*COMMENT ~ Character notes. 
 
*CHARACTER NOTES 
#3. Data summarised from Marshall and Haes (1990). The ranges given here
are inclusive for the species, with significant differences between the
sexes commented upn where they exist. 
#9. The widely employed terms brachypterous (having short wings) and
macropterous (having fully developed or long wings) have been avoided
here, because their precise meanings and applications never seem to be
adequately set out; for example, it is unclear whether they refer to
forewings alone, or to both forewings and hindwings. 
#15. The widely employed terms brachypterous (having short wings) and
macropterous (having fully developed or long wings) have been avoided
here, because their precise meanings and applications never seem to be
adequately set out. For example, it is unclear whether they refer to
forewings alone, or to both forewings and hindwings. 
#16. The widely employed terms brachypterous (having short wings) and
macropterous (having fully developed or long wings) have been avoided
here, because their precise meanings and applications never seem to be
adequately set out; for example, it is unclear whether they refer to
forewings alone, or to both forewings and hindwings. 
#18. The widely employed terms brachypterous (having short wings) and
macropterous (having fully developed or long wings) have been avoided
here, because their precise meanings and applications never seem to be
adequately set out; for example, it is unclear whether they refer to
forewings alone, or to both forewings and hindwings. \par{} It is
assumed that fully developed hindwings indicate the capability of
flight. 
#30. Stridulous, in order to encompass the unusual situation where
sound production involves a process other than true stridulation; cf.
the accompanying qualifying character. 
#31. Stridulous male Ensifera typically generate sound by rubbing the
forewings over each other. In \i{}Tettigoniidae\i0{}, the base of both
forewings is modified, so that a tooth-bearing rib beneath the left can
be rubbed against the hind edge of the right, and the latter is equipped
with a smooth mirror which serves to amplify the sound. Here, the left
forewing is always borne on top of the right. In \i{}Gryllidae\i0{}, the
position of the forewings is reversed, and the modifications are less
obvious. \par{}Stridulous male Caeliferae, by contrast, sing by rubbing
a row of pegs on the insides of the hind femora against prominent veins
of the flexed forewings, and the latter sometimes exhibit an expanded
region which amplifies the sound. 
#37. Known distributions of organisms are obviously taxonomically
useful, but equally obviously, they have to be used with caution. The
very detailed data provided by Marshall and Haes (1990) have therefore
been geographically generalized here, mainly to render them practicable
and reasonably reliable for helping with identifications. The
distributions have automatically been widened, by recording them quite
liberally under the broad regions used here; and the routine advice we
advocate when using INTKEY (if in doubt, select more than one character
state) remains available to users as a further precaution.
\par{}\i{}Southern Scotland\i0{}: south of the Firth of Forth.
\par{}\i{}Northern England\i0{}: including north Derbyshire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, Yorkshire, north Lincolnshire. \par{}\i{}English
Midlands\i0{}: central England, including Warwickshire,
Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, southern
Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Shropshire,
Herefordshire, etc. \par{}\i{}East Anglia\i0{}: eastern England south of
The Wash, including Norfolk, parts of Cambridgeshire and Essex.
\par{}\i{}Southeast England\i0{}: including London and the Home
Counties, Kent, East Sussex. \par{}\i{}Central southern England\i0{}:
including Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, east
Dorsetshire, Wiltshire. \par{}\i{}Southwest England\i0{}: west Dorset,
Somerset, Devonshire, Cornwall. 
#39. It is axiomatic that no identification can be relied upon until it
has been confirmed with reference to a detailed description.
\par{}\par{}Known distributions of organisms are obviously very useful
for identification, but they have to be used with caution because from
time to time, specimens will encountered outside the recorded ranges of
species. Precise, up-to-date vice-county records have not been available
for the present purpose, and distributional data from the Marshall and
Haes maps (1990) have been deliberately widened for encoding. The
geographical generalization should render the information more reliable
for helping with identifications, and the routine advice we advocate
when using INTKEY (if in doubt, select more than one character state)
remains available to users as a further precaution. 
#40. It is axiomatic that no identification can be relied upon until it
has been confirmed with reference to a detailed description.
\par{}\par{}Known distributions of organisms are obviously very useful
for identification, but they have to be used with caution because from
time to time, specimens will encountered outside the recorded ranges of
species. Precise, up-to-date vice-county records have not been available
for the present purpose, and distributional data from the Marshall and
Haes maps (1990) have been deliberately widened for encoding. The
geographical generalization should render the information more reliable
for helping with identifications, and the routine advice we advocate
when using INTKEY (if in doubt, select more than one character state)
remains available to users as a further precaution. 
 
