*SHOW: Festuca - character list. 02-APR-98 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <common name>/
 
#2. <place of valid publication and synonymy based on the type>/
 
#3. type: <specimen>/
 
#4. <synonymy>/
 
#5. plants <sexuality>/
       1. bisexual <<implicit>>/
       2. dioecious/
 
#6. plants <colour>/
       1. yellowish green/
       2. bluish gray green/
       3. deep green/
 
#7. plants <height>/
       cm high/
 
#8. plants <habit at base>/
       1. densely tufted/
       2. not densely tufted/
 
#9. tiller bases <whether erect>/
       1. stiffly erect/
       2. not stiffly erect <loosely curving or decumbent>/
 
#10. bases <of plant, pigmentation>/
       1. purplish/
       2. not purplish/
 
#11. horizontal rooting stems <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <or very short>/
 
#12. <secondary> vegetative shoots <position>/
       1. arising from within existing sheaths/
       2. arising outside, or breaking through the base of
          existing sheaths/
 
#13. sheaths <pubescence>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. glabrescent/
       3. with trichomes/
 
#14. sheaths <longevity>/
       1. not conspicuous at the base of the plant/
       2. conspicuous at the base of the plant, persisting for
          more than 1 year/
 
#15. sheaths <whether splitting when dead>/
       1. splitting between the veins/
       2. remaining entire, not conspicuously splitting between
          the veins/
 
#16. sheaths <opening>/
       1. closed more than half their length/
       2. open more than half their length <<comment on
          prophylls>>/
 
#17. collars <pubescence>/
       1. glabrous <<implicit>>/
       2. villous/
 
#18. auricles <presence, form>/
       1. present, claw-like/
       2. represented by distinct, erect, swellings <i.e.
          ligules higher on the sides than in the centre>/
       3. absent <the auricle positions rounded but without
          distinct swellings>/
 
#19. auricular cilia <presence, on the auricles or at the
          auricular positions>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#20. auricular cilia <type>/
       1. short and scabrous-like/
       2. long and pilose-like/
 
#21. ligules <length>/
       mm long/
 
#22. ligules <pubescence>/
       1. without cilia/
       2. ciliate/
 
#23. leaf blades <length>/
       cm long/
 
#24. leaf blades <texture when mature and dried>/
       1. erect, stiffish/
       2. more or less lax/
 
#25. adaxial blade surfaces <vestiture>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. with trichomes/
 
#26. abaxial blade surfaces <vestiture>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. with trichomes/
 
#27. leaf blades <shape>/
       1. flat/
       2. plicate/
 
#28. <flat> leaf blades <width>/
       mm wide/
 
#29. <plicate> leaf blades <width>/
       mm wide/
 
#30. <plicate> leaf blades <depth>/
       mm deep/
 
#31. veins <total number of large and small veins (vascular
          bundles) in the leaf blade>/
 
#32. adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#33. abaxial sclerenchyma <development in plicate leaves>/
       1. poorly developed <usually only at the outer leaf
          margin and midrib, along less than 10% of the leaf
          surface>/
       2. well developed <present opposite large bundles, always
          along more than 10% of the margin>/
 
#34. abaxial sclerenchyma <character of strands>/
       1. in discrete, relatively narrow strands opposite the
          veins/
       2. in broad bands or continuous/
 
#35. ribs <number> <<comment on central ribs and lateral rib
          development>>/
 
#36. uppermost culm leaf sheaths <whether inflated>/
       1. somewhat inflated/
       2. not inflated/
 
#37. flag leaf blades <length>/
       cm long/
 
#38. culm nodes <whether exposed>/
       1. never exposed <sheaths longer than the internode>/
       2. becoming exposed <sheaths shorter than the internode>/
 
#39. culm nodes <number visible>/
 
#40. culm internodes <vestiture on culm below the
          inflorescence>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. scabrous-hirsute/
       3. densely pubescent/
 
#41. inflorescence <type>/
       1. spicate <spikelets sessile>/
       2. paniculate <or spike-like panicle spikelets
          pedicilate> <<implicit>>/
 
#42. inflorescence <length>/
       cm long/
 
#43. rachis internodes <whether cuneate in cross section>/
       1. cuneate in cross section/
       2. not cuneate in cross section <<implicit>>/
 
#44. inflorescence branches at the lowest node <number>/
 
#45. inflorescence branches <deportment>/
       1. appressed after anthesis <but may be spreading during
          anthesis>/
       2. spreading <or the lower ones reflexed>/
 
#46. inflorescence branches <length>/
       cm long/
 
#47. rachis <branches shape in cross section>/
       1. rounded in cross section/
       2. angular in cross section/
 
#48. rachis <vestiture>/
       1. trichomes mainly on the ridges/
       2. trichomes over the entire surface/
 
#49. spikelets <arrangement> <<useful for \i{}F.
          subverticillata\i0{} compared with \i{}F.
          paradoxa\i0{}>>/
       1. loosely scattered in an open panicle with slender
          branches/
       2. aggregated towards the ends of the branches/
       3. evenly distributed along the branches/
 
#50. spikelets <whether alternate>/
       1. alternating on opposite sides of the rachis/
       2. not alternating on opposite sides of the rachis
          <<implicit>>/
 
#51. spikelet edges <whether fitting into the rachis>/
       1. fitting into the rachis/
       2. not fitting into the rachis <<implicit>>/
 
#52. spikelets <number>/
       on the longest branches <or rachis>/
 
#53. spikelets <length>/
       mm long/
 
#54. spikelets <width at, or after, anthesis>/
       mm wide/
 
#55. proliferating spikelets <presence>/
       1. <usually> present/
       2. <usually> absent/
 
#56. <number of> florets/
 
#57. first glumes <presence>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#58. glumes <relative length>/
       1. subequal/
       2. unequal <<implicit>>/
 
#59. glumes <vestiture presence>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. with trichomes <scaberulous or puberulent>/
 
#60. glumes vestiture <position>/
       1. at the apex only/
       2. over most of the outer surface/
 
#61. glumes margins <whether ciliate>/
       1. ciliate/
       2. not ciliate/
 
#62. first glume <length>/
       mm long/
 
#63. first glume veins <number>/
 
#64. second glume <length relative to first lemma>/
       1. shorter than the first lemma/
       2. as long as the first lemma, or almost as long/
 
#65. second glume <length>/
       mm long/
 
#66. second glume veins <number>/
 
#67. rachilla internodes <length>/
       mm long/
 
#68. rachilla internodes <vestiture>/
       1. glabrous, or nearly so/
       2. antrorsely scabrous <<implicit>>/
 
#69. lemma callus <whether elongated>/
       1. elongated with a tuft of stiff hairs at the base/
       2. not elongated <<implicit>>/
 
#70. lemma <length>/
       mm long/
 
#71. lemma <venation>/
       1. with 5 distinct veins in dorsal view/
       2. nerveless in dorsal view or sometimes with only the
          centre vein distinct <<implicit>>/
 
#72. lemma <epidermis vestiture presence>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. with trichomes/
 
#73. lemma trichomes <vestiture position>/
       1. on the upper portion only/
       2. over the entire surface/
 
#74. lemma apex <shape>/
       1. entire/
       2. apically cleft <bifid>/
       3. erose/
 
#75. lemma awn <presence>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#76. lemma awn <length>/
       mm long/
 
#77. lemma and palea <whether becoming indurate>/
       1. becoming indurate/
       2. not becoming indurate <<implicit>>/
 
#78. palea <length>/
       mm long/
 
#79. palea <vestiture>/
       1. distinctly pubescent between the keels/
       2. glabrous <not distinctly pubescent> between the keels/
 
#80. lodicules <teeth>/
       1. with <one or more> marginal teeth/
       2. without marginal teeth/
 
#81. lodicules <whether ciliate>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. ciliate <i.e. with one or more marginal cilia>/
 
#82. lodicules <length>/
       mm long/
 
#83. anthers <length>/
       mm long/
 
#84. ovary apex <pubescence presence>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. pubescent/
 
#85. caryopsis <length>/
       mm long/
 
#86. <cytology> 2\i{}n\i0{} =/
 
#87. <whether introduced>/
       1. native <<implicit>>/
       2. introduced/
 
#88. <status of introductions>/
       1. naturalized/
       2. cultivated crop/
       3. cultivated ornamental/
       4. limited, probably accidental introduction/
       5. grown experimentally, but not extensively/
 
#89. <habitat>/
       1. arctic/
       2. alpine/
       3. forest and woodland/
       4. rangeland, prairie, dry habitats/
       5. meadows/
       6. wet habitats/
 
#90. <habitat comment>/
 
#91. <country>/
       1. \i{}Greenland\i0{}/
       2. <Canada>/
       3. <United States>/
 
#92. <USA: distribution>/
       1. <Northwestern USA>/
       2. <Southwestern USA>/
       3. <Rocky Mountains USA>/
       4. <North Central USA>/
       5. <South Central USA>/
       6. <Northeastern USA>/
       7. <Southeastern USA>/
 
#93. \i{}Canada\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Labrador/
       2. Nfld. <Newfoundland>/
       3. NS <Nova Scotia>/
       4. P.E.I. <Prince Edward Island>/
       5. NB <New Brunswick>/
       6. Que. <Quebec>/
       7. Ont. <Ontario>/
       8. Man. <Manitoba>/
       9. Sask. <Saskatchewan>/
       10. Alta. <Alberta>/
       11. B.C. <British Columbia>/
       12. Franklin District (NWT)/
       13. Keewatin District (NWT)/
       14. Mackenzie District (NWT)/
       15. Yukon/
 
#94. \i{}Northwestern USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Alaska/
       2. Oreg. <Oregon>/
       3. Wash. <Washington>/
 
#95. \i{}Southwestern USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Ariz. <Arizona>/
       2. Calif. <California>/
       3. Nev. <Nevada>/
 
#96. \i{}Rocky Mountains USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Colo. <Colorado>/
       2. Idaho <Idaho>/
       3. Mont. <Montana>/
       4. Utah <Utah>/
       5. Wyo. <Wyoming>/
 
#97. \i{}North Central USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Iowa/
       2. Ill. <Illinois>/
       3. Kansas/
       4. Minn. <Minnesota>/
       5. Mo. <Missouri>/
       6. Nebr. <Nebraska>/
       7. N. Dak. <North Dakota>/
       8. Okla. <Oklahoma>/
       9. S. Dak. <South Dakota>/
       10. Wis. <Wisconsin>/
 
#98. \i{}South Central USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. N. Mex. <New Mexico>/
       2. Tex. <Texas>/
 
#99. \i{}Northeastern USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Conn. <Connecticut>/
       2. Ind. <Indiana>/
       3. Mass. <Massachusetts>/
       4. Maine <Maine>/
       5. Mich. <Michigan>/
       6. N.H. <New Hampshire>/
       7. N.J. <New Jersey>/
       8. N.Y. <New York>/
       9. Ohio/
       10. Pa. <Pennsylvania>/
       11. R.I. <Rhode Island>/
       12. Vt. <Vermont>/
 
#100. \i{}Southeastern USA\i0{}: <distribution>/
       1. Ala. <Alabama>/
       2. Ark. <Arkansas>/
       3. Del. <Delaware>/
       4. Fla. <Florida>/
       5. Ga. <Georgia>/
       6. Ky. <Kentucky>/
       7. La. <Louisiana>/
       8. Md. <Maryland>/
       9. Miss <Mississippi>/
       10. N.C. <North Carolina>/
       11. S.C. <South Carolina>/
       12. Tenn. <Tennessee>/
       13. Va. <Virginia>/
       14. W.Va <West Virginia>/
 
#101. <Subgenus of \i{}Festuca\i0{}, or genus>/
       1. Subg. \i{}Festuca\i0{} L. <FE>/
       2. Subg. \i{}Leucopoa\i0{} (Griseb.) Hack. <LE>/
       3. Subg. \i{}Schedonorus\i0{} (Beauv.) Peterm. <SC>/
       4. Subg. \i{}Subulatae\i0{} Tzvelev, sect.
          \i{}Subulatae\i0{} Tzvelev <SS>/
       5. Subg. \i{}Subulatae\i0{} (Tzvelev) E. B. Alexeev,
          sect. \i{}Obtusae\i0{} E. B. Alexeev <SO>/
       6. \i{}Lolium\i0{} L. <LO>/
       7. \i{}Poa\i0{} L./
       8. \i{}Puccinellia\i0{} Parl./
       9. \i{}Vulpia\i0{} L./
 
#102. <15-letter abbreviated name>/
 
#103. <4-letter abbreviated name>/
 
#104. <brief nomenclatural/taxonomic comments>/
 
#105. <full nomenclatural/taxonomic comments>/
 
#106. <notes on data collection>/
 
#107. <illustrations>/
