*SHOW British Moths and Butterflies (illustrated from classic works) 
- 13th October 2007. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \i{}Adelidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Incurvariidae-Adelinae\i0{}> 2,1 5,3 6,2-3 11,4 12,1<-haired>
13,4<longer in males than females> 14,1.25-3 19,4<filiform> 20,1 22,2
25,2 26,2 27,2<?> 29,2 30,2 31,2 33,2/3 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,8-20 38,8-11
40,1 42,1 43,2.9-4 46,1 48,1 49,1<golden-, purplish-, coppery-, brassy,
greenish-bronzy, etc.>/1&2<e.g., \i{}Nemophora degeerella\i0{}>
56,4-5<elongate ovate> 57,3 58<about>,1 59,2 60,0.5-0.75 62,2 63,3
65,1<strong in males, represented by a more distal group of costal
spines in females> 66,2 68,12 70,2 71,1 72,2<1c being vestigial> 73,1
75,1 76,1 81,10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,1 88,1 92,6
93,5<\i{}Adela\i0{}>/7<\i{}Nemophora\i0{}> 95,1 96,2 101,3 102,3
103,1/2<some females> 107,1<?> 108,10 113,1 114,2 117,1/2<at first
mining in flower heads or leaves, later in a portable case> 123,2 127,1
128,3 129,15 130<\i{}Adela cuprella\i0{} (Sallow Long-horn), \i{}Adela
reaumurella\i0{} (Green Long-horn), \i{}Nemophora degeerella\i0{}
(Degeer's Long-horn), etc.> 131,3 132,3 133,6 137<adelidae> 
 
# \i{}Alucitidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Orneodidae\i0{}> 2,2/3 5,2 6,1 11,2/3 12,2 13,2 14,0.64-0.68 16,2
19,4 20<minutely>,2 21,2 26,1/2 27,2<?> 29,1/2/3 30<when present>,3-5
33,2-3 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,13-16 38,17-19 39,1 42,1-2 43,2.5-3.5
62,1<profusely dark-and-light barred> 63,2<but no discal spot> 65,1 66,2
68,8/9<Meyrick: veins 5, 8, 9 and 10 lacking, and the plumes occupied by
veins 1b, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 respectively>/11/12<with Le Cerf and
Herbulot, and Common, depicting the supposedly missing veins as short
branches from vein 7 to the costa!> 70,2 71<supposedly>,1 72,2 73,3
75,1<but hard to find> 77,2 81,7-9<?> 82,2 83<supposedly>,1 84,2 85,2
86,3 87,1/2 88,1-4<depending on whose illustrations one believes ..... >
92,5/6<vein 5 being absent> 93,1 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 106,2
107,1/2 108,10 114,2<in flowers and buds> 119<on \i{}Lonicera\i0{}>
123,2 125,1/2/3 127,2 128,1 129,1 130<\i{}Alucita hexadactyla\i0{}
(Twenty-plume)> 131,3 132,4 133,17 137<alucitid> 
 
# \i{}Arctiidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Callimorphidae\i0{}; \i{}Noctuidae-Arctiinae\i0{}> 2,1-3
5,1<rarely>/2-3 6,2-3 7,1<especially Arctiidae: commonly yellow, orange
or red, with a dorsal black band or spots>/2 11,4 13,1-2 14,0.32-0.6
19,2/3/4<mostly bipectinate in Arctiinae, simple in Lithosiinae>
20,2<often with longer ciliae at the joints> 25,2 26,1/2 27,2 29,2 30,1
33,2-3<small> 34,3 35,1 37,19-75 38,(6-)7-14 42,1-2 43,1.5-3.2 46,1
48,1<mostly very> 54,2 56,5-6 57,3-4 58,0.8-1.5 59,2 62,1<sometimes very
brightly so>/2 63,1/2/3 65,1 66,2 68,10-12<veins 5, 8, 9 sometimes
absent> 70,2 71,1 72,2 73<minutely>,1/3 75,1-2 77,2 81,7-9 82,3 83,3
84,1 85,2 86,3 88,1-2 91,1/2 92,5/6/7<veins 6 and 7 sometimes
coincident, 5 sometimes missing> 93,3<connate or stalked>/7<connate,
stalked or coincident>/3&7 95,4<from near the middle or beyond> 96,2
100,1 101,3 102,2/3 104,1 105,1 106,2 107,1<usually> 108,10
109<usually>,1 110,1/2 119<mainly on divers herbaceous and woody dicots,
but extending to monocots, conifers, algae, lichens> 123,2 125,2/3 127,2
128,23<2 adventive> 129,36<3 adventive> 130<Lithosiinae: \i{}Atolmis
rubricollis\i0{} (Red-necked Footman), \i{}Coscinia cribraria\i0{}
(Speckled Footman), \i{}Cybosia mesomella\i0{} (Four-dotted Footman),
\i{}Diaphora mendica\i0{} (Muslin moth), \i{}Eilema caniola\i0{} (Hoary
Footman), \i{}Eilema complana\i0{} (Scarce Footman), \i{}Eilema
depressa\i0{} (Buff Footman), \i{}Eilema griseola\i0{} (Dingy Footman),
\i{}Eilema lurideola\i0{} (Common Footman), \i{}Eilema sororcula\i0{}
(Orange Footman), \i{}Eilema pygmaeola\i0{} (Pigmy Footman), \i{}Eilema
sericea\i0{} (Northern Footman), \i{}Lithosia quadra\i0{} (Four-spotted
Footman) \i{}Miltochrista miniata\i0{} (Rosy Footman), \i{} Nudaria
mundana\i0{} (Muslin Footman), \i{}Pelosia muscerda\i0{} (Dotted
Footman), \i{}Pelosia obtusa\i0{}, \i{}Setina irrorella\i0{} (Dew Moth),
Thumatha senex (Round-winged Muslin). Arctiinae: \i{}Arctia caja\i0{}
(Garden Tiger), \i{}Arctia villica\i0{} (Cream-spot Tiger),
\i{}Callimorpha dominula\i0{} (Scarlet Tiger), \i{}Coscinia
cribraria\i0{} (Speckled Footman), \i{}Diacrisia sannio\i0{}
(~\i{}russula\i0{}: Clouded Buff), \i{}Diaphora mendica\i0{} (Muslin
Moth), \i{}Euplagia quadripunctaria\i0{} (Jersey Tiger), \i{}Halisidota
moeschleri\i0{} (adventive, not illustrated), \i{}Parasemia
plantaginis\i0{} (Wood Tiger), \i{}Phragmatobia fuliginosa\i0{} (Ruby
Tiger), \i{}Pyrrharctia isabella\i0{} (adventive, not illustrated),
\i{}Spilosoma luteum\i0{} (Buff Ermine), \i{}Spilosoma lubricepida\i0{}
(White Ermine), \i{}Spilosoma urticae\i0{} (Water Ermine), \i{}Spiris
striata\i0{} (Feathered Footman), \i{}Tyria jacobaeae\i0{} (Cinnabar),
\i{}Utetheisa pulchella\i0{} (Crimson-speckled Footman).> 131,2 132,4
133,26 135<Arctiinae include several of the most spectacularly coloured
of the larger British moths> 136<\i{}Spilosoma luteum\i0{} and \i{}S.
lubricepida\i0{} exhibit spectacular examples of non-industrial, rural
melanism. The melanic \i{}zatima\i0{} form of the former species
seemingly represents selective maintenance of cryptic coloration in the
sand-dune habitats (e.g., in Yorkshire and Lancashire) in which it it
occurs. In the related \i{}Diaphora mendica\i0{}, melanism represents
the normal condition of males in Britain, except in Ireland where they
are usually white with black dots (i.e., like the females) or pale buff.
See the accompanying illustrations> 137<arctiide> 
 
# \i{}Autostichidae\i0{}/
1<~ \i{}Gelechiidae\i0{}> 3,2 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,1-2<smooth in front and
rather rough behind, in \i{}O. quadripuncta\i0{}> 13,3<rather thick>
14,1 19,4 20,1 21,1-2<the pecten very slight, fugitive> 22,2 26,2
27,2<?> 29,1/2 30,4<?> 31,1<?> 32,1 33,3 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,12-16
38<about>,11-14 42,1 43<about>,3.6 44,3 46,1 48,1-2 50<blackish fuscous,
or whitish sprinkled black and fuscous in \i{}Symmoca\i0{}> 55,2 56,8
57,3 58<about>,1 59<fairly>,1 60,1-2<longer than it> 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2
68,12 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,1 74,1 75,1 77,2 81,10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,3
87,1 88,1 92,6 93,3&7 94,2 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1 107,1<?>
108,10<?> 113,2<?> 119<in dry vegetable refuse> 127,2
128,2<\i{}Oecogonia\i0{} and \i{}Symmoca\i0{}, the latter represented by
an adventive only> 129,4<one adventive> 131,3 132,4 133,13 135<the
widespread, native \i{}Oecogonia quadripuncta\i0{} is sometimes found in
houses, while \i{}Symmoca signatella\i0{} is a mainland-European and
North American adventive sometimes found near docks> 137<autostic> 
 
# \i{}Blastobasidae\i0{}/
3,2 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2 13,2 14,0.6-0.7 15,2 19,4 20,2 21,1<this dense>
22,1/2 25,2 26,2 27,2<?> 29,1 30,4 31,1 32,1<long> 33,3<recurved> 35,1
36,1 37,12-23 38<about>,11-12 42,1 43<about>,3.8-4.8 44,3 46,1 48,1
50<fuscous, obscure and dull coloured moths, decidedly the least
attractive family of Lepidoptera according to Meyrick!> 55,1 56,3
57,2-3 58<about>,0.5-0.75 59,2 60,2 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12 70,3 71,2
72,1<complete distally> 73,1 75,1 77,2 81,7/8 82,3 83,2 84,2 85,1 86,1/3
88,1/2 92,5<then vein 4 supposedly absent>/6 93,4<supposedly, in
\i{}Blastobasis\i0{}>/5 95,3<near its base>/4<?> 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3
103,1<with long, fine hairs> 108,10 114,1<feeding on fallen fruits,
seeds and dry detritus, decaying wood, and in stored products> 123,2
127,2 128,2<\i{}Auximobasis\i0{}, \i{}Blastobasis\i0{}> 129,4<all
adventive or naturalized> 131,3 132,4 133,13 137<blastoba> 
 
# \i{}Choreutidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Glyphipterigidae\i0{}> 2<mainly>,1 5,2-3 6,2 11,4 13,2
14,0.5-0.75 19,4 20<long>,3 21,2 26,1<prominent> 27,1<rarely>/2
29,1/2<very small> 30,1 33,3 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,10-12 38,10-11 42,1-2
43<about>,2.7 46,1 48,1 49,2 56,5 57,3 58<about>,1 59,2 60<about>,0.5
62,1<then dark with white marks>/2 63,2<white sub-terminal lines or
spots>/3 65,1 66,2 68,13 70,3 71,2 72,1<?> 73,1 75,1 80,1 81,10 82,4
83,4 85,1 87,1 88,1 92,6 93,3<connate or stalked> 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3
102,3 103,2 106,2<?> 107,1 108,10 114,2<in spun leaves or seeds> 119<on
herbaceous Dicots> 123,2 125,3 127,1 128,4 129,6 130<\i{}Choreutis
pariana\i0{} (Apple Leaf Skeletonizer), \i{}Prochoreutis myllerana\i0{}
(Miller's Nettle-tap), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,11 137<choreuti> 
 
# \i{}Cochylidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Agapetidae\i0{}, \i{}Commophilidae\i0{}, \i{}Conchylidae\i0{},
\i{}Lozoperidae\i0{}, \i{}Phaloniadae\i0{}, \i{}Phaloniidae\i0{}; more
recently treated as \i{}Tortricidae\i0{} subfamily \i{}Cochylinae\i0{},
and lately further demoted to the tribe \i{}Cochylini\i0{} of the
subfamily \i{}Tortricinae\i0{}!> 5,2-3<?> 6,2 11,4 12,1<-scaled> 13,1-2
14,0.4-0.7<less than 2/3> 19,4<?> 20,2 22,2 25,2 26,1<usually> 27,1
29,2-3<reduced to small papillae> 30,1 33,2<long> 34,3 35,1 36,2
37,9-22(-25) 38,9-12<?> 42,1-2 43<about>,2.2-2.7 44,1/1-2 46,1 48,1-2
49,1/2/3 51,2 56,5-6/7 57,3 58,1.06-1.1 59,2 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12
70,2 71,1 72,2 73<strongly>,1 75,1/2 76,1/2 77,1/2 78,1 81,(9-)10 82,4
83,3/4 84,1 85,1<cf. Meyrick>/2<usually, or this reduced, according to
Common> 86,1 88,1 90,2 92,6 93,1/3/7/3&7 95,1<mostly>/3<but mostly only
approximating> 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 106,1 107,1-2 108,10 114,2<mostly
inside flowers and seeding heads, sometimes passing into the roots>
116,1/2 119<associated with divers woody and herbaceous Dicots,
seemingly avoiding Monocots> 123,2 125<usually>,3<where the larvae fed>
127,1 128,14<1 adventive only> 129<about>,50<1 adventive>
130<\i{}Cochylidia rupicola\i0{} (Chalk-cliff Tortrix or Conch),
\i{}Cochylis roseana\i0{} (Roseate Conch), \i{}Cochylis hybridella\i0{}
(False Thistle Conch), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,14 134<Meyrick (1927)
presented the Tortricoidea (his Torticina) as the three families
\i{}Phaloniadae\i0{} (called here \i{}Cochylidae\i0{}),
\i{}Tortricidae\i0{} and \i{}Eucosmidae\i0{}. Bradley \i{}et al\i0{}.
(1972, cf. Common,1970) maintained the same sequences of genera, but as
only two families, \i{}Torticidae\i0{} and \i{}Cochylidae\i0{}, with the
\i{}Eucosmidae\i0{} demoted to a subfamily of the \i{}Tortricidae\i0{}
under the name Olethreutinae. In the latest update, Bradley (2000)
retains essentially the same series of genera, but now offers a single
family, (\i{}Tortricidae\i0{} sens. lat.), with two large subfamilies,
\i{}Tortricinae\i0{} and \i{}Olethreutinae\i0{} (plus subfamily
\i{}Chlidanotinae\i0{} with only \i{}Olindia\i0{} and
\i{}Isotrias\i0{}). In this version, by contrast with the earlier one,
the Olethreutinae (i.e., the former \i{}Eucosmidae\i0{}) are emphasized
nomenclaturally as a subfamily, while the \i{}Cochylidae\i0{} are now
disguised as the unnamed opening sequence of genera in the
\i{}Tortricidae\i0{}-\i{}Tortricinae\i0{}. Other modern treatments
retain the old Cochylidae as tribe Cochylini in the Tortricinae!
Exasperating hierachical and nomenclatural changes and reversions
involving much the same old generic groupings, reflecting transient
phylogenetic notions of no practical classificatory value, have
bedevilled taxonomy for the past century, and have brought the
discipline widely into disrepute. It is to be hoped that in time,
taxonomic application of comparative nucleic acid sequencing will put a
brake on them, by permitting reliable assessment of genetic
relationships and taking the fun out of idle phylogenetic speculation.
Meanwhile, sequencing studies of inadequate nucleic acid samples (i.e.,
unrepresentative of whole organisms) can be expected to complicate
matters still further.> 135<Antennae usually with two rings of scales
per flagellar segment. Fore-wings usually with a central fascia parallel
to the termen, with or without a pre-apical costal patch, and without an
ocellus. Female genitalia having the sterigma connected with the ventral
arms of the anterior apophyses. Pheromones supposedly based on a
14-carbon chain. Larvae commonly internal feeders, usually in flowers or
seed-heads but sometimes passing into roots.> 137<cochylid> 
 
# \i{}Coleophoridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Eupistidae\i0{}, \i{}Augasmidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,1-2 11,4 12,2 13,2-4
14,0.7-1.5 19,4 20,1 21,1<at least, with a scale-tuft> 22,2 26,2
27,2<?> 29,2<minute> 30,2 33,2-3<fairly long, curved> 34,3 35,1 36,1
37,8-18(-21) 38,13-19 42,1 43,3.6-9.2 44,2-3 48,1-2 49,1/3<plain,
consistently lacking transverse markings> 55,1 56,2-4 57,1-3 58,0.5-0.7
59,1 60,3-6 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,9/10/11<lacking veins 5, 8 and
sometimes also 4 or 3 and 4> 70,3 71,2 72,1<distally> 73,1 75,1 77,2
81,7-9 82,2/3/- 83,1/3/- 84,1/2 85<theoretically>,2/- 87,1-2 88,2-4
92<when cell present,>,4/5<with vein 4 usually absent, sometimes also
vein 5> 93,7 95<when cell present,>,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,2
107,1<?> 108,2/4-8 113,1<invariably, sometimes boring into the leaf or
fruit to which it is attached> 114,2<mining when young, subsequently
living in a portable case> 119<on divers Dicot trees, shrubs and herbs,
and a few on \i{}Gramineae\i0{}, \i{}Cyperaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Juncaceae\i0{}> 123,2 125,3 127,2 128,4 129<about>,100<1 adventive>
130<\i{}Coleophora alcyonipennella\i0{} (Frisch's Case-moth, Clover
Case-moth), \i{}Coleophora laricella\i0{} (Larch Case-moth), etc.> 131,3
132,4 133,13 135<Antennae porrect in repose> 137<coleopho> 
 
# \i{}Cossidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Zeuzeridae\i0{}> 2,3 5<very>,3 6,2-3 7,1-2 11,4 13,1-2
14,0.18-0.48 19,2/1 26,1<rarely>/2 29,2 30,1/2 33,3<short to medium>
34,3 35,2 37,(36-)45-104 38,7-10.5 42,1-2 43,2-2.7 45,110-120 46,1 48,1
56,5-6 57,3 58,0.7-0.85 59,2 62,1<spotted, and/or reticulated and
indistinctly lined>/2 63,2/3<without a clear discal spot> 65,1 66,2
68,13 70,3 71,2 72,1 73,1 75,1/2 76,1 77,1<this forked, like that of the
hindwings> 81,10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,1-3 88,1 92,6 93,1/7 95,1 96,2
100,1 101,1/3 102,1/3 106,2 107,1 108,10 114,2 118,1 119<feeding in
stems of grasses and the wood of various deciduous trees> 123,2
126,2/3<in the larval galleries> 127,1 128,3 129,3 130<\i{}Cossus
cossus\i0{} (Goat Moth), \i{}Phragmataecia castaneae\i0{} (Reed
Leopard), \i{}Zeuzera pyrina\i0{} (The Leopard Moth)> 131,2 132,4 133,7
137<cossidae> 
 
# \i{}Crambidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Pyralidae-Crambinae\i0{}> 2,1/2/3 5,2-3 6,2 11,4<usually closely
folded, the moths commonly resting by day in an upright position on
grass stems> 13,2-3 14,0.58-0.75 16,2 19,3/4 20,1/3<?> 26,1/2 27,1/2
29,1 30,4 33,2<long> 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,(14-)18-26 38,11-16 42,1-2
43,(1.75-)2-2.6 45,(90-)100(-110) 46,1/4 48,1-2 56,5/6 57,3-4 58,1-1.5
59,2 62<more or less>,2<though often white suffused with grey, etc.>
63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12<rarely, with veins 8 and 9 coincident>/13 70,3 71,3
73,2-3 77,2 81,9/10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 87,1/2<the transverse vein
sometimes lacking or vestigial or incomplete> 88,1-3 90,1<towards its
base> 91,1/2 92,6<if vein 5 missing or coincident with 4>/7 93,5&8
95,1<approximating to it only> 96,1 100,1 101,3 102,3 104,1 105,2
106,2<oval> 107,1/2 108,10 114,1-2<in silken galleries> 115,1/2
119<mostly associated with \i{}Gramineae\i0{}, a few with mosses> 123,2
125,3<in the larval galleries> 127,2 128,13<3 adventive only>
129<about>,40<10 adventive> 130<e.g., \i{}Catoptria furcatellus\i0{}
(Northern Grass-veneer), \i{}Chilo phragmitella\i0{} (Wainscot
Grass-veneer), \i{}Crambus pascuella\i0{} (Inlaid Grass-veneer)> 131,3
132,4 133,18 137<crambide> 
 
# \i{}Ctenuchidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Amatidae\i0{}, \i{}Syntomidae\i0{}> 5<very>,3 6,1 7,1<banded>/2
11,4 13,1-2 14,0.5-0.56 19,4<?> 20,1 25,2 26,1/2 27,2 29,2 30,1 33,2
34,3 35,1 36,2 37,24-26 38,15-22 42,1-2 43,1.8-2.5 45<about>,115 46,1
48,1 50<translucent>,4 53,2 56,5/7 57,1-2 58,0.5-0.6 59,2 62,1<black
with white spots, in \i{}Syntomea\i0{}>/2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,11 70,2 71,1
72,2 73<minutely>,1/2 75,2 77,2 81,5/6 82,2 83<probably>,1 84,1
85,1/2<?> 88,2 92,4/5<one unidentified vein missing, in addition to vein
8> 93,5<? - with one pair connate to stalked> 95,- 96,- 97<Hindwing
lacking vein 8, which is wholly coincident with the cell and vein 7>
100,1 101,3 102,3 104,1/2<reduced> 105<if detectable,>,1 108,10 109,1
114,1<on epidendritic lichens> 123,2<in a white, silken cocoon> 125,3
127,2 128,2<both adventive> 129,5<all adventive> 130<e.g., \i{}Dysauxes
ancilla\i0{} (Handmaid)> 131,2 132,4 133,26 137<amatidae> 
 
# \i{}Danaidae\i0{}/
1<~Nymphalidae-Danainae> 2,1 3,5 5<very>,1 6,1-2 11,1 12,1 13,1
14,0.3-0.4 15,1 16,1 17,1<curved, blunt, not flattened, briefly
pale-tipped> 18,1 19,4 20,1 25,2 26,2 27,1 29,2 30,1 33,3 34,3 35,1 36,2
37,90-120 38,12-15 42,2 43<about>,1.7-1.8 45<about>,110 46,3 48,1 50,6
51,2 56,6 57,3 58<about>,1 62,1 63,3<with the conventional lepidopterous
lines and discal marks lacking or more or less obscured> 65,2 66,2 68,12
69,2 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,3 77,2 79<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, 10
connate with or from near the base of 7, 11 from the distal front of the
cell, 12 free> 81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 89,1 91,1 92,7 93,3 95,4<from
near its base> 96,2 98,2 99,2 100,2<with the fore tarsus of the female
differing from that of the male in ending in a spiny knob> 101,3 102,2
104,2 106,2<shortly truncate-fusiform> 107,2<with about 20 longitudinal
ribs and numerous fine cross-linking ribs> 108,10 111,1<these
non-retractile, and another, shorter pair on segment 12> 112,2 114,1
115,2 119<on \i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{} and \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 120,2
121,1 122,1 123,1 124,1 128,1 129,1 130<\i{}Danaus plexippus\i0{}
(Milkweed, Monarch), adventive> 131,1 132,4 133,21 135<Famous migratory
butterflies, distasteful to predators> 137<danaidae> 
 
# \i{}Douglasiidae\i0{}/
5,3 10,U 11,4 12,2<-scaled> 13,3 14<about>,0.8 19,4 20,1 21,2 22,2<?>
26,1<prominent> 27,2 29,2 30,1<?> 33,1<short> 35,1 36,2 37,8-10 42,1
43<about>,4.9-5.2 44,3 48,2 50<dark fuscous> 55,1 56,2-3 57,2-3
58<about>,0.75 59,1 60<about>,4 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,11-12<vein 5
absent> 70,2-3 71,1/2<a weak 1c sometimes present> 72,1-2<weak or
absent> 73,1 75,1-2 77,2 80,1-2 81,6/7 82,2/1 83,-<uninterpretable>
85<seemingly>,2 87,2 88,4 96,2 97<hindwings lacking vein 3> 100,1<?>
101,3 102,3 103,1<with long hair-scales> 108,10 114,2 117,1<not in
Britain>/2 118,1<the British species in stems of \i{}Echium\i0{}>
119<associated with \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 123,2 125,3 126,2 128,1
129,1<\i{}Tinagmna ocnerostomella\i0{}> 131,3 132,4 133,9 137<douglasi> 
 
# \i{}Drepanidae\i0{}/
2,1-3 5,1 6,1-2 11,3/4 13,1 14,0.38-0.45 19,2 25,2 26,2 27,1<reduced>/2
29,2/3 33,3<small, slender> 34,3 35,1/2 36<if developed,>,2 37,22-42
38,12-15 42,2 43,1.75-1.9 45,100-110 46,1<in \i{}Cilix\i0{}
only>/4<mostly, the forewings wings characteristically hook-tipped>
48,1/3<mostly> 56,6 57,3 58,0.75-0.8 59,2 62,1<mostly, more or less>/2
63,1/1&2/3 65,1 66,2 68,12 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,2<the lower furcation
vestigial>/3 75,1 77,2 81,8/9 82,2/3 83,3<or 1a only> 84,1 85,2 86<if
present,>,3 88,1 91,1/2 92,6/7 93,1/8<\i{}Cilix\i0{}> 95,1/3<from near
its base to beyond the middle> 96,1<when not anastomosing with the
cell>/2 100,1 101,1/3 102,2/3 104,1 105,2 106,1-2 107,1<finely pitted>
108,8<the anal claspers lacking> 119<on dicot trees - \i{}Tilia\i0{},
\i{}Betulaceae\i0{}, \i{}Fagaceae\i0{}, and woody \i{}Rosaceae\i0{}>
123,2 125,3 127,2 128,4 129,7 130<\i{}Cilix glaucata\i0{} (Chinese
Character), \i{}Watsonalla binaria\i0{} (Oak Hook-tip), \i{}Watsonalla
cultraria\i0{} (Barred Hook-tip), \i{}Drepana curvatula\i0{} (adventive,
not illustrated), \i{}Drepana falcataria\i0{} (Pebble Hook-tip)
\i{}Falcaria lacertinaria\i0{} (Scalloped Hook-tip), \i{}Sabra
harpagula\i0{} (Scarce Hook-tip)> 131,2 132,4 133,23 137<drepanid> 
 
# \i{}Elachistidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Cycnodiidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2 13,2-3 14,0.75-0.8 19,4 20,1
21,1<usually>/2 22,2 26,1/2 27,2<?> 29,2 30,1/2 32,1/2 33,1<then
short>/3 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,7-12 38,10-11 42,1 43<about>,3-3.6<?> 44,2
46,1 48,1-2 49,1/2/3 55,1 56,3 57,1-2 58,0.5-0.7 59,1 60,2-5 62,2 63,3
65,1 66,2 68,10-12<often lacking veins 5 and 8, and sometimes 4> 70,3
71,1/2 72,1<distally>/2 73,3 75,1 77,2 80,1/2 81,5-9<vein 5 absent, and
sometimes also vein 4> 82,2/3/4/1 83<when present,>,1/2/4 84,1/2 85,1/2
86,3/- 87,1-2 88,2/4 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1 107,1<?> 108,10
114,2 117<nearly always>,1<rarely in the stems> 119<the numerous species
of \i{}Elachista\i0{} in leaves of \i{}Gramineae\i0{},
\i{}Juncaceae\i0{} or \i{}Cyperaceae\i0{}, the single species of
\i{}Perittia\i0{} and \i{}Stephensia\i0{} in those of \i{}Lonicera\i0{}
and \i{}Calamintha\i0{}, respectively> 123,1/2<then in a cocoon>
124<when exposed,>,2 125,2/3<?> 127,2 128,5<1 adventive only> 129,42<one
adventive> 130<\i{}Elachista gleichenella\i0{}, \i{}Elachista
gangabella\i0{}, etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,13 137<elachist> 
 
# \i{}Endromidae\i0{}/
2,1 5,2-3<longer in females> 6,3 7,1<distinctly banded in females>/2<or
less obviously so, in males> 11,4 13,1 14,0.28-0.38 19,2 25,2 26,2 27,2
29,2/3 32,1<rather short> 34,3 35,2 37,55-92 38,8-10 42,2 43,1.9-2.1
45<about>,110 46,1 48<fairly>,1 56,6 57,3 58,0.9-1 59,2 62,1<less
conspicuously so than the forewings> 63,1&2<the first line lacking> 65,2
66,2 68,12/13 70,2/3 71,1/2 72,1/2<contrast the Meyrick and Le Cerf and
Herbulot drawings. Direct observations show one in a female, two in a
male!> 73,1/2<depending on the authority ..... )> 77,2 81,8/9 82,3<two
in Meyricks diagram, one in that of Le Cerf and Herbulot. Direct
observation show a strong 1a, and a weaker and shorter 1b> 83,3 84,1
85,2 92,6 93,3&7<these connate> 95,2<near the base> 96,2 101,1 102,2<?>
103,1 106,2 107,1 108,10 119<on \i{}Betula\i0{} and \i{}Alnus\i0{}>
123,2<in a cocoon> 125,2/3 127,2 128,1 129,1 130<\i{}Endromis
versicolora\i0{} (Kentish Glory)> 131,2 132,4 133,22 137<endromid> 
 
# \i{}Epermeniidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Chauliodidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2 13,2-3 14,0.6-0.8 19,4
20<evenly>,2 21,1 22,2 26,2 27,2 29,1 30,3 31,1 32,1 33,2/3<recurved>
35,1 36,2 37,8-14 38,11-15 42,1 43<about>,3-4.5 44,3
49,1<bronzy>/3<mostly> 50,4/5/6/11<commonly dark fuscous> 55,1 56,3-4
57,2 58<about>,0.6 59,1 60,(1-)1.5-4 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,13 70,3 71,2
72,1<distally> 73,1 75,1/2 76,1<or at least indicated>/2 81,7-10 82,4/1
83<when present,>,4 84,1/2 85,1/2 86,3 88,1/2 92,6 93,1/7<then these
connate or stalked> 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,2<but these and
tarsi with generally distributed, stiff bristles> 108,10 114,2<when
young>/1<later> 115,1<when older>/2 116,2 117,1<at first>/2<later
feeding in a slight web> 119<nearly all the British species on
\i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}> 123,1-2<in an open network cocoon> 127,2<being
unusual in this respect> 128,2 129,8 130<\i{}Epermenia
chaerophyllella\i0{}, \i{}Phaulernis dentella\i0{}, etc.> 131,3 132,4
133,15 137<epermeni> 
 
# \i{}Eriocraniidae\i0{}/
2,1 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,1<-haired> 13,1-2 14,0.4-0.6 19,4<filiform> 20,1
26,1/2 27,2<?> 28,1<according to Britton \i{}et al\i0{}., though absent
according to Meyrick> 29,1 30,5 31,1 32<moderately>,1 33,2 34,3/4
35,1<short> 37,9-12(-15) 38,12-14 40,1 42,1 43<about>,2.6-3.2 44,2-3
46,1 48,1 49,1/1&2 50<bronzy-purple, shining-golden, or bronzy-golden>
53,1 56,4-5<elongate ovate> 57,3 58<about>,0.8 59,1-2 62,2 63,3 65,2
66,1<and characteristically with cross-veins linking the main veins>
68,11-15 70,2/3/4<? - the interpretation of neuration being difficult,
and the works consulted in conflict> 72<supposedly>,1 75,2 77,1 81,11-14
82<seemingly>,3/- 83<theoretically>,2/- 84<supposedly>,2/-
85<supposedly>,1/- 87,1 88,2 91,1 95,1<?>/- 98,1 99,1 100,1/2 101,2/4
102,1/2/3 106,2<rounded-cylindrical> 108,0<larva apodous> 114,2
117,1<forming galleries and blotch mines> 123,2<in a silk cocoon, in
soil> 125,1-2 127,1 128,1<\i{}Eriocrania\i0{}> 129,8 130<\i{}Eriocrania
semipurpurella\i0{}, etc.> 131,3 132,1 133,2 137<eriocran> 
 
# \i{}Ethmiidae\i0{}/
5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2<-scaled> 13,2-3 14<about>,0.75 19,4 20<very shortly>,2
21,2 22,2 26,2 27,1/2<?> 29,2-3<rudimentary> 30,1/2/- 33,3<recurved>
34,3 35,1 36,1 37,15-31 38,9-12 42,1 43<about>,3.5-4.5 44,U 46,1 48,1
50,1<or whitish>/11 56,4<or elongate-ovate> 57,3 58<about>,1
60<about>,0.2-0.4 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12/13 70,3 71,2 72,1<at least
distally> 73,1 75,1 77,2 81,10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,3 88,1 92,6
93,3<connate> 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,2 107,1<?> 108,10
114,1<usually>/2 115,1<in slight webs on leaves> 119<mostly on
\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 128,1 129,6<2 adventive> 130<\i{}Ethmia
bipunctella\i0{} (Viper's Bugloss Moth, Bordered \i{}Echium\i0{} Ermel),
\i{}Ethmia pusiella\i0{} (Gromwell Moth, Beautiful Ermel - adventive),
\i{}Ethmia quadrillella\i0{}, etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,13 137<ethmiida> 
 
# \i{}Eucosmidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Olethreutidae\i0{}, \i{}Tortricidae-Olethreutinae\i0{}; i.e.,
currently including tribes \i{}Enarmoniini\i0{}, \i{}Endothiini\i0{},
\i{}Eucosmini\i0{}, \i{}Olethreutini\i0{}> 5,2-3 6,1-2 11,4
12,1<-scaled> 13,1-2 14,0.4-0.7<less than 2/3> 19,4 20,1/2 22,2 25,2
26,1<usually> 27,1 29,2<small> 30,2-4 33,2<usually>/3<rarely> 34,3 35,1
36,2 37,(8-)11-24(-30) 38,10.5-14(-22) 42,1-2 43,2-3 44,1/1-2 46,1-2/3/4
47,1/2 48,1 49,1/2/3 51,1<in the form of a shield-shaped, metallic-edged
blotch above the tornus, in some \i{}Eucosmini\i0{} and
\i{}Grapholitini\i0{}>/2<\i{}Olethreutini\i0{}> 56,5-6/7<sometimes,
somewhat> 57,3 58,1.01-1.2 59,2 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12/13 70,2/3/4
71,2/3/4<1a figured in \i{}Olethreutes lacunana\i0{}> 72,1<though this
obsolete proximally - according to both Meyrick and Common, although
none of the formers figures show this vein at all> 73,1 75,1/2 76,1/2
77,2 78,2 81,8-10 82,3<usually?>/4<e.g., \i{}Olethreutes\i0{}>
83,3<usually>/4 84,1 85,1/2 86,1 88,1 90,1 92,6 93,2/3/2&6
95,1<mostly>/3<then in the basal half, but mostly only approximating?>
96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 106,1 107,1-2 108,10 114,2<mostly in seeding
heads, sometimes passing into the roots> 116,1/2 119<on divers Dicot
trees, shrubs and herbs, and on conifers, but seemingly rarely if ever
with \i{}Gramineae\i0{} or other Monocots> 123,2 125<usually>,3<where
the larvae fed> 127,1 128,54<2 adventive only> 129<about>,140<7
adventive> 130<Cydia\i{}\i0{} (\i{}Laspeyresia\i0{}) \i{}nigricana\i0{}
(Pea Moth), \i{}Cydia pomonella\i0{} (Codling Moth), \i{}Epinotia
cruciana\i0{} (Willow Tortrix), \i{}Hedya pruniana\i0{} (Plum Tortrix),
\i{}Pseudococcyx turionella\i0{} (Pine Bud Moth), \i{}Zeiraphera
griseana\i0{} (Larch Tortrix), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,14 134<See
\i{}Cochylidae\i0{} for remarks on the upper-level classification and
confusing nomenclature of Tortricoidea> 135<Antennae with one ring of
scales per flagellar segment. Fore-wings usually with an oblique central
fascia, costa usually with paired strigulae but without a pre-apical
costal patch, and usually with an ocellus; often with a costal fold.
Female genitalia usually with sterigma not connected with anterior
apophyses. Pheromones supposedly usually based on a 12-carbon chain.>
137<eucosmid> 
 
# \i{}Gelechiidae\i0{}/
3,2 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2<usually>/1<e.g., \i{}Nothris\i0{}> 13,2-3
14,0.75-0.8 19,4 20<shortly>,2/1 21,1<rarely>/2 22,2 26,1<often>/2
27,2<?> 29,1/2<short, appressed> 30,4 31,1 33,3<long, recurved, with a
slender, pointed terminal segment> 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,8-20
38<about>,11-14 42,1 43,2.9-5.5 44,2-3 46,1 48,1 49,1<e.g.,
bronzy>/2<e.g., sometimes with silvery or leaden spots>/3 55,1-2 56,8
57,2-4 58,0.7-1.25 59,1-2 60,(0.5-)1-3 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2
68,12<often>/10-11<veins 3 and 4, and 7 and 8 sometimes coincident,
veins 2, 4 and 7 sometimes absent> 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,1 74,1/2<e.g.,
\i{}Stenolechia\i0{}> 75,1/2/4 77,2 81,(9-)10 82,2-4 83,1/3/4 84,1/2
85,1/2 86,2/3 88,1 90,1/2 92,6 93,1/3&7<with connation or stalking> 94,2
95,1/2/3 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1 107,1<?> 108,10<rarely all much
reduced> 113,1/2 114,2<mostly in spun leaves, fruiting infloresences,
flowers or shoots> 116,1<rarely>/2 117,1<rarely>/2 119<one in bracken
stems, a few associated with conifers. Otherwise mainly associated with
divers Dicot trees, shrubs and herbs; seemingly avoiding Monocots,
except \i{}Sitotroga cerealella\i0{}, which is a destructive pest in
stored cereal grain> 123,2 125,2/3 127,2 128,54<4 adventive only>
129<about>,150<8 adventive> 130<\i{}Gelechia rhombella\i0{},
\i{}Hypatima rhomboidella\i0{} (Lobster-clawed Moth), \i{}Prolita
sexpunctella\i0{} (Long-horned Flat-back, Groundling), etc.> 131,3 132,4
133,13 137<gelechii> 
 
# \i{}Geometridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Hydromenidae\i0{}, \i{}Monocteniadae\i0{},
\i{}Selidodesmidae\i0{}, \i{}Sterrhidae\i0{}> 2,1/2/3 3,2-4 4,2-3
5,1<rarely>/2<mostly>/3<rarely> 6<nearly always>,1 7,1<rarely, e.g.
\i{}Abraxas\i0{} being yellow-bodied with dorsal black spots>/2<mostly>
8,1<the outline always more or less butterfly-shaped>/2<females,
occasionally> 11,1<occasionally>/3<mostly>/4<or approaching this> 13,1-2
14,0.4-0.6 19,2/3/4 20,1/2/3 23,2 25,1/2<?> 26,2 27,1 29,2
30,1<usually>/2 33<usually>,3 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,(16-)20-60(-69)
38,10.5-14-19/7.2-9.2<very rarely, e.g. \i{}Biston\i0{}, \i{}Lycia\i0{}
<2%>> 42,2 43,1.6-1.9(-2.2)<very rarely reaching 2.0>
45,(90-)95-100(-115)<the wider-angled condition mainly represented in
\i{}Biston\i0{} and \i{}Eupithecia\i0{}> 46,1<nearly always>/2/5<notably
in \i{}Ennomos\i0{} s. str.>/4<e.g., in \i{}Ourapteryx\i0{}>
47,1<rarely>/2 48,1<nearly always>/2 56,6<nearly always>/7<occasionally,
or angulated> 57,2-3 58,(0.6-)0.9-1.1 59,2 61<angulated to>,1<rarely>/2
62,1/2 63,1&2<usually, with at least the median, second and sub-terminal
lines, but often with alternately light-and-dark transverse striae
additional to the and obscuring them>/3<when the markings are more or
less obsolete> 65,1 66,2 68,11/12<more often> 70,2<mostly, with one or
both of the other two sometimes represented by vestiges>/3<rarely>
71,1<usually, but this often accompanied by vestiges of 1a and 1c>/3<cf.
Meyrick's figure of \i{}Opisthograptis luteolata\i0{}> 72,2<but this
sometimes present as a vestige> 73,1-3 75,1-2 77,2 81,8/9 82,2/3
83,1/3<or 1a only> 84,1 85,2 86,3/- 88,1-2 91,1/2 92,6/7<usually,
including the anastomosed vein 8, with vein 5 sometimes vestigial only>
93,1/3/7/3&7 95,1<e.g., \i{}Opisthograptis\i0{},
\i{}Odezia\i0{}>/3<mostly, from near the base to beyond the middle> 96,2
100,1 101,3 102,2/3 104,1 105,2 106,1 107,2 108,4<loopers, lacking
prolegs on segments 7 to 9> 114,1 119<on divers Dicot trees, shrubs and
herbs, even a few on conifers and lichens; but curiously, very few
indeed (or none?) on Monocots> 123,1/2 124,1<mostly>/2<attached to a
leaf, and sometimes having a silken girdle in \i{}Cyclophora\i0{}>
125,1/2/3 127,2 128,130<2 adventive> 129<about>,330<19 adventive, 1
extinct> 130<see the separate \i{}Geometridae\i0{} Intkey package for
descriptions of all genera, and illustrations of nearly all the species>
131,2 132,4 133,23 136<This family exhibits numerous examples of
melanism, including a few spectacular examples of near exclusive
industrial melanism (notably in \i{}Biston betularia\i0{}, in which the
effects on habitats of industrial pollution boosted melanism from the
status of a very rare mutation to almost 100% in some regions), as well
as some examples of exclusively non-industrial rural melanism, with
relatively large incidence of melanics for which natural selective
factors have been postulated; and there is clear evidence in some
species of drift to industrial melanism superimposed on the latter.
Examples are depicted in illustrations provided with this family
description, and under \i{}Agriopis\i0{}, \i{}Alcis\i0{},
\i{}Angerona\i0{}, \i{}Apocheima\i0{} (\i{}Phigalia\i0{}),
\i{}Biston\i0{}, \i{}Ectropis\i0{}, \i{}Epirrita\i0{}, \i{}Erannis\i0{},
\i{}Odontopera\i0{}, \i{}Operophtera\i0{} and \i{}Peribatoides\i0{} in
the accompanying Genera of Geometridae package> 137<geometri> 
 
# \i{}Glyphipterygidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Glyphypterigidae\i0{}> 2,1 3,2 5,3 6,2 11,4 12<usually>,2<-scaled>
13,2-4 14,0.5-0.75(-1) 19,4 20,2/3 21,2 22,2 26,1<prominent>
27,1<rarely>/2 29,1/2<very small> 30,3-4 33,3<curved> 34,3 35,1 36,2
37,7-16 38,15-20 42,1-2 43,2.2-4<?> 49,1/2/3<\i{}Simaethis\i0{}> 56,4-5
57,3 58,1-1.2 59,2 60,0.3-1 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,13 70,3 71,2
72,1<complete only distally> 73,1 75,1 76,1<e.g., \i{}Simaethis\i0{}>/2
77,2 80,1 81,7-10 82,4/1<sometimes with only vestigies> 83<when
present,>,4 84,1/2 85,1/2 86,3 87,1 88,1 92,6 93,3<connate or stalked>
95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,2 107,1<?> 108,10 114,2<among spun
leaves or seeds> 119<\i{}G. equitella\i0{} on the Dicot \i{}Sedum\i0{},
the rest on Monocots from \i{}Gramineae\i0{}, \i{}Cyperaceae\i0{},
\i{}Juncaceae\i0{} or \i{}Sparganiaceae\i0{}> 123,2 125,2/3 127,1 128,2
129,8 130<\i{}Glyphipteryx haworthana\i0{} (Cottongrass Moth),
\i{}Glyphipteryx simpliciella\i0{} (Cocksfoot Moth), \i{}Orthotelia
sparganella\i0{}, etc. > 131,3 132,4 133,12 137<glyphypt> 
 
# \i{}Gracillariidae\i0{}/
5,3 6,1-2 11,4<moths characteristically posed, with the head end raised,
when at rest> 12<usually>,2 13,3-4 14,0.85-1.4 19,4 20,1
21,1<sometimes?>/2<usually> 22,2 26,2 27,2<?> 29,1<porrect or ascending>
30,4 32,1/2 33,2<but sometimes minute> 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,5-14 38,12-16
42,1 43,(2.9-)3.2-5 44,2-3 45,130-150 46,1 48,1 49,1<e.g.,
shining-golden, but often shining-white>/2<often with shining spots>/3
55,1 56,2 57,1-2 58,0.5-0.7 59,1 60,2-5 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 67,1/2
68,7-13<veins 3, 4, 6, 8 and 11 absent in \i{}Phyllonorycter\i0{}, 3, 8
and 11 often absent in others> 70,2/3 71,1<with 1c vestigial only, in
\i{}Phyllonorycter\i0{}>/3<e.g., in \i{}Caloptilia\i0{}> 72,1<this
obsolete proximally>/2 73,3 75,1/2 77,2 80,1/2 81,6-9
82<dubiously>,2/3<?>/- 83,1/3<?>/- 84,1/2<?>/- 85<theoretically>,2/-
87,1-2 88,1/2-3<lacking between veins 4 and 5>/4 92<when cell
defined,>,5/6 93,1/6<often>/7<rarely>/6&7<rarely> 95<when cell
present,>,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,2<sometimes bristly> 107,1<?>
108,8<lacking from segment 10> 114,2<Lithocolletinae mining
throughout the larval stage and pupating within the mine, Gracillariinae
mining at first, before later residing in a 
folded or rolled leaf> 117,1<and sometimes in stems, occasionally in
bark> 119<mostly associated with Dicot trees and shrubs, a few with
herbs; seemingly none on Monocots> 123,2 125,3 126,5 127,1 128,11
129,86<2 adventive> 130<\i{}Caloptilia azaleella\i0{} (Azalea
Leaf-miner), \i{}Caloptilia syringella\i0{} (Lilac Slender-moth),
\i{}Phyllonorycter coryli\i0{} (Nut Leaf Blister Moth),
\i{}Phyllonorycter\i0{} (\i{}Lithocolletis\i0{}) \i{}quercifoliella\i0{}
(Oak Midget, Oak Blotch or Oak Blister Miner), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,9
134<See the separate \i{}Phyllonorycter\i0{} package for an illustrated
treatment of all the British species of that genus> 137<gracilla> 
 
# \i{}Heliodinidae\i0{}/
1<excluding \i{}Stathmopodidae\i0{}, \i{}Schreckensteiniidae\i0{}> 3,2
5<very>,3 6,1 10,1 11,4<?> 12,2<shiny> 13,3 14<about>,0.8 19,4<thick>
20,1 21,2 22,2 26,1<prominent> 27,2 29,2<very short> 30,1<?> 33,2<rather
short, slightly curved, filiform, pointed> 35,1 36,2 37,10-11
38<about>,10 42,1 43<about>,5-6 44,U 49,2<with a leaden-metallic
subapical spot> 50<deep>,6 55,1 56,3 57,1-2 58<about>,0.5 59,1-2
60<about>,3 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,11-12<vein 7 absent> 70,2/3<?>
71,1/3<?> 72,2 73,2 74,1 75,1 77,2 79<forewings lacking vein 7, with 6
and 8 stalked> 80,1-2 81,5-9 82,1/2<?> 83<unidentified>,- 85,2 87,1
88,2<open between veins 3 and 5> 92,4<lacking vein 4> 93,1 95,1 96,2
97<hindwing veins 6 and 7 approximated> 100,1 101,3 102,3 103<often
bristly> 107,1<?> 108,10 114,2<in spun leaves> 119<feeding on leaves of
\i{}Atriplex\i0{} and \i{}Chenopodium\i0{}> 123,2<in a cocoon> 125,2/3
127,1 128,1 129,1<\i{}Heliodines rosella\i0{}> 131,3 132,4 133,12
135<head and thorax metallic-bronzy fuscous. Hind tarsal segments with
apical whorls of bristles, and the tibia with median and apical whorls
of bristles> 137<heliodin> 
 
# \i{}Heliozelidae\i0{}/
2,1 5,3 11,4 12,2<-scaled, shiny> 13,2 14<about>,0.6-0.7 19,4<thick>
20,1 21,2 22,2 25,2 26,2 27,2<?> 29,2 30,5<minute> 31,2 33,1<slender>
34,3 35,1 36,1 37,5-8 40,2 42,1 43<about>,3.25 44,3 48<fairly>,2 49,1
50<bronzy-grey, or dark coppery-fuscous> 55,1 56,3 57,2-3 58,0.7-0.8
59,1 60<about>,2 62,2 63,3 65,1<strong in males, represented by a more
distal group of costal spines in females> 66,2 67,1-2 68,9<veins 3, 5
and 8 absent in Antispila, veins 5, 8 and 9 absent in Heliozela> 70,2
71<probably>,1<1c if detectable being vestigial> 72<probably>,2 73,1
75,4 80,2 81,7-9 82<seemingly>,2/3 83,1/2 84,2 85,1/2 87,2 88,4 100,1
101,3 102,3 108,0<virtually apodal, the prolegs on segments 4-6
sometimes represented by crochets> 113<ultimately>,1<when it cuts a case
from a leaf of the food plant, in which it lowers itself to the ground
for pupation>/2<in the earlier instars> 114,2 117,1<or in petioles or
twigs, until ready to pupate> 123,2 125,2/3 127,1
128,2<\i{}Antispila\i0{}, \i{}Heliozela\i0{}> 129,6 131,3 132,3 133,6
137<heliozel> 
 
# \i{}Hepialidae\i0{}/
2,2 5,3 6,2-3 11,4 13,1 14,0.13-0.25 19,4/1 20,1 26,2 27,2<?> 29,2/3
30<when present,>,1-5 31,2 33,1<short> 34,3 35,2 37,26-68 38,8-12 40,1
42,1/2<mostly> 43,1.9-2.5 45<mostly about>,110/120<male and female
Ghost Swift> 46,1 48,1 49,2<sometimes with small yellowish-silvery
terminal spots>/3 53,1 56,4-5 57,3 58,0.8-1 59,2 62,2 63,3 65,2 66,1<and
characteristically with cross-veins linking the main veins, especially
near the base> 68,11-14 70,2/3<? - the interpetation of neuration
difficult> 75,1 77,1<this forked> 81,11-14 82<seemingly>,3<but the
neuration hard to interpret> 83<supposedly comprising 1a and 1c>
84,1<?>/- 85,1<?>/- 87,1<containing a forked M vein> 88,1
95,4<apparently, in the drawings seen>/- 100,1/2 101,1 102,1 106,2
108,10 114,2 116,1 123,2 125,1 127,1 128,1 129,5 130<\i{}Hepialus
fusconebulosa\i0{} (Map-winged Swift), \i{}Hepialus hecta\i0{} (Gold
Swift), \i{}Hepialus humuli\i0{} (Ghost Moth), \i{}Hepialus
lupulinus\i0{} (Common Swift), \i{}Hepialus sylvina\i0{} (Orange Swift,
Wood Swift).> 131,2 132,3 133,3 136<Non-industrial (rural) melanism
occurs at high latitudes in the Ghost Moth, where the wings of the males
are coloured like those of the females, replacing the dazzling white
familiar in normal populations> 137<hepialid> 
 
# \i{}Hesperiidae\i0{}/
2,1 3,3 5,1-3 6,2-3 11,1/2 12,1 13,1-2 14,0.37-0.54 15,2 16,1
17,1<curved or straight, often more more or less hooked at the tip> 19,4
20,1 25,2 26,2 27,1 29,3 33,3<pointed> 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,23-37 38,7-9
42,2 43,1.5-1.9 45<about>,90-110 46,1 48,1/2 50,4-5/6/10<or fuscous>
51,2 56,6/8 57,3 58<about>,1 62,1<variously spotted, chequered,
dark-bordered>/2 63,3 64,1<\i{}H. comma\i0{}>/2 65,2 66,2 68,12-13
70,2/3 71,1/2 72,2 73,1-3 77,2 79<the forewing veins all separate> 81,8
82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 89,1<usually>/2 91,1/2<usually> 92,6<usually>/7<vein
5 absent or reduced> 93,1 95,4<from near its base> 96,2 97<the hindwings
lacking vein 5> 98,1 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,2/3 104,2 106,2<usually
hemispherical, occasionally asymmetric and ovoid-elongate in the
horizontal plane, or in \i{}Thymelicus\i0{} broadly sausage-shaped in
side view> 107,1/2 108,10 109,2<hairless or shortly hairy>
114,1<mostly>/2 119<on \i{}Papilionaceae\i0{}, \i{}Rosaceae\i0{}, and
(mainly) \i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 120,2 121,1/2 122,2 123,1/2<sometimes in a
slight cocoon> 124<usually>,2 125<when concealed,>,1/2<?> 128,8<2
adventive only> 129,11<including 3 adventives> 130<\i{}Carcharodus
alceae\i0{} (Mallow Skipper, adventive), \i{}Carterocephalus
palaemon\i0{} (Chequered Skipper), \i{}Erynnis tages\i0{} (Dingy
Skipper), \i{}Hesperia comma\i0{} (Silver-spotted Skipper),
\i{}Hylephila phyleus\i0{} (Fiery Skipper, adventive), \i{}Ochlodes
faunus\i0{} (Large Skipper), \i{}Pyrgus armoricanus\i0{} (Oburthr's
Grizzled Skipper, adventive), \i{}Pyrgus malvae\i0{} (Grizzled Skipper),
\i{}Thymelicus acteon\i0{} (Lulworth Skipper), \i{}Thymelicus
lineola\i0{} (Essex Skipper), \i{}Thymelicus sylvestris\i0{} (Small
Skipper).> 131,1 132,4 133,20 137<hesperid> 
 
# \i{}Hieroxestidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Oinophilidae\i0{}, \i{}Opogonidae\i0{}. ~ \i{}Tineidae\i0{}> 5,3
6,1-2 11,4 12,1<the crown roughly tufted, in \i{}Oinophila\i0{}> 13,3
14<about>,0.8 19,4 20,1 21,2 22,2 26,1 27,2 29,1<fairly long> 30,3-5<? -
several jointed> 31,1<filiform> 32,1 33,2 34,3 35,2<obsolete>
37,8-12<\i{}Oinophila\i0{}>/20-28<in \i{}Opogona\i0{}> 38,14-16
41,1<downturned, in \i{}Oinophila\i0{}> 42,1 43<about>,4-4.6 44,3 48,2
50<ochreous-fuscous> 55,1 56,1-2 57,1-2 58<about>,0.5 59,1 60,5-6 62,2
63,3 65,1 66,2 67,1<\i{}Opogona\i0{}>/2<veins 3, 4 and 11 lacking in
\i{}Oinophila\i0{}> 68,9<\i{}Oinophila\i0{}>/14<\i{}Opogona\i0{}>
70,2/3<in \i{}Opogona\i0{}?> 71,1/2 72,1<in \i{}Opogona\i0{}?>/2 73,3
74,1 77,2 80,2 81,6-7 82<seemingly>,1 87,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1
108,10 114<more or less>,2/1<those of \i{}Oinophila v-flava\i0{} forming
silken galleries, in fungi and refuse> 127,1 128,2<\i{}Oinophila\i0{},
\i{}Opogona\i0{}> 129,3<both \i{}Opogona\i0{} species being adventive>
131,3 132,4 133,9 137<hieroxes> 
 
# \i{}Incurvariidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Lamproniadae\i0{}; including \i{}Prodoxidae\i0{}> 2,1 5,3 6,2 11,4
12,1<-haired> 13,2-3 14,0.6-0.75 19,3<unipectinate, in
\i{}Incurvaria\i0{}>/4 20,1<?>/2 22,2 25,2 26,2 27,2<?> 29,1 30,5 31,1
32,1 33,3 34,3 35,1-2 36,1/2 37,7-16 38,12-14 40,1 42,1
43<about>,2.9-3.1 46,1 48,1 49,1<often purplish-bronzy>/3
56,4-5<elongate ovate> 57,2-4 58,0.7-1.2<?> 59,2 60,0.6-1.5 62,2 63,3
65,1<strong in males, represented by a more distal group of costal
spines in females> 66,2 68,11<veins 5 and 9 absent in
\i{}Phylloporia\i0{}>/13 70,3 71,2<at least in \i{}I. muscalella\i0{},
as illustrated by le Cerf & Herbulot> 72,1<this tubular at least
proximally> 73,1 75,1/2 76,1 81,10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 88,1 92,6 93,1
95,1 96,2 101,3 102,3 103,1 107,1<?> 108,10 113,1<sometimes>/2 114,2
117,1/2<sometimes mining in flowers or fruits> 123,2 127,1 128,3 129,11
130<\i{}Incurvaria masculella,\i0{}, \i{}Lampronia capitella\i0{}
(Currant Shoot Borer), Lampronia corticella (Rasberry Moth), etc.> 131,3
132,3 133,6 137<incurvar> 
 
# \i{}Lasiocampidae\i0{}/
2,1-3 5,1/2/3<often hugely so> 6<mostly>,3 11,3/4 13,1-2 14,0.28-0.55
16,2 19,2 25<partly or wholly>,1 26,2 27,2 29,3 33,2 34,3 35,2 37,30-88
38,7-9.8 42,2 43,1.5-2.2 45,100-105 46<slightly>,4/1<mostly>
48<rather>,2/1 56,6 57,3 58,0.75-1 59,2 62,1/2 63,2/1&2<but the discal
spot usually lacking>/3 65,2 66,2 68,12<mostly>/13 70,2<mostly>/3
71,1<usually?>/2<Le Cerf and Herbulot illustrating \i{}G.
quercifolia\i0{} with 1c vestigial proximally, but long-tubular to the
margin> 72,1/2<e.g., \i{}G. quercifolia\i0{}> 73,3 75,1-2 77,2 81,9 82,3
83,3 84,1 85,2 86,3 88,1/2 89,1<commonly>/2 92,6 93,5&7/3&8 95,1/2/3
96,2 97<Often with one or more pseudoneuria from vein 8 of the
hindwing.> 100,1<males>/2<females> 101,3 102,2<very short> 103,1 104,2
106,1 107,1 108,10 109,1 110<commonly>,1<\i{}Malocosoma\i0{} being
notorious> 119<on divers dicot trees, shrubs and herbs, plus one on
\i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 123,2<in a cocoon> 125,2/3 127,2 128,10<one
adventive> 129,11<one adventive> 130<\i{}Eriogaster lanestris\i0{}
(Small Eggar), \i{}Gastropacha quercifolia\i0{} (Lappet), \i{}Lasiocampa
trifolii\i0{} (Grass Eggar), \i{}Lasiocampa quercus\i0{} (Oak Eggar),
\i{}Macrothylacia rubi\i0{} (Fox Moth), \i{}Malacosoma castrensis\i0{}
(Ground Lackey), \i{}Malacosoma neustria\i0{} (Lackey), \i{}Phyllodesmia
ilicifolia\i0{} Small Lappet), \i{}Philudoria potatoria\i0{} (Drinker),
\i{}Poecilocampa populi\i0{} (December Moth), \i{}Trichiura
crataegi\i0{} (Pale Oak Eggar). Doubtfully British specimens illustrated
by Curtis represent \i{}Dendrolimus pini\i0{} (Pine Lappet), and
\i{}Lasiocampa medicaginis\i0{} Ochsenheimer (Medick Eggar: probably
= \i{}Lasiocampa trifolii\i0{}). Curtiss 1827 description and
illustrations of a male adult and of a larva of the latter do not
conform well with \i{}L. trifolii\i0{}. His depiction of the larva,
however, was copied from an earlier one by Esper, which was used by
Ochsenheimer in preparing the original description> 131,2 132,4 133,22
137<lasiocam> 
 
# \i{}Limacodidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Cochlididae\i0{}, \i{}Heterogeneidae\i0{}> 2,3 5,2 6,2-3 11,4
13,1-2 14,0.45-0.55 19,3/4<then filiform> 20,1<when filiform>/2 26,2
27,2 29,1/2/3 30,1/3 33,2 34,3 35,2 37,16-32 38,7-10.6 42,2 43,1.6-2.1
45,100-105 46,1 48,1 56,6 57,3 58,0.8-0.95 59,2 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2
68,13 70,3 71,2 72,1 73,1 75,1 77,1<likewise that of the hind-wings>
81,10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,3 88,1 91,1/2 92,7<including the
anastomosed vein 8> 93,7<connate>
95,2<\i{}Heterogenea\i0{}>/3<\i{}Apoda\i0{}> 96,2 100,2 101,1<rarely>/3
102,1/2/3 104,2 106,1<scale-like> 107,1 108,0<lacking altogether>
110,1/2 114,1 119<on \i{}Quercus\i0{}, \i{}Fagus\i0{} and
\i{}Populus\i0{}> 123,2 125,3<in a cocoon attached to a leaf> 127,1
128,2 129,2 130<\i{}Apoda limacodes\i0{} (Festoon), \i{}Heterogena
asella\i0{} (The Triangle)> 131,2 132,4 133,8 137<limacodi> 
 
# \i{}Lycaenidae\i0{}/
2,1 3,2-3 5,1/1-2 6,2 11,1 12,1 13,1-2 14,0.4-0.55 15,1 16,1
17,1<mostly>/1-2<elongate, straight or somewhat curved> 19,4 20,1
24<conspicuously white-rimmed,>,1 25,1/2 26,2 27,1 29,3 33,3 34,3 35,1
36,2 37,(24-)28-48(-50) 38,11-13 42,2 43,1.4-1.9 45,(86-)95-100(-110)
46,1-2 48,1-2 49,1/3 50,5<or fuscous>/7/8/9 51,2 52,1/2 56,6/8 57,3
58<about>,1 61,1/2 62,1<often in females in the form of a subterminal
row of small, sometimes faint orange marks bordered with black and/or
white>/2 63,1<rarely>/2/3<with the conventional lepidopterous lines and
discal marks lacking or more or less obscured> 64,1<\i{}P.
argus\i0{}>/2<in the Blues usually multiply spotted with small dark
spots and often with rows of dark dots embedded in orange spots along
the termen> 65,2 66,2 68,11<usually, with vein 7 missing>/10<when veins
8 and 9 coincide> 70,2/3 71,1/2 72,2 73,1-3 74,1/2 77,2 79<vein 7
missing, 8 and 9 stalked or coincident> 81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 89,2
91,1 92,7 93,3<usually, connate only>/3&7 95,4<from near its base> 96,2
98,1 99,1 100,2 101,3 102,2 104,2 106<usually>,1<mostly discoid, in
\i{}Lycaena\i0{} almost hemispherical> 107,1/3 108,10 109,1-2<often
densely short-hairy, characteristically woodlouse-shaped, often
intimately associated with ants in the later instars> 114,1<rarely>/2
119<mostly on legumes, but a few on \i{}Ericaceae\i0{},
\i{}Labiatae\i0{}, \i{}Cistaceae\i0{}, \i{}Geraniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Ilex\i0{}, \i{}Hedera\i0{}, \i{}Rhamnus\i0{}, etc.>
120,2<usually>/1-2 121,1/2 122,2 123,1/2 124<when exposed,>,2 125<when
concealed,>,1/2 128,19<3 comprising adventives only> 129,26<including
8 adventive, 2 extinct> 130<\i{}Aricia agestis\i0{} (Brown Argus),
\i{}Aricia artaxerxes\i0{} (Durham Argus, Northern Brown Argus, Scotch
Brown Argus, Castle Eden Argus), \i{}Callophrys rubi\i0{} (Green
Hairstreak), \i{}Celastrina argiolus\i0{} (Holly Blue, Azure Blue),
\i{}Cupido minimus\i0{} (Little Blue), \i{}Cyaniris semiargus\i0{}
(Mazarine Blue - extinct, now occasionally adventive), \i{}Everes
argiades\i0{} (Short-tailed Blue - adventive?), \i{}Glaucopsyche
alexis\i0{} (Green-underside Blue, adventive), \i{}Lampides
boeticus\i0{} (Long-tailed Blue), \i{}Leptotes pirithous\i0{} (Bloxworth
Blue, Langs Short-tailed Blue, adventive), \i{}Lycaena alciphron\i0{}
(Purple-shot Copper, adventive), \i{}Lycaena dispar dispar\i0{} (Large
Copper - the extinct British subspecies), \i{}Lycaena hippotho\i0{}
(Purple-edged Copper, adventive), \i{}Lycaena phlaeas\i0{} (Small
Copper), \i{}Lycaena tityrus\i0{} (Sooty Copper, adventive), \i{}Lycaena
virgaureae\i0{} (Scarce Copper, former resident but extinct since about
1850), \i{}Lysandra bellargus\i0{} (Adonis Blue), \i{}Lysandra
coridon\i0{} (Chalk-hill Blue), \i{}Maculinea arion eutyphron\i0{}
(Large Blue, the perhaps extinct British subspecies), \i{}Neozephyrus
(Quercusia) quercus\i0{} (Purple Hairstreak), \i{}Plebejus argus\i0{}
(Silver-studded Blue), \i{}Plebicula dorylas\i0{} (Turquoise Blue,
adventive), \i{}Polyommatus icarus\i0{} (Common Blue), \i{}Plebicula
dorylas\i0{}, \i{}Satyrium (Strymonidia) pruni\i0{} (Black Hair-streak),
\i{}Satyrium (Strymonidia) w-album\i0{} (White-letter Hairstreak),
\i{}Syntaricus pirithous\i0{} (adventive), \i{}Thecla betulae\i0{}
(Brown Hairstreak).> 131,1 132,4 133,21 135<Small, often brightly
coloured butterflies; flight quick and agile but seldom sustained, hence
often represented by localised colonies. With the exceptions of the
Hairstreaks', Coppers and \i{}Cupido minimus\i0{}, the life histories
of British Lycaenidae involve symbiotic relationships with ants, which
milk the larvae from their honey glands. The presence of ants around
the larvae on their foodplants evidently serves to deter potential
insect parasites and predators, and in some cases the relationship
involves deliberate farming of the larvae by their protectors. In
Britain, ants have been observed to carry larvae of \i{}Lysandra
coridon\i0{} and \i{}Plebajus argus\i0{} in their jaws and deposit them
on the approriate foodplants conveniently near their nests; and in the
famous case of the Large Blue (\i{}Maculinea arion\i0{}), the butterfly
larvae are virtually parasitic, being taken into the ants nest and fed
to maturity on their own larvae. For detailed discussion, see Ford
(1945).> 137<lycaenid> 
 
# \i{}Lymantriidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Liparidae\i0{}, \i{}Ocneriadae\i0{}> 2,1/2/3 3,3-4<the flightless
females of \i{}Orygia\i0{} about 12-18 mm long> 4,3 5,1<very much so, in
\i{}Orygia\i0{}>/2/3<sometimes hugely> 6,2-3 8,1/2<some females> 11,4
13,1-2 14,0.28-0.57 19,2 25,2 26,2 27,2 29,2/3 30<when present,>,1 33,2
34,3 35,2 37,25-60 38,6-10(-10.5) 42,1-2 43,1.5-2.27 45,95-105 46,1 48,1
56,6 57,3 58<about>,0.9-1 59,2 62,2<apart from a sometimes darkened
border and marginal dots> 63,1/1&2/3 65,1 66,2 68,12 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,3
75,1 77,2 81,8/9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 86,3 88,1-2 91,1/2 92,6<vein 4
sometimes missing>/7 93,1/7<these connate to stalked> 95,2/3<before the
middle> 96,2 100,1<males>/2<females> 101,3 102,2<rarely>/3<short> 104,1
105,1 106,2 107,1 108,10 109,1 110,1<some being notorious in this
connection> 119<on divers dicotyledonous trees and shrubs, and one on
\i{}Cyperaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sparganium\i0{} and \i{} Phragmites\i0{}> 123,2
125,2/3 127,2 128,7<1 extinct> 129,11 130<\i{}Arctornis l-nigrum\i0{}
(Black V Moth - rare adventive), \i{}Dicallomera fascelina\i0{} (Dark
Tussock), \i{}Calliteara pudibunda\i0{} (Pale Tussock), \i{}Euproctis
chrysorrhoea\i0{} (Brown-tail), \i{}Euproctis similis\i0{}
(Yellow-tail), \i{}Laelia coenosa\i0{} (Reed Tussock or Whittlesea
Arctia: a victim of draining the fens, and long extinct in Britain),
\i{}Leucoma salicis\i0{} (White Satin), \i{}Lymantria dispar\i0{} (The
Gypsy), \i{}Lymantria monacha\i0{} (The Black Arches), \i{}Orygia
antiqua\i0{} (The Vapourer), \i{}Orygia recens\i0{} (Scarce Vapourer).>
131,2 132,4 133,26 136<Spectacular industrial melanism occurs in British
populations of \i{}Lymantria monacha\i0{} (see illustration)>
137<lymantri> 
 
# \i{}Lyonetiidae\i0{}/
1<excluding \i{}Hieroxestidae\i0{} = \i{}Oinophilidae\i0{},
\i{}Opogonidae\i0{}. Including \i{}Bucculatricidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,1-2 11,4
12,1<at least on the crown> 13,3-4 14,0.8-1 19,4 20,1 22,1<usually>/2
26,2 27,2 29,2 30,1-3<? - rudimentary> 31,2 32,1/2 33,1/2 34,3
35,1/2<usually short> 36,2 37,(6-)7-10(-12) 38,10-16 41,1 42,1
43<about>,3.6-5.7 44,2-3 49,1<e.g., metallic-grey>/2/3 55,1-2 56,1-3
57,1-2 58,0.5-0.6 59,1 60,(1-)3-9 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,7-10 70,2/3
71,1<1c then vestigial>/2 72,1/2 73,3 74,1 75,1/2 77,2<likewise the
hind-wings> 80,2 81,3-6 82<seemingly>,1 83,- 84,2 85<seemingly>,2 86,-
87,2 88,4 92<veins 3, 4 and 6 may be lacking> 100,1 101,3 102,3
103,1<with long hairs above and below> 107,1<?> 108,10 114,2 117,1<at
least when young> 119<mining leaves of divers Dicot trees, shrubs and
herbs> 123,2<in a cocoon> 125,2/3 127,1 128,5<\i{}Bedellia\i0{},
\i{}Bucculatrix\i0{}, \i{}Leucoptera\i0{}, \i{}Lyonetia\i0{},
\i{}Paraleucoptera\i0{}> 129,23<1 adventive> 130<\i{}Leucoptera
labernella\i0{} (Laburnum Leaf Miner), \i{}Leucoptera malifoliella\i0{}
(Pear Leaf Blister Moth), \i{}Lyonetia clerkella\i0{} (Apple Leaf
Miner), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,12<recently re-assigned> 137<lyonetii> 
 
# \i{}Micropterigidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Micropterygidae\i0{}> 2,1 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,1<-haired> 13,2-3
14,0.6-0.9 19,4<moniliform> 20,1 26,1<two> 27,2<?> 28,1 29,1 30,5 31,1
32,1/2 33<when developed,>,2 34,2-4 35,2<absent> 37,7-9 38,12-14 40,1
42,1-2 43<about>,2.5-4 44,2-3 46,1 48,1 49,1<bronzy>/1&2
50<bronzy-golden or bronzy-grey> 51,2 53,1 55,1-2 56,4 57,2
58<about>,0.6-0.7 59,1-2 61,2 62,2 63,3 65,1/2 66,1<and
characteristically with cross-veins linking the main veins> 68,11-14
70<apparently>,3<the interpretation of neuration being difficult>
71<seemingly>,2 72<supposedly>,1 75,2 77,1 81,11-14 82<seemingly>,3/-
83<theoretically>,2/- 84<supposedly>,2/- 85<supposedly>,1 87,1 88,2 91,1
95,1<?>/- 98,1 99,1 100,1/2 101,1<but with terminal spines> 102,3
107,3<blunt-spined> 108,10 114,1<on liverworts, in damp places, or
possibly detritus-feeders> 123,2<in a strong, parchment-like oval
cocoon> 127,1 128,1<\i{}Micropterix\i0{}> 129,5 130<\i{}Micropterix
calthella\i0{}, etc.> 131,3 132,1 133,1 135<The moths commonly gathering
on flowers, such as buttercups, feeding on the pollen> 137<micropte> 
 
# \i{}Momphidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Lavernidae\i0{}; including \i{}Agonoxenidae\i0{},
\i{}Cosmopterigidae\i0{}, \i{}Batrachedridae\i0{}> 5,3 6,1-2 11,4 12,2
13,3-4 14,0.75-1 19,4 20,1/2 21,1/2 22,2 25,2 26,1/2 27,2<?> 29,1 30,3/4
31,1 33,1<\i{}Chrysoclista\i0{}>/3<appressed, very short, or very long
an recurved in \i{}Pancalia\i0{}> 34,3 35,1 36,1 37,7-21 38,(10.5-)11-17
42,1 43,4-7 44,1-3 45,120-180 46,1 48,1 55,1 56,1-2 57,1-2
58,0.5-0.8<usually about 0.5, wider in \i{}Pancalia\i0{}> 59,1 60,2-8
62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,11-12<veins 7 and 8 sometimes coincident, or 5
absent, or 4 and 6 absent in \i{}Pancalia\i0{}>/13 70,2-3 71,1/2<1c
complete only proximally or distally> 72,1/2 73,1 75,1 77,2 79<veins 7
and 8 of the forewings sometimes stalked> 80,1/2 81,5-10 82,1/2-4<? -
only theoretically interpretable when neuration reduced> 83<when
identifiable,>,1/2/3/4 84,1/2 85,1<when neuration not reduced>/2 86,3/-
87,1/2 88,2 92<when cell present,>,6 93,1 94,2 95,1<when cell present>
96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1 107,1<?> 108,10 114,2 117,1/2<then usually
in stems or amongst seeds, rarely in spun leaves> 119<the phytophagous
forms on diverse woody and herbaceous Dicots and grasses> 125,2/3 127,2
128,11 129,34 130<\i{}Blastodacna atra\i0{} (Apple Pith Moth),
\i{}Chrysoclista linneella\i0{} (Linaeus's Spangle-wing or Cosmet),
\i{}Euclemensia woodiella\i0{} (Manchester Tinea: known worldwide only
from only three extant specimens, supposedly collected in 1829 about 5
km from the centre of Manchester, and now seemingly extinct), etc.>
131,3 132,4 133,13 137<momphida> 
 
# \i{}Nepticulidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Stigmellidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,1<with erect hair-scales>
13,1-2 14,0.5-0.75 19,4 20,1 22,1 26,2 27,2<?> 29,1 30,5 31,1
33,1<short> 34,3 35,2 37,3-9 38,10-11 40,1 42,1 43<about>,2.9-3.7 44,2-3
48,1/2 49,1<often bronzy or brassy>/2<e.g., sometimes with golden or
silvery marks>/3 55,1 56,3 57,1-3 58,0.5-0.7 59,1 60,2.5-4 62,2 63,3
65,1<strong in males, represented by a more distal group of costal
spines in females> 66,1 67,2 68,5-8<? - lacking veins 3 and 9, and often
some of of 4-8> 70<supposedly>,1<but identification of the veins is
difficult> 72<seemingly>,2 73,- 74,2 75,4 80,1/2<sometimes> 81,6-7
82<theoretically>,1 85<theoretically>,2/- 87,2 88,4 96,2 100,2 101,3
102,3<and with long bristles> 106,1 108,0<or these rudimentary> 114,2
117,1<rarely in bark> 123,2<in a firm cocoon> 125,3 126,4 127,1 128,9
129<about>,100<3 adventives> 130<\i{}Ectoedemia occultella\i0{} (Large
Birch Pigmy), \i{}Stigmella\i0{} (\i{}Nepticula\i0{})
\i{}anomalella\i0{} (Rose Leaf Miner), \i{}Stigmella\i0{}
(\i{}Nepticula\i0{}) \i{}malella\i0{} (Apple Pygmy), etc.> 131,3 132,3
133,5 137<nepticul> 
 
# \i{}Noctuidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Caradrinidae\i0{}; including \i{}Hylophilidae\i0{},
\i{}Plusiadae\i0{}. Excluding \i{}Arctiidae\i0{}.> 2,2&3<mostly>/1<e.g.,
many Plusiinae> 5,2-3<nearly always distinctly long-bodied, with a few
exceptions in the smaller tribes> 6,2-3 7,2<very consistently, though
sometimes with a dorsal crest of darker hairs on the anterior segments>
11,4 13,2 14,0.5-0.6-0.8 19,2/3/4 20,1/2/3 24,2 25,1/2 26,1 27,2 28,2
29,2 30,1 32,1 33,2/3 34,3 35,1<nearly always>/2<rarely> 36<when
developed, i.e. usually,>,2 37,(14-)20-60(-106) 38,6-8.5(-10)/10-13<<5%>
with nearly all the relatively narrow-bodied species representing
Hypeninae> 42,1-2 43,(1.6-)2-2.8<being relatively narrow in the large
tribes with trifid hindwing neuration, but sometimes broader in those
where it is quadrifid> 45,95-120 46,1<<97%> nearly always>/4<somewhat,
occasionally>/5<e.g., in \i{}S. libatrix\i0{}, \i{}P. meticulosa\i0{}>
49,1/2/3<the Plusiinae being typified by metallic effects> 50,3<e.g.,
Chloephorinae, some Acronictinae>/4/5/6/7/10/11<most commonly dingy
grey-brown (fuscous), diverse in markings, but usually with clear
orbicular and reniform marks> 51,2<in British species> 53,2 56,6 57,3-4
58,(0.75-)1-1.6<i.e., the forewings tending to be relatively narrow>
59,2 62,1<then most commonly in the form of a dark border to the
sometimes brightly coloured wing>/2<being more often no more than
darkened distally> 63,1/1&2<the second and/or subterminal lines
sometimes detectable>/3<the lines and discal mark often more or less
obsolete> 65,1 66,2 68<nearly always>,12 70,2<mostly>/3
71,1<mostly>/3<with Meyrick showing a proximally strong but distally
incomplete 1a in \i{}Pseudoips prasinana\i0{}> 72,2<though this
sometimes represented as a vestige> 73,1-3 77,2 81,8<usually>/9 82,3
83,3 84,1 85,2 86,3 91,1/2 92,6<usually, including the anastomosed vein
8, with 5 usually missing or vestigial>/7<in the quadrifid forms,
where 5 is strong> 93,3/7/3&7<3 and 4 can be connate or free, 6 and 7
are nearly always connate or stalked> 95,3<from near its base to the
middle> 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1/2 104,1 105,1 106,2 107,2
108,6/8<the Catocalinae and Plusiinae being semi-loopers, with the first
1-2 pairs reduced or lacking>/10<mostly> 109,1<infrequently, e.g.
\i{}Acronycta\i0{}>/2<usually> 110,1<e.g., \i{}Acronycta\i0{}>/2<mostly>
112,2 114,1/2 116,1<many root feeders>/2 119<on divers dicotyledonous
herbs, trees and shrubs; many on \i{}Gramineae\i0{}, and a few on
\i{}Cyperaceae\i0{}, \i{}Typha\i0{}, \i{}Sparganium\i0{}, and conifers>
120,2 121,2 125,1<commonly>/2/3<some attaching cocoons to leaves, stems,
etc.> 127,2 128<about>,90<about 25 adventive> 129<about>,425<about 60
adventive> 130<see the separate \i{}Noctuidae\i0{} Intkey package for
descriptions of all genera, and illustrations of nearly all the species>
131,2 132,4 133,26 136<This family exhibits numerous examples of
melanism, some apparently representing exclusively non-industrial rural
melanism, and others representing drift to industrial melanism
superimposed on the latter. Some of them are exemplified by the
illustrations provided with this family description, and under the names
\i{}Allophyes\i0{}, \i{}Apamea\i0{}, \i{}Mesapamea\i0{}, \i{}Noctua\i0{}
and \i{}Olygia\i0{} in the accompanying Genera of Noctuidae package>
137<noctuid> 
 
# \i{}Nolidae\i0{}/
2,3 5,2 11,4 13,1-2 14,0.5-0.75 19,2/3/4 20<when non-pectinate,
sometimes>,3/- 25,2 26,2 27,2 29,2 30,1 33,2-3 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,17-23
38,8-10 42,2 43,1.5-2 46,1 48,1 54,1 56,6 57,3 58<about>,1 59,2 62,2
63,1/3 65,1 66,2 68,10-12<veins 7 or 9 absent often absent> 70,2 71,1
72,2 73,1-3<the Le Cerf & Herbulot and Meyrick figures of \i{}Nola
confusalis\i0{} in conflict> 77,2 81,8/9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 86,3 91,1/2
92,6/7<vein 4 sometimes missing, or coincident with 3> 93,7 95,3<from
near its base to the middle>/4<from near the middle> 96,2 100,1 101,3
102,3 104,1 105,1 107<strongly>,2 108,8<lacking from the third abdominal
segment> 109,1<with hair-tufts> 119<on woody and herbaceous
\i{}Rosaceae\i0{}, also \i{}Papilionaceae\i0{} and \i{}Fagaceae\i0{}>
123,2 125,3 127,2 128,2 129,5 130<\i{}Meganola albula\i0{} (Kent Black
Arches), \i{}Meganola strigula\i0{} (Small Black Arches), \i{}Nola
aerugula\i0{} (Scarce Black Arches), \i{}Nola confusalis\i0{} (Least
Black Arches), \i{}Nola cucullatella\i0{} (The Short-cloaked Moth)>
131,2 132,4 133,26 137<nolidae> 
 
# \i{}Notodontidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Thaumetopoeidae\i0{}> 2,3 5,2-3 6,2-3 7,1<e.g.,
conspicuously banded in \i{}Cerura\i0{}>/2 11,4 13,1-2 14,0.41-0.46 16,2
19,2/3 20<sometimes>,3/- 25,1/2 26,1<rarely, reduced>/2 27,2 29,2<very
small>/3 30<when present>,1/2 32,1/2 33,3 34,3 35,1 37,24-68 38,6-12
42,2 43,(1.9-)2-2.5 45,95-130 46<slightly>,1-2/3<slightly>
48,1<mostly>/2 56,6 57,3 58,0.8-0.9 59,2 62,1<occasionally with dark
markings at the inner angle>/2<usually> 63,1/1&2/3 65,2 66,2 68,11<when
5 vestigial>/12 70,2/3 71,1/2<with Meyrick representing 1c in \i{}Cerura
vinula\i0{} as proximally vestigial, becoming tubular distally>/3 72,1/2
73,1 75,1/2 77,2 81,7-9 82,2/3 83,1/3 84,1/2<vestigial in \i{}N.
ziczac\i0{}> 85,2 86,3 88,1/2 92,6 93,3&7<the former connate, the latter
connate or stalked>/7 95,1<near its middle>/3<e.g., \i{}E. ziczac\i0{}>
96,2 100,1<males>/2<females> 101,3 102,2/3 103,1 104,1 105,1 106,2 107,1
108,8<then the hind claspers modified into tail-like appendages>/10
109,1/2 110,1<commonly>/2 119<mainly on amentiferous Dicot trees,
especially \i{}Salicaceae\i0{}> 123,2 125,3<in a cocoon above ground>
127,2 128,20<2 adventive> 129,29<3 adventive> 130<\i{}Cerura vinula\i0{}
(Puss Moth), \i{}Clostera anachoreta\i0{} (Scarce Chocolate-tip),
\i{}Clostera curtula\i0{} (Chocolate-tip), \i{}Clostera pigra\i0{}
(Small Chocolate-tip), \i{}Diloba caeruleocephala\i0{} (Figure of
Eight), \i{}Drymonia dodonaea\i0{} (Marbled Brown), \i{}Drymonia
ruficornis\i0{} (Lunar Marbled Brown), \i{}Eligmodonta ziczac\i0{}
(Pebble Prominent), \i{}Furcula bicuspis\i0{} (Alder Kitten),
\i{}Furcula bifida\i0{} (Poplar Kitten), \i{}Furcula furcula\i0{}
(Sallow Kitten), \i{}Gluphisia crenata\i0{} (The Dusky Marbled Brown,
British status uncertain), \i{}Harpyia milhauseri\i0{} (Tawny Prominent,
not illustrated), \i{}Leucodonta bicoloria\i0{} (White Prominent -
extinct in Britain), \i{}Notodonta dromedarius\i0{} (Iron Prominent),
\i{}Notodonta torva\i0{} (Large Dark Prominent - adventive),
\i{}Odontosia carmelita\i0{} (Scarce Prominent), \i{}Peridea anceps\i0{}
(Great Prominent), \i{}Phalera bucephala\i0{} (Buff-tip), \i{}Pheosia
gnoma\i0{} (Lesser Swallow Prominent), \i{}Pheosia tremula\i0{} (Swallow
Prominent), \i{}Pterostoma palpina\i0{} (Pale Prominent), \i{}Ptilodon
capucina\i0{} (Coxcomb Prominent), \i{}Ptilodon cucullina\i0{} (Maple
Prominent), \i{}Ptilophora plumigera\i0{} (Plumed Prominent),
\i{}Stauropus fagi\i0{} (The Lobster Moth), \i{}Ptilophora
plumigera\i0{} (Plumed Prominent), \i{}Trichiocercus sparshalli\i0{}
(Long-tailed Bombyx), \i{}Tritophia tritophus\i0{} (Three Humped
Prominent - adventive)> 131,2 132,4 133,25 134<\i{}Trichiocercus
sparshalli\i0{} (sometimes referred to the family
\i{}Thaumatopoeidae\i0{}) is tagged of doubtful status by Bradley
\i{}et al\i0{}., but the provenance of Curtis's specimen - presented as
British, with other exotic material, by Mr. Sparshall - is dubious>
137<notodont> 
 
# \i{}Nymphalidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae\i0{}> 2,1 3,3-4<mostly>/5 5<very>,1/2<in
some smaller Fritillaries> 6,1-2 11,1 12,1 13,2<mostly>/1<sometimes, in
\i{}Boloria\i0{} and \i{}Nymphalis\i0{}> 14,0.42-0.55 15,1 16,1
17,1/2<not curved, sometimes flattened> 18,2 19,4 20,1 25,1/2 26,2 27,1
29,2 30,1 33,3 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,(40-)50-80(-92) 38,10.5-17 42,2
43,(1.4-)1.5-1.9(-2) 45,(85-)95-110(-115) 46,1-3/5 47,1<commonly, in
characteristic fashion>/2 48,1<mostly>/2<e.g., in \i{}Aglais
urticae\i0{}> 50,4/5/6/9/10/11<or fuscous> 51,1/2 56,6/7 57,3
58<about>,1 61,1<but no more than slightly, in Britain>/2 62,1<the
markings often more or less resembling those of the forewings> 63<with
the conventional lepidopterous lines and discal marks lacking or more or
less obscured by conversion into bands, blotches or rows of spots>
64,1<conspicuously so, in most Fritillaries>/2 65,2 66,2
68,12<usually>/13 69,2 70,2<mostly>/3<an upper, weaker anal vein
sometimes evident, e.g. in \i{}Aglais urticae\i0{}> 71,1<mostly>/2
72,1/2 73,1-3 74,1/2 75,1/2<sometimes reduced or lacking between veins 4
and 5> 77,2 78<forewing veins 8 and 9 out of 7, with 3 and 4 often
connate> 81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 88,1/2<lacking between veins 4 and 5
in \i{}Ladoga\i0{}, \i{}Apatura\i0{} and \i{}Argynnis\i0{}>/4<rarely>
89,1<mostly>/2<lacking in \i{}Vanessa\i0{} and \i{}Cynthia\i0{}> 91,1
92,7 93,1/3<connate only> 95,4<from near its base> 96,2 98,2<forelegs of
the males brushlike with two tarsal joints, those of the females having
4 tarsal joints with only short setae> 99,2 100,2 101,3 102,2 104,2
106,2<usually somewhat taller than wide and broadest below, i.e.,
barrel-shaped or broadly conical> 107,1/2/3<nearly always longitudinally
ribbed> 108,10 109,1/2 111,2<but those of \i{}Apatura\i0{} with
horn-like appendages on the head> 112,1<nearly
always>/2<\i{}Apatura\i0{} only> 114,1<mostly>/2 115,1<e.g., \i{}Inachis
io\i0{}>/2 119<on various Dicots - \i{}Violaceae\i0{},
\i{}Urticaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ulmaceae\i0{}, \i{}Salicaceae\i0{},\i{}
Cannabaceae\i0{}, \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}, etc.> 120,1 121,1
122,1<commonly>/2 123,1<usually>/2<\i{}Euphydryas\i0{}> 124,1 128,14<4
represented only by adventives> 129,31<including 12 adventives>
130<\i{}Aglais urticae\i0{} (Small Tortoise-shell), \i{}Apatura
iris\i0{} (Purple emperor, \i{}Araschnia levana\i0{} (Map Butterfly,
adventive), \i{}Argynnis adippe\i0{} (High-brown Fritillary),
\i{}Argynnis aglaia\i0{} (var., Dark Green Fritillary), \i{}Argynnis
niobe\i0{} (Niobe, adventive), \i{}Argynnis pandora\i0{} (Mediterranean
Fritillary, adventive), \i{}Argynnis paphia\i0{} (Silver-washed
Fritillary), \i{}Boloria dia\i0{} (Weaver's Fritillary, adventive),
\i{}Boloria euphrosyne\i0{} (Large Pearl-bordered Fritillary),
\i{}Boloria selene\i0{} (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary), \i{}Cynthia
(Vanessa) cardui\i0{} (Painted Lady), \i{}Cynthia virginiensis
(huntera)\i0{} (American Painted Lady, adventive), \i{}Euphydryas
aurinia\i0{} (Marsh Fritillary), \i{}Inachis (Vanessa) io\i0{}
(Peacock), \i{}Issoria aphrodite\i0{} (Venus Fritillary, adventive),
\i{}Issoria lathonia\i0{} (Queen of Spain Fritillary, \i{}Junonia
(Precis) villida\i0{} (adventive), \i{}Ladoga (Limenitis) camilla\i0{}
(White Admiral), \i{}Melitaea athalia\i0{} (Heath Fritillary),
\i{}Melitaea cinxia\i0{} (Glanville Fritillary), \i{}Melitaea
didyma\i0{} (adventive), \i{}Nymphalis antiopa\i0{} (Camberwell Beauty),
\i{}Nymphalis (Aglais) polychloros\i0{} (Large Tortoise-shell),
\i{}Nymphalis xanthomelas\i0{} (Scarce Tortoise-shell, adventive),
\i{}Polygonia c-album\i0{} (Comma), \i{}Vanessa atalanta\i0{} (Red
Admiral).> 131,1 132,4 133,21 135<Mostly brightly coloured and strong
fliers> 137<nymphali> 
 
# \i{}Oecophoridae\i0{}/
4,2 5,3 6,1-2 8,1<mostly>/2<e.g., the females of \i{}Diurnea\i0{}
species with reduced wings> 11,4 12<usually>,2 13,2-4 14,0.6-1.5 19,4
20,1/2/3 21,1/2 22,2 26,1<rarely>/2 27,2<?> 29,1 30,4 31,1 33,3<very
short, appressed> 34,3 35,1/2 36<when well developed,>,1 37,9-25(-27)
38,11-22 42,1-2 43,2.1-3 44,1-2 46,1-2 48<fairly>,1 49,1/2/3
55<approaching>,1/2 56,3-5 57,3 58,0.9-1.2 59,2 60,0.25-1(-2) 62,2 63,3
65,1 66,2 68,13 70,3 71,2 72,1<at least distally> 73,1-2 75,1 77,2
81,9/10 82,3/4 83,4<or occasionally 1b much reduced>/- 84,1 85,1 86,1-3
88,1-2 92,6 93,2<connate or shortly stalked> 94,1 95,1<usually>/2 96,2
100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1 107,1<?> 108,10 114,2<amongst spun leaves or
seeds or in decayed wood, rarely mining leaves> 119<the phytophagous
forms associated with a wide variety of Dicot shrubs and herbs (with the
large genus \i{}Depressaria\i0{} specialising in \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}
and \i{}Compositae\i0{}), a few on mosses> 123,1/2 124<when exposed,>,1
127,2 128,27<1 adventive only> 129,82<4 adventive> 130<\i{}Agonopterix
heracleana\i0{}, \i{}Batia lunaris\i0{} (Lesser Tawny Crescent),
\i{}Depressaria depressana\i0{} (Blunt's Flat-body), \i{}Depressaria
pastinacella\i0{} (Parsnip Moth), \i{}Diurnea fagella\i0{} (March
Dagger), \i{}Esperia sulphurella\i0{} (Yellow Underwinged Thick-horn),
\i{}Endrosis sarcitrella\i0{} (White-shouldered House-moth),
\i{}Hofmannophila pseudospretella\i0{} (Brown House-moth), etc.> 131,3
132,4 133,13 137<oecophor> 
 
# \i{}Opostegidae\i0{}/
2,2 5,3 11,4 12,1<with a tuft of erect hair-scales on the vertex, but
the back of the crown smooth> 13,2-3 14<about>,0.8 19,4 20,1
22<greatly>,1 26,2 27,2<?> 29,1<long, filiform> 30,5 31,1 33,1<short>
34,3 35<vestigial or>,2 37,7-12 40,1 42,1 43,3.5-3.6 44,2-3 48,2
50,1<usually>/4<ochreous> 55,1 56,2-3 57,1-2 58,0.3-0.6 59,1 60,3-5 62,2
63,3 65,1<strong in males, represented by a more distal group of costal
spines in females> 66,2 67,2<veins 3-10 missing> 68,3/4<lacking veins
3-10> 70<supposedly>,1 71,- 72<supposedly>,2 73,- 74,2 75,4 79<the
forewing neuration reduced in the extreme, and the 4-5 existing veins
all unbranched> 80,2 81,7/8 82<seemingly>,2 83<supposedly reduced to 1a
only> 85<supposedly>,2/- 87,2 88,4 97<hindwings lacking veins 3 and 4,
and with no transverse vein> 100,2 101,3 102,3<and with long bristles>
108,0<or these rudimentary, the larvae extremely slender> 114,2 117,1/2
118,1<usually mining in bark or rind>/2 123,2 125,3 127,1
128,1<\i{}Opostega\i0{}> 129,4 131,3 132,3 133,5 137<opostegi> 
 
# \i{}Papilionidae\i0{}/
2,1 3,4-5 5<very>,1 6,1-2 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,0.25-0.35 15,1 16,1
17,1/1-2<the club sometimes curved, flattened or not> 19,4 20,1 25,2
26,2 27,1 29,2-3 30<if detectable,>,1 33,3<appressed to frons> 34,3 35,1
36,2 37,(40-)78-100(-108) 38,15-17 42,2 43,1.3-1.7
45<about>,(90-)100-115 46,1-3/4 48,1 50,1/2/11 51,2 56,6<the inner
margin concave> 57,3 58<about>,1 61,1/2 62,1 63<with the conventional
lepidopterous lines and discal marks lacking or more or less obscured>
65,2 66,2 68,11<\i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/13 69,2<or with slight dilation, in
\i{}Iphiclides\i0{}> 70,2/3 71,1/2/3 72,2 73,3 75,1 77,2 78,2<from about
halfway> 81,8 82,2/3 83,1/2 84,2 85,2 87,1 88,1 89,1 90,1/2 91,1/2
92,6<in \i{}Parnassius\i0{}>/7 93,1/3/5<then these connate only>
95,4<from near its base> 96,2 98,1 99,1 100,1 101,1 102,2 104,2
106,2<sub-globular> 107,1 108,10 111,1<these retractile> 112,2 114,1
115,2 119<on Umbelliferae (\i{}P. machaon\i0{}), woody Rosaceae
(\i{}Iphiclides\i0{}), Aristolochiaceae (\i{}Zerynthia\i0{}) and
Crassulaceae (\i{}Parnassius\i0{})> 120,1/2 121,1/2 123,1/2<more or
less, in \i{}Parnassius\i0{}> 124<in \i{}Papilio\i0{}>,2/- 125<in
\i{}Parnassius\i0{},>,3 128,4 129,5<including 4 adventives>
130<\i{}Iphiclides (Papilio) podalirius\i0{} (Scarce Swallow-tail,
adventive), \i{}Papilio machaon\i0{} (Swallow-tail), \i{}Parnassius
apollo\i0{} (Apollo, adventive), \i{}Parnassius phoebus\i0{} (Small
Apollo, adventive), \i{}Zerynthia (Thais) polyxena\i0{} (Southern
Festoon, adventive), rumina\i0{} (Spanish Festoon, adventive).> 131,1
132,4 133,21 137<papilion> 
 
# \i{}Phyllocnistidae\i0{}/
5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2<-scaled> 13,3-4 14<about>,1 19,4 20,1 21,2 22,1/2 26,2
27,2 29,2 33,2-3<slender> 35,1 36,2 37,6-8 38,12-13 42,1 43<about>,5.2
44,3 50,1<shining white> 55,1 56,1-2 57,1 58<about>,0.25 59,1
60<about>,5 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 67,2<veins 3, 4 and 8 absent>
68,9/10<veins 3, 4 and 8 absent> 70,2 71,1 72,2<this vestigial only>
73,3 74,1 75,1 77,2 80,2 81,4 82<seemingly>,1 83,- 84,2 85,2 86,- 87,2
88,4 92<veins 3 and 4 supposedly absent, and 5+6 stalked> 100,1 101,3
102,3 103,2<with a dorsal row of long bristles> 108,0<apodal> 114,2
117,1 119<in leaves of \i{}Salix\i0{} and \i{}Populus\i0{}> 123,2 125,3
126,4<in a cocoon, within the mine> 127,1<?>
128,1<\i{}Phyllocnistis\i0{}> 129,2 131,3 132,4 133,9 135<the apex of
the forewings produced, caudate> 137<phyllocn> 
 
# \i{}Pieridae\i0{}/
2,1 3,3-4 5,1<almost invariably>/2-3<e.g., in \i{}L. sinapis\i0{}>
6<very>,1-2 11,1 12,1 13,2 14,0.26-0.49 15,1 16,1 17,1/2<straight or
curved, strongly flattened or not, usually pale-tipped> 19,4 20,1 25,2
26,2 27,1 29,3 33,3<appressed to frons> 34,3 35,1 36,2
37,(31-)40-72(-76) 38,12-23 42,2 43,1.5-1.86 45<about>,(90-)97-105(-127)
46,1-2/4<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}> 48,1/3<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{}> 50,1/2 51,2
56,6 57,3 58<about>,1 61,1<\i{}Gonepteryx\i0{} only>/2 62,1/2 63,1<this
sometimes yellow or orange>/3<with the conventional lepidopterous lines
and discal marks lacking or more or less obscured> 65,2 66,2 68,10<7 and
9 absent>/11<then vein 7 or 9 absent>/12 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,3 77,2
79<forewing veins 7, 8 and 9 stalked or coincident> 81,8/9<usually>/9-10
82,3/4 83,3/4 84,1 85,2 89,1/2 91,1<usually>/2 92,6<\i{}Leptidea\i0{}>/7
93,1/3/3&7 95,4<from near its base> 96,2 98,1 99,1 100,2 101,3 102,2
104,2 106,2<elongate, bottle-shaped or truncate-fusiform>
107<longitudinally>,2 108,10 109,1/2<usually somewhat hairy, sometimes
associated with ants in the early instars> 111,2 114,1 115,2 119<mostly
on \i{}Cruciferae\i0{} or \i{}Papilionaceae\i0{}, but the extinct
\i{}Aporia\i0{} on woody Rosaceae and \i{}Gonepteryx\i0{} on
\i{}Rhamnus\i0{}> 120,1/2 121,1/2 122,2 123,1 124,2 128,8
129,15<including 3 adventive, 1 extinct> 130<\i{}Anthocharis
cardamines\i0{} (Orange Tip), \i{}Aporia crataegi\i0{} (Black-veined
White - extinct in Britain), \i{}Colias alfacariensis\i0{} (Bergers
Clouded Yellow - adventive, or perhaps often confused with the closely
similar \i{}C. hyale\i0{}), \i{}Colias hyale\i0{} (Pale Clouded Yellow),
\i{}Colias croceus\i0{} (Clouded Yellow), \i{}Colias palaeno\i0{}
(Moorland Clouded Yellow, adventive), \i{}Euchlo simplonia\i0{}
(Dappled White, adventive), \i{}Gonepteryx cleopatra\i0{} (Cleopatra,
adventive), \i{}Gonepteryx rhamni\i0{} (Brimstone), \i{}Leptidea
sinapis\i0{} (Wood White), \i{}Pieris brassicae\i0{} (Large White),
\i{}Pieris rapae\i0{} (Small White), \i{}Pieris napi\i0{} (Green-veined
White), \i{}Pontia daplidice\i0{} (Bath White).> 131,1 132,4 133,21
137<pieridae> 
 
# \i{}Psychidae\i0{}/
2,1 4,1 5,2/3 6,1-2 8,1<males>/2<the females of most species, which may
also have reduced legs and antennae> 11,3/4<?> 12,1<-haired> 13,1-2
14,0.4-0.5 19,2<to the tip>/4 20<when not bipectinate,>,2/3 21,2 25,2
26,1/2 27,2<?> 29,2/3 32,1<Naryciinae>/2 33<when developed,>,1/2/-
34,1-3/-<?> 35,2 37,9-28 38,8-20 42,2 43<about>,1.8-2.5 46,1 48,1 56,5-6
57,3 58,0.75-0.85 59,2 62,1<more or less, with scattered transverse
spots or indistinct lines>/2 63,2/3 65,1 66,2 68,12<with vein 8 lacking>
70,3 71,2 72,1<well developed throughout its length, sometimes connected
by a bar to 1b> 73,1 75,1 76,1/2 77,1<this forked> 81,9/10 82,4 83,4
84,1 85,1 86,1-3 87,1<containing a forked or simple M vein> 88,1
92,5<then 6 absent>/6 93,1 95,1/2/3 96,2 100,1/2 101,1/2/3 102,1<or
1-spurred?>/2/3/- 106,2 107,1 108,10 113,1 114,2 119<on divers Dicots
and grasses, also lichens> 123,2 125,3<in the larval case> 127,1/2
128,14 129,24<2 adventive> 130<\i{}Epichnopterix plumella\i0{} (Woolly
Case-bearer, Transparent Sweep), \i{}Taleporia tubulosa\i0{} (Large
Birch Bright), etc.> 131,2 132,4 133,9 134<the Taleporiinae and
Naryciinae are placed here in modern treatments, where they conform in
having case-bearing larvae and (often) apterous females; but it is
easily appreciated (e.g., contrast Curtis's illustrations of
\i{}Taleporia tubulosa\i0{} and \i{}Epichnopterix plumella\i0{}) why
taxonomists from Curtis to Meyrick referred them to the Tineidae. It
will be interesting to have results from comparative DNA sequencing in
order to assess this and many other mid- to late Twentieth-century
classificatory re-assignments and hierarchical adjustments>
137<psychida> 
 
# \i{}Pyralidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Galleriadae\i0{}, \i{}Galleriidae\i0{},
\i{}Phycitidae\i0{}, \i{}Pyraustidae\i0{}, excluding \i{}Crambidae\i0{}>
2,1/2/3 5,2-3<but mostly long> 6,1-2 7,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}E.
hortulata\i0{} with black-and-yellow banding>/2 11,3 13,2-3 14,0.6-0.9
19<finely>,2/3/4 20,1<rather rarely>/2<often only minutely>/3 26,1/2
27,1/2 29,1 30,2-3<rarely>/4 33,2/3 34,3 35,1/2<e.g., Anerastiinae>
36<when developed,>,1 37,13-40 38,(8.5-)10-19 42,1-2 43,(1.9-)2-3.2
45,(90-)110-140 46,1<mostly>/2/3<rarely> 48,1-2 56,4-6<occasionally
sinuate> 57,3 58,0.93-1.2 59,2 62,1<sometimes brightly and very
conspicuously so>/2 63,1&2/3<the discal spot and/or lines often more or
less obsolete> 65,1 66,2 68,10-12/13<veins 7 or 7 and 9 absent in
Phycitinae, 10 in some Galleriinae> 70,2/3/4<and often with one or more
vestiges in addition to the tubular veins> 71,1/2/3/4<e.g.,
\i{}Achroia\i0{}> 72,1<e.g., this complete distally in \i{}Achroia\i0{}
and \i{}Oncocera\i0{}>/2 73,1-3 74,1/2<e.g., \i{}Achroia\i0{}>
75,1-3<lacking between veins 5 and 7 or 8 in \i{}Schoenobius\i0{}> 77,2
81,9/10 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,3 87,1/2<e.g., in Galleriinae>
88<variously>,1-2/4<lacking altogether in Galleriinae> 90,1<towards its
base: Galleriinae, Anerastiinae, Phycitinae>/2<Pyrasustinae, Pyralinae,
Schoenobiinae, Endotrichinae> 91,1/2 92,4/6/7<5 present or absent>
93,3/5/7/8<in various combinations> 95,1<approximating to it only>
96,1<or anastomosing>/2<or vein 7 absent>/- 100,1 101,3 102,3 104,1
105,2 106,2 107,1-2 108,10 114,1/2<often on dry or decaying plant
material> 115,1/2 119<some (Galleriinae) feeding on wax and detritus in
nests of bees and wasps; many on seeds, dried plant and animal material,
refuse, etc., others on or in diverse living plants> 123,2 125,3 127,2
128<about>,85<12 adventive only> 129<about>,160 130<e.g., \i{}Acentria
ephemerella\i0{} (False-caddis, Water-veneer), \i{}Aglossa
pinguinalis\i0{} (Large Tabby), \i{}Cynaeda dentalis\i0{} (Starry
Brindle, Starry Brindled Pearl), \i{}Dolicharthria punctalis\i0{}
(Long-legged China-mark), \i{}Parapoynx stratiotata\i0{} (Ringed
China-mark), \i{}Pyralis pictalis\i0{} (Painted Meal Moth), \i{}Pyrausta
cingulata\i0{} (Silver-barred Sable))> 131,3 132,4 133,18 137<pyralide> 
 
# \i{}Pterophoridae\i0{}/
2,2/3 5<very conspicuously>,3 6,1-2 11,2/5<usually, in characteristic
pose> 13,2-3 14,0.53-0.76 19,4 20,2 26,2 27,2 29,2<minute> 30,1 33,2
34,3 35,1 36,2 37,13-30 38,12-16 39,1/2 42,1 43,6-12 62,2<though
sometimes darkening distally> 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,7-13<veins 3, 8-10,
and/or 11 may be absent, but 5 and 6 are always present though very
short in cleft-winged species> 70,3 71,2 72<supposedly>,1
73,1<shortly>/2-3 75,1/2-3 77,2 81,6-8 82,2/3 83,1/2/3<?> 84,1/2<this
usually vestigial only> 85<supposedly>,1<but the neuration seems
dubiously interpreted> 88,1/2-3 92,4-6<sometimes lacking veins 5 and/or
3> 93,1 95,1 96,1-2 100,1 101,3 102,3 104,2 106,1 107,1 108,10 114,2<in
rolled leaves or buds, or inside stems> 119<on divers herbaceous
Dicotyledons> 123,1/2 125,1/2/3 127,2 128,15 129,38 130<\i{}Agdistis
meridionalis\i0{} (Sea-side Plume), \i{}Pterophorus pentadactyla\i0{}
(White Plume Moth), \i{}Pterophorus spilodactylus\i0{} (Horehound
Plume), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,19 137<pteropho> 
 
# \i{}Riodinidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Ericynidae\i0{}, \i{}Lemoniidae\i0{}, \i{}Libytheidae\i0{},
\i{}Nemeobiidae\i0{}> 2,1 3,3 5,1 6,2 11,1 12,1 13,2 14,0.48-0.52 15,1
16,1 17,2<and flattened> 19,4 20,1 24,1<and white-rimmed> 25,1 26,2 27,1
29,2 33,2 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,29-34 38,11-13 42,2 43,1.5-1.8
45<about>,95-100 46,1 48,1 50,4/5/6<tawny or dusky, depending on which
component is regarded as ground-colour> 51,2 56,6 57,3 58<about>,1
62,1<chequered, like the forewings> 63<with the conventional
lepidopterous lines and discal marks lacking or more or less obscured>
65,2 66,2 68,12 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,1 77,2 79<forewing veins 8 and 9 out
of 7> 81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 89,1 91,1 92,7 93,3&7<connate only>
95,4<from near its base> 96,2 98,2<in the male only>/1 99,1 100,2 101,3
102,1 104,2 106,2<barrel-shaped> 107,1 108,10 109,1-2<with hair tufts;
woodlouse-shaped like Lycaenidae, but having no known association with
ants> 114,1 119<on \i{}Primula\i0{}> 120,2<rounded> 121,1 122,2 123,1
124,2 128,1 129,1 130<\i{}Hamearis lucina\i0{} (Duke of Burgundy
Fritillary)> 131,1 132,4 133,21 137<riodinid> 
 
# \i{}Saturniidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Attacidae\i0{}> 2,1 5,1<males>/2-3<females> 6,2/3 11,3 13,1
14,0.23-0.29 19,2 25,2 26,2 27,2 29,2/3 32,1<but short> 34,3 35,2
37,55-85 38,8.5-9.6 42,2 43,1.6-1.75 45<about>,105
46<slightly>,1-2/3<slightly> 48,1 51,1 56,6 57,2-3 58,0.7-0.9 59,2 61,2
62,1<similar to the forewings, with a large eye-spot and vavy lines and
bands> 63,1&2<the discal mark represented by the eye> 65,2 66,2
68,10<vein 11 absent> 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,1 77,2 81,8 82,2 83,1 84,1 85,2
86,3 92,5<vein 5 missing?> 93,7<assuming 5 is missing> 95,1 96,2 98,1
99,1 100,1 101,3 102,1/2<short> 103,1 104,2 106,1-2 107,1 108,10
109,1<with hairy tubercles> 119<on divers dicot trees shrubs and herbs,
perhaps most commonly on \i{}Erica\i0{} and \i{}Calluna\i0{} on heaths
and moorland, and \i{}Filipendula ulmara\i0{} in fens and marshes>
123,2<in a stout cocoon> 125,3 127,2 128,1 129,1 130<\i{}Saturnia
pavonia\i0{} (Emperor))> 131,2 132,4 133,22 137<saturnii> 
 
# \i{}Satyridae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Nymphalidae-Satyrinae\i0{}> 2,1 3,3-4 5,1 6,1-2 11,1 12,1 13,2
14,0.32-0.48 15,1 16,1 17,1/2<curved or straight, flattened or not> 19,4
20,1 25,1/2 26,2 27,1 29,2 30,1 33,3 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,29-64(-70)
38,13-21 42,2 43,(1.2-)1.4-1.8(-2.3) 45,91-110
46<slightly>,3<rarely>/1-2 47,2 48,1 50,4/5<or fuscous>/6/1<rarely>
51,1<usually>/2<but then usually eye-spotted underneath> 52,1<except in
some forms of \i{}A. hyperanthus\i0{}> 56,6 57,3 58<about>,1 62,1<with
contrasting fasciae and/or eye-spots>/2 63<with the conventional
lepidopterous lines and discal marks lacking or more or less obscured by
conversion into bands, blotches or rows of spots> 65,2 66,2 68,12(-13)
69,1 70,2/3 71,1/2 72,2 73,3 77,2 81<usually>,9<10 in \i{}Lasiommata
maera\i0{}> 82,3<usually>/4<in \i{}L. maera\i0{}> 83,3/4 84,1 85,2
89,1/2 91,1 92,7 93,1<mostly>/3<on the cell, e.g. \i{}Lasiommata\i0{},
\i{}Pararge\i0{}> 95,4<from near its base> 96,2 98,2<the vestigial
fore-legs brushlike, one-jointed in the males and two-jointed in the
females> 99,2 100,2 101,3 102,2 104,2 106,2<hemispherical, sub-globular
or barrel-shaped> 107,1/2/3 108,10 109,2<mostly short-haired> 112,2
114<mostly>,1<sometimes concealed in \i{}Hipparchia\i0{}> 115,2 119<all
on \i{}Gramineae\i0{}, a few also on \i{}Cyperaceae\i0{}> 120,2 121,1/2
122,2 123,1<usually>/2 124<usually>,1 125<when concealed,>,2<and
unattached>/1<occasionally> 128,9 129,14<including 3 adventives>
130<\i{}Aphantopus hyperanthus\i0{} (Ringlet), \i{}Arethusana
arethusa\i0{} (False Grayling, adventive), \i{}Chazara briseis\i0{}
(Hermit, adventive), \i{}Coenonympha hero\i0{} (Plastead's Brown
Ringlet, adventive), \i{}Coenonympha arcania\i0{}? (Plastead's Tawny
Ringlet, adventive), \i{}Coenonympha pamphilus\i0{} (Small Heath),
\i{}Coenonympha tullia\i0{} (Large Heath), \i{}Erebia aethiops\i0{}
(Scotch Argus), \i{}Erebia epiphron\i0{} (Mountain Ringlet), \i{}Erebia
ligea\i0{} (Arran Brown), \i{}Hipparchia semele\i0{} (Grayling),
\i{}Lasiommata maera\i0{} (Large-eyed Wall Brown, adventive),
\i{}Lasiommata megera\i0{} (Wall Brown), \i{}Maniola jurtina\i0{}
(Meadow Brown), \i{}Melanargia galathea\i0{} (Marbled White),
\i{}Pararge aegeria\i0{} (Speckled Wood), \i{}Pyronia tithonus\i0{}
(Gatekeeper).> 131,1 132,4 133,21 135<Mostly sombrely coloured in shades
of brown or fuscous, the flight usually irregular but rapid.>
137<satyride> 
 
# \i{}Schreckensteiniidae\i0{}/
5,3 6,2 10,1 11,4 12,2<shiny-scaled> 13,2-3 14<about>,0.6-0.8 19,4
20<shortly>,2 21,2 26,1<prominent> 27,2 29,2<very short> 30,1<?>
33,2-3<sub-ascending, curved, fairly long> 35,1 37,10-12 38<about>,12
42,1 43<about>,3.9 44,2 45<about>,130 48,2 50,4<pale shining ochreous>
55,1 56,3 57,1-2 58<about>,0.5 59,1 60,2-3 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,13
70,3 71,3 72,2 73,3 75,1 77,2 79<hindwing vein 7 to the termen> 80,1
81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,1/2<?> 86,3 87,1 88,1 92,6 93,1 94,2 95,1 96,2
100,1 101,3 102,3 108,10 114,1<under \i{}Rubus\i0{} leaves> 123,2<in an
open-network cocoon> 125,2/3<?> 127,1 128,1 129,1<\i{}Schreckensteinia
festaliella\i0{}> 131,3 132,4 133,16 135<Hind tarsal segments with
apical whorls of bristles, and the tibia with median and apical whorls
of bristles> 137<schrecke> 
 
# \i{}Scythridae\i0{}/
5,3 6,2 11,4 12,2 13,3 14<about>,0.8 19,4 20<shortly>,2 21,1/2 22,2 25,2
26,1/2 27,2 29,1 30,4<short, slender, drooping> 31,2 32,1<moderate-sized
to rather long> 33,3<recurved> 34,3<?> 35,1 36,1 37,(8-)10-15(-18)
38,10-12 42,1 43,3.9-4.6 44,3 48,2 49,1/3 50<bronzy, greenish-bronzy,
bronzy-fuscous, dark fuscous, purplish-grey, etc.> 55,1 56,3 57,3
58,0.8-0.85 59,1-2 60,1.5-3 62,2 63,3 65,2 66,2 68,(11-)12<lacking vein
8 and occasionally also 5> 70,3 71,2 72,1<distally only> 73,1-3 75,1
77,2 81,7/10 82,4/1<sometimes these all vestigial> 83<when developed,>,4
84,1/2 85,1/2 86,3 88,1 92,6 93,5<stalked> 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,2
103,1<with long, fine hairs> 108,10 114,1/2<in a loose web in shoots of
the food plant, among spun flowers, in silk-lined galleries in stems,
sometimes in sand-tubes among roots and stems, etc.> 116,1/2 118,1/2
119<on divers Dicot herbs and shrubs> 127,2 128,1<\i{}Scythris\i0{}>
129,11 131,3 132,4 133,13 137<scythrid> 
 
# \i{}Sesiidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Aegeriidae\i0{}> 2,1 5,3<exaggeratedly so> 6,2-3 7,1<black,
usually with yellow or red bands> 9,1 12,1<-scaled> 13,2-3 14,0.55-0.84
16,1-2 17<when present,>,1 19<sub->,3/4/1 20,1/3<usually penicillate>
21,2 26,1<prominent> 27,2 29,2 33,3 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,16-45 38,5-10 42,1
43,3.2-4 45,120-135 46,1 48,1 57,3 58<about>,1<but the forewings much
narrower basally> 59,2 62,1<at least via the dark veins, and sometimes
with pigmented outer margins and/or costa> 63,1<or a bar over the
transverse vein>/3<Sesiinae only> 65,1 66,2 68,12/13 70,2/3 71,1/2<with
1c vestigial save at its base> 72,1<proximally only>/2<?> 73,1 75,1-2
77,2 81,8/9 82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,1 88,2 92,5<vein 5 absent>
93,1/3<these then connate to stalked> 95,1<but concealed in the costa
and hard to detect>/- 96,1<but vein 8 ostensibly absent, being concealed
in the costa>/- 100,1 101,3 102,3 104,2 108,10 114,2 118,1<or in roots>
119<on divers woody and herbaceous Dicots, feeding in the stems and
roots> 123,2<in the larval galleries> 126,2/3 127,1 128,7 129,15
130<Aegeriinae: \i{}Bembicia ichneumoniformis\i0{} (Six-belted
Clearwing), \i{}Paranthrene tabaniformis\i0{} (Dusky Clearwing),
\i{}Pyropteron chrysidiformis\i0{} (Fiery Clearwing), \i{}Synansphecia
muscaeformis\i0{} (Thrift Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon
anthraciniformis\i0{} (Orange-tailed Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon
culiciformis\i0{} (Large Red-belted Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon
flaviventris\i0{} (Sallow Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon
formicaeformis\i0{} (Red-tipped Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon
myopaeformis\i0{} (Red-belted Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon
scoliaeformis\i0{} (Welsh Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon spheciformis\i0{}
(White-barred Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon tipuliformis\i0{} (Currant
Clearwing), \i{}Synanthedon vespiformis\i0{} (Yellow-legged Clearwing).
Sesiinae: \i{}Sesia apiformis\i0{} (Hornet-moth), \i{}Sesia
bembeciformis\i0{} (Lunar Hornet Clearwing).> 131,2 132,4 133,10
137<aegeriid> 
 
# \i{}Sphingidae\i0{}/
2,1/2-3 5,3<exaggeratedly so> 6,3<often very streamlined> 7,1<commonly,
often with conspicuous lateral or dorsolateral banding>/2 9,1<the
Bee-hawks>/2 11,2/4 13,1-2 14,0.31-0.66 15,2 16,1-2<thickened towards
or beyond the middle> 17,1 19,4 20,1<in partial whorls> 25,2 26,2 27,2
29,2 30,1 33,3<thick, appressed> 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,41-135 38,6-9.5
42,1-2 43,(1.75-)2.2-2.85 45,115-130 46,1-2<mostly>/4<sometimes,
slightly>/5<notably in \i{}M. tiliae\i0{}> 47,1<\i{}M. tiliae\i0{}>/2
48,1-2 56,4-6 57,2-3 58,0.6-0.84 59,1-2 62,1<usually, sometimes brighter
than the forewings>/2<\i{}H. pinastri\i0{}> 63,2/3<the discal mark not
apparent, and conventional lines often replaced by bands and /or
fasciae> 65,2 66,2 68,11<vein 9 nearly always absent> 70,2 71,1 72,2
73,1 75,1 77,2 81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 86,3 88,1 92,6 93,7<connate or
stalked> 95,2<this oblique, before the middle of the cell> 96,1<briefly,
sometimes only slightly> 100,1 101,3 102,2<rarely>/3 104,2
106,1-2<spheroidal> 107,1 108,10 114,1 119<on a wide range of Dicot
trees, shrubs and herbs, and \i{}Hyloicus\i0{} on conifers> 123,2 125,1
127,2 128,14<one being adventive only> 129,21<6 adventive>
130<\i{}Acherontia atropos\i0{} (Death's-head Hawk), \i{}Agrius
cingulata\i0{} (adventive), \i{}Agrius convolvuli\i0{} (Convolvulus
Hawk), \i{}Daphnis nerii\i0{} (Oleander Hawk), \i{}Deilephila
elpenor\i0{} (Elephant Hawk), \i{}Deilephila porcellus\i0{} (Small
Elephant Hawk), \i{}Hyles euphorbiae\i0{} (Spurge Hawk), \i{}Hyles
galii\i0{} (Bedstraw Hawk), \i{}Hyles hippophaes\i0{} (adventive),
\i{}Hyles lineata livornica\i0{} (Striped Hawk), \i{}Hyles nicaea\i0{}
(Mediterranean Hawk, adventive - moth similar to \i{}H. euphorbia\i0{}e,
but much larger), \i{}Hemaris tityus\i0{} (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk),
\i{}Hemaris fuciformis\i0{} (Broad-bordered Bee Hawk), \i{}Hippotion
celerio\i0{} (Silver-striped Hawk), \i{}Hyloicus pinastri\i0{} (Pine
Hawk), \i{}Laotho populi\i0{} (Poplar Hawk), \i{}Macroglossum
stellatarum\i0{} (Humming-bird Hawk), \i{}Manduca sexta\i0{} (Tobacco
Hawk, adventive), \i{}Mimas tiliae\i0{} (Lime Hawk), \i{}Proserpinus
proserpina\i0{} (Willow-herb Hawk, European vagrant or migrant),
\i{}Smerinthus ocellata\i0{} (Eyed Hawk), \i{}Sphinx drupiferarum\i0{}
(adventive), \i{}Sphinx ligustri\i0{} (Privet Hawk)> 131,2 132,4 133,24
137<sphingid> 
 
# \i{}Stathmopodidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Tinaegeriidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,1 10,1 11,4 12,2<shiny> 13,2-3
14<about>,0.75 19,4 20,2<with long, fine cilia> 21,2 22,2 26,2 27,2<?>
29,2 30,1 32,1<very long> 33,3<recurved> 34,3<?> 35,1 36,1 37,10-14
38,15-17 42<very>,1 43<about>,12 44,3 50,2/4<ochreous-yellow> 55,1 56,2
57,1-2 58<about>,0.5 59,1 60<about>,6 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12 70,3
71,2 72,1 73,3 75,1 77,2 81,8 82,2 83,1 84,2 85,2 86,1 88,2<open between
veins 5 and 6> 92,6 93,1 95,1 96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1<with rough,
bristly hairs> 108,10 114,2<in \i{}Alnus\i0{} fruits> 119<associated
with \i{}Alnus\i0{}> 123,2<in a silken cocoon> 125,2/3<?> 127,1
128,1<\i{}Stathmopoda\i0{}> 129,1 131,3 132,4 133,13 135<hind-legs with
whorls of bristles at the apex of each tarsal segment> 137<stathmop> 
 
# \i{}Thyatiridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Cymatophoridae\i0{}, \i{}Polyplocidae\i0{}> 2,2-3 5,2-3 6,2-3 11,4
13,1-2 14,0.5-0.68 19,4 20,1/2/3 25,1/2 26,2<?> 27,1<?> 29,2 33,2-3 34,3
35,1 37,33-44 38,6-8<mostly>/10-12<\i{}Asphalia\i0{}> 42,2 43,1.75-2.3
45<about>,100 46,1 48,1 56,6 57,3 58<about>,1 59,2 62,2 63,1/1&2/3 65,1
66,2 68,12 70,2 71,1 72,2 73,2-3 77,2 81,9 82,3 83,3 84,1 85,2 92,6 93,1
95,1 96,1 101,3<?> 102<short,>,2/3<?> 103,1 104,1 105,1 106,1-2 107,1/2
108,10 119<on \i{}Rosaceae\i0{} and a range of amentiferous trees -
\i{}Salicaceae\i0{}, \i{}Fagaceae\i0{}, \i{}Betulaceae\i0{},
\i{}Corylaceae\i0{}> 123,2 125,2/3 127,2 128,8 129,9 130<\i{}Achyla
flavicornis\i0{} (The Yellow-horned Moth), \i{}Cymatophorina diluta\i0{}
(Oak Lutestring), \i{}Habrosyne pyritoides\i0{} (Buff Arches),
\i{}Ochropacha duplaris\i0{} (Common Lutestring), \i{}Polyploca
ridens\i0{} (The Frosted Green), \i{}Tethea ocularis\i0{} (Figure of
Eighty), \i{}Tethea or\i0{} (Poplar Lutestring), \i{}Tetheella
fluctuosa\i0{} (Satin Lutestring), \i{}Thyatira batis\i0{}
(Peach-blossom)> 131,2 132,4 133,25 136<rural melanism occurs in British
populations of \i{}Tethea or\i0{} and apparently in \i{}Ochropacha
duplaris\i0{}, with transformation to extreme industrial melanism in
some localities in the latter> 137<thyatiri> 
 
# \i{}Tineidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Tinaeidae\i0{}, \i{}Phycidae\i0{}; including
\i{}Ochsenheimeriidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,1-2 11,4 12,1<hair-scaled> 13,2-4
14,0.3-1.4 19,2/3/4<usually> 20,1/2/4 21,1<usually>/2 22,2<always?> 26,2
27,2 29,1/2 30<when well developed>,4/- 33,2 34,3 35,2 37,10-28 38,9-16
41,2<by contrast with \i{}Lyonetiidae\i0{}> 42,1 43,2.9-4.4 44,2-3 46,1
48,1 49,1/3<mostly> 55,2 56,4 60,0.5-1 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 67,1/2<often>
68,10-13<veins 8 and/or 10 occasionally absent, and sometimes with veins
9-11 joining short of the costa> 70,2/3<then 1c tubular only towards the
margin> 71,2 72<more or less>,1<this obsolete proximally>/2 73,1 75,1-2
76,1 77,1/2<and lacking from that of the hind-wings> 81,9/10 82,3/4
83,2/4 84,1/2 85,1 86,3 88,1-2 92,4-5<rarely, with veins 4 or 5 absent,
or 6 and 7 coincident>/6<usually> 93,1/3<rarely>/6<rarely> 95,1 96,2
100,1 101,3 102,3 103,1<usually> 107,1<?> 108,10 114,1/2<in dry
vegetable or animal matter, sometimes case-bearing> 123,2 125,2/3 127,1
128,25<5 adventive only> 129<about>,50<5 adventive> 130<\i{}Nemaxera
betulinella\i0{} (Bark Clothes Moth, Gold-speckled Clothes-moth),
\i{}Tineola bisselliella\i0{} (Common Clothes Moth), etc.> 131,3 132,4
133,9 137<tineidae> 
 
# \i{}Tischeriidae\i0{}/
5,3 6,2 11,4 12,1<above, the face smooth> 13,3-4 14,0.8-1 19,4 20,2<the
cilia long and fine> 21<with projecting scales> 22,1<this broad> 27,2
29,2 31,2 32,1 33,1<short, filiform, pointed> 35,1 37,6-11 38,12-14 40,1
41,1/2<?> 42,1 43<about>,3.8-4.2 44,3 49,1<bronzy>/3
50,2/4-5/7<ochreous-yellow or bronzy-fuscous> 55,1 56,1-2 57,1-2
58<about>,0.5 59,1 60<about>,4 62,2 63,3 65,1<strong in males,
represented by a more distal group of costal spines in females> 66,2
67,1-2<veins 3 and 6 absent> 68,11<lacking veins 3 and 6> 70,3 71,2
72,1/2<?> 73,3 74,1 77,2 79<forewings with 10 separate veins reaching
the margin> 80,2<lacking veins 3, 4, 6, and the transverse vein between
2 and 5> 81,5/6 82,2/3<? - uninterpretable> 87,2 88,2<missing between
veins 2-5> 100,1<?> 101,3 102,3 103,1 108<more or less>,0<the legs
vestigial>/10 114,2 117,1<in blotch mines, ejecting excrement through a
hole in the cuticle> 123,2<in the mine, with or without a cocoon> 125,3
126,4 127,1 128,2<\i{}Emmetia\i0{}, \i{}Tischeria\i0{}> 129,6 131,3
132,4 133,4 137<tischeri> 
 
# \i{}Tortricidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Torticidae-Tortricinae\i0{}; currently including tribes
\i{}Archipini\i0{}, \i{}Cnephasiini\i0{}, \i{}Sparganothini\i0{} and
\i{}Tortricini\i0{}, also subfamily \i{}Chlidanotinae\i0{}> 5,2-3 6,2
8,1<usually>/2<exemplified by the females of \i{}Exapate
congelatella\i0{} with reduced forewings and no hindwings> 11,4
12,1<-scaled> 13,1-2 14,0.4-0.7<less than 2/3> 16,2
19,2<sometimes>/4<mostly> 20<usually>,2 22,2 23,1 25,2 26,1<usually>
27,1 29,2<small> 30,2-4 33,2<usually>/3<rarely> 34,3 35,1 36,2 37,11-28
38,12-14 42,1-2 43,1.9-2.6 46,1/4 47,1/2 48,1 49,1/2/3 51,2 56,5-6 57,2
58,1.1-1.2 59,2 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,12/13 70,2<?>/3<supposedly> 71<if
two are really represented,>,2/1<?> 72,1<this is obsolete proximally,
according to both Meyrick and Common, although none of the formers
figures show this vein at all> 73,1 75,1/2 76,1/2 77,1/2 78,2 81,9/10
82,4 83,4 84,1 85,1 86,1 88,1 90,2 91,1/2 92,5<when vein 4 lacking, e.g.
in \i{}Tortricodes\i0{}>/6<usually>/7<when vein 8 involved, e.g. in
\i{}T. viridana\i0{}> 93,1/7<these then connate or stalked>
95,1<mostly>/3<then in the basal half, but mostly only approximating>
96,2 100,1 101,3 102,3 106,1 107,1-2 108,10 114,2<often sheltering in
folded or rolled leaves of the food plant, hence the common name
Leaf-rollers.> 116,1/2 119<associated with divers Dicot trees, shrubs
and herbs, also \i{}Taxus\i0{} and a few Monocots, seemingly very rarely
if ever with \i{}Gramineae\i0{}> 123,2 125<usually>,3<where the larvae
fed> 127,1 128,39<3 adventive only> 129<about>,100<7 adventive>
130<\i{}Acleris cristana\i0{} (Rufous-margined Button Moth), \i{}Acleris
literana\i0{} (Sprinkled Rough-wing), \i{}Acleris variegana\i0{} (Garden
Rose Tortrix), \i{}Eana penzeana\i0{} (Pentz's Tortrix or Shade),
\i{}Philedonides lunana\i0{} (Walker's Lanark Tortrix), \i{}Tortrix
viridana\i0{} (Green Oak Tortrix), etc.> 131,3 132,4 133,14 134<See the
description of \i{}Cochylidae\i0{} for remarks on the upper-level
classification and confusing nomenclature of Tortricoidea> 135<Antennae
usually with two rings of scales per flagellar segment. Female genitalia
with the sterigma connected with the ventral arms of the anterior
apophyses except in the \i{}Cnephasiini\i0{}. Fore-wings usually with an
oblique central fascia, usually with a pre-apical costal patch, and
without an ocellus. Pheromones generally based on either a 14-carbon
chain or (Cnephasiini) a 12-carbon one.> 137<tortrici> 
 
# \i{}Yponomeutidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Hyponomeutidae\i0{}; including \i{}Plutellidae\i0{},
\i{}Roeslerstammiidae\i0{}> 5,3 6,2 11,4 12,1<on the crown>/2 13,2-4
14,0.6-1 19,3<or serrulate>/4 20,1/2/4 21,1<often>/2<e.g.,
\i{}Hyponomeuta\i0{}, \i{}Prays\i0{}, \i{}Swammerdamia\i0{}> 22,2
26,1<rarely, then small>/2 27,1/2 29,1<filiform and porrected, in
Plutelliinae>/2 30,1/2/4 32,1/2 33,1/2/3<sometimes short> 34,3
35,1<usually>/2 36<lwhen developed,>,2 37,7-26(-32) 38,11-15 42,1
43,2.9-3.8 44,1-3<undetectable in \i{}Argyresthia\i0{}>
48,1-2/3<\i{}Ypsolopha\i0{}> 49,1<often shining-grey, -white or
bronzy>/3 56,3-5 57,3 58,0.75-1.2 59,2 60,0.25-3 62,2 63,3 65,1 66,2
68,12/13 70,2/3 71,1/2 72,1<at least distally>/2 73,1-3 75,1-2
76,1<e.g., \i{}Hyponomeuta\i0{}>/2 77,2 81,7-9/10 82,2/3/4 83,1/2/4
84,1/2 85,1 86,2/3 88,1/1-2 92,5<then vein 4 absent>/6 93,1<when vein 4
absent>/3/3&6/7<then these connate or stalked, in Plutellinae> 95,1 96,2
100,1 101,3 102,3 103,2 107,1<?> 108,10 114,1/2<then often feeding
within buds, fruits, leaves or bark> 115,1<often>/2 117,1<rarely>/2
119<variously associated with conifers and a divers range of Dicot
trees, shrubs and herbs; but seemingly avoiding Monocots, which supports
recent transference of \i{}Orthotelia\i0{} to \i{}Glyphipterigidae\i0{}>
123,1-2<often in a open-network cocoon> 125,2/3 127,1 128,21
129<about>,75 130<\i{}Ochsenheimeria taurella\i0{} (Liverpool
Feather-horn, Middle-feather Clothes-moth), \i{}Plutella
xylostella\i0{}, \i{}Yponomeuta evonymella\i0{} (Full Spotted Ermine),
\i{}Rhigognostis annulatella\i0{} (Ringed Diamond-back, Annulated
Smudge), \i{}Yponomeuta cagnagella\i0{} (Small Ermine), \i{}Ypsolopha
scabrella\i0{} (Wainscot Hooktip, Wainscot Smudge), etc.> 131,3 132,4
133,12 137<yponomeu> 
 
# \i{}Zygaenidae\i0{}/
2,1 5<very>,3 6,2-3 7,2 11,4 13,2-3 14,0.58-0.8 16,1-2 17,1 19,2<in
\i{}Procris\i0{}>/4 26,1<usually>/2 27,2 29,2 30,1/2 33,3<short> 35,1
36,2 37,22-39 38,6-9.5(-11) 42,1-2 43,2-2.5 45,105-115 46,1 48,1 49,1/3
53,2 56,5-6 57,2-3 58,0.6-0.9 59,2 62,1<sometimes dark-bordered, in
Zygaena>/2 63,3 65,1 66,2 68,13 70,3 71,2 72,1 73,1 75,1-2 77,1<likewise
that of the hind-wings>/2<then the M vein vestigial> 81,9/10 82,4 83,4
84,1 85,1 88,1-2 92,6 93,1 95,2<near its middle> 96,2 100,1/2 101,3
102,2/3 104,2 106,2<elongate-oval> 107<finely>,2 108,10 114,1 119<on
various (mainly herbaceous) Dicots> 123,2 125,3 127,1 128,2 129,10
130<\i{}Adscita geryon\i0{} (Cistus Forester), \i{}Adscita statices\i0{}
(Green Forester), \i{}Jordanita globulariae\i0{} (Scarce Forester),
\i{}Zygaena exulans\i0{} (Scotch or Mountain Burnet, not illustrated),
\i{}Zygaena filipendulae\i0{} (Six-spot Burnet), \i{}Zygaena
lonicerae\i0{} (Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet), \i{}Zygaena loti\i0{}
(Slender Scotch Burnet, not illustrated), \i{}Zygaena purpuralis\i0{}
(Transparent Burnet), \i{}Zygaena trifolii\i0{} (Five-spot Burnet),
\i{}Zygaena viciae\i0{} (New Forest Burnet)> 131,2 132,4 133,8 136<Rare
melanic mutations (seemingly selectively disadvantageous) are
represented in \i{}Zygaena filipendulae\i0{}> 137<zygaenid> 
