of the leaf and out sheath (d); the dark
                        line of the separation zone may be curricular material;
                        the outer sheath (d) has large spaces and only one row
                        of parenchyma cells remaining; (about 16 X). Aiken and
                        Darbyshire (1990), Plate 2, with permission. Fig. 4.
                        Cross section, of Festuca saximontana, through three
                        leaf sheaths showing successive development. The
                        innermost sheath (a) has compact parenchyma and the
                        overlapping margins allow considerable expansion in
                        response to pressure from developing leaves within (not
                        seen). The middle sheath (b) margins just overlap, and
                        disintegration of parenchyma between the vascular
                        bundles has occurred; the margins of the outer sheath
                        (c) do not overlap and almost no parenchyma tissue
                        remains intact, with only the vascular bundles, bundle
                        sheaths, and sheath extensions remaining (about 8X).
                        Aiken and Darbyshire (1990), Plate 2, with permission.>
                 <@ok x=17 y=398>
                 <@notes x=211 y=398>
                 <@cancel x=114 y=398>
                 <@feature x=91 y=34 w=90 h=-1 m>
                 <@state 1 x=10 y=125 w=270 h=-2
                           x=2 y=142 w=199 h=57 m
                           t=(previous illustration).>
                 <@state 2 x=10 y=263 w=270 h=-2
                           x=301 y=23 w=687 h=962 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(these two illustrations).>
#18. auricles.gif <@subject State 1: Auricles, present and claw-like>
                  <@text x=10 y=628 w=300 h=-4 m
                         t=Auricles, present and claw-like in Festuca pratensis,
                         left and Festuca arundinacea, right. Similar auricles
                         are found in Festuca gigantea.>
                  <@feature x=110 y=31 w=98 h=-1 m>
                  <@state 1 x=10 y=149 w=300 h=-1
                            x=325 y=100 w=642 h=814 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(this illustration).>
                  <@state 2 x=10 y=239 w=300 h=-2
                            x=5 y=256 w=200 h=54 m
                            t=(next illustration).>
                  <@state 3 x=10 y=370 w=300 h=-1
                            x=3 y=379 w=201 h=35 m
                            t=(next illustration).>
                  <@ok x=75 y=484>
                  <@cancel x=172 y=484>
     lig18_23.gif <@subject States 2 and 3>
                  <@text x=9 y=487 w=330 h=493 m
                         t=Left, Auricles, present and represented by distinct,
                         erect, swellings. This can occur because the ligules
                         are higher on the sides than at the blade midvein.
                         Plicate leaf blade approximately 1 mm wide. Photograph
                         of Festuca hallii, Aiken and Darbyshire 1442, specimen
                         at DAO. Photograph by C. Beadow. Right, Auricles,
                         absent. No claw-like structures or distinct, erect,
                         swellings present. The sheath may appear wider than the
                         inrolled blade with the transition occurring at the
                         poorly define collar. Plicate leaf blade approximately
                         0.5 mm wide. Photograph of Festuca idahoensis, Aiken
                         and Darbyshire 1185. specimen at DAO. Photograph by C.
                         Beadow.>
                  <@ok x=79 y=403>
                  <@cancel x=188 y=403>
                  <@feature x=122 y=22 w=96 h=-1 m>
                  <@state 1 x=10 y=98 w=330 h=-2
                            x=2 y=115 w=201 h=65 m
                            t=(previous illustration).>
                  <@state 2 x=10 y=211 w=330 h=-2
                            x=361 y=33 w=296 h=935 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(left).>
                  <@state 3 x=10 y=325 w=330 h=-1
                            x=680 y=33 w=299 h=935 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(right).>
#19. arunc.gif <@subject State 1: Ciliate auricles>
               <@text x=16 y=729 w=160 h=-4 m
                      t=Festuca arundinacea, auricle cilia present.>
               <@feature x=16 y=59 w=160 h=-1 m>
               <@state 1 x=16 y=140 w=160 h=-2
                         x=194 y=59 w=761 h=882 p f=4080FF m
                         t=(this illustration).>
               <@state 2 x=16 y=260 w=160 h=-2
                         x=8 y=277 w=101 h=58 m
                         t=(not illustrated).>
               <@ok x=57 y=399>
               <@cancel x=57 y=476>
#29. plate3.gif <@subject Leaf blade width>
                <@text x=11 y=535 w=253 h=-7 m
                       t=\i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} showing leaf blade width
                       (1), measured at the widest point of the cross section.
                       About 100x. Aiken and Darbyshire (1990), Plate 3, with
                       permission.>
                <@feature x=62 y=45 w=150 h=-1 m>
                <@ok x=95 y=236>
                <@cancel x=95 y=318>
                <@enter x=28 y=140 w=100 h=-1>
                <@units x=~ y=~ w=120 h=-1>
                <@notes x=95 y=403>
#30. plate3.gif <@subject Leaf blade depth>
                <@text x=10 y=537 w=256 h=-9 m
                       t=\i{}Festuca idahoensis\i0{} showing leaf blade depth
                       (2), measured between the midrib abaxial epidermis and
                       the most distant epidermal cell. About 100x. Aiken and
                       Darbyshire (1990), Plate 3, with permission.>
                <@notes x=97 y=396>
                <@feature x=47 y=48 w=183 h=-1 m>
                <@ok x=97 y=229>
                <@cancel x=97 y=314>
                <@units x=~ y=~ w=125 h=-1>
                <@enter x=25 y=132 w=100 h=-1>
#32. strands.gif <@text x=27 y=575 w=200 h=-6 m
                        t=Left, Sclerenchyma strands, present. Right,
                        Sclerenchyma strands, absent. Aiken and Darbyshire
                        (1990), Plate 3, with permission.>
                 <@feature x=27 y=73 w=200 h=-2 m>
                 <@state 1 x=27 y=222 w=200 h=-1
                           x=253 y=69 w=288 h=866 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(left).>
                 <@state 2 x=27 y=320 w=200 h=-1
                           x=545 y=69 w=443 h=866 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(right).>
                 <@ok x=16 y=446>
                 <@cancel x=96 y=446>
                 <@notes x=178 y=446>
#33. strands2.gif <@feature x=58 y=243 w=230 h=-1 m>
                  <@state 1 x=355 y=638 w=194 h=-1
                            x=396 y=365 w=121 h=243 p f=4080FF m>
                  <@state 2 x=656 y=817 w=186 h=-1
                            x=618 y=219 w=251 h=562 p f=4080FF m>
                  <@ok x=131 y=447>
                  <@cancel x=131 y=526>
#34. strands3.gif <@feature x=90 y=269 w=250 h=-1 m>
                  <@state 1 x=432 y=803 w=315 h=-2
                            x=469 y=250 w=244 h=520 p f=4080FF m>
                  <@state 2 x=784 y=648 w=186 h=-2
                            x=814 y=354 w=124 h=267 p f=4080FF m>
                  <@ok x=164 y=462>
                  <@cancel x=164 y=538>
#40. culms.gif <@text x=22 y=697 w=505 h=-7 m
                      t=Scanning electon micrographs of a scabrous culm of
                      Festuca altaica. Magnifications indicated by scale bars.
                      Figs. 1 and 2 surface view, Fig. 3 side view. The
                      roughness can be felt by the finger tips or seen with a 10
                      X hand lens. Picture by S.J. Darbyshire.>
               <@feature x=143 y=28 w=250 h=-1 m>
               <@state 1 x=117 y=120 w=296 h=-2
                         x=97 y=136 w=200 h=52 m
                         t=(not illustrated).>
               <@state 2 x=117 y=240 w=296 h=-2
                         x=553 y=15 w=429 h=970
                         x=555 y=12 w=427 h=985 p f=4080FF m
                         t=(this illustration).>
               <@state 3 x=122 y=372 w=296 h=-2
                         x=103 y=387 w=170 h=48 m
                         t=(not illustrated).>
               <@ok x=213 y=489>
               <@cancel x=213 y=561>
#79. plate4ab.gif <@text x=15 y=504 w=296 h=-10 m
                         t=Figs. 1-3. Festuca baffinensis showing a palea
                         distinctly hairy between the veins (1, bar = 1 mm; 2,3,
                         bar = 0.1 mm). Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) Plate 4,
                         with permission. Figs. 4-6. Festuca subverticillata
                         showing a palea that is not distinctly hairy between
                         the veins (4,5, bar = 0.1 mm; 6, bar = 0.01 mm). Aiken
                         and Darbyshire (1990) Plate 4, with permission.>
                  <@feature x=120 y=52 w=70 h=-1 m>
                  <@state 1 x=30 y=154 w=260 h=-2
                            x=327 y=144 w=642 h=347 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(top row).>
                  <@state 2 x=30 y=269 w=260 h=-2
                            x=327 y=508 w=620 h=346 p f=4080FF m
                            t=(bottom row).>
                  <@notes x=221 y=393>
                  <@ok x=37 y=393>
                  <@cancel x=129 y=393>
#80. plate5b.gif <@text x=26 y=604 w=370 h=-6 m
                        t=Fig. 5. Festuca altaica showing two toothed lodicules
                        with marginal trichomes in front of an ovary with only
                        three hairs at the apex. Aiken and Darbyshire (1990)
                        Plate 5, with permission.>
                 <@feature x=139 y=70 w=147 h=-1 m>
                 <@state 1 x=74 y=175 w=275 h=-2
                           x=414 y=29 w=558 h=940 p f=4080FF m
                           t=(this illustration).>
                 <@state 2 x=74 y=297 w=275 h=-2
                           x=59 y=310 w=200 h=47 m
                           t=(not illustrated).>
                 <@notes x=304 y=431>
                 <@ok x=34 y=431>
                 <@cancel x=170 y=431>
#81. plate5b.gif <@subject Lodicules, ciliate>
                 <@text x=41 y=558 w=339 h=-7 m
                        t=Fig. 5. Festuca altaica showing two toothed lodicules
                        with marginal trichomes in front of an ovary with only
                        three hairs at the apex. Aiken and Darbyshire (1990)
                        Plate 5, with permission.>
                 <@ok x=29 y=357>
                 <@cancel x=163 y=357>
                 <@feature x=141 y=93 w=145 h=-1 m>
                 <@state 1 x=60 y=192 w=300 h=-1
                           x=50 y=201 w=201 h=22 m
                           t=(not illustrated)>
                 <@state 2 x=60 y=263 w=300 h=-1
                           x=414 y=28 w=559 h=941 p f=4080FF
                           t=(this illustration)>
                 <@notes x=299 y=357>
#84. plate5a.gif <@subject Ovary, pubescence>
                 <@text x=5 y=348 w=211 h=-8 m
                        t=Fig. 1. Festuca saximontana showing a glabrous ovary.
                        Fig. 2. Festuca occidentalis showing a densely pubescent
                        ovary apex. Aiken and Darbyshire (1990) Plate 5, with
                        permission.>
                 <@feature x=517 y=70 w=119 h=-1 m>
                 <@notes x=644 y=920>
                 <@state 1 x=350 y=840 w=100 h=-1
                           x=230 y=194 w=347 h=606 p f=4080FF m>
                 <@state 2 x=720 y=840 w=110 h=-1
                           x=589 y=194 w=384 h=608 p f=4080FF m>
                 <@ok x=458 y=920>
                 <@cancel x=551 y=920>
