*COMMENT Taxon images for HTML descriptions.
*TAXON IMAGES
# \i{}Aciculidae\i0{}/ 
adams081.jpg <@subject Acidula fusca, with other 
Gastropoda-Prosobranchia 
(Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
reevepom.jpg <@subject Acicula fusca, with Pomatias elegans (Reeve)> 
<@text x=15 y=18 
t=POMATIASIDAE. 1, \i{}Pomatias elegans\i0{} 
(Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". ACICULIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Acicula fusca\i0{} (Montagu), "Point Snail". 
From Reeve (1863), with approximate scales 
added.> 
 
# \i{}Acroloxidae\i0{}/ 
adams07.jpg <@subject Acroloxus lacustris, with Ancylidae and Lymnaeidae
(Adams)> 
<@text x=623 y=956 
t=LYMNAEIDAE. 1, \i{}Myxas glutinosa\i0{} 
(Mller), "Glutinous Snail". 2, \i{}Lymnaea 
involuta\i0{} Thomson, probably a form of \i{}L. 
peregra\i0{}. 3b, \i{}Lymnaea peregra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Common Pond Snail, Wandering Pond 
Snail". 3a and 3e, \i{}Lymnaea ovata\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), probably also a form of \i{}L. 
peregra\i0{}. 4, \i{}Lymnaea auricularia\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Ear Pond Snail". 5, \i{}Lymnaea 
stagnalis\i0{} (Linn.), "Great Pond Snail". 6, 
\i{}Lymnaea palustris\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Pond 
Snail". 7, \i{}Lymnaea truncatula\i0{} (Mller), 
"Dwarf Pond Snail". 8, \i{}Lymnaea glabra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Mud Pond Snail". ANCYLIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Ancylus fluviatilis\i0{} Mller, "River 
Limpet". ACROLOXIDAE. 10, \i{}Acroloxus 
lacustris\i0{} (Linn.), "Lake Limpet". From Adams 
(1896).> 
reeveanc.jpg <@subject Acroloxus lacustris, with Ancylus fluviatilis 
(Reeve)> 
<@text x=14 y=24 
t=ANCYLIDAE. 1, \i{}Ancylus fluviatilis\i0{} 
Mller ("River Limpet"). ACROLOXIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Acroloxus lacustris\i0{} (L.), "Lake 
Limpet". From Reeve (1863), with approximate 
scales added.> 
 
# \i{}Agriolimacidae\i0{}/ 
tayp2015.jpg <@subject Deroceras laeve and Deroceras reticulatum: 
assorted 
varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=455 y=898 
t=AGRIOLIMACIDAE. 1-4, \i{}Deroceras 
reticulatum\i0{} (Mller), "Field or Milky 
Slug", animals 35-50 mm long when extended. 5-8, 
\i{}Deroceras laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Slug", 
15-25 mm. From Taylor (1906).> 
ellp14.jpg <@subject Deroceras reticulatum and D. laeve, with Limacidae 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=24 y=19 
t=AGRIOLIMACIDAE: 6, \i{}Deroceras 
reticulatum\i0{} (Muller), 35-50 mm.; 7, 
\i{}Deroceras laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Slug", 
15-25 mm. LIMACIDAE. 1, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{}; 2, 
\i{}Limax cinereoniger\i0{} Wolf, "Ash-black 
Slug", 100-200 mm.; 3, Limax flavus L., "Yellow 
Slug", 80-130 mm.; 4, \i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} 
(Mller), "Tree Slug", 70-80 mm.; 5, 
\i{}Malacolimax tenellus\i0{} (Mller), "Slender 
Slug" or "Tender Slug", 35-50 mm. From Ellis 
(1926).> 
adams01.jpg <@subject Deroceras reticulatum and Deroceras laeve, with 
Arionidae, Limacidae and Milacidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=25 y=17 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Arion ater\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Large Black Slug"; 2, \i{}Arion intermedius\i0{} 
Normand, "Hedgehog Slug"; 3, \i{}Arion 
hortensis\i0{} agg., "Garden Slug"; 5, 
\i{}Geomalacus maculosus\i0{} Allman, "Kerry 
Slug". LIMACIDAE. 6, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{} 
Linn., "Great Grey Slug"; 7, \i{}Limax 
flavus\i0{} Linn., "Yellow Slug"; 8, 
\i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} (Mller), "Tree 
Slug". AGRIOLIMACIDAE: 4, \i{}Deroceras 
laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Slug"; 9, 
\i{}Deroceras reticulatum\i0{} (Mller), "Field 
or Milky Slug". MILACIDAE: 10, probably 
\i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} (Frussac), "Sowerby's 
Keeled Slug". From Adams (1896).> 
reeveagr.jpg <@subject Deroceras reticulatum (Reeve)> 
<@text x=16 y=30 
t=AGRIOLIMACIDAE. \i{}Deroceras reticulatum\i0{} 
(Mller): "Field Slug", "Milky Slug". From Reeve 
(1863), with 1cm scale added.> 
 
# \i{}Ancylidae\i0{}/ 
reeveanc.jpg <@subject Ancylus fluviatilis, with Acroloxus lacustris 
(Reeve)> 
<@text x=14 y=24 
t=ANCYLIDAE. 1, \i{}Ancylus fluviatilis\i0{} 
Mller ("River Limpet"). ACROLOXIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Acroloxus lacustris\i0{} (L.), "Lake 
Limpet". From Reeve (1863), with approximate 
scales added.> 
adams07.jpg <@subject Ancylus fluviatilis, with Acroloxidae and 
Lymnaeidae 
(Adams)> 
<@text x=623 y=956 
t=LYMNAEIDAE. 1, \i{}Myxas glutinosa\i0{} 
(Mller), "Glutinous Snail". 2, \i{}Lymnaea 
involuta\i0{} Thomson, probably a form of \i{}L. 
peregra\i0{}. 3b, \i{}Lymnaea peregra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Common Pond Snail, Wandering Pond 
Snail". 3a and 3e, \i{}Lymnaea ovata\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), probably also a form of \i{}L. 
peregra\i0{}. 4, \i{}Lymnaea auricularia\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Ear Pond Snail". 5, \i{}Lymnaea 
stagnalis\i0{} (Linn.), "Great Pond Snail". 6, 
\i{}Lymnaea palustris\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Pond 
Snail". 7, \i{}Lymnaea truncatula\i0{} (Mller), 
"Dwarf Pond Snail". 8, \i{}Lymnaea glabra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Mud Pond Snail". ANCYLIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Ancylus fluviatilis\i0{} Mller, "River 
Limpet". ACROLOXIDAE. 10, \i{}Acroloxus 
lacustris\i0{} (Linn.), "Lake Limpet". From Adams 
(1896).> 
 
# \i{}Arionidae\i0{}/ 
tayp2018.jpg <@subject Arion ater: assorted varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=475 y=15 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1-10, \i{}Arion ater\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Large Black Slug", animals when extended 60-130 
mm long. From Taylor (1907).> 
tayp2024.jpg <@subject Arion circumscriptus, A. hortensis, A. 
intermedius, 
A. subfuscus, Geomalacus maculosus: assorted 
varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=478 y=10 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1-6, \i{}Arion subfuscus\i0{} 
Draparnaud, "Dusky Slug", animals when extended 
50-70 mm long. 7-11, \i{}Arion hortensis\i0{} 
agg., "Garden Slug", 25-35 mm; 12-17, \i{}Arion 
circumscriptus\i0{} agg., "Bourguignat's Slug", 
30-40 mm. 18-23, \i{}Arion intermedius\i0{} 
Normand, "Hedgehog Slug", 15-20 mm.; 24-27, 
\i{}Geomalacus maculosus\i0{} Allman, "Kerry 
Slug", 60-90 mm. From Taylor (1907).> 
ellp01.jpg <@subject Arion ater, A. circumscriptus, A. hortensis, A. 
intermedius, A. subfuscus, Geomalacus maculosus 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=815 y=934 
t=ARIONIDAE. 3, \i{}Geomalacus maculosus\i0{} 
Allman, "Kerry Slug", extending to 60-90 mm. 4, 
\i{}Arion subfuscus\i0{} Draparnaud, "Dusky Slug", 
50-70 mm.; 5, \i{}Arion circumscriptus\i0{} agg., 
"Bourguignat's Slug", 30-40 mm.; 6, \i{}Arion 
ater\i0{} (Linn.) var. \i{}livida\i0{}, "Large 
Black Slug", 60-130 mm.; 7 and 8, \i{}Arion 
intermedius\i0{} Normand, "Hedgehog Slug", 
extending to 15-20 mm.; 9, \i{}Arion 
hortensis\i0{} agg., "Garden Slug", 25-35 mm. 
TESTACELLIDAE. 10, \i{}Testacella haliotidea\i0{} 
Draparnaud, "Shelled Slug", 70-100 mm. MILACIDAE. 
1, \i{}Milax gagates\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Jet 
Slug", 45-55 mm.; 2, \i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} 
(Frussac), "Sowerby's Keeled Slug", 60-75 mm. 
From Ellis (1926).> 
adams01.jpg <@subject Arion and Geomalacus, with Agriolimacidae, 
Limacidae 
and Milacidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=25 y=17 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Arion ater\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Large Black Slug"; 2, \i{}Arion intermedius\i0{} 
Normand, "Hedgehog Slug"; 3, \i{}Arion 
hortensis\i0{} agg., "Garden Slug"; 5, 
\i{}Geomalacus maculosus\i0{} Allman, "Kerry 
Slug". LIMACIDAE. 6, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{} 
Linn., "Great Grey Slug"; 7, \i{}Limax 
flavus\i0{} Linn., "Yellow Slug"; 8, 
\i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} (Mller), "Tree 
Slug". AGRIOLIMACIDAE: 4, \i{}Deroceras 
laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Slug"; 9, 
\i{}Deroceras reticulatum\i0{} (Mller), "Field 
or Milky Slug". MILACIDAE: 10, probably 
\i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} (Frussac), "Sowerby's 
Keeled Slug". From Adams (1896).> 
reeveari.jpg <@subject Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Geomalacus maculosus
(Reeve)> 
<@text x=26 y=921 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Arion hortensis\i0{} agg., 
"Garden Slug". 2, \i{}Geomalacus maculosus\i0{} 
Allman, "Kerry Slug". 3, \i{}Arion ater\i0{} 
(L.), "Large Black Slug". From Reeve (1863, with 
1cm scale added).> 
 
# \i{}Assimineidae\i0{}/ 
reeveass.jpg <@subject Assiminea grayana, living animal (Reeve)> 
<@text x=26 y=890 
t=ASSIMINEIDAE. \i{}Assiminea grayana\i0{} 
Fleming, "Dun Sentinel Snail". From Reeve 
(1863), with approximate scale added.> 
ellp071.jpg <@subject Assiminea grayana shell (Ellis)> 
<@text x=414 y=33 
t=ASSIMINEIDAE. \i{}Assiminea grayana\i0{} 
Fleming, "Dun Sentinel Snail", shell 4-6 mm. 
Woolwich. From Ellis (1926).> 
 
# \i{}Bithyniidae\i0{}/ 
reevebit.jpg <@subject Bithynia leachii and Bithynia tentacula (Reeve)> 
<@text x=886 y=909 
t=BITHYNIIDAE. 1, \i{}Bithynia tentacula\i0{} 
L., "Common Bithynia". 2, \i{}Bithynia 
leachii\i0{} (Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". 
From Reeve (1863), with approximate scales 
added.> 
adams081.jpg <@subject Bithynia leachii and Bithynia tentaculata, with 
other Gastropoda-Prosobranchia (Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Boettgerillidae\i0{}/ 
 
# \i{}Bradybaenidae\i0{}/ 
bradyb01.jpg <@subject Bradybaena fruticum (Ellis)> 
<@text x=859 y=914 
t=\i{}Bradybaena fruticum\i0{} (Mller). From 
Ellis (1926: photo by R.A. Ellis).> 
 
# \i{}Chondrinidae\i0{}/ 
ellp072.jpg <@subject Abida secale, with Clausiliidae, Cochlicopidae, 
Enidae, Ferussaciidae and Pupillidae (Ellis)> 
<@text x=190 y=27 
t=CHONDRINIDAE. 8-9, \i{}Abida secale\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Large Chrysalis Snail", 6.0-8.5 
mm. PUPILLIDAE. 3-4, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} 
(L.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail", 3-4 mm. 5-6, 
\i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common 
Chrysalis Snail", 3.0-4.4 mm. 7, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail", 
3.0-3.7 mm. CLAUSILIIDAE. 10, \i{}Macrogastra 
rolphii\i0{} (Turton), "Rolph's Door Snail", 
11-14 mm. 11, \i{}Clausilia bidentata\i0{} 
(Strm), "Common Door Snail", or "Two-toothed 
Door Snail". 12, \i{}Clausilia dubia\i0{} 
Draparnaud, "Craven Door Snail, 11-14(-16) mm. 
13, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} (Montagu), "Thames 
Door Snail", 16-18 mm. 14, \i{}Cochlodina 
laminata\i0{} (Montagu), "Plaited Door Snail", 
15-17 mm. 15, \i{}Balea perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree 
Snail", 8-10 mm. ENIDAE. 16, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Mountain Bulin", 14-17 mm.; 17-18, 
\i{}Ena obscura\i0{} (Mller), "Lesser Bulin", 
8.5-9.0 mm. COCHLICOPIDAE. 22-23, \i{}Cochlicopa 
lubrica\i0{} (Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail", 5-7 
mm. 26-27, \i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail", 5.5-7.0 mm. 
FERUSSACIIDAE. 28, \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail" or "Agate Snail", 4.5-5.5 
mm. From Ellis (1926); all displayed at the same 
enlargement, to assist comparisons.> 
adams041.jpg <@subject Abida secale, with Enidae, Pupillidae and 
Vertiginidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=31 y=90 
t=ENIDAE. 8, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Mountain Bulin"; 9, \i{}Ena obscura\i0{} 
(Mller), "Lesser Bulin". CHONDRINIDAE. 10, 
\i{}Abida secale\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Large 
Chrysalis Snail". PUPILLIDAE. 11, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail"; 
12, \i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (Da Costa), 
"Common Chrysalis Snail"; 13, \i{}Pupilla 
muscorum\i0{} (Linn.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail". 
VERTIGINIDAE. 14, \i{}Vertigo antivertigo\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Marsh Whorl Snail"; 15, 
\i{}Vertigo moulinsiana\i0{} (Dupuy), "Des 
Moulins Whorl Snail"; 16, \i{}Vertigo 
pygmaea\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Common Whorl Snail"; 
17, \i{}Vertigo alpestris\i0{} Alder, " Mountain 
Whorl Snail"; 18, \i{}Vertigo substriata\i0{} 
(Jeffreys), "Striated Whorl Snail"; 19, 
\i{}Vertigo pusilla\i0{} (Mller), "Wall Whorl 
Snail, Wry-necked Whorl Snail"; \i{}Vertigo 
angustior\i0{} Jeffreys, " Narrow-mouthed Whorl 
Snail". 21, \i{}Columella edulenta\i0{} agg., 
i.e. \i{}C. edulenta\i0{} (Draparnaud) or \i{}C. 
aspersa\i0{} Waldn, "Toothless Chrysalis 
Snail". 22, cf. \i{}Truncatellina\i0{} sp. 
(labelled by Adams \i{}Vertigo minutissima\i0{} 
Hartmann, a name not yet located elsewhere. His 
illustration, morphological description, and the 
distribution he gave suggest an amalgam of 
\i{}Truncatellina cylindrica\i0{} and 
\i{}T.callicratis\i0{}, only recently 
distinguished from one another at specific 
level.). From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Clausiliidae\i0{}/ 
ellp072.jpg <@subject Balea perversa, Clausilia spp. and Macrogastra 
rolphii, with Chondrinidaeidae, Cochlicopidae, 
Enidae, Ferussaciidae and Pupillidae (Ellis)> 
<@text x=190 y=27 
t=CLAUSILIIDAE. 10, \i{}Macrogastra rolphii\i0{} 
(Turton), "Rolph's Door Snail", 11-14 mm. 11, 
\i{}Clausilia bidentata\i0{} (Strm), "Common 
Door Snail", or "Two-toothed Door Snail". 12, 
\i{}Clausilia dubia\i0{} Draparnaud, "Craven Door 
Snail, 11-14(-16) mm. 13, \i{}Balea 
biplicata\i0{} (Montagu), "Thames Door Snail", 
16-18 mm. 14, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Plaited Door Snail", 15-17 mm. 15, 
\i{}Balea perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree Snail", 8-10 
mm. CHONDRINIDAE. 8-9, \i{}Abida secale\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Large Chrysalis Snail", 6.0-8.5 
mm. PUPILLIDAE. 3-4, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} 
(L.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail", 3-4 mm. 5-6, 
\i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common 
Chrysalis Snail", 3.0-4.4 mm. 7, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail", 
3.0-3.7 mm. ENIDAE. 16, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Mountain Bulin", 14-17 mm.; 17-18, 
\i{}Ena obscura\i0{} (Mller), "Lesser Bulin", 
8.5-9.0 mm. COCHLICOPIDAE. 22-23, \i{}Cochlicopa 
lubrica\i0{} (Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail", 5-7 
mm. 26-27, \i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail", 5.5-7.0 mm. 
FERUSSACIIDAE. 28, \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail" or "Agate Snail", 4.5-5.5 
mm. From Ellis (1926); all displayed at the same 
enlargement, to assist comparisons.> 
reevecla.jpg <@subject Balea biplicata, Balea perversa, Clausilia 
bidentata, Cochlodina laminata (live animal), 
Macrogastra rolphi (Reeve)> 
<@text x=20 y=911 
t=CLAUSILIIDAE. 1, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Plaited Door Snail". 2, \i{}Balea 
biplicata\i0{} (Montagu), "Thames Door Snail". 
3, \i{}Macrogastra rolphii\i0{} (Turton), 
"Rolph's Door Snail". 4, \i{}Clausilia 
bidentata\i0{} (Strm), "Common Door Snail", or 
"Two-toothed Door Snail". 5, \i{}Balea 
perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree Snail". From Reeve 
(1863), with approximate shell lengths added.> 
adams051.jpg <@subject Balea, Clausilia, Cochlodina and Macrogastra, 
with 
Aciculidae, Cochlicopidae, Ellobiidae, Ferussaciidae 
(Adams)> 
<@text x=474 y=513 
t=CLAUSILIIDAE. 1a and 1b, \i{}Clausilia 
bidentata\i0{} (Strom), "Common Door Snail, 
Two-toothed Snail". 2a and 2b, \i{}Macrogastra 
rolphii \i0{}(Turton), "Rolphs Door Snail". 3a 
and 3b, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} (Montagu), 
"Plaited Door Snail", with detail of an oral 
lamina. 4a and 4b, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Thames Door Snail". 5, \i{}Balea 
perversa\i0{} (Linn.), "Tree Snail". 
COCHLICOPIDAE. 6, \i{}Cochlicopa lubrica\i0{} 
(Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail". 7a and 7b, 
\i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail". FERUSSACIIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} (Mller), "Blind 
Snail, Agate Snail". ELLOBIIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Carychium minimum\i0{} Mller, "Least Herald 
Snail, Sedge Snail". ACICULIDAE. 11a, 
\i{}Acicula fusca\i0{} (Montagu), "Point Snail", 
with (11a) detail of the operculum. TO BE 
IDENTIFIED. 12, \i{}Stenogyra goodallii\i0{} 
Miller, name not located in recent lists, and 
identity not established. From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Cochlicopidae\i0{}/ 
ellp072.jpg <@subject Azeca goodalli and Cochlicopa lubrica, with 
Clausiliidae, Chondrinidae, Enidae, Ferussaciidae and 
Pupillidae> 
<@text x=190 y=27 
t=COCHLICOPIDAE. 22-23, \i{}Cochlicopa 
lubrica\i0{} (Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail", 5-7 
mm. 26-27, \i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail", 5.5-7.0 mm. 
CLAUSILIIDAE. 10, \i{}Macrogastra rolphii\i0{} 
(Turton), "Rolph's Door Snail", 11-14 mm. 11, 
\i{}Clausilia bidentata\i0{} (Strm), "Common 
Door Snail", or "Two-toothed Door Snail". 12, 
\i{}Clausilia dubia\i0{} Draparnaud, "Craven Door 
Snail, 11-14(-16) mm. 13, \i{}Balea 
biplicata\i0{} (Montagu), "Thames Door Snail", 
16-18 mm. 14, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Plaited Door Snail", 15-17 mm. 15, 
\i{}Balea perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree Snail", 8-10 
mm. CHONDRINIDAE. 8-9, \i{}Abida secale\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Large Chrysalis Snail", 6.0-8.5 
mm. PUPILLIDAE. 3-4, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} 
(L.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail", 3-4 mm. 5-6, 
\i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common 
Chrysalis Snail", 3.0-4.4 mm. 7, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail", 
3.0-3.7 mm. ENIDAE. 16, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Mountain Bulin", 14-17 mm.; 17-18, 
\i{}Ena obscura\i0{} (Mller), "Lesser Bulin", 
8.5-9.0 mm. FERUSSACIIDAE. 28, \i{}Cecilioides 
acicula\i0{} (Mller), "Blind Snail" or "Agate 
Snail", 4.5-5.5 mm. From Ellis (1926); all 
displayed at the same enlargement, to assist 
comparisons.> 
reevecoc.jpg <@subject Azeca goodalli and Cochlicopa lubrica (live 
animals; Reeve)> 
<@text x=869 y=906 
t=COCHLICOPIDAE. 1, \i{}Cochlicopa lubrica\i0{} 
(Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail". 2, \i{}Azeca 
goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), "Three-toothed Moss 
Snail". From Reeve (1863, with approximate 
scales added).> 
adams051.jpg <@subject Cochlicopa lubrica, with Aciculidae, 
Clausiliidae, 
Ellobiidae, Ferussaciidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=474 y=513 
t=CLAUSILIIDAE. 1a and 1b, \i{}Clausilia 
bidentata\i0{} (Strom), "Common Door Snail, 
Two-toothed Snail". 2a and 2b, \i{}Macrogastra 
rolphii \i0{}(Turton), "Rolphs Door Snail". 3a 
and 3b, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} (Montagu), 
"Plaited Door Snail", with detail of an oral 
lamina. 4a and 4b, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Thames Door Snail". 5, \i{}Balea 
perversa\i0{} (Linn.), "Tree Snail". 
COCHLICOPIDAE. 6, \i{}Cochlicopa lubrica\i0{} 
(Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail". 7a and 7b, 
\i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail". FERUSSACIIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} (Mller), "Blind 
Snail, Agate Snail". ELLOBIIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Carychium minimum\i0{} Mller, "Least Herald 
Snail, Sedge Snail". ACICULIDAE. 11a, 
\i{}Acicula fusca\i0{} (Montagu), "Point Snail", 
with (11a) detail of the operculum. TO BE 
IDENTIFIED. 12, \i{}Stenogyra goodallii\i0{} 
Miller, name not located in recent lists, and 
identity not established. From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Discidae\i0{}/ 
tayp0193.jpg <@subject Discus rotundatus (Taylor)> 
<@text x=427 y=20 
t=DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail", "Radiated Snail", 
maturew shells 5.5-7.0 mm. From Taylor (1914).> 
valletc.jpg <@subject Discus rotundatus, with Euconulidae, Punctidae, 
Pyramidulidae, Valloniidae, Vitrinidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=50 y=895 
t=DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail, or Radiated Snail"). 
PYRAMIDULIDAE. 1, \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail". PUNCTIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Dwarf 
Snail". VALLONIIDAE. 3, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail, 
Beautiful Grass Snail"; 4, \i{}Acanthinula 
aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} (Jeffreys), "Plated 
Snail"). VITRINIDAE. 7, \i{}Vitrina 
pellucida\i0{} (Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". 
EUCONULIDAE. 8, \i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} agg., 
probably \i{}E. fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny 
Glass Snail". From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Dreissenidae\i0{}/ 
reevedre.jpg <@subject Dreissena polymorpha (Reeve)> 
<@text x=891 y=24 
t=DREISSENIDAE. \i{}Dreissena polymorpha\i0{} 
(Pallas), "Zebra Mussel". From Reeve (1863), 
with scale added.> 
adams082.jpg <@subject Dreissena polymorpha, with Anodonta spp. (Adams)>
<@text x=885 y=945 
t=UNIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Anodonta cygnea\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Swan Mussel"; 2, \i{}Anodonta 
anatina\i0{} (Linn.), "Duck Mussel". 
DREISSENIDAE. 3, \i{}Dreissena polymorpha\i0{} 
(Pallas), "Zebra Mussel". From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Ellobiidae\i0{}/ 
reevecar.jpg <@subject Carychium minimum, Leucophytia bidentata, 
Ovatella 
myosotis (Reeve)> 
<@text x=18 y=23 
t=ELLOBIIDAE. 1, \i{}Carychium minimum\i0{} 
Mller, "Least Herald Snail". 2, \i{}Ovatella 
myosotis\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Mouse-eared Snail". 
3, \i{}Leucophytia bidentata\i0{} (Montagu). 
From Reeve (1863, with scales added).> 
adams051.jpg <@subject Carychium minimum, with Aciculidae, Clausiliidae,
Cochlicopidae, Ferussaciidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=474 y=513 
t=ELLOBIIDAE. 9, \i{}Carychium minimum\i0{} 
Mller, "Least Herald Snail, Sedge Snail". 
CLAUSILIIDAE. 1a and 1b, \i{}Clausilia 
bidentata\i0{} (Strom), "Common Door Snail, 
Two-toothed Snail". 2a and 2b, \i{}Macrogastra 
rolphii \i0{}(Turton), "Rolphs Door Snail". 3a 
and 3b, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} (Montagu), 
"Plaited Door Snail", with detail of an oral 
lamina. 4a and 4b, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Thames Door Snail". 5, \i{}Balea 
perversa\i0{} (Linn.), "Tree Snail". 
COCHLICOPIDAE. 6, \i{}Cochlicopa lubrica\i0{} 
(Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail". 7a and 7b, 
\i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail". FERUSSACIIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} (Mller), "Blind 
Snail, Agate Snail". ACICULIDAE. 11a, 
\i{}Acicula fusca\i0{} (Montagu), "Point Snail", 
with (11a) detail of the operculum. TO BE 
IDENTIFIED. 12, \i{}Stenogyra goodallii\i0{} 
Miller, name not located in recent lists, and 
identity not established. From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Enidae\i0{}/ 
ellp072.jpg <@subject Ena montana and Ena obscura, with Clausiliidae, 
Chondrinidae, Cochlicopidae, Ferussaciidae and 
Pupillidae (Ellis)> 
<@text x=190 y=27 
t=ENIDAE. 16, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Mountain Bulin", 14-17 mm.; 17-18, \i{}Ena 
obscura\i0{} (Mller), "Lesser Bulin", 8.5-9.0 
mm. COCHLICOPIDAE. 22-23, \i{}Cochlicopa 
lubrica\i0{} (Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail", 5-7 
mm. 26-27, \i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail", 5.5-7.0 mm. 
CLAUSILIIDAE. 10, \i{}Macrogastra rolphii\i0{} 
(Turton), "Rolph's Door Snail", 11-14 mm. 11, 
\i{}Clausilia bidentata\i0{} (Strm), "Common 
Door Snail", or "Two-toothed Door Snail". 12, 
\i{}Clausilia dubia\i0{} Draparnaud, "Craven Door 
Snail, 11-14(-16) mm. 13, \i{}Balea 
biplicata\i0{} (Montagu), "Thames Door Snail", 
16-18 mm. 14, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Plaited Door Snail", 15-17 mm. 15, 
\i{}Balea perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree Snail", 8-10 
mm. CHONDRINIDAE. 8-9, \i{}Abida secale\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Large Chrysalis Snail", 6.0-8.5 
mm. PUPILLIDAE. 3-4, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} 
(L.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail", 3-4 mm. 5-6, 
\i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common 
Chrysalis Snail", 3.0-4.4 mm. 7, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail", 
3.0-3.7 mm. FERUSSACIIDAE. 28, \i{}Cecilioides 
acicula\i0{} (Mller), "Blind Snail" or "Agate 
Snail", 4.5-5.5 mm. From Ellis (1926); all 
displayed at the same enlargement, to assist 
comparisons.> 
adams041.jpg <@subject Ena montana and E. obscura, with Chondrinidae, 
Pupillidae, Vertiginidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=31 y=90 
t=ENIDAE. 8, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Mountain Bulin"; 9, \i{}Ena obscura\i0{} 
(Mller), "Lesser Bulin". CHONDRINIDAE. 10, 
\i{}Abida secale\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Large 
Chrysalis Snail". PUPILLIDAE. 11, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail"; 
12, \i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (Da Costa), 
"Common Chrysalis Snail"; 13, \i{}Pupilla 
muscorum\i0{} (Linn.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail". 
VERTIGINIDAE. 14, \i{}Vertigo antivertigo\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Marsh Whorl Snail"; 15, 
\i{}Vertigo moulinsiana\i0{} (Dupuy), "Des 
Moulins Whorl Snail"; 16, \i{}Vertigo 
pygmaea\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Common Whorl Snail"; 
17, \i{}Vertigo alpestris\i0{} Alder, " Mountain 
Whorl Snail"; 18, \i{}Vertigo substriata\i0{} 
(Jeffreys), "Striated Whorl Snail"; 19, 
\i{}Vertigo pusilla\i0{} (Mller), "Wall Whorl 
Snail, Wry-necked Whorl Snail"; \i{}Vertigo 
angustior\i0{} Jeffreys, " Narrow-mouthed Whorl 
Snail". 21, \i{}Columella edulenta\i0{} agg., 
i.e. \i{}C. edulenta\i0{} (Draparnaud) or \i{}C. 
aspersa\i0{} Waldn, "Toothless Chrysalis 
Snail". 22, cf. \i{}Truncatellina\i0{} sp. 
(labelled by Adams \i{}Vertigo minutissima\i0{} 
Hartmann, a name not yet located elsewhere. His 
illustration, morphological description, and the 
distribution he gave suggest an amalgam of 
\i{}Truncatellina cylindrica\i0{} and 
\i{}T.callicratis\i0{}, only recently 
distinguished from one another at specific 
level.). From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Euconulidae\i0{}/ 
tayp0152.jpg <@subject Euconulus fulvus: live animal and shells 
(Taylor)> 
<@text x=818 y=35 
t=EUCONULIDAE. \i{}Euconulus\i0{} agg., probably 
\i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny Glass 
Snail", 2.3-3.5mm. From Taylor (1914).> 
valletc.jpg <@subject Euconulus fulvus, with Discidae, Punctidae, 
Pyramidulidae, Valloniidae, Vitrinidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=50 y=895 
t=PYRAMIDULIDAE. 1, \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail". PUNCTIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Dwarf 
Snail". VALLONIIDAE. 3, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail, 
Beautiful Grass Snail"; 4, \i{}Acanthinula 
aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} (Jeffreys), "Plated 
Snail"). DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail, or Radiated Snail"). 
VITRINIDAE. 7, \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". EUCONULIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} agg., probably \i{}E. 
fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny Glass Snail". From 
Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Ferussaciidae\i0{}/ 
reevefer.jpg <@subject Cecilioides acicula (Reeve)> 
<@text x=30 y=31 
t=FERUSSACIIDAE. \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail", "Agate Snail". From 
Reeve (1863, with approximate scale added).> 
ellp072.jpg <@subject Cecilioides acicula, with Clausiliidae, 
Chondrinidae, Cochlicopidae, Enidae and Pupillidae 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=183 y=35 
t=FERUSSACIIDAE. 8, \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail, Agate Snail". 4.5-5.5 mm. 
PUPILLIDAE. 3-4, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} (L.), 
"Moss Chrysalis Snail", 3-4 mm. 5-6, \i{}Lauria 
cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common Chrysalis 
Snail", 3.0-4.4 mm. 7, \i{}Leiostyla anglica\i0{} 
(Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail", 3.0-3.7 mm. 
CHONDRINIDAE. 8-9, \i{}Abida secale\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Large Chrysalis Snail", 6.0-8.5 
mm. CLAUSILIIDAE. 10, \i{}Macrogastra 
rolphii\i0{} (Turton), "Rolph's Door Snail", 
11-14 mm. 11, \i{}Clausilia bidentata\i0{} 
(Strm), "Common Door Snail", or "Two-toothed 
Door Snail". 12, \i{}Clausilia dubia\i0{} 
Draparnaud, "Craven Door Snail, 11-14(-16) mm. 
13, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} (Montagu), "Thames 
Door Snail", 16-18 mm. 14, \i{}Cochlodina 
laminata\i0{} (Montagu), "Plaited Door Snail", 
15-17 mm. 15, \i{}Balea perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree 
Snail", 8-10 mm. ENIDAE. 16, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Mountain Bulin", 14-17 mm.; 17-18, 
\i{}Ena obscura\i0{} (Mller), "Lesser Bulin", 
8.5-9.0 mm. COCHLICOPIDAE. 22-23, \i{}Cochlicopa 
lubrica\i0{} (Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail", 5-7 
mm. 26-27, \i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail", 5.5-7.0 mm. 
FERUSSACIIDAE. 28, \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail" or "Agate Snail", 4.5-5.5 
mm. From Ellis (1926); all displayed at the same 
enlargement, to assist comparisons.> 
adams051.jpg <@subject Ceciliodes acicula, with Aciculidae, 
Clausiliidae, 
Cochlicopidae, Ellobiidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=474 y=513 
t=FERUSSACIIDAE. 8, \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail, Agate Snail". 
CLAUSILIIDAE. 1a and 1b, \i{}Clausilia 
bidentata\i0{} (Strom), "Common Door Snail, 
Two-toothed Snail". 2a and 2b, \i{}Macrogastra 
rolphii \i0{}(Turton), "Rolphs Door Snail". 3a 
and 3b, \i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} (Montagu), 
"Plaited Door Snail", with detail of an oral 
lamina. 4a and 4b, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Thames Door Snail". 5, \i{}Balea 
perversa\i0{} (Linn.), "Tree Snail". 
COCHLICOPIDAE. 6, \i{}Cochlicopa lubrica\i0{} 
(Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail". 7a and 7b, 
\i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail". ELLOBIIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Carychium minimum\i0{} Mller, "Least Herald 
Snail, Sedge Snail". ACICULIDAE. 11a, 
\i{}Acicula fusca\i0{} (Montagu), "Point Snail", 
with (11a) detail of the operculum. TO BE 
IDENTIFIED. 12, \i{}Stenogyra goodallii\i0{} 
Miller, name not located in recent lists, and 
identity not established. From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Helicidae\i0{}/ 
tayp0341.jpg <@subject Arianta arbustorum: shell variation (Taylor)> 
<@text x=495 y=939 
t=ARIANTA. 17, \i{}Arianta arbustorum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Copse Snail", mature shells 17-23 mm. 
From Taylor (1914).> 
ariarb01.jpg <@subject Arianta arbustorum: shells (L.W.)> 
<@text x=862 y=922 
t=HELICIDAE. \i{}Arianta arbustorum\i0{} (L.), 
Copse Snail. Lathkil Dale, Derbyshire. May 
1950.> 
tayp0281.jpg <@subject Cepaea hortensis: shell variation (Taylor)> 
<@text x=463 y=938 
t=CEPAEA. \i{}Cepaea hortensis\i0{} (Mller), 
White-lipped Snail, mature shells 16-20 mm. 
From Taylor (1914).> 
cephor00.jpg <@subject Cepaea hortensis: diverse shells from one 
locality (L.W.)> 
<@text x=492 y=73 
t=HELICIDAE. \i{}Cepaea hortensis\i0{} (Mller), 
"White-lipped Snail". Miller's Dale, Buxton, 
Derbyshire. May 1949.> 
tayp0261.jpg <@subject Cepaea nemoralis: shell variation (Taylor)> 
<@text x=905 y=16 
t=CEPAEA. \i{}Cepaea nemoralis\i0{} (Linn.): 
"Grove Snail", "Brown-lipped Snail", mature 
shells 18-25 mm. From Taylor (1914).> 
hnemor01.jpg <@subject Cepaea nemoralis: shell variation from one 
locality 
(L.W.)> 
<@text x=461 y=937 
t=\i{}Cepaea nemoralis\i0{} (L.), "Brown-lipped 
snail". Upper and lower views of five shells, 
exemplifying variation in one population; 
collected from a roadside verge near Leek, 
Staffs. (red sandstone substrate) by L.W. in 
1950.> 
 
tayp1021.jpg <@subject Cernuella virgata: shell variation (Taylor)> 
<@text x=33 y=844 
t=CERNUELLA. \i{}Cernuella virgata\i0{} (da 
Costa), "Striped Snail, Zoned Snail", mature 
shells 9-18 mm. 1, Typical form, Lewes (T.S. 
Hillman). 2, var \i{}nigrescens\i0{} Grat., 
Afton Downs, I. of Wight (C. Ashford). 3, var. 
\i{}rufulo-zonata\i0{} Taylor, Langharne (G.W. 
Mellors). 4, var. \i{}albicans\i0{} Grat., 
Newquay (J.H. James). 5, var. \i{}alba\i0{} 
Taylor, Lewes (C.H. Morris). From Taylor 
(1895).> 
reevehe2.jpg <@subject Cochlicella acuta: live animal (Reeve)> 
<@text x=15 y=51 
t=HELICIDAE. Cochlicella acuta (Mller), 
"Pointed Snail". From Reeve (1863, with 
approximae scale added).> 
hital06.jpg <@subject Helicella itala, shells (L.W.)> 
<@text x=24 y=34 
t=HELICIDAE. \i{}Helicella itala\i0{} (L.), 
Heath Snail. Mawgan Porth near Newquay, 
Cornwall. 18th Oct. 1943 (J. Armitage).> 
tayp0194.jpg <@subject Helicogona lapicida: shell varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=424 y=927 
t=HELICIGONA. \i{}Helicigona lapicida\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Lapidary Snail", mature shells 15-20 
mm. From Taylor (1914).> 
hlap01.jpg <@subject Helicigona lapicida (L.W.)> 
<@text x=456 y=46 
t=\i{}Helicigona lapicida\i0{}. Lathkill Dale, 
Derbyshire, under stones. May 1949.> 
tayp0231.jpg <@subject Helix aspersa: shell varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=527 y=843 
t=HELIX \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}. \i{}Helix 
aspersa\i0{} Mller, "Garden Snail" or "Common 
Snail", mature shells 30-40 mm. From Taylor 
(1914).> 
reevehe0.jpg <@subject Helix aspersa: live animal (Reeve)> 
<@text x=24 y=31 
t=\i{}Helix aspersa\i0{}, from Reeve (1863).> 
tayp0201.jpg <@subject Helix pomatia shells (Taylor)> 
<@text x=456 y=926 
t=HELIX \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}. \i{}Helix 
pomatia\i0{} Linn., "Roman Snail", "Edible 
Snail", "Vine Snail" or "Apple Snail", mature 
shells 35-45 mm. From Taylor (1914).> 
moncan01.jpg <@subject Monacha cartusiana shells (L.W.)> 
<@text x=34 y=49 
t=HELICIDAE. \i{}Monacha cartusiana\i0{} (Mller), 
"Carthusian Snail", "Chartreuse Snail" (formerly 
\i{}Helix cantiana\i0{}). Ewell Down, Kent. April 24th 1944. 
J. Armitage.> 
tayp0301.jpg <@subject Theba pisana: shell variation (Taylor)> 
<@text x=473 y=947 
t=THEBA. \i{}Theba pisana\i0{} (Mller), "White 
Snail" or "Sandhill Snail", shells 16-22 mm. 
From Taylor (1914).> 
thpis01.jpg <@subject Theba pisana (L.W.)> 
<@text x=27 y=903 
t=HELICIDAE. \i{}Theba pisana\i0{} (Mller), 
White Snail, Sandhill Snail. Albany, SW 
Australia (in gardens and on maritime sandhills).> 
trist01.jpg <@subject Trichia striolata, shells (L.W.)> 
<@text x=24 y=27 
t=HELICIDAE. \i{}Trichia striolata\i0{} (C. 
Pfeiffer), Strawberry Snail (a pale-shelled 
form). Refuse tip, Marple, Cheshire, Oct. 24th 
1947 (F. Taylor).> 
ellp091.jpg <@subject Candidula, Cernuella, Helicella, Helicodonta, 
Hygromia, Trochoidea (Ellis)> 
<@text x=877 y=932 
t=HELICIDAE. 1-3, \i{}Helicella itala\i0{} (L.), 
"Heath Snail", 12-20 mm. 4-6, \i{}Cernuella 
virgata\i0{} (da Costa), "Striped Snail" or 
"Zoned Snail", 9-18 mm. 7-9, \i{}Candidula 
gigaxii\i0{} (L. Pfeiffer), 7-12 mm. 10-12, 
\i{}Candidula intersecta\i0{} (Poiret), "Wrinkled 
Snail", 7-12 mm. 13-15, \i{}Trochoidea 
elegans\i0{}, "Top Snail", 8-10 mm. 16-18, 
\i{}Hygromia limbata\i0{}, "Hedge Snail", 12-15 
mm. 19-21, \i{}Helicodonta obvoluta\i0{}, "Cheese 
Snail", 11-14 mm. From Ellis (1926), all rendered 
here to approximately the same scale.> 
ellp092.jpg <@subject Ashfordia, Perforatella, Ponentina, Trichia 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=318 y=25 
t=HELICIDAE. 22-24, \i{}Ashfordia granulata\i0{}, 
"Silky Snail", 7-9 mm. 25-27, \i{}Perforatella 
subrufescens\i0{} (Miller), "Brown Snail", 8-10 
mm. 28-30, \i{}Ponentina subvirescens\i0{}, 
"Green Snail", 5-7 mm. 31-33, \i{}Trichia 
striolata\i0{}, "Strawberry Snail", 11-15 mm. 
34-39, \i{}Trichia hispida\i0{} (L.), "Hairy 
Snail", 6-10 mm. From Ellis (1926), all rendered 
here to approximately the same scale.> 
helix01.jpg <@subject Helix sens. lat., exemplifying 16 genera (Adams)> 
<@text x=664 y=273 
t=HELIX \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}. 1, \i{}Helix 
pomatia\i0{} Linn., "Roman Snail, Edible Snail, 
Vine Snail, Apple Snail". 2, \i{}Helix 
aspersa\i0{} Mller, "Garden Snail, Common 
Snail". MONACHA. 3, \i{}Monacha cantiana\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Kentish Snail". 4, \i{}Monacha 
cartusiana\i0{} (Mller), "Carthusian Snail, 
Chartreuse Snail". TRICHIA. 5, \i{}Trichia 
striolata\i0{} (Pfeiffer), "Strawberry Snail" 
(formerly known as \i{}Helix rufescens\i0{}). 6 
and 7, \i{}Trichia hispida\i0{} (Linn.), "Hairy 
Snail". ASHFORDIA. 8, \i{}Ashfordia 
granulata\i0{} (Alder), "Silky Snail". PONENTINA. 
9, \i{}Ponentina subvirescens\i0{} (Bellamy), 
"Green Snail". PERFORATELLA. 10, \i{}Perforatella 
subrufescens\i0{} (Miller), "Brown Snail". THEBA. 
11, \i{}Theba pisana\i0{} (Mller), "White Snail, 
Sandhill Snail". CERNUELLA. 12, \i{}Cernuella 
virgata\i0{} (da Costa), "Striped Snail, Zoned 
Snail". CANDIDULA. 13, \i{}Candidula 
intersecta\i0{} (Poiret), "Wrinkled Snail". 
HELICELLA. 14, \i{}Helicella itala\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Heath Snail". CEPAEA. 15, \i{}Cepaea 
nemoralis\i0{} (Linn.), "Grove Snail, 
Brown-lipped Snail", with a dart. 16, \i{}Cepaea 
hortensis\i0{} (Mller), "White-lipped Snail", 
with a dart. ARIANTA. 17, \i{}Arianta 
arbustorum\i0{} (Linn.), "Copse Snail". 
HELICIGONA. 18, \i{}Helicigona lapicida\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Lapidary Snail". HELICODONTA. 19, 
\i{}Helicodonta obvoluta\i0{} (Mller), "Cheese 
Snail". TROCHOIDEA. 20, \i{}Trochoidea 
elegans\i0{} (Gmelin), "Top Snail". COCHLICELLA. 
21, \i{}Cochlicella acuta\i0{} (Mller), "Pointed 
Snail". From Adams (1896).> 
nod030.jpg <@subject Courtship in Helix aspersa (Shaw and Nodder, 1790)>
<@text x=922 y=933 
t=The 1790 representation by Shaw (from 
\i{}Naturalists Miscellany\i0{}', vol. 1, no. 30) 
is fanciful, in that each snail posesses a single 
dart sac, in which the calcareous "love darts" are 
developed one at a time. \par{} \par{}The 
following quotation is from Alicia M. Cordero 
(2001, at 
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/75th/ab8.html) 
\par{} \par{}"Within the reproductive tract of 
many land snails is a dart apparatus that consists 
of calcareous darts and often a mucus gland. These 
darts, commonly referred to as "love darts" are 
incorporated into the courtship sequence of land 
snails in various ways. Sometimes the dart is 
ejected from the "shooter" and pierces the body 
wall of the "recipient." In other cases the dart 
is ejected from the "shooter" without entering the 
body of the "recipient." In some snails the dart 
is retained by the "shooter" and used to jab the 
"recipient." Many hypotheses have been presented 
to explain the evolutionary significance of the 
dart apparatus: (1) it is a calcium gift used to 
entice the partner to act as female; (2) it is a 
calcium gift used to entice the partner to act as 
male; (3) it is an honest signal of mate quality; 
(4) it facilitates species recognition; (5) it is 
a means of transporting chemicals to a potential 
mate; and (6) it is used to prevent unwanted 
matings. The occurrence of darts in land snails is 
widely distributed throughout many taxonomic 
groups, however, nearly all of the detailed 
observations of the reproductive behavior of land 
snails have been made on only two closely related 
helicoid species, \i{}Helix pomatia\i0{} and 
\i{}Helix aspersa\i0{}. The behavior of other 
species is largely unknown, but anecdotal reports 
show that in some species the dart may be used 
differently than in \i{}Helix\i0{}. In order to 
determine the role the dart is playing in 
reproduction and whether or not it has the same 
role within different clades, \the phylogenetic 
distribution of darts must be known and the 
behavior of more dart bearing land snails must be 
investigated."> 
taydart.jpg <@subject Love darts of Arantia, Cepaea, Cernuella, 
Helicigona, Helix, Theba (Taylor)> 
<@text x=893 y=19 
t=Love Darts. HELICIDAE. 1, \i{}Cernuella 
virgata\i0{}, with a section showing the lateral 
wings. 2, \i{}Helicogona lapicida\i0{}, with 
section of the lanceolate head. 3, \i{}Helix 
pomatia\i0{}, sectioned to show the four wings. 
4, \i{}Cepaea hortensis\i0{}, sectioned to show 
the complex wings. 5, \i{}Cepaea nemoralis\i0{}, 
showing transverse septa joining the four simple 
wings, and with diagrammatic transverse sections. 
6, \i{}Helix aspersa\i0{}. 7, \i{}Theba 
pisana\i0{}, with a section through the 
mid-region. 8, \i{}Arantia arbustorum\i0{}, with 
section through the lenticular head. ZONITIDAE. 
9, \i{}Zonitoides excavatus\i0{}, side and front 
views, and a further enlargement of the tip. From 
Taylor (1907 & 1914), with approximate dart 
lengths added.> 
 
# \i{}Hydrobiidae\i0{}/ 
ellp021.jpg <@subject Hydrobia ventrosa, H. ulvae, Mercuria confusa, 
Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Ellis)> 
<@text x=476 y=60 
t=HYDROBIIDAE. 4, \i{}Hydrobia ulvae\i0{} 
(Pennant), "Laver Spire Snail". 5, \i{}Mercuria 
confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen Spire Snail". 
6, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} (Montagu), Spire 
Snail". 7, \i{}Potamopyrgus antipodarum\i0{} 
(Gray), "Jenkins's Spire Snail". From Ellis 
(1926).> 
adams081.jpg <@subject Hydrobia ventrosa, Mercuria confusa, Potamopyrgus
antipodarum (with other Gastropoda-Prosobranchia: 
Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Limacidae\i0{}/ 
tayp2006.jpg <@subject Limax maximus: typical form and varieties 
(Taylor)> 
<@text x=23 y=15 
t=LIMACIDAE. \i{}Limax maximus\i0{} Linn., 
"Great Grey Slug". Animals 100-160(-200) mm long 
when extended. From Taylor (1903).> 
tayp2007.jpg <@subject Limax cinereoniger: typical form and varieties 
(Taylor)> 
<@text x=462 y=6 
t=LIMACIDAE. \i{}Limax cinereoniger\i0{} Wolf, 
"Ash-black Slug". Animals 100-200 mm long when 
extended. From Taylor (1903).> 
tayp2010.jpg <@subject Lehmannia marginata, Limax flavus, Macrolimax 
tenellus, Tandonia sowerbyi: typical forms and 
varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=466 y=125 
t=LIMACIDAE. 1-4, Macrolimax tenellus (Mller), 
"Slender Slug" or "Tender Slug", animals 35-50 
mm long when extended. 5-9, \i{}Limax 
flavus\i0{} Linn., "Yellow Slug", animals 80-130 
mm. 10-17, \i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} 
(Mller), "Tree Slug", animals 70-80 mm. From 
Taylor (1905).> 
ellp14.jpg <@subject Lehmannia marginata, Limax flavus, L. maximus, L. 
cinereoniger, Macrolimax tenellus (Ellis)> 
<@text x=25 y=17 
t=LIMACIDAE. 1, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{}; 2, 
\i{}Limax cinereoniger\i0{} Wolf, "Ash-black 
Slug", 100-200 mm.; 3, Limax flavus L., "Yellow 
Slug", 80-130 mm.; 4, \i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} 
(Mller), "Tree Slug", 70-80 mm.; 5, 
\i{}Malacolimax tenellus\i0{} (Mller), "Slender 
Slug" or "Tender Slug", 35-50 mm. AGRIOLIMACIDAE: 
6, \i{}Deroceras reticulatum\i0{} (Mller), 35-45 
mm.; 7, \i{}Deroceras laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh 
Slug", 15-25 mm. From Ellis (1926).> 
adams01.jpg <@subject Lehmannia marginata, Limax flavus and Limax 
maximus, 
with other slug families (Adams)> 
<@text x=25 y=17 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Arion ater\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Large Black Slug"; 2, \i{}Arion intermedius\i0{} 
Normand, "Hedgehog Slug"; 3, \i{}Arion 
hortensis\i0{} agg., "Garden Slug"; 5, 
\i{}Geomaculus maculosus\i0{} Allman, "Kerry 
Slug". LIMACIDAE. 6, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{} 
Linn., "Great Grey Slug"; 7, \i{}Limax 
flavus\i0{} Linn., "Yellow Slug"; 8, 
\i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} (Mller), "Tree 
Slug". AGRIOLIMACIDAE: 4, \i{}Deroceras 
laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Slug"; 9, 
\i{}Deroceras reticulatum\i0{} (Mller), "Field 
or Milky Slug". MILACIDAE: 10, probably 
\i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} (Frussac), "Sowerby's 
Keeled Slug". From Adams (1896).> 
reevelim.jpg <@subject Lehmannia marginata, Limax flavus, Limax maximus,
Malacolimax tenellus (Reeve)> 
<@text x=908 y=917 
t=LIMACIDAE. 1, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{} L., 
"Great Grey Slug". 2, \i{}Limax flavus\i0{} L., 
"Yellow Slug". 3, \i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} 
(Mller), "Tree Slug". 4, \i{}Malacolimax 
tenellus\i0{} (Mller), "Tender Slug", "Slender 
Slug". From Reeve (1863, with approximte 2cm 
scale added).> 
 
# \i{}Lymnaeidae\i0{}/ 
reevelym.jpg <@subject Lymnaea auricularia, L. glabra, L. palustris, L. 
peregra, L. stagnalis, L. truncatula, Myxas 
glutinosa (Reeve)> 
<@text x=891 y=397 
t=LYMNAEIDAE. 1, \i{}Lymnaea peregra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Common Pond Snail", "Wandering Pond 
Snail". 2, \i{}Lymnaea involuta\i0{} Thomson 
(confined to Co. Cork and Co. Kerry, probably a 
form of \i{}L. peregra\i0{}). 3, \i{}Lymnaea 
palustris\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Pond Snail". 4, 
\i{}Lymnaea glabra\i0{} (Mller), "Mud Pond 
Snail". 5, \i{}Lymnaea truncatula\i0{} (Mller), 
"Dwarf Pond Snail". 6, \i{}Lymnaea 
auricularia\i0{} (L.), "Ear Pond Snail". 7, 
\i{}Lymnaea stagnalis\i0{} (L.), "Great Pond 
Snail". 8, From Reeve (1863), with shell lengths 
added.> 
ellp032.jpg <@subject Lymnaea auricularia, L. glabra, L. palustris, L. 
peregra, L. stagnalis, L. truncatula, Myxas glutinosa 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=10 y=8 
t=LYMNAEIDAE. 1-2, \i{}Lymnaea peregra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Common Pond Snail", "Wandering Pond 
Snail". 3-6, varieties of \i{}L. peregra\i0{}: 3, 
var. \i{}ovata\i0{}; 4, var. \i{}burnetti\i0{}; 
5, var. \i{}praetenuis\i0{}; 6, var. 
\i{}involuta\i0{}. 7, \i{}Lymnaea glabra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Mud Pond Snail". 8-9, \i{}Lymnaea 
truncatula\i0{} (Mller), "Dwarf Pond Snail". 10, 
\i{}Lymnaea palustris\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Pond 
Snail". 11 and 12, \i{}Lymnaea auricularia\i0{} 
(L.), "Ear Pond Snail". 13, \i{}Lymnaea 
stagnalis\i0{} (L.), "Great Pond Snail". 14 and 
15, \i{}Myxas glutinosa\i0{} (Mller), 
"Mucilaginous Snail". From Ellis (1926), with 
approximate shell lengths added.> 
adams07.jpg <@subject Lymnaea species and Myxas glutinosa, with 
Ancylidae 
(Adams)> 
<@text x=623 y=956 
t=LYMNAEIDAE. 1, \i{}Myxas glutinosa\i0{} 
(Mller), "Glutinous Snail". 2, \i{}Lymnaea 
involuta\i0{} Thomson, probably a form of \i{}L. 
peregra\i0{}. 3b, \i{}Lymnaea peregra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Common Pond Snail, Wandering Pond 
Snail". 3a and 3e, \i{}Lymnaea ovata\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), probably also a form of \i{}L. 
peregra\i0{}. 4, \i{}Lymnaea auricularia\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Ear Pond Snail". 5, \i{}Lymnaea 
stagnalis\i0{} (Linn.), "Great Pond Snail". 6, 
\i{}Lymnaea palustris\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Pond 
Snail". 7, \i{}Lymnaea truncatula\i0{} (Mller), 
"Dwarf Pond Snail". 8, \i{}Lymnaea glabra\i0{} 
(Mller), "Mud Pond Snail". ANCYLIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Ancylus fluviatilis\i0{} Mller, "River 
Limpet". 10, \i{}Acroloxus lacustris\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Lake Limpet". From Adams (1896).> 
limper02.jpg <@subject Lymnaea peregra (L.W.)> 
<@text x=890 y=931 
t=\i{}Limnaea peregra\i0{}. Canal, Leek, Staffs. 
November 1949.> 
 
# \i{}Margaritiferidae\i0{}/ 
adams09.jpg <@subject Margaritifera margaritifer, with other Bivalvia 
(Adams)> 
<@text x=33 y=9 
t=SPHAERIIDAE. 1, \i{}Sphaerium corneum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Horny Orb Mussel"; 2, \i{}Sphaerium 
rivicola\i0{} (Lamarck), "Nut Orb Mussel, River 
Orb Mussel". 3, \i{}Musculium transversum\i0{} 
(Say), "Oblong Orb Mussel"; 4, \i{}Musculium 
lacustre\i0{} (Mller), "Lake Orb Mussel, Capped 
Orb Mussel". 5, \i{}Pisidium amnicum\i0{} 
(Mller), "River Pea Shell, Giant Pea Shell"; 6, 
\i{}Pisidium pulchellum\i0{} Jenyns; 7, 
\i{}Pisidium obtusale\i0{} (Lamarck); 8, 
\i{}Pisidium nitidum\i0{} Jenyns; 9, \i{}Pisidium 
milium\i0{} Held, "Rosy Pea Shell". UNIONIDAE. 
10, \i{}Unio tumidus\i0{} Philipsson, "Swollen 
River Mussel:; 11, \i{}Unio pictorum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Painter's Mussel". MARGARITIFERIDAE. 
12, \i{}Margaritifera margaritifera\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Scottish Pearl Mussel". 
From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Milacidae\i0{}/ 
tayp2016.jpg <@subject Milax gagates and Tandonia sowerbyi: assorted 
varieties (Taylor)> 
<@text x=463 y=937 
t=MILACIDAE. 9-14, \i{}Milax gagates\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Jet Slug", animals 45-55 mm. long 
when extended. 15-20, \i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} 
(Frussac), "Sowerby's Keeled slug", 60-75 mm. 
From Taylor (1906).> 
ellp01.jpg <@subject Milax gagates and Tandonia sowerbyi, with other 
slugs 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=810 y=930 
t=MILACIDAE. 1, \i{}Milax gagates\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Jet Slug", extending to 45-55 mm.; 
2, \i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Sowerby's Keeled Slug", 60-75 mm. ARIONIDAE. 3, 
\i{}Geomalacus maculosus\i0{} Allman, "Kerry 
Slug", extending to 60-90 mm. 4, \i{}Arion 
subfuscus\i0{} Draparnaud, "Dusky Slug", 50-70 
mm.; 5, \i{}Arion circumscriptus\i0{} agg., 
"Bourguignat's Slug", 30-40 mm.; 6, \i{}Arion 
ater\i0{} (Linn.) var. \i{}livida\i0{}, "Large 
Black Slug", 60-130 mm.; 7 and 8, \i{}Arion 
intermedius\i0{} Normand, "Hedgehog Slug", 
extending to 15-20 mm.; 9, \i{}Arion 
hortensis\i0{} agg., "Garden Slug", 25-35 mm. 
TESTACELLIDAE. 10, \i{}Testacella haliotidea\i0{} 
Draparnaud, "Shelled Slug", 70-100 mm. From Ellis 
(1926).> 
reevemil.jpg <@subject Milax gagates and Tandonia sowerbyi (Reeve)> 
<@text x=23 y=30 
t=MILACIDAE. 1, \i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} 
(Frussac), "Sowerby's Keeled slug". 2, 
\i{}Milax gagates\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Jet slug". 
From Reeve (1863, with approximate 2cm scale 
added).> 
adams01.jpg <@subject Tandonia sowerbyi, with Arionidae, Agriolimacidae 
and Limacidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=25 y=17 
t=ARIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Arion ater\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Large Black Slug"; 2, \i{}Arion intermedius\i0{} 
Normand, "Hedgehog Slug"; 3, \i{}Arion 
hortensis\i0{} agg., "Garden Slug"; 5, 
\i{}Geomaculus maculosus\i0{} Allman, "Kerry 
Slug". LIMACIDAE. 6, \i{}Limax maximus\i0{} 
Linn., "Great Grey Slug"; 7, \i{}Limax 
flavus\i0{} Linn., "Yellow Slug"; 8, 
\i{}Lehmannia marginata\i0{} (Mller), "Tree 
Slug". AGRIOLIMACIDAE: 4, \i{}Deroceras 
laeve\i0{} (Mller), "Marsh Slug"; 9, 
\i{}Deroceras reticulatum\i0{} (Mller), "Field 
or Milky Slug". MILACIDAE: 10, probably 
\i{}Tandonia sowerbyi\i0{} (Frussac), "Sowerby's 
Keeled Slug". From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Neritidae\i0{}/ 
reevener.jpg <@subject Theodoxus fluviatilis (Reeve)> 
<@text x=18 y=22 
t=NERITIDAE. \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis\i0{} 
(L.), "River Nerite". From Reeve (1863), with 
approximate scale added.> 
adams081.jpg <@subject Theodoxus fluviatilis, with other 
Gastropoda-Prosobranchia (Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Physidae\i0{}/ 
ellp031.jpg <@subject Aplexa hypnorum, Physa acuta, P. heterostropha, P.
fontinalis (Ellis)> 
<@text x=880 y=924 
t=PHYSIDAE. 1-3, \i{}Physa\i0{} sp., referred by 
Ellis to \i{}P. heterostropha\i0{} Say. 4, 
\i{}Physa\i0{} sp., referred by Ellis to \i{}P. 
acuta\i0{} Draparnaud. 5, \i{}Physa 
fontinalis\i0{} (L.), "Common Bladder Snail", 
8-12 mm. 6, \i{}Aplexa hypnorum\i0{} (L.), "Moss 
Bladder Snail, 9-13 mm. From Ellis (1926),> 
reevephy.jpg <@subject Aplexa hypnorum and (live) Physa fontinalis 
(Reeve)> 
<@text x=865 y=32 
t=PHYSIDAE. 1, \i{}Physa fontinalis\i0{} (L.), 
"Common Bladder Snail". 2, \i{}Aplexa 
hypnorum\i0{} (L.), "Moss Bladder Snail". From 
Reeve (1863), with approximate scales added.> 
adams06.jpg <@subject Aplexa hypnorum and Physa fontinalis, with 
Planorbidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=23 y=8 
t=PLANORBIDAE. 1, \i{}Segmentina nitida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Shiny Ram's-horn". 2, \i{}Hippeutis 
complanatus\i0{} (Linn.), "Flat Ram's-horn". 3, 
\i{}Gyraulus crista\i0{} (Linn.), "Nautilus 
Ram's-horn". 4, \i{}Gyraulus albus\i0{} (Mller), 
"White Ram's-horn". 5, cf. \i{}Gyraulus 
laevis\i0{} (Alder), "Smooth Ram's-horn" 
(referred by Adams to \i{}Planorbis parvus\i0{} 
Say.). 6, \i{}Anisus leucostoma\i0{} (Millet), 
"Button Ram's-horn, White-lipped Ram's-horn". 7, 
\i{}Anisus vortex\i0{} (Linn.), "Whirlpool 
Ram's-horn". 8, \i{}Planorbis carinatus\i0{} 
Mller, "Keeled Ram's-horn". 9, \i{}Planorbis 
planorbis\i0{} (Linn.), "Margined Ram's-horn". 
10, \i{}Planorbarius corneus\i0{} (Linn.), "Giant 
Ram's-horn". 11, \i{}Bathyomphalus contortus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Twisted Ram's-horn". 12, \i{}Menetus 
dilatatus\i0{} (Gould), "Trumpet Ram's-horn". 
PHYSIDAE. 13, \i{}Aplexa hypnorum\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Moss Bladder Snail"; 14, \i{}Physa 
fontinalis\i0{} (Linn.), "Common Bladder Snail". 
From Adams (1896).> 
physa01.jpg <@subject Physa acuta (L.W.)> 
<@text x=463 y=31 
t=\i{}Physa acuta\i0{}. Tropical aquarium, Leek, 
Staffs., May 1948.> 
 
# \i{}Planorbidae\i0{}/ 
adams06.jpg <@subject Anisus, Bathyomphalus, Gyraulus, Menetus, 
Planorbarius, Planorbis and Segmentina (with 
Physidae: Adams)> 
<@text x=21 y=6 
t=PLANORBIDAE. 1, \i{}Segmentina nitida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Shiny Ram's-horn". 2, \i{}Hippeutis 
complanatus\i0{} (Linn.), "Flat Ram's-horn". 3, 
\i{}Gyraulus crista\i0{} (Linn.), "Nautilus 
Ram's-horn". 4, \i{}Gyraulus albus\i0{} (Mller), 
"White Ram's-horn". 5, cf. \i{}Gyraulus 
laevis\i0{} (Alder), "Smooth Ram's-horn" 
(referred by Adams to \i{}Planorbis parvus\i0{} 
Say.). 6, \i{}Anisus leucostoma\i0{} (Millet), 
"Button Ram's-horn, White-lipped Ram's-horn". 7, 
\i{}Anisus vortex\i0{} (Linn.), "Whirlpool 
Ram's-horn". 8, \i{}Planorbis carinatus\i0{} 
Mller, "Keeled Ram's-horn". 9, \i{}Planorbis 
planorbis\i0{} (Linn.), "Margined Ram's-horn". 
10, \i{}Planorbarius corneus\i0{} (Linn.), "Giant 
Ram's-horn". 11, \i{}Bathyomphalus contortus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Twisted Ram's-horn". 12, \i{}Menetus 
dilatatus\i0{} (Gould), "Trumpet Ram's-horn". 
PHYSIDAE. 13, \i{}Aplexa hypnorum\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Moss Bladder Snail"; 14, \i{}Physa 
fontinalis\i0{} (Linn.), "Common Bladder Snail". 
From Adams (1896).> 
reevepla.jpg <@subject Anisus, Bathyomphalus, Gyraulus, Hippeutis, 
Planorbarius, Planorbis, Segmentina (Reeve)> 
<@text x=27 y=25 
t=PLANORBIDAE. 1, \i{}Planorbarius corneus\i0{} 
(L.), "Giant Ram's-horn". 2, \i{}Gyraulus 
albus\i0{} (Mller), "White Ram's-horn". 3, 
\i{}Gyraulus laevis\i0{} (Alder), "Smooth 
Ram's-horn". 4, \i{}Gyraulus crista\i0{} (L.), 
"Nautilus Ram's-horn". 5, \i{}Planorbis 
carinatus\i0{} Mller, "Keeled Ram's-horn". 6, 
P\i{}lanorbis planorbis\i0{} (L.), "Margined 
Ram's-horn". 7, \i{}Anisus vortex\i0{} (L.), 
"Whirlpool Ram's-horn". 8, \i{}Anisus 
leucostoma\i0{} (Millet), "Button Ram's-horn" or 
"White-lipped Ram's-horn". 9, \i{}Bathyomphalus 
contortus\i0{} (L.), "Twisted Ram's-horn". 10, 
\i{}Hippeutis complanatus\i0{} (L.), "Flat 
Ram's-horn". 11, \i{}Segmentina nitida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Shiny Ram's-horn". From Reeve (1863, 
with scales added).> 
ellp041.jpg <@subject Anisus, Bathyomphalus, Gyraulus, Hippeutis, 
Menetus, 
Planorbarius, Planorbis, Segmentina (Ellis)> 
<@text x=276 y=17 
t=PLANORBIDAE. 1-3, \i{}Planorbis planorbis\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Margined Ram's-horn" (12-17 mm). 4-6, 
\i{}Planorbis carinatus\i0{} Mller, "Keeled 
Ram's-horn" (12-15 mm). 7-10, \i{}Gyraulus 
acronicus\i0{} (Frussac), "Thames Ram's-horn" 
(6-10 mm). 11 and 12, \i{}Gyraulus albus\i0{} 
(Mller), "White Ram's-horn" (5-8 mm). 13-15, 
\i{}Gyraulus laevis\i0{} (Alder), "Smooth 
Ram's-horn" (4.5-6 mm). 16 and 17, \i{}Gyraulus 
crista\i0{} (Linn.), "Nautilus Ram's-horn" (2-3 
mm). 18 and 19, \i{}Menetus dilatatus\i0{} 
(Gould), "Trumpet Ram's-horn" (3-4 mm). 20 and 
21, \i{}Anisus leucostoma\i0{} (Millet), "Button 
Ram's-horn, White-lipped Ram's-horn" (5-8 mm). 
22-24, i{}Bathyomphalus contortus\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Twisted Ram's-horn" (4.5-6 mm). 25-27, 
\i{}Anisus vortex\i0{} (Linn.), "Whirlpool 
Ram's-horn" (7-10 mm). 28-31, \i{}Anisus 
vorticulus\i0{} (Troschel) 3.5-6 mm. 32-34, 
\i{}Hippeutis complanatus\i0{} (Linn.), "Flat 
Ram's-horn" (3-5 mm). 35-37, \i{}Segmentina 
nitida\i0{} (Mller), "Shiny Ram's-horn" (4-5.5 
mm). 38, \i{}Planorbarius corneus\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Giant Ram's-horn" (25-35 mm). From Ellis 
(1926).> 
plancor1.gif <@subject Planorbis corneus (J.A.)> 
<@text x=923 y=27 
t=\i{}Planorbis corneus\i0{}. Droylsden Canal, 
Manchester, J. Armitage. November 1950.> 
 
# \i{}Pomatiasidae\i0{}/ 
reevepom.jpg <@subject Pomatias elegans, with Acicula fusca (Reeve)> 
<@text x=15 y=18 
t=POMATIASIDAE. 1, \i{}Pomatias elegans\i0{} 
(Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". ACICULIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Acicula fusca\i0{} (Montagu), "Point Snail". 
From Reeve (1863), with approximate scales 
added.> 
adams081.jpg <@subject Pomatias elegans, with other 
Gastropoda-Prosobranchia (Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata crista\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Punctidae\i0{}/ 
tayp0191.jpg <@subject Punctum pygmaeum (Taylor)> 
<@text x=847 y=819 
t=PUNCTIDAE. 2, \i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Dwarf Snail", mature shells 
1.2-1.5 mm. From Taylor, 1914.> 
valletc.jpg <@subject Punctum pygmaeum, with Discidae, Euconulidae, 
Pyramidulidae, Valloniidae, Vitrinidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=50 y=893 
t=PYRAMIDULIDAE. 1, \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail". PUNCTIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Dwarf 
Snail". VALLONIIDAE. 3, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail, 
Beautiful Grass Snail"; 4, \i{}Acanthinula 
aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} (Jeffreys), "Plated 
Snail"). DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail, or Radiated Snail"). 
VITRINIDAE. 7, \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". EUCONULIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} agg., probably \i{}E. 
fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny Glass Snail". From 
Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Pupillidae\i0{}/ 
ellp072.jpg <@subject Lauria cylindracea, Leiostyla anglica and Pupilla 
muscorum, with Chondrinidae, Clausiliidae, 
Cochlicopidae, Enidae and Ferussaciidae (Ellis)> 
<@text x=190 y=27 
t=PUPILLIDAE. 3-4, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} 
(L.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail", 3-4 mm. 5-6, 
\i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common 
Chrysalis Snail", 3.0-4.4 mm. 7, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail", 
3.0-3.7 mm. CHONDRINIDAE. 8-9, \i{}Abida 
secale\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Large Chrysalis 
Snail", 6.0-8.5 mm. CLAUSILIIDAE. 10, 
\i{}Macrogastra rolphii\i0{} (Turton), "Rolph's 
Door Snail", 11-14 mm. 11, \i{}Clausilia 
bidentata\i0{} (Strm), "Common Door Snail", or 
"Two-toothed Door Snail". 12, \i{}Clausilia 
dubia\i0{} Draparnaud, "Craven Door Snail, 
11-14(-16) mm. 13, \i{}Balea biplicata\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Thames Door Snail", 16-18 mm. 14, 
\i{}Cochlodina laminata\i0{} (Montagu), "Plaited 
Door Snail", 15-17 mm. 15, \i{}Balea 
perversa\i0{} (L.), "Tree Snail", 8-10 mm. 
ENIDAE. 16, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Mountain Bulin", 14-17 mm.; 17-18, \i{}Ena 
obscura\i0{} (Mller), "Lesser Bulin", 8.5-9.0 
mm. COCHLICOPIDAE. 22-23, \i{}Cochlicopa 
lubrica\i0{} (Mller), "Slippery Moss Snail", 5-7 
mm. 26-27, \i{}Azeca goodalli\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Three-toothed Moss Snail", 5.5-7.0 mm. 
FERUSSACIIDAE. 28, \i{}Cecilioides acicula\i0{} 
(Mller), "Blind Snail" or "Agate Snail", 4.5-5.5 
mm. From Ellis (1926); all displayed at the same 
enlargement, to assist comparisons.> 
reevepup.jpg <@subject Pupilla muscorum (live animal), Lauria 
cylindracea, 
Leiostyla anglica (Reeve)> 
<@text x=30 y=884 
t=PUPILLIDAE. 1, \i{}Pupilla muscorum\i0{} (L.), 
"Moss Chrysalis Snail". 2, \i{}Lauria 
cylindracea\i0{} (da Costa), "Common Chrysalis 
Snail". 3, From Reeve (1863), approximate scales 
added.> 
adams041.jpg <@subject Lauria, Leiostyla and Pupilla, with Chondrinidae,
Enidae, Vertiginidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=31 y=90 
t=ENIDAE. 8, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Mountain Bulin"; 9, \i{}Ena obscura\i0{} 
(Mller), "Lesser Bulin". CHONDRINIDAE. 10, 
\i{}Abida secale\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Large 
Chrysalis Snail". PUPILLIDAE. 11, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail"; 
12, \i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (Da Costa), 
"Common Chrysalis Snail"; 13, \i{}Pupilla 
muscorum\i0{} (Linn.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail". 
VERTIGINIDAE. 14, \i{}Vertigo antivertigo\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Marsh Whorl Snail"; 15, 
\i{}Vertigo moulinsiana\i0{} (Dupuy), "Des 
Moulins Whorl Snail"; 16, \i{}Vertigo 
pygmaea\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Common Whorl Snail"; 
17, \i{}Vertigo alpestris\i0{} Alder, " Mountain 
Whorl Snail"; 18, \i{}Vertigo substriata\i0{} 
(Jeffreys), "Striated Whorl Snail"; 19, 
\i{}Vertigo pusilla\i0{} (Mller), "Wall Whorl 
Snail, Wry-necked Whorl Snail"; \i{}Vertigo 
angustior\i0{} Jeffreys, " Narrow-mouthed Whorl 
Snail". 21, \i{}Columella edulenta\i0{} agg., 
i.e. \i{}C. edulenta\i0{} (Draparnaud) or \i{}C. 
aspersa\i0{} Waldn, "Toothless Chrysalis 
Snail". 22, cf. \i{}Truncatellina\i0{} sp. 
(labelled by Adams \i{}Vertigo minutissima\i0{} 
Hartmann, a name not yet located elsewhere. His 
illustration, morphological description, and the 
distribution he gave suggest an amalgam of 
\i{}Truncatellina cylindrica\i0{} and 
\i{}T.callicratis\i0{}, only recently 
distinguished from one another at specific 
level.). From Adams (1890).> 
 
# \i{}Pyramidulidae\i0{}/ 
tayp0192.jpg <@subject Pyramidula rupestris (Taylor)> 
<@text x=440 y=49 
t=PYRAMIDULIDAE. \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail", mature shells 
2.5-3.0 mm. From Taylor (1914).> 
valletc.jpg <@subject Pyramidula rupestris, with Discidae, Euconulidae, 
Punctidae, Valloniidae, Vitrinidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=50 y=895 
t=PYRAMIDULIDAE. 1, \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail". PUNCTIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Dwarf 
Snail". VALLONIIDAE. 3, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail, 
Beautiful Grass Snail"; 4, \i{}Acanthinula 
aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} (Jeffreys), "Plated 
Snail"). DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail, or Radiated Snail"). 
VITRINIDAE. 7, \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". EUCONULIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} agg., probably \i{}E. 
fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny Glass Snail". From 
Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Sphaeriidae\i0{}/ 
adams09.jpg <@subject Bivalvia: Margaritifera, Musculium, Pisidium, 
Sphaerium, Unio (Adams)> 
<@text x=33 y=9 
t=SPHAERIIDAE. 1, \i{}Sphaerium corneum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Horny Orb Mussel"; 2, \i{}Sphaerium 
rivicola\i0{} (Lamarck), "Nut Orb Mussel, River 
Orb Mussel". 3, \i{}Musculium transversum\i0{} 
(Say), "Oblong Orb Mussel"; 4, \i{}Musculium 
lacustre\i0{} (Mller), "Lake Orb Mussel, Capped 
Orb Mussel". 5, \i{}Pisidium amnicum\i0{} 
(Mller), "River Pea Shell, Giant Pea Shell"; 6, 
\i{}Pisidium pulchellum\i0{} Jenyns; 7, 
\i{}Pisidium obtusale\i0{} (Lamarck); 8, 
\i{}Pisidium nitidum\i0{} Jenyns; 9, \i{}Pisidium 
milium\i0{} Held, "Rosy Pea Shell". UNIONIDAE. 
10, \i{}Unio tumidus\i0{} Philipsson, "Swollen 
River Mussel:; 11, \i{}Unio pictorum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Painter's Mussel". MARGARITIFERIDAE. 
12, \i{}Margaritifera margaritifera\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Scottish Pearl Mussel". 
From Adams (1896).> 
adams101.jpg <@subject Pisidium nitidum, P. obtusale, P. pulchellum, and
P. pusillum (Adams)> 
<@text x=436 y=30 
t=1, \i{}Pisidium pulchellum\i0{} Jenyns; 2, 
\i{}Pisidium nitidum\i0{} Jenyns; 3, 
\i{}Pisidium milium\i0{} Held, "Rosy Pea Shell"; 
4, \i{}Pisidium obtusale\i0{} (Lamarck). From 
Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Succineidae\i0{}/ 
ellp062.jpg <@subject Oxyloma pfeifferi, O. sarsi, Succinea oblonga, S. 
putris (Ellis)> 
<@text x=638 y=36 
t=SUCCINEIDAE. 5-10, \i{}Oxyloma pfeifferi\i0{} 
(Rossmssler), "Pfeiffer's Amber Snail". 11 and 
12, \i{}Oxyloma sarsi\i0{} (Esmark), "Slender 
Amber Snail". 13 and 14, \i{}Succinea putris\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Large Amber Snail". 16 and 17, 
\i{}Succinea oblonga\i0{} Draparnaud, "Small 
Amber Snail" (var. \i{}agonostoma\i0{}). From 
Ellis (1926, with dimensions added).> 
adams052.jpg <@subject Oxyloma, Succinea (Adams)> 
<@text x=903 y=58 
t=SUCCINEIDAE. 13, \i{}Succinea putris\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Large Amber Snail". 14, \i{}Oxyloma 
sarsi\i0{} (Esmark)?; referred by Adams to 
\i{}Succinea elegans\i0{} Risso, the shell shape 
compares well with that of \i{}O. sarsi\i0{}, 
but see also the closely similar \i{}Succinea 
pfeifferi\i0{} (Rossmssler). 15, \i{}Succinea 
oblonga\i0{} Draparnaud, "Small Amber Snail". 
From Adams (1896).> 
reevesuc.jpg <@subject Oxyloma pfeifferi, Succinea oblonga, Succinea 
putris (Reeve)> 
<@text x=888 y=27 
t=SUCCINEIDAE. 1, \i{}Succinea putris\i0{} (L.), 
"Large Amber Snail"; 2, \i{}Succinea 
oblonga\i0{} Draparnaud, "Small Amber Snail". 3, 
\i{}Oxyloma pfeifferi\i0{} (Rossmssler) or 
\i{}O. sarsi\i0{} (Esmark)? From Reeve (1863, 
with approximate scales added).> 
 
# \i{}Testacellidae\i0{}/ 
tayp2001.jpg <@subject Testacella haiotidea, T maugei, T. scutulum 
(Taylor)> 
<@text x=381 y=14 
t=TESTACELLA. 1-5, \i{}Testacella 
haliotidea\i0{} Draparnaud, "Shelled Slug", slug 
70-100 mm; 6-8, \i{}Testacella scutulum\i0{} 
Sowerby, "Shield Slug", slug 70-100 mm; 9-16, 
\i{}Testacella maugei\i0{} Frussac, "Maug's 
Slug", slug 60-100 mm. From Taylor (1902).> 
ellp011.jpg <@subject Testacella haliotidea and shells of T. haliotidea,
T. scutulum and T. maugei (Ellis)> 
<@text x=426 y=909 
t=1, \i{}Testacella haliotidea\i0{} Draparnaud, 
"Shelled Slug", 70-100 mm when extended (with 
detail of shell); 2, shell of \i{}Testacella 
scutulum\i0{} Sowerby, "Shield Slug"; 3, shell 
\i{}Testacella maugei\i0{} Frussac, "Maug's 
Slug". From Ellis (1926, the shells shown at the 
same scale for comparison).> 
adams021.jpg <@subject Testacella haliotidea, T. scutulum, T. maugei 
(Adams)> 
<@text x=908 y=29 
t=1, \i{}Testacella haliotidea\i0{} Draparnaud, 
"Shelled Slug" (with detail of shell); 2, 
posterior of \i{}Testacella scutulum\i0{} 
Sowerby, "Shield Slug"; 3, posterior and shell 
detail of \i{}Testacella maugei\i0{} Frussac, 
"Maug's Slug". From Adams (1896).> 
reevetes.jpg <@subject Testacella haliotidea, Testacella maugei (Reeve)>
<@text x=888 y=912 
t=TESTACELLIDAE. 1, \i{}Testacella maugei\i0{} 
Frrusac, "Maug's Slug". 2, \i{}Testacella 
haliotidea\i0{} Draparnaud, "Shelled Slug". From 
Reeve (1863, with approximate 2cm scale added).> 
 
# \i{}Truncatellidae\i0{}/ 
 
# \i{}Unionidae\i0{}/ 
adams09.jpg <@subject Bivalvia: Margaritifera, Musculium, Pisidium, 
Sphaerium, Unio (Adams)> 
<@text x=33 y=9 
t=SPHAERIIDAE. 1, \i{}Sphaerium corneum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Horny Orb Mussel"; 2, \i{}Sphaerium 
rivicola\i0{} (Lamarck), "Nut Orb Mussel, River 
Orb Mussel". 3, \i{}Musculium transversum\i0{} 
(Say), "Oblong Orb Mussel"; 4, \i{}Musculium 
lacustre\i0{} (Mller), "Lake Orb Mussel, Capped 
Orb Mussel". 5, \i{}Pisidium amnicum\i0{} 
(Mller), "River Pea Shell, Giant Pea Shell"; 6, 
\i{}Pisidium pulchellum\i0{} Jenyns; 7, 
\i{}Pisidium obtusale\i0{} (Lamarck); 8, 
\i{}Pisidium nitidum\i0{} Jenyns; 9, \i{}Pisidium 
milium\i0{} Held, "Rosy Pea Shell". UNIONIDAE. 
10, \i{}Unio tumidus\i0{} Philipsson, "Swollen 
River Mussel:; 11, \i{}Unio pictorum\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Painter's Mussel". MARGARITIFERIDAE. 
12, \i{}Margaritifera margaritifera\i0{} (Linn.), 
"Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Scottish Pearl Mussel". 
From Adams (1896).> 
adams082.jpg <@subject Bivalvia: Anodonta and Dreissena (Adams)> 
<@text x=885 y=945 
t=UNIONIDAE. 1, \i{}Anodonta cygnea\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Swan Mussel"; 2, \i{}Anodonta 
anatina\i0{} (Linn.), "Duck Mussel". 
DREISSENIDAE. 3, \i{}Dreissena polymorpha\i0{} 
(Pallas), "Zebra Mussel". From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Valloniidae\i0{}/ 
ellp131.jpg <@subject Vallonia costata, V. excentrica, V. pulchella 
(Ellis)> 
<@text x=38 y=934 
t=VALLONIIDAE. 1-3. Vallonia costata (Mller), 
"Ribbed Grass Snail", 2.0-2.7 mm.; 4-6, 
\i{}Vallonia excentrica\i0{} Sterki, "Eccentric 
Grass Snail", 2.0-2.2 mm.; 7-9, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail" or 
"Beautiful Grass Snail", 2.0-2.5 mm. From Ellis 
(1926).> 
ellp051.jpg <@subject Acanthinula aculeata, Spermodea lamellata (Ellis)>
<@text x=442 y=19 
t=VALLONIIDAE. 1-2, \i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} 
(Jeffreys), "Plated Snail"), 2.0-2.2 mm.; 3, 
\i{}Acanthinula aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly 
Snail", 2.0-2.2 mm. From Ellis (1926).> 
valletc.jpg <@subject Acanthinula aculeata, Spermodea lamellata, 
Vallonia 
pulchella, with Discidae, Euconulidae, Punctidae, 
Pyramidulidae, Vitrinidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=50 y=895 
t=PYRAMIDULIDAE. 1, \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail". PUNCTIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Dwarf 
Snail". VALLONIIDAE. 3, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail, 
Beautiful Grass Snail"; 4, \i{}Acanthinula 
aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} (Jeffreys), "Plated 
Snail"). DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail, or Radiated Snail"). 
VITRINIDAE. 7, \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". EUCONULIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} agg., probably \i{}E. 
fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny Glass Snail". From 
Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Valvatidae\i0{}/ 
reeveval.jpg <@subject Valvata cristata and Valvata piscinalis (Reeve)> 
<@text x=20 y=33 
t=VALVATIDAE. 1, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". 2, \i{}Valvata 
piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common Valve Snail". 
From Reeve (1863), with approximate scales 
added.> 
adams081.jpg <@subject Valvata cristata and Valvata piscinalis, with 
other 
Gastropoda-Prosobranchia (Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Vertiginidae\i0{}/ 
adams041.jpg <@subject Columella, Vertigo, Truncatellina, with 
Chondrinidae, Enidae and Pupillidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=138 y=97 
t=ENIDAE. 8, \i{}Ena montana\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Mountain Bulin"; 9, \i{}Ena obscura\i0{} 
(Mller), "Lesser Bulin". CHONDRINIDAE. 10, 
\i{}Abida secale\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Large 
Chrysalis Snail". PUPILLIDAE. 11, \i{}Leiostyla 
anglica\i0{} (Wood), "English Chrysalis Snail"; 
12, \i{}Lauria cylindracea\i0{} (Da Costa), 
"Common Chrysalis Snail"; 13, \i{}Pupilla 
muscorum\i0{} (Linn.), "Moss Chrysalis Snail". 
VERTIGINIDAE. 14, \i{}Vertigo antivertigo\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Marsh Whorl Snail"; 15, 
\i{}Vertigo moulinsiana\i0{} (Dupuy), "Des 
Moulins Whorl Snail"; 16, \i{}Vertigo 
pygmaea\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Common Whorl Snail"; 
17, \i{}Vertigo alpestris\i0{} Alder, " Mountain 
Whorl Snail"; 18, \i{}Vertigo substriata\i0{} 
(Jeffreys), "Striated Whorl Snail"; 19, 
\i{}Vertigo pusilla\i0{} (Mller), "Wall Whorl 
Snail, Wry-necked Whorl Snail"; \i{}Vertigo 
angustior\i0{} Jeffreys, " Narrow-mouthed Whorl 
Snail". 21, \i{}Columella edulenta\i0{} agg., 
i.e. \i{}C. edulenta\i0{} (Draparnaud) or \i{}C. 
aspersa\i0{} Waldn, "Toothless Chrysalis 
Snail". 22, cf. \i{}Truncatellina\i0{} sp. 
(labelled by Adams \i{}Vertigo minutissima\i0{} 
Hartmann, a name not yet located elsewhere. His 
illustration, morphological description, and the 
distribution he gave suggest an amalgam of 
\i{}Truncatellina cylindrica\i0{} and 
\i{}T.callicratis\i0{}, only recently 
distinguished from one another at specific 
level.). From Adams (1890).> 
reevever.jpg <@subject Vertigo substriata: living animal (Reeve)> 
<@text x=26 y=36 
t=\i{}Vertigo substriata\i0{}, from Reeve 
(1863).> 
 
# \i{}Vitrinidae\i0{}/ 
ellp061.jpg <@subject Phenacolimax major, Semilimax pyrenaicus, Vitrina 
pellucida (Ellis)> 
<@text x=493 y=454 
t=VITRINIDAE. 1. \i{}Semilimax pyrenaicus\i0{} 
(Frussac), "Pyrenean Glass Snail". 2, 
\i{}Phenacolimax major\i0{} (Frussac), "Greater 
Pellucid Glass Snail". 3 and 4, \i{}Vitrina 
pellucida\i0{} (Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". 
From Ellis (1926, with shell dimensions added).> 
tayp0061.jpg <@subject Vitrina pellucida and Semilimax pyrenaicus 
(Taylor)> 
<@text x=23 y=31 
t=VITRINIDAE. 1. \i{}Semilimax pyrenaicus\i0{} 
(Frussac), "Pyrenean Glass Snail", 5-6mm. 2, 
\i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} (Mller), "Pellucid 
Glass Snail", 4.5-6.0mm. From Taylor (1914), 
shell dimensions from Kerney (1999).> 
tayp002.jpg <@subject Live Vitrina pellucida and Semilimax pyrenaicus, 
with Zonitidae and Euconulidae (Taylor)> 
<@text x=886 y=12 
t=Live animals: VITRINIDAE. 1, \i{}Semilimax 
pyrenaicus\i0{} (Frussac), "Pyrenean Glass 
Snail"; 2, \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} (Mller), 
"Pellucid Glass Snail". ZONITIDAE. 3, 
\i{}Oxychilus draparnaudii\i0{} (Beck), 
"Draparnaud's Glass Snail"; 4, \i{}Nesovitrea 
hammonis\i0{} (Strm), "Rayed Glass Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Oxychilus cellarius\i0{} (Mller), "Cellar 
Snail"; 6, \i{}Oxychilus cellarius\i0{}, var.; 7, 
\i{}Oxychilus helveticus\i0{} (Blum), "Glossy 
Glass Snail", "Swiss Glass Snail"; 8, 
\i{}Aegopinella nitidula\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Smooth Glass Snail", "Dull Glas Snail"; 9, 
\i{}Oxychilus alliarius\i0{} (Miller), "Garlic 
Snail"; 10, \i{}Aegopinella pura\i0{} (Alder), 
"Clear Glass Snail", "Delicate Glass Snail"; 11, 
\i{}Zonitoides excavatus\i0{} (Alder), "Hollowed 
Glass Snail"; 12, \i{}Vitrea crystallina\i0{} 
(Mller), "Crystal Snail"; 14, \i{}Zonitoides 
nitidus\i0{} (Mller), "Shiny Glass Snail". 
EUCONULIDAE. 13, \i{}Euconulus\i0{} agg., 
probably \i{}E. fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny 
Glass Snail". From Taylor, 1914.> 
valletc.jpg <@subject Vitrina pellucida, with Discidae, Euconulidae, 
Punctidae, Pyramidulidae, Valloniidae (Adams)> 
<@text x=50 y=895 
t=PYRAMIDULIDAE. 1, \i{}Pyramidula rupestris\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Rock Snail". PUNCTIDAE. 2, 
\i{}Punctum pygmaeum\i0{} (Draparnaud), "Dwarf 
Snail". VALLONIIDAE. 3, \i{}Vallonia 
pulchella\i0{} (Mller), "Smooth Grass Snail, 
Beautiful Grass Snail"; 4, \i{}Acanthinula 
aculeata\i0{} (Mller), "Prickly Snail"; 5, 
\i{}Spermodea lamellata\i0{} (Jeffreys), "Plated 
Snail"). DISCIDAE. 6, \i{}Discus rotundatus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Rounded Snail, or Radiated Snail"). 
VITRINIDAE. 7, \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". EUCONULIDAE. 8, 
\i{}Euconulus fulvus\i0{} agg., probably \i{}E. 
fulvus\i0{} (Mller), "Tawny Glass Snail". From 
Adams (1896).> 
reevevit.jpg <@subject Vitrina pellucida (Reeve)> 
<@text x=16 y=18 
t=VITRINIDAE. \i{}Vitrina pellucida\i0{} 
(Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail". From Reeve 
(1863, with approximate scale added).> 
 
# \i{}Viviparidae\i0{}/ 
reeveviv.jpg <@subject Viviparus contectus and Viviparus viviparus 
(Reeve)> 
<@text x=872 y=917 
t=VIVIPARIDAE. 1, \i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} 
(Millet), "Lister's River Snail". 2, 
\i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} (L.), "Common River 
Snail". From Reeve (1863), with approximate 
dimensions added.> 
adams081.jpg <@subject Viviparus contectus and Viviparus viviparus, with
other Gastropoda-Prosobranchia (Adams)> 
<@text x=14 y=17 
t=NERITIDAE. 4, \i{}Theodoxus fluviatilis 
\i0{}(Linn.), "River Nerite". VIVIPARIDAE. 5, 
\i{}Viviparus contectus\i0{} (Millet), "Lister's 
River Snail"; 6, \i{}Viviparus viviparus\i0{} 
(Linn.), "Common River Snail". BITHYNIIDAE. 7, 
\i{}Bithynia tentaculata\i0{} (Linn.), "Common 
Bithynia"; 8, \i{}Bithynia leachii\i0{} 
(Sheppard), "Leach's Bithynia". VALVATIDAE. 9, 
\i{}Valvata piscinalis\i0{} (Mller), "Common 
Valve Snail"; 10, \i{}Valvata cristata\i0{} 
Mller, "Flat Valve Snail". HYDROBIIDAE. 11, 
\i{}Mercuria confusa\i0{} (Frauenfeld), "Swollen 
Spire Snail". 12, \i{}Hydrobia ventrosa\i0{} 
(Montagu), "Spire Snail". 13, \i{}Potamopyrgus 
antipodarum\i0{} (Gray), "Jenkins's Spire 
Snail". POMATIASIDAE. 14, \i{}Pomatias 
elegans\i0{} (Mller), "Round-mouthed Snail". 
ACICULIDAE. 15, \i{}Acicula fusca \i0{} 
(Montagu), "Point Snail", with detail of the 
operculum. From Adams (1896).> 
 
# \i{}Zonitidae\i0{}/ 
tayp0062.jpg <@subject Aegopinella nitidula, Oxychilus alliarius, O. 
cellarius, O. draparnaudii, O. helveticus (Taylor)> 
<@text x=859 y=281 
t=Cleaned shells of ZONITIDAE. 1. \i{}Oxychilus 
draparnaudii\i0{} (Beck), "Draparnaud's Glass 
Snail", 11-15mm. 2, \i{}Oxychilus cellarius\i0{} 
(Mller), "Cellar Snail", 9-12(-14)mm. 3, 
\i{}Aegopinella nitidula\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Smooth Glass Snail", "Dull Glass Snail", 
8-10mm. 4, \i{}Oxychilus helveticus\i0{} (Blum), 
"Glossy Glass Snail", "Swiss Glass Snail", 
8-10mm. 5, \i{}Oxychilus alliarius\i0{} 
(Miller), "Garlic Snail", 5.5-7.0mm. From Taylor 
(1914), with mature shell diameters from Kerney 
(1999).> 
tayp0151.jpg <@subject Aegopinella pura, Nesovitrea hammonis, Vitrea 
contracta, V. crystallina, Zonitoides excavatus, Z. 
nitidus (Taylor)> 
<@text x=425 y=8 
t=ZONITIDAE. 1. \i{}Aegopinella pura\i0{} 
(Alder), "Clear Glass Snail", "Delicate Glass 
Snail", 3.5-4.2mm. 2, \i{}Nesovitrea 
hammonis\i0{} (Strm), "Rayed Glass Snail", 
3.5-4.2mm. 3, \i{}Vitrea crystallina\i0{} 
(Mller), "Crystal Snail", 3-4mm. 4, \i{}Vitrea 
contracta\i0{} (Westerlund), "Milky Crystal 
Snail", 2.2-2.5mm. 5, \i{}Zonitoides 
nitidus\i0{} (Mller), "Shiny Glass Snail", 
6-7mm. 6, \i{}Zonitoides excavatus\i0{} (Alder), 
"Hollowed Glass Snail", 5.3-6.0mm. From Taylor 
(1914), mature shell dimensions from Kerney 
(1999).> 
tayp002.jpg <@subject Live animals: Aegopinella, Nesovitrea, Oxychilus, 
Vitrea, Zonitoides (Taylor)> 
<@text x=15 y=12 
t=ZONITIDAE. 3, \i{}Oxychilus draparnaudii\i0{} 
(Beck), "Draparnaud's Glass Snail" (11-15mm); 4, 
\i{}Nesovitrea hammonis\i0{} (Strm), "Rayed 
Glass Snail", 3.5-4.2mm; 5, \i{}Oxychilus 
cellarius\i0{} (Muller), "Cellar Snail", 
9-12(-14)mm; 6, \i{}Oxychilus cellarius\i0{}, 
var.; 7, \i{}Oxychilus helveticus\i0{} (Blum), 
"Glossy Glass Snail", "Swiss Glass Snail", 
8-10mm; 8, \i{}Aegopinella nitidula\i0{} 
(Draparnaud), "Smooth Glass Snail", "Dull Glass 
Snail", 8-10 mm; 9, \i{}Oxychilus alliarius\i0{} 
(Miller), "Garlic Snail", 5.5-7mm; 10, 
\i{}Aegopinella pura\i0{} (Alder), "Clear Glass 
Snail", "Delicate Glass Snail", 3.5-4.2mm; 11, 
\i{}Zonitoides excavatus\i0{} (Alder), "Hollowed 
Glass Snail", 5.3-6.0; 12, \i{}Vitrea 
crystallina\i0{} (Mller), "Crystal Snail", 
3-4mm; 14, \i{}Zonitoides nitidus\i0{} (Mller), 
"Shiny Glass Snail", 6-7mm. VITRINIDAE. 1, 
\i{}Semilimax pyrenaicus\i0{} (Frussac), 
"Pyrenean Glass Snail", 5-6mm; 2, \i{}Vitrina 
pellucida\i0{} (Mller), "Pellucid Glass Snail", 
4.5-6mm. EUCONULIDAE. 13, \i{}Euconulus\i0{} 
agg., probably \i{}E. fulvus\i0{} (Mller), 
"Tawny Glass Snail", 2.3-3.5mm. From Taylor 
(1914), mature shell dimensions from Kerney 
(1999).> 
adams023.jpg <@subject Aegopinella, Nesovitrea, Oxychilus, Vitrea, 
Zonitoides (Adams)> 
<@text x=456 y=370 
t=ZONITIDAE. 5, \i{}Oxychilus cellarius\i0{} 
(Mller), "Cellar Snail"; 6, \i{}Oxychilus 
alliarius\i0{} (Miller), "Garlic Snail"; 7, 
\i{}Oxychilus helveticus\i0{} (Blum), "Glossy 
Glass Snail, or Swiss Glass Snail". 8, 
\i{}Aegopinella nitidula\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Smooth Glass Snail, Dull Glass Snail"; 9, 
\i{}Aegopinella pura\i0{} (Alder), "Clear Glass 
Snail, Delicate Glass Snail". 10, \i{}Nesovitrea 
hammonis\i0{} (Strm), "Rayed Glass Snail". 11, 
\i{}Zonitoides nitidus\i0{} (Mller), "Shiny 
Glass Snail"; 12, \i{}Zonitoides excavatus\i0{} 
(Alder), "Hollowed Glass Snail"; 13, \i{}Vitrea 
crystallina\i0{} (Mller), Crystal Snail. From 
Adams (1896).> 
taydart.jpg <@subject Love darts of Zonitoides, with some from Helicidae
(Taylor)> 
<@text x=893 y=19 
t=Love Darts. ZONITIDAE. 9, \i{}Zonitoides 
excavatus\i0{}, side and front views, and a 
further enlargement of the tip. HELICIDAE. 1, 
\i{}Cernuella virgata\i0{}, with section showing 
the lateral wings. 2, \i{}Helicogona 
lapicida\i0{}, with section of the lanceolate 
head. 3, \i{}Helix pomatia\i0{}, sectioned to 
show the four wings. 4, \i{}Cepaea 
hortensis\i0{}, sectioned to show the complex 
wings. 5, \i{}Cepaea nemoralis\i0{}, showing 
transverse septa joining the four simple wings, 
and with diagrammatic transverse sections. 6, 
\i{}Helix aspersa\i0{}. 7, \i{}Theba pisana\i0{}, 
with a section through the mid-region. 8, 
\i{}Arantia arbustorum\i0{}, with section through 
the lenticular head. From Taylor (1907 & 1914), 
with approximate dart lengths added.> 
reevezon.jpg <@subject Aegopinella, Neesovitrea, Oxychilus, Vitrea, 
Zonitoides (Reeve)> 
<@text x=749 y=474 
t=ZONITIDAE. 1, \i{}Oxychilus cellarius\i0{} 
(Mller), "Cellar Snail". 2, \i{}Oxychilus 
alliarius\i0{} (Miller), "Garlic Snail". 3, 
\i{}Aegopinella nitidula\i0{} (Draparnaud), 
"Smooth Glass Snail", "Dull Glass Snail". 4, 
\i{}Aegopinella pura\i0{} (Alder), "Clear Glass 
Snail", "Delicate Glass Snail". 5, 
\i{}Nesovitrea hammonis\i0{} (Strm), "Rayed 
Glass Snail". 6, \i{}Zonitoides nitidus\i0{} 
(Mller), "Shiny Glass Snail". 7, \i{}Zonitoides 
excavatus\i0{} (Alder), "Hollowed Glass Snail". 
8, \i{}Vitrea crystallina\i0{} (Mller), 
"Crystal Snail". From Reeve (1863), with shell 
diameters added.> 
 
