 
*SHOW: Cactaceae - character list. August 2016. 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <colloquial names>/
 
#2. ~ <\i{}sensu lato\i0{} genus to which formerly referred (see
          Notes)>/
 
#3. including <generic names treated here as synonyms>/
 
#4. excluding <genera excluded - not yet entered>/
 
#5. the plants <stems and/or leaves, whether noticeably laticiferous
          etc. (a casual character - see laticifers):>/
       1. laticiferous/
       2. non-laticiferous <<implicit>>/
 
#6. the plants <whether succulent>/
       1. succulent <implicit>/
       2. not succulent/
 
#7. the plants <form>/
       1. more or less conventionally dicotyledonous and leafy/
       2. 'cactoid' <see Notes <implicit>>/
 
#8. the plants <when cactoid: cerioid or condensed-cactoid>/
       1. cerioid/
       2. condensed-cactoid/
       3. opuntioid/
 
#9. the plants <whether low and compacted: for keys only>/
       1. low and very compacted in their entirety <more or less
          globular, depressed-globular, subglobular, discoid, shortly
          columnar or barrel-shaped>/
       2. not low and very compacted <not more or less globular,
          depressed-globular, subglobular, discoid, shortly columnar, or
          barrel-shaped <to become implicit>>/
 
#10. the plants appearance <condensed-cactoid, dominance of areolar
          structures>/
       1. dominated by crowded interlacing areolar structures <spines,
          bistles, hairs, wool> obscuring any tubercles, ribs or
          furrows/
       2. dominated by large, crowded, semi-spherical, naked tubercles
          with areoles sunken between these/
       3. dominated neither by crowded areolar structures nor by
          tubercles covering the areoles <implicit>/
 
#11. the plants <vegetatively largely comprising tubercles>/
       1. vegetatively reduced almost entirely to rosettes of large,
          trigonous tubercles <e.g., \i{}Ariocarpus\i0{}>/
       2. not vegetatively reduced to tubercles <implicit>/
 
#12. the plants <whether tiny, with tuberous rootstock, etc.:
          \i{}Blossfeldia\i0{}>/
       1. tiny, with depressed, discoid stems, tuberous rootstock,
          spineless areoles and deliquescent fruits/
       2. not as in \i{}Blossfeldia\i0{} <implicit>/
 
#13. the stems <whether spiny>/
       1. spiny/
       2. not spiny/
 
#14. the stems <shape, condensed-cactoid or cerioid>/
       1. <condensed-cactoid,> discoid/
       2. <condensed-cactoid, more or less> globose/
       3. <condensed-cactoid,> ovoid/
       4. <condensed-cactoid or cerioid,> barrel-shaped/
       5. <cerioid,> shortly cylindric/
       6. <cerioid,> elongate cylindric/
 
#15. the stems <globose to cylindrical, diameter>/
       cm in diameter/
 
#16. the <condensed-cactoid> stems <whether apically depressed>/
       1. apically depressed/
       2. not apically depressed/
 
#17. the stems <cephalia, pseudocephalia>/
       1. cephaliate <apically>/
       2. pseudocephaliate/
       3. neither cephaliate nor pseudocephaliate <implicit>/
 
#18. the plants <habit>/
       1. terrestrial and self supporting <<implicit>>/
       2. epiphytic/
       3. scrambling/
       4. climbing/
       5. lithophytic/
       6. geophytic/
 
#19. the plants <aerial (adventitious) roots>/
       1. producing aerial roots/
       2. not producing aerial roots <implicit>/
 
#20. the plants <unbranched or branched>/
       1. branched/
       2. unbranched/
       3. offsetting <with usually readily detachable branches
          replicating the main body>/
 
#21. the plants <cladodes, presence>/
       1. with cladodes/
       2. without cladodes <implicit>/
 
#22. the cladodes <with or without a midrib>/
       1. with midribs/
       2. without midribs/
 
#23. the plants <carriage>/
       1. erect/
       2. prostrate/
       3. pendent/
 
#24. the plants <whether shrubby or tree-like>/
       1. neither shrubby nor tree-like <to become implicit>/
       2. shrubby/
       3. tree-like/
 
#25. the <mature> plants <branched, presence of trunks>/
       1. with well formed trunks/
       2. not developing conspicuous trunks <implicit>/
 
#26. the plants <clustered or solitary>/
       1. solitary/
       2. clustering/
 
#27. the plants to <erect, height>/
       m high/
 
#28. the stems <of mature plants, whether columnar>/
       1. columnar/
       2. not columnar/
 
#29. the shoots <when plants branching, origins>/
       1. formed deeply within the stems, and emerging by breaking
          through the epidemis/
       2. formed conventionally (externally) <implicit>/
 
#30. the branches <whether differing in form from the main stem>/
       1. differing in form from the main stem/
       2. resembling the main stem <to become implicit>/
 
#31. the main stem <when branched, dominance>/
       1. remaining dominant/
       2. not remaining dominant <the branching basal or irregular>/
 
#32. the main stem <of branched forms, shape>/
       1. flattened/
       2. globose/
       3. ovoid/
       4. obovoid/
       5. more or less cylindrical/
 
#33. the <cerioid, opuntioid> branches <shape, when differing from main
          stem>/
       1. flattened/
       2. cylindrical/
       3. clavate/
       4. globose/
       5. angled/
 
#34. the <cactoid plant> branches to <length>/
       cm long/
 
#35. the branches <globose to cylindrical, diameter>/
       cm in diameter/
 
#36. the branches <when flat, width>/
       cm wide/
 
#37. the branches <\i{}Consolea\i0{} form>/
       1. flattened in the vertical plane, with the upper margin
          straight and the lower one curved <\i{}Consolea\i0{}>/
       2. not combining a straight upper margin with a curved lower one/
 
#38. the stems <or branches, cactoid, segmented or not>/
       1. segmented <articulated, the joints and segments not
          representing nodes and internodes>/
       2. not segmented/
 
#39. the <cactoid> stems <and/or branches, articulation>/
       1. annually articulating/
       2. not annually articulating/
 
#40. the stems <whether ribbed>/
       1. ribbed and grooved/
       2. not ribbed and grooved/
 
#41. the <stem> ribs <number>/
 
#42. the ribs <of cactoid plants: longitudinal or spiral>/
       1. borne spirally/
       2. longitudinal/
       3. tessellate/
 
#43. the <stem> ribs <shape>/
 
#44. the <stem> grooves <width>/
       1. <shallow and> wide/
       2. deep and narrow <the ribs close together>/
 
#45. the <cactoid> plants <whether tuberculate>/
       1. conspicuously tuberculate/
       2. not conspicuously tuberculate/
 
#46. the tubercles <podaria, form>/
 
#47. the tubercles <whether adaxially grooved or ridged>/
       1. longitudinally grooved adaxially from the areole towards their
          axils/
       2. adaxially ridged from the areole towards the axil/
       3. neither grooved nor ridged adaxially <implicit>/
 
#48. the tubercular groove <relative length>/
       1. short, extending less than halfway to the axil/
       2. extending more than halfway to the axil/
 
#49. the tubercles <whether connected by ribs>/
       1. connected by the ribs/
       2. not connected by ribs/
 
#50. the tubercles <representing modified leaf bases>, disposition>/
       1. spirally disposed/
       2. borne in longitudinal series/
       3. borne along the margins of the flattened branches/
       4. scattered/
 
#51. the areoles <whether associated with tubercles>/
       1. associated with tubercles/
       2. not tubercle-associated/
 
#52. the areoles <proximity>/
       1. distant/
       2. closely approximating/
       3. confluent <concrescent, composite>/
 
#53. the confluent areoles <position>/
       1. at the ends of terminal, flattened stem segments/
       2. terminating the <non-flattened> stems/
       3. lateral/
 
#54. the components <spines, bristles, hairs> of adjacent areoles
          <cover>/
       1. so extensively covering the mature plant body as to obscure
          any ribs or furrows/
       2. not obscuring details of the plant body <to become implicit>/
 
#55. the areoles <arrangement>/
       1. spirally disposed/
       2. borne in longitudinal series/
       3. borne along the margins of the flattened branches/
       4. scattered on the surfaces/
       5. terminal/
 
#56. the morphologically geminate, super-imposed buds <separate or very
          close together>/
       1. very close, forming single areoles/
       2. separated, with the lower one in the axil of the conspicuous
          tubercle that bears the upper one at its tip/
 
#57. the areoles <form>/
       1. simple <circular or elliptic>/
       2. <elongated,> with the abaxial spine cluster at the tubercle
          tip connected to the adaxial floriferous meristem nearer its
          axil by a recessed linear isthmus or a ridge/
       3. distinctly bipartite, with the abaxial spine cluster at the
          tubercle tip and no recessed isthmus or other visible
          connection with the adaxial, floriferous meristem near its
          base <e.g. \i{}Mammillaria\i0{}>/
 
#58. the flowering areoles <whether differing from the rest>/
       1. differing in form from the non-flowering ones/
       2. resembling the non-flowering ones/
 
#59. the areoles <association with extra-floral nectaries>/
       1. associated with extra-floral nectaries/
       2. not associated with extra-floral nectaries/
 
#60. the areoles <hairy or not>/
       1. hairy/
       2. without hairs/
 
#61. the areoles <whether woolly>/
       1. woolly/
       2. not woolly/
 
#62. the areoles <bristles>/
       1. with bristles/
       2. without bristles/
 
#63. the areoles <presence of glochids <see Notes>>/
       1. with glochids/
       2. without glochids/
 
#64. the areoles <whether developing spines>/
       1. with spines <representing the short-shoot leaves>/
       2. without spines/
 
#65. the <areolar> spines <arrangement>/
       1. solitary/
       2. paired/
       3. clustered/
 
#66. the <areolar> spines <number>/
 
#67. the <areolar> spines <length>/
       cm long/
 
#68. the <areolar> spines <radials/centrals>/
       1. with radials and centrals differentiated/
       2. showing little or no difference between radials and centrals/
 
#69. central spines <number>/
 
#70. central spines <whether forming a cross>/
       1. conspicuously forming a cross/
       2. not forming a cross/
 
#71. radial spines <number>/
 
#72. the <areolar> spines <sheathed or not>/
       1. sheathed/
       2. without sheaths <implicit>/
 
#73. the <areolar> spines <flexible or stiff>/
       1. stiff/
       2. flexible/
 
#74. the <areolar> spines <presence of hooks>/
       1. usually including some hooked members/
       2. never hooked <implicit>/
 
#75. the <areolar> spines <straight, curved or hooked>/
       1. straight/
       2. curved/
       3. hooked/
 
#76. the <areolar> spines <flattened or cylindric>/
       1. flattened/
       2. terete/
 
#77. the <areolar> spines <colour>/
 
#78. the mature stems <presence, constitution of leaves>/
       1. with well developed leaves/
       2. with much reduced leaves/
       3. leafless/
 
#79. leaves of mature stems <maximum size as reflected by their greatest
          dimension: a casual character (see Notes)>/
       1. minute <5mm or less>/
       2. small <3mm to 3cm>/
       3. medium-sized <2 to 30cm>/
 
#80. leaves of mature stems <texture>/
       1. herbaceous/
       2. fleshy/
       3. membranous/
 
#81. leaves of mature stems/
       1. flat/
       2. terete/
 
#82. <leaf> laminae <venation>/
       1. veined/
       2. veinless/
 
#83. <leaf> laminae <venation system, closed or open>/
       1. <conspicuously> cross-venulate <currently very inclusive -
          including reticulate>/
       2. without <conspicuous> cross-venules/
 
#84. flowering <nocturnal or diurnal>/
       1. at night/
       2. during the day/
 
#85. pollination <type>/
       1. anemophilous/
       2. entomophilous/
       3. ornithophilous/
       4. cheiropterophilous/
 
#86. pollination <entomophilous>/
       1. via beetles/
       2. via hymenoptera/
       3. via lepidoptera/
       4. via diptera/
 
#87. the flowers <aggregation>/
       1. solitary/
       2. aggregated/
 
#88. the flowers <terminal or lateral>/
       1. terminal <arising near stem apices, associated with nascent
          areoles>/
       2. lateral <arising at mature areoles>/
 
#89. the flowers <number per areole>/
       1. one per areole/
       2. more than one per areole/
 
#90. the flowers <form>/
       1. tubular/
       2. funnelform/
       3. campanulate/
       4. bowl-shaped/
       5. rotate <saucer shaped>/
       6. salver-shaped, the perianth limb broad <with a widely
          spreading perianth more or less at right angles to a narrow
          tube>/
 
#91. the flowers <shape>/
 
#92. the flowers <whether pedicellate>/
       1. sessile/
       2. pedunculate/
 
#93. the flowers <size; a casual character reflecting their greatest
          dimension, whether diameter or length (see Notes)>/
       1. minute <3mm or less>/
       2. small <2mm to 2cm>/
       3. medium-sized <1 to 6cm>/
       4. large <4 to 20cm>/
       5. very large <greater than 15cm>/
 
#94. the flowers <length>/
       cm long/
 
#95. the flowers <odour>/
       1. fragrant/
       2. malodorous/
       3. odourless/
 
#96. the flowers <symmetry of K, C and A, exclusive of G>/
       1. regular <actinomorphic, radially symmetric>/
       2. somewhat irregular <fairly regular alternation of components
          but posterior perianth members larger, etc.>/
       3. very irregular <including monosymmetric, zygomorphic,
          bisymmetric, bilaterally symmetric, asymmetric etc.>/
 
#97. the floral irregularity <components most conspicuously involved>/
       1. involving <all or part of> the perianth/
       2. involving the androecium/
 
#98. the receptacle and the ovary <embedded or free>/
       1. embedded in the branchlet/
       2. free <not embedded: implicit>/
 
#99. the receptacle <floral, whether produced into a tubular
          hypanthium>/
       1. conspicuously produced beyond the ovary into a tubular
          hypanthium <implicit>/
       2. scarcely produced beyond the ovary <only a slight floral
          tube>/
       3. not produced beyond the ovary <floral tube absent>/
 
#100. the receptacle <ornamentation>/
       1. naked/
       2. not naked/
 
#101. the receptacle <scales>/
       1. with scales/
       2. without scales/
 
#102. the receptacle <spines>/
       1. with spines/
       2. spineless/
 
#103. the pericarpel <proximal part the flower/receptacle, enclosing the
          ovary: details>/
 
#104. the hypanthial tube <details>/
 
#105. the hypanthial tube <whether S-shaped>/
       1. bent into an S shape <\i{}Weberbauerocereus\i0{}>/
       2. not S-shaped <implicit>/
 
#106. the hypanthial tube <when present, ornamentation>/
       1. naked/
       2. not naked/
 
#107. the hypanthial tube <presence of scales>/
       1. with scales/
       2. without scales/
 
#108. the scales of the hypanthial tube <whether spine-tipped>/
       1. spine-tipped/
       2. not spine-tipped <implicit>/
 
#109. the axils of the scales of the hypanthial tube <whether more or
          less naked>/
       1. more or less naked/
       2. not naked/
 
#110. the hypanthial tube <spines>/
       1. with spines/
       2. spineless/
 
#111. the perianth <exposure during bud development>/
       1. exposed during bud development <implicit>/
       2. obscured by the tube during bud development/
 
#112. the perianth <constitution>/
       1. with distinct calyx and corolla/
       2. sequentially intergrading from sepals to petals <with
          intermediates>/
       3. <exclusively> petaline <more or less convincingly
          interpretable as petals>/
       4. of tepals <not readily resolvable into calyx and/or
          corolla>/
 
#113. the perianth <regardless of its morphological interpretation,
          total number of parts: many encoded as to 50 or more>/
 
#114. the perianth <tepals, colour>/
       1. green/
       2. white/
       3. cream/
       4. yellow/
       5. orange/
       6. red/
       7. pink/
       8. purple/
       9. violet/
       10. blue/
       11. brown/
       12. black/
       13. hyaline <non-exclusive state - to be removed>/
 
#115. the perianth limb <prominence>/
       1. relatively large/
       2. short or none/
 
#116. the perianth segments <of mature flowers, carriage>/
       1. more or less erect/
       2. spreading/
       3. recurved/
 
#117. the perianth segments <shape>/
       1. elongate, relatively narrow/
       2. relatively short, broad/
 
#118. the perianth segments <apices>/
       1. blunt/
       2. pointed/
       3. acuminate/
       4. apiculate/
 
#119. the androecium <presence of staminodes>/
       1. including staminodes/
       2. without staminodes <implicit>/
 
#120. stamens <fertile, number: many encoded as to 100 or more>/
 
#121. stamens <insertion>/
       1. free of the perianth <includes perigone tube/hypanthium>/
       2. adnate to the perianth <includes perigone tube>/
 
#122. stamens <whether separated from the perianth by a ring of hairs>/
       1. separated from the perianth by a conspicuous ring of hairs/
       2. not separated from the perianth by a ring of hairs <implicit>/
 
#123. stamens <whether exserted>/
       1. not exserted <included>/
       2. exserted beyond the perianth/
 
#124. stamens <coherence, when adnate to the perianth>/
       1. in groups <specify>/
       2. not grouped <inserted spirally: implicit>/
 
#125. stamens <coherence>/
       1. coherent/
       2. free of one another <implicit>/
 
#126. pollen grains <number of apertures>/
       aperturate/
 
#127. gynoecium <position>/
       1. superior <free of P, K, C>/
       2. partly inferior <adnate below to P, K, C>/
       3. inferior <adnate to epigynous P, K, C and/or receptacle
          <implicit>>/
 
#128. the stigma lobes <colour>/
       1. white/
       2. green/
       3. yellow/
       4. red/
 
#129. locules <of syncarpous ovary, whether exhibiting false septa>/
       1. secondarily divided by false septa/
       2. without false septa <<implicit>>/
 
#130. placentation <when syncarpous and unilocular>/
       1. basal/
       2. parietal <implicit>/
       3. apical/
       4. laminar-dispersed/
       5. free central/
 
#131. the ovules <whether differentiated prior to fertilization>/
       1. differentiated <<to become implicit>>/
       2. not differentiated <prior to fertilization>/
 
#132. the ovules in the single cavity <number in the unilocular ovary:
          many indicated by 100>/
 
#133. the ovules <morphological orientation: data on this and ovule
          developmental features extensively from Davis 1966>/
       1. orthotropous/
       2. hemianatropous <semianatropous, hemitropous>/
       3. anatropous/
       4. campylotropous/
       5. amphitropous/
 
#134. the funicles <of the ovules, circinotropous>/
       1. circinate/
       2. not circinate <implicit>/
 
#135. the mature fruit <length>/
       cm long/
 
#136. the mature fruit <shape>/
       1. globose/
       2. ovoid/
       3. ellipsoidal <oblong>/
       4. clavate/
       5. pyriform/
       6. turbinate <top-shaped, inversely conical>/
       7. barrel-shaped/
 
#137. the mature fruit <colour>/
       1. white/
       2. green/
       3. yellow/
       4. orange/
       5. brown/
       6. red/
       7. purple/
       8. blue/
       9. purplish bronze/
       10. pink/
       11. greenish with violet sheen/
 
#138. the mature fruit <naked or not>/
       1. naked <apart from any terminal floral remains>/
       2. not naked/
 
#139. the mature fruit <spines and glochids>/
       1. spiny/
       2. with glochids/
       3. without spines <or glochids>/
 
#140. the mature fruit <floral remains>/
       1. with persistent floral remains/
       2. without persistent floral remains/
 
#141. the mature fruit <persisting style>/
       1. with the style alone persisting after the other floral remains
          have fallen/
       2. without the persistent style characteristic of \i{}Cereus\i0{}
          (q.v.) <implicit>/
 
#142. the mature fruit <texture at maturity>/
       1. <at least partially> fleshy/
       2. non-fleshy when mature/
 
#143. the mature fruit <whether having translucent and watery pulp>/
       1. with characteristically watery and translucent pulp
          <\i{}Cipocereus\i0{}>/
       2. without watery and translucent pulp <implicit>/
 
#144. the mature fruit <syncarpous, dehiscence>/
       1. dehiscent <opening to release the seeds>/
       2. indehiscent <neither opening nor breaking up in any precise
          fashion at maturity>/
 
#145. the mature fruit <manner of dehiscence>/
       1. dehiscing vertically by one slit/
       2. dehiscing vertically by more than one slit/
       3. dehiscing via basal pores/
       4. dehiscing transversely near the top/
       5. dehiscing via a circumcissile cap and a dorsal slit/
       6. irregularly dehiscent/
 
#146. the seeds <length>/
       mm long/
 
#147. the seeds <colour>/
       1. white/
       2. brown/
       3. black/
 
#148. the seeds <whether hairy>/
       1. conspicuously hairy/
       2. felted/
       3. not hairy <<implicit>>/
 
#149. the seeds <shape>/
       1. globose or sub-globose/
       2. ovoid/
       3. obliquely ovoid/
       4. pyriform <obovoid>/
       5. reniform/
       6. helmet- or hat-shaped/
       7. hemispherical/
       8. cochleate <helicoid, snail-shaped>/
       9. flat/
 
#150. the seeds <whether curved>/
       1. curved/
       2. not curved/
 
#151. the seeds <keeled or not>/
       1. keeled/
       2. not keeled/
 
#152. the seeds <compression>/
       1. <somewhat> compressed/
       2. flattened/
       3. concave/
 
#153. the seeds <whether winged>/
       1. winged/
       2. wingless <<implicit>>/
 
#154. the seeds <perisperm>/
       1. with perisperm/
       2. with little or no perisperm/
 
#155. the seeds <whether enclosed in the bony aril>/
       1. encased in their bony arils/
       2. not encased in bony arils/
 
#156. the seeds <strophiolate>/
       1. with a strophiole obscuring the hilum/
       2. without a strophiole hiding the hilum <implicit>/
 
#157. the seeds <hilum and micropyle>/
       1. with hilum and micropyle disjunct/
       2. with hilum and micropyle conjunct/
       3. with hilum and micropyle fused/
 
#158. the seeds <mucilage sheath>/
       1. with a mucilage sheath/
       2. without a mucilage sheath <dubiously implicit>/
 
#159. the testa <shiny or matt>/
       1. shiny/
       2. dull/
 
#160. the testa <ornamentation>/
       1. papillate/
       2. tuberculate/
       3. with minute hairlike projections/
       4. spiculate/
       5. verrucose <warty>/
       6. rugose <wrinkled>/
       7. reticulately or striately patterned/
       8. pitted/
       9. spotted/
       10. smooth, without ornamentation/
 
#161. embryo <shape>/
       1. straight/
       2. curved/
       3. spiral/
 
#162. cotyledons <form>/
       1. foliaceous/
       2. linear/
       3. reduced or vestigial/
 
#163. laticifers <presence, comprising cells or coenocytes>/
       1. with laticifers/
       2. without laticifers <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#164. cortical bundles <presence in stems: see Notes>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#165. medullary bundles <presence in stems>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#166. the <stem or wood> vessel end-walls <form of perforation>/
       1. reticulately perforated/
       2. scalariform/
       3. <with> simple <perforations>/
 
#167. <photosynthetic pathway (see Notes):>/
       1. C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/
       2. CAM <dubiously implicit>/
 
#168. <natural world distribution (excluding introduced aliens):>/
 
#169. <natural geographical distribution, excluding cultivated plants
      and alien introductions (see Notes) - intended for field keys only:>/
       1. North America/
       2. Central America/
       3. South America/
       4. West Indies/
       5. North Africa/
       6. Central, East tropical and West tropical Africa/
       7. South Africa/
       8. Madagascar/
       9. Indian Ocean islands/
 
#170. <generic chromosome numbers (preferably \i{}X\i0{} (basic);
          \i{}n\i0{} or 2\i{}n\i0{} when \i{}X\i0{} not specified):>/
 
#171. ploidy levels recorded:/
 
#172. <species number>/
       species/
 
#173. subfamily/
       1. Pereskioideae/
       2. Opuntioideae/
       3. Maihuenioideae/
       4. Cactoideae/
 
#174. tribe <of Opuntioideae>/
       1. Austrocylindropuntieae/
       2. Cylindropuntieae/
       3. Opuntieae/
       4. Pterocacteae/
       5. Tephrocacteae/
 
#175. tribe <of Cactoideae>/
       1. Browningieae/
       2. Cacteae/
       3. Calymmantheae/
       4. Cereeae/
       5. Hylocereeae/
       6. Notocacteae/
       7. Pachycereeae/
       8. Rhipsalideae/
       9. Trichocereeae/
 
#176. <comments on this description>/
 
#177. <illustrations (see Notes):>/
 
#178. abbreviated taxon name:/
