*COMMENT ~ Character notes.

*CHARACTER NOTES
#1. ~ (alternatively) is here used to indicate sometimes not
  unreasonably included in or reduced to.
#3. \par{}For purposes of identification, the term water beetle here includes
  assorted forms associated with wet habitats, in addition to true aquatics.
  \par{}Aquatic: living in water, with convincingly observed adaptations for
  respiring when submerged. Sub-aquatic: inhabiting wet places and apparently
  or supposedly surviving inundation, but sometimes not conspicuously adapted
  for respiring submerged. Assignment to these categories is sometimes
  unsatisfactory, because survival strategies in assorted sub-aquatic families
  are either unknown, or are not detailed in the literature seen; and
  assignments are further complicated by (e.g.) \i{}Hydraenidae\i0{}, in which
  the adults are genuinely aquatic but the larvae are easily drowned, and by
  \i{}Scirtidae\i0{}, which combine terrestrial adults with aquatic larvae. The
  huge families \i{}Chrysomelidae\i0{} and \i{}Curculionidae\i0{} are really
  terrestrial, but adults associated with helophytic plants are often
  encountered floating or struggling in water.
#6. \par{}Plastron: in the present context, a pile of fine hydrofuge hairs on
  the ventral surface of many aquatic beetles, in which air is collected and
  stored to supply oxygen for respiration when they are submerged. Air
  transferred from the plastron to the water-tight space under the elytra is
  respired via the terminal pair of abdominal spiracles. The plastron, which is
  often conspicuous as a bubble on the underside of the submerged insect, is a
  characteristic feature of hydrophilid beetles, and distinguishes them from
  dytiscids. The latter also store air under the elytra, but replenish it
  directly from the rear.
#8. \par{}Plastron: in the present context, a pile of fine hydrofuge hairs on
  the ventral surface of many aquatic beetles, in which air is collected and
  stored to supply oxygen for respiration when they are submerged. Air
  transferred from the plastron to the water-tight space under the elytra is
  respired via the terminal pair of abdominal spiracles. The plastron, which is
  often conspicuous as a bubble on the underside of the submerged insect, is a
  characteristic feature of hydrophilid beetles, and distinguishes them from
  dytiscids. The latter also store air under the elytra, but replenish it
  directly from the rear.
#9. Length measured in normal posture (e.g., without tilting up the head).
#11. Pronotum: the single, dorsal sclerite of the prothorax; the latter
  being the major part of the beetles thorax which is visible from above.
#12. Prothorax: the first (anterior) segment of the (three-segmented) thorax.
  In beetles this is usually relatively large, forming with the head a
  conspicuous, independently movable fore-body. It is composed of a single
  dorso-lateral sclerite, the pronotum, a ventral prosternum, and lateral
  proepisterna, and bears the front pair of legs. \par{}Mesothorax and
  (larger) Metathorax: the second and third thoracic segments. These are fused
  together, constituting the pterothorax, which bears the elytra, (hind-)wings
  and mid- and hind-legs. \par{}Notopleural suture: a groove in the side of
  the prothorax (q.v.), separating the prosternum (q.v.) from the pronotum
  (q.v.). .
#13. Prothorax: the first (anterior) segment of the (three-segmented) thorax.
  In beetles this is usually relatively large, forming with the head a
  conspicuous, independently movable fore-body. It is composed of a single
  dorso-lateral sclerite, the pronotum, a ventral prosternum, and lateral
  proepisterna, and bears the front pair of legs. \par{}Mesothorax and
  (larger) Metathorax: the second and third thoracic segments. These are fused
  together, constituting the pterothorax, which bears the elytra, (hind-)wings
  and mid- and hind-legs. \par{}Notopleural suture: a groove in the side of
  the prothorax (q.v.), separating the prosternum (q.v.) from the pronotum
  (q.v.).
#15. It is safest, and still potentially useful, to bracket the possibilities by
  entering two or more states of this rather subjective character.
#24. States 1/2-3 should more or less correspond with Lawrence et al., body
  evenly curved/not evenly curved.
#39. Rostrum: a marked, rigid elongation of the front of the head (frons and
  vertex), on which the antennae are carried forward and which bears the
  (biting/chewing) mouthparts at its tip. This modification, characteristic of
  the curculionid families (weevils), is utilized by the females to bore holes
  in plant material (leaves, stems, fruits, bark, etc.) in which the eggs are
  deposited; but details of its significance for males and in relation to the
  adults feeding habits are elusive. The second character image provides a
  detailed comparison with a non-rostrate form.
#40. Prognathous (in this context): having the mandibles projecting and
  clearly visible when the beetle is viewed from above.
#49. Ocelli: simple eyes, additional to and located between or behind the
  compound eyes.
#50. Ocelli: simple eyes, additional to and located between or behind the
  compound eyes.
#59. The maxillae and their palps are borne under (posteriorly to) the
  mandibles, between the upper (labrum) and lower (labium) lips. The
  (1-)4(-7)-segmented maxillary palps are to be distinguished from the
  (1-)2(-4)-segmented labial palps, which are located posteriorly to them.
#62. The maxillae and their palps are borne under (posteriorly to) the
  mandibles, between the upper (labrum) and lower (labium) lips. The
  (1-)4(-7)-segmented maxillary palps are to be distinguished from the
  (1-)2(-4)-segmented labial palps, which are located posteriorly to them.
#64. The maxillae and their palps are borne under (posteriorly to) the
  mandibles, between the upper (labrum) and lower (labium) lips. The
  (1-)4(-7)-segmented maxillary palps are to be distinguished from the
  (1-)2(-4)-segmented labial palps, which are located posteriorly to them.
#65. The maxillae and their palps are borne under (posteriorly to) the
  mandibles, between the upper (labrum) and lower (labium) lips. The
  (1-)4(-7)-segmented maxillary palps are to be distinguished from the
  (1-)2(-4)-segmented labial palps, which are located posteriorly to them.
#69. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#71. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#72. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#73. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#74. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#75. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#76. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#77. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#78. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#79. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#80. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#81. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#83. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#84. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#85. Frons (of insects): the upper front part of the head. \par{}Antennae of
  beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually 7-11). The palps,
  with which they might be might otherwise be confused, usually have (1-)3
  segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#86. Antennae of beetles nearly always have more than three segments (usually
  7-11). The palps, with which they might otherwise be may be confused, usually
  have (1-)3 segments (labial palps) or (2-)4(-5) segments (maxillary palps).
#87. Prothorax: the first (anterior) segment of the (three-segmented) thorax.
  In beetles this is usually relatively large, forming with the head a
  conspicuous, independently movable fore-body. It is composed of a single
  dorso-lateral sclerite, the pronotum, a ventral prosternum, and lateral
  proepisterna, and bears the front pair of legs. \par{}Mesothorax and
  (larger) Metathorax: the second and third thoracic segments. These are fused
  together, constituting the pterothorax, which bears the elytra, (hind-)wings
  and mid- and hind-legs. \par{}Notopleural suture: a groove in the side of
  the prothorax (q.v.), separating the prosternum (q.v.) from the pronotum
  (q.v.).
#88. Prothorax: the first (anterior) segment of the (three-segmented) thorax.
  In beetles this is usually relatively large, forming with the head a
  conspicuous, independently movable fore-body. It is composed of a single
  dorso-lateral sclerite, the pronotum, a ventral prosternum, and lateral
  proepisterna, and bears the front pair of legs. \par{}Mesothorax and
  (larger) Metathorax: the second and third thoracic segments. These are fused
  together, constituting the pterothorax, which bears the elytra, (hind-)wings
  and mid- and hind-legs. \par{}Notopleural suture: a groove in the side of
  the prothorax (q.v.), separating the prosternum (q.v.) from the pronotum
  (q.v.).
#89. Prothorax: the first (anterior) segment of the (three-segmented) thorax.
  In beetles this is usually relatively large, forming with the head a
  conspicuous, independently movable fore-body. It is composed of a single
  dorso-lateral sclerite, the pronotum, a ventral prosternum, and lateral
  proepisterna, and bears the front pair of legs. \par{}Mesothorax and
  (larger) Metathorax: the second and third thoracic segments. These are fused
  together, constituting the pterothorax, which bears the elytra, (hind-)wings
  and mid- and hind-legs. \par{}Notopleural suture: a groove in the side of
  the prothorax (q.v.), separating the prosternum (q.v.) from the pronotum
  (q.v.).
#90. Prothorax: the first (anterior) segment of the (three-segmented) thorax.
  In beetles this is usually relatively large, forming with the head a
  conspicuous, independently movable fore-body. It is composed of a single
  dorso-lateral sclerite, the pronotum, a ventral prosternum, and lateral
  proepisterna, and bears the front pair of legs. \par{}Mesothorax and
  (larger) Metathorax: the second and third thoracic segments. These are fused
  together, constituting the pterothorax, which bears the elytra, (hind-)wings
  and mid- and hind-legs. \par{}Notopleural suture: a groove in the side of
  the prothorax (q.v.), separating the prosternum (q.v.) from the pronotum
  (q.v.).
#108. Metaventrite' (often but unsatisfactorily called the metasternum: the
  main ventral sclerite of the metathorax. \par{}Sclerites: the conspicuously
  hardened (scerotised) regions of the segments. Those of adjoining segments may
  be fused (disguising the segmentation), or separated by zones of membranous
  cuticle (in flexible parts of the body).
#117. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#123. This character appears to be taxonomically meaningful, but apparently
  cannot be applied reliably for identifying dead specimens. \par{}The beetle
  leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter, femur, tarsus, and
  the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first segment, which
  usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally with the
  trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which the coxa
  fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa and
  femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#126. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#137. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#138. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#139. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#140. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#141. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#142. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#143. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#144. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#145. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#146. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#147. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#148. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#149. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#150. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#151. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#152. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#153. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#154. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#155. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#156. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#157. The beetle leg exhibits six primary segments, viz., coxa, trochanter,
  femur, tarsus, and the terminal pretarsus. \par{}1. Coxa: the short first
  segment, which usually articulates proximally with the abdomen, and distally
  with the trochanter. \par{}(Coxal cavity: a cavity in the thorax into which
  the coxa fits.) \par{}2. Trochanter: the short second segment, between coxa
  and femur, which in beetles freely articulates with the former but is firmly
  attached to the latter. \par{}3. Femur: the third leg segment, articulating
  distally with the tibia. This is usually the stoutest and strongest segment,
  and is sometimes the longest. It sometimes bears long spines, but never
  exhibits movable spurs, and is enlarged in the hind legs of species that jump.
  \par{}4. Tibia: the fourth leg segment, articulating distally with the
  tarsus. Tibiae are usually expanded towards their apices, which bear combs of
  spines, two of which are enlarged, articulated, and known as spurs. The fore
  tibiae are often expanded and toothed on the outer side, associated with
  digging. \par{}5. Tarsus: the fifth primary segment of the beetle leg, which
  articulates proximally with the tibia, and distally with the pretarsus, and is
  usually itself resolvable into (2-)4-5 movable segments (tarsomeres).
  \par{}6. Pretarsus: the terminal leg component, which usually comprises
  paired claws and the median empodium.
#160. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#161. Measurements made in the resting position, with the elytra closed. The
  length of the elytra is measured from the base of the scutellum (or
  mid-posterior edge of the pronotum if the scutellum is concealed) to the
  conjoined elytral apices or to an imaginary line joining the separated elytral
  apices. The elytral width is the greatest combined width or, when the elytra
  are widely separated their tips, the length of the longest line joining their
  two outside edges.
#162. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#163. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#164. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings. \par{}Abdominal
  tergite: the sclerotised dorsal region (sclerite, q.v.) of a visible body
  segment. Of the abdomen, usually equivalent to segment. \par{}Abdominal
  ventrite: the sclerotised ventral region (sclerite, q.v.) of a visible
  abdominal segment. The number of ventrites is often fewer than the number of
  true segments. \par{}Abdominal sternite: the sclerotised ventral region
  (sclerite, q.v.) of an abdominal segment, whether visible or not. The number
  of sternites corresponds with the number of segments.
#165. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings. \par{}Abdominal
  tergite: the sclerotised dorsal region (sclerite, q.v.) of a visible body
  segment. Of the abdomen, usually equivalent to segment. \par{}Pygidium:
  the terminal (tail-end) exposed and sclerotised abdominal tergite. It may be
  either tergite 7 or 8.
#166. Pygidium: the last (i.e., the eighth) visible abdominal tergite in
  Coleoptera. This character seems to provide the only absolute distinction
  between \i{}Aphodiidae\i0{} and assorted other Scarabaeidae sensu lato. Cf.
  Britton (1970).
#167. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#170. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#171. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#172. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#173. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#180. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings. \par{}Stria: an
  impressed line. Striate: furnished with striae.
#181. Stria: an impressed line. Striate: furnished with striae.
#182. Stria: an impressed line. Striate: furnished with striae.
#189. The suture: in Coleoptera, used to denote the line of junction between
  the elytra when the latter are closed over the beetles back.
#191. Scutellary striole: a short stria (q.v.) or row of punctures situated
  laterally to the scutellum and not extending far posteriorly.
#192. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#193. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings. \par{}Epipleuron:
  an infolding or incurving of the costa of the elytron (i.e., its leading edge,
  when the elytra are opened), which usually fits against the sides of the
  abdomen when the elytra are closed.
#194. Elytra: paired organs representing the mesothoracic wings, which when
  closed usually (but not always) meet along the median line, and constitute a
  hardened cover for the beetle's hind-wings and abdomen. They are usually held
  open in flight, allowing free movement of the hind-wings.
#196. Data and illustrations exclusively from Balfour-Browne, who clearly
  demonstrated the taxonomic potential of elytral surface microstructure. Sadly,
  in common with much taxonomic work from the turn of the 19th Century on, his
  account is long on phylogenetic speculation and short on properly recorded
  comparative data.
#197. Data and illustrations exclusively from Balfour-Browne, who clearly
  demonstrated the taxonomic potential of elytral surface microstructure. Sadly,
  in common with much taxonomic work from the turn of the 19th Century on, his
  account is long on phylogenetic speculation and short on properly recorded
  comparative data.
#198. Data and illustrations exclusively from Balfour-Browne, who clearly
  demonstrated the taxonomic potential of elytral surface microstructure. Sadly,
  in common with much taxonomic work from the turn of the 19th Century on, his
  account is long on phylogenetic speculation and short on properly recorded
  comparative data.
#199. The metathoracic wings of beetles, when functional for flying, are usually
  longer than the elytra (q.v.), and are normally folded and stored beneath the
  elytra when the insect is not flying. Not uncommonly (especially island and
  montane forms), however, they are more or less atrophied.
#200. The metathoracic wings of beetles, when functional for flying, are usually
  longer than the elytra (q.v.), and are normally folded and stored beneath the
  elytra when the insect is not flying. Not uncommonly (especially island and
  montane forms), however, they are more or less atrophied.
#201. The metathoracic wings of beetles, when functional for flying, are usually
  longer than the elytra (q.v.), and are normally folded and stored beneath the
  elytra when the insect is not flying. Not uncommonly (especially island and
  montane forms), however, they are more or less atrophied.
#205. The metathoracic wings of beetles, when functional for flying, are usually
  longer than the elytra (q.v.), and are normally folded and stored beneath the
  elytra when the insect is not flying. Not uncommonly (especially island and
  montane forms), however, they are more or less atrophied.
#206. \par{}Abdominal tergite: the sclerotised dorsal region (sclerite,
  q.v.) of a visible body segment. Usually, 8 tergites (representing 10
  segments) can be counted on the upper surface of the abdomen: segment 9 is the
  much modified genital segment, which is hidden within the body, and segment 10
  is greatly reduced. The visible tail-end tergite represents segment 8, and is
  called the pygidium. \par{}Abdominal ventrite: the sclerotised ventral
  region (sclerite, q.v.) of a visible abdominal segment. The number of
  ventrites is often fewer than the number of true segments. \par{}Abdominal
  sternite: the sclerotised ventral region (sclerite, q.v.) of an abdominal
  segment, whether visible or not. The number of sternites corresponds with the
  number of segments.
#208. \par{}Abdominal tergite: the sclerotised dorsal region (sclerite,
  q.v.) of a visible body segment. Usually, 8 tergites (representing 10
  segments) can be counted on the upper surface of the abdomen: segment 9 is the
  much modified genital segment, which is hidden within the body, and segment 10
  is greatly reduced. The visible tail-end tergite represents segment 8, and is
  called the pygidium. \par{}Abdominal ventrite: the sclerotised ventral
  region (sclerite, q.v.) of a visible abdominal segment. The number of
  ventrites is often fewer than the number of true segments. \par{}Abdominal
  sternite: the sclerotised ventral region (sclerite, q.v.) of an abdominal
  segment, whether visible or not. The number of sternites corresponds with the
  number of segments.
#210. \par{}Abdominal tergite: the sclerotised dorsal region (sclerite,
  q.v.) of a visible body segment. Usually, 8 tergites (representing 10
  segments) can be counted on the upper surface of the abdomen: segment 9 is the
  much modified genital segment, which is hidden within the body, and segment 10
  is greatly reduced. The visible tail-end tergite represents segment 8, and is
  called the pygidium. \par{}Abdominal ventrite: the sclerotised ventral
  region (sclerite, q.v.) of a visible abdominal segment. The number of
  ventrites is often fewer than the number of true segments. \par{}Abdominal
  sternite: the sclerotised ventral region (sclerite, q.v.) of an abdominal
  segment, whether visible or not. The number of sternites corresponds with the
  number of segments.
#212. Entomologists have made extensive taxonomic use of variations in male
  genitalia for classificatory purposes, and the groupings represented by this
  character seem reliably indicative of coleopteran taxonomic relationships.
  However, in the absence of comparative data for the anatomical details, which
  are in any case rather inaccessible and applicable only to males, these are of
  little use for conducting identifications. \par{}Cf. Lawrence \i{}et al.\i0{}
  (1999). Aedeagus refers here to the external genitalia, including the
  intromittent organ (penis, representing two fused valves) and associated
  structures (phallobase and parameres, or tegmen) but excluding modifications
  of apical or pregenital abdominal segments. Some coleopterists restrict it to
  the penis combined with phallobase and parameres or tegmen, while others refer
  to the phallobase as fused gonocoxites, the parameres as gonostyli, and the
  two together as gonoforceps. See Crowson (1984), D'Hotman and Scholtz (1990),
  Gilbert (1952), Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1980), Jeannel (1955), Jeannel and
  Paulian (1944), Lindroth (1957), Matsuda (1976), Nichols (1989), Tuxen (1970)
  and Wood (1952).
#214. It is hard to obtain unambiguous records of what non-carnivorous adult
  beetles actually consume and digest. In particular, those involved with
  rotting wood are probably often mycetophagous.
#227. Morphological data on larvae are unsatisfactory, being mostly derived from
  Balfour-Brownes keys and hopelessly non-comparative descriptive text.
#235. Morphological data on larvae are unsatisfactory, being mostly derived from
  Balfour-Brownes keys and hopelessly non-comparative descriptive text.
#237. Morphological data on larvae are unsatisfactory, being mostly derived from
  Balfour-Brownes keys and hopelessly non-comparative descriptive text.
#246. Morphological data on larvae are unsatisfactory, being mostly derived from
  Balfour-Brownes keys and hopelessly non-comparative descriptive text.
#247. Morphological data on larvae are unsatisfactory, being mostly derived from
  Balfour-Brownes keys and hopelessly non-comparative descriptive text.
#248. Morphological data on larvae are unsatisfactory, being mostly derived from
  Balfour-Brownes keys and hopelessly non-comparative descriptive text.
#253. Estimates of genus and species numbers (derived mainly from assorted
  Internet sources) are often unreliable, but they should suffice for viewing
  British representation in a world context.
#254. Estimates of genus and species numbers (derived mainly from assorted
  Internet sources) are often unreliable, but they should suffice for viewing
  British representation in a world context.
#255. From Pope (1977).
#256. From Pope (1977).
#257. From Pope (1977).
#259. See Unwin (1984), Lawrence \i{}et al\i0{} (1999).
#261. See Unwin (1984), Lawrence \i{}et al\i0{} (1999).
