*SHOW The Moss Families of Britain and Ireland. 22 July 2005. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# Amblystegiaceae/
1<Feather-mosses> 2<~Hypnaceae; excluding Campyliaceae> 4,1
6<loosely>,2/3/4 8,1-2<irregularly branched> 12,2/1-2<i.e.,
sub-complanate, in \i{}Leptodictyum\i0{} only> 13<mostly>,2 14,2<at
least, never mentioned> 21,1<though the branch leaves are often smaller>
24<mostly>,4-5<or deltoid> 26,1 27,1<or sub- or falcato-secund,
especially when moist>/2 28,2<except, rarely, towards their tips> 31,2
32,1<rarely>/3 33<when present,>,1<rarely>/2<commonly to about
half-way>/3<rarely, in \i{}Amblystegium\i0{}> 34,1<sometimes in
\i{}Amblystegium\i0{}>/2<mostly> 37<nearly always>,2 38<mostly>,2 39,4/5
41,1 43,1/2 44,2 45,3<mostly>/2 46,3-5/6 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 50,2 51,1-3
53<narrowly>,3/4/5-6 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1/2<rarely> 58<when
monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,2-3 65<at least somewhat>,2 66,3 67,2
68,3-4<often somewhat contracted below the mouth after dehiscence> 71,2
73,1 74<mostly>,1 76,1 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16 87,2 89,1 90,2 91,1
92,1<often distinctly articulated> 93,2 95,1 96,1-3<?> 97,1 98,1<these
broad> 99,16 100,2 101,1 103,2 104<shortly>,3/2 106<long>
107<usually>,2<?> 108<reddish> 109,1 110,1-3 111,1<commonly>/2/3 113,1/2
114,1/2 116<mostly found in moist, wet or aquatic habitats - especially
fens, marshes, dune slacks, basic flushes, etc.>
117,10&11&12&13&19&20&21&22&24&28&30&40&46<occasionally with
supernumeraries> 118,8 119<\i{}Amblystegium\i0{},
\i{}Hygroamblystegium\i0{}, \i{}Leptodictyum\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 125<The family and
generic descriptions perused for this compilation offer no means of
distinguishing Amblystegiaceae from Brachytheciaceae at family level.>
126<amblyste> 
 
# Amphidiaceae/
1<Yoke-mosses> 2<~Dicranaceae, Rhabdoweisiaceae> 4,3 6<densely>,1
9<to>,40-80 18,1 21,1 24,5-7/9 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,1 30,2 31,2 32,3 33,2-3
34,2 35,1/2 37,2 38,2 39,4/5 40,2 41,3<on one or both sides> 42,1
43<distally>,2/1 44,2 45,2-3 46,2 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 50,2 51,1 53,3-4 54,1
55,2 56,1 57,1/2<in \i{}A. mougeotii\i0{}> 58<in \i{}A.
lapponicum\i0{},>,1 59,2 62,2-3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68<narrowly>,6 69,2
71,2 73,2 74,2 79,1 80,3 82,2 105,1 106<very short> 107,1 110,3&4
111,1<\i{}A. lapponicum\i0{}>/2/3<\i{}A. mougeotii\i0{}> 113,1<or in
crevices>/- 114,1&2 116<on cliffs and rock outcrops or in crevices, in
ravines and woods, coastal and inland> 117,13<\i{}A. lapponicum\i0{}>
118,2 119<\i{}Amphidium\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&6&9&11 121,4 122,3/4 123,12/15
124,2 126<amphidia> 
 
# Andreaeaceae/
1<Rock-mosses> 4,3 6,1/2<the stems rooting only at their bases, the
leaves usually conspicuously hygroscopic> 9,5-80(-100) 11,1 23,1-2<often
curved to one side> 24,4-6/10-11/7<then abruptly narrowed above the base
to become so> 26,1 27,1<or curved to one side, often>/2 28,2 32,1/3
33<when present>,2/3 34,1<slightly, in \i{}A. crassinervia\i0{}>/2
37,1-2 38,1/2 39,3-5 45,2/3 47,1/2 48,2 49,1/2 50,2 51,1-2 53,1-2/4
54,1/2 55,2 56,2 57,1/2<\i{}A. nivalis\i0{} only> 58<when monoecious,>,1
62,3<the mature capsule becoming exserted via a pseudopodium, which
develops by elongation of the basal part of the sporogonium> 64,1 65,1
66,1-3 68,4-5/6 71,1 75,2 77,1 79,2 80,2<i.e., the lid persisting,
instead of being shed in the usual fashion> 82,2 105,2 111,1&2&3 113,1
114,1/2 116<growing on basic and acidic rocks, mostly at high altitudes
or montane> 117,9<+ m>/10/11<for the three species recorded> 118,11
119<\i{}Andreaea\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&6&7&11 121,2 123,2 124,14 125<plants
very fragile, reddish purple or brown to blackish> 126<andreaea> 
 
# Anomodontaceae/
1<Tail-mosses> 2<~Thuidiaceae> 4,1 6,2/4<the primary stems stoloniform,
the secondary stems more or less erect and irregularly branched> 13,1/2
21,2<those on the primary stems smaller and different in shape>
24,4-6<sometimes deltoid>/9 26,1 32,3 33,2 37,1/2 38,1/2 39,3/4-5
41<narrowly>,3/1 43,1/2-3<or crenulate> 44,2 45,2-3 47,1 50,1-2 51,1-2
53,3-4 54<1- or 2-3>,1 55,2 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67<sometimes
slightly>,2/1 68,3/4-5 71,2 74,1/2 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,1/1-2 89,1 90,2
91,1 92,1 93,2 95<when present,>,2-3 96,1 97,1 98,1<these short, and
irregular at least in \i{}A. viticulosus\i0{}> 101,2<or with rudiments
only> 104,2-5 106<long to short, sometimes scarcely raised above the
branches> 107,1 108<straw-coloured in \i{}A. viticulosus\i0{}>
111,1<commonly>/2/3<?> 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<on rocks, logs, tree bases or
tree trunks, commonly in basic habitats> 117,11<in \i{}A.
longifolius\i0{} and A. \i{}viticulosus\i0{}> 118,3
119<\i{}Anomodon\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11<\i{}A.
viticulosus\i0{} being the most generally distributed, being often
common in basic habitats at low altitudes> 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13
126<anomodon> 
 
# Archidiaceae/
1<Clay Earth-moss> 2<in Dixons Dicranaceae> 4,3<the capsules at first
terminal, but becoming lateral by development of innovations>
6<perennial, densely>,2/4 9,5-20 24,5-7/8 26,1 32,3 33,2-3 34,2
37,2 39,4-5 40,2 41,1 45,3 46,2 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2 51,2-3
53<narrowly>,3/5 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 62,1 64,1 65,1 66,1 68,1<pellucid>
70,3 71,2 73,1 79<very thin,>,3 80,1 82,2 106<short> 110<more or less>,3
113,2 114,2 116<on bare, often sandy soil in moist fields, on moorland,
in wood rides or by rivers> 118,1 119<\i{}Archidium\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,10 124,16 126<archidia> 
 
# Aulacomniaceae/
1<Groove-mosses> 2<in Dixons Meesiaceae> 4,3 6,2/4 16,1 24,4-5 26,1
28,1/2 32,3 33,2 37,1-2 38,1-2 39,3-5 41,3<on one or both sides>/3
43,1/2 44,2 45,1-2<or enlarged> 47,1 48,2 50,2 51,1/1-2 53,3-4
54,1<usually both adaxially and abaxially, with a single conical
papilla> 55,2 56,1/2 57,2 60,1<\i{}A. palustre\i0{}>/2 61<of \i{}A.
palustre\i0{}>,1 62,3 64<slightly>,2<or curved>/3 66,3 67,1/1-2 68<more
or less>,5-6/3-4 71,1-2 73,2 76,1 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16 90,2 92,1
93,2 95,1 97,1 98,1 99,16 100,2 101,1 104,5 106<long> 107,1 110,2<\i{}A.
palustre\i0{} being common in bogs>/3 111,2/3 113,1/2 114,1/2
116<forming tufts or patches in bogs, acid flushes, wet places in
montane heaths and moors; mostly not saxicolous, but \i{}A.
androgynum\i0{} on damp rocks or decaying wood, or in knot holes or
crevices in bark; > 117,10&11&12 118,3 119<\i{}Aulacomnium\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,17 124,3 125<the branches
often terminating in flagelliform pseudopodia, these naked or with only
a few minute leaves, and bearing a cluster of gemmae at the tip>
126<aulacomn> 
 
# Bartramiaceae/
1<Apple-mosses, etc.> 2<excluding Catoscopiaceae> 4,1<e.g.,
\i{}Bartramia hallerana\i0{}, \i{}Breutelia arcuata\i0{}>/3<mostly>
6<mostly>,2 9<when erect or ascending, from about>,2-150/- 16,1 24,4-5/6<mostly
narrow> 26,1<or 5-ranked, in \i{}Conostomum\i0{}> 27<when moist,>,1<or
sub-secund>/2 28,1/2<mostly> 30,1<sometimes>/2 32,3 33,2/3 34,1/2 37,2
39<mostly>,5 43,2-3<sometimes doubly toothed>/1 45,1 47,1/2 48,1/2 49,1
50,2 51,1/2-3 53,1/2/3/4/5/6/7<but usually short and narrow and
sub-rectangular> 54<ostensibly>,1<often being mamillose> 55,1-2 56,1
57,1<mostly>/2<e.g., \i{}Conostomum\i0{}> 58,1/3 62,3 64,1/2<cernuous,
usually>/3/4<\i{}Breutelia\i0{}> 65<more or less>,1/2<the mouth often
oblique> 66,1/3 67<when elongate,>,1/2 68<more or less>,1/6/8<in
\i{}Conostomum\i0{},> 71,2 73,1<in some \i{}Philonotis\i0{} species>/2
75<very>,2 77,1 79,1 82,1<usually>/2<often, in \i{}Bartramidula\i0{}>
83<when present,>,1<\i{}Conostomum\i0{}, some
\i{}Bartramia\i0{}>/2<\i{}usually\i0{}> 85<when present,>,16
88,1<\i{}Conostomum\i0{}>/2 89,1 90,2 91,1/2<if the situation on
\i{}Conostomum\i0{} is interpreted as perforation> 92,1 93<when
present,>,2 95<when present,>,1-3 96,1 97,1 98,1<these divided>
101,1<the cilia well developed or rudimentary>/2 104,1/2/3 106<long>
107,2<sometimes cygneous>/1/3 110,2 111,1/2/3<often> 113,1&2 114,1&2
116<often in rock crevices, on stone walls, etc., by streamsides or on
damp rocks or in damp or peaty soil, sometimes at high altitudes>
117,6&7&8&12&16 118,16 119<\i{}Bartramia\i0{}, \i{}Bartramidula\i0{}
(~\i{}Philonotis\i0{}), \i{}Breutelia\i0{} (Golden-head Moss),
\i{}Conostomum\i0{} (Helmet-moss), \i{}Philonotis\i0{},
\i{}Plagiopus\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,17 124,3
126<bartrami> 
 
# Brachytheciaceae/
1<Feather-mosses and Mouse-tail Mosses> 2<~Hypnaceae> 4,1 6<slender to
robust plants, with creeping to ascending stems, branches sometimes
homomallous, usually>,3/4/5 12,1<rarely>/2 13,1<e.g., sometimes in
\i{}Eurhynchium\i0{}>/2<usually> 16,1/2 21,1/2 24<broadly>,4-6 26,1
27,1/2<mostly> 29,1<often, sometimes only weakly>/2 31,1<in
\i{}Brachythecium\i0{} spp., \i{}Cirriphyllum\i0{}, etc.>/2 32<nearly
always>,3<though occasionally the nerve forked or double, notably in
\i{}Isothecium myosuroides\i0{}> 33,2<sometimes terminating in a small
abaxial projection>/3 34,1<rarely>/2 37,1/2 38,1/2 39,3-5 43,1/2/3 44,2
45,2-3 46,4-6/7 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 50,1/2 51,3 53<elongate>,3/4/5-6/7
54<nearly always>,2 55,1/2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,1 59,1/2
62,3 64,1<rarely>/2-3<usually> 65,1-2 66,3 67,1/2<commonly> 68,3-5/6/8
71,1/2 73,1 74,1<e.g., in some \i{}Brachythecium\i0{} and
\i{}Eurhynchium\i0{} species>/2 76,1 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16<these
horizontally striate below, and papillose above> 89,1 90,2 92,1 93,2
95,1-2 96,1-3<?> 97,1<this high> 98,1 99,16 100,2 101,1<the cilia
usually well developed>/2<sometimes, in \i{}Isothecium\i0{}> 103<when
present,>,2 104,2-5 106<long> 107<usually>,2 108<usually reddish>
109,1/2 111,1<commonly>/2/3<uncommonly?> 113,1&2 114,1&2
117,5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&20&22<often variable within species>
118<about>,50 119<\i{}Brachythecium\i0{}, \i{}Cirriphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Eurhynchium\i0{}, \i{}Homalothecium\i0{}, \i{}Isothecium\i0{}
(Mouse-tail Mosses), \i{}Kindbergia\i0{}, \i{}Oxyrrhynchium\i0{},
\i{}Platyhypnidium\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoscleropodium\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchostegiella\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchostegium\i0{},
\i{}Scleropodium\i0{}, \i{}Scorpiurium\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11
121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 125<The family and generic descriptions
perused for this compilation offer no means of distinguishing
Amblystegiaceae from Brachytheciaceae at family level.> 126<brachyth> 
 
# Bruchiaceae/
1<Long-necked Moss> 2<~Ditrichaceae> 4,3 6,2<the tufts green or
brownish> 9<short, about>,3-10 23,1 24<proximally>,4-5/8<distally> 25,2
26,1 30,1 32,3 33,3 34,1<the sheathing base rapidly narrowed to the
excurrent subula, which is at its longest around the middle of the
shoot, where it comprises about half the length of the lamina, and
consists mainly of nerve> 39,5 44,2 45,2-3 46,2-6 47,2 49,1 50,2 51,1-3
53,1-6 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1 58,1 62,3 64,2 65,1/2 66,3 67,2
68<including the neck,>,2<bright orange-red> 71,1<the apophysis
constituting a narrow neck which is asymmetric at its base and is about
as long as the rest of the capsule> 73,2 74,1/2 77,1 79,1/2 80,3 82,1
83,1 85,16/32 87,1<usually, forming a short membrane>/2 89,1
90,1-2<irregular, from deeply cleft into 32 divisions to almost entire>
91,1/2 92,1 93<when incompletely cleft,>,1/- 104,5 106<1-3 cm long>
107,1 108<yellow> 109,1 111,3 113,2 114,1 116<montane, on moist, peaty
soil> 118,1 119<\i{}Trematodon\i0{}> 120,1<the only British
representative of the family being \i{}T. ambiguus\i0{}, last recorded
from the base of Schiehallion in mid-Perthshire in 1883!> 121,4 122,3
123,12 124,2 126<bruchiac> 
 
# Bryaceae/
1<Hump-mosses, Silver-mosses, Thread-mosses, etc.> 2<excluding Mniaceae
and \i{}Leptobryum\i0{}> 4,3 6,2<mostly>/3/4/6 8<usually>,1 9<when
erect, about>,2-120/- 10,1<often, by contrast with Mniaceae>/2 24,4-6/6-7
26,1 28,1<occasionally, e.g. in some \i{}Bryum\i0{} spp.>/2<usually, but
commonly flexuose> 31,1<e.g., in some \i{}Bryum\i0{} spp.>/2 32,3 33,2-3
34,1/2 35,1/2 40,1<\i{}Bryum capillare\i0{}>/2 42,1/2<\i{}Bryum\i0{}
p.p.> 44,1<notably in species of \i{}Bryum\i0{}>/2 45,3<mostly>/2
46<more or less>,5/6 47,2 48,1<mostly>/2 50,2<for the most
part>/1<sometimes to some extent, in comal leaves> 51,3<mostly>/2
53<more or less>,5<usually>/3/6/6-7 54,2 55,1<mostly>/2 57,1/2 58<when
monoecious,>,1/2<commonly>/3 60,1<e.g., \i{}Bryum erythrocarpum\i0{}>/2
61<when present,>,3 62,3 64,2-4 65,1<usually>/2<\i{}Plagiobryum\i0{}>
66,3 67,1/1-2
68,3-5<\i{}Mnium\i0{}>/2/6<\i{}Bryum\i0{}>/8<\i{}Plagiobryum\i0{}>
71,1<e.g., in some \i{}Bryum\i0{} species, \i{}Plagiobryum\i0{}>/2 73,1
75,1/2 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1-2
97,1<usually> 98<usually>,1 99,16 100,2 101,1/2 104,1/2/3-6 106<long>
107,1<usually>/2<cygneous, in \i{}Plagiobryum\i0{}>/3
111,1/2/3<commonly> 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<in diverse habitats, from low to
high altitudes> 117,9&10&11&20&21&22&24&27&30&33&40<and occasionally
with a supernumerary; many species of \i{}Bryum\i0{} unrecorded>
118<about>,60 119<\i{}Anomobryum\i0{} (Silver-mosses), \i{}Bryum\i0{}
(Thread-mosses), \i{}Plagiobryum\i0{} (Hump-mosses), \i{}Rhodobryum\i0{}
(Rose-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,17 124,3
126<bryaceae> 
 
# Buxbaumiaceae/
1<Shield-mosses> 2<excluding Diphysciaceae> 3,2 4,3 6<the tiny plants
solitary, or>,8<arising from brownish protonemal mats> 
9<to about>,0.5-2<minute>
19,2<i.e., having only the minute, ciliate perichaetial bracts> 57,2
62,3< with a stout, rough seta about 10-15 mm long> 64,2 65,2 66,3
67<slightly>,2/1 68<obliquely>,5<egg-shaped> 71,1/2 75<very>,2 77,1 82,1
83,2<the outer peristome comprising 1 or 4 rows of filiform or linear
teeth> 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,2 95,1<comprising a pale, tubular, 32-plicate
membrane> 98,2 101,2 104<narrowly>,2 106<short or long> 107,1 110,3
111,2-3 113,2 114,1&2 116<on humus-rich acidic or sandy soil, or on
rotting wood, especially with conifers> 117,8 118,2
119<\i{}Buxbaumia\i0{}> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11<\i{}B. aphylla\i0{}
being rare but of widespread occurrence, with \i{}B. viridis\i0{} only
in Scotland and very rare> 121,3 123,3 124,1 125<\i{}Buxbaumia
aphylla\i0{} is a strange genus, without chlorophyll (presumably
saprophytic?), and \i{}B. aphylla\i0{} was at one time considered to be
a fungus!> 126<buxbaumi> 
 
# Calomniaceae/
1<Tree-fern Beauty-moss> 4,3 6<plants small, pale green, slender, from a
persistent protonema> 8,1-2 9<with shoots to about 1 cm long> 12,1
23,1-2 24,2-3<the laterals>/1<more or less, the abaxial leaves, which
are smaller> 26,2<the dimorphic leaves in three ranks, reminiscent of
the vegetative organization of some liverworts> 28,2 29,2 30,2 32,3
33,2-3<in the larger, lateral leaves>/3<in the smaller, dorsal leaves>
34<of the dorsal leaves somewhat>,1/2 37,2 38,1<in the dorsal
leaves>/2<in the laterals> 39,4/5 41,1 42,1 43<(crenulate-)>,2/1 44,2
45,1 46<irregularly>,3 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2 51,1 53<irregularly>,3 54,2
55,1-2 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68<shortly>,3 69,2 70,3 71,2
74,1 82,2 104,5 106<long> 113,2 114,2 115,1 116<on trunks of the tree
fern, \i{}Dicksonia antarctica\i0{}> 118,1 119<\i{}Calomnion\i0{}>
120,11<only in South Kerry> 121,4 122,4 123,20 124,- 126<calomnia> 
 
# Campyliaceae/
1<Spear-mosses, Feather-mosses, Hook-mosses, etc.> 2<~Amblystegiaceae>
4,1 6,2/3/4 12,2 13<mostly>,2 14,2<at least, never mentioned> 16,1/2
21,1<though the branch leaves are often smaller> 23,1 24<mostly>,4-6<or
deltoid> 26,1 27<commonly sub- or falcato->,1/1/2 29<more or
less>,1<e.g., \i{}Campylium stellatum\i0{}, \i{}Drepanocladus\i0{}
spp.>/2<mostly> 31<somewhat>,1<e.g., in \i{}Campylium\i0{}>/2 32,1/2/3
33<when present,>,2<commonly to about half-way>/1-2<e.g., in
\i{}Hygrohypnum\i0{}>/3 34,2<mostly>/1<sometimes, in
\i{}Drepanocladus\i0{}> 37,2<nearly always> 39,4/5 41,1 42,1 43,1/1-2/2
44,2 45,3<mostly>/2 46,4-5/6-7 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 50,1<frequently>/2
51,3<mostly>/2-3 53<narrowly or irregularly>,2/3/6/7 54,2 55,1/2 56,1
57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,2/3 65<at least somewhat
somewhat>,2 66,3 67,2 68,3-4<often somewhat contracted below the mouth
after dehiscence>/8<sometimes somewhat, e.g. in \i{}Campylium
elodes\i0{}> 71,1<only occasionally>/2 73,1 74<mostly>,1 76,1 77,1 79,1
82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1<often distinctly articulated> 93,2
95,1 96,1-3<?> 97,1 98,1<these broad> 99,16 100,2 101,1 103,1
104<shortly>,2/2&3 106<long> 107<usually>,2<?> 108<reddish> 109,1
110,1/2<mostly>/3 111,1<commonly>/2/3 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<mostly found
in moist, wet or aquatic habitats - especially fens, marshes, dune
slacks, basic flushes, etc., occasionally on damp rocks>
117,8&9&10&11&12&18&20&22&24<occasionally with supernumeraries> 118,32
119<\i{}Calliergon\i0{} (Spear-mosses), \i{}Campylium\i0{} (Starry
Feather-mosses), \i{}Campyliadelphus\i0{} (Feather-mosses),
\i{}Conardia\i0{} (Compact Feather-moss), \i{}Drepanocladus\i0{}
(Hook-mosses), \i{}Hamatocaulis\i0{} (Varnished Hook-moss),
\i{}Hygrohypnum\i0{} (Brook-mosses), \i{}Pictus\i0{} (Pict-moss),
\i{}Pseudocalliergon\i0{} (Hook-, Spear-, and Scorpion-mosses),
\i{}Sanionia\i0{} (Hook-mosses), \i{}Scorpidium\i0{} (Hook- and
Scorpion-mosses), \i{}Straminergon\i0{} (Straw Spear-moss),
\i{}Tomentypnum\i0{} (Woolly Feather-moss), \i{}Warnstorfia\i0{}
(Hook-mosses)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13
126<campylia> 
 
# Catoscopiaceae/
1<Down-looking Mosses> 2<in Dixons Bartramiaceae> 4,3 6<densely>,2<the
tufts bright to dark green, blackish below> 9,(20-)40-70 24,5 26,1 32,3
33,3 34,2 37,2 39,5 41,3<proximally> 43,1 45,3 46,2 47,2 48<somewhat>,2
49,1 50,2 51,1-2 53,1-2/4 54,2 55<somewhat>,2 56,1 57,2 62,3
64,2<cernuous> 65<more or less>,1 66,1<minute> 68,1<black and glossy>
71,2 73,1 82,1 83,1/1-2<the outer poorly developed, the inner vestigial
or lacking> 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,U 98<if detectable,>,2 104,1
106<long, to 1 cm, very slender and rigid> 107,1 111,1 113,2 114,1&2
116<in montane flushes and dune slacks> 117,13&14 118,1
119<\i{}Catoscopium\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&6&11 121,4 122,4 123,14 124,3
126<catoscop> 
 
# Cinclidotaceae/
1<Lattice-mosses> 2<~Pottiaceae> 4,2<the fruits forming at the
extremities of short laterals> 9<taking the form of floating or
decumbent tufts, 20-120 mm long (\i{}C. fontinaloides\i0{}), or 50 mm
tufts (\i{}C. riparius\i0{})> 23,1/2 24,3/5-6/9 26,1 27,1<when moist>/2
32,3 33,3 34<slightly>,1/2 36,2 37,1/2 38,1<\i{}C. apiculatus\i0{}>/2
39,3/4 40,2 41<two- to several- stratose>,1/3 42,3<3-5 stratose, at
least distally> 44,1 45,1-2/3 46,2/4 47,1/2 48,1<usually>/2 49,1 50,1/2
51,1 53,3-4/4-5 54<faintly or strongly>,1 55,1-2 56,1 57,2 60,2
62,1<\i{}C. fontinaloides\i0{}>/3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3-4 71,2 73,1
77,1 79,1 82,1 83,1 85,16 86,1/2 87,1<or the teeth more or less latticed
below, with connecting bars>/- 90,1<bi- or trifid> 104<oblique,>,5
106<about 0.5-10 mm long> 107,1 110<more or less>,1/2<usually
periodically submerged> 111,1/2<mainly on regularly inundated rocks and
tree bases, with \i{}C. fontinaloides\i0{} and \i{}C. riparius\i0{}
mainly in basic locations, but \i{}C. mucronatus\i0{} sometimes occurs
away from water> 113,1/2 114,2 117,13<\i{}C. fontinaloides\i0{}> 118,2
119<\i{}Cinclidotus\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,13
124,10 126<cinclido> 
 
# Climaciaceae/
1<Tree-moss> 2<in Dixons Hypnaceae> 4,1 5<usually more or less
conspicuously>,1 6,1 8,2<creeping, with scale leaves only, the secondary
stems erect and much-branched towards their tops> 9,20-100 18,1 21,2<the
primary and secondary stem leaves scale-like> 24<on the
branches,>,4-6/9<plicate> 26,1<?> 27,1/2 29,1 32,1<stem leaves>/3<branch
leaves> 33<of branch leaves,>,2 43<coarsely>,3<distally> 45,3 46,5-6
47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,3 53<narrowly>,3/5 54,2 55,1 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,1
65,1-2 66,3 67,1-2 68<slightly>,8/3 71,2 74,2 79,1 82,1 83,2
85<reddish,>,16 89,1<basally confluent> 90,2 92<papillose> 93,2 95,1
96,3 98,1 99,16<these yellow and scalariform> 100,2 101,1-2<the cilia
rudimentary> 104<narrowly>,2 106<long, twisted> 107,3 110,2-3 113,2
114,2 116<in damp, marshy places, wet grassland and dune slacks> 117,11
118,1 119<\i{}Climacium\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4
123,19 124,8 126<climacia> 
 
# Cratoneuraceae/
1<Hook-mosses> 2<~Amblystegiaceae> 4,1<with rather regularly pinnate
branching> 6,2/3/4 7,2 8,1-2 12,2 13<(falcato-)>,1/2 14,2<never
mentioned> 16,1<often matted with rhizoids>/2 21,1-2<the stem leaves
larger and broader> 23,1 24,4<or deltoid>/5-6 26,1 27,1<or
falcato-secund> 30,2<but cordate> 31,1 32,3 33,2/2-3<reaching at least
to the base of the acumen> 34,2 37,2 39,5 41,1 42,1 43,1/2 44,2
45,2/3<?> 46<irregularly>,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1<enlarged, forming
distinct auricles which are decurrent almost to the nerve> 51,3 53,5-7
54,1/2 55,1 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,2/3 65<at least somewhat
somewhat>,2<gibbous>/1 66,3 67<more or less>,2 68,3-4 69,1-2 70,3 71,2
73,1 74,1 76,1 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1
96,1-3<?> 97,1 98,1<these broad> 99,16 100,2 101,1<the cilia entire>
104<shortly>,2-3 106<long> 108<reddish> 109,1 110,2/3 111<mostly>,1
113,1&2 114,1&2 118,2 119<\i{}Cratoneuron\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 126<crateron> 
 
# Cryphaeaceae/
4,1 6,4<these dark green> 8,2<stoloniform, the secondary stems erect,
procumbent or sometimes pendulous, homomallous> 13,2 14,1 24,4 26,1
29,1/2 32,3 33,2 37,2 39,4-5 41<proximally narrowly>,3/1 43,1 45,1-2
46,4 47,1-2 48,2 49,1 50,1<sometimes somewhat enlarged>/2 51,1-2<1 to
1.5 times as long as wide> 53,4 54,1-2 55,2 56,1 57,1 58,1 62,1<sessile
or sub-sessile, on one side of the stem> 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3-4 74,1 77,1
79,2 82,1<this nearly white> 83,2<in Britain and Ireland> 85,16 89,1
90,2 91,1 92,1<finely papillose> 93,2 95,2/3 96,2 97,1<this short>/2
98,1<these filiform> 99,16 100,2 101,1/2 104<more or less>,2 106<usually
very short> 110,2 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<the common \i{}C. heteromalla\i0{}
on bark especially near water, or rarely on rocks; \i{}Dendrocryphaea
lamyana\i0{} confined to Cornwall and Devon, on rocks and exposed tree
roots below the flood level of streams and rivers, very rare>
117,10<with one or two supernumeraries> 118,2
119<\i{}Dendrocryphaea\i0{} (Multi-fruited Cryphaea), \i{}Cryphaea\i0{}
(Lateral Cryphaea)> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11<\i{}D. lamyana\i0{}
confined to Cornwall and Devon, very rare; \i{}C. heteromalla\i0{}
frequent in England, Wales and Ireland, but scarce in Scotland> 121,4
122,4 123,19 124,8 126<cryphaea> 
 
# Daltoniaceae/
2<~Hookeriaceae> 4,1 6,2/4<dark green> 8,2<the plants small> 9,15-30
12,1/2 14,2 18,2 23,1/2 24,5-7<complanate or concave, often asymmetric>
26,1<actually 6 ranked, though complanate, in \i{}Calyptochaeta
apiculata\i0{}> 31,1 32,3/2-3<forked, in \i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}> 33,1-2
37,2 38,1<\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}>/2 39,4-5 40,2 41,1
42,1/2<\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}> 43,1<\i{}Daltonia\i0{}>/2-3<above, in
\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}> 44,1 45,2 46<irregularly to elongate>,3/4/5
47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2 51,2 53<irregularly>,3/5 54,2 55,1-2 56,1
57,1/2<\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}> 58<when monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,1 65,1
66,3 67,1 68,4/5/6<short-necked> 69,2 70,3 71,1-2 73,1 74,1<in
\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}, of large cells, and falling with the
lid>/2<\i{}Daltonia\i0{}> 76,1<sometimes>/2 77,1 79,2 82,1 83,2 85,16
89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1-2 96,2 97,2 98,1<these keeled> 99,16
100,2<papillose> 101,2 104,5 106<about 2 cm long, stout> 107,1 108<deep
red> 109,2<papillose> 110,2/3<in localities with high rainfall> 113,1/2
114,2 116<\i{}Daltonia\i0{} on humus, decaying wood or rocks by streams
and on tree boles, to 500m; \i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{} on sheltered soil or
sandstone boulders, near the sea> 118,2 119<\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}
(Southern Hookeria), \i{}Daltonia\i0{} (Irish Daltonia)>
120,1&2&11<\i{}Daltonia\i0{}>/7&9<East Sussex and the Isles of Scilly,
\i{}Calyptrochaeta\i0{}> 121,4 122,4 123,18 124,7 125<rhizoids 1-3
pinnately branched> 126<daltonia> 
 
# Dicranaceae/
1<Swan-neck Mosses, Bow-mosses, Fork-mosses, etc.> 2<excluding
Ditrichaceae, Seligeriaceae, Leucobryaceae and Rhabdoweisiaceae>
4,3<usually>/1<e.g., \i{}Dicranum scoparium\i0{}> 6,2/3/4/6 9<when erect
or ascending,>,2-150/-
16,1<commonly, e.g. in \i{}Dicranum\i0{}, and \i{}Campylopus\i0{} often
with red or red-brown tomentum>/2 18,1 24,4/5-6<commonly>/7-8 25,2 26,1
27,1<or falcato-secund>/2 28<tightly to loosely>,1/2 32,3 33,2-3
34,1-2<sometimes percurrent> 35,1 40,1<3 \i{}Campylopus\i0{} spp.>/2
42,1/2 44,U 45,2-3 46,2-6 47,2 50,1<mostly, sometimes forming
auricles>/2<Dicranelloideae> 51,1-3 53,1-6 54,2 57,1/2<commonly> 58<when
monoecious,>,1/2 62,3 64,1/2 65,1/2 66,3 67,1/2 68,3/5/6<rarely>/8
71,1<occasionally>/2<mostly> 73,1<in \i{}Dicranum\i0{},
etc.>/2<commonly, in some genera> 74,1/2 80,3 82,1 83,1
85,16<usually>/32<if divided to the base> 89,1 90,1<often almost to the
base, into 32 divisions> 91,1/2 92,1<and transversely articulated>
93<usually>,1<if not divided to the base>/- 94,2 104,4-6 106<usually
long> 107,2/1 113,1&2 114,1&2 117,7&10&11&12&13&14&15&22&23<sometimes
with one or 2-3 supernumeraries> 118<about>,46 119<\i{}Aongstroemia\i0{}
(Sprig-moss), \i{}Arctoa\i0{} (Fork-moss), \i{}Campylopus\i0{}
(Swan-neck Mosses), \i{}Dicranodontium\i0{} Bow-mosses),
\i{}Dicranella\i0{} (Forklet-mosses), \i{}Dicranum\i0{} (Fork-mosses),
\i{}Kiaeria\i0{} (Fork-mosses), \i{}Paraleucobryum\i0{} (Long-leaved
Fork-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,12 124,2 125<the
leaves usually more or less uniform in size up the stems> 126<dicranac> 
 
# Diphysciaceae/
1<Nut-mosses> 2<formerly included in Buxbaumiaceae> 4,3 6,4/8 7<minute,
almost stemless plants> 9<about>,0.5-5 19,1 24,5/9 28,1 30<slightly>,1-2
32,3 33,2<though excurrent in the perichaetial leaves> 37,1-2 39,3-4
42,1<the body of the lamina unistratose basally, but 2(-3) stratose
above> 45,1-2 46,2/3/4 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2 51,1 53,1-5 54,1 55,2 56,1
57,2 62,1-2<sub-sessile> 64,2 65,2 66,3 67<slightly>,2/1
68<obliquely>,5/8<somewhat> 71,1/2 75<very>,2 77,1 82,1
83,1<representing the inner peristome, cf. haplolepideous mosses in
general, but as in \i{}Buxbaumia\i0{} taking the form of a pale, plicate
membrane> 97<with only 16 longitudinal plicae, contrasting with the
34-plicate membrane of \i{}Buxbaumia\i0{}> 104<narrowly>,2 106<short or
long> 107,1 113,1&2 114,1&2 117,9 118,1<\i{}D. foliosum\i0{} being
common in montane areas, rare elsewhere> 119<\i{}Diphyscium\i0{}
(Nut-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&6&8&9&10 121,4 122,1 123,5 124,1 126<diphysci> 
 
# Disceliaceae/
1<Flag-mosses> 3,1 4,3 6<the male and female plants>,7/8 9<about>,1-3
24,4-5 26,1 32<almost>,1<sometimes with a faint vestigial nerve in the
upper part only> 37,2 38,2 39,4 41<concave> 43<distally bluntly>,3 45,3
46,3/5 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,3 53,3/5 54,2 55,1 56,1
57<(pseudo-)>,2<with male and female plants from the same, persistent
protonema> 60,1/2 61<when present,>,3<rhizoidal> 62,3 64<more or
less>,3/2 65,1 66<more or less>,1 68<(sub-)>,1/4 71,2 74,1<this large>
77,1<becoming twisted> 79,1 82,1 83,1 85,16 87,2 90,2 91,2<in the sense
of being divided below, but entire above> 93,2 104,3<and blunt>
106<slender, long, to 2.5 cm> 107,1<twisted when dry> 108<pale red>
110,2/3 113,2 114,2 116<on clayey banks of streams and ditches, and
dried-up beds of ponds and reservoirs> 117,13 118,1
119<\i{}Discelium\i0{} (Flag-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&6&7&8&9&11<generally
rare, except in the Pennines where \i{}D. nudum\i0{} is sometimes
locally abundant> 121,4 122,2 123,8 124,5 126<discelia> 
 
# Ditrichaceae/
2<~Dicranaceae> 4,3 6,1/2/4/8 7,2 9,1-120(-150)<but mostly small plants,
usually with unbranched stems> 12,1/2 18,1 24<more or less>,5<usually,
the upper often longer than the lower>/8<sometimes comprising mainly
nerve> 25,1<\i{}Distichium\i0{}>/2 26<when not distichous,>,1 27<more or
less>,1/2 28,1<rarely>/2 32,3 33,2-3 34,1-2<sometimes percurrent>
35,1<these in two bands> 39,4/5 40,1<?>/2 41,1/2/3 44,2 45,2-3 46,2-6
47,2 49,1 50,2 51,1-3 53,1-6 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1/2<most
\i{}Ditrichum\i0{} species> 58<when monoecious,>,1/2/3
62,1<\i{}Pseudephemerum\i0{}>/1-2<e.g., in \i{}Pleuridium\i0{}>/3 64,1/2
65,1/2 66,1<when cleistocarpous>/3 67,1/2 68,1/3/4/5/8 71,1/2 73,1/2
74,1/2 77,1 79,1/2 80,1<\i{}Pleuridium\i0{}, \i{}Pseudephemerum\i0{}>/3
82,1/2<when cleistocarpus> 83<when present>,1 85<when present,>,16 89,1
90,1<often almost to the base, into 32 divisions>/2 91,1/2 92,1 93<when
present,>,1 94,1 104<when present,>,2-5/6<the cleistocarpous capsule of
\i{}Pleuridium\i0{} with a blunt apiculus, that of
\i{}Pseudephemerum\i0{} beaked> 106<short to long> 107,1/2 113,1&2
114,1&2 116<in diverse habitats> 117,12&13&14&24&26&28<rarely with a
supernumerary> 118,19 119<\i{}Ceratodon\i0{} (Redshank Mosses),
\i{}Cheilothela\i0{} (Rabbit Moss), \i{}Distichium\i0{} (Distichiums),
\i{}Ditrichum\i0{} (Ditrichums and Path-moss), \i{}Pleuridium\i0{}
(Earth-mosses), \i{}Pseudephemerum\i0{} (Delicate Earth-moss, which
seems to fit better here than in Dicranaceae, to which it is commonly
referred), \i{}Saelania\i0{} (Dew-moss), \i{}Trichodon\i0{} (Cylindric
Ditrichum)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,12 124,2 125<the
upper leaves usually longer than the lower leaves> 126<ditricha> 
 
# Encalyptraceae/
1<Extinguisher-mosses> 2<Encalyptaceae> 4,3 6,2/4 9,5-60 24,5/9/10 26,1
28<usually more or less>,1/1-2<sometimes only incurved> 32,3 33,2-3
34<sometimes shortly>,1<into a mucro>/2 40,1<\i{}E. alpina\i0{}>/2
41,1/2/3<sometimes recurved near the base and inflexed above> 43<entire
or crenulate> 45,3 46<narrowly>,2 47,2 49,1 50,2 51,1/1-2 53,1/3/4
54,1<with numerous small papillae per cell> 55<fairly>,2/1 56,1
57,1<usually>/2<\i{}E. streptocarpa\i0{}> 58<usually>,1 60,1<often, in
\i{}E. streptocarpa\i0{}, in the form of brown, filiform, branched
axillary propagules>/2 62,3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3 71,2 73,1/2 74,1/2
75<very>,1<and persistent, extending below the base of the capsule in
characteristic fashion> 76,1<glossy> 77,1 78,2 79,3<at the base, or
fringed>/4 82,1/2<two \i{}Encalyptra\i0{} species> 83<when
present,>,1/2<and sometimes, the inner and outer peristomes are more or
less fused> 90<when present,>,1/2<in \i{}E. streptocarpa\i0{}> 92<when
present,>,1 93<when present,>,2 96<in \i{}E. streptocarpa\i0{}>,1/-
104,5-6 106<long> 107,1 108<yellowish or red> 110,3/4 111<mainly>,1
113,1/2 114,1/2 116<mainly associated with basic rocks and cliffs or
mortar in walls, often at high altitudes> 117,13&14&26&39 118,6
119<\i{}Encalyptra\i0{} (\i{}Encalypta\i0{})>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,2 123,7 124,17 126<encalypt> 
 
# Entodontaceae/
2<~Hypnaceae> 4,1 6,4/8<the stems and branches procumbent to ascending>
8<yellow or red> 12,1/2 21,1<the branch leaves sometimes narrower>
24,3-4/4-6 26,1 32,1/2 33<when present,>,1 37,1/2
38<bluntly>,1<sometimes, in \i{}Entodon\i0{}>/2 39,3-4/5<in
\i{}Orthothecium\i0{}> 41<distally>,2/1 43,1 44,2 45,3 46<narrowly>,5-7
47,2 48,1-2/2 49,1 50,1-2<these quadrate, in \i{}Entodon\i0{}>/2 51,3
52,2<supposedly distinguishing this family from Leucodontaceae>
53<narrowly>,5-7 54,2 55,1-2/2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,1 59,1/2
62,3 64,1/1-2 65<slightly>,2-1 66,3 67,1-2 68,3/4-5 71,2 73,1 74,1/2
76,1 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 89,1 90,2<?> 91,2 92,1 93,2 95,1/2 96,1-2<equal
to almost as long, in \i{}Entodon\i0{}> 97,1<but this short, in
\i{}Orthothecium\i0{}>/2<\i{}Entodon\i0{}> 98,1 100,2 101,1/2 104,4-5
106<long> 107,2<?> 109,1 110,2/3 111,1 113,1/2 114,1/2
116<\i{}Orthothecium\i0{} on (usually vertical) rock faces,
\i{}Entodon\i0{} on well drained basic soil, in turf, among rocks or
scree, occasionally in chalk or limestone grassland> 118,1/3<if
\i{}Orthothecium\i0{} is included> 119<\i{}Entodon\i0{} (Cylinder-moss)
and \i{}Orthothecium\i0{} (the latter perhaps better referred to
\i{}Hypnaceae\i0{})> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19
124,13 126<entodont> 
 
# Ephemeraceae/
2<in Dixons Funariaceae> 4,3<the tiny plants, annual, arising from the
persistent protonema> 6<often>,4 7,1 9,0.5-2.2 24,4-6 26,1<forming the
rosettes> 32,1<or sometimes with a vestigial nerve in the upper part>/3
33<when present,>,2/3 34<slightly>,1/2 37,2 39,4/5 43<(sub-)>,1/2-3 45,3
46,3/4/5 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,3 53,3/4/5 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1/2
58<when monoecious,>,1/3<\i{}Micromitrium\i0{}> 62,1 65,1 66<more or
less>,1 68<more or less>,1<but often apiculate> 71,2 74,1/2 75,2<minute
and persistent in \i{}Micromitrium\i0{}, fugacious in
\i{}Ephemerum\i0{}> 77,1 80,1<exhibiting only a rudimentary lid, but
that of \i{}Micromitrium\i0{} has a differentiated annulus, along which
it dehisces under pressure> 82,2 106<very short> 113,2 114,2 116<often
forming patches on damp, compressed soil or mud> 117,27<recorded for
\i{}E. cohaerens\i0{} only> 118,8 119<\i{}Ephemerum\i0{} (Earth-mosses),
\i{}Micromitrium\i0{} (Millimetre Moss)> 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4
122,3 123,13 124,5 126<ephemera> 
 
# Fabroniaceae/
2<excluding Myriniaceae> 4,1 6,4/6 8,2<and homomallous> 13,2 21,1 23,1
24,4<to deltoid, concave> 26,1 31,2 32,1/3 33<when present,>,1/2 37,2
38,2 39,4/5 41,1 42,1 43<finely crenulate or>,1/- 44,2 45,3 46,4/5 47,2
48,2 49,1 50,1-2 51,2-3 53,4-5 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,2 60,1<with (1-)2-5
celled, brownish gemmae on young parts of branch stems>/2 62,3
63<minute> 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68<narrowly>,4 74,1<large, separating>
77,1 79,1 82,1 83,1<the inner peristome lacking> 84,1 85,16<?> 89,1 90,2
92,1 93,2 104,2 106<short> 107,1 110,3 113,2 114,2 116<on tree trunks>
118,1 119<\i{}Habrodon\i0{} (Squirrel-tail Moss)> 120,2&3&4&6&9 121,4
122,4 123,19 124,13 126<fabronia> 
 
# Fissidentaceae/
1<Pocket-mosses> 4,1<\i{}F. adianthoides\i0{}, \i{}F.
taxifolius\i0{}>/3/2 6,2/4/8 12,1 18,1 24<clasping the stem, each leaf
comprising a boat-shaped, clasping basal part, beyond which extends an
abaxial, equitant wing with the nerve prolonged out into it> 25,1 30,1
31,1 32,3 33,2<\i{}Octodiceras\i0{}>/3 34,2<but sometimes percurrent>
44,U 51,1/1-2 53<more or less sub->,3/4 54,1<or mamillate> 55,1/2 56,1
57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,1/2/3 62,3 64,1/2-3
65<somewhat>,2<occasionally>/1 66<more or less>,1/3 67,1/1-2 68<more or
less>,1/4/5/6/8 71,1-2 73,1 77,1 79<entire at the base,>,1/2 82,1 83,1
85,16 89,1/2 90,1<bifid to about half-way> 91,1 92,1 93,1 104,5/6
106<terminal or lateral, long or short> 107<more or less>,1/2 110,1-3
116<often but not always growing in wet situations, sometimes submerged>
117,5&10&11&12&13&16&24<occasionally with supernumeraries> 118,22
119<\i{}Fissidens\i0{}, \i{}Octodiceras\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,12 124,4 126<fissiden> 
 
# Fontinalaceae/
1<Water-mosses> 4,1<?>/2 6<straggling,>,2 8<long and irregularly
branched> 9<sometimes with shoots to as long as 150 cm>
11,1<sometimes>/2 21,1 24,4-5/1-4 26<often more or less>,2 32,1 37,2
39,4 41,1 43,1 45,3<narrow> 46,3/5/6 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1<usually
enlarged and forming distinct auricles> 51<mostly narrowly>,3
53,3/5/6/6-7 54,2 55,1 56,1 62,1<on rather elongated perichaetial
branches>/2-3/3 64,1/2 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3-5 71,2 77,1 79<minute,
smooth> 82,1 83,2 85,16<red> 90,2 91,1/2 92,1 93,2 96,2 98,1<these
filiform, and united into a cone via transverse bars> 101,1<as usually
interpreted, but the cilia united with the processes> 102,1 104,4/5
105,1-2<the capsule more more less sessile or subsessile> 106<if
present, very short> 107,1 110<often amphibious,>,1&2 114,1/2
116<variously in fast-flowing water, on rocks or tree bases subject to
submergence, in seepage areas, etc.> 117,10&11<only \i{}F. squamosa\i0{}
sampled> 118,2<each with several varieties long treated as distinct
species> 119<\i{}Fontinalis\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4
122,4 123,19 124,8 126<fontinal> 
 
# Funariaceae/
1<Cord-, Bladder- and Earth-mosses> 2<excluding Dixons Ephemeraceae>
4,3 6,4/8 9,1.5-30 10,1/2 24,4-5/9/10-11<usually soft and concave>
26,1 32,3 33,2<mostly>/3 34,2/1<occasionally> 37,2 39,4-5
43<distally>,2-3/1 44,1/2 45,2/3 46,2/3/5 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,3/2-3
53,2/3/5 54,2 55,1 56,1 57,1 58,1<nearly
always>/2<\i{}Physcomitrella\i0{}> 62,1<in \i{}Physcomitrella\i0{}
only>/3 64,1/2 65,1-2 66,3/1<more or less, in \i{}Physcomitrium\i0{}>
67<when elongated,>,1/2 68<usually more or less>,6<with numerous stomata
at the base> 71,1/2 72<when present,>,2 73,1/2 77,1/2<usually with an
elongated apex> 79,1/2 80,1<\i{}Physcomitrella\i0{}>/3 82,1<usually>/2
83<when present,>,1/2 85<when present,>,16 92,1 93<when present,>,2/-
95,1-3 96,2 97,1/2 98<when present,>,1 99<when present,>,16 100<when
present,>,1 104,1/3<and blunt>/4 106<short to long> 107,1/2<often
arcuate> 110,2-3 113,2 114,1&2
117,9&14&18&21&26&27&28&36&52&54&56&72<with \i{}Physcomitrium
pyriforme\i0{} ranging from 9 to 72!> 118,10 119<\i{}Aphanorrhegma\i0{}
(\i{}Physcomitrella\i0{}, Earth-mosses), \i{}Funaria\i0{} (Cord-moss),
\i{}Entosthodon\i0{} (Cord-mosses), \i{}Physcomitrium\i0{}
(Bladder-mosses)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,2 123,8 124,5
126<funariac> 
 
# Grimmiaceae/
1<Grimmias, Fringe-mosses, etc.> 2<excluding Ptychomitriaceae and
Hedwigiaceae> 4,3/2<the plants often dark green or blackish>
6<mostly>,1/2<the leaves usually conspicuously hygroscopic> 9<when
tufted, to about>,3-30(-100)/- 24<distally>,8/4-7<commonly narrow> 28,2<except
in three species of \i{}Grimmia\i0{} Section Rhabdogrimmia> 32,3 33,2/3
34,1/2<but then often percurrent> 37,1<rarely>/2 39,3<rarely>/4/5
40,1<commonly, the hyaline point being laminar, rather than representing
an excurrent nerve - in contrast with that of Pottiaceae>/2 42,1-3
43,1<usually>/2-3<distally, sometimes bluntly toothed near the apex, or
crenulate> 44,U 45,2-3 46,1/2/6 47,1/2 48,1/2 49,1/2<often>
50,2<usually>/1<sometimes, in \i{}Racomitrium\i0{}>
51,1<overwhelmingly>/3 53<usually mostly>,1/2/4 54,1/2 55,2
56,2<mostly>/1<e.g., in \i{}Coscinodon\i0{}> 57,1/2<often> 58<when
monoecious,>,1 62,1-2<in some \i{}Grimmia\i0{} species>/3 64,1-4
65<somewhat>,2<rarely>/1<nearly always> 66,1-3 67<when more or less
elongated,>,1 68,1/3-5<mostly>/2/6/8<e.g., \i{}Grimmia crinita\i0{}>
71,2 73,1<mostly>/2<e.g., in \i{}Grimmia pulvinata\i0{} and \i{}G.
orbicularis\i0{}> 77,1 78,1<\i{}Coscinodon\i0{}>/2 79,1/2/- 82,1 83,1
85,16 87,2 90,2<then cleft only at the tips, or entire>/1<sometimes, in
\i{}Racomitrium\i0{}> 91,1/2 92,1 93,3<the peristome otherwise similar
to that of Dicranales, but less regularly cleft> 104,2/4/5/6 106<long or
short> 107,2/1<in some species of Section Eu-grimmia> 110<variously>,2-4
111,1&2&3 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<mostly saxicolous, the species of
\i{}Grimmia\i0{} almost exclusively so, often montane>
117,12&13&14&22&26 118<about>,60 119<\i{}Coscinodon\i0{} (Sieve-tooth
Moss), \i{}Dryptodon\i0{} (~\i{}Grimmia\i0{}), \i{}Grimmia\i0{}
(Grimmias), \i{}Racomitrium\i0{} (Fringe-mosses), \i{}Schistidium\i0{}
(Grimmias)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,9 124,6
126<grimmiac> 
 
# Hedwigiaceae/
1<Hoar-mosses> 2<in Dixons Grimmiaceae> 4,1<with irregular branching>
6,2/4<yellowish- or glaucous-green> 18,2 24,3-4/4-5<concave> 26,1
27<sometimes (falcato-)>,1/2 32,1 37,2 39,4-5 40,1<\i{}H.
ciliata\i0{}>/2 41<at least proximally>,3 44,1-2 45,3 46<narrowly>,2/6
47,1 48,2 49,2 50,1<the cells rectangular to transversely so> 51,2
53,1/2/5 54,1<the papillae simple or branched> 55,2 56,2 57,1 58,1
62,1-2/3<but no more than shortly exserted> 64,1 65,1 66,1/1-3<only
slightly elongate> 67<if more or less elongated,>,1
68<shortly>,3<obloid>/6 71,1-2 75<fugacious,>,2 77,1 78,2 79,1 82,2
104,2 106<very short> 107,1 110,4 111,3 113,1 114,2 116<on dry, exposed,
siliceous rocks, walls and roofing slates, at low to moderate altitudes>
117,10<or 10 + 1>/11/21/22 118,3 119<\i{}Hedwigia\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,16 124,8 126<hedwigia> 
 
# Helodiaceae/
2<~ Thuidiaceae> 4,1 5,2 6,2 8,2<stoloniform, the secondary stems erect
and pinnately branched> 13,1<abundant> 21,2<those of the main stems
broader and basally auriculate> 23,1 24<broadly>,4<to deltoid> 29,1 30,2
31,1<\i{}Palustriella\i0{}>/2 32,3 33,2 37,2 38,2 39,4/5 41,3<below>/1
42,1 43,2 44,2 45,2-3 47<(uni-)>,1 49,1 50,1<at least in the stem
leaves, forming conspicuous auricles> 51,3 53,6-7<5 to 7 times as long
as wide> 54,1<the papillae mainly from the end-walls> 55,2 56,1 57,1
58,1 62,3 64,2-3 65,2 66,3 67,2<arcuate> 68,3 69,2 70,3 71,1-2 73,1 74,1
77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 87,2 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1<cross striolate> 93,2 95,1
96,1 97,1 98,1 101,1 104<narrowly>,2 106<long> 107,2 108<red> 110,2
111,2&3 113,2 114,2 116<in marshes and bogs> 117,12 118,4
119<\i{}Helodium\i0{} (Tamarisk-moss), \i{}Palustriella\i0{}
(Hook-mosses)> 120,2&4<\i{}Helodium blandowii\i0{}: recorded from
Cheshire and Yorkshire, now seemingly
extinct>/1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11<\i{}Palustriella\i0{}> 121,4 122,4
123,19 124,13 126<helodiac> 
 
# Hookeriaceae/
2<excluding Daltoniaceae, Pilotrichaceae> 4,1 6,4<these succulent>
8,2<stems scarcely or sparsely branched> 9<with shoots to 60 mm long in
\i{}H. lucens\i0{}, to 35 mm in \i{}Achrophyllum dentatum\i0{}> 12,1
23,1/1-2 24,4/11 26,1 32,1<Hookeria>/2-3<the nerve often forked, in
\i{}Achrophyllum\i0{}> 33<in \i{}Achrophyllum\i0{},>,1<reaching to only
about a third> 37,1/1-2 38,2 39,3/4 41,1 42,1
43,1<\i{}Hookeria\i0{}>/2-3<\i{}Achrophyllum\i0{}> 44,2 45,2
46<irregularly to elongate>,3 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,2
53<irregularly>,3-5 54,2 55,1 56,1 57,1 62,3 64,3/3-4 65,1 66,3 67,1
68,4/5 69,2 70,3 71,2 77,1 79,2<mitriform> 82,1 83,2 85,16 87,2 89,1
90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1-2 96,2 97,1<this high> 98,1<these keeled> 99,16
100,2 101,1/2 104,5 106<about 2 cm long, stout> 107,1 109,1/2 110,2/3
113,2 114,2 116<on damp, shaded soil> 117,6&9 118,2
119<\i{}Achrophyllum\i0{} (Clear-leaf Moss), \i{}Hookeria\i0{}
(Hookeria)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11<\i{}H. lucens\i0{} widespread
and common>/9<\i{}Achrophyllum dentatum\i0{} in Cornwall probably having
been introduced with Australia tree ferns> 121,4 122,4 123,18 124,7
126<hookeria> 
 
# Hylocomiaceae/
1<excluding \i{}Rhytidium\i0{}> 2<~Hypnaceae> 4,1 6,4/5<robust mosses,
usually forming patches, or lax, coarse wefts> 8,1-2<the stems usually
forked, often pinnately branched> 12,1/2 13,1<only in
\i{}Hylocomium\i0{}>/2 14,1/2 15,1 21,1/2<especially in
\i{}Hylocomium\i0{}> 23,1 24,4-5<or deltoid> 26,1 27<(falcato-)>,1/2
29,1<in \i{}Hylocomium\i0{}>/2 30<almost>,1/2 31,2 32<shortly>,2/1
33<when present,>,1/1-2 37,2 38,1/2 39,3/4/5 41,1/2/3 43<usually at
least distally>,2/3 44,2 45,2-3 46,4-6/7 47,2 48,1/2 49,1 50,1/2 51,3
53<narrowly>,5-6/7 54,2 55,2 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,2/3/2-3 65,1-2 66,3
67<usually at least somewhat>,2/1-2 68,3-5/6/8 71,1/2 73,1 77,1 79,1<?>
82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1 96,1-3<?> 97,1 98,1<these
usually keeled> 99,16 101,1 103,2<nodulose> 108<red>
109,1<usually>/2<then papillose> 110,2/3/4 111,1/2/3 113,1&2 114,1&2
116<in diverse habitats> 117,5&6&7&10&12 118,9
119<\i{}Hylocomiastrum\i0{} (Wood-moss), \i{}Hylocomium\i0{}
(Wood-mosses), \i{}Loeskeobryum\i0{}, \i{}Pleurozium\i0{}
(Feather-moss), \i{}Rhytidiadelphus\i0{} (Shaggy- and Turf-mosses)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 126<hylocomi> 
 
# Hypnaceae/
1<Plait-mosses, Feather-mosses, etc.> 2<excluding Amblystegiaceae,
Brachytheciaceae, Entodontaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Plagiotheciaceae,
Hylocomiaceae and Rhytidiaceae> 4,1 6,2/3<or forming lax, coarse
wefts>/- 8,1-2<the stems usually forked, often pinnately branched>
12,1<often>/2 13,2 14,1<commonly>/2 21,1-2<the stem leaves nearly always
larger, whether similar or different in form> 24,4-5<or deltoid> 26,1
27,1/2 29,1/2 31,1<e.g., \i{}Herzogiella\i0{}, \i{}Ptilium\i0{}>/2
32,1/2<very rarely single-nerved?> 33<when present,>,1/2 37,2 38,1/2
39,3/4/5 43<usually at least distally>,2/3 44,2 45,2-3 46,4-6/7 47,2
48,1/2 49,1 50<usually>,1<sometimes enlarged or inflated, forming
auricles> 51,3 53,4-6/7 54,2 55,1/2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,1
59,1/2 62,3 64,1-3 65,1-2 66,3 67,1-2 68,3-5 71,2 73,1 74,1 77,1 79,1
82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2<?> 91,1 92,1 93,2 95<usually>,1 96,1-3
97,1<this usually high> 98,1<these usually keeled> 99,16 101,1
103<usually>,2 104,2-3/4-6 106<long> 107<usually>,2
109,1<usually>/2<then papillose> 110,2/3/4 111,1&2&3 113,1&2 114,1&2
116<in diverse habitats> 117,5&6&7&8&10&11&12&14 118<about>,35
119<\i{}Calliergonella\i0{} (Spear- and Plait-mosses),
\i{}Campylophyllum\i0{} (Feather-mosses), \i{}Ctenidium\i0{}
(Comb-mosses), \i{}Herzogiella\i0{} (Feather-mosses),
\i{}Homomallium\i0{} (Feather-moss), \i{}Hyocomium\i0{} (Feather-moss),
\i{}Hypnum\i0{} (Plait-mosses), \i{}Isopterygiopsis\i0{} (Silk-mosses),
\i{}Platydicta\i0{} (Leskea), \i{}Platygyrium\i0{} (Flat-brocade Moss),
\i{}Ptilium\i0{} (Ostrich-plume Feather-moss), \i{}Pylaisia\i0{}
(\i{}Pylaisiella\i0{}), \i{}Taxiphyllum\i0{} (Depressed Feather-moss)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 126<hypnacea> 
 
# Leptodontaceae/
2<~Neckeraceae> 4,1 6,4<these dark green> 8,2<rhizome-like, the
secondary stems decumbent to ascending and pinnately to bipinnately
branched and inrolling when dry> 12,2 13,1/2 21,1 23,1-2 24,2-3/9 26,1
32<faintly>,3 33,1 37,1 38,2 39,3 41,3<on one side> 43<distally
sub-crenulate or>,1 44,2 45,1-3 46,3-4 47,2 49,1 50,2 51,1-2 53,3-4 54,2
55,2 56,1 57,2 62<shortly>,3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3-4 71,2 74,2 76,2
77,1 79,1 80,3 82,1 83<more or less>,1/2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,2 92,1 93,2
95<if present,>,3 96<much>,1 97,1<usually reduced to the very short
membrane> 98<sometimes>,1<these then rudimentary>/2
104,2/5<conical-acuminate> 106<very short> 107,1 110,3/4 111,1 113,1/2
114,1/2 116<usually on bark of trees in basic areas, rarely on basic
walls or rocks> 118,1 119<\i{}Leptodon\i0{} (Prince-of-Wales
Feather-moss)> 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,8
126<leptodon> 
 
# Leskeaceae/
2<excluding Pterigynandraceae, Theliaceae, Thuidiaceae and
\i{}Leptodon\i0{} (Neckeraceae)> 4,1 6<mostly>,4/5 8,2<the branches
erect or procumbent> 13,1<sparse or numerous>/2 21,1 24,4-5<concave>
26,1 27<(sub-)>,1<or the tips turned to one side, when moist>/2 32,2/3
33,1/2 37,1/2 39,3/4/5 41,1/3 43,1/2 44,2 45,1-3<short save in some
\i{}Lescuraea\i0{} species> 46,1/2/4/5-6<in some \i{}Lescuraea\i0{}
species> 47,1/2 48,1/2 49,1 50,1/2 51,1-2/3<in \i{}Lescuraea\i0{} and
\i{}Ptychodium\i0{}> 53,1/2/3/4/5-7 54,1/2 55,1/2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when
monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,1-2 65,1/1-2 66,3 67,1/2 68,3-5 74,1/2 77,1 79,1
82,1 83,2 87,1<in \i{}Lescuraea\i0{}>/2<?> 89,1 90,2 92,1 93,2 95,2-3
96,2-3 97,1<this short> 98,1 101,2<or rudimentary> 104,2-5 106<long>
107,1 110,2-4 111,1/2 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<mostly on rocks at high
altitudes, but \i{}Leskea polycarpa\i0{} is common at low altitudes and
is often found silt-encrusted on tree roots, trunks and branches, and by
pools, streams and rivers (sometimes in flood zones)> 117,10&11<and 11 +
2, with only \i{}Leskea polycarpa\i0{} sampled> 118,7
119<\i{}Leskea\i0{} (Many-fruited Leskea), \i{}Lescuraea\i0{} (Rock
Feather-moss), \i{}Pseudoleskeella\i0{} (Chained Leskea),
\i{}Ptychodium\i0{} (Plaited Leskea)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10<mostly
northern, with the exception of \i{}Leskea polycarpa\i0{}> 121,4 122,4
123,19 124,13 126<leskeace> 
 
# Leucobryaceae/
1<White-mosses> 2<~Dicranaceae> 4,3 6,1<the cushions characteristically
large, compact and rounded, glaucous or albescent> 9,100-500
21,1<with a very peculiar and characteristic anatomical layout>
22,2<three or more layered, with a median, open network of long and
narrow chlorophyllous cells, sandwiched between layers of much larger,
empty, hyaline cells. The latter are interconnected by conspicuous
pores, and some have openings to the outside, endowing the leaves with a
sponge-like capacity to absorb and retain water. They are analogous in
this respect with branch leaves of the unrelated \i{}Sphagnum\i0{}, but
lack the spiral wall thickenings characteristic of them> 24,4-6 26,1
27<(sub-)>,1<especially when moist>/2 28,1/2 32<at least
theoretically,>,3<in that the greater part seems to represent nerve (cf.
\i{}Polytrichum\i0{}), the vestigial lamina being represented by its
narrow margins>/- 33,3 37,2 39,5 40,1/2 43,1 44,1 45,2-3 46,2 47,2 48,1
49,1 50,2 51,2-3 53,2<if the laminate component of the leaf is not
regarded as entirely basal>/- 54,2/- 55,1/- 56,1/- 57,2 62,3 64,1-2
65,1-2 66,3 67<weakly to strongly>,2 68,2<slightly>/3-4/5/6/8 71,1-2
73,2 80,3 82,1 83,1 85,16 89,1 90,1 91,2 92,1 93,1 104,5 106<8-18 mm
long> 107,1/2 111,3 113,1/2 114,2 116<on soil, rocks, tree stumps, in
wet or dry locations, sometimes in bogs> 117,11<in \i{}L. glaucum\i0{}>
118,2 119<\i{}Leucobryum\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3
123,12 124,2 126<leucobry> 
 
# Leucodontaceae/
2<excluding \i{}Thamniobryum\i0{}, \i{}Habrodon\i0{} and
\i{}Helicodontium\i0{}> 4,1 6,4/5 8,2<stoloniform, rarely rhizomatous>
18,1<but only an ill defined one>/2 24<broadly>,4-5<often plicate> 26,1
29,1<\i{}Antitrichia\i0{}, \i{}Leucodon\i0{}>/2<\i{}Pterogonium\i0{}>
32,1<\i{}Leucodon\i0{}>/3 33<when
present,>,1<\i{}Pterogonium\i0{}>/2<\i{}Antitrichia\i0{}> 37,2 38,1/2
39,4/5 41,1/3 43<distally>,2/3/1 44,1-2 45,3 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1
51,1-2/3 52,1<supposedly distinguishing from Entodontaceae> 53,4-5/6-7
54,2 55,2 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,1/2 65,1/1-2 66,3 67<slightly>,2/1 68,3/4/5
71,2 74,1-2<when present, narrow or weakly differentiated> 77,1 79,1
82,1 83,1-2<the teeth being irregular, short and fugacious and the inner
peristome very short in \i{}Leucodon\i0{}>/2<\i{}Pterogonium\i0{},
\i{}Antitrichia\i0{}> 85<when developed>,16 87,1/2 89,1 90,2 91,1/2 92,1
93,2/- 95<when present,>,1-3 96,1/2<?> 97,2 98,1/2 99<if present,>,16
100,2<the generic name of \i{}Antitrichia\i0{} having been awarded
erroneously!> 101,2 104,2/5 106<very short to long> 107,1/2 113,1&2
114,1&2 116<in diverse habitats> 117,10-11<in \i{}Leucodon
sciuroides\i0{}> 118,3 119<\i{}Antitrichia\i0{} (Pendulous Wing-moss),
\i{}Leucodon\i0{} (Squirrel-tail Mosses), \i{}Pterogonium\i0{}
(Bird's-foot Wing-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19
124,8 125<sometimes homomallous> 126<leucodon> 
 
# Meesiaceae/
2<excluding Aulacomniaceae> 4,3 6,2 8,1 9,10-150 10,1/2 24,3/4/6-7/9
26,1<or detectably 5-ranked, in \i{}Paludella\i0{}> 31,1<e.g., in
\i{}Paludella\i0{}>/2 32,3 33,2 37,1/2 39,3/4/5 41<proximally>,2-3/1
43<distally>,3 44,2 45,3 46,2 47,1<or mamillose>/2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2
51,1/2 53,2/3/4 54,1<or mammilose>/2 55,1-2 56,1 62,3 64<more or less>,2
65,2 66,3 67<more or less>,2<only slightly so, from an erect neck, in
\i{}Paludella\i0{}> 68,2/6/4<\i{}Paludella\i0{}> 71,1 77,2 82,1 83,2
85,16 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1/2 96,2<\i{}Paludella\i0{}>/3 98,1 99,16
100,2 101,1/2 104,1 106<long and slender> 107,1 110,2 111,1 113,2
114,1/2 116<in fens, dune slacks, basic montane flushes and rock
crevices> 117,10&13&14&18&20 118,5 119<\i{}Amblyodon\i0{} (Short-tooth
Hump-moss), \i{}Leptobryum\i0{} (Golden Thread-moss), \i{}Meesia\i0{}
(Hunp-mosses), \i{}Paludella\i0{} (Tufted Fen-moss)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,14 124,3 126<meesiace> 
 
# Mniaceae/
1<Thyme-mosses, etc.> 2<in Dixons Bryaceae> 4,3 5<somewhat>,1<e.g.,
\i{}Plagiomnium undulatum\i0{}>/2 6,2<commonly>/4/8 8,1 9,3-100(-150)
10,2<in contrast with many Bryaceae> 12,1/2 16,1/2 18,1
24,2-3/4-6/2/11<pellucid, the upper and lower leaves often quite
different, but the former not apically crowded as in many Bryaceae.
\i{}Epipterygium\i0{} exhibits foliar dimorphism, with dorsal leaves
smaller and narrower than the laterals, cf. \i{}Calomnion\i0{}>
26,1<mostly>/1-2 28,1/2 31,1-2 32,3 33,2/3<commonly> 34,1<rarely>/2 35,1
37,1/2 38,1<sometimes, e.g. in \i{}Plagiomnium\i0{} and when emarginate
in \i{}Rhizomnium\i0{}>/2 39,3/4/1<sometimes in \i{}Rhizomnium\i0{}>
42,1-3 43,2-3<usually, the teeth single or double>/1<e.g.,
\i{}Cinclidium\i0{}> 44,1<commonly>/2<e.g., \i{}Pseudobryum\i0{}> 45,1
46,1/2/3/4/5 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2 51,1<especially in\i{} Mnium\i0{}>/2
53,1/2/3/4/5 54,2 55,1<mostly>/1-2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,3
60,1<e.g., some \i{}Pohlia\i0{} spp.>/2 61<when present,>,3 62,3
64,2-4/1<more or less, in \i{}Mielichhoferia\i0{}> 65,1 66,3 67,1<to
very slightly asymmetrical?> 68,3/4/5/6 71,1<those of
\i{}Cinclidium\i0{} with a distinct neck>/2 74,1 77,1 79,1 82,1
83,2<usually>/1<in \i{}Mielichhoferia\i0{}, where the exostome is
lacking, cf. Dicranideae> 85,16 90,2 91,1 92,1 93<when present,>,2/-
95,1<the outer being reduced in \i{}Mielichhoferia\i0{}> 96,2 97,1
98,1<these keeled, often perforated> 99,16 100,2 101,1 104,2/3/4/5
106<long> 107,1 108<often red or orange> 113,1&2 114,1&2
117,6&7&12&13&14 118,44 119<\i{}Cinclidium\i0{} (Lurid Cupola-moss),
\i{}Epipterygium\i0{} (Tozers Thread-moss), \i{}Mielichhoferia\i0{}
(Copper-mosses), \i{}Mnium\i0{} (Thyme-mosses), \i{}Pohlia\i0{}
(Thread-mosses), \i{}Plagiomnium\i0{} (Thyme-mosses),
\i{}Pseudobryum\i0{} (River Thyme-moss), \i{}Rhizomnium\i0{}
(Thyme-mosses)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,17 124,3
126<mniaceae> 
 
# Myriniaceae/
2<~Fabroniaceae> 4,1 6,4/6 8,2<with more or less erect branches> 13,2
21,1 24,4/4-5<concave> 26,1 32<faintly>,3 33,1/2 37,1-2 38,2 39,4/5 41,1
42,1 43,1 44,1<the marginal cells quadrate, like the alar cells> 45,3
46,5 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,1<these quadrate-rectangular> 51,2-3<two to
three times as long as wide> 53,4-5 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1 58,1 62,3
63<minute> 64,1 65,1/1-2 66,3 67,1 68,4 69,2 71,2 74,2 77,1 79,1 82,1
83,2<but reduced> 85,16<?> 89,1 90,2 92,1 93,2 95<deep yellow> 101,2
104,2 106<long> 107,1 110,2/3 113,2 114,2 116<in flood zones of streams,
rivers and ditches, often silt-encrusted on wood and bark> 118,1
119<\i{}Myrinia\i0{} (Flood-moss)> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,4 122,4
123,19 124,13 126<myrinia> 
 
# Myuriaceae/
2<in Dixons Hypnaceae> 4,1 6,2<the large, glossy, golden-yellow, dense
tufts readily falling apart> 8,2<stoloniform, the secondary stems
crowded, erect, julaceous when moist, to about 6 cm> 
13,2 14,2 18,2 24,3-4<imbricate,
glossy, very concave> 26,1 32,1 37,2 
39,5 41<distally>,2<flat below> 43,2 45,2-3 46,3 47,2 48,2 49,2
50,1<forming slight auricles> 51,3 53,7 54,2 55,2 56,2 62,3 65,1 66,3
67,1 68,4 71,- 74,2 77,1 79,1 80,3 82,1 83,2 92,1<not papillose> 93,U
95,2 97,1<or consisting of the short membrane only> 98,2 104,4 106<long,
smooth> 113,2 114,2 116<growing on soil> 118,1 119<\i{}Myurium\i0{}
(Hare-tail Moss)> 120,1<common in the Outer Hebrides, less so in the
Inner Hebrides, also occurring on the coast of W. Inverness and W.
Sutherland> 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,8 125<the leaves cochleariform,
contracted into a long, linear-piliform point, basally hollowed and
somewhat auricled> 126<myuriace> 
 
# Neckeraceae/
2<excluding Thamniaceae and Leptodontaceae> 4,1 6,4 8,2<stoloniform or
rhizome-like, the secondary stems decumbent to erect> 12,1 13,1/2 21,1
23<more or less>,2/1-2 24,2-3/4/5/9<often asymmetric> 26,1 32,1/2/3
33<when detectable,>,1<\i{}Neckera\i0{}>/2<in \i{}Homalia\i0{}> 37,1/2
38,1/2 39,3/4/5 43<distally>,2/1 45,3 47,2 49,1 50,1-2 51,3
53,3-5<\i{}Homalia\i0{}>/6-7<\i{}Neckera\i0{}> 54,2 55,2 56,1 57,1/2
58<when monoecious,>,1 62,1/1-2<the seta lacking or very short in
\i{}Neckera\i0{}>/3 64,1<to sub-erect in \i{}Homalia\i0{}> 65,1 66,3
67,1 68,4/5 71,2 74<usually>,2 76,1/2 77,1 79,1 80,3 82,1 83,2 85,16
89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,2/3 96,1-2 97,1 98,1 99,16 101,1<sometimes
in \i{}Homalia\i0{}, but the cilia rudimentary only>/2<\i{}Neckera\i0{}>
104,4/5/6 106<usually short> 107<when evident,>,1<or somewhat flexuose>
111<the \i{}Neckera\i0{} species>,1-2/- 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<on rocks,
soil banks, walls and tree trunks> 117,10&11<then sometimes with a
supernumerary>/12 118,5 119<\i{}Neckera\i0{} (Neckeras),
\i{}Homalia\i0{} (Blunt Feather-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4
122,4 123,19 124,8 126<neckerac> 
 
# Oedipodiaceae/
2<in Dixons Splachnaceae> 4,3 6,2/8 9,5-10 24,1/10-11<entire, soft
and succulent> 26,1 32,3 33,2 37,1 38,2 39,3 41,1 43,1 44,2 45,1 46,3/4
47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,1 53,3/4 54,2 55,1 56,2 62,3 64,1 65,1 66,1 68,4
71,1<this very long, yellowish, succulent and tapering into the seta,
according to Smith> 72,1 73<above the apophysis,>,1/- 82,2 104,2-3
105,1/2<? - the morphological nature of the pedicel being unclear, with
Dixon interpreting the pedicel as comprising apophysis only> 107,1 111,3
113,1/2 114,1 116<montane, on peaty soil in shaded rock crevices and
scree> 118,1 119<\i{}Oedipodium\i0{} (Gouty-moss)> 120,1&2&3&6&11 121,3
123,3 124,5 126<oedipodi> 
 
# Orthodontiaceae/
1<Thread-mosses> 4,3 6,2/3 8<usually>,1 9,5-10 24,6-7<the upper and
lower leaves more or less similar, by contrast with Mniaceae> 26,1 31,1
32,3 33,2/3 34,2 39,5 40,2 42,1 43<obscurely>,2/1 44,2 45,2-3 46,2 47,2
49,1 50,2 51,3 53,5-6 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1 58,1/2<\i{}O.
gracile\i0{}>/3<or heteroecious> 59,2 60,2 62,3 64<more or
less>,1<\i{}O. gracile\i0{}>/2-3<\i{}O. lineare\i0{}> 65,1-2 66,3
67,1/1-2 68<narrowly>,6/2 69,2 70,3 71,2 73,1/2 75,1 76,1 77,1 79,1 82,1
83,2 85,16<these narrow, held erect> 87,2 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1
96,1-3 97,1<short>/2 98,1 99,16 100,2 101,2 104,3-5 106<long>
107,3<thin> 110,3 111,2-3/3<often on shaded sandstone rocks and rotting
wood> 113,1/2 114,1&2 117,12/20&22 118,2 119<\i{}Orthodontium\i0{}>
120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11<\i{}O. lineare\i0{} being common, and \i{}O.
gracile\i0{} widespread but rare> 121,4 122,4 123,17 124,3 126<orthodon>
 
# Orthotrichaceae/
1<Bristle-, Pincushion- and Yoke-mosses> 2<excluding \i{}Amphidium\i0{}>
4<really>,3/1<or rather, sometimes ostensibly so, because of branching
from beneath the perichaetium> 6,1<the leaves usually conspicuously
hygroscopic> 9,2-80 16,1/2 24,4-6/7/9 26,1 28,1<usually, in
\i{}Zygodon\i0{} and \i{}Ulota\i0{}>/2<\i{}Orthotrichum\i0{}> 32,3
33,2/3 34,1/2 37,1<sometimes>/2<usually> 38,1/2 39,3<occasionally>/4/5
40,1<\i{}Orthotrichum diaphanum\i0{}>/2 41,1/2/3 44,2 45,2/3 46,4/5/6
47,1/2 48,1/2 49,1 50,2 51,1 53,3-4 54,1/2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when
monoecious,>,1 60,1<e.g., species of \i{}Ulota\i0{} and
\i{}Orthotricum\i0{}>/2 61<when present,>,4<\i{}Ulota
phyllantha\i0{}>/5<\i{}Orthotrichum lyelli\i0{}> 62,1-3<variable in
\i{}Zygodon\i0{} and \i{}Orthotrichum\i0{}, but usually more or less
immersed>/3<\i{}Ulota\i0{}> 64,1 66,3 67,1 68<more or less>,4<though
often long necked> 73,2<8 striae in \i{}Ulota\i0{} and \i{}Zygodon\i0{},
8 or 16 in \i{}Orthotrichum\i0{}> 75,1 76,1<often, with coarse erect
hairs>/2 77,1 78,1<often>/2 79,1/2 82,1<usually, sometimes
vestigial>/2<e.g., some \i{}Zygodon\i0{} species> 83<when present,
usually>,2/1<e.g., in some \i{}Ulota\i0{} species, where the endostome
can be rudimentary or lacking> 85<when present,>,8<by fusion of
pairs>/16 89,1/2<commonly> 91,1/2 92,1 93<when present,>,2/- 96,1-2
98,1/2<when present, thinner than the outer peristome> 99<when present,
e.g. in \i{}Ulota\i0{}, \i{}Orthotrichium\i0{}>,8/16 100<when
present,>,2 104,4/5 106<very short to long> 107,1 113,1&2 114,1&2
116<mainly growing on rocks or bark> 117,6/10<+1>/11/12 118,32
119<\i{}Orthotrichum\i0{} (Bristle-mosses), \i{}Ulota\i0{}
(Pincushion-mosses), \i{}Zygodon\i0{} (Yoke-mosses)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,15 124,8 126<orthotri> 
 
# Pilotrichaceae/
2<~Hookeriaceae> 4,1 6,3<the plants slender to moderately robust, soft
and glossy> 8,2<stems irregularly pinnately branched, tomentose> 9<with
the procumbent shoots to about 80 mm long in \i{}C. laetevirens\i0{}>
12,1 23<more or less>,2 24<broadly>,4 26,1<5-8 ranked> 31,2 32,2
33,1-2<to about halfway> 37,2 38,1 42,1-2 43,1-2<apically denticulate>
44<narrowly>,1 45,2 46<irregularly to elongate>,3 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2
51,2 53<irregularly>,3/4 54,2 55,1 56,1 57,1/2 58,1/3 62,3 64,2-3 65,1
66,3 67,1 68,3/5 69,2 70,3 71,2 73,1 74,1<comprising a single row of
fugacious cells> 76,2 77,1 79,2 82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2
96,2 97,1<this high> 98,1<these keeled> 99,16 100,2 101,1/2<?> 104,5
106<long, stout> 107,1 109,1 110,2 113,1 114,2 116<on wet shaded rocks,
in ravines, caves and crevices near waterfalls> 118,1
119<\i{}Cyclodictyon\i0{} (Bright-Green Cave-moss)> 120,9&11<extinct in
England?> 121,4 122,4 123,18 124,7 126<pilotric> 
 
# Plagiotheciaceae/
1<Silk-mosses> 2<~Hypnaceae; \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}, excluding
\i{}Herzogiella\i0{}, \i{}Isopterygiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Isopterygium\i0{},
\i{}Myurella\i0{}, \i{}Orthothecium\i0{}, \i{}Platydicta\i0{},
\i{}Pseudotaxiphyllum\i0{}, and \i{}Taxiphyllum\i0{}> 4,1 6,4 12<nearly
always more or less>,1<and/or secund, but sometimes not consistently so,
and no more than sub-complanate in \i{}P. cavifolium\i0{}> 13,2 14,2<if
the family is confined to \i{}Plagiothecium\i0{}, with
\i{}Taxiphyllum\i0{} excluded> 18,1<this small but distinct>
21<usually>,1 23,1-2 24,4-5 26,1 27,1/2 31,1<if the family is confined
to \i{}Plagiothecium\i0{}> 32,2/1<rarely> 33<when present,>,1/2 37,2
39,4/5 41,1/3 43,1-3 44,1/2 45,3 46,5/6-7 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,1<commonly
enlarged>/2 51,3 53<narrowly>,5/6-7 54,2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1/2 58<when
monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,1-2/3 65,1-2 66,3 67,1-2 68,3-4/6 71,1-2 72,1/2
73,1/2 74,1<2-3 seriate, sometimes deciduous> 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2
85,16<cross-striate below> 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1-2 97,1/2 98,1
99,16<these keeled and perforated> 100,2 101,1/2 104,2-5 106<long> 107,1
108<usually reddish> 109,1 113,1&2 114,1&2 116<in diverse habitats, from
low altitude swamps and marshes to rock ledges at high altitudes>
117,7&8&10&11&12&20&25<sometimes with one or two supernumeraries>
118,10<on the \i{}sensu stricto\i0{} interpretation>
119<\i{}Plagiothecium\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4
123,19 124,13 125<this following Ochyra and OShea (2004) in retaining
\i{}Plagiothecium\i0{} as a monotypic family, and returning other genera
formerly included to Hypnaceae> 126<plagioth> 
 
# Polytrichaceae/
1<Haircap- and Smoothcap-mosses> 4,3 6,2/3/4/8 8<the aerial shoots
arising from a rhizome-like underground stem> 9,3-100 18,1 24,5-6<in
\i{}Polytrichum\i0{}>/4/9 26,1 28,1/2 30,1<mostly>/2<though broad, in
\i{}Atrichum\i0{}> 32<heavily>,3<the distal part of the lamina
consisting in \i{}Polytrichum\i0{} and \i{}Pogonatum\i0{}, but not in
\i{}Atrichum\i0{}, mainly of adaxially expanded nerve> 33,2/3 34,1-2
36,1<with two to many chloroplast-containing lamellae along the nerves>
37,2 39,4/5 42,1-3 44,1/2 57,2 62,3 64,1-3 65,1/2 66,1/3/2<sometimes, in
\i{}Polytrichum\i0{}> 67,1/2<\i{}Atrichum\i0{}> 68<when not cuboid or
trapezoid, etc.,>,3-5/6/- 70<obscurely to sharply>,2<in
\i{}Polytrichum\i0{}, being then four to six angled, and rectangular or
trapezoid to hexagonal in section>/3 71,1<usually, in
\i{}Polytrichum\i0{}>/2 75,1 76<usually densely or sparsely>,2/1<in
\i{}Atrichum\i0{}> 82,1<the teeth retaining a cellular structure, and in
this respect contrasting with conventional moss peristomes, where these
comprise only the thickened parts of cell walls remaining after the rest
of the cells have degenerated; cf. Tetraphidaceae> 83,1<of short teeth,
derived from several concentric layers of cells, and not resolvable into
one or two rings> 85<in European species,>,32/64<64 in
\i{}Polytrichum\i0{}, 32 in the other genera, the teeth usually joined
at their tips by an epiphragm representing the expanded apex of the
columella> 87,1/2 90,2 92,2 100,1 104,4-6 106<long> 107,1/3
111<mainly>,3 113,1&2 114,1&2 116<in diverse habitats>
117,7&14/21<sometimes, in \i{}Atrichum undulatum\i0{} only> 118,17
119<\i{}Atrichum\i0{} (Smoothcaps), \i{}Oligotrichum\i0{} (Hercynian
Haircap), \i{}Pogonatum\i0{} (Haircaps), \i{}Polytrichastrum\i0{}
(Haircaps), \i{}Polytrichum\i0{} (Haircaps)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11
121,3 123,4 124,9 126<polytric> 
 
# Pottiaceae/
1<Tufa-mosses, Screw-mosses, Crisp-mosses, Stubble-mosses, Pottias,
etc.> 2<Dixons Tortulaceae; excluding Cinclidotaceae
(\i{}Cinclidotus\i0{})> 4<always or nearly always>,3<sometimes
hygroscopic> 6,1/2/3/4/8 7,1<often, more or less>/2 9,1-80(-120)<but
with numerous species reaching no more than about 2-3 mm, including
\i{}Stegonia latifolia\i0{}, which takes the form of tiny, stemless,
bud-like plants> 10,1<rarely>/2 16,2 18,1/2 24,9-11/4/5-7<but generally
ovate or spathulate, rarely narrow> 26,1 27,2<almost invariably, though
sometimes secund in \i{}Oxystegus tenuirostris\i0{}> 28,1<commonly, e.g.
in \i{}Tortula\i0{}, \i{}Didymodon\i0{}, \i{}Tortella\i0{},
etc.>/2<e.g., \i{}Pottia\i0{}> 30,1/2 32,3 33,3 34,1<commonly, often
conspicuously so>/2 36,1<with 4 lamellae, in species of \i{}Pottia\i0{}
and in \i{}Tortula\i0{} Section Pterygoneurum>/2 37,1/2 38,1/2 39,3/4/5
40,1<commonly, via the excurrent nerve>/2 41,1/2/3 42,1<usually>/2<e.g.,
in the mid-section, in \i{}Trichostomopsis\i0{}> 44,1<notably in
\i{}Tortula\i0{}>/2 45,1-2/3 46,2/4 47,1/2 48<usually>,1<generally lax
and hyaline>/2<notably in \i{}Barbula\i0{}> 49,1 50,1/2 51,1/1-2
53,1/2/3/4 54,1<often>/2 55,1-2 56,1 57,1/2<commonly or exclusively in
some genera> 58<when monoecious,>,1<commonly>/2/3<rarely> 60,1<e.g., in
some \i{}Tortula\i0{} and \i{}Leptodontium\i0{}>/2 61<when present,>,5
62,1<e.g., some \i{}Weissia\i0{} and \i{}Phascum\i0{} species,
\i{}Acaulon\i0{}>/2-3<sometimes slightly exserted in \i{}Phascum\i0{}>/3
64,1<usually>/1-4 65,1/1-2 66,1<e.g., \i{}Pottia recta\i0{},
\i{}Phascum\i0{} spp.>/3<usually> 67,1<usually, more or less>/2
68,1<e.g., \i{}Pottia recta\i0{}, \i{}Phascum\i0{} spp.>/3/4<or
obloid>/5 71,2 73,1 74,1/2 77,1 79,1/2 80,1<e.g., \i{}Weissia\i0{} spp.,
\i{}Acaulon\i0{}>/3 82,1/2<in some \i{}Pottia\i0{} species,
\i{}Acaulon\i0{}> 83,1<often basally joined into a spirally twisted
tube> 85<when present,>,16/32 86,1<commonly>/2 87,1/2 90,1/2 91,1/2 92,1
93<when present and not cleft to the base into 32 teeth,>,1/-
104,2<e.g., \i{}Desmatodon\i0{}>/4-5 106<short to long>
107,1<usually>/1-2/2/3 110,1<\i{}Pleurochaete\i0{}>/2/3/4 113,2 114,1&2
116<in diverse habitats, but mostly terrestrial rather than rupestral>
117,11&12&13&14&15&16&20&21&24&25&26&27&28&36&40&42&48&50&52&55&56<etc.?,
sometimes with supernumeraries, and numerous species not recorded>
118<about>,110 119<\i{}Acaulon\i0{} (Pygmy-mosses), \i{}Aloina\i0{}
(Aloe-mosses), \i{}Anoectangium\i0{} (Summer-moss), \i{}Barbula\i0{}
(Birds-claw Beard-mosses), \i{}Bryoerythrophyllum\i0{} (Beard-mosses),
\i{}Dialytrichia\i0{} (Pointed Lattice-moss), \i{}Didymodon\i0{}
(Beard-mosses), \i{}Eucladium\i0{} (Whorled Tufa-moss),
\i{}Gymnostomum\i0{} (Tufa-mosses), \i{}Gyroweisia\i0{} (Beardless- and
Stubble-mosses), \i{}Hennediella\i0{}, \i{}Hymenostylium\i0{}
(Tufa-mosses), \i{}Leptobarbula\i0{} (Beric Beard-moss),
\i{}Leptodontium\i0{} (Beard- and Thatch-mosses), \i{}Leptophascum\i0{}
(Vectis-moss), \i{}Microbryum\i0{}, \i{}Molendoa\i0{} (Warburgs Moss),
\i{}Paraleptodontium\i0{} (Drooping-leaved Beard-moss), \i{}Phascum\i0{}
(Earth-mosses), \i{}Pleurochaete\i0{} (Side-fruited Crisp-moss),
\i{}Pottia\i0{} (Pottias), \i{}Pottiopsis\i0{} (Pottias),
\i{}Protobryum\i0{} (Pottia), \i{}Pseudocrossidium\i0{} (Beard-mosses),
\i{}Pterygoneurum\i0{} (Chalk-moss, Pottia), \i{}Scopelophila\i0{}
(Tongue-leaf Copper-moss), \i{}Stegonia\i0{} (Hood-leaved Screw-moss),
\i{}Syntrichia\i0{} (Screw-mosses), \i{}Tortella\i0{} Crisp-mosses),
\i{}Tortula\i0{} (Screw-mosses), \i{}Trichostomopsis\i0{},
\i{}Trichostomum\i0{} (Crisp-mosses), \i{}Weissia\i0{} (Beardless- and
Stubble-mosses)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,13 124,10
125<thus circumscribed, an alarmingly diverse family which may be
impossible to define satisfactorily> 126<pottiace> 
 
# Pterigynandraceae/
1<Wing-mosses> 4,1 6,3 8,2<the branches erect or procumbent> 9<with
stems to 50 cm long> 13,-<absent?> 16,2<but the older parts with sparse,
thin rhizoids> 21,1 24,4<concave> 26,1 32,2-3 33,1<when single,
sometimes to about halfway> 37,1/2 38,1/2 39,2-3 41<proximally>,3/1
43<distally>,2/1 45,2-3 46,5-6/7 47,1 49,1 50,1<these quadrate> 51,2-3<2
to 6 times as long as wide> 53,5-6/7 54,1<with one abaxial papilla per
cell> 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3 71,2 74,1<this falling
with the operculum> 77,1 79,1 82,1<this small, the outer teeth and the
processes short> 83,2 89,1 90,2 92,1 93,2 96,1 97,2 98,1 99,16<these
short and irregular> 101,2 104,5 106<long> 107,1 111,1 113,1&2 114,1
116<montane, on basic rocks and tree branches and roots> 118,1
119<\i{}Pterigynandrum\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&6&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13
125<\i{}Pterigynandrum\i0{} was referred to Hypnaceae-Entodonteae by
Watson (1978), and was an obvious misfit in Smith's (1978) Leskeaceae.
It is certainly preferable to follow O'Shea and Wiggingtons (2004)
check-list of African mosses in treating it as a monogeneric family.
Both \i{}Heterocladium\i0{} and \i{}Myurella\i0{} are presented under
Pterigynandraceae in some recent classifications, but pending
acquisition of adequate comparative descriptive data, they are retained
here in \i{}Thuidiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Theliaceae\i0{}, respectively>
126<pterigyn> 
 
# Ptychomitriaceae/
2<~Grimmiaceae> 4,3 6,1/2 9,0.5-2<\i{}Campylostelium\i0{}>/5-40 24,5-7
26,1 28,1 32,3 33,2 37,2 39,5 40,2 41,1/3 43<irregularly>,2-3/1 44,2
45,3 46,2<to narrowly rectangular>/4/5 47,2 48,1-2 49,1 50,2 51,1/1-2
53<small,>,1/2/4 54,2 55,2 56,1 62<emergent or>,3 64,1
66,1<\i{}Ptychomitrium\i0{}>/1-3<not much elongated, in
\i{}Glyphomitrium\i0{}> 67,1 68,4-5 71,2 73,1 77<campanulate,>,1 78,1<in
\i{}Ptychomitrium\i0{}>/2<?> 79,2<in
\i{}Campylostelium\i0{},>/3<laciniate, in \i{}Glyphomitriumium\i0{}>
82,1 83,1 85,16 89,1/2<\i{}Glyphomitrium\i0{}> 90,1<bifid, in
\i{}Ptychomitrium\i0{} and \i{}Campylostelium\i0{}>/2 91,1/2 92,1 93,3
104,5/6 106<short to long> 107,1/2/3 111,1/2/3 113,1 114,1&2
116<\i{}Ptychomitrium\i0{} on exposed acidic rocks and wall tops;
\i{}Glyphomitrium\i0{} on acidic or basic rocks in coastal areas, and
basic rocks inland; \i{}Campylostelium\i0{} on shaded sandstone and
slatey rocks> 117,13<in \i{}Ptychomitrium polyphyllum\i0{}> 118,3
119<\i{}Campylostelium\i0{} (Bent-moss), \i{}Glyphomitrium\i0{}
(Black-tufted moss), \i{}Ptychomitrium\i0{} (Long-shanked Pincushion)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,9 124,8 126<ptychomi> 
 
# Rhabdoweisiaceae/
2<~Dicranaceae, and cf. Ditrichaceae. Excluding Amphidiaceae>
4,3<usually> 6,2<mostly>/1/4 9<when erect or ascending,>,5-150/- 
18,1 22,3 24,4/5-6<commonly>/7-8/9
25,2 26,1 27,1<occasionally, e.g. sometimes in \i{}Dicranoweisia
crispula\i0{}>/2 28,1<very commonly>/2<e.g., \i{}Dichodontium\i0{}>
30,1/2 32,3 33,2/3 34,1<sometimes, in \i{}Oncophorus\i0{}>/2 35,1 40,2
41,1/3 42,1/2 43,1-3 44,2 45,1-3 46,2-6 47,2
50,1<\i{}Dicranoweisia\i0{}, \i{}Oncophorus\i0{}>/2 51,1-3 53,1-5
54,1<or mamillose, in \i{}Rhabdoweisia\i0{}>/2 57,1<mostly>/2<in
\i{}Dichodontium\i0{}> 58<when monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,1/2 65,1/2 66,3
67,1/2 68,3-5/6/8 71,1/2<mostly> 73,1<e.g., in \i{}Dichodontium\i0{}>/2
74,1/2 79,1 80,3 82,1 83<when present, i.e. usually,>,1 85,16 89,1
90,1/2<e.g., \i{}Rhabdoweisia\i0{}> 91,1/2 92,1<and transversely
articulated> 93,1 94,3 104,2-6 106<usually long> 107,2/1 110,2&3&4
111,1<?>/2/3<with most \i{}Cynodontium\i0{} spp. favouring non-basic
habitats> 113,1&2 114,1&2 116<in diverse habitats>
117,7&12&13&14&15<sometimes with a supernumerary> 118,14
119<\i{}Cynodontium\i0{} (Dog-tooth Mosses), \i{}Dichodontium\i0{}
(Fork- and Forklet Mosses), \i{}Dicranoweisia\i0{} (Pincushions),
\i{}Oncophorus\i0{} (Spur-mosses), \i{}Oreoweisia\i0{} (Bruntons
Dog-tooth), \i{}Rhabdoweisia\i0{} (Streak-mosses)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,12 124,2 126<rhabdowe> 
 
# Rhizogoniaceae/
4,3 6,4<these small and lax> 9,5-10 13,2 14,2 16,2 18,1 21,1 23,1 24,5/9
26,1 28,2<erect-flexuose with incurved tips when dry, patent when moist>
29,2 30,2 31,2 32,3 33,3 34,1 41,1/3 42,1<in \i{}L. gaudichaudii\i0{}>
43,1/2-3<sometimes, near the tip?> 44,2 45,1 46,3-4 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,2
51,1 53,3-4 54,2 55,2 56,1 57,2 60,1 61,3<in the axils, uniseriate> 62,3
64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68<narrowly>,3 69,2 70,3 71,2 74,1 82,1<this
perfect> 83,2 92,1 93,2 95,1 104,5 106<long> 107,1 113,2 114,2 115,1
116<commonly epiphytic, found in S. Kerry on trunks of the introduced
tree fern, \i{}Dicksonia antarctica\i0{}> 117,10&20<in Tasmania> 118,1
119<\i{}Leptotheca\i0{}> 120,11<only in South Kerry> 121,4 122,4 123,20
124,- 126<rhizogon> 
 
# Rhytidiaceae/
2<cf. Hylocomiaceae, Leskeaceae> 4,1 6,4<these coarse, lax>
8,1-2<forked, irregularly pinnate> 13,2 14,1<lanceolate-subulate>
21,1<the stem leaves larger> 23,1 24,4-6<or deltoid> 26,1
27<(falcato-)>,1 31,2 32,3<but the nerves apically forked> 33,1-2 37,2
38,2 39,5 41,3<from near the base to the apex> 42,1 43,2<above> 44,2
45,2-3 46,5 47,2 49,1 50,1 51,3 53,6/7 54,1 55,2 56,1 57,2 59,1/2 62,3
64,3 65,2 66,3 67,2 68<shortly>,3 70,3 71,2 73,1 75,1 79,1<?> 82,1 83,2
85,16 89,1 90,2<?> 92,1 93,2 95,1 97,1<this high> 98,1 99,16 101,1<with
1-3 cilia> 104<obliquely>,4 106<long> 110,2/3/4 111,1 113,2 114,2 116<in
basic grassland, rarely in dune grassland> 117,10 118,1
119<\i{}Rhytidium\i0{} (Wrinkle-leaved Feather-moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&11
121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 126<rhytidia> 
 
# Schistostegaceae/
4,3 6,4<these glaucous green above, and reddish brown below> 7,- 12,1
24,4-5/5 25<on sterile stems,>,1<with their bases confluent, the fertile
stems similar but with smaller leaves, or the latter confined to apical
rosettes> 31,1<and confluent on sterile stems> 32,1 37,2 39,4-5 43,1
44,2 45,3 46,5 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,- 51,3 53,3/5 54,2 55,1 56,1
57<(pseudo-)>,2<the separate male and female plants arising from the
same protonema> 62,3 64,1 65,1 66,3/1-3 68,1/5 71,2 82,2 104,1 106<to 4
mm long, slender> 107,1 111,3 113,2 114,2 116<in acidic, friable soil on
shaded banks, cave entrances, rabbit warrens, etc., especialy in
sandstone areas> 117,11&14 118,1 119<\i{}Schistostega\i0{} (Luminous
Moss)> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10<occurring widely, but sporadic in
England and Wales, very rare in Scotland, and seemingly absent from
Ireland> 121,4 122,3 123,12 124,11 125<stems of two forms: barren, with
distichous leaves having confluent bases, and fertile, these either with
similar but smaller leaves, or with only terminal tufts or rosettes of
smaller leaves. The light-refractive protonemata give an impression of
luminescence when the plants are viewed in dark places> 126<schistos> 
 
# Seligeriaceae/
2<~Dicranaceae> 4,3<always?> 6,2/4/8 9,1-100 10,1/2 12,1/2 22,3 25,2
26,1 32,3 33,2-3 34,1-2<sometimes percurrent> 35,2 40,2 44,U 45,2-3
46,2-6 47,2 50,2 51,1-3 53,1-6 54,2 57,1/2<commonly> 58<when
monoecious,>,1/2 62,1-2<in \i{}Blindia caespiticia\i0{} only>/3<the
rest> 64,1/2 65,1/2 66,1<rarely, when cleistocarpous>/3 67,1/2 68<when
asymmetric, often>,8/5/6/3 71,1<occasionally>/2<mostly>
73,1/2<\i{}Brachydontium trichodes\i0{}, as illustrated by Smith> 74,1/2
80,3 82,1/2<e.g., \i{}Blindia caespiticia\i0{}> 83<when present, i.e.
usually,>,1 85<when present,>,8/16 89,1 90,1<often almost to the base,
into 32 divisions>/2<e.g., \i{}Seligeria\i0{}> 92,1 93<when present and
not completely cleft,>,1 104,4-6 106<short to long> 107,2/1 113,1
114,1&2 116<saxicolous> 117,11&12&13&14<\i{}Blindia\i0{} not recorded>
118,16 119<\i{}Blindia\i0{}, \i{}Brachydontium\i0{} (Bristle-leaf),
\i{}Seligeria\i0{} (Rock-bristle Mosses; including
\i{}Trochobryum\i0{})> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,3 123,11
124,2 126<seligeri> 
 
# Sematophyllaceae/
1<Signal-mosses> 2<~Hypnaceae> 4,1 6<slender mosses,>,4<these tight,
glossy and yellowish-tinged>/6 8,2 12<(sub-)>,1/2 13,2 14,2 15,2/3 21,1
23,1<to only slightly asymmetrical> 24,4/5 26,1 27<(sub-)>,1/2 31,2
32,1/2/3<sometimes, in \i{}S. demissa\i0{}> 33<when present,>,1<"nerve
absent or short and double" according to British authors, although their
own descriptions represent leaves of \i{}S. demissa\i0{} as "nerveless
or with faint traces of a single or double nerve"> 35,2 37,2 39,4-5
41,1/3<proximally> 42,1 43<distally>,2/1 44,2 45,3 46,5-6/7 47,2 49,1
50,1<these large, forming small auricles> 51,3 53,5-6/7 54,2 56,1 57,1/2
58<when monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,2-3 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,4 71,2 73,1 74,2
77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2<?> 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1/2 97,1 98,1
100,2 101,1 104,5 106<long> 107,3 109,1/2 110,2-3 113,1 114,2 116<on
lightly to moderately shaded rocks in humid habitats, at low altitude
(\i{}S. demissum\i0{}), or to 500 m (\i{}S. micans\i0{})> 118,3
119<\i{}Sematophyllum\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&6&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13
126<sematoph> 
 
# Sphagnaceae/
1<Bog-mosses> 4,2 6,1/2/3<often forming variously coloured tussocks and
lawns> 11,1 17,0.3-1.2 18,1 21,2 22,1<the stem leaves single layered,
relatively simple, usually flatter and tongue-shaped, composed entirely
of hyaline cells with relatively small pores; the branch leaves also
single layered, usually pointed, comprising a network of very narrow,
green assimilatory cells which are interspersed among larger, empty,
hyaline cells. The latter, the walls of which exhibit spiral thickenings
and large, rounded pores, endow the living and dead tissues with their
remarkable capacity for absorbing and retaining water> 24,9-11<and flat,
branch leaves>/4-5<and concave, stem leaves> 32,1 37,1<the branch
leaves, sometimes>/2 50,2 57,1<Section Cymbifolia>/2<e.g., Section
Truncata> 58<when monoecious,>,1<the archegonia developing in groups or
1-5 at the apices of short, specialised branches, while the peculiar,
globose antheridia are axillary on more or less unspecialised branches>
62,3<the mature capsule becoming exserted via a pseudopodium, which
develops by elongation of the basal part of the sporogonium> 64,1 65,1
66,1 71,1 80,3 81,1 82,2 104,1 105,2 110,1-2 111,3<rarely if ever at a
pH exceeding 6.0> 113,2 114,1&2 116<in marshes, pools, wet woodland,
moors and damp grassland; and conspicuously forming raised and blanket
bogs, with the remains persisting beneath the growing plants as the main
component of peat> 117,17&19&38&42<where sampled, often with 2 or 4
supernumeraries> 118<about>,35 119<\i{}Sphagnum\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1 123,1 124,15 126<sphagnac> 
 
# Splachnaceae/
4,1<\i{}Tetraplodon\i0{}, \i{}Tayloria\i0{}>/3<\i{}Splachnum\i0{}>
6,2/4/6 9,10-70 24<soft,>,2-3/4-7/9/10-11 26,1 32,3 33,2/3 34,2
37,1/2 39,3-4/5 41,1 43,1-3 45,2/3 46,2-3 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,2-3
53,2/3/2-3/5 54,2 55,1 56,1 57,1/2 58<when monoecious,>,1 62,3 64,1 65,1
66,1/3 67,1 68,3/4/6<sometimes waisted, in \i{}Splachnum\i0{} sometimes
panduriform or inverted mushroom-shaped>/- 71,1<similarly shaped to the
theca, or much enlarged> 72,1<pyriform, globose or umbrella-shaped>
73<above the apophysis,>,1/- 77,1 79,1/2/3/4 82,1 83,1 85,16 89,1/2/3
90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 104,2-3 106<long> 107,1/3 112,1 113,2 114,2
116<almost aways growing on excrement or decaying animal or plant
matter, and the spores often dispersed by fies>
117,8&10&11&19<\i{}Tetraplodon\i0{}>/9<\i{}Splachnum\i0{}> 118,8
119<\i{}Aplodon\i0{} (Carrion-moss), i{}Splachnum\i0{} (Collar-mosses),
\i{}Tayloria\i0{} (Gland-mosses), \i{}Tetraplodon\i0{} (Cruet-mosses)>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&11<but mostly northern> 121,4 122,4 123,14 124,5
126<splachna> 
 
# Tetraphidaceae/
1<Four-tooth Mosses> 4,3 6,2/4/7 7,1<\i{}Tetrodontium\i0{}>/2
9<to>,2-15(-35) 18,1<?>/2<\i{}Tetradontium\i0{}> 24,1-4/5 26,1
32,1/3<mostly> 33<when present,>,2 37,2 39,4/5 43,1 45,1-2/3 46,2-4 47,2
48,2 49,1 50,2 51,1-2 53,2-4/6 54,2 55,2 56,1 57,1 58,1<usually>/3
60,1<in \i{}T. pellucida\i0{} only> 61<of \i{}T. pellucida\i0{}>,3 62,3
64,1 65,1 66,3 67,1 68,3-5 71,2 73,1 74,2 77,1
78,1<\i{}Tetraphis\i0{}>/2 79,2 82,1<the teeth retaining a cellular
structure, and in this respect contrasting with conventional moss
peristomes, where these comprise only the thickened parts of cell walls
remaining after the rest of the cells have degenerated; cf. only the
Polytrichaceae> 83<ostensibly>,1/- 85,4 87,2 90,2 91,1 92,2 100,1 104,2
106<4-15 mm long> 107,1 111,3/2&3 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<\i{}Tetraphis\i0{}
on rotting wood, peat and sandstone rocks, \i{}Tetradontium\i0{}
associated with acidic rocks in heavy shade by streams and rivers>
117,6&7&8 118,3 119<\i{}Tetraphis\i0{}, \i{}Tetrodontium\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,3 123,3 124,12 126<tetraphi> 
 
# Thamniaceae/
2<Thamnobryaceae; ~Neckeraceae> 4,1 5,1<the secondary stems growing
erect like tiny trees, with homomallous branches above> 6,2/4
8,2<stoloniform> 9,15-200 12,1-2/2 18,1 21,2 24<on the stems deltoid, on
the branches>,4-5/- 26,1 32,3 33,2 37,2 38,2 39,4/5 41,1
43<distally>,2<in branch leaves>/1<in stem leaves> 44,2 45,1-2 47,1 48,2
49,1 50,2 51,2<in stem leaves>/1-2<in branch leaves> 53,1/4<rounded to
sub-quadrate in branch leaves, shortly elliptic in stem leaves> 54,1
55,2 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,2 65,1-2 66,3 67,2 68,4/5 71,2 74,1 75,1 76,1/2
77,1 79,1 80,3 82,1<pale red> 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1
96,1-2 97,1<this wide> 98,1 99,16 101,1<with three appendicular cilia
between adjacent processes> 104<strongly>,5/6<oblique> 106<about 1-1.5
cm long> 107<distally>,2 113,1/2 114,1/2 116<the common \i{}T.
alopecurum\i0{} on moist, shaded rocks, tree roots and trunks in and by
streams and in damp places, rarely on dry rocks. Apart from a doubtful
record for Antrim, \i{}T. angustifolium\i0{} is recorded in Britain only
from Derbyshire, on damp, vertical, shaded limetone> 117,11 118,3
119<\i{}Thamnobryum\i0{} (\i{}Thamnium\i0{}); Feather-mosses>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,8 125<returned to
Neckeraceae in recent treatments> 126<thamniac> 
 
# Theliaceae/
1<Mouse-tail Mosses> 2<~Pterigynandraceae> 4,1 6,4/6 16,2<but the older
parts with sparse, long thin rhizoids> 21,1 24<broadly>,4<very concave>
26,1 32<faintly>,2/3<then the single nerve forked> 33,1 37,1-2 38,1/2
39,3 43<distally crenulate to>,2/1 44,2 45,1-3 46,2/3/4/5 47,1 49,1 50,2
51,1<\i{}M. julacea\i0{}>/3<\i{}M. apiculata\i0{}> 53,3-4<\i{}M.
julacea\i0{}>/4-5<\i{}M. apiculata\i0{}> 54,1 55,1-2 56,1 57,2 62,3
64,1/1-2<erect to sub-inclined> 65,1 66,3 67,1 68<more or less>,6<? -
obovoid> 71,- 74,1 75<very>,2<minute> 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 90,2 92,1
93,2 95,1 98,1 101,1 104<bluntly>,2 106<short or long> 107,2 110,3/4
111,1 113,1/2 114,1 116<at high altitudes, on damp or dry basic soil
among rocks or in rock crevices> 118,2 119<\i{}Myurella\i0{}>
120,1&2&6&11 121,4 122,4 123,19 124,13 125<small, slender plants, with
fragile 1-15 mm long shoots, the branches conspicuously julaceous in
\i{}M. julacea\i0{}. See classificatory comment under Pterigynandraceae>
126<theliace> 8<ascending or erect, irregularly branched, the branches
julaceous>
 
# Thuidiaceae/
1<Tamarisk-mosses> 2<excluding Anomodontaceae (\i{}Anomodon\i0{})> 4,1
6,4/5<the branches often arcuate or homomallous>
12,1/2<\i{}Abietinella\i0{}> 13,1 21,2 24,4-6<sometimes deltoid>/9 26,1
31,1<\i{}Heterocladium\i0{}>/2
32,2<\i{}Heterocladium\i0{}>/3<\i{}Thuidium\i0{}> 33,2 37,1/2 38,1/2
39,4/5 43,1/2-3<or crenulate> 44,2 45,2-3 47,1 50,2
51,2/3<\i{}Heterocladium\i0{},\i{} Helodium\i0{}> 53,3/4/5 54,1 55,1-2
56,1/2 57,1/2<mostly> 62,3 64,2 66,3 67,2 74,1 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 89,1
90,2 91,1 92,1 93,2 95,1 96,1 97,1 98,1 101,1 104,2/3/5 106<long>
108<reddish> 111,1&2&3 113,1&2 114,1&2 116<in diverse habitats>
117,10&11&12 118,9 119<\i{}Abietinella\i0{}, \i{}Heterocladium\i0{} (cf.
Pterigynandraceae), \i{}Thuidium\i0{}> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,4
122,4 123,19<see classificatory comment under Pterigynandraceae> 124,13
125<The fronds of \i{}Thuidium tamariscinum\i0{}, comprising
regularly, usually thrice-pinnately branched secondary stems, render
this common species one of the most easily identified of British 
and Irtish mosses.> 126<thuidiac> 
 
# Timmiaceae/
4,3<robust plants, resembling \i{}Polytrichum\i0{} in habit> 6,2/4
9,20-90 16,1 24,5-6/6-7 26,1 28,1 30,1 32,3 33,2/3 34,2 37,2 39,5 41,1/2
43<distally obscurely to coarsely>,3/- 44,2 45,3<at least a few of them
orange> 46<narrowly>,2/6 47,1/2 50,2 51,1/1-2 53,1/2/3-4 54,1<sometimes,
in \i{}T. norvegica\i0{}>/2 55,1/1-2 56,1 57,2 62,3 64,2-4 65,1 66,3
67,2<or kinked> 68,2/4-5 73,2 77,1 79,1 82,1 83,2 85,16 89,1 90,2 92,1
93,2 95,1 97,1 98,2 101,1<the cilia in pairs or fours, opposite the
teeth> 106<long> 107,1<?> 113,2 114,1 116<very rare, growing on soil at
high altitudes> 118,3 119<\i{}Timmia\i0{} (Timmias and Indian
Feather-moss)> 120,1&11 121,4 122,2 123,6 124,3 126<timmiace> 
