*SHOW British Butterflies (illustrated from photos and classic works) 
- 12 June 2008. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \b{}\i{}Danaidae\i0{}\b0{}/
1<~Nymphalidae-Danainae> 2,90-120 3,12-15 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,2 13,1
14,0.3-0.4 15,1 16,1 17,1 18,2<blunt, very briefly pale-tipped> 20,2 
21,2 23,2<with the 
fore tarsus of the female differing from that of the male in ending in 
a spiny knob>
24,1 25,2 26<about>,1.7-1.8 27,1 28<about>,110 29,3 32,8 33,1 39,1 43,8
44,1 45,1 55,1 64,1 77,12 82,2 83,1 84,3 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10
connate with or from near the base of 7, 11 from the distal front of the cell,
12 free> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7 96,1 98<very shortly>,7<much broader at
base than apex> 99,4<with about 20 longitudinal ribs, and numerous fine
cross-linking ribs> 102,1 103,1<and another, shorter pair on segment 12;
non-retractile> 104,2 105,1 107<on \i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 108,2 109,1 110,1 111,1 112,1 113,1 114,1 115<\i{}Danaus
plexippus\i0{} (Milkweed, Monarch)> 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/20 124,2 125,1&2 126<Famous migratory
butterflies, with nauseous taste or smell and distasteful to predators. Flight
powerful and sustained, often gliding> 128,2 131,2 132<danaidae> 
 
# \i{}Danaus\i0{}/
2,90-120 3,12-15 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.3-0.4 16,1 17,1 18,2<blunt,
very briefly pale-tipped> 20,2 21,2 23,2<with the fore tarsus of the female differing from
that of the male in ending in a spiny knob> 24,1 25,2 26<about>,1.7-1.8
27,1 28<about>,110 29,3 32,8 33,1 37,2 38<blackish over the veins and enclosed
by a blackish marginal band, the latter extending along the dorsum and enclosing
yellowish and red-orange spots towards the apex and around the outer margin, and
white spots apically and towards the middle of the costa> 39,1 43,8 44,1 45,1
49,2 50<coloured like the forewings, with black veins and marginal band, males
with a black glandular spot on vein 2 before its middle> 52<colour-patterned
like the uppersides, but paler and the white spots larger> 55,1 61<patterned
like the uppersides, but honey-coloured instead of orange-brown, and greenish
proximally at the costa> 64,1 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about
halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10 connate with or from near the
base of 7, 11 from the distal front of the cell, 12 free> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1
92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98<very shortly>,7<much broader at base than apex>
99,4<with about 20 longitudinal ribs, and numerous fine cross-linking ribs>
102,1 103,1<and another, shorter pair on segment 12; non-retractile> 104,2 105,1
107<on \i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{} and \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 108,2 109,1 110,1 111,1
112,1 114,1 115<\i{}Danaus plexippus\i0{} (Milkweed, Monarch), adventive>
116,3-5 118,4 119<the capture of occasional specimens of the Milkweed in Britain
since 1876 more or less corresponded with the introduction of regular
transatlantic steam shipping services> 120,7&8&9&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/20 124,2 125,1&2 126<A famous migratory
butterfly, the flight powerful, sustained and often gliding. Distasteful to
predators.> 128,2 129,1 132<danaus> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Hesperiidae\i0{}\b0{}/
2,23-37 3,7-9 5,1/2 6,2-3 7,1-3 8,1 11,2 13,1-2/3 14,0.4-0.54 15,2 16,1 17,1-2
19,1<usually>/2 20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,2/3 26,1.49-1.9 27,1/2 28,90-110
29,1 30,2<mostly>/1-2<\i{}Carcharodus\i0{}> 32,6-7/8/14/13 33,1/2 39,1/3 42,1/2
44,1/2 45,1<variously spotted, chequered, dark-bordered>/2 55,1/2 64,1/2 70,1/2
77,12-13 82,2/3 83,1/2 84,1-3 87<forewing veins all separate> 88,8
89,1<usually>/2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,6/6-7<vein 5 being absent or reduced> 96,1
97<the hindwings lacking vein 5, 8 arising near the base of the cell and rapidly
diverging> 98,1-2<\i{}Erynnis\i0{}>/2<mostly>/8<\i{}Thymelicus\i0{}> 99,1/4
102,1/2<then shortly hairy> 105,1<mostly>/2 107<on \i{}Papilionaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rosaceae\i0{}, and (mainly) \i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 108,2 109,1/2 110,2
111,1/2<sometimes in a slight cocoon> 112<usually>,2 113,8 114,11/12
115<\i{}Carcharodus alceae\i0{} (Mallow Skipper, adventive), \i{}Carterocephalus
palaemon\i0{} (Chequered Skipper), \i{}Erynnis tages\i0{} (Dingy Skipper),
\i{}Hesperia comma\i0{} (Silver-spotted Skipper), \i{}Hylephila phyleus\i0{}
(Fiery Skipper, adventive), \i{}Ochlodes faunus\i0{} (Large Skipper), \i{}Pyrgus
armoricanus\i0{} (Oburthr's Grizzled Skipper, adventive), \i{}Pyrgus
malvae\i0{} (Grizzled Skipper), \i{}Thymelicus acteon\i0{} (Lulworth Skipper),
\i{}Thymelicus lineola\i0{} (Essex Skipper), \i{}Thymelicus sylvestris\i0{}
(Small Skipper).> 121,1&2
122,1<5>/2<5>/3<5>/4<4>/5<4>/6<5>/7<5>/8<5>/9<6>/10<6>/11<6>/12<6>/13<6>/14<6
>/15<6>/16<6>/17<6>/18<5>/19<5>/20<5>/21<5>/22<5>/23<5>/24<5>/25<4>/26<4>/27<4
>/28<4>/29<6>/30<6>/31<6>/32<5>/33<4>/34<4>/35<4>/36<4>/37<4>/38<5>/39<4>/40<4
>/41<4>/42<4>/43<4>/44<4>/45<4>/46<4>/47<4>/48<4>/49<3>/50<3>/51<3>/52<3>/53<5
>/54<5>/55<5>/56<5>/57<4>/58<4>/59<3>/60<3>/61<4>/62<4>/63<5>/64<4>/65<4>/66<3
>/67<3>/68<3>/69<3>/70<3>/71<3>/72<3>/73<3>/74<3>/75<3>/76<3>/77<3>/78<3>/79<3
>/80<3>/81<2>/82<2>/83<2>/84<2>/85<2>/86<2>/87<2>/88<2>/89<2>/90<2>/91<2>/92<2
>/93<2>/94<2>/95<2>/96<2>/97<2>/98<2>/99<2>/100<2>/101<2>/102<2>/103<2>/104<2
>/105<2>/106<2>/107<1>/108<1>/113<6>
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,1 131,2 132<hesperid> 
 
# \i{}Carcharodus\i0{}/
2,28-34 3,7-9 5,1 6,2-3 7,2 8,1 9<pale- but>,2 11,2 13,3 14,0.46-0.5 15,2 16,1
17,1-2 18,2 19,1-2 20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,2/3 26,1.49-1.53 27,1-2
28<about>,100 29,1 30<somewhat>,1-2 32,14 37,2 38<dingy fuscous, with a
transverse row of dark and faintly greenish tinged blotches towards the inner
third of the disc, another post-median row, a conspicuous short row of cream
dots subterminally from the costa near the apex, and several pale or cream
median markings> 39,1/3 42,1 43,14 45,1 49,1-2 50<coloured and patterned like
the forewings, being dingy fuscous with dark blotches, but without the cream
markings> 52<light khaki-brownish with complexes of paler markings> 61<light
khaki-brownish with complexes of paler markings> 68,1<a pale spot>/2 77,12 82,2
83,1 84,1-3 87<forewing veins all separate> 88,8 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,6<vein 5
absent> 96,1 97<the hindwings lacking vein 5, 8 arising near the base of the
cell and rapidly diverging> 107<on Malvaceae> 114,1 115<\i{}C. alceae\i0{}
(Mallow Skipper)> 116,1/3&4 118,3/4<?> 119<though seemingly recorded only once
in Britain, from Surrey in 1923, this mainland-European species of open, dry
places is common throughout France, and its occasional appearance in Britain
would scarcely be surprising> 120,9 121,1
122,1/2/3/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113 124,2 125,1&2 128,1 129,2 132<carcharo> 
 
# \i{}Carterocephalus\i0{}/
2,28-32 3,7-9 5,2 6,2-3 7,2-3 8,1 11,2 13,1-2 14,0.4-0.42 15,2 16,1 17,1
18<slightly>,1-2<tapered to the tip> 20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,2<without
middle spurs> 26,1.7-1.8 27,1 28<about>,100 29,1 32<dark>,14 37,2 38<patterned
in orange, with three or four sub-confluent spots in the disc before the middle,
and a sub-terminal series of orange-irrorated spots> 39,1 42,2 43<dark>,14 45,1
49,1 50<dark fuscous, patterned in orange with a roundish discal spot before the
middle, two beyond the middle, and as subterminal series of small spots> 52<pale
orange, a pallid reflection of the upperside with most of the dark pigment
lacking> 61<darker basally and discally than the undersides of the forwings,
orange-irrorated, with large rounded paler spots, the latter sometimes
greenish-tinged> 70,2 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from below the middle>
87<forewing veins all separate> 88,8 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,6<vein 5
absent> 96,1 97<the hindwings lacking vein 5, 8 arising near the base of the
cell and rapidly diverging> 98<more or less>,2 99,1 102,1 105,2<living in a
tubular chamber constructed by drawing together a leaf blade> 107<on
\i{}Brachypodium sylvaticum\i0{}> 108,2 111,2<in a tent-like structure
constructed from leaves of the food-plant> 114,1 115<\i{}Carterocephalus
palaemon\i0{} (Chequered Skipper).> 116,1&2 118,1 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1
122,29/30/31/32/38/53/54/55/56/63 124,2 125,1&2 128,1 129,2 132<carteroc> 
 
# \i{}Erynnis\i0{}/
2,27-34 3,7-9 5,2 6,2-3 7,1 8,1 11,2 13,3 14,0.47-0.54 15,2 16,1 17,1
18,2<tapered> 20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,3<with midle spurs> 26,1.5-1.6
27,1 28<about>,100-110 29,1 31,2 32,14 37,1-2 38<with two darker bands of
confluent spots, the included space irrorated whitish, the second followed by a
series of small spots of whitish irroration, and a terminal row of whitish dots>
39,1 42,2 43,14 45,1 49,1 50<dark fuscous, with a whitish discal mark and a
terminal series of whitish dots> 52<pale ochreous-brownish, quite plain, with a
terminal row of indistinct pale greyish dots> 61<pale ochreous-brownish, quite
plain, with a terminal row of indistinct pale greyish dots> 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1
84,1 85,1 86,2<from about halfway or below?> 87<forewing veins all separate>
88,8 89,1/2<?> 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,6<vein 5 absent> 98,1-2<somewhat
wider than high, basally wider> 99,4<with about 20 ribs> 102,1 105,1<within
drawn-together leaves> 107<on \i{}Lotus corniculatus\i0{}> 108,2 109<dark green,
the body tinged rosy red> 114,1 115<\i{}Erynnis tages\i0{} (Dingy Skipper).>
116,1&2 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,1 129,2 132<erynnis> 
 
# \i{}Hesperia\i0{}/
2,29-37 3,7-9 5,2 6,2-3 7,2-3 8,1 11,2 13,1-2 15,2 16,1 18,2 19,1 20,2<pointed>
21,1 23,1 24,2 25,3<with middle spurs> 26,1.5-1.9 27,1 28<about>,100-110 29,1
32<dark>,14 33,1/1-2 37,2 38<in the male with the basal 3/5 suffused
brownish-orange, with a strong sub-metallic blackish grey oblique streak
anteriorly in the disc, and a postmedian irregular series of brownish- or
yellowish-orange spots; in the female, similar but lacking the dark streak>
39<somewhat>,3/1 42,2 43<dark>,14 44,1/1-2 45,1 49,1-2 50<orange-tinged dark
fuscous, with the indistict discal spot and a postmedian series brownish- or
yellowish orange> 52<pallid by comparison with the uppersides, orangish in the
disc and yellowish instead of fuscous> 55,1/1-2 61<greyish-greenish, densely
strewn with yellowish scales, with two anterior and a postmedian series of
silvery ochreous-white spots. The greenish tint and silvery spots of the
hindwings readily distingush this species from the 'Large Skipper'> 64,1/1-2
70,1 77,12(-13) 78,2 82,2-3 83,1/2<cf. \i{}Ochlodes\i0{}?> 84,3 85,1 86,2<from
somewhat short of halfway, cf. \i{}Ochlodes\i0{}?> 87<all the forewing veins
separate> 88,8 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,6<vein 5 absent>/6-7<cf.
\i{}Ochlodes\i0{}?> 96,1 98,2 99,1 102,1 105,2<in tubes of grass leaves> 107<on
grasses> 108,2 111,2<in a strong coccoon of grass material, close to the ground>
114,1 115<\i{}Hesperia comma\i0{} (Silver-spotted Skipper).> 116,4 118,1
120,4&5&7&8&9&10 121,1 122,6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24<
>/29/30/31/113 124,2 125,1 128,1 129,2 132<hesperia> 
 
# \i{}Hylephila\i0{}/
8,1 15,2 115<\i{}H. phyleus\i0{} (Fiery Skipper)> 118,4<a North American and
Caribbean species, supposedly once found in N. Devon around 1820> 120,9 121,1
122,4 128,1 129,2 132<hylephil> 
 
# \i{}Ochlodes\i0{}/
2,29-36 3,7-9 5,2 6,2-3 7,2-3 8,1 11,2 13,2 14,0.4-0.43 15,2 16,1 18,2 19,1
20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,3<with middle spurs> 26,1.54-1.65 27,1
28<about>,100-110 29,1 32,7-8/14 33,1/1-2 37,1-2 38<fuscous but very closely
irrorated brownish-orange except for the dark veins and termen, the anterior
half, discal spot and a postmedian series of irregular spots brownish orange, in
the male with a strong blackish oblique streak below the middle of the disc>
39<broadly>,3/1 42,2 43,7-8/14 44,1/1-2 45,1 49,1-2<the transverse vein more or
less conspicuous> 50<colour-patterned like the forewings, but spots absent on
the dorsal third> 52<with the upperside colour-patterning pallidly reproduced:
greenish-ochreous-yellow instead of fuscous basally and apically, and yellowish
to pale orange medianly, with obscure paler blotches and spots> 55,1/1-2 61<less
orange-tinted than those of the forewings, with greenish-ochreous-yellow
replacing the fuscous of the uppersides, and with faint paler spots reflecting
the brownish orange of the uppersides> 64,1/1-2 70,2 77,12(-13) 78,2 82,2-3
83,1/2<in that 1c is conspicuous, and tubular at the base> 84,3 85,1 86,2<from
somewhat short of halfway> 87<all the forewing veins separate> 89,1 90,3 91,1
92,3 93,1 94,1 95,6-7<vein 5 being quite conspicuous, but reduced> 96,1
98,2<with a small apical depression> 99,1 102,2 105,2<constructing grass tubes>
107<on \i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 108,2 109<brown with darker wing-cases and a darker
dorsal suffusion> 111,2<in a cocoon incorporating grass material> 114,1
115<\i{}Ochlodes faunus\i0{} (Large Skipper).> 116,2-4 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/113 123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20 124,2 125,1&2
128,1 129,2 132<ochlodes> 
 
# \i{}Pyrgus\i0{}/
2,23-29 3,7-9 5,1 6,2-3 7,1 8,1 11,2 13,2 14,0.46-0.48 15,2 16,1 17,1
18,2<tapered> 20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,3<with middle spurs> 26,1.65-1.8
27,1 28<about>,98-100 29,1 32,13<-ish> 33,1-2 37,2 38<patterned over the
posterior 2/3 with numerous creamy-white subquadrate spots> 39,1 42,2 43,13
44,1-2 45,1 49,2 50<colour-patterned rather like the forewings, but with the
spots in two series> 52<colour-patterned fuscous with creamy white spots, but
paler than the upperside> 61<suffusely irrorated yellow-ochreous, with larger
white spots instead of the smaller yellowish ones of the upperside, and with
three additional white spots towards the base> 70,2 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3
85,1 86,2<from halfway or below?> 87<all the forewing veins separate> 88,8 89,1
90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,6<vein 5 lacking> 96,1 98,2<with a small apical
depression> 99,4<with about 20 ribs> 102<shortly>,2 105,2<by virtue of drawing
leaves together> 107<\i{}P. malva\i0{}e on \i{}Rosaceae\i0{} (e.g.,
\i{}Rubus\i0{}, \i{}Potentilla\i0{}, \i{}Fragaria\i0{})> 108,2 109,1<pale brown
with dark dorsal and lateral markings, and wing, leg and antennal casings
grenish shaded brownish> 111,2<in a spun-together leaf> 114,1/2 115<\i{}Pyrgus
armoricanus\i0{} (Oburthr's Grizzled Skipper, adventive), \i{}Pyrgus
malvae\i0{} (Grizzled Skipper).> 116,1&2 118,1<\i{}P. malvae\i0{}>/4<\i{}P.
armoricanus\i0{}, a mainland-European species supposedly found in Norfolk
around 1920> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/113 123,1/2/3/4 124,2 125,1&2 128,1 129,2 132<pyrgus> 
 
# \i{}Thymelicus\i0{}/
2,24-28<\i{}acteon\i0{}>/26-30<\i{}lineola\i0{}>/27-34<\i{}sylvestris\i0{}>
3,7-9 5,2 6,2-3 7,2-3 8,1 11,2 13,1-2 14,0.4-0.42 15,2 16,1 17<slightly>,1-2
18<slightly>,1-2/2<the clubs black underneath in \i{}T. lineola\i0{}, not so in
the others> 20,2<pointed> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,3<with middle spurs> 26,1.53-1.75
27,1 28<about>,95-105 29,1 32,6-7/6-8/14 33,1/2 39,1 42,2 43,6-7/6-8/14 44,1/2
45,1<variously spotted, chequered, dark-bordered>/2 52<pale ochreous, medianly
suffused orange-ish> 61<plain, pale ochreous or (in \i{}T. actaeon\i0{})
suffused orang-ish tornally> 70,2 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about
halfway or below> 87<forewing veins all separate> 88,8 89,2<? - not found> 90,3
91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,6<vein 5 absent> 96,1 97<the hindwings lacking vein 5, 8
arising near the base of the cell and rapidly diverging> 98,8<unusual in being
elongate in the horizonal plane, instead of circular> 99,1 102,1 105,1 107<on
i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 108,2 109,1/2 110,2 111,1/2<sometimes in a slight cocoon>
112<usually>,2 114,3 115<\i{}Thymelicus acteon\i0{} (Lulworth Skipper),
\i{}Thymelicus lineola\i0{} (Essex Skipper), \i{}Thymelicus sylvestris\i0{}
(Small Skipper).> 116,3&4 118,1 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/61/62/63/64/65/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/11/12/13/14/19/20/21/22/23 124,2 125,1&2 128,1 129,2
132<thymelic> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Lycaenidae\i0{}\b0{}/
2,(20-)28-48(-52) 3,11-13 5,1/2 6,2 7,1/1-2 9,1 10,1 11,1/2
13<white-ringed,>,1-2<mostly>/3<rarely> 14,(0.3-)0.44-0.5(-0.56) 15,1
16,1<mostly>/1-2 17,2/1-2 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.38-1.8 27,1-2
28,(85.5-)95-100(-110) 29,1-2 32,7/14/10/11/12 33,1<occasionally>/2<mostly> 34,-
39,1/3 40,1/2 41,1/2 42,2<mostly>/1-2 44,1<occasionally>/2 45,1<often in
females in the form of a subterminal row of small, sometimes faint orange marks
bordered with black and/or white>/2 46<inconspicuously>,1/2
51,1<commonly>/2<e.g., \i{}Lampides\i0{}>/3<the Hairstreaks> 54,1/2 55,1/2
61<usually multiply spotted with small, dark spots (these often pale-ringed),
and often with rows of dark dots embedded in orange spots along the termen>
63,1/2 65,1/2/- 70,1<\i{}P. argus\i0{}>/2 74,1/2 77,11<usually, with vein 7
missing>/10<when veins 8 and 9 coincide> 82,2/3 83,1/2 84,1-3 85,1/2 87<forewing
veins 7 missing, 8 and 9 stalked or coincident> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7
96,3<usually, connate only>/3&7 98,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Lycaena\i0{}>
100<characteristically>,1 101,1<mostly, with varying degrees of intimacy,
usually attracting them via a honey gland situated in the mid-dorsal line of
the 7th abdominal segment>/3<the Hairstreaks and \i{}Cupido minimus\i0{}, in
which the honey gland is reduced or absent, and \i{}Lycaena phlaeas\i0{}, which
lacks it> 102<usually more or less>,2<often densely short-hairy> 105,1<rarely>/2
107<mostly on legumes, but a few on \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}, \i{}Labiatae\i0{},
\i{}Cistaceae\i0{}, \i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ilex\i0{}, \i{}Hedera\i0{},
\i{}Rhamnus\i0{}, etc., commonly cannibalistic> 108,2<usually>/1-2<rarely>
109,1/2 110,2 111,1/2 112<when exposed,>,2 113,19<3 comprising adventives
only> 114,26<including 8 adventive, 2 extinct> 115<\i{}Aricia agestis\i0{}
(Brown Argus), \i{}Aricia artaxerxes\i0{} (Durham Argus, Northern Brown Argus,
Scotch Brown Argus, Castle Eden Argus), \i{}Callophrys rubi\i0{} (Green
Hairstreak), \i{}Celastrina argiolus\i0{} (Holly Blue, Azure Blue), \i{}Cupido
minimus\i0{} (Little Blue), \i{}Cyaniris semiargus\i0{} (Mazarine Blue -
extinct, now occasionally adventive), \i{}Everes argiades\i0{} (Short-tailed
Blue - adventive?), \i{}Glaucopsyche alexis\i0{} (Green-underside Blue,
adventive), \i{}Lampides boeticus\i0{} (Long-tailed Blue), \i{}Leptotes
pirithous\i0{} (Bloxworth Blue, Langs Short-tailed Blue, adventive),
\i{}Lycaena alciphron\i0{} (Purple-shot Copper, adventive), \i{}Lycaena dispar
dispar\i0{} (Large Copper - the extinct British subspecies), \i{}Lycaena
hippotho\i0{} (Purple-edged Copper, adventive), \i{}Lycaena phlaeas\i0{} (Small
Copper), \i{}Lycaena tityrus\i0{} (Sooty Copper, adventive), \i{}Lycaena
virgaureae\i0{} (Scarce Copper, former resident but extinct since about 1850),
\i{}Lysandra bellargus\i0{} (Adonis Blue), \i{}Lysandra coridon\i0{} (Chalk-hill
Blue), \i{}Maculinea arion eutyphron\i0{} (Large Blue, the perhaps extinct
British subspecies), \i{}Neozephyrus (Quercusia) quercus\i0{} (Purple
Hairstreak), \i{}Plebejus argus\i0{} (Silver-studded Blue), \i{}Plebicula
dorylas\i0{} (Turquoise Blue, adventive), \i{}Polyommatus icarus\i0{} (Common
Blue), \i{}Satyrium (Strymonidia) pruni\i0{} (Black Hair-streak), \i{}Satyrium
(Strymonidia) w-album\i0{} (White-letter Hairstreak), \i{}Thecla betulae\i0{}
(Brown Hairstreak).> 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1&2 125,1&2 126<Small, often brightly
coloured butterflies; flight quick and agile but seldom sustained, hence often
represented by localised colonies. With the exceptions of the Hairstreaks',
\i{}Lycaena phlaeas\i0{} and \i{}Cupido minimus\i0{}, the life histories of
British Lycaenidae involve symbiotic relationships with ants, which milk the
larvae from their honey glands. The presence of ants around the larvae on their
foodplants evidently serves to deter potential insect parasites and predators,
and in some cases the relationship involves deliberate farming of the larvae
by their protectors. In Britain, ants have been observed to carry larvae of
\i{}Lysandra coridon\i0{} and \i{}Plebajus argus\i0{} in their jaws and deposit
them on the approriate foodplants conveniently near their nests; and in the
famous case of the Large Blue (\i{}Maculinea arion\i0{}), the butterfly larvae
are virtually parasitic, being taken into the ants nest and fed to maturity on
their own larvae. For detailed discussion, see Ford (1945).> 128,2 131,2
132<lycaenid> 
 
# \i{}Aricia\i0{}/
2,25-31 3,11-13 5,1 6,2 7,2 9,1 10,1 11,2 13<white-ringed,>,3 14,0.48-0.52
16<somewhat>,1-2<blunt> 18,1 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.62-1.69 27,1-2
28<about>,100-105 29,1-2 32<dark iridescent>,14/7 34,- 37<usually>,1<this either
black, then sometimes white-ringed, or white> 38<with a sometimes more or less
obsolete terminal series of orange spots> 39,1 43<dark iridescent>,14/7 45,1/2
46,- 49,2 50<colour-patterned like the forewings, but the orange spots often
more in evidence and brighter> 51,1 52<pale brown, complexly patterned with a
discal mark and a subterminal row of white, usually black-centred spots, and a
terminal row of orange spots of variable intensity that are outer-edged first
black then white> 56,- 60,2 61<pale brown, with the discal mark, three anterior
spots and a postmedian series being either black and broadly white-ringed or
entirely white, and a subterminal series of orange spots that are outer-edged
first black and then white> 62<usually>,3 65,- 68,1 74,1 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3
85,1-2<the transverse vein very faint> 86,1-2<from at least 2/3 out> 87<forewing
vein 5 rather faint and absent proximally to the faint transverse vein, 6
separate, 7 and 8 long-stalked with 8 very short to the costa, 9-11 separate
from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1-3<vestigial between 4 and 5,
weak between 5 and 6> 96,3<connate>/3&7<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2, 3 and 4
from one stalk, 5 separate and absent or vestigial proximal to the faint
transverse vein, 8 separate and sharply curved along the costa> 98,1 99,2 100,1
101,1 102,2 107<on \i{}Helianthemum\i0{} and \i{}Erodium\i0{}> 108,2 109,1
111,1-2<sometimes unattached, held in position by a few silken threads
between leaves of the food plant> 114,2 115<\i{}Aricia agestis\i0{} (Brown
Argus), \i{}Aricia artaxerxes\i0{} (incorporating more or less different forms
referred to as Durham Argus, Northern Brown Argus, Scotch Brown Argus, and
Castle Eden Argus).> 116,1&2&4 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/77<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/96/113 124,2 125,1&2 128,2
129,3 130<\i{}Aricia\i0{} is represented in Britain by a polymorphic complex of
ecotypes, variously treated by different authorities as one species
(\i{}agestis\i0{}) or two (\i{}agestis\i0{} and \i{}artaxerxes\i0{}, with the
latter incorporating subspecies \i{}artaxerxes\i0{} and \i{}salmacis\i0{}. The
taxonomic interpretation is clearly unsatisfactory, and is the subject of
ongoing work.> 132<aricia> 
 
# \i{}Cacyreus\i0{}/
2,(24-)28-48(-50) 3,11-13 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 11,1/2 13,1-2 15,1 16,1-2<elongate>
20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 27,1-2 29,1-2 32,7/10/11/12 34,- 39,1 40,1/2 45,1/2
46,- 51,U 56,- 65,- 70,1/2 77,10/11 82,2 83,1 84,1-3 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3
95,7 96,3<connate only> 100,1 101,U 107<on \i{}Pelargonium\i0{}>
108,2 109,1/2 110,2 114,1 115<\i{}Cacyreus marshalli\i0{} (Geranium Bronze).>
118,4<a southern African species, occasionally reported from southern England in
the 20th Century> 120,7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113 126<Description inadequate.>
128,2 129,3 132<cacyreus> 
 
# \i{}Callophrys\i0{}/
2,27-34 3,11-13 5,1<at least on the hindwings>/2 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1
13<white-ringed,>,2 14,0.42-0.47 16,1 17,1<tapered> 18,1-2 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1
25,2 26,1.66-1.8 27,1-2 28<about>,90-100 29,2 32<rather dark,
ochreous-tinged>,14/7 37,1<this dark>/2 38<unpatterned> 39,1 40<shortly>,1 42,1
43<rather dark, ochreous-tinged>,14/7 45,2 49,2 50<unpatterned> 52<rather
metallic bright green, forewings becoming fuscous dorsally and often with a
dotted white posmedian line> 54,1 61<rather metallic bright green, often with a
postmedian white line or row of dots> 63,1 68,2 74,2 77,10 82,2-3 83,1/2<the
weak 1a tubular basally> 84,3 85,1<with a weak transverse vein> 87<forewing vein
5 present only distally to the weak transverse vein, and the "vein 8" branch
from 7 lacking> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,3 96,3<connate> 98,1
99<finely,>,2 100,1 101,3<the honey gland being vestigial> 107<on \i{}Ulex\i0{},
\i{}Genista\i0{}, \i{}Cytisus\i0{}, \i{}Vaccinium\i0{}, also buds of
\i{}Rubus\i0{} and \i{}Cornus\i0{}, and berries of \i{}Rhamnus\i0{}; notoriously
cannibalistic> 108,2 111<more or less>,2<amongst refuse or subterranean> 114,1
115<\i{}Callophrys rubi\i0{} (Green Hairstreak).> 116,2&3 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<callophr> 
 
# \i{}Celastrina\i0{}/
2,33-38 3,11-13 5,1<but less conspicuously so in worn males> 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1
11,1 13<white-ringed,>,1 14,0.4-0.44 16<more or less>,1/2<tapered> 18,2 20,2
21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.56-1.6 27,1 28<about>,90-95 29,1 32<lilac-tinged>,11<in
the male, paler in the female> 37,1/2<then this very small, dark> 38<plain or
tending to fuscous-shaded around the apex in the males, with a dark fuscous
terminal band in the females> 39,1 42,2 43<lilac-tinged>,11<in the male, paler
in the female> 45,1<in the female>/2<in the male> 46,- 49,2 50<plain in males,
those of the females with small dark, pale-encircled spots before the termen and
in the second brood with a dark fuscous band alongside the costa> 51,1
52<whitish-blue, with a postmedian series of small black, shortly-elongate,
pale-edged marks> 61<whitish-blue, with a postmedian series of small black,
pale-ringed dots and additional spots anteriorly and on the inner disc> 62,5
65,- 68,1<a black dot>/2 74,2 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the transverse vein
very faint> 86,1-2<from at least 2/3 out> 87<forewing vein 5 conspicuous from
the base and traversing the faint transverse vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8
long-stalked with 8 very short to the costa, 9-11 separate from the cell> 88,9
89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1-2 94,3-4 96,3<connate>/3&7<connate> 97<hindwing veins
2, 3 and 4 from one stalk, 5 separate and fairly conspicuous proximal to the
faint transverse vein, 8 separate and sharply curved along the costa> 98,1 99,2
100,1 101,1 102<warty and>,2 107<usually on \i{}Ilex\i0{} (first brood) and
\i{}Hedera\i0{} (second brood).> 108,2 109,1 111,1 112,2 114,1
115<\i{}Celastrina argiolus\i0{} (Holly Blue, Azure Blue).> 116,12/1<first
brood>/4<second brood> 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/60/61/62/63/64/65/69/70/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1&2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<celastri> 
 
# \i{}Cupido\i0{}/
2,20-27 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,2 9,1 10,1 11,2 13<white-ringed,>,2 14,0.38-0.45
16<fairly>,2<and blunt> 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.65-1.68 27,1-2
28<about>,100-110 29<sliightly>,1-2 32<purple-tinged dark>,14/11&14 37,1<this
small, dark>/2 38<commonly with a basal sprinkling of blue scales which may
extend over the disc> 39,1 42,2 43<purple-tinged dark>,14/11&14 49,2 50<dark
fuscous, often with a basal sprinkling of blue scales which may extend into the
disc> 51,1 52<ochreous-grey-whitish, basally bluish tinged and black-sprinkled,
with two anterior and a postmedian series of white-ringed black spots> 56,-
61<ochreous-grey-whitish, basally bluish tinged and black-sprinkled; with a
white-ringed black discal mark and two anterior spots, but lacking the
postmedian series of the forewings> 62,5 65,- 68,1 74,2 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3
85,1<the transverse vein very faint> 86,1-2<from at least 2/3 out> 87<forewing
vein 5 absent proximally to the very weak transverse vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8
long-stalked with 8 very short to the costa, 9-11 separate from the cell> 88,9
89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,3 96,3<connate>/3&7<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2, 3
and 4 from one stalk, 5 absent proximally to the faint transverse vein and weak
beyond it, 8 separate and sharply curved along the costa> 98,1<with a small
apical depression> 99,2 100,1 101,3<the honey gland reduced> 102,2 107<on
flowers and seeds of \i{}Anthyllis\i0{}, and cannibalistic> 108,2 109,1
111,1-2<in litter on the ground> 114,1 115<\i{}Cupido minimus\i0{} (Little
Blue).> 116,1&2 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1 128,2 129,3 132<cupido> 
 
# \i{}Cyaniris\i0{}/
2,30-36 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.44-0.48 16,1 20,2 21,1
23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.61-1.67 27,1-2 28<about>,100 29,1-2 32<lilac>,11<in the
male>/14<in the female, sometimes blue-sprinkled> 37,1<this tiny, black, in the
male>/2 38<plain save for a narrow dark border around costa and termen> 39,1
42,2 43<lilac>,11<in the male>/14<in the female, sometimes blue-sprinkled> 45,2
49,2 51,1 52<pale grey-ochreous, basally pale blue and black-sprinkled, with a
posterior median series of 7 black, white-ringed spots and sometimes a black,
white-ringed discal spot as well> 56,- 61<wings pale grey-ochreous, basally pale
blue and black-sprinkled, with a posterior median series of spots black and
white-ringed, likewise an anterior subcostal spot and sometimes a discal spot as
well> 62,5 65,- 68,1/2 74,2 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,1-3 87<forewing veins 7 missing,
8 and 9 stalked, 6 separate> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7 96,3<connate only>
98,1<?> 100,1 101,1 105,U 107<on \i{}Anthyllis\i0{} and \i{}Trifolium\i0{}.>
111,1-2<in a slight cocoon> 112,2 114,1<resident until around 1900, now known
only as an ocasional immigrant> 115<\i{}Cyaniris semiargus\i0{} (Mazarine
Blue).> 116,2&3 118,3&5 119<The Mazarine Blue was regarded by Newman (1871) as
very local in England and Wales, but it ranged from the Isle of Wight,
Hampshire and Dorset north to Glamorgan, North Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. It
became increasingly scarce during the second half of the Nineteenth Century, and
seems to have become extinct as a British resident since around 1900. Occasional
latter-day records presumably reflect sporadic migration from France, where the
species is common.> 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3
132<cyaniris> 
 
# \i{}Everes\i0{}/
2,27-30 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 11,2 13,1-2 16,1 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2
27,1-2 28<about>,98-100 29,1 32<lilac>,11<in the male>/14<rather dark,
iridescent, with a few purplish scales in the female> 37,2 38<unpatterned save
for the very narrow dark border of the termen, which contrasts with the white
fringe and is more obvious in the male> 39,1 40,1 41<very short>,1 42,2
43<lilac>,11<in the male>/14<rather dark, iridescent, with a few purplish scales
in the female> 45,2<save for the dark border>/1<in that the female can exhibit
an orange spot near the tornus> 46,1<in the female>/2 47,1 48,5<in the form of a
small black spot partially and sometimes obscurely encircled with orange> 49,2
51,1 52<ochreous-grey-whitish, with a white-ringed black discal mark and a
postmedian series of white-ringed black spots> 56,- 61<ochreous-grey-whitish,
with two anterior spots and a postmedian series of spots black with white rings;
a double sub-terminal series of fuscous spots, these sometimes enclosing
obsolete orange spots; and notable for two conspicuous orange spots below the
middle, followed by black spots embellished with bluish-silvery specks> 62,4
65,- 68,1 70<very scarcely>,1/2 74,1 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,1-3 87<forewing veins 7
missing, 8 and 9 stalked, 6 separate> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7 96,3<connate
only> 98,1 99<finely,>,2 100,1 101,1 107<on legume leaves, flowers and pods,
e.g. of \i{}Lotus corniculatus\i0{}, and cannibalistc> 108,2 109,1 111,1 112,2
114,1 115<\i{}Everes argiades\i0{} (Short-tailed Blue).> 116,1&2&4 118,3 120,8&9
121,1 122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/113 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3
132<everes> 
 
# \i{}Glaucopsyche\i0{}/
2,28-33 5,2 7,2 9,1 10,1 13,1 14,0.3-0.45 20,2 27<rather>,2 29,1 32<satiny
violet->,11<male>/7/14<female> 37,2 38<in the male satiny blue-violet with a
narrow black border; in the female brown and often shot with blue> 39,1 42,2
43,11<in males>/7/14<in females> 45,2 49,2 50<coloured like the forewings> 51,1
52<grey with a row of 5 black, white-ringed subterminal dots and a black,
white-encircled discal mark> 54,- 56,- 61<grey beyond the disc but conspicuously
green basally, with or without a row of black dots subterminally> 62,5 65,-
68,1/2 74,2 85,1 100,1 101,U 107<on various legumes> 114,1 115<\i{}Glaucopsyche
alexis\i0{} (Green-underside Blue)> 116,3-5<?> 118,3/4<?> 119<a possible vagrant
recorded from Torquay in September 1936!> 120,9 121,1 122,3/4/9/10/11 128,2
129,3 132<glaucops> 
 
# \i{}Lampides\i0{}/
2,28-38 5,2 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1 13,1-2 14,0.38-0.46 16,1 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1
25,2 26,1.38-1.51 27,1-2 28<about>,95-100 29,1 32<lilac>,11<in the
male>/11&14<in the female> 37,2 38<in the male darkened to fuscous only at the
termen, in the female fuscous suffused with blue only over the basal half>
39,1/3 40<relatively long->,1 41,1 42,2 43<lilac>,11<in the male>/11&14<in the
female> 45<fairly>,1 46,1-2<the subterminal black dots near the tornus being
more or less clearly pale-ringed, at least in the female> 47,1-3 48,5 49,2
50<colour-patterned similarly to the forewings, with the addition of a blackish
subterminal spot either side of the tail> 51,2 52<pale brownish, with irregular,
partly discontinuous whitish striae> 53,1 56,- 61<pale brownish, with irregular,
partly discontinuous whitish striae, a white posterior fascia, and before the
tornus two black, partly orange-edged spots which are marked pale metallic
blue-green> 62,4 65,1 66,2 67,5 68,2 70,1 74,1 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,2
87<forewing vein 5 lacking proximally but present distally from around where one
would expect to find the transverse vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8 long-stalked with
8 very short to the costa, 9-11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3
93,2 94,4 98,1<white> 99,2 100,1 101,1 105,2 107<on seeds within pods of
legumes, and cannibalistic.> 108,2 109,1 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Lampides
boeticus\i0{} (Long-tailed Blue).> 116,4&5 118,3<a migratory species in mainland
Europe, occasionally encountered in southern England.> 120,7&8&9&10 
121,1 122,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113 124,2
125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<lampides> 
 
# \i{}Leptotes\i0{}/
1<\i{}Syntarucus\i0{}> 2,25-30 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 11,1/2<?> 13,1-2
16,1-2<elongate?> 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 27,1-2 29,1-2
32<violet->,11<males>/12/14<females> 37,2 38<in the males, deep violet with a
narrow black border; in females, dusky brown with violet on the disc>
39,1/3<more rounded than in \i{}Lampides boeticus\i0{}> 40,1 41,1<from vein 2>
43<violet->,11<males>/12/14<females> 45,1/2 49,2 50<in the males, deep violet
with a narrow black border; in females, dusky brown with violet on the disc>
51,2 52<grey-brown, with numerous flexuose pale lines> 53,2 61<grey-brown with
numerous flexuose pale lines, and at the anal angle near the tail two small,
orange-bordered spots containing metallic green> 62,4 65,1 66,2 67,5 68,2 70,1
74,1 77,11<?> 82,2 83,1 84,1-3 87<forewing veins 7 missing, 8 and 9 stalked, 6
out of 9> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7 96,3<connate only> 100,1 101,1 107<on
\i{}Lotus\i0{}, \i{}Melilotus\i0{}, etc.> 108,2 114,1 115<\i{}Leptotes
pirithous\i0{} (Bloxworth Blue, Langs Short-tailed Blue).> 116,4 118,3<from
mainland-Europe> 120,8 121,1 122,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/113
128,2 129,3 132<leptotes> 
 
# \i{}Lycaena\i0{}/
2,22-36<\i{}phlaeas\i0{}>/44-52<\i{}dispar\i0{}> 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1
11,1 13<white-ringed,>,1 14,0.46-0.49 16,1 17<somewhat>,1-2 18,2 20,2 21,1 23,2
24,1 25,2 26,1.48-1.66 27,1-2 28<about>,98-105 29,1-2 32,10 37,1-2<often
disguised among the other spots> 38<in normal forms of the native species
exhibiting black spots ante-medianly and in a post-median series, with the
termen and apex bordered dark fuscous> 39,1/3 40,2 42,2/1-2 43,14/10
45<usually>,1 49,1<usually, in the form of a small dark mark>/2 50<in normal
forms of the native species usually dark fuscous with a coppery orange-red
subterminal fascia enclosing a series of black dots along the termen, the fascia
in \i{}L. phlaeas\i0{} sometimes preceded by a row of blue spots> 51,1
52<colour-patterned more or less as a less bright reproduction of the
uppersides> 56,- 61<ochreous-grey-whitish and basally bluish (\i{}L.
dispar\i0{}) or pale brownish (\i{}L. phlaeas\i0{}), dark-spotted subterminally
and in the disc, and with some reddish-orange terminal suffusion (\i{}L.
phlaeas\i0{}) or a reddish orange terminal band (\i{}L. dispar\i0{})> 62,1/3/2
65,- 74,1 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1<the transverse vein very faint> 86,1-2<from
at least 2/3 out> 87<forewing vein 5 absent proximally to the faint transverse
vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8 long-stalked with 8 very short to the costa, 9-11
separate from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,2-3<faint>
96,3<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2, 3 and 4 from one stalk, 5 separate and absent
or vestigial proximal to the faint transverse vein, 8 separate and sharply
curved along the costa> 98,2<low dome-shaped> 99,3<reticulate-honecombed,
lacunose> 100,1 101,1<with \i{}L. dispar\i0{} attracting them via skin
secretions, in the absence of the usual lycaenid honey gland>/3<\i{}L.
phlaeas\i0{}> 102<shortly>,2 105,1 107<on \i{}Rumex\i0{}, and in the case of
\i{}L. dispar\i0{} having an association with ants> 108,2 111,1 112,2 114,5<only
one of which can now be seriously accounted British> 115<\i{}Lycaena
alciphron\i0{} (Purple-shot Copper), \i{}Lycaena dispar\i0{} (Large Copper),
\i{}Lycaena hippotho\i0{} (Purple-edged Copper), \i{}Lycaena phlaeas\i0{}
(Small Copper), \i{}Lycaena tityrus\i0{} (Sooty Copper), \i{}Lycaena
virgaureae\i0{} (Scarce Copper).> 116,1-4 118,1<\i{}L.
phlaeas\i0{}>/3<\i{}L.tityrus\i0{}, perhaps, on the basis of records from
southern England for 1897 and 1958, and an undated record from
Scotland!>/4<\i{}L. alciphron\i0{}, a mainland-European species recorded from
Suffolk in July 1886!>/5<\i{}L. dispar\i0{}, \i{}L. virgaureae\i0{} and perhaps
\i{}L. hippothoe\i0{}> 119<The splendid endemic British subspecies of \i{}L.
dispar\i0{} (see Curtiss illustration), which formerly adorned the East
Anglian, Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire fens, became extinct in the 1860s,
no doubt consequent on drainage of its habitats. \i{}L. dispar\i0{} was
pathetically represented in Britain until about 1998 by a population of the
continental ssp. \i{}batavus\i0{}, introduced from the Netherlands in the
mid-20th Century and artificially maintained with the wardens' assistance at the
Woodwalton Fen nature reserve. Captive-bred stock was then moved to a
Lincolnshire butterfly farm! \i{}L. virgaureae\i0{} seems from early accounts to
have resided in southern England until the mid 19th Century, and there are 18th
Century records (not improbable?) of \i{}L. hippothoe\i0{} from East Anglia>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<lycaena> 
 
# \i{}Lysandra\i0{}/
2,30-40<\i{}L. bellargus\i0{}>/33-40<\i{}L. coridon\i0{}> 3,11-13 5,1 6,2 7,1
9,1 10,1 11,1 13<white-ringed,>,1-2 14,0.44-0.53 15,1 16,1<tapered> 18,2 20,2
21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.57-1.75 27,1-2 28<about>,96-100 29,1-2 32<pale shining
(\i{}L. coridon\i0{}) or bright lilac (\i{}L. bellargus\i0{})>,11<in the
males>/7/14<basally sprinkled blue, in the females> 33,1<in \i{}L.
coridon\i0{}>/2<in \i{}L. bellargus\i0{}> 34,- 37,1<usually, in the females>/2
38<blue with a dark fuscus terminal fascia or a black terminal edge ( in males
of \i{}L. coridon\i0{} and \i{}L. bellargus\i0{}, respectively; dark brown and
plain or with a terminal series of tiny pale rings, in female \i{}L.
coridon\i0{}; plain or with a subterminal series of orange spots (or hints of
these) in female \i{}L. bellargus\i0{}> 39,1/3 42,2 43<pale shining (\i{}L.
coridon\i0{}) or bright lilac (\i{}L. bellargus\i0{})>,11<in the
males>/7/14<basally sprinkled blue, in the females> 44,1<in \i{}L.
coridon\i0{}>/2<in \i{}L. bellargus\i0{}> 45,1<in the females, and in males of
\i{}L. coridon\i0{}>/2<in males of \i{}L. bellargus\i0{}> 46,- 49,1<sometimes in
female \i{}L. coridon\i0{}, represented by a light spot>/2 50<of both sexes in
\i{}L. coridon\i0{} and females of \i{}L. bellargus\i0{} usually with a terminal
series of black spots, these pale-ringed (male \i{}L. coridon\i0{}) or
orange-ringed; otherwise plain apart from the thin black border in male \i{}L.
bellargus\i0{}> 51,1 52<whitish to brown, usually with about 4-7 black,
white-ringed spots in an irregular posterior row, 3-5 in the disc, and a
subterminal series of blackish spots or dots sometimes encircled with white
and/or orange> 56,- 60,1 61<whitish to brown, with numerous black, white-ringed
spots in the middle, and a series of black, anteriorly orange spots
subterminally; i.e., colour-patterned like the forewings, but the discal spots
are smaller> 62<usually>,3 65,- 68<usually>,1<in the form of a pale spot> 74,1
77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the transverse vein very faint> 86,1-2<from at least
2/3 out> 87<forewing vein 5 conspicuous from the base and traversing the faint
transverse vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8 long-stalked with 8 very short to the
costa, 9-11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1-2 94,3-4
96,3<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2, 3 and 4 from one stalk, 5 separate and absent
or vestigial proximal to the faint transverse vein, 8 separate and sharply
curved along the costa> 98,1 99,2 100,1 101,1 105,1 107<on \i{}Lotus\i0{},
\i{}Anthyllis\i0{}, \i{}Hippocrepis\i0{}, etc.> 108,2 111<more or
less>,2<unattached, in litter or more or less subterranean> 114,2
115<\i{}Lysandra bellargus\i0{} (Adonis Blue), \i{}Lysandra coridon\i0{}
(Chalk-hill Blue).> 116,1-5 118,1 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/19/20/21/22/23/24/26/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/38/113 124,2 125<mostly>,1<L. coridon>/1&2<\i{}L.
bellargus\i0{}> 128,2 129,3 132<lysandra> 
 
# \i{}Maculinea\i0{}/
2,(32-)38-48<dwarfism being not uncommon> 3,11-13 5,1-2 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 11,1
13,1-2 14,0.4-0.43 16,1<the antennae white-ringed> 17,1-2 18,1 20,2 21,1 23,2
24,1 25,2 26,1.63-1.66 27,2/1-2 28<about>,100-105 29<slightly>,1-2
32<lilac>,11<sprinkled with black> 37,1 38<usually more or less conspicuously
exhibiting a small crescentic black discal mark and a curved postmedian series
of 3-6 black spots, but the spots can be almost obsolete; the costa and termen
suffused dark fuscous> 39,1 42,1-2 43<lilac>,11<sprinkled with black> 45,1 49,2
50<with a dark fuscous terminal band, otherwise plain or sometimes with 2 or 3
black dots posteriorly> 51,1 52<pale ochreous grey, with the discal mark and a
postmedian series of about 7 spots all large, black and pale-ringed, and a
double series of smaller black-and-white spots along the termen> 56,-
61<ochreous grey, with basal spots which are additional to the forewing pattern,
the discal mark, a postmedian series of spots (smaller than those of the
corresponding forewing series) and a double series of small terminal spots all
black and pale-ringed> 62,5 65,- 68,2 74,2 77,11 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the
transverse vein very inconspicuous or incomplete between veins 4 and 5>
86,2<from about 2/3 out>/- 87<forewing veins 6 separate, 7 reduced (missing
according to Meyrick), 9 out of 8 and very short, 10 and 11 separate from the
cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 94,4 97<hindwing veins 2, 3 and 4 from one stalk,
5 separate, 6 and 7 also stalked, 8 separate and sharply curved along the costa>
98,1 99<finely,>,2 100,1 101,1<being collected and conveyed to their nests by
ants of more than one species, and fed to maturity on ant larvae> 105,1<when
young>/2<subsequently> 107<first feeding on flowers of \i{}Thymus\i0{} and at
this stage cannibalistic, subsequently collected by ants and conveyed to their
nests, where they feed to maturity on ant larvae> 108,2 110,2
111,2<subterranean, within ants nests> 114,1 115<\i{}Maculinea arion
eutyphron\i0{} (Large Blue).> 116,2&3 118,5 119<TheLarge Blue was described by
Newman in 1871 as "decidedly local", but he recorded it from ten counties,
ranging from South Devon north to Northamtonshire. By 1927, Meyrick regarded it
as scarce and nearly extinct except in the SW. Bradley's authoritative Check
List (2000) represents the indigenous British subspecies as .... extinct,
..... last seen SW England in the 1970s. \i{}Maculinea arion\i0{} is now
pathetically represented in Britain (cf. the Large Copper) by a population of
the mainland-European subspecies, \i{}M. arion arion\i0{}, introduced from
Sweden in the 1980s and currently conserved somewhere in SW England.> 120,9
121,1 122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/31/32/33/34/113 124,2 125,1 128,2 129,3
132<maculine> 
 
# \i{}Neozephyrus\i0{}/
1<\i{}Quercusia\i0{}> 2,31-40 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1
13<white-ringed,>,1 14,0.42-0.46 16,1 18,2 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.48-1.68
27,1-2 28<about>,95-100 29<only slightly>,1/2 32<deep>,12&14/11-12/11&14<in the
female> 37,1<this small, dark> 38<dark, purple-tinged fuscous in the male; in
the female deep purple-blue over the disc and dorsally, the costa,
apical-postmedian and terminal regions dark fuscous> 39,1 40<briefly but
conspicuously>,1<in the form of a short terminal projection from vein 2> 41,1-2
42,2 43<deep>,12&14<in the male>/14<in the female> 45,2 49,2 50<coloured like
the forewings in the male, fuscous and scarcely if at all purple-tinged in the
female> 52<pale ochreous grey, with a white, anteriorly dark-edged postmedian
line and a paler sinuous subterminal line, and two orange, black-centred
subterminal dots towards the tornus which are more or less obsolete> 61<pale
ochreous grey with a white, anteriorly dark-edged postmedian line and a paler
sinuous subterminal line, and with two conspicuous, orange, black-centred
subterminal dots towards the tornus> 65,1 66,2 67,5 68,2 74,1 77,10/11 82,2 83,1
84,1-3 87<forewing veins 7 missing, 8 and 9 stalked or coincident, 6 out of 9>
88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7 96,3<connate only> 98,1 99,2 100,1 101,3<lacking
the honey gland?> 105,1<rarely>/2 107<on \i{}Quercus\i0{}, occasionally
\i{}Salix\i0{}> 108,2 109,1 111,2<under moss or subterranean> 114,1
115<\i{}Neozephyrus (Quercusia) quercus\i0{} (Purple Hairstreak).> 116,3&4 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<neozephy> 
 
# \i{}Plebejus\i0{}/
2,27-33 3,11-13 5,1-2 6,2 7,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 13<white-ringed,>,1-2 14,0.51-0.56
16,1<tapered> 17,1 18,2 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.67-1.77 27,1/1-2
28<about>,95-100 29,1 32<in the female>,7/14/11-12<in the male> 33,1/1-2 34,-
37,1-2<this small and dark if detectable> 38<in the male, purplish-blue
terminally suffused dark fuscous; in the female dark, iridescent brown-fuscous,
usually with a subterminal series of more or less obscure orange crescentic
spots each enclosing a black dot> 39,1 43<in the female>,7/14/11-12<in the male>
44,1/1-2 45,1 46,- 49,2 50<in the male, purplish-blue terminally suffused dark
fuscous; in the female dark, iridescent brown-fuscous, usually with a
subterminal series of orange crescentic spots each enclosing a black dot; i.e.,
similar to the forewings, but the orange spots usually brighter> 51,1 52<pale
ochreous-grey or light brownish, with a white-ringed black spot representing the
discal mark, a postmedian series of 6 or 7 white-ringed black spots, and a
double series of dark fuscous white-ringed spots subterminally, the latter
separated by dark orange which is less conspicuous than on the hindwings or
obsolete> 56,- 60,2 61<undersides pale ochreous-grey or light brownish, with a
white-ringed black spot representing the discal mark, a postmedian series of
white-ringed black spots, three similar anterior spots, and a double series of
dark fuscous white-ringed spots subterminally, these separated by dark orange
which is more conspicuous than on the forewings, and further embellished with a
conspicuous series of metallic silvery-blue spots situated posteriorly beyond
the orange band> 62,3 65,- 68,1 70,1 74,1 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the
transverse vein very faint> 86,1-2<from at least 2/3 out> 87<forewing vein 5
conspicuous from the base and traversing the faint transverse vein, 6 separate,
7 and 8 long-stalked with 8 very short to the costa, 9-11 separate from the
cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1-2 94,3-4 96,3<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2,
3 and 4 from one stalk, 5 separate and absent or vestigial proximal to the faint
transverse vein, 8 separate and sharply curved along the costa> 98,1 99,2 100,1
101,1 107<on divers heathland dicots - \i{}Ornithopus\i0{}, \i{}Ulex\i0{},
\i{}Calluna\i0{}, etc.> 108,2 109,1 111,1-2<? - usually unattached, sometimes
subterranean> 114,1 115<\i{}Plebejus argus\i0{} (Silver-studded Blue).> 116,3&4
118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/98/113
123,12/13/19/20/21/22/31/32/38/39 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<plebejus> 
 
# \i{}Plebicula\i0{}/
2,25-38 3,11-13 5<white,>,2 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 13,1-2 16,1 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1
25,2 27,1-2 29,1-2 32,11<male>/7/14<female> 37,1 38<light, bright blue with a
narrow black border in the male, brown in the female> 39,1 40,2 42,2
43,11<male>/14<female> 45,2/- 49,2 50<light, bright blue with a narrow black
border in the male, brown with faint orange spots around the termen in the
female> 51,1 52<reddish grey, with a subterminal row of white-ringed black
spots, a white-edged, 8-shaped black discal mark, and margined along the termen
with contiguous spots that are orange internally and white externally> 55,1-2
56,- 60,- 61<marked and coloured similary to those of the forewings, but with a
heart-shaped white mark in the middle> 62,3 65,- 68,- 74,1<sub-terminally> 77,11
82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the transverse vein very faint> 86,1-2<from at least 2/3
out> 87<forewing vein 5 conspicuous from the base and traversing the faint
transverse vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8 long-stalked with 8 very short to the
costa, 9-11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1-2 94,3-4
96,3<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2, 3 and 4 from one stalk, 5 separate and absent
or vestigial proximal to the faint transverse vein, 8 separate and sharply
curved along the costa> 100,1 101,U 107<on \i{}Melilotus officinalis\i0{}> 108,2
114,1 115<\i{}Plebicula dorylas\i0{} (Turquoise Blue)> 116,1-4 118,3<on the
evidence of dubious 18th and 19th Century records>/4 120<migrants from mainland
Europe perhaps occasionally reaching>,7/8/9/10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/8/9/10/11/13/14/15/16 124,2 128,2 129,3 132<plebicul> 
 
# \i{}Polyommatus\i0{}/
2,29-38 3,11-13 5,2 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1 13<white-ringed,>,1-2 14,0.42-0.49
16,1<tapered> 17,1 18,2 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.62-1.74 27,1-2
28<about>,95 29,1/1-2 32<in the female, dark>,14/12&14<somtimes suffused deep
purple-blue>/11<bright lilac-blue in the male> 34,- 37,1<in the form of a small
dark spot>/2 38<in the male plain bright lilac-blue apart from the blackish
terminal edge; in the female dark fuscous more or less suffused with deep
purplish-blue, with a subterminal series of small orange spots (sometimes
obscure), each of which which may be pale- or dark-ringed or include a dark
spot> 42,2 43<in the female, dark>,14/12&14<somtimes suffused deep
purple-blue>/11<bright lilac-blue in the male> 45,1<often, in the female>/2 46,-
49,2 50<in the male plain bright lilac-blue apart from the blackish terminal
edge; in the female dark fuscous more or less suffused with deep purplish-blue,
often with a subterminal series of small orange spots each of which which may be
pale- or dark-ringed or include a dark spot; i.e., similar to the forewings, but
the row of terminal spots in the females is often brighter> 51,1 52<pale
ochreous-grey or light brownish, with white-ringed black spots representing the
discal mark, a postmedian series about 6 of them, and often two more anteriorly;
plus a double series of dark fuscous white-ringed spots subterminally, these
separated by dark orange spots which can be inconspicuous or obsolete> 56,- 60,1
61<pale ochreous-grey or light brownish, with white-ringed black spots
representing the discal mark, a postmedian series of them, and three more
anteriorly; plus a double series of dark fuscous white-ringed spots
subterminally, these separated by dark orange spots which are more conspicuous
than those under the forewings> 62,3 65,- 68,1 70,2<the obvious diffence from
\i{}P. argus\i0{}> 74,1 77,11 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the transverse vein very
faint> 86,1-2<from at least 2/3 out> 87<forewing vein 5 conspicuous from the
base and traversing the faint transverse vein, 6 separate, 7 and 8 long-stalked
with 8 very short to the costa, 9-11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1
92,3 93,1-2 94,3-4 96,3<connate> 97<hindwing veins 2, 3 and 4 from one stalk, 5
separate and absent or vestigial proximal to the faint transverse vein, 8
separate and sharply curved along the costa> 98,1 99,2 100,1 101,1 102<short->,2
107<on herbaceous legumes.> 108,2 109,1 111,1/2<sometimes in a slight cocoon>
114,1 115<\i{}Polyommatus icarus\i0{} (Common Blue).> 116,1-5 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<polyomma> 
 
# \i{}Satyrium\i0{}/
1<\i{}Strymonidia\i0{}> 2,29-38<\i{}w-album\i0{}>/34-39<\i{}pruni\i0{}> 3,11-13
5,2 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1 13<white-ringed,>,1-2 14,0.42-0.46 15,1 16,1<tapered>
18,1-2/2 20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.53-1.73 27,1-2 28<about>,88-100 29,1-2
32<dark>,14/7 37,2 38<plain in the males, and in the females of \i{}S.
w-album\i0{}; in females of S. pruni with suffused orange subterminal spots
towards the tornus> 39,1/3 40<shortly>,1<from vein 2, and in \i{}T. w-album\i0{}
this adjoining a short tooth from vein 3> 41,1-2 42<scalloped towards the
tornus> 43<dark>,14/7 45,1<in \i{}S. w-album\i0{}>/2<in \i{}S. pruni\i0{}>
46,1<or interpretable as such, though rather rectangular, in \i{}S. pruni\i0{}
only>/2 47,2-4 48,4-5<in a subterminal row> 49,2 50<plain in \i{}S.
w-album\i0{}, in \i{}S. pruni\i0{} with orange terminal spots which are more
distinct towards the tornus in the female> 52<brown or ochreous brown, with a
white line post-medianly from the costa, this being bent towards the tornus in
\i{}S. w-album\i0{} only, and \i{}S. pruni\i0{} exhibiting a faint, interrupted
orange band subterminally towards the tornus> 61<brown or ochreous brown, with a
white line post-medianly from the costa, this sharply double-bent near the
tornus only in \i{}S. w-album\i0{} to constitute the characteristic feature of
that species, and both species exhibiting a conspicuous subterminal orange band
which expands towards the tornus> 68,2 74,1 75,2 76,1<\i{}S.
w-album\i0{}>/2<\i{}S. pruni\i0{}> 77,10 82,2-3 83,1/2<1c reduced but tubular
basally in \i{}S. w-album\i0{}> 84,3 85,2<the transverse vein weak> 87<forewing
veins cf. \i{}L. coridon\i0{} etc., but the usual short vein 8 lacking in \i{}S.
w-album\i0{}> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1/2 94,3/4 96,3<connate only> 97<vein
5 absent proximally to the weak transverse vein> 98,1/2 99,2 100,1 101,3<the
honey gland reduced or absent> 107<on blackthorn and elm, respectively.>
108,2/1-2 109,1 111,1 112,2 114,2 115<\i{}Satyrium (Strymonidia) pruni\i0{}
(Black Hair-streak), \i{}Satyrium (Strymonidia) w-album\i0{} (White-letter
Hairstreak).> 116,2&3/3 118,1 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/53<
>/54/55/56/57/61/62/63/64/65/113 124,1&2 125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<satyrium> 
 
# \i{}Thecla\i0{}/
2,38-45 3,11-13 5,1<on the hindwings>/1-2 6,2 7,1-2 9,1 10,1 11,1 13,1-2 16,1
20,2 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 27,1-2 28<about>,95-100 29<only slightly>,1-2 32,7
37,1<this blackish> 38<in the female with a postmedian orange band falling short
of costa and termen, this reduced in the male to one or two obscure orange
spots> 39,1/3 40<shortly>,1<via a projection from vein 2, and adjoining a tooth
from vein 3> 41,1-2 42,1<towards the tornus> 43,7 45<fairly>,1<in the
female>/2<in the male> 49,2 50<plain apart from two or three terminal orange
spots towards the tornus, these less conspicuous in the male> 52<a quite bright
brownish orange with a black discal mark and a postmedian white, anteriorly
black-edged line from the costa> 61<a quite bright brownish orange with a
postmedian white, anteriorly black-edged line from the costa, another similar,
shorter line medianly from the costa, and the termen deeper orange towards the
tornus> 68,2 74,1 75,1 77,10/11 82,2 83,1 84,1-3 87<forewing veins 7 missing, 8
and 9 stalked or coincident, 6 out of 9> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7
96,3<connate only> 98,1-2<depressed-spheroid> 99,3 100,1 101,3 107<on
Blackthorn> 108,2 109,1 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Thecla betulae\i0{} (Brown
Hairstreak).> 116,4&5 118,1 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/9/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/20/21/22/23/24/26<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/53< >/55/113 124,2
125,1&2 128,2 129,3 132<thecla> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Nymphalidae\i0{}\b0{}/
1<~\i{}Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae\i0{}> 2,(35-)50-80(-92) 3,10.5-17 5,1/2 6,1-2
7<very>,1/2<in some smaller Fritillaries> 11,1/2 13,1-3<to halfway or more, save
sometimes in \i{}Boloria\i0{} and \i{}Nymphalis\i0{}> 14,(0.4-)0.48(-0.54) 15,1
16,1/2 18,1/2 20,2 21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae> 23,2
24,1 25,2 26,(1.2-)1.4-1.8(-1.9) 27,1<mostly>/2<e.g., in \i{}Agalais\i0{}>
28,(85.5-)95-110(-115.5) 29,1-3/5 30,1<usually>/2<or scarcely so, e.g.
\i{}Boloria\i0{}, \i{}Euphydryas\i0{}, \i{}Melitaea\i0{}> 31,1/2
32,6/7/8/9/12/13/14/15 33,1/2 34,1/2 39,1/2 40,1<but no more than slightly, in
Britain>/2 42,1/2<but usually at least somewhat so> 44,1/2 45,1<the markings
often more or less resembling those of the forewings> 46,1/2 47<when
present,>,1/2 48,3/4/5 55,1<rarely>/2 56,1<\i{}Apatura\i0{}, \i{}Cynthia\i0{},
\i{}Issoria\i0{}, \i{}Vanessa\i0{}>/2 64,1/2 65,1/2 70,1<conspicuously so, in
most Fritillaries>/2 77,12(-13) 78,2 82,2<mostly>/3<some clearly exhibiting an
upper, weaker one, e.g. \i{}Aglais urticae\i0{}> 83,1/2 84,3<nearly always>/1-3
85,1/2<the transverse vein being sometimes lacking between veins 4 and 5>
87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, with 3 and 4 often connate> 88,9
89,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Vanessa\i0{}, \i{}Cynthia\i0{}> 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1/2
94,1/2<lacking between veins 4 and 5 in \i{}Ladoga\i0{}, \i{}Apatura\i0{} and
\i{}Argynnis\i0{}>/4<rarely> 95,7 96,1/3<connate only> 98,4-5<usually broadest
near the base> 99,1/2/3/4<but nearly always longitudinally ribbed> 102,1/2
103,2<but those of Apatura with horn-like appendages on the head> 104<nearly
always>,1/2<in \i{}Apatura\i0{} only> 105,1<mostly>/2 106,1<e.g., \i{}Inachis
io\i0{}>/2 107<on various Dicots - \i{}Violaceae\i0{}, \i{}Urticaceae\i0{},
\i{}Ulmaceae\i0{}, \i{}Salicaceae\i0{},\i{} Cannabaceae\i0{},
\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}, etc.> 108,1 109,1 110,1<commonly>/2 111,1<nearly
always>/2<ocasionally, e.g. in \i{}Euphydryas\i0{}> 112,1 113,14<4 represented
only by adventives> 114,31<including 12 adventives> 115<\i{}Aglais urticae\i0{}
(Small Tortoise-shell), \i{}Apatura iris\i0{} (Purple emperor, \i{}Araschnia
levana\i0{} (Map Butterfly, adventive), \i{}Argynnis adippe\i0{} (High-brown
Fritillary), \i{}Argynnis aglaia\i0{} (var., Dark Green Fritillary),
\i{}Argynnis niobe\i0{} (Niobe, adventive), \i{}Argynnis pandora\i0{}
(Mediterranean Fritillary, adventive), \i{}Argynnis paphia\i0{} (Silver-washed
Fritillary), \i{}Boloria dia\i0{} (Weaver's Fritillary, adventive), \i{}Boloria
euphrosyne\i0{} (Large Pearl-bordered Fritillary), \i{}Boloria selene\i0{}
(Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary), \i{}Cynthia (Vanessa) cardui\i0{} (Painted
Lady), \i{}Cynthia virginiensis (huntera)\i0{} (American Painted Lady,
adventive), \i{}Euphydryas aurinia\i0{} (Marsh Fritillary), \i{}Inachis
(Vanessa) io\i0{} (Peacock), \i{}Issoria aphrodite\i0{} (Venus Fritillary,
adventive), \i{}Issoria lathonia\i0{} (Queen of Spain Fritillary, \i{}Junonia
(Precis) villida\i0{} (adventive), \i{}Ladoga (Limenitis) camilla\i0{} (White
Admiral), \i{}Melitaea athalia\i0{} (Heath Fritillary), \i{}Melitaea cinxia\i0{}
(Glanville Fritillary), \i{}Melitaea didyma\i0{} (adventive), \i{}Nymphalis
antiopa\i0{} (Camberwell Beauty), \i{}Nymphalis (Aglais) polychloros\i0{} (Large
Tortoise-shell), \i{}Nymphalis xanthomelas\i0{} (Scarce Tortoise-shell,
adventive), \i{}Polygonia c-album\i0{} (Comma), \i{}Vanessa atalanta\i0{} (Red
Admiral).> 117,1/2 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1&2 125,1&2 126<Mostly brightly
colour-patterned strong fliers, sometimes gliding.> 128,2 131,2 132<nymphadi> 
 
# \i{}Aglais\i0{}/
2,55-62 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,1 13,3 14,0.48-0.53 16,2 18,1<blunt> 20,2
 21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae> 
23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.5-1.7 27,2 28<about>,104-105 29,5 30,1 31,1
32<bright>,8-9<the extent of red suffusion variable> 37<ambiguously>,1/- 38<with
short transverse black and yellowish blotches from the costa and a small white
mark near the apex, black spots and blotches elsewhere, and a black sub-terminal
band containing blue spots along the outer margin> 39,1 40<slightly>,1 42,1
43,8/9 45,1 49,2 50<orange in the middle, blackish on the inner half, and with a
scalloped black band containing blue spots along the outer margin> 52<mirroring
the pattern of the upper surface, but cryptically coloured in buff and fuscous>
61<mirroring the pattern of of the upper surface, but cryptically coloured in
buff and fuscous> 70,2 77,12-13 78,2 82,3<the inner one being weaker and falling
well short of the termen, but indisputably tubular proximally> 83,2 84,1-3 85,1
86,2<from about the middle> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, the rest
separate> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,3<connate> 98,4-5<tapered
to the apically concave apex> 99,4<about 9-ribbed> 102,2 104,1 105,1 107<on
\i{}Urtica\i0{}> 108,1 109,1 110,1 111,1 112,1 114,1 115<\i{}Aglais urticae\i0{}
(Small Tortoise-shell).> 116,1-6/5-12<i.e., throughout the year> 117,1 118,1<and
supplemented by immigrants> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<A brisk, irregular
flier.> 128,2 129,4 132<aglais> 
 
# \i{}Apatura\i0{}/
2,70-92 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,2 13,3 14,0.44-0.53
16<rather>,1<elongate> 17,2 18,1<blunt> 20,2 
 21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae> 
23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.4-1.6 27,1
28<about>,95 29,3&5 30,1 31,1 32<dark>,14/14&12<the disc spectacularly showing
purple when viewed obliquely in the male> 33<with rather conspicuous venation>
34<inconspicuously>,1<in the male, via a small, dark, light-centred spot in the
middle towards the outer margin, representing transmission from the underside>/2
35<when present,>,1 36,4 38<with an irregular interrupted central white fascia,
and an interrupted white band towards the apex> 39,1-2<markedly more angular in
the male> 40,2 42,1 43<dark>,14/12&14<the disc spectacularly showing purple when
viewed obliquely in the male> 44<with rather conspicuous venation> 45,1 46,1
47,1 48,4-5 50<coloured like the forewings, with an oblique white median fascia
falling short of the dorsum, and a black, orange-ringed and sometimes
light-centred eye-spot towards the tornus> 52<attractively and very complexly
colour-patterned (see illustrations), with white markings corresponding with
those on the uppersides and with a conspicuous orange-ringed and blue-centred
eye-spot in the middle towards the outer margin> 55<with very conspicuous
venation> 56<conspicuously>,1 57,1 58,4 61<ground-coloured brownish and suffused
ferrugineous, with a white median fascia larger than that of the upperside, and
with a large, round, mid-posterior orange blotch containing a small, black,
blue-centred eye-spot> 64<with very conspicuous venation> 65,1 66,1 67,4-5
77,12-13 78,2 82,3<the upper one weaker and falling well sjhort of the termen>
83,2 84,3 85,2<the transverse vein absent between veins 4 and 5> 86,- 87<veins 8
and 9 out of 7, the others separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3<the lower stronger than the
upper> 91,1 92,3 93,2 94,2<lacking between veins 4 and 5> 95,- 96,-
98,4-5<tapered to the apically concave apex> 99,4<about 12-ribbed>
102,1<scabrous> 103<slug-shaped,>,2<but with a pair of large, horn-like
appendages on the head> 104,2 105,1 107<on \i{}Salix caprea\i0{}> 108,1
109<fairly>,1<whitish, tinged with green, with whitish oblique lines on the
sides and following the wing venation> 110,2 111,1 112,1 114,1 115<\i{}Apatura
iris\i0{} (Purple Emperor).> 116,3 118,1 120,4&5&6&7&8&9 121,1
122,3/6/11/12/13/17/20/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/34/35/36/37/40/42/43/53<
>/54 124,1 125,1&2 126<A strong flier, often frequenting tree tops and soaring,
sometimes gliding.> 128,2 129,4 132<apatura> 
 
# \i{}Araschnia\i0{}/
2<about>,35-44 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1/2<?> 13,2-3 14,0.4-0.46 16,2
20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.4-1.8
27,1 29,5 30,1 31,1 32,6-8<first
brood>/13-14<second brood> 33,1-2 37,2 38<in the first brood, tawny and
tortoise-shell or fritillary-like, with dark basal discal and subterminal
splashes and spots, alternate dark and pale marks from the costa, and a white
spot towards the apex. In the summer brood they are quite different, being dark
with contrasting white spots and broad transverse bands (cf. the White Admiral),
and a narrow tawny mark near the tornus> 39,1/2 40<slightly>,1 42,1 43,6-8<first
brood>/13-14<second brood> 44,1-2 45,1 49,2 50<patterned as a continuation of
and more or less like the forewings> 52<complexly colour-patterned like the
uppersides, but less brightly> 55,1-2 61<complexly colour-patterned like the
uppersides, but less brightly> 64,1-2 68,2 78,2 84,3 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3
95,7 104,1 107<on nettles> 108,1 109,1 111,1 112,1 114,1 115<\i{}Araschnia
levana\i0{} (Map Butterfly).> 116,1-4<in two broods> 118,3<perhaps>/4
119<populations of the Mainland-European \i{}A. levana\i0{} apparently have the
capacity to survive indefinitely in Britain. The species was established for
some years after being introduced in Hereford in 1913, and may occasionally be
encountered (especially in southwest England?) as a result of deliberate
introductions or sporadic migration> 120,4&6&7&8&9&10<?> 121,1
122,1/2/3/9/10/11/36 126<The spectacular seasonal divergence in wing
colour-patterning was discussed at length by Ford (1945). It has been shown
experimentally to reflect responses to different temperature regimes experienced
in the larval and pupal stages> 128,2 129,4 132<araschni> 
 
# \i{}Argynnis\i0{}/
2,56-80 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,2/3 14,0.42-0.5 16,2 18,1<blunt,
pale-tipped> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae> 
23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.6-1.9 27,1 28<about>,100-105(-108)
29,1-3 30,1<but sometimes finely> 32,6/8/15<usually tawny, but pale
greenish-grey in some varieties of \i{}A. paphia\i0{}> 33,1 37,2 38<dark veined,
with black sub-costal and discal bars and short streaks and profuse discal
spots> 39,1 42,1 43,6/8/15<usually tawny, but pale greenish-grey in some
varieties of \i{}A. paphia\i0{}> 44,1/1-2 45,1 49,2 50<colour patterned more or
less like the forewings, but the venation sometimes less well marked>
52<colour-patterned like a pallid representation of the uppersides> 55<with the
venation conspicuous but less obvious than on the upper surfaces> 59,1<\i{}A.
aglaia\i0{}>/2<distinguishing \i{}A. adippe\i0{} from \i{}A. aglaia\i0{}>
61<complexly patterned, variously greenish or yellow-ochreous suffused greenish,
with conspicuous metallic embellishments> 64<with the venation conspicuous but
less well marked than on the upper surfaces> 65,- 69,1<as in \i{}A.
adippe\i0{}>/2<as in \i{}A. aglaia\i0{}> 70<conspicuously>,1<and
silvery-streaked, in \i{}A. paphia\i0{}> 71,1<mostly>/2<notably in \i{}A.
paphia\i0{}> 72<in \i{}A. adippe\i0{}>,1 73<when silver-spotted,>,2 77,12(-13)
78,2 82,2/3<a weak anal vein above the main one in \i{}A. aglaia\i0{} only>
83,1/2 84,3 85,1<in \i{}A. aglaia\i0{} and \i{}A. cydippe\i0{}>/2<with no
transverse vein, in \i{}A. paphia\i0{}> 86,2<about halfway from the base in
\i{}A. aglaia\i0{}, a third out from the base in \i{}A. cydippe\i0{}>
87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10 basally closely apposed to 7 or separate,
the rest separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1<weak in \i{}A.
paphia\i0{}, stronger in \i{}A. aglaia\i0{} and \i{}A. cydippe\i0{}> 95,7
96,3<arising from the same point> 97<hindwing veins 3 and 4 connate, 2 departing
from the upper half of the cell> 98,4-5<narrowing to the apical concavity>
99,4<with about 18-20 ribs> 102,2 103,2 104,1 107<on \i{}Viola\i0{}> 108,1 109,1
110,1<these golden>/2<in \i{}A. aglaia\i0{}, where they are shiny black> 111,1
112,1 114,5<including 2 adventives> 115<\i{}Argynnis adippe\i0{} (High-brown
Fritillary), \i{}Argynnis aglaia\i0{} (Dark Green Fritillary), \i{}Argynnis
niobe\i0{} (Niobe, adventive), \i{}Argynnis pandora\i0{} (Mediterranean
Fritillary, adventive), \i{}Argynnis paphia\i0{} (Silver-washed Fritillary).>
116,3&4 118,1<the 3 natives>/3<vagrant \i{}A. pandora\i0{} occasionally recorded
in SW England>/4<? - the W. European \i{}A. niobe\i0{} being listed on the basis
of dubious 19th Century records> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1<notably \i{}A. paphia\i0{}>/2
125,1&2 126<Strong fliers, sometimes gliding.> 128,2 129,4 132<argynnis> 
 
# \i{}Boloria\i0{}/
2,41-50 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,2 11,2 13,1-3 14,0.5-0.54 16,2 18,1<blunt> 20,2
 21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae> 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.7-1.8 
27,1 28<about>,100-105 29,1 30,2<or only very
slightly so> 31,2 32<tawny,>,6/8 33,1 37,2 38<with black venation, some short
discal bars, and two posterior series, the inner of spots and the outer of
crescents> 39,1 40,2 42,1<finely but definitely so> 43<tawny,>,6/8 44,1 45,1
49,2 50<coloured and patterned more or less like the forewings>
52<colour-patterned as a pallid representation of the uppersides> 55,2<less
conspicuously veined than the upper surfaces> 59,2 61<yellow, partly suffused
ferrugineous except on the black-edged antemedian band, a subterminal series of
small dark spots, and silvery-white blotches and spots> 64,1/1-2<the venation
sometimes less conspicuous than on the upper surface> 69,1 70<pearly-spotted or
somewhat>,1/- 71,1 72,2 73,1<\i{}B. euphrosyne\i0{}>/2<\i{}B. selene\i0{}> 77,12
78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8, 9 and 10
out of 7> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98,5 99,4<about 20
ribbed> 102,2 104,1 105,1 107<on \i{}Viola\i0{}, rarely on \i{}Primula\i0{}>
108,1 109,1 110,1 111,1 112,1 114,3 115<\i{}Boloria dia\i0{} (Weaver's
Fritillary), \i{}Boloria euphrosyne\i0{} (Large Pearl-bordered Fritillary),
\i{}Boloria selene\i0{} (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary).> 116,1-3/4-5
118,1<\i{}B. euphrosyne\i0{} and \i{}B. selene\i0{}>/4/5<the British status of
\i{}B. dia\i0{} being uncertain, depending on 19th and early 20th Century
records> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<wing venation details
from \i{}B. selene\i0{} only> 128,2 129,4 132<boloria> 
 
# \i{}Cynthia\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Vanessa\i0{}> 2,60-72 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,3 14,0.45-0.5
16,2 18,1<blunt, pale-tipped> 20,2 21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and 
brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.5-1.6 27,1
28<about>,100-105 29,3 30,1 32,6/8 33<rather>,1 37,2 38<basally dark, with an
irregular interrupted black antemedian fascia, the black apical area enclosing
white spots> 39,1 40,2 42,1 43,6/8 44<rather>,1 45,1 49,2 50<coloured like the
forewings, being darkened basally and having subterminal and terminal rows of
dark spots> 52<colour-pattened as a pallid representation of the uppersides>
55,2<the venation less conspicuously marked than on the upper surface>
56<inconspicuously>,1/- 57,2<these very small, black-ringed and
white-centered>/- 58,3 61<complexly patterned light brown, with pale blotches,
pale lines, and subterminal row of small blue-centred and black-ringed
eye-spots> 64,2<the venation less conspicuously marked than on the upper
surface> 65,1 66,4-5 67,4 70,2 77,12-13 78,2 82,2-3<the upper one relatively
weak> 83,2 84,3 85,2<with no transverse vein between veins 4 and 5> 87<forewing
veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10-12 separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1<i.e.
continuous, but weak between veins 4 and 5> 95,7 96,3<connate> 98,5 99,4<with
fine cross-ribs forming bosses where they join the longitidinal ones> 104,1
105,1-2<protecting themselves by sewing together the leaf edges> 107<\i{}C.
cardui\i0{} chiefly on thistles, but occasionally on \i{}Arctium\i0{},
\i{}Echium\i0{} or \i{}Urtica\i0{}> 108,1 109,1 110,1<golden and silvery> 111,1
112,1 114,2<including 1 adventive> 115<\i{}Cynthia (Vanessa) cardui\i0{}
(Painted Lady), \i{}Cynthia virginiensis\i0{} (\i{}huntera\i0{}, (American
Painted Lady).> 116,1-2<the immigrants>/4-6<their offspring> 118,2<\i{}C.
cardui\i0{}>/4<the North American \i{}C. virginiensis\i0{}>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<Famously migratory,
strong sustained fliers, sometimes gliding, the males conspicuously territorial.
The practically cosmopolitan genotype represented by \i{}C. cardui\i0{} is
somewhat obscured when the Australasian component, formerly and not unreasonably
recognised as a subspecies, is promoted to specific rank as \i{}C. kershawi\i0{}
following van Son (1966). The closely similar imagines can be compared in the
acompanying illustration.> 128,2 129,4 132<cynthia> 
 
# \i{}Euphydryas\i0{}/
2,38-45 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,1-2 11,1 13,2 14,0.4-0.47 16,2 18,2 20,2 
21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2
24,1 25,2 26,1.56-1.64 27,1 28<about>,102-105 29,1 30,2 32,8/9 33,1 37,2
38<blackish basally, and with blackish veins interrupting yellowish transverse
bands, subterminal scalloped lines and dots> 39,1 40,2 42,1<somewhat>/2 43,8/9
44,1 45,1 49,2 50<the colour patterning more or less resembling that of the
forewings, with the blacksh component extending further submedianly and along
the inner margin> 52<patterned in very pallid representation of the uppersides,
lacking the blackish component> 55,2<the venation pattern conspicuous but paler
than on the upper surface> 61<patterned similarly to the uppersides, but much
paler: lacking the blackish basal to submedian component, the most conspicuous
features being the pale yellowish spots exhibited basally and in median and
terminal rows, and a subterminal row of pale-ringed black spots> 64,2<the
venation less conspicuous than on the upper surface> 70,2 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1
84,3 85,1 87<forewing veins 8, 9 and 10 out of 7, 11 from the front of the cell>
88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,2 94,2<lacking between veins 4 and 5> 96,3<joining
where they could be connate had there been a transverse vein!> 98,4-5<shortly
cylindrical, scarcely narrowing above> 99,1<below>/4<above> 102,2 104,1 105,1
107<on \i{}Succisa pratensis\i0{}> 108,1 109,1<pale buff, marked with black and
orange> 110,2 111,1/2<in drawn-together leaves> 112,1 114,1 115<\i{}Euphydryas
aurinia\i0{} (Marsh Fritillary).> 116,2 118,1 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27<
>/29/30/31/36 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,4 132<euphydry> 
 
# \i{}Inachis\i0{}/
2,63-75 3,10.5-17 5,2<very dark> 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,3 14,0.5-0.52 16,2
18,1<blunt, pale-tipped> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.47-1.64 27,1
28<about>,95-105 29,3&5 30,1 31,1 32,12 34<spectacularly>,1 35,1 36,3 37,2
38<with two black costal blotches separated by a yellowish spot, the single
large purple and black eye-spot embedded in yellow outside the second blotch, a
dark greyish terminal band, and 5 small whitish spots traversing the outer part
of the eye-spot and the upper part of the sub-terminal region> 39,1
40<shortly>,1 42,1 43,12 45,1 46<spectacularly>,1 47,1 48,3 49,2 50<coloured
more or less like the forewings, but lacking the yellow component, the eye-spot
towards the apex black and blue-centered, and larger relative to the area of the
wing> 52<very dark fuscous, strigulated with black> 61<very dark fuscous,
strigulated with black> 68,1<a small, pale spot> 70,2 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3
87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10-12 separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3
93,1 94,1<continuous between veins 4 and 5> 95,7 96,3<connate> 98,4-5<shortly
cylindrical, only slightly narrowing above, apically concave> 99,4<with 5-7
ribs> 102<shortly>,2<the black hairs bestowing a velvety effect> 104,1 105,1
106,1 107<on \i{}Urtica\i0{}> 108,1 109,1 110,1 111,1 112,1 114,1
115<\i{}Inachis (Vanessa) io\i0{} (Peacock).> 116,1-6/7-12 117,1 118,1<and the
locals heavily supplemented by immigrants> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<A strong flier,
sometimes gliding.> 128,2 129,4 132<inachis> 
 
# \i{}Issoria\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Argynnis\i0{}> 2,46-56 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,3 14,0.4-0.5 16,2
18,1<blunt, pale-tipped> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae> 
23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.6-1.7 
27,1 28<about>,105
29,3 30,1 32<deep>,8<tawny> 33<more or less>,1/1-2 37,2 38<veins, 5 short bars
from the costa and numerous discal and sub-terminal spots black> 39,1-2 42,1
43<tawny>,8 44<more or less>,1/1-2 45,1 49,2 50<coloured and patterned more or
less like the forewings> 52<colour-patterned in pallid representation of the
uppersides, save for several silvery-white spots towards the apex> 55,2<the
venation much less conspicuous than on the upper surface>
56<inconspicuously>,1/- 57,2<these small and fairly obscure, silver-centred and
brownish-orange ringed> 58,3<borne internally to the conspicuous silver spots
near the apex> 59,1 61<complexly patterned in yellow-ochreous, mixed reddish,
with silvery white blotches and spots on the anterior half, a terminal series of
silvery white spots, and a subterminal series of small but conspicuous dark
fuscous spots with silvery white centres> 64,2<the venation much less
conspicuous than on the upper surface> 69,1 70<conspicuously>,1 71,1 72,1
73,2<some large> 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,2<no transverse vein between veins
4 and 5> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, the rest separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3
91,1 92,3 93,1/2 94,2/4<absent or very faint> 95,7 96,1/3<connate only> 98,5
99,4<with about 40 ribs, their tips forming a small apical corona> 102,2 104,1
107<\i{}I. lathonia\i0{} on \i{}Viola\i0{}> 108,1 109,1 110,1 111,1 112,1
114,2<including 1 adventive> 115<\i{}Issoria aphrodite\i0{} (Venus Fritillary,
\i{}Issoria lathonia\i0{} (Queen of Spain Fritillary.> 116,4-5 118,3<\i{}I.
lathonia\i0{}, which seemingly may persist as a transient colonist in southeast
England>/4<\i{}I. aphrodite\i0{}, presumably, it having supposedly occurred in
Warwickshire in 1833!> 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26 124,2
125,1&2 128,2 129,4 132<issoria> 
 
# \i{}Junonia\i0{}/
2,50-68 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,2/3 14,0.43-0.47 16,2 18,1<blunt,
pale-tipped> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 
26,1.35-1.47 27,1-2 29,3 30,1 32,6-7
34<conspicuously>,1 35,2 36,3&4<the apical one smaller> 37,2 38<with two short
subcostal orange-brown bars, an orange-brown subterminal fascia which expands
towards the hind angle where it encloses a conspicous blue-centred eye-spot, and
whitish makings and a small blue-centred eye-spot near the apex> 39,1-2 40,2
42,1 43,6-7 45,1 46,1 47,2 48,3<the larger >/4-5<the smaller> 49,1<orange in the
female, blackish and smaller in the male> 50<coloured like the forewings, with
two blue-centred eye-spots in the orange-brown outer third> 52<colour-patterned
as a pallid copy of the uppersides> 61<pale greyish, with dark markings and a
tiny blue-centred eye-spot near the tornus> 65,1 66,1 67,5 68,2 77,13 78,2
82,3<the upper one weaker but obvious> 84,3 85,2<the transverse vein lacking
between veins 4 and 5> 87<forewing veins 3 and 4 out of 2, 10 and 11 from the
upper margin of the cell, and 12 free> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,2
94,2<lacking between veins 4 and 5> 97<hindwing veins 3 and 4 out of 2, with 5,
6 and 7 from a stalk> 98,5 99,4<with fine cross-linking ribs> 104,1 107<on
herbaceous dicots from several families, including Plantaginaceae,
Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, Gentianaceae, Compositae, Portulacaceae,
Convolvulaceae> 108,1 109,1 110,1/2<?> 111,1 112,1 114,1 115<\i{}Junonia
(Precis) villida\i0{} (Albins Hampstead-Eye).> 116<in their native regions>,1-6/7-12 117,1 118,4
119<Petivers \i{}Papilionum Britanniae\i0{} of 1717 was the first book wholly
devoted to British butterflies. It included the strange-looking butterfly
depicted in our accompanying illustration as "\i{}Papilio oculatus
Hampstediensis ex aureo fuscus\i0{}; Albin's Hampstead-Eye, where it was caught
by this curious person, and is the only one I have yet seen". It has sometimes
been interpreted as a variety of the Speckled Wood (q.v.), but compares better
with the South-Pacific \i{}Junonia villida\i0{}. Striking common features
additional to the general colour-patterning are the paired eye-spots on both
fore- and hindwings, and the characteristically nymphalid concave forewing
termen. In any event, although Albins Hampstead-Eye has never been seen in
Britain again, it remains to this day a ridiculous inclusion in British
checklists.> 120<dubiously>,7 121,1 122,17/18/19/21 124,2 125,1&2 126<Flight
strong and irregular, cf. that of \i{}Aglais urticae\i0{}.> 128,2 129,4
132<junonia> 
 
# \i{}Limenitis\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Ladoga\i0{}> 2,56-66 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,3 14,0.46-0.5
16,1 17,2 18,2<tapered, orange beneath> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.62-1.66
28<about>,100 29,1-2 30,1<slightly> 32,13-14 33<with conspicuous venation>
37,2<although there is a short, transversely elongate white, pre-median dot from
the costa> 38<with a white postmedium fascia interrupted by black veins, and
three white spots beyond this in the apex> 39,1 40,2 42,1 43,13-14 44<with
conspicuous venation> 45,1 49,2 50<with a white postmedian fascia interrupted by
black veins, cf. the forewings> 52<brownish orange, with black bars and series
of spots, and white markings corresponding with those of the upper surfaces>
55<with conspicuous venation> 61<colour-patterned like those of the forewings,
but blueish-whitish-greyish basally and along the dorsum> 64<with conspicuous
venation> 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,1-3<?> 85,2<the transverse vein lacking
between veins 4 and 5> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, with 10 closely
apposed basally and 11-12 separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,2 94,2<lacking
between veins 4 and 5> 95,7 96,3<joining where the missing transverse vein
would be> 98<shortly>,4<subspherical, flattened above and below> 99,2&3
102,1/2<?> 104,1 107<on \i{}Lonicera\i0{}> 108,1<and strongly humped> 109,1
110,1<including a golden sheen ocer the wing cases> 111,1 112,1 114,1
115<\i{}Limenitis\i0{} (\i{}Ladoga\i0{}) \i{}camilla\i0{} (White Admiral).>
116,2-4 118,1 120,4&5&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,3/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/53< >/54/55/113 124,1 125,1&2 126<A strong
flier in woodland, sometimes gliding.> 128,2 129,4 132<ladoga> 
 
# \i{}Melitaea\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Mellicta\i0{}> 2,46-52 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,2/3
14,0.4-0.48 16,2 18<in \i{}M. cinxia\i0{}>,1<blunt, pale-tipped> 20,2 
 21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2
24,1 25,2 26,1.2-1.8 27,1 28<about>,95-105 29,1-2 30,2 31,2 32<tawny,>,6/8 33,1
37,2<or this obscure> 38<dark basally, with black veins and suffused
ochreous-yellowish bands or series of spots limited by blackish lines, or (in
\i{}M. cinxia\i0{}) 3 blackish discal bars and narrow posterior fasciae> 39,1
40,2 42,1<somewhat> 43<tawny,>,6/8 44,1 45,1 49,2 50<colour-patterned more or
less like the forewings> 52<rather conspicuously pale-banded and spotted
terminally and at the apex, otherwise colour-patterned in pallid reflection of
the uppersides, lacking much of the darker component> 55,2<the venation less
conspicuous than on the upper surfaces> 61<complexly patterned in
ferrugineous-orange, with yellowish bands or fasciae, black-lined and veined;
\i{}M. cinxia\i0{} differing from \i{}M. athalia\i0{} in exhibiting a
subterminal row of black dots> 64,1 70,2 77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1
87<forewing veins 8-10 out of 7, 11 from the front of the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3
91,1 92,3 93,2 94,2<lacking between veins 4 and 5> 95,7 98,4-5<shortly
cylindric, somewhat narrowing above to the concave apex> 99,4<with about 18-20
ribs> 104,1 105,1 106,1<when young, or when hibernating>/2 107<on
\i{}Plantago\i0{}, \i{}M. athalia\i0{} also on Scrophulariaceae including
\i{}Melampyrum\i0{} and \i{}Digitalis\i0{}> 108,1 109,1<whitish or brownish,
marked with orange and black> 110,2 111,1 112,1 114,3<including an adventive>
115<\i{}Melitaea athalia\i0{} (Heath Fritillary), \i{}Melitaea cinxia\i0{}
(Glanville Fritillary), \i{}Melitaea didyma\i0{}.> 116,1-3 118,1<\i{}M.
athalia\i0{} and \i{}M. cinxia\i0{}>/4<the mainland-European \i{}M. didyma\i0{},
recorded from Scotland in 1896, and from Essex in 1986!> 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11
121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/113 123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/20/14
124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,4 132<mellitae> 
 
# \i{}Nymphalis\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Aglais\i0{}> 2,68-88 3,10.5-17 5,1<\i{}N. polychloros\i0{}>/2<\i{}N.
antiopa\i0{}> 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,1/2 14,0.42-0.46 16,2 18,1<and blunt, in
\i{}N. polychloros\i0{}>/2<and pale- and shortly point-tipped in \i{}N.
antiopa\i0{}> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 
26,1.45-1.55<to almost 1.6 in \i{}N.
xanthomelas\i0{}?> 27,2 28<about>,95-100 29,5 30,1 31,1 32<dark>,12<\i{}N.
antiopa\i0{}>/8<\i{}N. polychloros\i0{}> 37,2 38<velvety dark purple in \i{}N.
antiopa\i0{}, with a creamy terminal band preceded by a row of blue spots; in
\i{}N. polychloros\i0{} orange-brown, with 3 costal black blotches,3 large black
spots in the disc posteriorly and a narrow blackish terminal band - less bright
than those of \i{}A. urticae\i0{}, and lacking the apical white spot and the
marginal blue dots of that species> 39,1 40<slightly>,1 42,1 45,1 49,2 50<colour
patterned more or less like the forewings, but the marginal band of \i{}N.
polychloros\i0{} includes blue spots> 52<cryptically patterned in buff, browns
and fuscous in \i{}N. polychloros\i0{}, and in shades of charcoal with a sharply
contrasing pale margin in \i{}N. antiopa\i0{}> 61<with a pattern mirroring that
of the upper surface, but with long bristles and cryptically coloured in buff,
browns and fuscous in \i{}N. polychloros\i0{} and in charcoal shades with a
sharply contrasting pale margin in \i{}N. antiopa\i0{}> 68,1<this small,
whitish, located where the missing transverse vein would normally be> 77,12/13
78,2 82,2<\i{}N. antiopa\i0{}>/2<\i{}N. polychloros\i0{}, the upper one
relatively weak> 83,1/2 84,3 85,2<the transverse vein lacking between veins 5
and 6 in \i{}N. polychloras\i0{}, or 4 and 5 in \i{}N. antiopa\i0{}> 87<forewing
veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10-12 separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1
94,2<vestigial between veins 4 and 5> 95,7 96,3<connate at the discal spot>
98,4<shortly cylindric> 99,4<with 6-7 ribs> 102,2 104,1 106,1 107<On deciduous
trees: \i{}N. antiopa\i0{} on \i{}Salix\i0{}, \i{}Populus\i0{} and
\i{}Betula\i0{}, \i{}N. polychloros\i0{} on \i{}Ulmus\i0{}, \i{}Populus\i0{},
\i{}Prunus\i0{}, etc.> 108,1 109,1 110,1<\i{}N. polychloros\i0{}>/2<\i{}N.
antiopa\i0{} with orange and black markings> 111,1 112,1 114,3 115<\i{}Nymphalis
antiopa\i0{} (Camberwell Beauty), \i{}Nymphalis (Aglais) polychloros\i0{} (Large
Tortoise-shell), \i{}Nymphalis xanthomelas\i0{} (Scarce Tortoise-shell).>
116,1-6/6-12 117,1<but probably never successfully, in Britain>
118<variously>,3/4/3&5 119<\i{}N. antiopa\i0{} and \i{}N. polychloros\i0{} both
now have the status of non-resident, sporadic immigrants in Britain. \i{}N.
antiopa\i0{} may never have been resident, but the Large Tortoise-shell
constitutes yet another example of a formerly indigenous species rendered
extinct. \i{}N. xanthomelas\i0{} is a central-European vagrant species which was
first recorded in Britain in 1953, and may re-appear from time to time in
southeast England.> 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112 124,1&2 125,1&2 126<Strong fliers,
sometimes gliding.> 128,2 129,4 132<nymphali> 
 
# \i{}Polygonia\i0{}/
2,50-64 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,3 14,0.47-0.48 16,2 18,1<blunt>
20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 
26,1.47-1.51 27,1-2 28<about>,95-98 29<strongly and
irreguarly dentate, excavated and>,5 30<in addition,>,1 31,1 32<rich>,8 37,2
38<with several black anterior spots or blotches, and a dark red-brown terminal
band including a series of orange spots> 39,2 40<rather prominently>,1 42,1<and
deeply excavated, like the forewings> 43,8 45,1 49,2 50<colour patterned with
spots and blotches like the forewings> 52<cryptically colour-patterned in shades
of either dark charcoal or yellowish brown, and irregularly marbled paler or
darker> 61<cryptically colour-patterned like those of the forewings, in shades
of either dark fuscous or yellowish brown irregularly marbled paler or darker,
and embellished with the conspicuous white mark after which the species is
named> 68,1<this in the form of a conspicuous, shining white comma> 77,12 78,2
82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1-2<the transverse vein weak between veins 4 and 5>
87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, the rest separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3
93,1 94,1-2<weak between veins 4 and 5> 95,7 96,3 98,5<shortly conico-cylindric,
with a small apical concavity> 99,4<with about 10 ribs> 104,1 107<perhaps mainly
on \i{}Humulus\i0{}, but also \i{}Urtica\i0{} and \i{}Ribes\i0{}> 108,1 109,1
110,1<with golden or silvery spots where abdomen joins thorax> 111,1 112,1 114,1
115<\i{}Polygonia c-album\i0{} (Comma).> 116,1-6/6-12 117,1 118,1
120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113 124,2 125,1&2 126<A brisk flier
with irregular fight paths. See Ford (1948) for discussion of seasonal variation
in wing colour and degree of scalloping.> 128,2 129,4 132<polygoni> 
 
# \i{}Vanessa\i0{}/
2,58-78 3,10.5-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,1 13,2 14,0.42-0.49 16,2 18,1<blunt,
pale-tipped> 20,2  21,2<forelegs with two tarsal joints and brushlike in males, those
of females having 4 tarsal joints with short setae>  23,2 24,1 25,2 
26,1.48-1.52 27<somwhat>,2/-
28<about>,95-100 29,3&5 30,1 31,1 32,13<brownish tinged anteriorly> 37,2 38<with
a showy red fascia from before the mid-costa to near the tornus where it
encloses a small double blue spot, and a white blotch and several white spots
near the apex> 39,1 40,2 42,1 43,7/13 45,1 49,2 50<brownish black, with a red
terminal fascia containing a series of black dots, and a blue-ish tornal mark>
52<colour-patterned similarly but rather more complexly than the uppersides, the
red fascia being paler orange to yellowish, the black component shading apically
into greys, and with addition of small red markings basally and blue-ish ones
both basally and subcostally> 56,1 57,2<these small, dark-ringed circles
enclosing blue, buff and white> 58,3<subterminal> 61<complexly marbled brownish
and blueish grey with irregular black markings, paler at mid-termen and with a
conspicuous pale, irregular blotch at mid-costa> 77,13 78,2 82,3<the upper
rather reduced> 83,2 84,1-3<?> 85<rather ambiguously>,1<the transverse vein
weaker between veins 4 and 5> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, the rest
separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1<but thin between veins 4 and 5>
95,7 96,3<connate> 98,4-5<shortly cylindric, slightly narrowing above, with a
small apical concavity> 99,4<with about 9 ribs> 102,2<?>/- 104,1 105,2<each
concealing itself within a spun and folded leaf> 107<on \i{}Urticaceae\i0{} -
\i{}Urtica\i0{} and \i{}Parietaria\i0{}.> 108,1 109,1 110,1<ornamented with gold
along the centre of the back, and on the thorax and head> 111,1 112,1 114,1
115<\i{}Vanessa atalanta\i0{} (Red Admiral).> 116,1-6/5-12 117,1<but hardly ever
successfully> 118,2 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<A strong flier,
sometimes gliding.> 128,2 129,4 132<vanessa> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Papilionidae\i0{}\b0{}/
2,(40-)80-100(-108) 3,15-17 4,1<\i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/2 5,1/2 6,1-2 7<very>,1
11,2 13,1 14,0.24-0.34 15,1 16<somewhat>,1/2 17,1/2 18,1/2<often not
pale-tipped> 20,2<appressed to the frons> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1.34-1.63 27,1
28,(90-)100-115 29,1-3/4 32,1/2/3/4/15 33,1-2 39,1<the inner margin concave>
40,1/2 42,1 44,1-2 45,1 46,1 47,1<\i{}Papilio\i0{},
\i{}Iphiclides\i0{}>/2<\i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/6-7<\i{}Zerynthia\i0{}> 48,5<in
\i{}Papilio\i0{} and \i{}Iphiclides\i0{}>/1&3&4&5<in a posterior row, and one
mid-costal, in \i{}Zerynthia\i0{}>/1&2<in \i{}Parnassius\i0{}> 55,1-2 64,1-2
65,1<cf. the uppersides> 66,1<\i{}Papilio\i0{},
\i{}Iphiclides\i0{}>/2<\i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/6-7<\i{}Zerynthia\i0{} <was 3-7, but
is 6-7 in Zerynthia item>> 67,5<\i{}Papilio\i0{},
\i{}Iphiclides\i0{}>/1&2<\i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/1&3&4&5<\i{}Zerynthia\i0{}>
77,11<Parnassius>/13 78,1<with some dilation, in \i{}Iphiclides\i0{}>/2 82,2/3
83,1/2/3 84,3 88,8 89,1 90,2/3 91,2 92,1 95,6<\i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/7 96,1/3/5
98,3 99,1 102,1/2 103,1<these retractile> 104,2 105,1 107<on Umbelliferae
(\i{}P. machaon\i0{}), Rosaceae (\i{}Iphiclides\i0{}), Aristolochiaceae
(\i{}Zerynthia\i0{}) and Crassulaceae (\i{}Parnassius\i0{})> 108,1/2 109,1/2
110,2 111,1/2<more or less, in \i{}Parnassius\i0{}> 112<in \i{}Papilio\i0{}>,2
113,4 114,5<including 4 adventives> 115<\i{}Iphiclides (Papilio) podalirius\i0{}
(Scarce Swallow-tail, adventive), \i{}Papilio machaon\i0{} (Swallow-tail),
\i{}Parnassius apollo\i0{} (Apollo, adventive), \i{}Parnassius phoebus\i0{}
(Small Apollo, adventive), \i{}Zerynthia (Thais) polyxena\i0{} (Southern
Festoon, adventive), rumina\i0{} (Spanish Festoon, adventive).> 121,1
122,1<2>/2<2>/3<2>/4<3>/5<2>/6<2>/7<2>/8<2>/9<2>/10<2>/11<2>/12<2>/13<3>/14<3
>/15<2>/16<2>/17<2>/18<2>/19<2>/20<2>/21<2>/22<2>/23<2>/24<2>/25<2>/26<2>/29<2
>/30<2>/31<2>/32<2>/33<2>/34<2>/35<2>/36<2>/37<2>/38<2>/39<2>/40<2>/41<2>/42<2
>/87<1>/88<1>/89<1>/90<1>/92<1>/94<1>/95<1>/96<1>/97<1>/113<2> 124,2 125,1&2
126<Flight usually strong and sustained, sometimes gliding> 128,2 131,2
132<papilion> 
 
# \i{}Iphiclides\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Papilio\i0{}> 2,75-95 3,15-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.28-0.31
16<somewhat>,1 17,1 18,1<blunt, not pale-tipped> 20,2<appressed to frons> 21,1
23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1.34-1.38 27,1 28<about>,100-105 29,2-3 32,1-2/3/4 37,2
38<with conspicuous dark transverse bars> 39,1<the inner margin concave>
40<conspicuously long->,1 42,1 43,1-2/3/4 45,1 46<conspicously>,1 47,1 48,5 49,2
50<with dark transverse streaks from the costa, black with blue crescentic spots
along the outer margin, and a black, blue and orange eye-spot on the hind margin
near the tail> 52<complexly colour-patterned as a pallid duplication of the
upperside> 61<complexly colour-patterned as a pallid duplication of the
upperside> 65,1 66,1 67,5 68,2 77,13 78,1-2<all the basal veins gradually
widening basally> 82,3 83,2<the upper anal vein weaker, but conspicuous and
reaching the termen> 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 out
of 7 (stalked), 9 connate with 7 on the cell, 10-12 separate> 88,8 89,1 90,2
91,2 92,1 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1/5<at least, these almost connate on the cell>
98,3<?> 99,1 103,1<these retractile> 105,1 107<on woody Rosaceae> 108<rather>,1
111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Iphiclides podalirius\i0{} (Scarce Swallow-tail)>
116,3-5 118,3<probably, additional to accidental introductions> 120,7&8&9&10
121,1 122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/113 124,2 125,1&2 126<flight rapid
and sustained, sometimes gliding> 128,2 129,5 132<iphiclid> 
 
# \i{}Papilio\i0{}/
2,78-108 3,15-17 5,1 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.28-0.34 16<somewhat>,1 17,1
18<slightly>,1-2<blunt, not pale-tipped> 20,2<appressed to frons> 21,1 23,1 24,2
25,2 26,1.44-1.63 27,1 28<about>,100-115 29,1-3/4<slightly> 32,3 33,1 37,2
38<with a large basal patch irrorated yellow, three black transverse blotches
beneath the costa posteriorly, a black subterminal band often irrorated yellow,
a narrow black terminal fascia, and black venation> 39,1<the inner margin
concave> 40<conspicuously long->,1 42,1 43,3 44,1 45,1 46<conspicously>,1 47,1
48,5 49,1<represented by blackening over the transverse vein> 50<coloured and
patterned somewhat like the fore-wings, but the black subterminal band enclosing
blue spots, and with a red and blue tornal eye-spot> 52<complexly
colour-patterned as a pallid duplication of the upperside> 55,1 61<complexly
colour-patterned as a pallid duplication of the upperside> 64,1 65,1 66,1 67,5
68,2 77,13 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8
out of 7 (i.e., 7 and 8 stalked), 9 connate with 7, 10-12 separate, the
transverse vein angulated on 5> 88,8 89,1 90,2 91,2 92,1 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1
98,3 99,1 102,1 103,1<these orange-coloured and fleshy, constituting the
V-shaped, retractile osmaterium> 105,1 106,2 107<on Umbelliferae -
\i{}Heracleum\i0{}, \i{}Angelica\i0{}, etc.> 108<rather>,1 109,1<black-dotted>
110,2 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Papilio machaon\i0{} (Swallow-tail).> 116,1-4
118,1<the endemic British subspecies, \i{}P. machaon
britannicus\i0{}>/3<referring to the continental subspecies, \i{}P. machaon
gorganus\i0{}> 119<The British subspecies, once widespread in the east of
England, was almost exterminated by drainage of the fens and is now confined the
Norfolk Broads. Specimens are more or less convincingly distinguishable from the
mainland-European subsp. \i{}gorganus\i0{} by the heavier dark lines along the
forewing nervures, and by the wider, dark submarginal band of the forewings
being relatively broader towards the inner margin (see accompanying photos). The
endemic British race further differs in its habitat requirements, being confined
to fen country. Its mainland counterpart has no such limitation.> 120,5&7 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/113 124,2 125,1&2 126<flight strong
and sustained, sometimes gliding> 128,2 129,5 132<papilio> 
 
# \i{}Parnassius\i0{}/
2,80-100 3,15-17 4,1 5,2<relatively very narrow> 6,1-2 7<very>,1 11,2 13,1<very
short> 14,0.24-0.27 16,1-2 17,2 18,2<not pale-tipped, terminating in a small
point> 20,2<appressed to frons> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1.58-1.61 27,1
28<about>,100 29,1 30<somewhat crenate> 32,1&15<-ish, semi-transparent>
33,2<although the venation is very conspicuous> 37<rather ambiguously>,1<owing
to presence of other spots>/- 38<patterned with a dark basal patch, dark
blotches beneath the costa, a dark spot near the hind margin, and a grey outer
marginal band with pale spots within it> 39,1<the inner margin concave> 40,2
42<crenate> 43,1&15<-ish, semi-transparent like the forewings> 44,2<although the
venation is very conspicuous> 45,1 46,1 47,2 48,1&2 49,2 50<with a dark basal
patch, a grey outer margin like the fore-wings, and a pair of red-and-white,
black-encircled eye-spots> 52<complexly colour-patterned as a pallid duplication
of the upperside> 55,2<although the venation is very conspicuous> 61<complexly
colour-patterned as a pallid duplication of the upperside> 64,2<although the
venation is very conspicuous> 65,1<cf. the uppersides> 66,2 67,1&2 68,2 77,11
78,2 82,3 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 6 and 7
stalked, 8 out of 7, 9 connate with the 6+7 stalk, and a separate vein perhaps
representing 10+11> 88,8 89,1 90,2 91,2 92,1 93,1 94,1 95,6<with vein 7 arising
from the middle of the heavy praecostal spur: a conspicuous peculiar feature>
96,1 98,3<?> 99,1 102,2 103,1<these fleshy, pinkish-orange, retractile> 105,1
107<on \i{}Crassulaceae\i0{}> 108,2 110,2 111<more or less>,2 114,2<both
adventive> 115<\i{}Parnassius apollo\i0{} (Apollo), \i{}Parnassius phoebus\i0{}
(Small Apollo).> 116,2-4 118,3/4/5 119<The holarctic species \i{}P. phoebus\i0{}
seems to be a spurious inclusion in British check-lists, on the evidence of a
single record from North Wales in the late 19th Century. Individuals of the
alpine \i{}P. apollo\i0{}, on the other hand, may rarely appear in Britain as
vagrants from mainland Europe. Evidence for its once being
resident was provided by no less an authority than John Curtis, who ..... was
convinced he saw a specimen .... flying over the top of a house at the foot of
Ben Lawers; and afterwards, on seeing this species on the Continent, he felt
assured he was correct. (J.C. Dale, in Newman 1871)> 120,1/2<?> 121,1
122,87/88/89/90/92/94/95/96/97 124,2 125,1&2 126<Strong fliers, the pattern
irregular, often gliding.> 128,2 129,5 132<parnassi> 
 
# \i{}Zerynthia\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Thais\i0{}> 2,40-66 3,15-17 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.27-0.32 16,1
17<slightly>,1-2 20,2<appressed to frons> 21,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 27,1
29<slightly>,1-2 32,3 33,1 37<ambiguously>,1<represented by one of the black
bands extending to the costa>/- 38<with black or black and red transverse
coalescent spotting and black and yellow scalloping along the outer margin>
39,1<the inner margin concave> 40,2 42,1 43<dark along the inner margin, with
median black spotting, scalloped black outer marginal lines, and a row of red
spots internal to these> 44,1 45,1 46,1 47,6-7 48,1&3&4&5 49,2
50<ground-coloured and conspicuously veined like the forewings, with a
subterminal row of red spots, and a conspicuous deeply sinuous black line around
the termen> 55,1 64,1 65,1<cf. the uppersides> 66,6-7 67,1&3&4&5 77,13 82,3 83,3
84,3 88,8 89,1 90,2/3<?> 91,2 92,1 95,7 96,3<connate only> 98,3<?> 103,1<these
retractile> 105,1 107<on \i{}Aristolochia\i0{}> 108,2<cylindro-conical> 110,2
111,1 112,2 114,2<adventives> 115<\i{}Zerynthia polyxena\i0{} (Southern
Festoon), \i{}Z. rumina\i0{} (Spanish Festoon).> 116,1<?> 118,4<\i{}Z.
rumina\i0{} supposedly found in Brighton in 1877, and \i{}Z. polyxena\i0{} near
Exeter in 1884> 120,7&9 121,1 122,4/13/14 125,1&2 126<flight brisk and
irregular> 128,2 129,5 132<zerynthi> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Pieridae\i0{}\b0{}/
2,(31-)40-72(-76) 3,12-23 4,1<\i{}Aporia\i0{} only>/2 5,1/2 6<very>,1-2
7,1<almost invariably>/2-3<e.g., in \i{}L. sinapis\i0{}> 11,2 12,1<sometimes>/2
13,1/2 14,(0.25-)0.3-0.45(-0.48) 15,1 16,1/2 17,1/2 18<usually pale-tipped,
strongly>,1/2<\i{}Colias\i0{}> 20,2<appressed to the frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2
26,1.48-1.86 27,1/3<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}> 28,(90-)97-105(-126.5)
29,1-2/4<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}> 32,1/2/3/4 33,1<\i{}Aporia\i0{}, and sometimes in
\i{}P. napi\i0{}>/2 37<sometimes>,1/2 39,1 40,1<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}>/2<usually>
42,2<usually>/1-2<in \i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}> 43,1/2/3/4 44,1<\i{}Aporia\i0{}, and
sometimes in \i{}P. napi\i0{}>/2 45,1/2 49,1/2 55,1<\i{}Aporia\i0{} and \i{}P.
napi\i0{}>/2 63,2<may be chequered greenish> 64,1<in \i{}Aporia\i0{} and \i{}P.
napi\i0{}>/2 65,1<in \i{}Colias\i0{}>/2 66<in \i{}Colias\i0{}>,1<double> 67,2
77,11<then vein 7 or 9 absent>/12 82,2 83,1 84,3 87<forewing veins 7, 8 and 9
stalked or coincident> 88,8<\i{}Aporia\i0{}, \i{}Pontia\i0{}>/9<usually>/9-10
89,1/2 90,3/4 91,1 92,3/4 95,6<\i{}Leptidea\i0{}>/7<usually> 96,1/7 98,6/7/6-7
99,4 101,2<attracting them via secretions presented at the forked tips of long
glandular setae>/3<when the setae are apparently non-secretory: \i{}Colias\i0{},
\i{}Aporia\i0{}, \i{}Pieris brassicae\i0{}> 102,2 103,2 105,1 107<mostly on
\i{}Cruciferae\i0{} or \i{}Papilionaceae\i0{}, but the extinct \i{}Aporia\i0{}
on woody Rosaceae and \i{}Gonepteryx\i0{} on \i{}Rhamnus\i0{}> 108,1/2 109,1/2
110,2 111,1 112,2 113,8 114,15<including 3 adventive, 1 extinct>
115<\i{}Anthocharis cardamines\i0{} (Orange Tip), \i{}Aporia crataegi\i0{}
(Black-veined White - extinct in Britain), \i{}Colias alfacariensis\i0{}
(Bergers Clouded Yellow - adventive, or perhaps often confused with the closely
similar \i{}C. hyale\i0{}), \i{}Colias hyale\i0{} (Pale Clouded Yellow),
\i{}Colias croceus\i0{} (Clouded Yellow), \i{}Colias palaeno\i0{} (Moorland
Clouded Yellow, adventive), \i{}Euchlo simplonia\i0{} (Dappled White,
adventive), \i{}Gonepteryx cleopatra\i0{} (Cleopatra, adventive), \i{}Gonepteryx
rhamni\i0{} (Brimstone), \i{}Leptidea sinapis\i0{} (Wood White), \i{}Pieris
brassicae\i0{} (Large White), \i{}Pieris rapae\i0{} (Small White), \i{}Pieris
napi\i0{} (Green-veined White), \i{}Pontia daplidice\i0{} (Bath White).>
117,1<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}>/2 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1<especially \i{}P. napi\i0{} and
\i{}L. sinapis\i0{}>/2 125,1&2 126<Mostly relatively weak, fluttering fliers,
with the exceptions of \i{}Colias\i0{} spp., \i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}> 128,2 131,2
132<pieridae> 
 
# \i{}Anthocharis\i0{}/
2,(33-)40-52<dwarfism being occasionally encountered> 3,12-23 5,1 6<very>,1-2
7,1 10,2 11,2 13,2 14,0.38-0.45 16<rather>,1 17,2 18,1<blunt, pale-tipped>
20,2<appressed to the frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.71-1.8 27,1 28<about>,100
29,1-2 32,1 37,1<in the form of a small black spot, in both sexes> 38<in both
sexes white, blackish towards the base and apically to the mid-termen, and in
the males with the discal spot enclosed in a spectacular orange blotch occupying
on the outer half of the wing> 39,1 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,1 49,2 50<chequered with
grey by transmission of pattern from the under surface> 52<apically
yellowish-green densely irrorated black and suffused whitish> 55,2
61<yellowish-green densely irrorated black and with several series of irregular
white spots, imparting a highly cryptic chequered effect when the insect is at
rest> 63,- 64,2 77,12 78,2 82,2<and with a faint upper one> 83,1 84,3 85,1
86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 7 on a stalk out of 6, 8 and 9 out of
7, 10 separate from near the top of the cell and 11 from lower down it, 12 free.
The subcostal nervure 5-branched (Kirby)> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1
95,7 96,1 98,7 99,4 101,2<attracting them via secretions presented at the forked
tips of long glandular setae> 102,2<the hairs whitish from raised dots, and
blackish from warts> 105,1 107<on \i{}Cruciferae\i0{}: \i{}Sinapis\i0{},
\i{}Cardamine\i0{}, \i{}Sisymbrium\i0{}, etc. - especially on the seed-pods,
which it resembles in appearance> 108,1<elongated, outwardly curved and tapering
at each end> 109,1 110,2 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Anthocharis cardamines\i0{}
(Orange Tip).> 116,1-2 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1&2 125,1&2 126<Flight irregular,
fluttering> 128,2 129,6 132<anthocha> 
 
# \i{}Aporia\i0{}/
2,66-76 3,12-23 4,1 5,2<and relatively very narrow> 6<very>,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,2
14,0.4-0.45 16,1-2 17,2 18<more or less>,1<blunt to tapered> 20,2<appressed to
the frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.68-1.75 27,1 28<about>,115 29,1 32,1<but
semi-transparent> 33,1 37,1<when heavily darkened along the transverse vein>/2
38<with their black venation displayed conspicuously against the rather
translucent white background, the terminal extremities of the veins suffused
fuscous> 39,1 43,1<semi-transparent> 44,1 45,1 49,2 50<patterned like the
forewings via the contrasting black venation only, including the markedly
thickened transverse vein> 52<with the black venation displayed conspicuously
against the rather translucent whitish background: resembling the upperside but
somewhat duskier costally, basally and posteriorly> 55,1 61<with their black
venation displayed conspicuously against the rather translucent whitish
background: resembling the upperside, but somewhat duskier, especially basally
and posteriorly> 64,1 77,11<9 absent> 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about
2/3 out> 87<forewing veins 7 and 8 on a stalk from 6, 9 supposedly absent, 10
connate with the base of 6 or slightly separated from it on the cell, 11
separate from lower down the cell. The subcostal nervure 4-branched (Kirby)>
88,8 89,1 90,3/4 91,1 92,3/4<the innermost vein 1c being weaker and scarcely
tubular, but conspicuous and reaching almost to the termen> 93,1 94,1 95,7
96,1 98<broadly>,6 99,4<from about the middle to the apex, where the ends of the
ribs constitute a little coronet> 101,3 102,2 105,1 107<on woody Rosaceae,
especially \i{}Prunus\i0{} spp.> 108,1-2 109,1<creamy white or greenish, with
black dots> 110,2 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Aporia crataegi\i0{} (Black-veined
White).> 116,2-3 118,5 119<Once locally plentiful in southern England and Wales
north to Merioneth and Norfolk, by the 1920s the Black-veined White was
restricted to Kent, and it seems to have been extinct by 1930. It remains common
in mainland Europe, where it is sometimes an orchard pest.> 120<last seen in>,7
121,1 122,15&16 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,6 132<aporia> 
 
# \i{}Colias\i0{}/
2,44-60<\i{}hyale\i0{}>/47-67<\i{}croceus\i0{}> 3,12-23 5,2 6<very>,1-2 7,1 11,2
12,1 13,1 14,0.35-0.38 16<rather>,2/1 17,2 18,2<blunt> 20,2<appressed to the
frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.54-1.62 27,1 28<about>,100-105 29,1-2 32,1/3/4
37,1<this in the form of a black spot> 38<blackish-bordered at the outer margin
and apex, and with a dark discal spot> 39,1 43,1/3/4 45<usually more or less>,1
49,1<represented as an orange spot> 50<coloured like the forewings, but the
border is sometimes less conspicuous> 52<with a conspicuous black discal spot;
paler than the upperside, basally and discally whitish to primrose, yellow or
orange-ish, and the apex and outer margin not blackish but yellow with a
subterminal row of blackish or reddish spots> 61<pale to dark yellow, basally
suffused blackish in \i{}C. hyale\i0{}; with a reddish mid-costal mark, a
subterminal row of redish spots, and a conspicuous, characteristic eye-spot
discal mark: closely resembling a faded clover leaf with a central fungus-spot
when the insect is at rest (Meyrick)> 65,1 66,1 67,2 68,1<this shaped like a
figure 8, comprising two adjoining, red-or orange-bordered white spots> 77,11
78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<veins 2-5 well separated on
the cell, then a long stalk to where 7 diverges from 6, with 8 diverging halfway
along or distally from 7, 9 from the 6+7 stalk or almost connate with it on the
cell, 10 separate from the mid-region of the cell, 11 free (Meyrick treated this
layout as vein 7 absent)> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98,7
99,4 101,3 102,2 105,1 107<on herbaceous Papilionaceae - \i{}Trifolium\i0{},
\i{}Lotus\i0{}, \i{}Melilotus\i0{}, etc.> 108,1 109,1 110,2 111,1 112,2 114,5
115<\i{}Colias alfacariensis\i0{} (Bergers Clouded Yellow), \i{}Colias
hyale\i0{} (Pale Clouded Yellow), \i{}Colias croceus\i0{} (Clouded Yellow),
\i{}Colias palaeno\i0{} (Moorland Clouded Yellow).> 116,1-2<immigrant
individuals>/4-5<their offspring> 118,2<\i{}C. croceus\i0{}, \i{}C.
hyale\i0{}>/3/4<the British status of \i{}C. alfacariensis\i0{} and \i{}C.
palaeno\i0{} being uncertain> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/98/99/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<Strong fliers.> 128,2
129,6 132<colias> 
 
# \i{}Euchlo\i0{}/
2,31-46 5,1 7,1-2 13,1 14<about>,0.3-0.4 17,U 20,2 27,1 29,2 32,1 37,1 38<with
an apical blackish blotch reaching the mid-termen which encloses white spots,
and a large black discal spot, with blackish suffusion extending along the
costa> 39,1 42,2 43,1 45,1 49,2 50<white, patterned in grey by transmission from
the underside> 52<patterned like the uppersides, but the apical blotch greenish
instead of blackish> 59,- 61<greenish with blackish suffusion, and dappled with
white - cf. \i{}Anthocharis\i0{} and \i{}Pontia\i0{}> 63,- 68,2 87<The
subcostal nervure 5-branched (Kirby)> 89,U 101,U 107<on Cruciferae>
108<boat-shaped> 109,- 111,1 114,1 115<\i{}Euchlo simplonia\i0{}> 116,2-4<?>
118,3/4<?> 120,7/8/9<?> 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/113 124,2 125,1&2 126<L.W. remains
confused re application of the names \i{}E. ausonia\i0{}, \i{}E. crameri\i0{}
and \i{}E. simplonia\i0{} to supposedly British specimens. Even the
differences between imagines of Dappled Whites (\i{}Euchlo\i0{}) and the Bath
White (\i{}Pontia daplidice\i0{}, q.v.) are unclear from works which lack keys>
128,2 129,6 132<euchloe> 
 
# \i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}/
2,60-74 3,12-23 5,2 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 12,1 13,1<very short> 14,0.25-0.3 16,1 17,1
18<more or less>,1<blunt> 20,2<appressed to the frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2
26,1.65-1.71 27,3 28<about>,105-110 29,4 32,3/4 37,1<in the form of a small
orange spot> 38<unpatterned, save for an orange discal spot, or the latter
within a large, paler orange blotch occupying much of the wing; and sometimes
with small reddish dots along costa and termen> 39,1 40<slightly>,1
42<rather>,1<at least posteriorly towards the anal angle> 43,3/4 45,2<save for
the discal spot> 49,1<in the form of a small orange spot, like that of the
forewings> 50<coloured like the fo wings, or lacking the orange blotch they
sometimes exhibit> 52<coloured and spotted similarly to the upperside, but with
a rather waxy finish> 61<coloured and spotted similarly to the upperside, but
with a rather waxy finish> 68,1 77,11 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about
2/3 out from the base> 87<forewing veins 2-5 well separate, 6 from 7 on a long
stalk, 8 from mid-7, 9 separate from towards the top of the cell, 10 separate
from mid-cell, 11 free (Meyrick treated this layout as 7 missing)> 88,9 89,2
90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98<narrowly>,6 99,4 101,2<attracting them via
secretions presented at the forked tips of long glandular setae> 102,2 105,1
107<on \i{}Rhamnus\i0{}> 108,1 109,1-2 110,2 111,1 112,2 114,2
115<\i{}Gonepteryx cleopatra\i0{} (Cleopatra), \i{}Gonepteryx rhamni\i0{}
(Brimstone).> 116,1-6/6-12<i.e., throughout the year> 117,1 118,1<\i{}G.
rhamni\i0{}, with local populations supplemented by immigrants>/4<the southern
European/African \i{}G. cleopatra\i0{} having been occasionally encountered near
ports> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/69/70/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35 124,1&2 125,1&2 126<Flight strong, irregular, sometimes
sustained> 128,2 129,6 132<gonepter> 
 
# \i{}Leptidea\i0{}/
2,38-47 3,12-23 5,2 6<very>,1 7,2-3 11,2 13,1 14,0.36-0.38 16,1-2 17,2
18,1<blunt, orange-tipped> 20,2<appressed to the frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2
26,1.79-1.82 27,1 28<about>,100-104 29,1 32,1 37,2 38<with a dark grey terminal
blotch in the male, this relatively inconspicuous in the female> 39,1 43,1
45,2<unpatterned> 49,2 52<white like the upperside, but duskier proximally along
the costa, and lacking the apical dark blotch> 61<differing from the upperside,
the white background ground being irregularly clouded with light grey> 68,2
77,12 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<about 2/3 from the base> 87<forewing veins
2-6 well separate, 8-11 all more or less equidistantly out of 7, 12 separate.
The subcostal nervure 5-branched (Kirby)> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1
95,6 96,7<on a long stalk> 97<hindwing vein 5 rising nearer to 4 than to the 7+7
stalk> 98<more or less>,7<truncate at the base> 99,4 101,2<attracting them via
secretions presented at the forked tips of long glandular setae> 102,2 105,1
107<on Papilionaceae - \i{}Vicia\i0{} and \i{}Lathyrus\i0{}> 108,1<similar in
shape to that of the Orange Tip, but less curved and less tapered at either end>
109,1 110,2 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Leptidea sinapis\i0{} (Wood White).>
116,1-4 118,1 120,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/53< >/54/55/56/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/23/24/25/26/27/28< >/29 124,1
125,1&2 126<Flight weak, fluttering; a woodland species> 128,2 129,6
132<leptidea> 
 
# \i{}Pieris\i0{}/
2,40-52<\i{}P. napi\i0{}>/(35-)40-58<\i{}rapae\i0{}, noted for occasional
dwarfism>/60-76<\i{}brassicae\i0{}> 3,12-23 5,1-2<\i{}P. napi\i0{}>/2 6,1-2 7,1
11,2 13,1 14,0.4-0.48 16,2 18,1<blunt, pale-tipped> 20,2<appressed to the frons>
21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.56-1.86 27,1 28<about>,97-105 29,1-2 32,1/2 33,1<often,
in \i{}P. napi\i0{} only>/2 37,2<i.e., excluding the blackish forewing spots of
males> 38<blackish around the apex and sometimes towards the middle of the inner
margin, and often with two blackish spots aligned one above the other towards
the outer margin, the latter being faint or lacking in some males> 39,1 43,1/2
44,1<often, in \i{}P. napi\i0{} only>/2 45<fairly>,1<with grey outlining of the
veins in P. napi>/2<apart from a dark costal mark near the apex, which is a
constant feature of all three species> 49,2 50<white like the forewings,
blackish basally, and with the blackish mark towards the apex of the costa>
52<white or creamish, differing from the uppersides in the blackish apical
component being replaced with creamish, and in the males of \i{}P.
brassicae\i0{} and \i{}P. rapae\i0{} consistently exhibiting relatively large
versions of the post-median black spot (even when this is lacking or obsolete on
the upperside> 55,1<in \i{}P. napi\i0{} only>/2 61<creamier than the upperside,
suffused blackish towards the base> 64,1<in \i{}P. napi\i0{} only>/2 68,2 77,11
78,2 82,2 83,1<but \i{}P. brassicae\i0{} can exhibit a faint 1c> 84,3 85,1
86,2<from halfway or a little beyond> 87<forewing veins 2-5 separate from the
cell; 6 and 7 on a long stalk, then a short 8 distally from 7 (\i{}P.
brassicae\i0{}, \i{}P. napi\i0{}, or apparently lost (\i{}P. rapae\i0{}), 9 and
10 separate from near the distal end of the cell, 11 free (Meyrick interprets
this layout as 9 absent). The subcostal nervure 4-branched (Kirby)> 88,9/10
89,1 90,3/3-4<\i{}P. brassicae\i0{} exhibiting a conspicuous but scarcely
tubular 1c> 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98<broadly>,6 99,4 101,2<attracting
them via secretions presented at the forked tips of long glandular
setae>/3<\i{}Pieris brassicae\i0{}, in which the setae are apparently
non-secretory> 102,2 105,1 107<on Cruciferae, Resedaceae and Tropaeolaceae>
108,1 109,1/2<but usually fairly conspicuously black-dotted or streaked> 110,2
111,1 112,2 114,3 115<\i{}Pieris brassicae\i0{} (Large White), \i{}Pieris
rapae\i0{} (Small White), \i{}Pieris napi\i0{} (Green-veined White).> 116,12/1-6
118,1<supplemented sometimes by large-scale immigration>
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1<especially \i{}P. napi\i0{}>/2
125,1&2 126<Flight irregular, fluttering> 128,2 129,6 132<pieris> 
 
# \i{}Pontia\i0{}/
2,40-52 3,12-23 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,1-2 16,2 18,1<blunt, pale-tipped>
20,2<appressed to the frons> 21,1 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.48-1.61 27,1
28<about>,102-105 29,1-2 32,1 37,1<this dark, trapezoid or rectangular and
relatively large, sometimes extending to the costa> 38<with a fuscous discal
spot extending to the costa, and a fuscous apical blotch reaching the middle of
the termen and containing four pale spots> 39,1 43,1 45,1<grey-chequered>/2<more
or less, with only pale grey patterning transmitted from the underside> 49,2
50<of the female with more or less confluent series of terminal and subterminal
dark spots, the males plainer> 52<differing from the uppersides, being white
with a larger discal spot, this and the apical blotch black-sprinkled greenish
instead of fuscous> 61<black-sprinkled pale dull greenish, darker basally, with
a white post-median fascia and large white spots, two costal, one discal and a
terminal series> 63,- 68<with a white discal spot, which is rendered
inconspicuous by the overall marbling> 77,11 78,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from
about 2/3 out> 87<forewing veins 7 and 8 on a stalk from 6, 9 connate with the
base of 6 on the cell, 10 separate from the top of the cell, 11 free. The
subcostal nervure 3-branched (Kirby)> 88,8 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7
96,1 98,7 99,4 101,2<attracting them via secretions presented at the forked tips
of long glandular setae> 102,2 107<on \i{}Reseda\i0{}> 108,1 109,1<black-dotted
and marked with yellow> 110,2 111,1 112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Pontia daplidice\i0{}
(Bath White).> 116,4 118,3 120,4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/113 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,6
132<pontia> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Riodinidae\i0{}\b0{}/
1<\i{}Ericynidae\i0{}, \i{}Lemoniidae\i0{}, \i{}Libytheidae\i0{},
\i{}Nemeobiidae\i0{}> 2,29-34 3,11-13 5,1 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1 13,2
14,0.45-0.48 15,1 16,2 18,1 20,1 21<the female>,1<and clawed>/2<in the male>
22,1 23,2 24,1 25,1 26,1.5-1.8 27,1 28,95-100 29,1 32,6/7/8/14<tawny or dusky,
depending on which component is regarded as the ground colour> 33,1 39,1 42,1
43,6/7/8/14<tawny or dusky, depending on which component is regarded as the
ground colour> 44,1 45,1<with tawny chequering, like the forewings> 55,2/1-2
64,2/1-2 65,1/- 77,12 82,2 83,1 84,1 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7> 88,9
89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7 96,3&7 98,4 99,1 100,1<lycaenid-like, but lacking the
honey-gland common in that family> 101,3 102,2<with hair tufts> 105,1 107<on
\i{}Primula\i0{}> 108,2<rounded> 109,1 110,2 111,1 112,2 113,1 114,1
115<\i{}Hamearis lucina\i0{} (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary)> 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/113 124,1 125,1&2
128,2 131,2 132<riodinid> 
 
# \i{}Hamearis\i0{}/
2,29-34 3,11-13 5,1 6,2 7,1 9,1 10,1 11,1 13,2 14,0.45-0.48 16,2 18,1 20,1
21<the female>,1<and clawed>/2<in the male> 22,1 23,2 24,1 25,1 26,1.5-1.8 27,1
28<about>,95-100 29,1 32,6/8<tawny, in the female>/7/14<in the male> 33,1 37,2
38<blackish with three interrupted transverse tawny bands in the male, similar
in the female but with the tawny bands wider, so that the appearance is better
described as tawny with blackish markings> 39,1 42,1 43,6/8<tawny, in the
female>/7/14<in the male> 44,1 45,1<with tawny chequering, like the forewings>
49,2 50<colour-patterned similarly to the forewings> 52<patterned like the
uppersides, but pallid and lacking the blackish basal and discal components>
55,2/1-2 61<complexly patterned like the uppersides, but paler and with tawny
markings of the uppersides replaced by antemedian and postmedian series of large
whitish spots, and with a series of 5 or 6 blackish dots in yellowish crescents
along the termen> 64,2/1-2 65,1/- 66,5-6 67<aligned>,3&4&5 68,2 77,12 82,2 83,1
84,1 85,1 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 95,7
96,3&7<3+4 connate, 7+8 stalked> 98<very shortly>,4<shortly cylindric and
apically concave> 99,1 100,1<lycaenid-like, but lacking the honey-gland common
in that family> 101,3 102,2 107<on \i{}Primula\i0{}> 108,2<rounded> 109,1 111,1
112,2 114,1 115<\i{}Hamearis lucina\i0{} (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary)> 116,1-2
118,1 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/113 124,1 125,1&2
128,2 129,7 132<hamearis> 
 
# \b{}\i{}Satyridae\i0{}\b0{}/
1<~\i{}Nymphalidae-Satyrinae\i0{}> 2,29-70 3,13-21 5,1/2 6,1-2 7,1
11,1<\i{}Lasiommata\i0{}, \i{}Pararge\i0{}>/2 13,1<mostly>/1-2 14,0.32-0.47
16,1/2 17,1-2 18,1<\i{}Lasiommata\i0{}>/2<mostly> 20,2 21,2<the vestigial
prothoracic legs brushlike, one-jointed in males but several-jointed in females>
23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.34-1.78<<was (1.34-)1.5-1.78, but Pararge has 26,1.34-1.6
without parentheses>> 27,1 28,91-110 29<slightly>,3<rarely>/1-2
30,1<\i{}Hipparchia\i0{}, \i{}Lasiommata\i0{}, \i{}Pararge\i0{}>/2 31,2
32,2/6/7/8/13/14/1<rarely> 33,1/2 34,1<nearly always>/2<rarely> 35,1-6<commonly
with one larger> 36,3<usually>/3&4 39,1 42,1-2 44,1/2 45,1<with contrasting
fasciae and/or eye-spots>/2 46,1/2 47<when present,>,1-4(-6) 48,3/4/5 55,2/1-2
56,1<usually>/2<notably in some forms of \i{}A. hyperanthus\i0{}> 57,1-6
58,3<often>/3&4/3&5 64,2/1-2 65,1/2 77,12(-13) 78,1<involving at least vein 12>
82,2/3 83,1/2 84,3 88,9<usually>/10<\i{}Lasiommata maera\i0{}> 89,1/2
90,3<usually>/4<conspicuously so in \i{}L. maera\i0{}> 91,1 92,3/4 95,7
96,1/3<on the cell, in \i{}Lasiommata\i0{} and \i{}Pararge\i0{}>
98,2<\i{}Aphantopus\i0{}>/3/4/5 99,1/3/4 102,2<mostly short-haired> 104,2
105,1<mostly>/2<sometimes, in \i{}Hipparchia\i0{}> 107<all on
\i{}Gramineae\i0{}, a few also on \i{}Cyperaceae\i0{}> 108,2 109,1/2 110,2
111,1<usually>/2 112<when exposed,>,1<usually>/2 113,9 114,14<including 3
adventives> 115<\i{}Aphantopus hyperanthus\i0{} (Ringlet), \i{}Arethusana
arethusa\i0{} (False Grayling, adventive), \i{}Chazara briseis\i0{} (Hermit,
adventive), \i{}Coenonympha hero\i0{} (Plastead's Brown Ringlet, adventive),
\i{}Coenonympha arcania\i0{}? (Plastead's Tawny Ringlet, adventive),
\i{}Coenonympha pamphilus\i0{} (Small Heath), \i{}Coenonympha tullia\i0{} (Large
Heath), \i{}Erebia aethiops\i0{} (Scotch Argus), \i{}Erebia epiphron\i0{}
(Mountain Ringlet), \i{}Erebia ligea\i0{} (Arran Brown), \i{}Hipparchia
semele\i0{} (Grayling), \i{}Lasiommata maera\i0{} (Large-eyed Wall Brown,
adventive), \i{}Lasiommata megera\i0{} (Wall Brown), \i{}Maniola jurtina\i0{}
(Meadow Brown), \i{}Melanargia galathea\i0{} (Marbled White), \i{}Pararge
aegeria\i0{} (Speckled Wood), \i{}Pyronia tithonus\i0{} (Gatekeeper).> 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1&2 125,1&2 126<Mostly sombrely
coloured in shades of brown or fuscuous, the flight usually rapid and irregular>
128,2 131,2 132<satyride> 
 
# \i{}Aphantopus\i0{}/
2,44-50 3,13-21 5,2 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.32-0.39 16,1 17,1 18,2<tapered to a
dark tip> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.66-1.71 27,1 28<about>,100-105 29,1-2
32<muddy>,7/14 34,1-2<usually with 1-3 small black-ringed eye-spots
subterminally near the apex, but these may be obscure or lacking altogether>
35,1-3 36,3/3-4 37,2 38<unpatterned save for the spots> 39,1 42,1-2<no more than
slightly so> 43<muddy>,7/14 46,1-2 47<when present,>,1-3(-5) 48,4&5/3&4&5 49,2
50<coloured like the forewings, sometimes with similar, small spots posteriorly>
52<fuscous with a yellowish tinge, often with 1-3 posterior round white-centred
spots ringed with black and pale ochreous, but these are sometimes reduced to
white dots or wholly obsolete> 56,1<usually>/2 57,(1-)2-3<usually represented by
pale-ringed, white-centred black spots> 58,3/3-4 61<fuscous with a yellowish
tinge, often with five or six round white-centred spots ringed with black and
pale ochreous, but these are sometimes reduced to white dots or wholly obsolete>
65,1/2 66<when present,>,5-6 67,1&4&5<often with two vertically apposed to form
a small figure 8 beneath the mid-costa, and a lower-poserior row of three>
68,2 77,12(-13) 78,1 79,1 80,1 81,2 82,2/3<the upper one relatively weak> 83,1/2
84,3 85,1 86,1<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10
separate and from the cell near its base, 11 separate> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3
93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98,2 99,3<or pitted> 102<shortly>,2 104,2 107<on
\i{}Gramineae\i0{} in damp, shady places> 108,2 109,1<ochreous brown sprinkled
with reddish brown, and marked with brown on the wing covers> 110,2 111,1 112,1
114,1 115<\i{}Aphantopus hyperanthus\i0{} (Ringlet).> 116,3&4 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25 124,1
125,1&2 128,2 129,8 132<aphantop> 
 
# \i{}Arethusana\i0{}/
5,1 13,1 78,1 104,2 114,1 115<\i{}Arethusana arethusa\i0{} (False Grayling)>
116,4 118,3/4<? - a mainland-European species recorded in Surrey in 1974> 120,7
121,1 122,17 128,2 129,8 132<arethusa> 
 
# \i{}Chazara\i0{}/
13,1 14,0.32-0.4 78,1 104,2 114,1 115<\i{}Chazara briseis\i0{} (Hermit)> 118,4<a
southern European species, with a very feeble claim to British status> 128,2
129,8 132<chazara> 
 
# \i{}Coenonympha\i0{}/
2,29-36<\i{}pamphilus\i0{}>/35-40<\i{}tullia\i0{}> 3,13-21 5,2 6,1-2 7,1 11,2
13,1 14,0.36-0.41 16,1 17,1 18<tapered and not pale-tipped>,1-2<\i{}C.
pamphilus\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. tullia\i0{}> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2
26,1.65-1.66<\i{}C. pamphilus\i0{}>/1.56-1.74<\i{}C. tullia\i0{}> 27,1
28<about>,100-105(-110) 29,1 30,2 32,6<usually>/7<sometimes, in \i{}C.
tullia\i0{}> 34,1/2<sometimes, in \i{}C. tullia\i0{}> 35,1/2-3
36,3<usually>/3&4<i..e., usually eye-spotted apically and sometimes both
apically and subterminally, but sometimes inconspicuously so> 37,2 38<plain, or
darkened at the apex and around the termen; often with an apical eye-spot or
eye-spotted both apically and terminally, but the ocelli usually weaker than
their underside counterparts> 39,1 42,2 43,6<mostly>/7<sometimes, in \i{}C.
tullia\i0{}> 45,1-2 46,1<often, in \i{}C. tullia\i0{}>/2 47<when present,>,1-6
48,4-5/3-5 49,1/2 50<resembling the forewings in colour, usually with a tornal
eye-spot or a subterminal row in \i{}C. tullia\i0{}> 52<usually colour-patterned
more strongly than the uppersides, or darker and more shaded, and with at least
the apical eye-spot consistently present and conspicuous> 56,1 57,1<with a
single small black, light-centred and pale ringed ocellus posteriorly towards
the apex>/1-3<sometimes in \i{}C. tullia\i0{}> 58,3/3&4<when \i{}C. tullia\i0{}
exhibits ocelli additional to the apical one> 61<more complexly patterned than
the uppersides, shaded fuscous to grey, with a whitish postmedian fascia, and in
\i{}C. tullia\i0{} with a subterminal row of conspicuous eyespots or only one or
two small ones near the tornus> 65,1/2<\i{}C. pamphilus\i0{}> 66<when
present,>,1-6 67<variously>,5<only>/4&5/1&3&4&5 68,2 77,12 78,1 79,1 80,1 81,1
82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7,
10 and 11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,1 90<probably>,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1
95,7 96,1 98,4<very shortly cylindric, with an apical concavity>
99<finely>,4<the ribs very numerous> 102,2<?> 107<on grasses (\i{}C.
pamphilus\i0{}) or Cyperaceae (\i{}C. tullia\i0{})> 108,2 109,1 111,1 112,1
114,2 115<\i{}Coenonympha pamphilus\i0{} (Small Heath), \i{}Coenonympha
tullia\i0{} (Large Heath); see also Curtiss account and illustration of
\i{}Coenonympha arcania\i0{}? (Plasteads Tawny Ringlet).> 116,2&3<\i{}C.
tullia\i0{}>/1-5<\i{}C. pamphilus\i0{}> 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11
121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<Imagines of the Large
Heath (\i{}C. tullia\i0{}) exhibit considerable morphological variation, and
the species is represented by a number of rather distinct local forms which have
been variously interpreted as varieties, subspecies or even separate species>
128,2 129,8 132<coenonym> 
 
# \i{}Erebia\i0{}/
2,34-42<\i{}epiphron\i0{}>/46-52<\i{}aethiops\i0{}> 3,13-21 5,1/1-2 6,1-2 7,1
11,2 13,1/2 14,0.42-0.47 16,1 17,1 18,1<blunt, pale beneath the tip> 20,2 21,2
23,2 24,1 25,2 26<in \i{}E. aethiops\i0{},>,1.7-1.78 27,1 28<about>,100-103<in
\i{}E. aethiops\i0{}>/110<in \i{}E. epiphron\i0{}> 29,1 30,2 32,7/14 34,1
35,2-3/4-6 36<aligned>,3-4 37,2 38<with an orange-red posterior band interrupted
by the veins, containing black-ringed, white-centred ocelli, these 2-3 and
conspicuous in \i{}E. aethiops\i0{}, 4-6 and tiny in \i{}E. epiphron\i0{}> 39,1
42,1-2 43,7/14 45,1 46,1<usually, sometimes obscurely>/2 47,2-4 48,3-4/3-5 49,2
50<with a reddish-orange postmedian band containing white-centred ocelli or
black dots> 52<in \i{}E. epiphron\i0{} colour-patterned like the uppersides or
postmedianly paler and the ocelli even smaller or obsolete; in \i{}E.
aethiops\i0{} more or less resembling the upperside or paler postmedianly>
56,1/2 57,3-6<sometimes obscure or obsolete in E. epiphron> 58,3-4 61<in \i{}E.
epiphron\i0{} colour-patterned like the uppersides or postmedianly paler and the
ocelli even smaller or obsolete; in \i{}E. aethiops\i0{} varying from light to
dark, with a paler postmedian band that often includes three white dots> 65,1/2
66<when present,>,1-6 67,3-4 68,2 77,12 78,1 79,1 80,2 81,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1
86,1-2<from about 2/3 the way out> 87<forewingveins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10 and 11
separate from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98<with an
apical concavity,>,3<\i{}E. aethiops\i0{}>/4<\i{}E. epiphron\i0{}> 99,4<with
about 20 ribs> 102<shortly>,2 104,2 107<on grasses, with \i{}E. epiphron\i0{}
favouring \i{}Nardus stricta\i0{}> 108,2 110,2 111,1 112,2<acording to the
illustration of \i{}E. aethiops\i0{} reproduced by South>/- 114,3 115<\i{}Erebia
aethiops\i0{} (Scotch Argus), \i{}Erebia epiphron\i0{} (Mountain Ringlet),
\i{}Erebia ligea\i0{} (Arran Brown, of uncertain taxonomic status).> 116,2-4
118,1 120,1&2&3&11 121,1&2 122,60/64/65/69/70/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113 123,16/26/27/28/29 124,2 125,1&2
128,2 129,8 132<erebia> 
 
# \i{}Hipparchia\i0{}/
2,52-70 3,13-21 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,1/2 14,0.41-0.42 16,1-2 17,1-2 18,1<blunt,
pale-tipped> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.61-1.66 27,1 28<about>,108-110 29,1-2
30,1<but less emphatically so than the hindwings> 32,7 33,1 34,1 35,2 36,3&4
37,2 38<with a large, suffused pale ochreous posterior band, this interupted by
dark veins and containing two dark fuscous, pale-centred eye-spots> 39,1 42,1
43,7 44,1 45,1 46,1 47,1 48,5 49,2 50<colour-patterned similarly to the
forewings, but the upper eye-spot absent> 52<patterned like the uppersides but
paler> 56,1 57,2<conspicuous, dark-ringed> 58,3&5<the larger towards the apex,
the smaller towards the tornus> 61<cryptically colour-patterned in browns and
strigulated with dark fuscous> 68,2 77,12 78,1 79,1 80,1 81<somewhat>,1-2 82,2
83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7,
10-12 clearly separate> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98,3-4<very
shortly cylindric to subspherical, with a slight apical depression> 99,4<with
numerous - more than 26? - ribs> 104,2 105,1/2<sometimes subterranean by day>
107<on grasses> 108,2 109,2<wholly of a deep red-mahogany colour> 110,2 111,2<in
a loose cocoon a little below the surface of the soil> 112<not suspended> 114,1
115<i{}Hipparchia semele\i0{} (Grayling).> 116,3&4 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,8 132<hipparch> 
 
# \i{}Lasiommata\i0{}/
2,45-55<\i{}megera\i0{}> 3,13-21 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,1 13,1/2 14,0.41-0.44 16,1-2
17,1-2 18,1<blunt, orange-tipped in \i{}L. maera\i0{} and dark-tipped in \i{}L.
megera\i0{}> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.64-1.69 27,1 28<about>,100-105
29<slightly>,1-2 30,1<but less emphatically so than the hindwings>
32<tawny>,6/7/8/14<depending on interpretation of ground colour versus
markings> 33,1 34,1 35,1/1-2 36,3 37,2 38<extensively marked orange-brown, with
several blotches in the disc, two or three towards the tornus, large subapical
patch cut by dark veins, and a conspicuous dark, pale-centred eye-spot
(sometimes double) near the apex> 39,1 42,1 43,7/14 44,1 45,1 46,1 47,(2-)4
48,4-5 49,2 50<colour-patterned like the forewings, but with the tawny component
less extensive: dark fuscous, with two posterior orange-brown bands cut by dark
veins, the outer containing 3 or 4 black, white-centred eye-spots>
52<colour-patterned in pallid reflection of the uppersides> 55,2/1-2
56<conspicuously>,1 57,1<black, pale-ringed and white-centred> 58,3 61<complexly
patterned: pale with dark sinuous lines and marbling, and a series of small
subterminal ocelli which are black with white centres and located each in an
orange, brown-ringed spot> 64,2/1-2 65,1 66,5-7 67<aligned>,3-5 68,2
77,12<\i{}L. maera\i0{}>/13 78,1 79,1 80,1 81,2 82,2/3<in \i{}L. megera\i0{},
the upper weaker and terminating within the disc> 83,1/2 84,3 85,1 86,2<from
about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10 and 11 separate from the
cell> 88,9<\i{}L. megera\i0{}>/10<\i{}L. maera\i0{}> 89,1 90,3<\i{}L.
megera\i0{}>/4<conspicuously so in \i{}L. maera\i0{}> 91,1 92,3/4 93,1 94,1 95,7
96,3 98,3-4 99<ostensibly>,1<being only very finely ribbed and reticulated>
102<shortly>,2 104,2 107<on grasses> 108,2 109,1-2 110,2 111,1 112,1 114,2
115<\i{}Lasiommata maera\i0{} (Large-eyed Wall Brown), \i{}Lasiommata
megera\i0{} (Wall Brown).> 116,1-5 118,1<\i{}L. megera\i0{}>/3<vagrant/migrant
mainland-European \i{}L. maera\i0{}> 120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/98/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 128,2 129,8 132<lasiomma> 
 
# \i{}Maniola\i0{}/
2,(36-)45-56<dwarfism being occasionally encountered> 3,13-21 5,2 6,1-2 7,1 11,2
13,1 14,0.38-0.45 16,1 17,1 18,2<tapered to the dark tip> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1
25,2 26,1.61-1.66 27,1 28<about>,100-110 29<slightly>,3/2 30,2 32<normally
dark>,14/7<occasionally bleached, entirely or in part> 34,1 35,1 36,3 37,2
38<dark fuscous, with a black white-centred ocellus towards the apex, this
located in a discal to apical orange patch in females; in males they exhibit a
broad, blackish zone in the central area, and the orange area is smaller, darkly
suffused or lacking> 39,1 42,1 43<normally dark>,14/7<occasionally bleached,
entirely or in part> 45,1-2 46,2 49,2 50<usually more or less plain, with a
somewhat paler postmedian band which is partly orange in some females> 52<orange
with fuscous margins> 56<conspicuously>,1 57,1<white-centred, black>
58,3<corresponding with the one on the upperside> 61<light to dark brownish or
greyish with a broad, more or less sharply delimited paler postmedian band which
often incloses two or three small ocelli or black dots> 68<ambiguously>,1-2
77,12(-13) 78,1 79,1 80,1 81,2 82,3<the upper being weaker and terminating in
the disc> 83,2 84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out
of 7, with 10 and 11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,1-2<this tiny> 90,3 91,1
92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98,4<somewhat broader basally, with an apical
concavity> 99,4<with about 20 ribs?> 102<shortly>,2 104,2 107<on grasses> 108,2
109,1<pale green, with brownish and blackish markings> 110,2 111,1 112,1<with
the larval skin retained at the tail-end> 114,1 115<\i{}Maniola jurtina\i0{}
(Meadow Brown).> 116,2-4 118,1 120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,2 125,1&2 126<An accompanying
illustration exemplifies the phenomena of bleached wings and dwarfism> 128,2
129,8 132<maniola> 
 
# \i{}Melanargia\i0{}/
2,48-58 3,13-21 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.43-0.47 16,1 17,2 18,2<tapered to
the dark tip> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.61-1.66 27,1 28<about>,94-98 29,1
30,1-2<scarcely so> 32,1&13/1&14/2&13/2&14 33,1 34,2<but usually with a small,
round dark spot perceptible against the dark background near the apex> 37,2
38<black with white or cream makings in the form of a blotch towards the base,
in iregular postmedian series of connected blotches, several usually contiguous
spots towards the apex, and a terminal series of spots> 39,1 42,1
43,1&13/1&14/2&13/2&14 44,1 45,1 46<faintly>,1/2 47<if detectable,>,1-3 48,4-5
49,2 50<colour-patterned quite like the forewings, but more or less lacking the
ante-apical spots> 52<patterned as a pallid reflection of the uppersides, with
the dark component reduced in extent and with a more prominently displayed
apical ocellus> 55,1 56,1 57,1<small black, light-centred> 58,3
61<colour-patterned more or less like the forewings, but the black ground more
suffused cream or whitish, and exhibiting a posterior series of 3 or four
blue-centred black spots, and a pair beneath the costa towards the apex> 64,1
65,1 66,3-6 67,1&4&5 68,2 77,12 78,1 79,1 80,2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<from
about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10 and 11 separate from the
front of the cell> 88,9 89,1 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,1 98<almost>,4<but
wider below the middle, with an apical depression>/- 99,1/3<very finely
reticulated only> 102<shortly>,2 107<on \i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 108,2 109,1<whitish
brown with pinkish tinge, briowner speckled on the wing cases, and the abdomen
marked dorsally with yellow> 110,2 111,2 112<not suspended, but hidden on the
surface of the ground in leaf litter> 114,1 115<\i{}Melanargia galathea\i0{}
(Marbled White).> 116,3&4 118,1 120,3&4&5&7&8&9&10 121,1
122,2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/53< >/54/55/61/113 124,2 125<mostly>,1
128,2 129,8 132<melanarg> 
 
# \i{}Pararge\i0{}/
2,45-56 3,13-21 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,1 13,1 14,0.33-0.4 16,1 17,1 18,2<tapered to
the dark tip> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.34-1.6 27,1 28<about>,98-100
29<slightly>,1-2/3 30,1<but less emphatically so than the hindwings>
32<dark>,14/7 34,1 35,1 36,3 37,2 38<darkly fuscous, with light ochreous to
creamy yellowish blotches beneath the costa, in the disc and subterminally, and
a sub-apical blotch or two spots associated with a small, black-ringed ocellus>
39,1 42,1 43<dark>,14/7 45,1 46,1 47,3(-4) 48,4-5 49<ambiguously>,1/2 50<dark
fuscous, patterned in light ochreous- or creamy-yellowish with a costal spot, a
discal one and an interrupted subterminal band, the latter containing 3(-4)
conspicuous black-ringed ocelli> 52<colour-patterned similarly to the
uppersides> 56,1 57,1<black, pale-centred> 58,3<corresponding with the one on
the upper surface> 61<quite complexly patterned but much paler than the
uppersides, with less conspicuous subterminal ocelli> 65<fairly
inconspicuously>,1 66,2-5 67,4-5/1&4&5 68,2 77,12 78,1 79,1 80,1
81<scarcely>,1-2 82,2 83,1 84,3 85,1 86,2<before halfway> 87<forewing veins 8
and 9 out of 7, with 10 and 11 separate from the cell> 88,9 89,1-2<this very
inconspicuous> 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7 96,3<on the cell> 98,3 99,1/3<only
very finely reticulated> 102,2<very short-haired> 104,2 105,1 107<on grasses>
108,2 109,1-2<pale green, with brown or whitish markings> 111,1 112,1 114,1
115<\i{}Pararge aegeria\i0{} (Speckled Wood).> 116,1-6/12 118,1
120,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/78< >/79/80/81/96/97/100/101/102/104/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 124,1 125,1&2 128,2 129,8 132<pararge> 
 
# \i{}Pyronia\i0{}/
2,37-46 3,13-21 5,1 6,1-2 7,1 11,2 13,1 14,0.42-0.46 16,1 17,1 18,2<tapered to
the dark tip> 20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,1.53-1.62 27,1 28<about>,91-110 29,1-2
30<somewhat>,1/2 32,8/8&14 34,1 35,1 36,3 37,2 38<with dark fuscous margins,
more broadly so terminally, and in the male a dark fuscous median fascia falling
short of the costa; the single apical ocellus black, containing two white dots>
39,1 42,1 43<dark>,14 45,1 46,1/2 47,1 48,5 49,2 50<dark fuscous, with a large
brownish-orange posterior blotch; sometimes with a small whitish-centred ocellus
near the tornus, and vestiges of others sometimes represented by one or two
black posterior dots> 52<colour-patterned similarly to the uppersides but paler>
56,1 57,1<black, containing 2 or 1-2 white dots> 58,3<mirroring the one on the
upperside> 61<brown with a small pale blotch at the costa and a large, curved
one posteriorly, plus some tiny fairly inconspicuous pale-centred ocelli
posteriorly and post-medianly in the disc> 65<inconspicuously>,1/- 66<several>
67,2&4&5/- 68,2 77,12 78,1 79,1 80,1 81,1 82,2<plus an upper vestigial one> 83,1
84,3 85,1 86,2<from about halfway> 87<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, with 10
and 11 arising separately from the cell> 88,9 89,2 90,3 91,1 92,3 93,1 94,1 95,7
96,1 98<very shortly>,4-5<broadest below the middle> 99,4<with 15-20 ribs?>
102,2<short-haired> 104,2 107<on grasses> 108<rather>,2 109,1<whitish ochreous
with dark brown streaks> 110,2 111,1 112,1<with remains of the larval skin at
the tail> 114,1 115<\i{}Pyronia tithonus\i0{} (Gatekeeper).> 116,3&4 118,1
120,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11 121,1&2
122,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/69/70< >/79/113
123,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/25 124,2 125,1&2
128,2 129,8 132<pyronia> 
 
