*SHOW British Moths and Butterflies (illustrated from classic works) 
- 1st October 2007. 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <synonyms:>/
 
#2. adults <when active>/
       1. diurnal/
       2. crepuscular/
       3. nocturnal/
 
#3. adults <size, in the context of British Lepidoptera (cf.
          wingspan)>/
       1. tiny <wingspan less than 6 mm>/
       2. small <wingspan 6-20 mm>/
       3. medium sized <wingspan 20-50 mm>/
       4. large <wingspan 5-8 cm>/
       5. very large <wingspan over 8 cm>/
 
#4. the flightless females <approximate length, for keys>/
       1. 4-7 mm long/
       2. 5-12 mm long/
       3. 12-16 mm long/
 
#5. adults relatively <body length, relative to hindwings in a set
          position>/
       1. short-bodied <the tip of the abdomen clearly exceeded by the
          hindwings>/
       2. medium-bodied <the tip of the abdomen about level with the
          hindwings>/
       3. long-bodied <the tip of the abdomen conspicuously exceeding
          the hindwings>/
 
#6. adults <build - reflecting relative (not absolute) body size>/
       1. relatively slender-bodied (wingspan more than 15 times the
          thoracic width)/
       2. medium built (wingspan more than 8 and less than 15 times the
          thoracic width) <<implicit>>/
       3. heavily built (wingspan less than 8 times the thoracic width)/
 
#7. the abdomen <patterned or plain>/
       1. conspicuously patterned <with stripes, bands, spots, etc.>/
       2. plain <ignoring effect of segmentation on hair distribution,
          and antero-dorsal crests of darker hairs <implicit>>/
 
#8. the adults <whether winged or apterous>/
       1. with fully developed wings operational for flight
          <<implicit>>/
       2. wingless, or with vestigial wings/
 
#9. adults <whether of hymenopterous appearance>/
       1. of hymenopterous appearance <with transparent wings>/
       2. not of hymenopterous appearance <the wings more or less
          opaque> <<implicit>>/
 
#10. adults <carriage of hind-legs in repose>/
       1. conspicuously raising the hind-legs above the body in repose/
       2. not raising the hind-legs <above the body> in repose/
 
#11. adults wings in repose <carriage>/
       1. apposed vertically over the back <the forewings often more or
          less covered by the hindwings>/
       2. partially opened/
       3. spread flat with their lower surfaces more or less appressed
          to the substrate <often more or less spread, exposing the
          abdomen and hindwings>/
       4. packed with the forewings directed backwards to <more or less>
          cover hindwings and abdomen/
       5. with the forewings rolled around the hindwings, the pairs
          borne horizontally at an angle (or at right angles) to the
          body/
 
#12. head <of adults, whether rough or smooth>/
       1. rough <-scaled, or -haired>/
       2. smooth <the scales or hairs appressed>/
 
#13. antennae <when straightened, \i{}in situ\i0{} length relative to
          forewing>/
       1. very short <extending less than halfway to the wingtip>/
       2. of medium length <extending between half and three quarters of
          the way to the wingtip>/
       3. long <extending over three quarters of the way to the wingtip,
          but not exceeding it>/
       4. very long <extending beyond the wingtip>/
 
#14. antennae extending to about <length divided by
          centre-thorax-to-apex length of forewing>/
       times the <\i{}in situ\i0{}> length of the forewing/
 
#15. antennae <distance apart>/
       1. inserted markedly less than one half the width of the head
          apart/
       2. inserted fully one half the width of the head apart/
 
#16. antennae <whether clubbed>/
       1. clubbed/
       2. not clubbed <<implicit>>/
 
#17. the <antennal> club <abruptness>/
       1. gradual/
       2. abruptly terminal/
 
#18. the antennal club <straight or curved>/
       1. curved/
       2. not curved/
 
#19. antennae of males <form; see Notes before applying this character
          to identifications>/
       1. lamellate/
       2. bipectinate/
       3. <unilaterally> dentate <including serrate>/
       4. simple/
 
#20. antennae of males <whether ciliate; see Notes before applying this
          character to identifications>/
       1. non-ciliate/
       2. simply-ciliate/
       3. fasciculate-ciliate/
       4. pubescent/
 
#21. the antennal scape <presence of a pecten of hair-scales>/
       1. with a pecten <of hair-scales>/
       2. without a pecten/
 
#22. the antennal scape <whether forming an eye cap>/
       1. expanded laterally and concave beneath, forming an eye cap/
       2. not forming an eye cap/
 
#23. the antennal segments <scales>/
       1. each with one or two rings of scales/
       2. without rings of scales/
 
#24. eyes <of adults, whether notched or emarginate>/
       1. notched or emarginate at the bases of the antennae and
          contiguous with the bases of the antennal sockets/
       2. neither notched nor emarginate, and clearly separated from the
          bases of the antennal sockets <<implicit>>/
 
#25. <compound, main> eyes <of adults, hairy or glabrous>/
       1. hairy/
       2. glabrous/
 
#26. ocelli <of adults, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#27. chaetosemata <in adults, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#28. mandibles <of adults, whether developed>/
       1. developed and functional/
       2. not developed <<implicit>>/
 
#29. maxillary palps <presence, development>/
       1. well developed <though usually small>/
       2. much reduced/
       3. absent/
 
#30. maxillary palps <number of segments>/
       segmented/
 
#31. maxillary palps <whether folded>/
       1. folded <over the base of the haustellum>/
       2. not folded <<implicit>>/
 
#32. labial palps <size>/
       1. well developed <<implicit>>/
       2. short or rudimentary/
 
#33. labial palps <carriage>/
       1. drooping/
       2. porrect <pointing forward, beak-like>/
       3. ascending/
 
#34. labial palps <number of segments>/
       segmented/
 
#35. proboscis <(tongue, haustellum) of adults, whether fully developed
          and functional>/
       1. fully developed <functional for feeding>/
       2. absent <or vestigial, minute>/
 
#36. proboscis <(tongue, haustellum) of adults, whether scaly>/
       1. scaly towards the base/
       2. not scaly/
 
#37. wingspan (centre of thorax to tip of forewing, multiplied by 2)/
       mm/
 
#38. wingspan <relative to maximum thoracic width>/
       times the maximum thoracic width/
 
#39. wings <whether deeply divided into plumose segments>/
       1. deeply divided into plumose segments/
       2. entire <not deeply divided into plumose segments <implicit>>/
 
#40. wings <whether aculeate (strewn with minute spines)>/
       1. aculeate (strewn with minute spines)/
       2. not aculeate <<implicit>>/
 
#41. forewings <whether apices strongly up-turned or down-turned>/
       1. with their apices conspicuously bent up or down when the
          insect is at rest/
       2. without up- or down-turned apices when the insect is at rest
          <<implicit>>/
 
#42. forewings <broad or narrow>/
       1. narrow (more than 2.5 times as long as wide)/
       2. broad (less than 2.5 times as long as wide)/
 
#43. forewings <proportions, length relative to width>/
       times as long as wide <base-to-apex length, divided by maximum
          width measured at right angles from hind margin to costa>/
 
#44. tornus <of the forewings, presence; refers to wing membrane,
          ignoring long fringes>/
       1. clearly defined <the outer and hind margins readily
          distinguished <implicit>>/
       2. weakly defined <the outer and hind margins set at a wide
          angle>/
       3. undetectable/
 
#45. the outer and hind margins <of the forewing membranes> angled at
          <degrees>/
       degrees <at the tornus>/
 
#46. the outer margin <(termen) of the forewings, shape>/
       1. convexly curved/
       2. more or less straight/
       3. concavely curved/
       4. sigmoid-curved (hook-tipped)/
       5. angulated/
 
#47. forewings <whether angulated> <<keys only>>/
       1. with the outer margin both angulated and markedly scalloped/
       2. with outer margin not both angulated and markedly scalloped
          <<implicit>>/
 
#48. forewings apically <shape>/
       1. blunt/
       2. pointed/
       3. hooked/
 
#49. forewings <whether metallic (on the upper surface)>/
       1. predominantly shining-metallic <brassy, bronze, coppery,
          silvery>/
       2. exhibiting shining-metallic markings/
       3. neither shining-metallic nor with shining metallic markings
          <<implicit>>/
 
#50. ground colour <of upper side of forewings> predominantly/
       1. white or cream/
       2. yellow/
       3. green/
       4. light brown/
       5. dark brown/
       6. orange-brown/
       7. coppery red/
       8. blue/
       9. purple/
       10. black/
       11. grey/
 
#51. forewings <whether eye-spotted above>/
       1. eye-spotted above/
       2. without eye-spots above <<implicit>>/
 
#52. forewings <whether eye-spotted near the tip underneath>/
       1. eye-spotted underneath near the tip/
       2. not eye-spotted underneath near the tip <implicit>/
 
#53. forewings <presence of jugum>/
       1. with a jugum/
       2. without a jugum <<implicit>>/
 
#54. forewings <subcostal scale tufts>/
       1. with three subcostal tufts of scales <\i{}Nolidae\i0{}>/
       2. without subcostal tufts of scales <\i{}Arctiidae\i0{}>/
 
#55. hindwings <whether narrow-elongate and long-fringed>/
       1. narrow-elongate and very long-fringed <the dorsal (inner)
          fringes wider than the wing membrane>/
       2. neither unusually narrow-elongate nor especially long-fringed
          <<implicit>>/
 
#56. hindwings <shape of membrane>/
       1. linear/
       2. linear-lanceolate/
       3. lanceolate/
       4. ovate-lanceolate/
       5. ovate/
       6. broadly rounded/
       7. broadly angular/
       8. trapezoidal/
 
#57. hindwings <breadth relative to forewings, excluding fringes>/
       1. very much narrower than the forewings <less than half as
          broad>/
       2. quite markedly narrower than the forewings <from 0.5 to 0.75
          times their breadth>/
       3. similar in breadth to the forewings <0.75 to 1.25 times their
          breadth>/
       4. markedly broader than the forewings <over 1.25 times as
          broad>/
 
#58. hindwing <maximum> width <relative to that of forewings; excluding
          fringes> <<keys only>>/
       times that of the forewings/
 
#59. hindwings <shape of apex>/
       1. with a pointed apex/
       2. with a rounded apex/
 
#60. the fringe of the hindwings <approximate length relative to width
          of the membrane>/
       times the <maximum> width of the membrane/
 
#61. hindwings <whether tailed>/
       1. tailed/
       2. not tailed <<implicit>>/
 
#62. the upper surfaces <of the hindwings, patterned or plain>/
       1. conspicuously patterned above <lined, spotted, banded,
          streaked, etc.>/
       2. plain <concolourous or merely suffused, etc.>/
 
#63. <the upper surfaces of the hindwings, whether exhibiting a discal
          spot and/or lines>/
       1. with a discal spot/
       2. with transverse lines/
       3. with neither discal spot nor transverse lines/
 
#64. hindwings <whether silver-marked underneath>/
       1. silver-marked underneath <with spots and/or streaks>/
       2. not silver-marked underneath <implicit>/
 
#65. hindwings <with or without frenulum>/
       1. with a frenulum/
       2. without a frenulum/
 
#66. neuration of forewings and hindwings <similar or dissimilar>/
       1. similar <hindwing with at least 10 veins, exclusive of anals,
          reaching the margin>/
       2. dissimilar <hindwing with no more than 8 veins, exclusive of
          anals, reaching the margin>/
 
#67. forewings <development of neuration>/
       1. with well developed neuration <<implicit>>/
       2. with greatly reduced neuration/
 
#68. forewings <total number of longitudinal \i{}tubular\i0{} veins,
          counted distally to any bifurcations>/
       veined/
 
#69. forewings <presence of basally dilated or vesicular veins>/
       1. with vein 12 basally dilated or vesicular
          <\i{}Satyridae\i0{}>/
       2. without basally dilated or vesicular veins/
 
#70. forewings <number of (at least partially \i{}tubular\i0{}) anal
          veins>/
       1. lacking anal veins/
       2. with 1 <at least partly tubular> anal vein/
       3. with 2 <at least partly tubular> anal veins/
       4. with 3 <at least partly tubular> anal veins/
 
#71. the <tubular> anal veins of the forewings <identification of those
          present>/
       1. representing 1b only/
       2. comprising 1b and 1c <only>/
       3. comprising 1a and 1b <only>/
       4. comprising 1a, 1b and 1c/
 
#72. forewings <whether exhibiting vein 1c>/
       1. exhibiting a tubular vein 1c <tubular for at least for at
          least part of its length>/
       2. lacking a tubular vein 1c/
 
#73. vein 1b of the forewings <simple or furcate>/
       1. furcate proximally/
       2. obsoletely furcate <proximally>/
       3. simple/
 
#74. forewings <neuration: with or without a closed discal cell>/
       1. with a <more or less closed> discal cell <and a transverse
          vein> <<implicit>>/
       2. without a discal cell <without a transverse vein>/
 
#75. the transverse vein <of the forewings, complete or incomplete>/
       1. complete/
       2. incomplete <partially either lacking or vestigial>/
       3. vestigial only/
       4. lacking/
 
#76. forewings <presence of chorda and accessory cell>/
       1. with an accessory cell <defined by a tubular chorda>/
       2. without an accessory cell <i.e., chorda undeveloped
          <implicit>>/
 
#77. discal cell of the forewings <whether exhibiting a tubular media
          (M) vein>/
       1. containing a tubular media (M) vein <branched or not>/
       2. without a tubular media (M) vein <media vein absent, or
          vestigial>/
 
#78. vein 2 of the forewings <position of departure from the cell>/
       1. departing from the hind margin of the cell in its distal
          quarter/
       2. departing from the cell less than three-quarters of the
          distance from its base/
 
#79. <comments on neuration of forewings:>/
 
#80. hindwings <development of neuration>/
       1. with well developed neuration <<implicit>>/
       2. with greatly reduced neuration/
 
#81. hindwings <total number of longitudinal \i{}tubular\i0{} veins,
          counted distally to any bifurcations>/
       veined/
 
#82. hindwings <number of at least partially \i{}tubular\i0{} anal
          veins>/
       1. lacking <tubular> anal veins/
       2. with 1 anal vein/
       3. with 2 anal veins/
       4. with 3 anal veins/
 
#83. the <\i{}tubular\i0{}> anal veins of the hindwings <identification
          of those present>/
       1. representing 1b only/
       2. comprising 1b and 1c <only>/
       3. comprising 1a and 1b <only>/
       4. comprising 1a, 1b and 1c/
 
#84. hindwings <whether exhibiting vein 1a>/
       1. exhibiting vein 1a/
       2. lacking vein 1a/
 
#85. hindwings <with well developed neuration, presence of vein 1c (=
          CuP)>/
       1. exhibiting a tubular vein 1c <i.e., tubular for at least part
          of its length; usually accompanied by three anal veins>/
       2. lacking a tubular vein 1c <and with only one or two anal
          veins>/
 
#86. vein 1b of the hindwings <simple or furcate>/
       1. furcate proximally/
       2. obsoletely furcate <proximally>/
       3. simple/
 
#87. hindwings <neuration: with or without a closed discal cell>/
       1. with a <more or less closed> discal cell <and a transverse
          vein> <<implicit>>/
       2. without a discal cell <without a transverse vein>/
 
#88. the transverse vein <of the hindwings, complete or incomplete>/
       1. complete/
       2. incomplete <partially either lacking or vestigial>/
       3. vestigial only/
       4. lacking/
 
#89. hindwings <neuration: presence of a praecostal spur (humeral
          vein)>/
       1. with a praecostal spur/
       2. without a praecostal spur <<implicit>>/
 
#90. the hindwing cell <whether bearing a cubital pecten of hairs>/
       1. bearing a pecten of hairs on its cubital <hind> margin/
       2. without a cubital pecten of hairs <<implicit>>/
 
#91. the hindwing cell <with well developed neuration, number of veins
          emitted from the cell>/
       1. emitting more than six veins/
       2. emitting no more than six veins <<implicit>>/
 
#92. <number of tubular veins originating from the hindwing cell>/
       <tubular> veins arising from the hindwing cell/
 
#93. the cell-derived hindwing veins <extent of joining>/
       1. all arising independently of one another/
       2. 2+3 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
       3. 3+4 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
       4. 3+5 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
       5. 4+5 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
       6. 5+6 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
       7. 6+7 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
       8. 7+8 proximally joined <connate or stalked>/
 
#94. veins 6 and 7 of the hindwings <whether parallel>/
       1. parallel/
       2. not parallel/
 
#95. vein 8 of the hindwings <relationship to the cell>/
       1. completely independent of the cell/
       2. joined to the cell only by a bar/
       3. anastomosing with the upper margin of the cell <free from it
          both basally and distally to the anastomosis>/
       4. arising from the upper margin of the cell <coincident with the
          cell from its base>/
 
#96. vein 8 of the hindwings <proximity to vein 7>/
       1. approximating to vein 7 beyond the cell <comment if
          anastomosing with it>/
       2. not approximating to vein 7/
 
#97. <comments on neuration of hindwings:>/
 
#98. adults <number of fully developed legs>/
       1. having all 6 legs fully developed and operational for walking
          <<implicit>>/
       2. having only 4 fully developed legs <the anterior pair
          vestigial and useless for walking>/
 
#99. fore-legs of female <whether operational for walking>/
       1. operational for walking <<implicit>>/
       2. useless for walking/
 
#100. fore-legs <of adults, presence of epiphysis>/
       1. with a tibial epiphysis/
       2. without a tibial epiphysis/
 
#101. tibiae of middle legs <of adults, number of tibial spurs>/
       1. without spurs/
       2. 1-spurred/
       3. 2-spurred/
       4. 4-spurred/
 
#102. posterior tibiae <of adults, number of tibial spurs>/
       1. without spurs/
       2. 2-spurred/
       3. 4-spurred/
 
#103. posterior tibiae <of adults, whether hairy>/
       1. hairy/
       2. not hairy <i.e., smooth or spiny>/
 
#104. <paired> tympanal organs <thoracic or abdominal, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#105. <paired> tympanal organs <location, when present>/
       1. metathoracic/
       2. abdominal <usually lateral, near the base of the abdomen>/
 
#106. eggs <shape>/
       1. markedly flattened/
       2. not <markedly> flattened/
 
#107. eggs <surface>/
       1. smooth or minutely pitted/
       2. ribbed and/or reticulate/
       3. with projections <papillate or spiny>/
 
#108. larval prolegs <number>/
 
#109. larvae <hairiness>/
       1. conspicuously, densely long-hairy/
       2. not densely long-hairy <<implicit>>/
 
#110. larvae <whether with urticating hairs>/
       1. with urticating hairs/
       2. without urticating hairs <<implicit>>/
 
#111. larvae <with or without tentacles>/
       1. with a pair of tentacles from segment 2 <immediately behind
          the head>/
       2. without tentacles on segment 2 <<implicit>>/
 
#112. larvae <with or without bristly spines>/
       1. with rows of bristly spines/
       2. without bristly spines <regardless whether hairy or not>
          <<implicit>>/
 
#113. larvae <whether case-bearing>/
       1. case-bearing/
       2. not case-bearing <<implicit>>/
 
#114. larvae <whether exposed or concealed feeders>/
       1. exposed feeders <<implicit>>/
       2. concealed feeders <subterranean, mining, etc.>/
 
#115. larvae <exposed feeders, whether forming communal tents>/
       1. feeding in communal tents/
       2. not feeding in communal tents <<implicit>>/
 
#116. larvae <concealed feeders, whether subterranean>/
       1. subterranean <root feeding>/
       2. not subterranean <<implicit>>/
 
#117. larvae <whether leaf-mining>/
       1. leaf-mining/
       2. not leaf-mining <<implicit>>/
 
#118. larvae <whether wood-boring>/
       1. wood- or stem- boring/
       2. not wood- or stem- boring <<implicit>>/
 
#119. <foodplants:>/
 
#120. pupae <ridged/angular or smooth/rounded>/
       1. ridged and angular/
       2. smooth and rounded <not ridged and angular> <<implicit>>/
 
#121. pupae <whether conspicuously patterned or coloured>/
       1. conspicuously patterned/
       2. plain <<implicit>>/
 
#122. pupae <whether with metallic ornamentation>/
       1. with shining-metallic spots/
       2. without shining-metallic spots <<implicit>>/
 
#123. pupae <whether exposed or concealed>/
       1. exposed, <above ground, and> with no coccoon/
       2. concealed <in various ways, and usually in a cocoon>
          <<implicit>>/
 
#124. pupae <exposed, how borne>/
       1. suspended <head down> from the tail (cremaster), with no
          median silk girdle/
       2. not suspended, but <upright and> attached at the tail and
          secured by a median girdle of silk/
 
#125. pupae <concealed, location>/
       1. subterranean/
       2. on the surface of the ground/
       3. above the ground/
 
#126. pupae <concealed, above ground, detailed location>/
       1. under bark/
       2. in stems/
       3. in wood/
       4. in <often dried> leaves/
       5. in <often dried> flowers/
       6. in fruits/
 
#127. empty pupae <whether protruded on emergence of adult>/
       1. protruded from place of concealment <after emergence of
          adult>/
       2. not becoming protruded <from place of concealment>/
 
#128. genera <number of genera in Britain>/
 
#129. <number of species in Britain, including adventives>/
       species/
 
#130. <scientific and common names of British genera and species:>/
 
#131. <informal group:>/
       1. butterflies/
       2. macromoths/
       3. microlepidoptera/
 
#132. suborder/
       1. Zeugloptera/
       2. Dachnonypha/
       3. Monotrysia/
       4. Ditrysia/
 
#133. superfamily/
       1. Micropterigoidea/
       2. Eriocranioidea/
       3. Hepialoidea/
       4. Tischerioidea/
       5. Nepticuloidea/
       6. Incurvarioidea/
       7. Cossidoidea/
       8. Zygaenoidea/
       9. Tineoidea <including Gracillarioidea>/
       10. Sesioidea/
       11. Choreutoidea <~ Sesioidea sens. lat.>/
       12. Yponomeutoidea/
       13. Gelechioidea/
       14. Tortricoidea/
       15. Epermenioidea/
       16. Schreckensteinioidea/
       17. Alucitoidea <Copromorphoidea>/
       18. Pyraloidea/
       19. Pterophoroidea/
       20. Hesperoidea/
       21. Papilionoidea/
       22. Bombycoidea/
       23. Geometroidea <including Drepanoidea>/
       24. Sphingoidea/
       25. Notodontoidea/
       26. Noctuoidea/
 
#134. <classificatory comments:>/
 
#135. <general comments:>/
 
#136. <incidence of melanism in the family:>/
 
#137. abbreviated taxon name:/
 
#138. <illustrations:>/
