*SHOW The Moss Families of Britain and Ireland 
- 22 July 2005. 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <English names for the family as a whole:>/
 
#2. <family synonyms:>/
 
#3. <plant vegetative form, whether much reduced:> <<Disceliaceae,
          Buxbaumiaceae>>/
       1. tiny, almost stemless plants resembling minute buds on
          persistent protonemata, the leaves without chlorophyll
          <Disceliaceae>/
       2. minute, stemless plants, arising from brownish protonemal
          mats, leafless apart from green, fringed perichaetial bracts
          <Buxbaumiaceae>/
       3. plants normal, with leaves containing chlorophyll <i.e., not
          as in Buxbaumiaceae or Disceliaceae> <<implicit>>/
 
#4. <life form, pleurocarpous or acrocarpous (see Notes):>/
       1. pleurocarpous <archegonia and sporophytes borne laterally on
          dwarf, specialised side branches>/
       2. cladocarpous <archegonia and sporophytes borne terminally on
          short lateral branches>/
       3. acrocarpous <archegonia and sporophytes terminating main
          vegetative stems and/or principal branches>/
 
#5. <habit, whether dendroid:>/
       1. dendroid <like tiny trees>/
       2. not dendroid <<implicit>>/
 
#6. <habit (see Notes):>/
       1. cushion-forming/
       2. forming tufts/
       3. mat or turf forming/
       4. forming patches/
       5. forming wefts/
       6. growing through other Bryophytes/
       7. gregarious/
       8. the plants scattered/
 
#7. <plants, whether rosette:>/
       1. rosette plants/
       2. non-rosette plants <<to become implicit>>/
 
#8. primary stems <habit>/
       1. erect/
       2. procumbent/
 
#9. mature plants <erect or ascending, maximum height>/
       mm high/
 
#10. plants <whether exhibiting comal tufts of leaves>/
       1. exhibiting comal tufts of leaves/
       2. without comal tufts <of leaves> <<implicit>>/
 
#11. the branches <whether fascicled>/
       1. in fascicles/
       2. not in fascicles <<implicit>>/
 
#12. shoots <whether complanate>/
       1. complanate/
       2. not complanate <<implicit>>/
 
#13. paraphyllia <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#14. pseudoparaphyllia <presence or absence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#15. stems <colour>/
       1. reddish/
       2. yellowish/
       3. green/
 
#16. stems <whether tomentose>/
       1. tomentose <at least> below/
       2. not tomentose/
 
#17. stems <diameter>/
       mm in diameter/
 
#18. stems <presence of differentiated internal strand>/
       1. with a differentiated central strand/
       2. without a differentiated central strand/
 
#19. leaves <presence>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#20. leaves <length>/
       mm long/
 
#21. the leaves of main stems and branches <similar or different in
          form>/
       1. similar in form/
       2. markedly different in form <as distinct from size alone>/
 
#22. the leaves <whether sphagnoid or leucobryoid (see Notes)>/
       1. sphagnoid/
       2. leucobryoid/
       3. neither sphagnoid nor leucobryoid <<implicit>>/
 
#23. the leaves <symmetry>/
       1. <more or less> bilaterally symmetrical <in outline>/
       2. markedly asymmetrical/
 
#24. the leaves <shape (see Notes)>/
       1. orbicular/
       2. elliptical/
       3. oblong/
       4. ovate/
       5. lanceolate/
       6. narrowly lanceolate/
       7. linear/
       8. subulate/
       9. lingulate/
       10. spathulate/
       11. obovate/
 
#25. the leaves <phyllotaxy>/
       1. distichous <in two ranks>/
       2. not distichous <though stems sometimes flattened> <<implicit>>/
 
#26. the leaves <non-distichous, details of phyllotaxy>/
       1. spiral <more than 3-ranked>/
       2. 3-ranked/
 
#27. the leaves <whether secund>/
       1. secund/
       2. not secund <<implicit>>/
 
#28. the leaves <whether crisped>/
       1. crisped <strongly curled and twisted> when dry/
       2. not crisped when dry/
 
#29. the leaves <whether longitudinally plicate>/
       1. longitudinally plicate/
       2. not plicate/
 
#30. leaf bases <whether sheathing>/
       1. sheathing/
       2. not sheathing <<to become implicit?>>/
 
#31. leaf bases <whether decurrent>/
       1. decurrent/
       2. not decurrent <<to become implicit>>/
 
#32. the leaves <nervation>/
       1. nerveless/
       2. double-nerved/
       3. single-nerved/
 
#33. the leaf nerves <when present, distance traversed>/
       1. not extending beyond the middle of the leaf/
       2. extending beyond the middle of the leaf, but not to the tip/
       3. extending to the leaf tip/
 
#34. the leaf nerves <when extending to the leaf tips, whether
          excurrent>/
       1. excurrent/
       2. not excurrent/
 
#35. the leaf nerves <whether exhibiting stereids>/
       1. incorporating stereids/
       2. without stereids/
 
#36. leaf blades <whether lamellate>/
       1. adaxially longitudinally lamellate/
       2. not lamellate <<implicit>>/
 
#37. leaf blade apices <blunt or pointed>/
       1. obtuse/
       2. pointed/
 
#38. leaf blade apices <whether apiculate>/
       1. apiculate/
       2. not apiculate <<to become implicit>>/
 
#39. leaf blade apices <apex form>/
       1. emarginate/
       2. truncate/
       3. apically rounded/
       4. apically acute/
       5. acuminate/
 
#40. leaf blade apices <whether hair-pointed>/
       1. conspicuously hyaline <showing white when dry, contrasting
          conspicuously with the green of the rest of the leaf>/
       2. not hyaline <<implicit>>/
 
#41. leaf blade margins <whether flat>/
       1. flat/
       2. involute or incurved/
       3. revolute or recurved/
 
#42. leaf blade margins <whether uni-stratose>/
       1. unistratose <<to become implicit>>/
       2. bi-stratose/
       3. several-stratose/
 
#43. leaf blade margins <entire or toothed>/
       1. entire/
       2. denticulate/
       3. dentate/
 
#44. leaf blades <whether bordered>/
       1. <conspicuously> bordered <by distinctive marginal cells>/
       2. not conspicuously bordered <by distinctive marginal cells>/
 
#45. the basal leaf cells <elongation>/
       1. more or less isodiametric/
       2. somewhat longitudinally elongated <to about twice as long as
          wide>/
       3. longitudinally much elongated <more than twice as long as
          wide>/
 
#46. the basal leaf cells <shape (see Notes)>/
       1. quadrate/
       2. rectangular/
       3. hexagonal/
       4. rounded/
       5. rhomboidal/
       6. linear/
       7. vermicular/
 
#47. the basal leaf cells <whether papillose>/
       1. papillose/
       2. smooth <not papillose>/
 
#48. the walls of basal leaf cells <thickness>/
       1. thin/
       2. thick/
 
#49. the walls of basal leaf cells <sinuosity>/
       1. straight/
       2. sinuous/
 
#50. the angular cells <alar cells, differentiated or not>/
       1. <more or less> clearly differentiated <from the basal cells,
          whether or not forming auricles>/
       2. not well differentiated/
 
#51. the mid-leaf cells <about 1/3 from the apex, elongation>/
       1. more or less isodiametric/
       2. somewhat longitudinally elongated <to about twice as long as
          wide>/
       3. longitudinally much elongated <more than twice as long as
          wide>/
 
#52. the marginal mid-leaf cells <about 1/3 from the apex, elongation
          detail>/
       1. not more than twice as long as wide <Leucodontaceae>/
       2. more than twice as long as wide <Entodontaceae>/
 
#53. the mid-leaf cells <shape (see Notes)>/
       1. quadrate/
       2. rectangular/
       3. hexagonal/
       4. rounded/
       5. rhomboidal/
       6. linear/
       7. vermicular/
 
#54. the mid-leaf cells <whether papillose>/
       1. papillose/
       2. smooth <not papillose>/
 
#55. the walls of the mid-leaf cells <thickness>/
       1. thin/
       2. thick/
 
#56. the walls of the mid-leaf cells <sinuosity>/
       1. straight/
       2. sinuous/
 
#57. plants <sexuality>/
       1. monoecious/
       2. dioecious <antheridia and archegonia on separate plants>/
 
#58. plants <monoecious, distribution of archegonia and antheridia>/
       1. autoecious <antheridia and archegonia in separate
          inflorescences of the same plants>/
       2. paroecious <antheridia confined to the axils of bracts
          proximal to those surrounding the (distal) archegonia>/
       3. synoecious <antheridia and archegonia mixed in the same
          infloresence>/
 
#59. parapyhyses <presence>/
       1. present among the reproductive organs/
       2. absent/
 
#60. plants <whether gemmiferous>/
       1. gemmiferous/
       2. not gemmiferous <<implicit>>/
 
#61. the gemmae <how borne>/
       1. in terminal clusters on the ends of flagelliform pseudopodia
          <\i{}Aulacomnium\i0{}>/
       2. stalked, accompanied by paraphyses, in cups comprising 4-5
          reniform bracts which terminate special stems
          <\i{}Tetraphis\i0{}>/
       3. in leaf axils and or on rhizoids <\i{}Pohlia\i0{},
          \i{}Bryum\i0{}>/
       4. clustered towards the tips of excurrent leaf nerves
          <\i{}Ulota\i0{}>/
       5. borne on the leaf nerves and laminae <\i{}Orthotrichum\i0{}>/
 
#62. capsules <immersed or exserted>/
       1. immersed <sessile or sub-sessile, and overtopped by the
          perichaetial bracts>/
       2. emergent <partly exceeding the perichaetial bracts>/
       3. exserted <borne clear of the perichaetial bracts, usually with
          an elongated seta>/
 
#63. capsules <length>/
 
#64. capsules <carriage (see Notes)>/
       1. erect/
       2. inclined/
       3. horizontal/
       4. pendulous/
 
#65. capsules <symmetry>/
       1. symmetrical/
       2. asymmetrical/
 
#66. capsules <whether globose or elongate: for key-making only>/
       1. globose/
       2. more or less cuboid/
       3. elongate/
 
#67. capsules <elongate, straight or curved>/
       1. straight/
       2. curved <implying asymmetrical>/
 
#68. capsules <shape (see Notes)>/
       1. globose/
       2. clavate/
       3. sub-cylindric/
       4. ellipsoid/
       5. ovoid/
       6. pyriform/
       7. mushroom-shaped/
       8. gibbous/
 
#69. capsules <whether waisted>/
       1. distinctly waisted/
       2. not waisted/
 
#70. capsules <elongated, whether flattened or angular>/
       1. flattened/
       2. angular <four to six angled, and rectangular or trapezoid to
          hexagonal in section>/
       3. neither flattened nor angular <<implicit>>/
 
#71. capsules <whether with conspicuous apophyses>/
       1. with an externally conspicuous apophysis/
       2. without an externally conspicuous apophysis <<implicit>>/
 
#72. the apophysis <whether conspicuously rugose>/
       1. becoming conspicuously rugose and/or twisted/
       2. remaining smooth <not rugose and/or twisted> <<implicit>>/
 
#73. capsules <smooth or striate>/
       1. smooth <and no more than lightly and irregularly grooved when
          dry> <<implicit>>/
       2. striate and becoming regularly furrowed when dry and empty/
 
#74. capsules <presence of annulus>/
       1. with an annulus/
       2. without an annulus <<unreliable implicit>>/
 
#75. calyptra <size>/
       1. large and covering the well-developed capsule/
       2. small/
 
#76. calyptra <indumentum>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. hairy/
 
#77. calyptra <symmetry <L.W.: check interpretation>>/
       1. symmetrical <includes cucullate and mitriform>/
       2. asymmetric/
 
#78. calyptra <plicate or not>/
       1. plicate/
       2. not plicate/
 
#79. calyptra <manner of splitting>/
       1. splitting down one side <includes cucullate>/
       2. with two or more splits <includes mitriform>/
       3. tearing irregularly <including erose>/
       4. entire/
 
#80. capsules <general dehiscence type>/
       1. cleistocarpus/
       2. dehiscing via longitudinal slits/
       3. dehiscing via a lid <operculum> <<implicit>>/
 
#81. capsules <manner of opening>/
       1. dehiscing explosively/
       2. opening passively <<implicit>>/
 
#82. capsules <with or without a peristome>/
       1. with a peristome/
       2. without a peristome <regardless of the manner of dehiscence;
          incuding gymnostomous>/
 
#83. the peristome <single or double>/
       1. single <haplolepideous>/
       2. double <diplolepideous>/
 
#84. the peristome <position of origin>/
       1. arising below the mouth of the capsule <\i{}Habrodon\i0{}>/
       2. arising at the mouth of the capsule <<implicit>>/
 
#85. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <of the only or outer series,
          number>/
 
#86. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <whether twisted>/
       1. conspicuously spirally twisted/
       2. not spirally twisted <<implicit>>/
 
#87. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <whether joined basally>/
       1. joined basally to form a membranous ring/
       2. not basally joined/
 
#88. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <whether apically joined>/
       1. apically joined <\i{}Conostomum\i0{}>/
       2. apically free <<implicit>>/
 
#89. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <grouping>/
       1. not grouped <<implicit>>/
       2. in pairs/
       3. in fours/
 
#90. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <whether deeply divided>/
       1. deeply cleft/
       2. not deeply cleft/
 
#91. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <entire or perforated>/
       1. not perforated/
       2. perforated/
 
#92. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <constitution>/
       1. thin, membranous, and transversely barred <articulated,
          derived from a single layer of the sporogonium:
          Arthrodonteae>/
       2. solid, without transverse bars (derived from several
          concentric series of sporogonium cells) <Nematodonteae>/
 
#93. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <whether dicranoid>/
       1. \i{}interiorly\i0{} exhibiting a fine longitudinal dividing
          line between the transverse bars <aplolepid>/
       2. \i{}exteriorly\i0{} with a fine longitudinal dividing line
          between the transverse bars <diplolepid>/
       3. without longitudinal dividing lines/
 
#94. the <outer or only> peristome teeth <details feebly distinguishing
          Ditrichaceae Dicranaceae and Rhabdoweisiaceae>/
       1. terete, filiform and smooth, or smooth below and papillose
          above <Ditrichaceae>/
       2. flat, papillose above and vertically striate-pitted below
          <Dicranaceae>/
       3. smooth, with oblique striations that alternate with each
          articulation <Rhabdoweisiaceae>/
 
#95. the inner peristome <endostome, when diplolepideous, relative
          expression>/
       1. well developed/
       2. reduced/
       3. rudimentary/
 
#96. the inner peristome <length relative to the outer peristome>/
       1. shorter than the outer/
       2. about equalling the outer/
       3. exceeding the outer/
 
#97. the inner peristome <presence of basal membrane> <<L.W.: does this
          refer to the inner peristome, or to coalescence of both
          rings?>>/
       1. with a basal membranous ring/
       2. without a basal membranous ring/
 
#98. the inner peristome <presence of teeth or processes>/
       1. with elongated processes <or teeth; assumed positive when
          inner peristome perfect>/
       2. without processes/
 
#99. the processes of the inner peristome <number>/
 
#100. the processes of the inner peristome <position>/
       1. opposite the teeth of the outer peristome/
       2. alternating with the teeth of the outer peristome/
 
#101. the inner peristome <cilia>/
       1. ciliate/
       2. without cilia/
 
#102. the cilia and processes of the endostome <whether united into a
          conical lattice>/
       1. united by transverse strands into a conical lattice
          <\i{}Fontinalis\i0{}>/
       2. not united into a conical lattice <<implicit>>/
 
#103. the cilia of the inner peristome <whether entire>/
       1. entire/
       2. nodulose or appendiculate/
 
#104. the operculum <or lid of the capsule, shape (see Notes)>/
       1. convex/
       2. conical/
       3. mamillate/
       4. rostellate/
       5. rostrate/
       6. subulate/
 
#105. setae <as distict from pedicels or pseudopodia, presence>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#106. setae <length>/
 
#107. setae <curved or straight>/
       1. straight/
       2. curved/
       3. flexuose <wavy>/
 
#108. setae <colour>/
 
#109. setae <surface texture>/
       1. smooth/
       2. rough/
 
#110. <habitat water requirement:>/
       1. aquatic/
       2. in wet places <including helophytic>/
       3. mesophytic/
       4. xerophytic/
 
#111. occurring in <pH preferences>/
       1. basic habitats <including calcicoles>/
       2. neutral pH conditions/
       3. acid conditions <including calcifuges>/
 
#112. <whether nitrophilous:>/
       1. nitrophilous/
       2. not nitrophilous <<implicit>>/
 
#113. <whether saxicolous:> <<keys only>>/
       1. saxicolous/
       2. not saxicolous/
 
#114. <whether montane:> <<keys only>>/
       1. montane/
       2. not montane/
 
#115. <whether confined to trunks of tree ferns:>/
       1. in S. Kerry, confined to the trunks of the tree fern
          \i{}Dicksonia antactica\i0{}/
       2. not associated with trunks of tree ferns <<implicit>>/
 
#116. <habitats:>/
 
#117. haploid chromosome number, \i{}n\i0{} =/
 
#118. <number of species in Britain and Ireland:>/
       species/
 
#119. <genera in Britain and Ireland:>/
 
#120. <general distribution in Britain and Ireland (see Notes):>/
       1. northern Scotland/
       2. southern Scotland/
       3. northern England/
       4. English Midlands/
       5. East Anglia/
       6. Wales/
       7. southeast England/
       8. central southern England/
       9. southwest England <including Scilly>/
       10. Isle of Wight/
       11. Ireland/
 
#121. Class <cf. Smith 2004>/
       1. Sphagnopsida/
       2. Andraeopsida/
       3. Polytrichopsida/
       4. Bryopsida/
 
#122. <Bryopsida> Subclass <cf. Smith 2004>/
       1. Diphysciideae/
       2. Funariideae/
       3. Dicranideae/
       4. Bryideae/
 
#123. Order <cf. Smith 2004>/
       1. Sphagnales/
       2. Andreaeales/
       3. Tetraphidales/
       4. Polytrichales/
       5. Diphysciales/
       6. Timmiales/
       7. Encalyptales/
       8. Funariales/
       9. Grimmiales/
       10. Archidales/
       11. Seligeriales/
       12. Dicranales/
       13. Pottiales/
       14. Splachnales/
       15. Orthotrichales/
       16. Hedwigiales/
       17. Bryales/
       18. Hookeriales/
       19. Hypnales/
       20. Rhizogoniales/
 
#124. superseded Order, cf. Smith (1978):/
       1. Buxbaumiales/
       2. Dicranales/
       3. Eubryales/
       4. Fissidentales/
       5. Funariales/
       6. Grimmiales/
       7. Hookeriales/
       8. Isobryales/
       9. Polytrichales/
       10. Pottiales/
       11. Schistostegales/
       12. Tetraphidales/
       13. Hypnobryales/
       14. Andreaeales/
       15. Sphagnales/
       16. Archidiales/
       17. Encalyptales/
 
#125. <comments:>/
 
#126. abbreviated taxon name:/
 
#127. <illustrations:>/
