*SHOW Hymenoptera - Item descriptions. 8th December 2011. 
 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \i{}Andrenidae\i0{}/
2<Mining Bees> 3,2-4 4,(5.5-)9-16 6,1 7,1 9,2<in the sense of not
forming organised colonies, but often many nests are constructed side
by side> 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 14,1 20,2<but almost as
long, in a \i{}Panurgus\i0{} illustrated by Saunders> 21,1 22,2/3
25<black, grey, black and grey, brown or reddish brown> 27,1 28,2 35,2
36,1 39,1/2<the pterostigma usually inconspicuous> 40,1 44,6-10 45,2/3
46,2 47,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2 67,2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males>
74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black, brown or reddish brown> 76<when
colour-patterned, black-and-yellow, -orange or -grey> 78,2 79,4 80,2
81,5 84<about>,70 85<\i{}Andrena\i0{} (with all but two of the
species, in numerous subgenera), and \i{}Panurgus\i0{}> 86,2 87,2
89,14 90<adrenida> 
 
# \i{}Anthophoridae\i0{}/
2<Flower Potter Bees, Homeless Bees, Cuckoo Bees> 3,2-4 4,(5-)6-16 6,1
7,1 9,2<although the independent burrows are often constructed side by
side> 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1/2 19,2 20,1 21,1 22,1
25<black, brown, reddish-brown, black-and-yellow or black-and grey>
27,1 28,2 35,2 36,1 39,1/2<generally not very conspicuous> 40,1
44,6-10 45,2<a few>/3<mostly> 46,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2 67,2 68,2
70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1<rarely>/2 75<when concolorous, black or
brown> 76<when patterned, black-and yellow, black-and-grey,
black-and-brown or reddish brown, black-and-orange, or black, yellow
and orange> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81<socially>,2&3<\i{}Nomada\i0{} and \i{}
Melecta\i0{}, feeding on stored food, eggs and larvae in the cells of
\i{}Andrenidae\i0{} and other \i{}Anthophoridae\i0{}, respectively>/5
84<about>,40 85<\i{}Anthophora\i0{}, \i{}Epeolus\i0{},
\i{}Eucera\i0{}, \i{}Melecta\i0{}, \i{}Nomada\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,14
90<anthopho> 
 
# \i{}Apidae\i0{}/
2<Hive Bees, Humble- or Bumble-bees, Cuckoo Bees> 3,3-4 4,10-22 6,1
7,1 9,1<typically>/2<\i{}Psithyrus\i0{}> 10<typically>,1<i.e., except
in \i{}Psithyrus\i0{}> 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 19,2 20,1
21,1 22,1 23,1 27,1 28,2 35,2 36,1 39,1/2 40,1 44,6-10 45,3 46,2 50,1
60,2 63,1<\i{}Bombus\i0{}>/2<the rest> 65,1 66,2 67,2 68,2
70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black, dark brown,
reddish brown or rarely yellow> 76<when patterned, black-and-orange or
reddish orange, black-and-brown or reddish brown, black-and-yellow,
black-and-white, black and grey and yellow, or black and yellow and
white> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81<socially>,2&3<the larvae of the solitary
Cuckoo Bee genus \i{}Psithyrus\i0{} being raised in the nests of
host \i{}Bombus\i0{} species>/5 84,28 85<\i{}Apis\i0{},
\i{}Bombus\i0{} and \i{}Psithyrus\i0{}, with 9 subgenera of
\i{}Bombus\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,14 90<apidae> 
 
# \i{}Argidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,2-3 4,5-11 13,3<with the third very long, and forked in
some males> 16,1 27,2 32,2 35,1 39,1 40,1 63,2 66,1 78,2 79,3
80,1/2<in leag miners> 81,1 83<robust-looking sawflies, with
distictive 3-segmented antennae (the third segment in male Aprosthema
and Sterictiphora forked); flying in sunshine, and often visiting
flowers of \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}> 84,15<with twelve \i{}Arge\i0{}
species> 85<\i{}Arge\i0{}, \i{}Aprosthema\i0{}, and
\i{}Sterictiphora\i0{}> 86,1 88,6 90<argidae> 
 
# \i{}Aulacidae\i0{}/
3,2-4 4,7-20 13,13<males>/14<females> 28,1 31,1 35,2 39,1 40,1 50,2
53,2 60,1 63,2 66,2 71,1 77,1 78,1<long>/- 79,1 80,1 81,2<on
wood-boring \i{}Coleoptera\i0{} and Symphyta> 84,1
85<\i{}Aulacus\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,3 90<aulacida> 
 
# \i{}Bethylidae\i0{}/
3,1-2 4,(1.5-)3-4(-10) 9,2 13,(11-)12<females>/13<males> 17,1 28,2
35,2 36,1/2<some females> 39,1 40,1<but reduced apically> 44,6-10 50,2
58,1/2 60,2 63,1<?> 66,2 68,2 70,7-8 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,2<being
external parasites of small larvae of Lepidopera and Coleoptera>
83<The females with simple fore-tarsi.> 84,20 85<\i{}Bethylus\i0{},
\i{}Cephalonomia\i0{}, \i{}Epyris\i0{}, \i{}Goniozus\i0{},
\i{}Holepyris\i0{}, \i{}Laelius\i0{}, \i{}Plastanoxus\i0{},
\i{}Pristocera\i0{} and \i{}Pseudisobrachium\i0{}> 86,2 87,2
89,8<sometimes referred to the superfamily Bethyloidea> 90<bethylid> 
 
# \i{}Blasticotomidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,2-3 4,8-10 12,2 13,4<but the terminal one tiny> 16,1
27,2 35,1 40,1 63,2 66,1 78,2 79,3 80,2 81,1<boring in fern stems>
83<known as native only from Goldstich Moss, Staffs., but occasionally
found in botanical gardens such as Kew and Wisley> 84,1
85<\i{}Blasticoma\i0{}> 86,1 88,6 90<blastico> 
 
# \i{}Braconidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Aphidiidae\i0{}> 2<Ichneumons> 3,2-4 8,1/2 13,13-30<or
more, often multi-segmented, but sometimes short with as few as 13
segments in the females of small species> 17,2 28,1 30,2 31,2 35,2
36,1<usually>/2<females, sometimes> 39,1 40,1<usually>/2 43,1 50,1/2
51<when cells present,>,2<see illustration, exemplifying the
difference from Ichneumonidae> 60,1 63,2 66,1-2 67<when waisted,>,1/2
74,1<mostly>/2 75<when concolorous, mostly black or orange-red>
76<when patterned, black-and-orange, black-and-reddish or
black-and-yellow> 77,2 78,1/- 79,1 80,1 81,2<ecto- and endo-parasites
victimising a great diversity of insect hosts, commonly on
Lepidoptera, the Aphidiinae specialising on aphids> 82<when
gall-associated,>,2 83<Apterous forms of \i{}Braconidae\i0{} and
\i{}Ichneumonidae\i0{} may be morphologically indistinguishable via
family desriptions.> 84<over>,700 85<about 130 genera, with numerous
species of \i{}Apanteles\i0{}, \i{}Aspilota\i0{}, \i{}Bracon\i0{},
\i{}Chorebus\i0{}, \i{}Dacnusa\i0{}, \i{}Meteorus\i0{},
\i{}Microgaster\i0{}, \i{}Opius\i0{}, etc.> 86,2 87,1 89,2
90<braconid> 
 
# \i{}Cephidae\i0{}/
2<Stem Sawflies> 3,2-4 4,4-10<mostly>/11-18<\i{}Hartigia\i0{}>
13,16-30 27,1 32,U 35,2 40,1 63,2 66,1<with a slight constriction
only> 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black or dark coloured> 76<when
patterned, black-and-yellow or brown-and-yellow> 78,2 80,2<the legs
vestigial, and prolegs lacking> 81,1<boring in stems, with
\i{}Hartigia\i0{} and \i{}Janus\i0{} on dicot trees and
\i{}Rosaceae\i0{}, the rest on \i{}Gramineae\i0{} and sometimes
damaging cereal crops> 83<slender insects, the body more or less
cylindrical or bilaterally compressed> 84,12 85<\i{}Calameuta\i0{},
\i{}Cephus\i0{}, \i{}Hartigia\i0{}, \i{}Janus\i0{},
\i{}Trachelus\i0{}> 86,1 88,5 90<cephidae> 
 
# \i{}Ceraphronidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Megaspilidae\i0{}>
3,1 4,(0.5-)1-1.5(-2.8) 13,9-11 15,2 17,1<with a long scape> 28,1 35,2
36,1/2 39<usually>,1 40,2<but with distinct marginal and stigmal
veins> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2 55,2 63,2 66,2 68,2 79,1 80,2 81,2<on
Diptera, or secondary parasites of aphids and coccids, via Braconid or
Chalcid primaries> 84,26<\i{}Ceraphronidae\i0{} sensu 
stricto>/65<\i{}Megaspilidae\i0{}> 85<Ceraphronidae sensu stricto: \i{}Aphanogmus\i0{}, 
\i{}Ceraphron\i0{} and \i{}Synarsis\i0{}. Megaspilidae: \i{}Conostigmus\i0{},
\i{}Dendrocerus\i0{}, \i{}Lagynodes\i0{}, \i{}Megaspilus\i0{} and
\i{}Trichosteresis\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,7 90<ceraphro> 83<\i{}Megaspilidae\i0{} are 
included here pending acquisition of a definitive description.>

# \i{}Chalcididae\i0{}/
2<Chalcid Flies, Chalcid Wasps> 3,1-2 4,(0.6-)1-4(-10) 8,1/2 17,1 27,1
28,2 34,2 35,2 37,1<sometimes?>/2 38,1<Leucospidinae>/2 39,2
40,2<reduced to a proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal
distally before giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2
54,1 57,2 59,1<and enlarged> 60,1 61,2 62<nearly always>,1 63,2 64,5
66,2 78,1/- 79,1 80,1 81<(mainly or exclusively?)>,2<especially on
Diptera and Lepidoptera, but also other insect orders>/3<?> 82<when
associated with galls,>,2/3 83<the hind femur enlarged, and toothed
below> 84<about>,6 85<\i{}Brachymeria\i0{}, \i{}Chalcis\i0{},
\i{}Haltichella\i0{}, \i{}Spilochalcis\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,5
90<chalcidi> 
 
# \i{}Chrysididae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Cleptidae\i0{}> 2<Ruby-tailed Wasps> 3,2-4 4,5-16 9,2
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1 28,2 35,2 36,1/2 39,1 40,1<but
reduced apically> 44,6-10 50<when present,>,2 58,1/2 60,2 63,2 66,2
67,2 68,2 70,3-4 73,1/2 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, green, blue,
coppery or red> 76<when patterned, blue-and-ruby, red-and-green,
etc.?> 78,2 80,2 81<socially>,2&3<mostly parasitic in the sense of
utilising insects stored by other Hymenoptera>/4 84<about>,35
85<\i{}Chrysis\i0{}, \i{}Cleptes\i0{}, \i{}Euchroeus\i0{},
\i{}Hedychrydium\i0{}, \i{}Hedychrum\i0{} and \i{}Omalus\i0{}> 86,2
87,2 89,8 90<chrysida> 
 
# \i{}Cimbicidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,3-4 4,(8-)9-25 13,4-7<clubbed> 27,2 35,1 40,1 63,2 66,1
78,2 79,3 80,1 81,1<sitting partly curled up on leaves, reconisable by
a characteristic covering of waxy powder> 83<adults broad bodied, with
the abdomen dorso-ventrally compressed; the antennae distinctly
clubbed> 84,17 85<\i{}Abia\i0{}, \i{}Cimbex\i0{}, \i{}Trichiosoma\i0{}
and \i{}Zaraea\i0{} being native, but dubious records only for
\i{}Corynis\i0{} and \i{}Pseudoclavellaria\i0{}> 86,1 88,6
90<cimbicid> 
 
# \i{}Colletidae\i0{}/
2<Gum Bees> 3,2-4 4,4.5-15 6,1 7,1 9,2<not forming organised
communities, but often nesting in colonies>
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1 20,2 21<usually>,2<broad and
truncate, emarginate or rounded in all females and most males, pointed
in a few males> 22,2 23,1 27,1 28,2 35,2 36,1 39,1/2 40,1 44,6-10
45,2/3 46,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2 67,2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males>
74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black or brown> 76<when patterned,
black-and-white, brown-and-white or black, white and brown> 78,2 79,4
80,2 81,5 84,20 85<only \i{}Colletes\i0{} and \i{}Hylaeus\i0{}, but
these represented by nine subgenera> 86,2 87,2 89,14 90<colletid> 
 
# \i{}Cynipidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Eucoilidae\i0{}> 2<Gall Wasps> 3,1-2 4,1-6
8,1<mainly>/2 17,1/2 28,1<usually, at least the lateral spiracle cover lobe>
30,1 31,2 35,2 36,1/2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,1
44,2/3<with a costal and the conspicuous radial> 46,0/1 60,1/2<?> 63,2
66,2 72,1 78,2 79,1 80,1 81,1<inducing galls>/2<commonly
hyper-parasitic on other Hymenoptera or on aphids through braconids>
82,1/2 84<about>,130 85<\i{}Andricus, Aulacidea, Alloxysta, Aylax,
Biorhiza, Callirhytis, Ceroptres, Chrestosema, Cothonaspis, Cynips,
Diastrophus, Diglyphosema, Dilyta, Diplolepis, Disorygma, Episoda,
Eucoila, Eutrias, Ganaspis, Glauraspidia, Hexacola, Isocolus,
Kleidotoma, Lipostethenus, Microstilba, Neuroterus, Periclistus,
Phaenoglyphis, Phanacis, Pseudopsichacra, Psichacra, Rhoptromeris,
Saphonecrus, Synergus, Trybliographa, Trigonaspis, Xestophanes\i0{}>
86,2 87,1 89,4 90<cynipida> 
 
# \i{}Diapriidae\i0{}/
3,1-2 4,1-6 13,11-15 17,1 28,1 30,2 31,2 35,2 36,1/2<aptery sometimes
occurring in both sexes of the same species> 39,2 40,2<though
exhibiting both marginal and submarginal veins> 41,1 44,0/1<the
costal?> 45,0 46,0 50,2 55,2 60,2 63,2 66,2 68,2 78,2 79,1 80,2
81,2<mainly on Diptera (especially tachinids, including some
hyper-parasites), also on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera> 84<about>,300
85<\i{}Acanopsilus, Aconosema, Aclista, Acropiesta, Aneurhynchus,
Anommatium, Aprestes, Basalys, Belyta, Cinetus, Corynopria, Diapria,
Diphora, Entomacis, Idiotypa, Ismarus, Labolips, Macrohynnis, Miota,
Monelata, Oxylabis, Pamis, Pantoclis, Pantolyta, Paramesius,
Paroxylabis, Platymischus, Polypeza, Psilomma, Psilus, Rhynchopsilus,
Scorpioteleia, Spilomicrus, Synacra, Synbelyta, Tetramopria,
Trichopria, Zygota\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,6 90<diapriid> 
 
# \i{}Diprionidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,2-3 4,5-10 12,2 13,17-23 27,2 35,1 40,1 63,2 66,1 78,2
79,3 80,1 81,1<defoliators of conifers, including several pest
species> 83<fore tibiae with two more or less equal-sized apical
spurs. Broad-bodied sawflies, with characteristic antennae, which are
serrated in the females and feathery-pectinate in the males> 84,9
85<\i{}Diprion\i0{}, \i{}Gilpinia\i0{}, \i{}Microdiprion\i0{},
\i{}Monoctenus\i0{}, and \i{}Neoprion\i0{}> 86,1 88,6 90<diprioni> 
 
# \i{}Dryinidae\i0{}/
4,1.5-10 9,2 13,10<in both sexes> 17,1 28,2 35,2 36,1/2<some females>
39,1 40,1<but reduced apically> 44,6-10 50,2 58,1/2 60,2 63,1<?> 66,2
68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,2<being mostly
ectoparasites of Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera> 83<The females
often with chelate fore-tarsi.> 84,46 85<\i{}Agonatopoides\i0{},
\i{}Anteon\i0{}, \i{}Aphelopus\i0{}, \i{}Chelogynus\i0{},
\i{}Dicondylus\i0{}, \i{}Donisthorpina\i0{}, \i{}Dryinus\i0{},
\i{}Gonatopus\i0{}, \i{}Mesodryinus\i0{}, \i{}Monogonatopus\i0{},
\i{}Mystrophorus\i0{}, \i{}Neogonatopus\i0{},
\i{}Plectrogonatopus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudogonatopus\i0{},
\i{}Prenanteon\i0{}, \i{}Tetrodontochelys\i0{}> 86,2 87,2
89,8<sometimes referred to the superfamily Bethyloidea> 90<drynidae> 
 
# \i{}Embolemidae\i0{}/
3,1-2 9,2 13,10<males>/13<females> 15,1<inserted high on the forwardly
pointing face> 17,1 28,2 35,2 36,1/2<females, the sexes looking very
dissimilar> 39,1 40,1<but reduced apically> 44,6-10 50,2 58,1/2 60,2
63,1<?> 66,2 67,1/2<female> 68,2 70,7 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,2<perhaps
ectoparasites, the hosts unknown?> 84,2 85<\i{}Embolemus\i0{}> 86,2
87,2 89,8<sometimes referred to the superfamily Bethyloidea>
90<embolemi> 
 
# \i{}Encyrtidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Aphelinidae\i0{}, \i{}Eupelmidae\i0{},
\i{}Signiphoridae\i0{}, \i{}Thysanidae\i0{}> 2<Chalcid Wasps> 3,1-2
4,0.5-5(-9) 8,1/2 17,1 28,2 34,1 35,2 38,2 39,2 40,2<reduced to a
proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal distally before
giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2 57,2 59,2 60,1
62,2 63,2 64<usually>,5<occasionally 4?> 66,2 78,1/2/- 79,1 80,1
81,1/2<often on Hemiptera, and sometimes hyper-parasitic> 82<when
gall-associated,>,1/2/3 83<this family comprises chalcids having the
mid-leg modified for jumping> 84<about>,200 85<nearly 80 genera, with
\i{}Aphelinus\i0{}, \i{}Copidosoma\i0{}, \i{}Encyrtus\i0{},
\i{}Eupelmus\i0{}, \i{}Litomastix\i0{}, \i{}Metaphycus\i0{},
\i{}Microterys\i0{}, etc., represented by numerous species> 86,2 87,1
89,5 90<encyrtid> 
 
# \i{}Eulophidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Elasmidae\i0{}, \i{}Tetracampidae\i0{}> 2<Chalcid
Wasps> 3,1-2 4,(0.6-)1-3(-4) 8,1/2 17,1 28,2 35,2 38,2 39,2
40,2<reduced to a proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal
distally before giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2
57,1 59,2 60,1 62,2 63,2 64,4 66,2 78,1/- 79,1 80,2 81,1/2<including
some hyper-parasites on other hymenoptera> 82<when associated with
galls,>,1/2/3 83<spur of fore tibia short and straight, and the
basitarsus with the strigil characteristically modified into an
oblique medial comb at the base> 84<about>,380 85<about 60 genera,
with \i{}Cirrospilus\i0{}, \i{}Elachertus\i0{}, \i{}Entedon\i0{},
\i{}Sympiesis\i0{}, etc., well represented, and \i{}Chrysocharis\i0{},
\i{}Omphale\i0{}, \i{}Pediobius\i0{} and \i{}Tetrastichus\i0{}
especially so> 86,2 87,1 89,5 90<eulophid> 
 
# \i{}Eumenidae\i0{}/
2<Potter Wasps, Mason Wasps> 3,2-4 4,8-16 9,2 11,1
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1/2 24,1 25<black and yellow>
27,2 28,1 35,2 36,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 44,6-10 45,3 50,1 55,1 56,1 60,2
63,1 66,2 67,1/2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,2 76<black and yellow>
78,2 79,4 80,2 81,4<insects, often caterpillars> 84,22
85<\i{}Ancistrocerus\i0{}, \i{}Eumenes\i0{}, \i{}Euodynerus\i0{},
\i{}Gymnomerus\i0{}, \i{}Microdynerus\i0{}, \i{}Odynerus\i0{},
\i{}Pseudepipona\i0{} and \i{}Symmorphus\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,12
90<eumenida> 
 
# \i{}Eurytomidae\i0{}/
2<Chalcid Wasps> 3,1/2 8,1/2 13,11<with the club regarded as
3-segmented> 17,1 28,2 29,1 34,2 35,2 38,2 39,2 40,2<reduced to a
proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal distally before
giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2 54,2 57,2 59,2
60,1 62,2 63,2 64,5 66,2 73,2 78,1/- 79,1 80,2 81,1<many>/2<many,
including egg parasites of Orthoptera, and parasites of gall-forming
Diptera and Hymenoptera>/3/2&3<some social parasites living in nests
of bees and wasps> 82<when associated with galls,>,1/2/3 83<the life
styles and ecology extraordinarily varied. Differing from
\i{}Chalcididae\i0{} mainly in having a non-toothed and usually small
hind femur, and from the more generalized Pteromalidae in the
structure of the pronotum and propodeum> 84<about>,90
85<\i{}Eurytoma\i0{}, \i{}Systole\i0{}, \i{}Sycophila\i0{},
\i{}Tetramesa\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,5 90<eurytomi> 
 
# \i{}Evaniidae\i0{}/
3,1-4 4,3-15 13,13 28,1 31,1 35,2 39,1 40<more or less>,1<but reduced
apically> 50,2 53,1 60,1 63,2 66,2 67,1 71,2 77,1 78,1/- 79,1 80,1
81,2<on Cockroach oothecae> 84,2 85<\i{}Evania\i0{} and
\i{}Brachygaster\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,3 90<evaniida> 
 
# \i{}Figitidae\i0{}/
2<Gall Wasps> 3,1-2 4,1-6<?> 17,2 28,1 30,1 31,2 35,2 39,2 40,2 41,2
42,1 44,2<with a costal and a conspicuous radial cell> 45,0 46,0
60,1/2<?> 63,2 66,2 69,2<i.e., unlike \i{}Ibalia\i0{}> 72,2 78,2 79,1
80,1 81,2<commonly on Diptera> 83<the hind basitarsus less than twice
as long as segments 2-5 combined, by contrast with \i{}Ibalia\i0{}>
84,32 85<\i{}Aegilips\i0{}, \i{}Anacharis\i0{}, \i{}Anolytus\i0{},
\i{}Aspicera\i0{}, \i{}Callaspidia\i0{}, \i{}Figites\i0{},
\i{}Lonchidia\i0{}, \i{}Melanips\i0{}, \i{}Omalaspis\i0{},
\i{}Sarothrus\i0{}, \i{}Xyalaspis\i0{}, \i{}Zygosis\i0{}> 86,2 87,1
89,4 90<figitida> 
 
# \i{}Formicidae\i0{}/
2<Ants> 3,1-3 4,(1.5-)2-10 9,1 10,1<most communities comprising winged
males, a deciduously winged or wingless (queen) female, and wingless
sterile-female (worker) castes, the latter sometimes represented by
two or more specialised forms> 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1
25<black, brown, orange or yellow> 28,1 35,2 36,1/2<workers> 39,1
40,1<sometimes reduced apically> 44,6-10 50,1 60,2 63,1/2 66,2 67,1
68,1 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1 75<black, brown, orange or yellow>
78,2 79,4<Myrmicinae>/5<the rest, which propel their poison by means
of a squirt> 80,2 81<socially>,2&3<some parasitizing other ants>/4/5
84,50 85<\i{}Anergates\i0{}, \i{}Crematogaster\i0{}, \i{}Formica\i0{},
\i{}Formicoxenus\i0{}, \i{}Hypoponera\i0{}, \i{}Iridomyrmex\i0{},
\i{}Lasius\i0{}, \i{}Leptothorax\i0{}, \i{}Monomorium\i0{},
\i{}Mymecina\i0{}, \i{}Myrmica\i0{}, \i{}Paratrechina\i0{},
\i{}Pheidole\i0{}, \i{}Ponera\i0{}, \i{}Sipholinia\i0{},
\i{}Solenopsis\i0{}, \i{}Stenamma\i0{}, \i{}Strongylognathus\i0{},
\i{}Tapinoma\i0{}, \i{}Tetramorium\i0{} (\i{}Formica\i0{},
\i{}Lasius\i0{}, \i{}Leptothorax\i0{} and \i{}Myrmica\i0{} being the
most strongly represented native genera, with most of the rest
representing non-established introductions)> 86,2 87,2 89,10
90<formicid> 
 
# \i{}Gasteruptiidae\i0{}/
3,2-4 4,4-26 13,13<males>/14<females> 17,2 28,1 31,1 35,2 39,1
40,1<more or less, but modified> 50,2 53,2 60,1 63,2 66,2 71,2<partly
hinged> 77,1 78,1<often very long>/- 79,1 80,1 81,2/2&3<the family as
a whole parasitizes solitary and less often social bees, sphecoids and
other wasps> 83<adults with a neck-like prolongation of the
propleuron, swollen hind tibiae, and a long gaster> 84,5
85<\i{}Gasteruption\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,3 90<gasterup> 
 
# \i{}Halictidae\i0{}/
2<Mining and Burrowing Bees> 3,2-3 4,5-13 9,1/2 10,1/2
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 20,2 21,1 22,2 23,2 25<black or
yellow> 27,1 28,2 35,2 36,1 39,1-2 40,1 44,6-10 45,2/3 46,2 47,1 50,1
60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2 67,2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1/2 75<when
concolorous, black, yellow or orange> 76<when patterned,
black-and-orange, black-and-yellow or black-and-white> 78,2 79,4 80,2
81<socially>,2&3<in the nests of other bees>/5 84<about>,60
85<\i{}Dufourea\i0{}, \i{}Halictus\i0{}, \i{}Lasioglossum\i0{},
\i{}Rophites\i0{}, \i{}Sphecodes\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,14 90<halictid> 
 
# \i{}Heloridae\i0{}/
3,2 13,14<males>/15<females> 17,2 28,1 30,2 31,2 35,2 36,1 39,1/2
40<more or less>,1 41,2 42,2 44,2/3 50,1/2 60,2 63,2 66,1-2 68,2 78,2
79,1 80,2 81,2<on hosts from various Orders, including other
Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Neuroptera> 84,3 85<\i{}Helorus\i0{}> 86,2
87,1 89,6 90<helorida> 
 
# \i{}Ibaliidae\i0{}/
2<Gall Wasps> 3,2-4<to 15 mm - among the largest Cynapoidea>
13,13<female>/15<male> 17,2 25<black> 28,1 30,1 31,2 35,2 39,2
40,1<the radial cell at least 9 times as long as broad> 44,3-5 45,3
60,1 63,2 66,2 67,2<short-petiolate> 69,1 70,6<male>/5<female> 74,1
76<reddish brown> 78,1/2<usually>/- 79,1 80,1 81,2<the British
representative on \i{}Sirex\i0{} larvae> 83<the hind basitarsus twice
as long as segments 2-5 combined> 84,1 85<\i{}Ibalia\i0{}> 86,2 87,1
89,4 90<ibaliida> 
 
# \i{}Ichneumonidae\i0{}/
2<Ichneumons> 3,2-4 8,1/2 13,13-30<or more, generally long and
multi-segmented, the scape short and the pedicel relatively large>
17,2 28,1 30,2 31,2 35,2<generally>/1<if piliferous lobes recorded
on the anterior angles of the metanotum of some species are
interpreted as cenchri> 36,1<usually>/2<females, sometimes> 39,1
40,1<usually>/2 43,2<with the exception of a very few species referred
to this family rather than Braconidae on general facies> 50,1 51,1<see
illustration of difference from Braconidae> 60,1 63,2
66<usually>,2<but see illustration of \i{}Metopius\i0{}> 67,1<usually,
fairly>/2 74,1/2 77,2 78,1/- 79,1 80,1 81,2<on larvae and pupae of
endopterygote insects, immature and adult spiders and their egg sacs,
etc.; including \i{}Agriotypus armatus\i0{}, the only known parasite
of Caddis larvae> 82<when gall-associated,>,2 83<Apterous forms of
\i{}Braconidae\i0{} and \i{}Ichneumonidae\i0{} may be morphologically
indistinguishable via family desriptions.> 84<more than>,1500 85<about
350 genera, with numerous species in \i{}Campodorus\i0{},
\i{}Diadegma\i0{}, \i{}Dusona\i0{}, \i{}Campoplex\i0{},
\i{}Gelis\i0{}, \i{}Ichneumon\i0{}, \i{}Lissonota\i0{},
\i{}Mesochorus\i0{}, \i{}Phaeogenes\i0{}, \i{}Phygadeuon\i0{}, etc.>
86,2 87,1 89,2 90<ichneumo> 
 
# \i{}Megachilidae\i0{}/
2<Leaf-cutter Bees, etc.> 3,2-4 4,6-18 6,1 7,1 9,2
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 19,1 20,1 21,1 22,1 23,1 27,1 28,2
35,2 36,1 39,1<?>/2 40,1 44,6-10 45,2 46,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2
67,2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black,
grey or green> 76<when patterned, black-and-orange, black-and-white,
black-and-grey, dark-and-light brown, blue-and-whitish> 78,2 79,4 80,2
81<socially>,2&3<occasionally, being raised in the nests of other
megachilids>/5 84,36 85<\i{}Anthidium\i0{}, \i{}Chelostoma\i0{},
\i{}Chalicodoma\i0{}(?), \i{}Coelioxys\i0{}, \i{}Heriades\i0{},
\i{}Hoplitis\i0{}, \i{}Megachile\i0{}, \i{}Osmia\i0{},
\i{}Stelis\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,14 90<megachil> 
 
# \i{}Megalodontidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,3 4,10-13 13<many segmented> 18,1 27,1 32,U 35,1 40,1
63,2 66,1 79,3 80,1 81,1<gregarious, in webs on herbaceous plants>
83<broad bodied insects, the body dorso-ventrally flattened; second
abdominal tergite not divided along the mid-line and the mouthparts as
long as the head capsule, by contrast with \i{}Pamphilidae\i0{}>
84,3<all only dubiously British> 85<\i{}Megalodontes\i0{}> 86,1 88,2
90<megalodo> 
 
# \i{}Melittidae\i0{}/
2<Mining Bees> 3,3-4 4,9-16 6,1 7,1 9,2
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 14,2 20,2 21,1 22,2 23,1 27,1 28,2
35,2 36,1 40,1 44,6-10 45,2/3 46,2 47,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2 67,2
68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1/2 75<when concolorous,
black-and-white or -greyish, black-and-yellow, or black-and-brown or
-reddish> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,5<?> 84,6 85<\i{}Dasypoda\i0{},
\i{}Macropis\i0{}, \i{}Melitta\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,14 90<melittid> 
 
# \i{}Mutillidae\i0{}/
2<Velvet Ants> 3,2-4 4,5-15 9,2 11,2
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1/2 25<orange or
black-and-orange> 26,2 28,1 31,1 33,2 35,2 36,1<males>/2<the ant-like
females> 38,2 39,1 40,1 44,6-10 50,1 52<of the males>,2 58,2 60,2 63,2
66,2 67,1-2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,2 76<black-and-white or
black-and-yellow> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81<socially>,2&3/2/4<\i{}Mutilla
europaea\i0{} parasitizes \i{}Bombus\i0{} species, while
\i{}Smicromyrme rufipes\i0{} parasitizes pompilids and sphecids> 83<by
contrast with \i{}Tiphiidae\i0{}, the hind-wings of the males are
without a jugal lobe, and the thorax of the wingless females lacks
distinct segmentation. The females are usually readily distinguishable
from ants by a felt line on the second gastral segment.> 84,2
85<\i{}Mutilla\i0{} and \i{}Smicromyrme\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,9
90<mutillid> 
 
# \i{}Mymaridae\i0{}/
3,1 4,0.3-1.5 13,9-13 17,1<at least in females>/2 28<usually>,2<or
sometimes longer and almost so> 35,2
36,1/2<at least, sometimes rudimentary or thread-like> 37,1<the fringe
often longer than the width of the hind-wing> 38,2 39,2 40,2<even the
stigmatal vein absent> 41,2<stigmal vein absent> 44,0 45,0 46,0 48,1
50,2 57,2 59,2 60,1 62,2 63,2 64,4/5 66,2 67,1 68,2 73,2 77,2
78,1<sometimes very long and curled beneath the body, reaching beyond
the head>/2/- 79,1 80,2 81,2<in the eggs of other insects> 83<the
fringed wings with very reduced venation, sometimes thread-like, the
hind-wings always stalked; fore-tibia with an apical spur. A family
including some of the smallest of all insects> 84,85
85<\i{}Alaptus\i0{}, \i{}Anagrus\i0{}, \i{}Anaphes\i0{},
\i{}Arescon\i0{}, \i{}Camptoptera\i0{}, \i{}Caraphractus\i0{},
\i{}Cleruchus\i0{}, \i{}Dicopus\i0{}, \i{}Doriclytus\i0{},
\i{}Erythmelus\i0{}, \i{}Eustochus\i0{}, \i{}Gonatocerus\i0{},
\i{}Litus\i0{}, \i{}Mymar\i0{}, \i{}Ooctonus\i0{},
\i{}Palaeomymar\i0{}, \i{}Polynema\i0{}, \i{}Parallelaptera\i0{},
\i{}Stephanodes\i0{}, \i{}Stethynium\i0{} (with \i{}Alaptus\i0{},
\i{}Anaphes\i0{}, \i{}Gonatocerus\i0{} and \i{}Polynema\i0{} well
represented)> 86,2 87,1 89,5 90<mymarida> 
 
# \i{}Orussidae\i0{}/
3,3-4 4,9-15 11<hairy, a unique or very unusual feature in 
the Symphyta>
12,1 13,10<females>/11<males> 15,2 25<black> 32,1 35,1
39,2 40,1 50,2 63,2 66,1<or with a slight constriction only> 74,2
76<white flecked and red girdled> 78,2<the long ovipositor being
stored coiled within the body> 80,2<and lacking abdominal prolegs>
81,1&3<in wood, predacious in the later instars on wood-boring beetle
larvae> 83<further distinguished from other sawflies by lacking a
closed anal cell in the fore-wings> 84,1 85<\i{}Orussus abietinus\i0{}
(Scop.): not recorded in Britain since the 19th Century> 86,1 88,4
90<orussida> 
 
# \i{}Pamphiliidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,2-4 4,7-15 13,18-24 18,2 27,1 35,1 40,1 63,2 66,1
78,1/2/- 79,3 80,1<but no abdominal prolegs> 81,1<on conifers and
woody dicots, including \i{}Populus\i0{} and \i{}Rosa\i0{}> 83<broad
bodied insects, with large head and dorso-ventrally flattened abdomen;
the second abdominal tergite divided posteriorly along the mid-line
and the mouthparts not as long as the head capsule, by contrast with
\i{}Megalodontidae\i0{}> 84,19 85<\i{}Acantholyda\i0{},
\i{}Cephalacia\i0{}, \i{}Neurotoma\i0{} and \i{}Pamphilius\i0{}> 86,1
88,2 90<pamphili> 
 
# \i{}Perilampidae\i0{}/
2<Chalcid Wasps> 3,1-2 4,1.5-5.5 17,1 28,2 29,1 34,2 35,2 38,2
40,2<reduced to a proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal
distally before giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2
54,2 57,2 59,2 60,1 62,2 63,2 64,5 66,2 73,1 78,1/- 79,1 80,1
81,2<hyper-parasitic on tachinid and ichneumonid parasites> 84,7
85<\i{}Perilampus\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,5 90<perilamp> 
 
# \i{}Platygastridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Platygasteridae\i0{}> 3,1 4,0.7-1.5 8<mainly>,1 13,(8-)10
17,1<doubly so, forming a Z> 28,1 30,2 31,2 35,2 36,1/2<some females>
39,2 40,2<venation absent, or reduced to a submarginal vein that is
often slightly knobbed at its apex> 41,2 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2 55,1 56,1
60,2 63,2 66,2 68,2 78,1/2/- 79,1 80,2 81,2/2&3 82,2/3<mainly on
gall-inducing \i{}Cecidomyidae\i0{}> 84<about>,130
85<\i{}Acerotella\i0{}, \i{}Allotropa\i0{}, \i{}Amblyaspis\i0{},
\i{}Inostemma\i0{}, \i{}Iphitrachelus\i0{}, \i{}Isocybus\i0{},
\i{}Isostasius\i0{}, \i{}Leptacis\i0{}, \i{}Metaclisis\i0{},
\i{}Metanopedias\i0{}, \i{}Piestopleura\i0{}, \i{}Platygaster\i0{},
\i{}Platystasius\i0{},\i{}Synopeas\i0{}, \i{}Trichacis\i0{}> 86,2 87,1
89,6 90<platygas> 
 
# \i{}Pompilidae\i0{}/
2<Spider Wasps> 3,2-4 4,4-18 9,2 11,1<\i{}Ceropales\i0{}>/2<usually>
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,2<curling after death> 20,2
21,2<bifid> 25<black, orange, or black-and-yellow> 27,2 28,1 33,1 35,2
36,1 38,2 39,1 40,1 44,6-10 45,2<rarely>/3 46,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 66,2
67,1-2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, orange,
black or grey> 76<when patterned, black-and-orange or -reddish orange,
or black-and-yellow> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,3/4<specializing on spiders,
which are generally paralysed and dragged along the ground to the
nest. Some species induce only temporary paralysis, the larvae then
parasitizing the living spider> 84<about>,40 85<\i{}Agenioideus\i0{},
\i{}Arachnospila\i0{}, \i{}Anoplius\i0{}, \i{}Aporus\i0{},
\i{}Auplopus\i0{}, \i{}Caliadurgus\i0{}, \i{}Ceropales\i0{},
\i{}Cryptocheilus\i0{}, \i{}Dipogon\i0{}, \i{}Episyron\i0{},
\i{}Evagetes\i0{}, \i{}Homonotus\i0{}, \i{}Pompilus\i0{},
\i{}Priocnemis\i0{} (with most of the species in \i{}Anoplius\i0{},
\i{}Arachnospila\i0{}, \i{}Dipogon\i0{} or \i{}Priocnemis\i0{})> 86,2
87,2 89,11 90<pompilid> 
 
# \i{}Proctotrupidae\i0{}/
3,1-2 4,3-6 17<at least usually>,2<with a short scape> 28,1 30,2 
31,2 35,2 36,1 39,1 40,2 41,1/2 42,2
44,1<the costal> 45,0 46,0 50,2 60,2 63,2 66,2 68,2 78,1/2/- 79,1 80,2
81,2<mostly on Coleoptera> 84,36 85<\i{}Brachyserphus\i0{},
\i{}Codrus\i0{}, \i{}Cryptocodrus\i0{}, \i{}Cryptoserphus\i0{},
\i{}Disogmus\i0{}, \i{}Paracodrus\i0{}, \i{}Parthenocodrus\i0{},
\i{}Phaenoserphus\i0{}, \i{}Proctotrupes\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,6
90<proctotr> 
 
# \i{}Pteromalidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Ormyridae\i0{},\i{}Eucharitidae\i0{}> 2<Chalcid Wasps>
3,1-3 4,0.5-10 8,1/2 17,1 28,2 29,2 34,2 35,2 38,2 39,2 40,2<reduced
to a proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal distally before
giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2 54,2 57,2 59,1/2
60,1 62,1/2 63,2 64,5 66,2 73,1<especially \i{}Ormyrinae\i0{} and
\i{}Eucharitinae\i0{}>/2 78,1/- 79,1 80,1 81<mainly or
exclusively(?)>,2<on insects of numerous Orders, including gall
inducing Hymenoptera, and sometimes hyper-parasitic>/3<?>
82,1<?>/2/3<?> 84<over>,500 85<\i{}Ablaxia, Acrocormus, Aggelma,
Anisopteromalus, Anogmoides, Anogmus, Apelioma, Apsilocera, Ardilea,
Arthrotylus, Asaphes, Atrichomalus, Bairamlia, Bugacea, Caenacis,
Callimerismus, Calliprymna, Callitula, Capellia, Catolaccus Cea,
Cecidostiba, Cerocephala, Cheiropachus, Chlorocytus, Chrysolampus,
Cleonymus, Coelopisthia, Colotrechnus, Conomorium, Coruna, Cratomus,
Cricellius, Cryptoprymna, Cyclogastrella, Cyrtogaster, Dibrachoides,
Dibrachys, Diglochis, Dimachus, Dinarmus, Dinotiscus, Dinotoides,
Dipara, Dirhicnus, Ecrizotes, Endomychobius, Epicopterus, Erdoesia,
Erythromalus, Eulonchetron, Eumacepolus, Euneura, Eupteromalus,
Eunotus, Gastrancistrus, Gbelcia, Glyphognathus, Gyrinophagus,
Habritys, Halticoptera, Hemitrichus, Heteroprymna, Hobya, Holcaeus,
Homoporus, Hyperimerus, Isocyrtus, Janssoniella, Kaleva, Lampoterma,
Lamprotatus, Lariophagus, Leptomeraporus, Macromesus, Melancistrus,
Mesopolobus, Meraporus, Merismus, Merisus, Mesopolobus, Metacolus,
Metastenus, Micradelus, Miscogaster, Mokrzeckia, Muscidifurax,
Nasonia, Neodipara, Nephelomalus, Nodisoplata, Ormocerus, Ormyrus,
Pachycrepoideus, Pachyneuron, Pegopus, Peridesmia, Perniphora,
Phaenocytus, Pirene, Platneptis, Platygerrhus, Polycistus, Psilocera,
Pseudocatolaccus, Psychophagoides, Psychophagus, Rhaphitelus,
Rhopalicus, Rhicnocoelia, Rohatina, Roptrocerus, Sceptrothelys,
Schizonotus, Seladerma, Semiotellus, Skeloceras, Spalangia,
Spalangiopelta, Spaniopus, Sphaeripalpus, Sphegigaster, Spilomalus,
Spintherus, Staurothyreus, Stenomalina, Stenophrus, Stictomischus,
Stinoplus, Synedrus, Syntomopus, Systasis, Plutothrix, Psilonotus,
Pteromalus, Theocolax, Thinodytes, Tomicobia, Toxeuma, Trichomalus,
Tricyclomischus, Trigonoderus, Trineptis, Trychnosoma, Urolepis,
Vrestovia, Xestomnaster, Xiphydriophagus\i0{} (with
\i{}Gastrancistrus\i0{}, \i{}Halticoptera\i0{}, \i{}Homoporus\i0{},
\i{}Ormyrus\i0{}, \i{}Seladerma\i0{}, \i{}Spalangia\i0{}, etc., and
especially \i{}Mesopolobus\i0{}, \i{}Pteromalus\i0{} and
\i{}Trichomalus\i0{} encompassing numerous species)> 86,2 87,1 89,5
90<pteromal> 
 
# \i{}Sapygidae\i0{}/
9,2 11,1 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1 25<black> 28,1 31,1
33,2 35,2 36,1/2 38,2 40,1 44,6-10 45,3 50,1 58,2 60,2 63,2 66,2
67,1-2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,2 76<black-and-yellow, or black,
yellow and orange> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81<socially>,2&3<socially parasitic
on stem-nesting bees and wasps: the first stage larva has big
mandibles and destroys the host larva, and the later instar larvae
with smaller mandibles consume the stored food> 84,2
85<\i{}Sapyga\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,9 90<sapygida> 
 
# \i{}Scelionidae\i0{}/
3,1-2 4,0.7-6.5 13,7-8/11-12 17,1 28,1 30,2 31,2 35,2 36,1/2<e.g.,
\i{}Trimorus procris\i0{}> 39<when present,>,2 40,2<with distinct,
though sometimes short, marginal and stigmal veins> 41,1<though this
is sometimes short> 44,0/1<the costal> 45,0 46,0 50,2 55,1 56,1 60,2
63,2 66,2 68,2 78,2 79,1 80,2 81,2<on eggs of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera,
Orthoptera and occasionally Arachnids> 84<about>,110
85<\i{}Allophanurus\i0{}, \i{}Baeus\i0{}, \i{}Gryon\i0{},
\i{}Opisthacantha\i0{}, \i{}Plesiobaeus\i0{}, \i{}Scelio\i0{},
\i{}Sparasion\i0{}, \i{}Teleas\i0{}, \i{}Telenomus\i0{},
\i{}Thoron\i0{}, \i{}Trimorus\i0{}, \i{}Trisacantha\i0{},
\i{}Trissolcus\i0{}, \i{}Xenomerus\i0{} (with numerous species in
\i{}Telenomus\i0{} and \i{}Trimorus\i0{})> 86,2 87,1 89,6 90<scelioni>
 
# \i{}Siricidae\i0{}/
2<Horntails, Wood-wasps> 3,4 4,15-40 5,2<i.e., unlike
\i{}Xiphydra\i0{}> 12,1 13,14-30 27,2 32,1 35,1 39,1 40,1 50,1 63,2
66,1 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black, green or blue> 76<when
patterned, blue-, green- or black, and yellow or orange> 78,1<slight
but obvious, and the last abdominal segment characteristically with a
conspicuous, horn-like projection>/- 79,2 80,2<and no abdominal
prolegs> 81,1<tunelling in wood> 83<fore tibia with only one apical
spur, or with two differing greatly in size; and the pronotum viewed
from above shaped like a bow tie, by contrast with its cap-shaped
appearance in \i{}Xipydriidae\i0{}> 84,11<probably only two
indigenous, plus five established introductions, and the rest so far
associated only with imported timber> 85<\i{}Sirex\i0{},
\i{}Tremex\i0{}, \i{}Urocerus\i0{} and \i{}Xeris\i0{}> 86,1 88,3
90<siricida> 
 
# \i{}Sphecidae\i0{}/
2<Digger Wasps> 3,2-4 4,(2.5-)5-22 6,2 7,2 9,2 11,1<e.g.,
\i{}Trypoxylon\i0{}>/2 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1/2
20,1/2 21<often bifid> 25<black, grey or black-and-yellow> 27,1 28,2
35,2 36,1 39,1/2 40,1<sometimes reduced apically> 44,6-10 45,1-3
46,0-2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,2 66,2 67,1<the petiole sometimes very
long>/2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,1/2 75<when concolorous, black
or grey> 76<when patterned, black-and-yellow, black-and-orange, or
black, orange and white> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,2<rarely, on other
wasps>/3/4<mostly, victimising other arthropods, mostly specialising
on particular species, and constituting important regulators of insect
populations> 84<about>,115 85<\i{}Alysson\i0{}, \i{}Ammophila\i0{},
\i{}Argogorytes\i0{}, \i{}Astata\i0{}, \i{}Cerceris\i0{},
\i{}Crabro\i0{}, \i{}Diodontus\i0{}, \i{}Dinetus\i0{},
\i{}Entomognathus\i0{}, \i{}Ectemnius\i0{}, \i{}Gorytes\i0{},
\i{}Lestica\i0{}, \i{}Lindenius\i0{}, \i{}Mellinus\i0{},
\i{}Nysson\i0{}, \i{}Oxybelus\i0{}, \i{}Passaloecus\i0{},
\i{}Pemphredon\i0{}, \i{}Philanthus\i0{}, \i{}Podalonia\i0{},
\i{}Psen\i0{}, \i{}Psenulus\i0{}, \i{}Rhopalum\i0{},
\i{}Spilomena\i0{}, \i{}Stigmus\i0{}, \i{}Tachysphex\i0{},
\i{}Trypoxylon\i0{} (with \i{}Cerceris\i0{}, \i{}Crossocerus\i0{},
\i{}Diodontus\i0{}, \i{}Ectemnius\i0{}, \i{}Passaloecus\i0{} and
\i{}Psen\i0{} all well represented)> 86,2 87,2 89,13 90<sphecida> 
 
# \i{}Tenthredinidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,1-4 4,(2-)4-12(-14) 8,1<rarely>/2 12,2 13,9(-15) 17,2
27,2 32,2 35,1 39,1 40,1 50,1 63,2 66,1 78,2 79,3 80,1/2<in leaf
mining and tunnelling species> 81,1<mostly feeding in the open on
leaves, often in colonies, but a few stem borers and leaf miners>
82<rarely>,1 83<associated with ferns, as well as monocots and woody
and herbaceous dicots, and ecologically divers. The fore tibiae with
two apical spurs more or less equal in size. Broad-bodied insects,
with the abdomen dorso-ventrally compressed; readily distinguished
from \i{}Diprionidae\i0{} via the characteristic, serrated or
pectinate antennae of the latter> 84<about>,400<i.e., the majority of
the approximately 500 sawfly species recorded in Britain> 85<about 75
genera, some of the most strongly represented in species numbers being
\i{}Dolerus\i0{}, \i{}Empria\i0{}, \i{}Nematus\i0{},
\i{}Pristiphora\i0{}, and \i{}Tenthredo\i0{}> 86,1 88,6 90<tenthrid> 
 
# \i{}Tiphiidae\i0{}/
3,2-3 4,6-12 9,2 11,2 13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1/2
25<orange-red or black> 26,1 28,1 31,1 33,2 35,2 36,1<males>/2<some
females> 38,2 39,1 40,1 44,6-10 45,1-3 50,1 52<of winged forms>,1 58,2
60,2 63,2 66,2 67,1-2 68,1<in the wingless female \i{}Methoca
ichneumonoides\i0{}>/2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,2 76<black-and-orange
or black, yellow and red or orange> 78,2 79,4 80,2
81<socially>,2&3<\i{}Myrmosa\i0{} parasitising ground nesting
Aculeates>/4<on beetle larvae, with with \i{}Methoca\i0{} specialising
on cicindelids> 83<by contrast with \i{}Mutillidae\i0{}, the
hind-wings of the males exhibit a notched jugal (and often anal) lobe,
the thorax of wingless females is distinctly segmented> 84,4
85<\i{}Methocha\i0{}, \i{}Myrmosa\i0{} and \i{}Tiphia\i0{}> 86,2 87,2
89,9 90<tiphiida> 
 
# \i{}Torymidae\i0{}/
2<Chalcid Wasps> 3,1-2 4<minute to small, but the ovipositor often
much longer than the body> 8,1<mostly>/2 17,1 27,1 28,2 34,2 35,2
36,1<males of some species>/2 38,2 39,2 40,2<reduced to a proximal
submarginal vein, which becomes marginal distally before giving off
the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2 54,1 57,2 59,1/2 60,1 61,1
62,1/2 63,2 64,5 66,2 78<usually>,1/- 79,1 80,1 81,1/2<including
parasites and hyper-parasites of other hymenopterous
gall-inducers>/2&3<some occuring in nests of bees and wasps> 82<when
gall-associated (i.e., usually),>,1<a few>/2/3<mostly being parasites
of gallicolous insects> 84<about>,75 85<\i{}Cryptopristus\i0{},
\i{}Diomorus\i0{}, \i{}Glyphomerus\i0{}, \i{}Megastigmus\i0{},
\i{}Monodontomerus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudotorymus\i0{}, \i{}Torymus\i0{}
(with most of the species referable to \i{}Monodontomerus\i0{},
\i{}Megastigmus\i0{} or \i{}Torymus\i0{})> 86,2 87,1 89,5 90<torymida>
 
# \i{}Trichogrammatidae\i0{}/
2<Chalcid Wasps> 3,1 4,0.5-1 8,1/2<?> 17,1<?> 28,2 35,2 37,1 38,2 39,2
40,2<reduced to a proximal submarginal vein, which becomes marginal
distally before giving off the stigmal vein> 41,1 44,0 45,0 46,0 50,2
57,1 59,2 60,1 62,2 63,2 64,3 66,2 78,1/- 79,1 80,2 81,2<being egg
parasites of small insects> 83<the hind femur sometimes enlarged, but
not toothed below. The spur of the fore tibia is short and straight,
and the basitarsus has the strigil characteristically modified into an
oblique medial comb at the base, cf. \i{}Eulophidae\i0{}> 84<about>,30
85<\i{}Aphelinoidea\i0{}, \i{}Brachista\i0{}, \i{}Centrobia\i0{},
\i{}Chaetostricha\i0{}, \i{}Epoligosita\i0{}, \i{}Lathromeris\i0{},
\i{}Mirufens\i0{}, \i{}Monorthochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Oligoseta\i0{},
\i{}Ophioneurus\i0{}, \i{}Paracentrobia\i0{}, \i{}Poropoea\i0{},
\i{}Prestwichia\i0{}, \i{}Trichogramma\i0{}, \i{}Tumidiclava\i0{},
\i{}Ufens\i0{}, \i{}Xiphogramma\i0{} (but with only
\i{}Centrobia\i0{}, \i{}Oligoseta\i0{} and \i{}Trichogramma\i0{}
represented by more than one or two species)> 86,2 87,1 89,5
90<trichogr> 
 
# \i{}Trigonalidae\i0{}/
3,2-3 13,15-25 17,2 28,1 31,1 35,2 39,1 40,1 50,1 60,1 63,2 66,2 68,2
78,2 79,1 80,2 81,2<some primary parasites, but mostly hyper-parasites
of sawflies through ichneumonid or tachinid primary parasites> 84,1
85<\i{}Pseudogonalos\i0{}> 86,2 87,1 89,1 90<trigonal> 
 
# \i{}Vespidae\i0{}/
2<Wasps, Hornet> 3,3-4 4,12-20 9,1<melliferous> 10,1 11,1
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 17,1/2 24,2 25<black and yellow or
brown and yellow> 27,2 28,1 35,2 36,1 38,1 39,1<?>/2 40,1 44,6-10 45,3
50,1 56,2 60,2 63,1 66,2 67,1-2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 74,2
76<black- or brown-and-yellow> 78,2 79,4 80,2 81,4 84,9
85<\i{}Dolichovespula\i0{}, \i{}Polistes\i0{}, \i{}Vespa\i0{} and
\i{}Vespula\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,12 90<vespidae> 
 
# \i{}Xiphydriidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,2-4 4,6-21 5,1 12,1 13,13-19 27,2 32,1 35,1 39,1 40,1
50,1 63,2 66,1 74,1/2<red-girdled, in \i{}X. prolongata\i0{} only>
78,1<without the abdominal horn of Siricidae>/- 79,2 80,2<or the
legs vestigial> 81,1<boring in angiosperm wood> 83<adults
characterised by the spherical head on a stalked neck, and the
pronotum viewed from above is cap-shaped by contrast with that of
\i{}Siricidae\i0{} (q.v.)> 84,2/3 85<\i{}Xiphydra\i0{}> 86,1 88,3
90<xiphydri> 
 
# \i{}Xyelidae\i0{}/
2<Sawflies> 3,1-2 4,2.4-4.5 13,11-20<with three normal basal
segments, followed by a slender filament with nine or more> 16,1 27,1
35,1 38,2 39,1 40,1 49,1 50,1 63,2 64,5 66,1 78,1/- 80,1<and with
prolegs on all abdomimal segments> 81,1<in male pine cones> 83<adults
black with yellow markings> 84,2 85<\i{}Xyela\i0{}> 86,1 88,1
90<xyelidae> 
 
# \i{}Xylocopidae\i0{}/
3,2 4,6-7 6,2<almost hairless> 7,1 9,2
13,(10-)12<females>/(10-)13<males> 25<blue or blue-and orange> 27,1
28,2 35,2 36,1 40,1 44,6-10 45,2/3 46,2 50,1 60,2 63,1 65,1 66,2
67,1-2 68,2 70,6<females>/7<males> 73,1 74,1 75<blue> 78,2 79,4 80,2
81,5 84,2 85<\i{}Ceratina\i0{}, \i{}Xylocopa\i0{}> 86,2 87,2 89,14
90<xylocopi> 
