*SHOW British Scarabaeoidea  (Dung Beetles and Chafers) - 27 September 
2012. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# Geotrupidae/
1<~\i{}Scarabaeidae\i0{}; currently including \i{}Bolboceratidae\i0{}>
2<Dor-, Dung-, Clock-beetles> 3,11-26 4,1.17-1.57 5,1.4-2.35 6,1 7,1
9<stoutly>,2-3 11,3 14,2 15,3 17<generally dark reddish brown or black>
20,1 21,2 22,2 27,1 29,1<the strongly projecting mandibles readily visible
in dorsal views> 31,2<i.e., each of the pair being completely divided into
upper and lower halves> 32,2 34,2 35,1 39,1 41,1 43,1/2 44,1/2/3 45,1 49,1
50,2 51,1-2 52,1 53,2 54,11 58,3 59<tightly>,1<circular and biconvex, but
with the capacity to open fan-like> 63,1/2 65,2 67,2 68,1 69,0.36-0.58 70,1
71,1 74,2 76,2 78,1 79,1/2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,1/2 84<when entire,>,2-3
85,2 87,1 88,2 89,3 90,1/2 91,1-2 92,1-2 93,2 94,1 96,1 97,1/2 98,1/2/3
99,1/2 100,1 102,1 108,2 109,2 110,3 114,1 115,3 116,3 117,1 118,2 119,2
121,1 122,1<this with no more than two setae> 125,1 126,3 129,0.75-1.1
132,1 133,1 134,2 137,1 138,1<commonly>/2 140,2 142,1/2/3 143<when more thn
five,>,1/2/6 144,1<\i{}Bolboceratidae\i0{}>/2 147,1/2 148,1 151,2 156,6-7
157,1 159,1 160,2 168,8/2 169,10/9&10 170,2/3 173,1/2 174,1 175,1 176,1
177,2 178,2 179,3 181,2 184,1 185,1 186,1/2 187,4 188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1
192,2/4/5 193,1 194,1 195,10 196,1 197,1<biforous or bilabiate, or
cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,8/2&14 209,10/4&9 210<The larvae
stridulating by rubbing the mid- and hind-legs, the latter being
atrophied.> 211,3 212,4 213,19 214<about>,600 215<about>,30 216,8 217,5
218<\i{}Anoplotrupes\i0{}, \i{}Geotrupes\i0{}, \i{}Odontaeus\i0{}
(\i{}Bolboceratidae\i0{}), \i{}Trypocopris\i0{}, \i{}Typhaeus\i0{}>
219<\i{}Odontaeus armiger\i0{} (Many-horned Scarab); \i{}Geotrupes
vernalis\i0{} (Smooth Dor, or Clock-beetle)> 220<The head and/or pronotum
often conspicuously horned and/or tuberculate, especially in males; the
legs very powerful and heavily armed, stridulating by rubbing a file on the
hind coxae over an abdominal ridge. \par{}The larvae mostly coprophagous
and/or mycetophagous, in underground burrows provisioned with dung by the
adults.> 221<geotrupi> 
 
# Lucanidae/
2<Stag-beetles> 3,10-66 4,1.3-2.85 5,1.65-3.2 6,1 7,1/2 9,1-3 14,2 15,3
20,1/2 21,1/2 22,1/2 27,1 29,1-2 32,1/2 34,2 35,1/2 41,2/3 42,1-3 43,1/2/3
44,1/2/3 45,1 49,1 50,2 51,2-3 52,1 53,1 54,8/10 56,1 58,3 59<openly>,1<not
tightly so> 63,1/2 65,2 67,2 68,1-2 69,0.43-0.9 70,1 71,1 74,2 75,1/2 76,2
78,1-3 79<when applicable,>,2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,2 84,2 85,2 87,1 88,2
89,4 90,2/3 91,2-3 92,1 93,2 94,1 96,1 97,1 98,2/3 99,1<mostly>/2 100,1
102,1 108,2 109,2 110,3 114,1 115,3 116,3 117,1 118,2 119,2 121,1
122,1<this sometimes with three or more setae>/2 125,1 126,3 129,0.87-1.95
132,1 133,1 134,1-2 137,1 141,1/2<usually> 142,1/2/3 143<when more than
five,>,1/2-4 144,2 147,1/2 148,2 151,2 156,5-6 157,1/2 158<when present,>,2
159,1/2 160,1/2 169,3/4<e.g., feeding on sap, fruits or flowers?> 170,2-3
173,1 174,1 175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,3/4 181,2 184,2 185,1 186,2/3 187,4
188,1 189,1 190,2 191,1<the coxae equipped on the posterior face with a
stridulatory file, which can be detected by running a fine needle along it>
192,5 194,1 195,10 196,1 197,1<these cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2
208,3/14<e.g., under logs> 209,4 211,3 212,4 213,19 214<about>,1200<with
some tropical forms exceeding 8 cm in length> 215<about>,130 216,4 217,4
218<\i{}Dorcus\i0{}, \i{}Lucanus\i0{}, \i{}Platycerus\i0{},
\i{}Sinodendron\i0{}> 219<\i{}Lucanus cervus\i0{} (Stag Beetle);
\i{}Platycerus caraboides\i0{} (Blue Lucanus, extinct in Britain?);
\i{}Sinodendron cylindricum\i0{} (Cylindrical Lucanus)> 220<The adult males
of some species (exemplified here by \i{}Lucanus cervus\i0{}) can exhibit
enormous mandibles, which may vary greatly in size relative to the rest of
the insect, the variation perhaps reflecting nutritive conditions in the
larval stage. Tarsi sometimes with fewer than three segments in non-British
species> 221<lucanida> 
 
# Scarabaeidae/
1<including Aclopidae, Aphodiidae, Cetoniidae, etc.> 2<Chafers,
Dung-beetles, etc.> 3,2.6-30<in Britain, but the family worldwide
encompasses the largest known insects, with the tropical American
\i{}Dynastes hercules\i0{} and the African \i{}Goliathus goliatus\i0{}
reaching 16 cm and 11 cm respectively> 4,0.9-3.6 5,0.45-5.55 6,1/2
7,1/2<the prothorax relatively wide in Aphodiinae> 9,2-3 11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3
18,1/2 20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2 27,2 29,1-3 31,1 32,1/2 34,1<often>/2<e.g.,
Aphodiinae> 35,1 39,1/2<the labrum and mouthparts often visible from above,
but concealed beneath the fronto-clypeus in Aphodiinae and Scarabaeinae>
40,2<in some Cetoniini>/1 41,1<mostly>/2-3<some Rutelinae> 42,1-3
43,1/2/3<some Aegialiini> 44,1<mostly>/2<some Aegialiini> 45,1/2<quite
commonly> 49,1<mostly>/3<some Aegialiini> 51,1-2 52,1 53,2 54,(7-)9/10 58,3
59<tightly>,1<but with the capacity to open fan-like> 60,3-7 65,1/2<e.g.,
in Aphodiinae> 67,2 68,1 69,0.3-3.08 70,1<mostly>/2<some Scarabaeinae>
71<when present,>,1/2<some Cetoniini and Scarabaeinae only> 74,2 76,2
78,1/2-3<Scarabaeinae> 79<when applicable,>,1/2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,1/2
84<when entire,>,2-3/- 85,2 87,1 88,2 89,3/4 90,1/2 91,1/2 92,1/2 93,2
94,1/3<Hopliin1> 96,1 97,1/2 98,2/3 99,1/2 100,1 102,1
108,1<occasionally>/2 109,2 110<always?>,3 113,1<e.g.,
Aphodiinae>/2<Scarabaeinae> 114<when not reduced or absent (i.e.,
usually),>,1 115<when present,>,3 116,3 117,1 118,2<mostly>/1<some
Scarabaeinae> 119,2 121,1/2/3 122,1<this sometimes with three or more
setae, but no more than two in Aphodiinae>/2 125,1 126,3<and the hind
tibiae with two spurs in Aphodiinae, only one in Scarabaeinae> 129,0.6-2.1
132,1 133,1-2 134,1/2<a more or less concealed pygidium being the
supposedly defining feature of Aphodiinae> 137,1/2 142,1/2/3 143<when more
than five,>,1/2-6 144,2 147,1<always, in British representatives> 148,1/2
151,1/2 152<when present,>,2 156,5-7<usually 6> 157,1-3<all fused in some
Aphodiinae> 158<when present,>,2/4-6 159,1/2 160,2 168,1/2/8
169,3/4/10<Melolonthinae, Hopliinae and Rutelinae feeding on foliage,
Cetoniinae on leaves and nectar, Scarabaeinae and most Aphodiinae on dung
like their larvae> 170,1<rarely>/2-3 173,1 174,1<mostly>/2<in Cetoniinae>
175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,4/5<rarely more?> 181,2<usually>/1 182<when
present,>,1 184,2 185,1 186,1/2/3 187,4 188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1 192,2/3/5
194,1 195,9/10 196,1 197,1<these cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2
208,1/2/8/14 209,3<Melolonthinae, Hopliinae and Rutelinae notably feeding
on roots>/4<Cetoniinae>/8/10<most Aphodiinae, Scarabaeinae> 210<mostly
curved, C-shaped curl-grubs, with brownish head, three pairs of
well-developed legs and mostly 4-segmented antennae; the anus V- or
Y-shaped in Melolonthinae and Hopliinae but transverse in Cetoniinae and
Rutelinae.> 211,3 212,4 213,19 214<about>,30000 216<about>,90
217<about>,28<this predominantly tropical family being relatively poorly
represented in Britain> 218<Subfamily Aphodiinae: \i{}Aegialia\i0{},
\i{}Aphodius\i0{}, \i{}Euheptaulacus\i0{}, \i{}Heptaulacus\i0{},
\i{}Oxyomus\i0{},\i{} Saprosites\i0{}, \i{}Brindalus\i0{},
\i{}Diastictus\i0{}, \i{}Psammodius\i0{} (sic), \i{}Tesarius\i0{},
\i{}Pleurophorus\i0{}, \i{}Rhyssemus\i0{}. Cetoniinae: \i{}Cetonia\i0{},
\i{}Gnorimus\i0{}, \i{}Oxythyrea\i0{}, \i{}Trichius\i0{}. Hopliinae:
\i{}Hoplia\i0{}. Melolonthinae: \i{}Melolontha\i0{}, \i{}Polyphylla\i0{},
\i{}Amphimallon\i0{},\i{} Omaloplia\i0{}, \i{}Serica\i0{}. Rutelinae:
\i{}Anomala\i0{}, \i{}Phyllopertha\i0{}. Scarabaeinae: \i{}Copris\i0{},
\i{}Onthophagus\i0{}.> 219<\i{}Aphodius villosus\i0{} (Hairy Aphodius);
\i{}Aphodius distinctus\i0{}; \i{}Melolontha melolontha\i0{} (Common
Cockchafer); \i{}Cetonia aurata\i0{} (Rose Chafer); \i{}Phyllopertha
horticola\i0{} (Sutherland Bracken-clock); \i{}Copris lunaris\i0{}
(Lunar-headed Dung-beetle); \i{}Gnoremus variabilis\i0{} (8-spotted
Oak-beetle); \i{}Onthophagus taurus\i0{} (Bull-headed Dung-beetle);
\i{}Phyllopertha horticola\i0{}; \i{}Psammodius asper \i0{}(Channel-necked
Psammodius); \i{}Typhaeus typhoeus\i0{}. Curtis also illustrated the
spectacular mainland-European \i{}Polyphylla fullo\i0{}.> 220<The scarab
beetles constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and a satisfactory
classification at world level has yet to be achieved. Of the fairly
distinct series that have long been recognised, six are represented in
Britain. Of these, \i{}Geotrupidae\i0{}, \i{}Trogidae\i0{} and (by some
authorities) \i{}Aphodiidae\i0{} are now treated as distinct families, with
the rest - Scarabaeinae (dung beetles), Melolonthinae ('chafers') and
Cetoniinae - awarded subfamily status. This \i{}sensu lato\i0{} description
is not taxonomically judgemental, but seems appropriate in the present
context. \par{}A few spectacular exotic forms are illustrated here,
including several from the subfamily Dynastinae (1,400 species worldwide),
which is not represented at all in Britain.> 221<scarabei> 
 
# Scarabaeidae-Aphodiinae/
1<\i{}Aphodiidae\i0{}, Coprophaginae> 3,3-6(-13) 4,1.55-2.35<i.e., quite
variable in shape> 5,0.45-5.55 6,1 7,1<the prothorax relatively wide> 9,2-3
11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3 17<variable in colour> 18,1/2 20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2 27,2
29,1 32,1/2 34,2 35,1 36,2 39,2<the labrum and mouthparts concealed beneath
the fronto-clypeus> 40,1 41,1 42,1 43,1/2/3<some Aegialiini>
44,1<mostly>/2<some Aegialiini> 45,1/2 49,1<mostly>/3<some Aegialiini> 50,2
51,1-2 52,1 53,2 54,9 56,1-2 58,3 59<tightly>,1<but with the capacity to
open fan-like> 60,3 63,2 65,2 67,2 68,1 69,0.52-0.85 70,1 71,1 74,2 76,2
78,1-3 79<when applicable,>,1/2<usually> 80,1 81,1 82,1 83,1/2 84<when
entire,>,2 85,2 87,1 88,2 89,4 90,1/2 91,1-2 92,1/2 93,2 94,1 96,1 97,1
98,2/3 99,2 100,1 102,1 108,2 109,2 110<always?>,3 111,2<without lateral
teeth> 112,1 113,1 114,1 115,3 116,3 117,1 118,2 119,2 121,1 122,1<usually,
this with no more than two setae>/2 123,2 125,1 126,3<and the hind tibiae
with two spurs> 129,1.05-1.64 132,1 133,1 134<almost>,2/1<but a more or
less concealed pygidium is a supposedly defining feature of this subfamily>
137,1/2 141,1/2 142,1/2/3 143<when more than five,>,1/2-6 144,2
147,1<always, in British representatives> 148,1 150<the radial cell
incomplete or absent> 151,2 153,2 156,6 157,2/3 158,5/6 159,2 160,2
168,8<mostly>/2<Aegialiini and Psammobiini, on dry sangy soils>
169,10<mostly>/4 170,2-3 173,1 174,1<but distinguishable from those of
Scarabaeinae in lacking a dorsal hump> 175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2
179,4/5<rarely more?> 181,2<usually>/1 182<when present,>,1 184,2 185,1
186,1/2/3 187,4 188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1 192,2/3/5 194,1 195,9/10 196,1
197,1<these cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,2<in dry sandy soils,
Aegialiini and Psammobiini only>/8<mostly> 209,4/10<mostly> 213,19
214<about>,1200 216<about>,60 217,12 218<\i{}Aegialia\i0{},
\i{}Aphodius\i0{}, \i{}Euheptaulacus\i0{}, \i{}Heptaulacus\i0{},
\i{}Oxyomus\i0{},\i{} Saprosites\i0{}, \i{}Brindalus\i0{},
\i{}Diastictus\i0{}, \i{}Psammodius\i0{} (sic), \i{}Tesarius\i0{},
\i{}Pleurophorus\i0{}, \i{}Rhyssemus\i0{}> 220<The antennal club usually
short, broad, and dull; the elytra completely covering the abdomen; the
labrum and mouthparts concealed beneath the fronto-clypeus.> 221<aphodiin> 
 
# Scarabaeidae-Cetoniinae/
3,7-22(-26) 4,1.45-2.56 5,0.45-5.55 6,1/2 7,1/2 9,2-3 11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3
18,1/2 20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2 27,2 29,1-3<the labrum and mouthparts often
visible from above> 31,1 32,1/2 34,2 35,1 36,2 39,2 40,2<sometimes>/1
41<when present,>,1 42,1 43,1/2 44,1 45,1/2 49,1 50,2 51,1-2 52,1 53,2
54,10 56,1/2 58,3 59<tightly>,1<but with the capacity to open fan-like>
60,3 65,1/2 67,2 68,1 69,0.45-0.95 70,1 71,1/2 74,2 76,2 78,1/2 79,1/2 80,1
81,1/2 82,1 83,2 84,2 85,2 87,1 88,2 89,3/4 90,1/2 91,2-3 92,1/2 93,2 94,1
95,1/2<only when the beetle is metallic green> 96,1 97,1/2 98,2/3 99,1
100,1 102,1 108,2<usually>/7<sometimes> 109,2 110,3 111,2 112,1<without
lateral teeth> 113,1 114,1 115,3<usually>/1 116,3<usually>/1
117,1<usually>/5 118,2 119,2 121,1 122,1/2 123,2 125,1 126,3<usually>/1
129,0.87-1.72 132,1 133,1-2 134,1 137,1/2 141,1/2 142,1/2/3 143<when more
than five,>,1/2/4<Trichiini> 144,2 145,1/2 146<when present,>,2 147,1 148,2
150,1<the radial cell incomplete or absent> 151,2 156,6 157,2/3 158,5/6
159,2 160,2 168,1 169,3<feeding on leaves and nectar> 170,1<rarely>/2-3
173,1 174,2<i.e., unlike those of most scarabaeids, and thick, with
relatively small head and legs> 175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,4/5<rarely
more?> 181,2<usually>/1 182<when present,>,1 184,2 185,1 186,1/2/3 187,4
188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1 192,2/3/5 194,1 195,9/10 196,1 197,1<these
cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,1/2/8/14 209,4 210<mostly curved,
C-shaped curl-grubs, with brownish head, three pairs of well-developed
legs and mostly 4-segmented antennae; the anus transverse.> 211,3 212,4
213,19 214<about>,2600 216<about>,8 217,3/4 218<\i{}Cetonia\i0{},
\i{}Gnorimus\i0{}, \i{}Oxythyrea\i0{}, \i{}Trichius\i0{}> 220<A mainly
tropical subfamily, including such spectacular insects as the African
Goliath beetle, which reaches 11 cm in length (see the illustrations of
this and other exotic forms). \par{}Cetoniid larvae can move horizontally,
and instead of using their small legs, those of some species progress on
their backs with worm-like movements aided by their dense abdominal
bristles.> 221<cetoniin> 
 
# Scarabaeidae-Hopliinae/
1<~Melolonthinae tribe Hopliini> 3,7-11 4,1.54-1.75 5,0.45-5.55 6,1/2 7,1/2
9,2-3 11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3 18,1/2 20,2 21,2 22,1<with very short scales, and
bluish scales on the underside> 27,2 29,1<the labrum and mouthparts often
visible from above> 31,1 32,2 34,2 35,1 36,2 39,2 40,2<in some Cetoniini>/1
41,1 42,1 43,1/2 44,1 45,1 49,1 50,2 51,1<not reaching the middle of the
prothorax> 52,1 53,2 54,9/10 58,3 59<not flattened, tightly>,1 60,3 65,2
67,2 68,1 69,0.62-0.83 70,1 71,1 74,2 76,2 78,1 79,2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,2
84,2 85,2 87,1 88,2 89,4 90,2 91,2 92,1 93,2 94,3<Hopliin1> 96,1 97,1/2
98,2-3 99,1 100,1 102,1 108,2 109,2 110<always?>,3 111,1/2<the posterior
tarsi with only one, which is split apically> 112<when paired,>,2 114,1
115,3 116,3 117,1 118,2 119,2 121,1/2 122,2 125,1 126,3<and the hind tibiae
with two spurs in Aphodiinae, only one in Scarabaeinae> 129,0.73-1.1 132,1
133,1 134,1<though not apparent in Fowlers illustration - cf. Jessop,
1986> 137,1/2 142,3 144,2 145,1/2 146<if present,>,2 147,1 148,2 149,2
150,1<radial cell reduced or absent> 151,2 153,2 156,6 157,2-3 158,5/6
159,2 160,2 168,1 169,3<feeding on foliage> 170,1<rarely>/2-3 173,1 174,1
175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,4/5<rarely more?> 181,2<usually>/1 182<when
present,>,1 184,2 185,1 186,1/2/3 187,4 188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1 192,2/3/5
194,1 195,9/10 196,1 197,1<these cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,14
209,3<feeding on roots> 210<curved, C-shaped curl-grubs, with brownish
head, three pairs of well-developed legs and mostly 4-segmented antennae;
the anus V- or Y-shaped.> 211,3 212,4 213,19 214<about>,250<?> 215,1<i.e.,
\i{}Hoplia\i0{} sensu lato, with about 6 subgenera> 216,1<\i{}H.
philanthus\i0{}> 217,1 218<\i{}Hoplia\i0{}> 220<The head and scutellum
black, the elytra reddish brown, the body with very short, scale-like
pubescence above and bluish scales beneath. \par{}A mainly Old World
assemblage, but sparingly represented also in the Americas> 221<hopliina> 
 
# Scarabaeidae-Melolonthinae/
1<excluding subfamily Hopliinae> 3,6-30 4,1.25-2.63 5,0.45-5.55 6,1/2 7,1/2
9,2-3 11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3 18,1/2 20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2 27,2 29,1-2 32,1/2 34,2
35,1 36,2 39,1 40,1 41,1 42,1 43,1/2 44,1 45,1/2 49,1 50,2 51,1-2 52,1 53,2
54,(7-)9/10 58,3 59<tightly>,1<but with the capacity to open fan-like>
60,3-7 65,2 67,2 68,1 69,0.3-3.08 70,1 71,1 74,2 76,2 78,1 79,2 80,1 81,1/2
82,1 83,1/2 84<when entire,>,2 85,2 87,1 88,2 89,3/4 90,1/2 91,1-2 92,1/2
93,2 94,1 96,1 97,1/2 98,2/3 99,1/2 100,1 102,1 108,2 109,2 110<always?>,3
111,2 112,1<each with one lateral tooth> 114,1 115,3 116,3 117,1 118,2
119,2 121,2 122,1 125,1 126,3 129,0.6-2.1 132,1 133,1-2 134,1 137,1/2
141,1/2 142,1/2/3 143<when more than five,>,1/2-6 144,2 145,1/2 146<if
present,>,2 147,1 148,2 150,1<the radial cell reduced or absent> 151,2
153,2 156,6 157,2/3 158,5/6 159,2 160,2 168,1 169,3<feeding on foliage>
170,1<rarely>/2-3 173,1 174,1 175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,4/5<rarely more?>
181,2<usually>/1 182<when present,>,1 184,2 185,1 186,1/2/3 187,4 188,1/2
189,1 190,2 191,1 192,2/3/5 194,1 195,9/10 196,1 197,1<these cribriform>
198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,1 209,3<feeding on roots> 210<mostly curved,
C-shaped curl-grubs, with brownish head, three pairs of well-developed
legs and mostly 4-segmented antennae; the anus V- or Y-shaped.> 211,3 212,4
213,19 214<over>,10000 216,7 217,5<a large, cosmopolitan subfamily
worldwide, but poorly represented in Britain by the tribes Melolonthini,
Rhizotrogini and Sericini> 218<\i{}Melolontha\i0{}, \i{}Polyphylla\i0{},
\i{}Amphimallon\i0{}, \i{} Omaloplia\i0{}, \i{}Serica\i0{}> 220<The body
usually reddish brown, without metallic coloration; the head and thorax
without horns or tubercles.> 221<melolont> 
 
# Scarabaeidae-Rutelinae/
3,7-12<\i{}Phyllopertha\i0{}>/11-15<\i{}Anomala\i0{}> 4,1.45-1.9
5,0.45-5.55 6,1/2 7,1/2 9,2-3 11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3 18,1/2 20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2
27,2 29,1-3 32,1/2 34,2 35,1 36,2 39,1/2 40,1 41,1/2/3<?> 42,1-3 43,1/2
44,1 45,1/2 49,1 50,2 51,1-2 52,1 53,2 54,9/10 58,3 59<tightly>,1<but with
the capacity to open fan-like> 60,3<compact> 65,2 67,2 68,1 69,0.4-0.78
70,1 71,1 74,2 76,2 78,1 79,1/2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,1/2 84<when entire,>,2
85,2 87,1 88,2 89,3/4 90,1/2 92,1 93,2 94,1 96,1 97,1 98,2/3 99,1/2 100,1
102,1 108,2 109,2 110<always?>,3 111,2 112,2 113,1 114,1 115,3 116,3 117,1
118,2 119,2 121,1/2 122,1 125,1 126,3 129,0.88-1.38 132,1 133,1-2 134,1
137,1/2 142,1/2/3 143<when more than five,>,1/2-6 144,2 145,1/2 146<when
present,>,2 147,1<always, in British representatives> 148,2 150,1<the
radial cell reduced or absent> 151,2 153,2 156,6 157,2-3 158,5/6 159,2
160,2 168,1 169,3<feeding on foliage> 170,1<rarely>/2-3 173,1 174,1 175,1
176,1 177,2 178,2 179,4/5<rarely more?> 181,2<usually>/1 182<when
present,>,1 184,2 185,1 186,1/2/3 187,4 188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1 192,2/3/5
194,1 195,9/10 196,1 197,1<these cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2
208,1/2/8/14 209,3<feeding on roots> 210<curved, C-shaped curl-grubs,
with brownish head, three pairs of well-developed legs and mostly
4-segmented antennae; the anus transverse.> 211,3 212,4 213,19
214<about>,2500 216,2 217,2<a very large, predominantly tropical subfamily,
with only the tribe Anomalini represented in Britain> 218<\i{}Anomala
dubia\i0{} and \i{}Phyllopertha horticola\i0{}> 220<The body at least in
part with metallic coloration; the head and thorax without horns or
tubercles. Exotic representatives reaching 5 cm or more in length.>
221<rutelina> 
 
# Scarabaeidae-Scarabaeinae/
3,4.5-11<\i{}Onthophagus\i0{} spp.>/16-21<\i{}Copris lunaris\i0{}>
4,1.81-2.1 5,1-2.4 6,1-2 7,1 8,1/3 9,2-3 11,2-3 14,1/2 15,2-3 16,2-3 18,1/2
20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2 27,2 29,1 32,1/2 34,2 35,1 36,2 39,2<the labrum and
mouthparts concealed beneath the fronto-clypeus> 40,1 41,1 42,1-3 43,1/2
44,1 45,1/2 47,1 49,1 50,2 51,1 52,1 53,2 54,(7-)9/10 58,3
59<tightly>,1<but with the capacity to open fan-like> 60,3 65,1 67,2 68,1
69,0.3-3.08 70,1/2 71<when present,>,1/2 74,2 76,2 78,2-3 79<when
applicable,>,1/2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,1/2 84<when entire,>,2-3 85,2 87,1
88,2 89,3/4 90,1/2 91,1/2 92,1/2 93,2 94,1 95,2 96,1 97,1/2 98,2/3 99,1/2
100,1 102,1 108,1<occasionally>/2 109,2 110<always?>,3 111,2 112,1<the
claws without lateral teeth> 113,2 116,3 117,1 118,2/1<sometimes> 119,2
121,1 122,1/2 123,1 125,1 126,3<and the hind tibiae with only one spur>
129,0.6-2.1 132,1 133,1-2 134,1 137,1/2 142,1/2/3 143<when more than
five,>,1/2-6 144,2 147,1 148,2 151,2 156,6 157,2/3 158,4-6 159,1/2 160,2
168,8 169,10<feeding on dung like their larvae> 170,1<rarely>/2-3 173,1
174,1<with a marked dorsal hump> 175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,4/5<rarely
more?> 181,2<usually>/1 182<when present,>,1 184,2 185,1 186,1/2/3 187,4
188,1/2 189,1 190,2 191,1/2 192,2/3/5 193<reduced or absent> 194,1 195,9/10
196,1 197,1<these cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,8 209,10
210<mostly curved, C-shaped curl-grubs, with brownish head, three pairs
of well-developed legs and mostly 4-segmented antennae.> 211,3 212,4 213,19
214<about>,4500<mostly tropical, with only tribes Coprini and Onthophagini
represented in Britain> 216,9 217,2 218<\i{}Copris\i0{},
\i{}Onthophagus\i0{}> 220<The head and/or pronotum often conspicuously
horned or tuberculate (especially in males), the powerful legs with
thickened, spiny tibiae. Some tropical representatives of the group attain
7 cm in length.> 221<scarabae> 
 
# Trogidae/
1<~\i{}Scarabaeidae\i0{}-Troginae> 2<Hide beetles> 3,5-10 4,1.55-1.95
5,2-3.2 6,1/2 7,1 9,2-3 11,2-3 14,2 15,2-3 20,1/2 21,2 22,1/2 27,2 28<more
or less>,1/2<but almost concealed> 29,2-3<the head deflexed and the
mouthparts concealed to the extent that the mandibles are not visible from
above> 31,1 32<not each divided into upper and lower halves,>,1/2 34,2 35,1
39,2 41,1/2 43,1 44,2 45,1 49,1 50,2 51,1 52,1 53,2 54,9<cf. Jessop>/10
58,3 59<tightly>,1<but with the capacity to open fan-like> 65,2 67,2 68,1
69,0.55-0.85 70,1 71,1 74,1/2 76,2 78,1 79,2 80,1 81,1/2 82,1 83,2 84,2
85,2 87,1 88,2 89,4 90,1/2 91,1-2 92,1/2 93,2 94,1 96,1 97,1 98,1 99,1
100,2 102,1 108,2 109,2 110,3 114,1 115,3 116,3 117,1 118,2 119,2 121,1
122<usually>,2<or this very inconspicuous and not setose> 125,1 126,3
129,1.1-1.32 131,1 132,1<the pygidium concealed> 133,1 134,2 137,2
139,1/2/4<heavily sculptured> 142,1/3 143<when more than five,>,4 144,2
145,1 146<broad,>,1 147,1/2 148,1 151,2 156,5 157,1 159,1/2 160,1 167,2
168,9&10<in dry carrion, old bones and in birds nests> 169,1&2<towards the
end of the succession of insects invading carcasses, being mostly
associated with dry animal material including bones> 170,2 173,1 174,1
175,1 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,3 181,2 184,1/2 185,1 186,1/2 187,4 188,2 189,1
190,2 191,1 192,5 193,1<the tarsal claws long and acute, unlike those of
Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae> 194,1 195,10 196,1 197,1<these biforous,
bilabiate or cribriform> 198,3 201,2 202,4 204,2 208,9/10<or rather, in
vertical burrows in the soil under the food source> 209,1/2<primarily
consuming dried skin and hair> 210<The larvae curved, with three pairs of
well-developed legs with prominent claws, not stridulating.> 211,3 212,4
213,19 214<about>,300 215,3 216,3<\i{}T. perlatus\i0{}, \i{}T.
sabulosus\i0{}, \i{}T. scaber\i0{}> 217,1 218<\i{}Trox\i0{}> 219<\i{}T.
sabulosus\i0{} (Sand-loving Trox)> 220<Beetles with the elytra uniformly
dull black, with tufts of setae or conspicuously sculptured, often
stridulating by rubbing the edges of abdominal segments against the
internal margins of the elytra.> 221<trogidae> 
