*COMMENT Taxon images for HTML descriptions.
*TAXON IMAGES
# \i{}Abraxas\i0{} <Leach>/
      bent515.jpg <@subject Abraxas sylvata (Scarce or Clouded Magpie: B. Ent.
                           515)>
      text515.gif <@subject Abraxas sylvata (legend+text: B. Ent. 515)>
      text5151.gif <@subject Abraxas sylvata (text, cont.: B. Ent. 515)>
      ennom01.jpg <@subject A. grossulariata (Magpie, Currant Moth) and 
      A. sylvata (Scarce Magpie), with Ligdia, Lomaspilis and Semiothisa: Newman>
                  <@text x=355 y=597
                               t=\i{}1a, Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie or
                               Currant Moth, typical form)\i0{}; \i{}1b-e,
                               Abraxas grossulariata, varieties\i0{}; \i{}2,
                               Abraxas sylvata (Scarce or Clouded Magpie)\i0{};
                               3, Ligdia adustata (Scorched Carpet); 4a-d,
                               Lomaspilis marginata (Clouded Border); 5,
                               Semiothisa alternaria (Sharp-angled Peacock); 6,
                               Semiothisa notata (Peacock Moth); 7, Semiothisa
                               carbonaria (Netted Mountain Moth); 8, Semiothisa
                               liturata (Tawny-barred Angle); 9, Semiothisa
                               wauaria (V-moth); 10, Semiothisa clathrata
                               (Latticed Heath); 11, Semiothisa pinetaria
                               (Rannoch Looper). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject A. grossulariata, A. sylvata and A. pantaria, with other 
      Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; \i{}15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth)\i0{}; \i{}16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther)\i0{}; \i{}17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie)\i0{}; 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>
                                


# \i{}Acasis\i0{} <Duponchel>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject A.s viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle), with Aplocera, 
      Asthena, Carsia, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11,
                                Asthena albulata (Small White Wave); 12,
                                Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa
                                murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                \i{}18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred
                                Brindle)\i0{}. From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Aethalura\i0{} <McDunnough>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject A. punctulata (Grey Birch), with Boarmia, Bupalus, 
      Ectropis, Ematurga, Serraca, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty); 2,
                               Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 3,
                               Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet); 4, Ectropis
                               crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 5, Ectropis
                               bistortata (The Engrailed); 6, Ectropis
                               (Paradarisa) consonaria (The Square-spot); 7,
                               Ectropis similaria (Brindled White-spot); \i{}8,
                               Aethalura punctulata (Grey Birch)\i0{}; 9,
                               Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 10a-c, Bupalus
                               piniaria (Bordered White, male upper- and
                               under-side and female). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject A. punctulata, with other Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); 4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet); 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); \i{}13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth)\i0{}; 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Agriopis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      agriop02.jpg <@subject Agriopis leucophaearia (Spring Usher), A.
                            marginaria (Dotted Border), A. aurantiaria (Scarce
                            Umber): male variants (photos)>
                   <@text x=909 y=939
                                t=Specimens of all three species were commonly
                                found resting on tree trunks by day, in mixed
                                deciduous woodland around Leek, N. Staffs, from
                                1948-1958. Localities ostensibly "rural", but
                                about 10 and 30 miles miles from the heavily
                                industrial regions of Stoke-on-Trent and
                                Manchester, respectively. \par{}\par{}Figs. 1-6,
                                \i{}Agriopis leucophaearia\i0{} (Spring Usher):
                                exemplifying male colour variants of this
                                common, polymorphic species, of which the
                                lighter forms were numerically predominant.
                                Figs. 7-9, \i{}A. aurantiaria\i0{} (Scarce
                                Umber): 2 typical males and (9) a female. By
                                contrast with the other two representatives of
                                this genus (and with \i{}Erannis
                                defoliaria\i0{}, q.v.), the Scarce Umber is not
                                noticeably polymorphic, and melanism is either
                                absent or very rare. Figs. 10-16, \i{}A.
                                marginaria\i0{} (Dotted Border): 3 light
                                (normal) males, 3 melanics, and an apparently
                                melanic female. Light and melanic forms were
                                equally common, without obvious intermediates.
                                Fig. 14 is a 1911specimen from Ilfracombe
                                (Devon, R.A. Nicholls), for comparison with Figs. 11 & 12.
                                \par{}\par{}From Watsons collection.>
      ennom04.jpg <@subject Agriopis, Alsophila, Apocheima, Erannis, Lycia,
                           Phigalia: Newman>
                  <@text x=290 y=639
                               t=1a-b, Apocheima hispidaria (Small Brindled
                               Beauty, male and apterous female); 2a-b, Phigalia
                               pilosaria (Pale Brindled Beauty, male and
                               apterous female); 3a-b, Lycia zonaria (Belted
                               Beauty, male and vestigially-winged female); 4,
                               Lycia hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); \i{}5a-c,
                               Agriopis leucophaearia (Spring Usher, males and
                               vestigially-winged female)\i0{}; \i{}6a-b,
                               Agriopis marginaria (Dotted Border, male and
                               vestigially-winged female)\i0{}; \i{}7a-b,
                               Agriopis aurantiaria, male and vestigially-winged
                               female)\i0{}; 8a-c, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                               Umber, males and apterous female); 9a-b,
                               Alsophila aescularia (March Moth, male and
                               apterous female). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); \i{}12, Agriopis bajaria\i0{}; \i{}13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher)\i0{}; \i{}14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber)\i0{};
                                \i{}15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border)\i0{}; 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>

# \i{}Alcis\i0{} <Curtis>/
      ennom05.jpg <@subject A. repandata (Mottled Beauty) and A. jubata (Dotted
      Carpet), with Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               \i{}8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty)\i0{};
                               \i{}9, Alcis jubata (Dotted Carpet)\i0{}; 10,
                               Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 11,
                               Cleorodes lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 12,
                               Deileptenia ribeata (Satin Beauty). From Newman,
                               1869.>
      alcis01.jpg <@subject Alcis repandata: pale and melanic forms (photos)>
                  <@text x=472 y=911
                               t=\i{}Alcis repandata\i0{} (Mottled Beauty). 1-2,
                               pale form: Ilfracombe, June 1912 (R.A. Nicholls).
                               3-4, melanics: Leek, Staffs, June 1952
                               (L.Watson). \par{}\par{}The melanic form
                               predominated in the Leek district during the
                               decade 1948-1958, in "rural" habitats located
                               only 10 and 30 miles from heavily indistrialized
                               Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester, to the extent that
                               pale specimens were never encountered. From
                               Watson's collection.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Aleucis\i0{} <Guene>/
      bent447.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Aleucis distinctata (Grey Carpet, Sloe
                             Carpet: B. Ent. 447)>
     text4471.gif <@subject Aleucis distinctata: B. Ent. 447, legend+text> 
     text4472.gif <@subject Aleucis distinctata: B. Ent. 447, text cont.>
      ennom07.jpg <@subject Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea,
                           Lomagrapha, Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=1, Campaea margaritata (Light Emerald); 2,
                               Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red); 3, Cabera
                               exanthemata (Common Wave); 4a-f, Cabera pusaria
                               (Common White Wave); 5, Lomographa bimaculata
                               (White-pinion Spotted); 6, Lomographa temerata
                               (Clouded Silver); \i{}7, Aleucis distinctata
                               (Sloe Carpet)\i0{}; 8a-b, Theria primaria, male
                               and vestigially-winged female); 9, Gnophos
                               obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 10a-c, Charissa
                               obscurata (The Annulet). From Newman, 1869.>

# \i{}Alsophila\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom04.jpg <@subject Agriopis, Alsophila, Apocheima, Erannis, Lycia:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=290 y=639
                               t=1a-b, Apocheima hispidaria (Small Brindled
                               Beauty, male and apterous female); 2a-b, Phigalia
                               pilosaria (Pale Brindled Beauty, male and
                               apterous female); 3a-b, Lycia zonaria (Belted
                               Beauty, male and vestigially-winged female); 4,
                               Lycia hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 5a-c, Agriopis
                               leucophaearia (Spring Usher, males and
                               vestigially-winged female); 6a-b, Agriopis
                               marginaria (Dotted Border, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 7a-b, Agriopis
                               aurantiaria, male and vestigially-winged female);
                               8a-c, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled Umber, males
                               and apterous female); \i{}9a-b, Alsophila
                               aescularia (March Moth, male and apterous
                               female)\i0{}. From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. \i{}17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth)\i0{}. ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>   

geoneu01.gif <@subject Forewing and hindwing neuration: A. aescularia and 
               other Geometridae>                               

# \i{}Angerona\i0{} <Duponchel>/
      angpru01.jpg <@subject Angerona prunaria (Orange Moth: colour variants,
                            photos)>
                   <@text x=444 y=921
                                t=\i{}Angerona prunaria\i0{} (Orange Moth).
                                Light and melanic forms respectively of male (1
                                & 2) and female (3&4). The species is dimorphic
                                throughout its range, the pale form being
                                commoner although the dark form is genetically
                                almost completely dominant (Ford, 1955).
                                Seemingly an example of rural melanism.
                                \par{}\par{}Specimens collected by S.G. Smith at
                                Castor Hanglands (Northants.), 1954. From
                                Watsons collection.>
                                
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); \i{}14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth)\i0{}; 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
                                
      ennom03.jpg <@subject Thorns - Angerona, Apeira, Colotois, Crocallis,
                           Ennomos, Odontopera, Selenia: Newman>
                  <@text x=459 y=951
                               t=1, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 2, Ennomos
                               quercinaria (August Thorn); 3, Ennomos alniaria
                               (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4, Ennomos autumnaria
                               (Large Thorn); 5, Ennomos fuscantaria (Dusky
                               Thorn); 6, Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 7,
                               Selenia dentaria (Early Thorn); 8, Selenia
                               lunularia (Lunar Thorn); 9, Selenia tetralunaria
                               (Purple Thorn); 10, Odontopera bidentata
                               (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Crocallis elinguaria
                               (Scalloped Oak); \i{}12a-b, Angerona prunaria
                               (Orange Moth, male and female)\i0{}; 13, Colotois
                               pennaria (Feathered Thorn). From Newman, 1869.>

# \i{}Anticlea\i0{} <Stephens>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject A. badiata (Shoulder Stripe) and A. derivata (Streamer),
      with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa, Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Mesoleuca,
      Pelurga, Lampropteryx, Nebula, Cosmorhoe, Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); \i{}10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe)\i0{};
                                \i{}11, Anticlea derivata (The Streamer)\i0{};
                                12, Larentia clavaria (The Mallow); 13,
                                Mesoleuca albicillata (The Beautiful Carpet);
                                14, Nebula salicata latentaria (Striped
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 15, Pelurga
                                comitata (The Dark Spinach); 16, Lampropteryx
                                suffumata (The Water Carpet, (a) typical and
                                (b), ab. piceata). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby050.jpg <@subject A. badiata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. \i{}1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe)\i0{}; 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>
                                 
      kirby051.jpg <@subject A. derivata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, 
      etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); \i{}19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer)\i0{}; 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Anticollix\i0{} <Prout>/
      pug01.jpg <@subject A. sparsata (Dentated Pug), with Eupithecia and Chloroclystis 
      (Pugs): Newman>
                <@text x=466 y=522
                             t=1, Eupithecia inturbata (Maple Pug); 2, E.
                             haworthiata (Haworth's Pug); 3. E. plumbeolata
                             (Lead-coloured Pug); 4, E. linariata (Toadflax
                             Pug); 5, E. pulchellata (Foxglove Pug); E.
                             irriguata (Marbled Pug); 7, E. exiguata (Mottled
                             Pug); 8, E. insigniata (Pinion-spotted Pug); 9, E.
                             pygmaeata (Marsh Pug); 10, E. venosata venosata
                             (Netted Pug); 11, E. trisignaria (Triple-spotted
                             Pug); 12, E. cauchiata (Guene's Pug); 13, E.
                             abietaria (Cloaked Pug); 14, E. expallidata
                             (Bleached Pug); 15, E. subfuscata (Grey Pug); 16,
                             E. subumbrata (Shaded Pug); 17, E. simpliciata
                             (Plain Pug); 18, E. virgaureata (Golden-rod Pug);
                             19, E. abbreviata (Brindled Pug); 20, E. pusillata
                             pusillata (Juniper Pug); 21, E. centaureata
                             (Lime-speck Pug); 22, Chloroclystis v-ata (V-Pug);
                             \i{}23, Anticollix sparsata (Dentated Pug)\i0{}.
                             From Newman (1869).>
                             
      kirby051.jpg <@subject A. sparsata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs,
      etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); \i{}24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug)\i0{}; 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Apeira\i0{} <Gistl>/
      ennom03.jpg <@subject Thorns - Angerona, Apeira, Colotois, Crocallis,
                           Ennomos, Odontopera, Selenia: Newman>
                  <@text x=459 y=951
                               t=\i{}1, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty)\i0{};
                               2, Ennomos quercinaria (August Thorn); 3, Ennomos
                               alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4, Ennomos
                               autumnaria (Large Thorn); 5, Ennomos fuscantaria
                               (Dusky Thorn); 6, Ennomos erosaria (September
                               Thorn); 7, Selenia dentaria (Early Thorn); 8,
                               Selenia lunularia (Lunar Thorn); 9, Selenia
                               tetralunaria (Purple Thorn); 10, Odontopera
                               bidentata (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Crocallis
                               elinguaria (Scalloped Oak); 12a-b, Angerona
                               prunaria (Orange Moth, male and female); 13,
                               Colotois pennaria (Feathered Thorn). From Newman,
                               1869.>
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Aplasta\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=\i{}1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow)\i0{};
                               2, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa viridata
                               (Small Grass Emerald); 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Aplocera\i0{} <Stephens>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject A. plagiata (Treble-bar) with Acasis, Asthena, Carsia, Chesias,
                            Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); \i{}3a-b,
                                Aplocera plagiata plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar)\i0{}; 4a-c, Carsia sororiata anglica
                                (Manchester Treble-bar); 5, Odezia atrata (The
                                Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia cambrica (Welsh
                                Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri (Blomer's Rivulet);
                                8, Lithostege griseata (Grey Carpet); 9,
                                Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow Wave); 10,
                                Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11, Asthena
                                albulata (Small White Wave); 12, Euchoeca
                                nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa murinata (Drab
                                Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora halterata (The
                                Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred
                                Tooth-striped); 16, Trichopteryx carpinata
                                (Early Tooth-striped); 17, Pterapherapteryx
                                sexalata (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      saploc01.jpg <@subject Comparing Aplocera plagiata and A. efformata (Lesser Treble-bar)>
                   <@text x=458 y=908
                                t=1a-b, Aplocera plagiata (Treble-bar); 2a-b,
                                Aplocera efformata (Lesser Treble-bar). From
                                Swain, 1961.>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject A. plagiata, with Carsia and other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); \i{}19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar)\i0{}; 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Apocheima\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom04.jpg <@subject Agriopis, Alsophila, Apocheima, Erannis, Lycia,
                           Phigalia: Newman>
                  <@text x=290 y=639
                               t=\i{}1a-b, Apocheima hispidaria (Small Brindled
                               Beauty, male and apterous female)\i0{}; \i{}2a-b,
                               Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled Beauty, male
                               and apterous female)\i0{}; 3a-b, Lycia zonaria
                               (Belted Beauty, male and vestigially-winged
                               female); 4, Lycia hirtaria (Brindled Beauty);
                               5a-c, Agriopis leucophaearia (Spring Usher, males
                               and vestigially-winged female); 6a-b, Agriopis
                               marginaria (Dotted Border, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 7a-b, Agriopis
                               aurantiaria, male and vestigially-winged female);
                               8a-c, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled Umber, males
                               and apterous female); 9a-b, Alsophila aescularia
                               (March Moth, male and apterous female). From
                               Newman, 1869.>
      phiped01.jpg <@subject Apocheima pilosaria (=Phigalia pedaria): light and
                            dark forms, photos>
                   <@text x=35 y=933
                                t=\i{}Apocheima pilosaria\i0{} (= \i{}Phigalia
                                pedaria\i0{}). 4 normal and 3 melanic males,
                                and an (apterous) female. Specimens from mixed
                                deciduous woodland around Leek, N. Staffs, from
                                1948-1958, when the two forms were found by day
                                on tree trunks with equal frequency, with only a 
                                few possible
                                intermediates. Localities ostensibly "rural",
                                but about 10 and 30 miles miles from the heavily
                                industrial regions of Stoke-on-Trent and
                                Manchester, respectively. \par{}\par{}From
                                Watsons collection.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); \i{}19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty)\i0{}; 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

# \i{}Archiearis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirbarch.jpg <@subject Archiearinae: Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=63 y=724 w=332 h=233 m
                          t=ARCHIEARINAE. 11, Archiearis parthenias (Orange
                          Underwing); 12, Archiearis notha (Light Orange
                          Underwing).>
      bent121.jpg <@subject Archiearinae: Archiearis notha (Light
                           Orange-underwing: B. Ent. 121)>
  text1211.gif <@subject Archiearis notha: B. Ent. 121, legend+text>
  text1212.gif <@subject Archiearis notha: B. Ent. 121, text cont.>

# \i{}Aspitates\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      ennom08.jpg <@subject Aspitates, Dyscia, Glacies, Perconia, Siona: Newman>
                  <@text x=913 y=22
                               t=1a-b, Siona lineata (Black-veined Moth, upper-
                               and under-sides); 2, Glacies coracina (Black
                               Mountain Moth); 3, Perconia strigillaria
                               (Grass Wave); 4, Aspitates ochrearia (Yellow
                               Belle); \i{}5, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw Belle)\i0{};
                               6a-b, Dyscia fagaria (Grey Scalloped Bar, female
                               and male). From Newman, 1869.>
      bent467.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Aspitates gilvaria (Straw Belle: B. Ent.
                           467)>
     text4671.gif <@subject Aspitates gilvaria: B. Ent. 467, legend+text>
     text4672.gif <@subject Aspitates gilvaria: B. Ent. 467, text cont.>
      kirbyenn.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Aspitates, Semiothisa, Perconia, Siona
                            (Kirby)>
                   <@text x=349 y=452
                                t=ENNOMINAE. \i{}1, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw
                                Belle)\i0{}; 2, Semiothisa notata (Peacock
                                Moth); 3, Perconia strigillaria (Grass Wave); 4,
                                Siona lineata (Black Veined Moth).>
geoneu01.gif <@subject Forewing and hindwing neuration: A. notha and 
               other Geometridae>                               

# \i{}Asthena\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject A. albulata (Small White Wave), with Acasis, Aplocera, 
      Carsia, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege Lobophora, Minoa, 
      Odezia, Pterapherapteryx, Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet);
                                \i{}11, Asthena albulata (Small White
                                Wave)\i0{}; 12, Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell);
                                13, Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b,
                                Lobophora halterata (The Seraphim); 15,
                                Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped);
                                16, Trichopteryx carpinata (Early
                                Tooth-striped); 17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata
                                (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject A. albulata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, 
      etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); \i{}10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave)\i0{}; 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Biston\i0{} <Leach>/
      biston01.jpg <@subject Biston betularia (Peppered
                            Moth, typical and melanic forms), cf. Biston strataria
                            (photos)>
                   <@text x=450 y=936
                                t=Figs. 1-6, Peppered Moth (\i{}Biston betularia\i0{};
                                Figs. 7-8, Oak Beauty (\i{}Biston strataria\i0{}).
                                \par{}\par{}Figs 1 and 4-6 depict the Peppered Moth
                                as represented in mixed deciduous woodland around
                                Leek, N. Staffs, during the decade 1948-1958
                                before implementation of a "Clean air Act" in
                                Britain. Localities "rural", but about 10 and 30
                                miles miles from the heavily industrial regions
                                of Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester, respectively.
                                Melanic individuals 
                                commonly came to light in the summer. They are
                                exemplified by Fig. 6, seemingly
                                representing the full melanic
                                \i{}carbonaria\i0{} form, and Figs. 4 and 5, which may represent
                                the \i{}insularia\i0{} complex. Fig. 1 portrays
                                the only normal (\i{}typica\i0{}) specimen
                                encountered there in the decade, with Figs. 2
                                and 3 representing \i{}typica\i0{} specimens
                                from Holme Fen and Cirencester (Glos.)
                                respectively. 
                                \par{}\par{}The Peppered Moth affords a
                                spectacular example of industrial melanism, and
                                has been intensively studied in that context by
                                population geneticists. A brief summary of the
                                phenomenon, and of the status of the
                                Peppered Moth in that context, are summarised in
                                our accompanying Families of Lepidoptera data
                                set. For detailed discussion, see Majerus
                                (1998, 2002).
\par{}\par{}Imagines of the Oak Beauty (\i{}B.
                                strataria\i0{}, Figs 7 and 8) were to be found 
resting by day
                                on the trunks of oak trees in Spring. Unlike
                                \i{}B. betularia\i0{}, this species has never
                                exhibited industrial melanism in Britain,
                                although it does so in mainland Europe.
\par{}\par{}Specimens: 1, Leek, Staffs., July 1955; 2, Holme
Fen, August 1956; 3, Cirencester, Glos., 1951 (S.G. Smith);
4-6, Leek, Staffs., June 1954; 7-8, Leek, Staffs., April 1952.
From Watsons collection.>
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               \i{}2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth)\i0{};
                               \i{}3, Biston strataria (Oak Beauty)\i0{}; 4,
                               Peribatodes rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5,
                               Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora
                               cinctaria (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema
                               brunnearia scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male
                               and female); 8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty);
                               9, Alcis jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina
                               arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 11, Cleorodes
                               lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 12, Deileptenia
                               ribeata (Satin Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); \i{}23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty)\i0{}; \i{}24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth)\i0{}; 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       


# \i{}Boarmia\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject Aethalura, Boarmia, Bupalus, Ectropis, Ematurga,
                           Serraca, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=\i{}1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak
                               Beauty)\i0{}; 2, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak
                               Beauty); 3, Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet); 4,
                               Ectropis crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 5,
                               Ectropis bistortata (The Engrailed); 6, Ectropis
                               consonaria (The Square-spot); 7, Ectropis
                               similaria (Brindled White-spot); 8, Aethalura
                               punctulata (Grey Birch); 9, Ematurga atomaria
                               (Common Heath); 10a-c, Bupalus piniaria (Bordered
                               White, male upper- and under-side and female).
                               From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Bupalus\i0{} <Leach>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject Aethalura, Boarmia, Bupalus, Ectropis, Ematurga,
                           Serraca, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty); 2,
                               Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 3,
                               Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet); 4, Ectropis
                               crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 5, Ectropis
                               bistortata (The Engrailed); 6, Ectropis
                               (Paradarisa) consonaria (The Square-spot); 7,
                               Ectropis similaria (Brindled White-spot); 8,
                               Aethalura punctulata (Grey Birch); 9, Ematurga
                               atomaria (Common Heath); \i{}10a-c, Bupalus
                               piniaria (Bordered White, male upper- and
                               under-side and female)\i0{}. From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Cabera\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      ennom07.jpg <@subject Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea,
                           Lomagrapha, Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=1, Campaea margaritata (Light Emerald); 2,
                               Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red); \i{}3, Cabera
                               exanthemata (Common Wave)\i0{}; \i{}4a-f, Cabera
                               pusaria (Common White Wave)\i0{}; 5, Lomographa
                               bimaculata (White-pinion Spotted); 6, Lomographa
                               temerata (Clouded Silver); 7, Aleucis distinctata
                               (Sloe Carpet); 8a-b, Theria primaria, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 9, Gnophos obfuscatus
                               (Scotch Annulet); 10a-c, 10a-c, Charissa
                               obscurata (The Annulet). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); \i{}22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave)\i0{}; \i{}23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave)\i0{}; 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>

# \i{}Campaea\i0{} <Lamarck>/
      ennom07.jpg <@subject Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea,
                           Lomagrapha, Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=\i{}1, Campaea margaritata (Light
                               Emerald)\i0{}; 2, Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red);
                               3, Cabera exanthemata (Common Wave); 4a-f, Cabera
                               pusaria (Common White Wave); 5, Lomographa
                               bimaculata (White-pinion Spotted); 6, Lomographa
                               temerata (Clouded Silver); 7, Aleucis distinctata
                               (Sloe Carpet); 8a-b, Theria primaria, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 9, Gnophos obfuscatus
                               (Scotch Annulet); 10a-c, Charissa obscurata (The
                               Annulet). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); \i{}27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald)\i0{}. From Kirby 45, with updated names.>

# \i{}Camptogramma\i0{} <Stephens>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject C. bilineata (The Yellow Shell), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea, Mesoleuca, Nebula,
                            Pelurga, Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe, Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); \i{}6a and
                                6b, Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow
                                Shell)\i0{}; 7, Entephria caesiata (Grey
                                Mountain Carpet); 8, Entephria flavicinctata
                                (Yellow-ringed Carpet); 9, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (The Purple Bar); 10, Anticlea badiata (The
                                Shoulder Stripe); 11, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 12, Larentia clavaria (The Mallow);
                                13, Mesoleuca albicillata (The Beautiful
                                Carpet); 14, Nebula salicata latentaria
                                (Striped Twin-spot Carpet); 15,
                                Pelurga comitata (The Dark Spinach); 16,
                                Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water Carpet, (a)
                                typical and (b), ab. piceata). From Newman
                                (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject C. bilineata (Yellow Shell), with Larentiinae (Carpets, 
      Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); \i{}13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell)\i0{};
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Carsia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject C. sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar), with
      Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); \i{}4a-c,
                                Carsia sororiata anglica (Manchester
                                Treble-bar)\i0{}; 5, Odezia atrata (The
                                Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia cambrica (Welsh
                                Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri (Blomer's Rivulet);
                                8, Lithostege griseata (Grey Carpet); 9,
                                Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow Wave); 10,
                                Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11, Asthena
                                albulata (Small White Wave); 12, Euchoeca
                                nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa murinata (Drab
                                Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora halterata (The
                                Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred
                                Tooth-striped); 16, Trichopteryx carpinata
                                (Early Tooth-striped); 17, Pterapherapteryx
                                sexalata (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject C. sororiata, with Aplocera and other Larentiinae: 
      Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); \i{}20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar)\i0{}; 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>
                                
      bent324.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                           Treble-bar: B. Ent. 324)>
      text3241.gif <@subject Larentiinae: Carsia sororiata: B. Ent. 324,
                            legend+text>
      text3242.gif <@subject Larentiinae: Carsia sororiata: B. Ent. 324, text
                            cont.>

# \i{}Catarhoe\i0{} <Herbulot>/
      kirby050.jpg <@subject C. cuculata (Royal Mantle), with other Larentiinae 
                   (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder Stripe); 
                                2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; \i{}27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle)\i0{}; 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>
      newmlar1.jpg <@subject British Lythria, Phibalapteryx, Orthonama, Xanthorhoe
                            and Catarhoe: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=104 y=645
                                t=1, Lythria purpuraria (Purple-barred Yellow,
                                a-c males, d female); 2, Phibalapteryx virgata (The
                                Oblique-striped); 3(a) & 3(b), Orthonama
                                obstipata (The Gem, female and male); 4,
                                Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet); 5,
                                Xanthorhoe designata (Flame Carpet); 6,
                                Xanthorhoe spadicearia (Red Twin-spot Carpet);
                                7, Xanthorhoe decoloraria (Red Carpet); 8,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 9, Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria (Large
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 10, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 11(a) & 11(b),
                                Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Garden Carpet, female and
                                male); \i{}12, Catarhoe cuculata (Royal Mantle);
                                13, Catarhoe rubidata (The Flame, The Ruddy
                                Carpet)\i0{}. From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Cepphis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); \i{}2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn)\i0{}; 3,
                               Petrophora chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); 4,
                               Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5, Plagodis
                               dolabraria (Scorched Wing); 6a, Epione repandaria
                               (Bordered Beauty); 6b-c, Epione vespertaria (male
                               and female Dark Bordered Beauty, = E.
                               repandaria); 7a, Pseudopanthera macularia
                               (Speckled Yellow); 7b, P. macularia variety;
                               8a-b, Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse
                               Chestnut); 9, Opisthograptis luteolaria
                               (Brimstone). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); \i{}3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn)\i0{}; 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

# \i{}Chesias\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject C. legatella (The Streak) and C. rufata (The Broom-tip),
      with Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Carsia, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=\i{}1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2,
                                Chesias rufata rufata (The Broom-tip)\i0{};
                                3a-b, Aplocera plagiata plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia sororiata anglica
                                (Manchester Treble-bar); 5, Odezia atrata (The
                                Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia cambrica (Welsh
                                Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri (Blomer's Rivulet);
                                8, Lithostege griseata (Grey Carpet); 9,
                                Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow Wave); 10,
                                Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11, Asthena
                                albulata (Small White Wave); 12, Euchoeca
                                nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa murinata (Drab
                                Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora halterata (The
                                Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred
                                Tooth-striped); 16, Trichopteryx carpinata
                                (Early Tooth-striped); 17, Pterapherapteryx
                                sexalata (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject C. legatella and C. rufata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); \i{}21, Chesias legatella (The Streak)\i0{};
                                \i{}22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip)\i0{}; 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Chlorissa\i0{} <Stephens>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); \i{}7, Chlorissa
                               viridata (Small Grass Emerald)\i0{}; 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Chlorochlamys\i0{} <Hulst>/

# \i{}Chloroclysta\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar3.jpg <@subject 4 Chloroclysta species, with , Cidaria, Eulithis, 
                   Plemyria, Thera: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=306 y=102
                                t=1, Eulithis prunata (The Phoenix); 2, Eulithis
                                mellinata (The Spinach); 3a-b, Eulithis testata
                                (The Chevron); 4a-b, Eulithis populata (The
                                Northern Spinach); 5, Eulithis pyraliata (The
                                Barred Straw); 6a-f, Ecliptopera saliceata (The
                                Small Phoenix); \i{}7, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}8, Chloroclysta
                                siterata (Autumn Green Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}9a-c,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Marbled Carpet)\i0{};
                                \i{}10a-b, Chloroclysta citrata (Dark Marbled
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 11, Cidaria fulvata (The Barred
                                Yellow); 12, Thera cognata (Chestnut-coloured
                                Carpet); 13, Thera juniperata (Juniper Carpet);
                                14, Thera firmata (Pine Carpet); 15, Thera
                                obeliscata (Grey Pine Carpet); 16a, Plemyria
                                rubiginata (Blue-bordered Carpet, typical form);
                                16b, Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered Carpet,
                                var). From Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject C. siterata and C. truncata, with other Larentiinae 
                   (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); \i{}10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets)\i0{}; \i{}12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet)\i0{};
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Chloroclystis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      pug01.jpg <@subject C. v-ata (V-pug), with Eupithecia, Pasiphila and Anticollix: Newman>
                <@text x=466 y=522
                             t=1, Eupithecia inturbata (Maple Pug); 2, E.
                             haworthiata (Haworth's Pug); 3. E. plumbeolata
                             (Lead-coloured Pug); 4, E. linariata (Toadflax
                             Pug); 5, E. pulchellata (Foxglove Pug); E.
                             irriguata (Marbled Pug); 7, E. exiguata (Mottled
                             Pug); 8, E. insigniata (Pinion-spotted Pug); 9, E.
                             pygmaeata (Marsh Pug); 10, E. venosata venosata
                             (Netted Pug); 11, E. trisignaria (Triple-spotted
                             Pug); 12, E. cauchiata (Guenee's Pug); 13, E.
                             abietaria (Cloaked Pug); 14, E. expallidata
                             (Bleached Pug); 15, E. subfuscata (Grey Pug); 16,
                             E. subumbrata (Shaded Pug); 17, E. simpliciata
                             (Plain Pug); 18, E. virgaureata (Golden-rod Pug);
                             19, E. abbreviata (Brindled Pug); 20, E. pusillata
                             pusillata (Juniper Pug); 21, E. centaureata
                             (Lime-speck Pug); \i{}22, Chloroclystis v-ata
                             (V-Pug)\i0{}; 23, Anticollix sparsata (Dentated
                             Pug). From Newman (1869).>
      sclystis.jpg <@subject Pasiphila debiliata, Pasiphila rectangulata, C. v-ata>
                   <@text x=799 y=21
                                t=1, Chloroclystis v-ata (V-Pug); 2a-b, P.
                                debiliata (Bilberry Pug); 3a-c, P. rectangulata
                                (Green Pug). Adapted from Swain (1961).>
                                
# \i{}Cidaria\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar3.jpg <@subject C. fulvata (Barred Yellow), with Chloroclysta, Eulithis,
                    Plemyria, Thera: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=306 y=102
                                t=1, Eulithis prunata (The Phoenix); 2, Eulithis
                                mellinata (The Spinach); 3a-b, Eulithis testata
                                (The Chevron); 4a-b, Eulithis populata (The
                                Northern Spinach); 5, Eulithis pyraliata (The
                                Barred Straw); 6a-f, Ecliptopera saliceata (The
                                Small Phoenix); 7, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green Carpet); 8, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Autumn Green Carpet); 9a-c, Chloroclysta
                                truncata (Marbled Carpet); 10a-b, Chloroclysta
                                citrata (Dark Marbled Carpet); \i{}11, Cidaria
                                fulvata (The Barred Yellow)\i0{}; 12, Thera
                                cognata (Chestnut-coloured Carpet); 13, Thera
                                juniperata (Juniper Carpet); 14, Thera firmata
                                (Pine Carpet); 15, Thera obeliscata (Grey Pine
                                Carpet); 16a, Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered
                                Carpet, typical form); 16b, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet, var). From Newman
                                (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject C. fulvata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                    <@text x=18 y=31
                                 t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                 Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                 Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                 Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); \i{}5, Cidaria
                                 fulvata (Barred Yellow)\i0{}; 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                 (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                 (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                 (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                 Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                 (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                 Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                 13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                 Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                 cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                 (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                 (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                 quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                 Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                 Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                 Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                 Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                 Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                 24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                 Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                 Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                 (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                 Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                 (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                 (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                 (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Cleora\i0{} <Curtis>/
      bent088.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Cleora cinctaria (Original generic
                           description. Ringed Carpet: B. Ent. 88)>
      text0881.gif <@subject Cleora cinctaria: B. Ent. 88, legend+text>
                  <@text x=23 y=11
                               t=This is the original description of
                               \i{}Cleora\i0{} Curtis.>
  text0882.gif <@subject Cleora cinctaria: B. Ent. 88, text cont.>   
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); \i{}6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet)\i0{}; 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty); 9, Alcis
                               jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina arenaria
                               (Speckled Beauty); 11, Cleorodes lichenaria
                               (Brussels Lace); 12, Deileptenia ribeata (Satin
                               Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Cleorodes\i0{} <Warren>/
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty); 9, Alcis
                               jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina arenaria
                               (Speckled Beauty); \i{}11, Cleorodes lichenaria
                               (Brussels Lace)\i0{}; 12, Deileptenia ribeata
                               (Satin Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Coenocalpe\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject Coenocalpe, Colostygia, Electrophaes, Eustroma,
                            Hydriomena, Horisme, Melanthia: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted Carpet); 2a,
                                Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet,
                                typical form); 2b, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet, var.); 3, Colostygia
                                olivata (Beech-green Carpet); 4, Colostygia
                                multistrigaria (The Mottled Grey); 5, Colostygia
                                pectinataria (Green Carpet); 6a-e, Hydriomena
                                furcata (July Highflier); 7, Hydriomena
                                impluviata (May Highflier); 8a-b, Hydriomena
                                ruberata (Ruddy Highflier); 9, Horisme vitalbata
                                (Small Waved Umber); 10, Horisme tersata (The
                                Fern); \i{}11, Coenocalpe lapidata
                                (Slender-striped Rufous)\i0{}; 12, Melanthia
                                procellata (Chalk Carpet). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Colostygia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject 3 Colostygia spp., with Coenocalpe, Electrophaes, Eustroma,
                            Hydriomena, Horisme, Melanthia: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted Carpet); 2a,
                                Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet,
                                typical form); 2b, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet, var.); \i{}3, Colostygia
                                olivata (Beech-green Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}4,
                                Colostygia multistrigaria (The Mottled
                                Grey)\i0{}; \i{}5, Colostygia pectinataria
                                (Green Carpet)\i0{}; 6a-e, Hydriomena furcata
                                (July Highflier); 7, Hydriomena impluviata (May
                                Highflier); 8a-b, Hydriomena ruberata (Ruddy
                                Highflier); 9, Horisme vitalbata (Small Waved
                                Umber); 10, Horisme tersata (The Fern); 11,
                                Coenocalpe lapidata (Slender-striped Rufous);
                                12, Melanthia procellata (Chalk Carpet). From
                                Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject 3 species, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                \i{}13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}15,
                                Colostygia turbata\i0{}; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Colotois\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
      hump033.jpg <@subject Assorted Ennominae (Thorns, with larvae):
                           Humphreys, 1860>
                  <@text x=860 y=117
                               t=THORNS. \i{}1 & 2, Colotois pennaria
                               (Feathered Thorn)\i0{}; 3 & 4, Crocallis
                               elinguaria (Scalloped Oak); 5 & 6, Odontopera
                               bidentata (Scalloped Hazel); 7, Ennomos
                               autumnaria (Large Thorn); 8 & 9, Ennomos alniaria
                               (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 10 & 11, Ennomos
                               erosaria (September Thorn); 12 & 13, Ennomos
                               quercinaria (August Thorn); 14, Selenia
                               tetralunaria (Purple Thorn). From Humphreys
                               (1860)>

# \i{}Comibaena\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); \i{}3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald)\i0{}; 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa viridata
                               (Small Grass Emerald); 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Cosmorhoe\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject C. ocellata (Purple Bar), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Mesoleuca, Pelurga, Lampropteryx and Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                \i{}9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar)\i0{};
                                10, Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (The Beautiful Carpet); 14, Nebula
                                salicata latentaria (Striped Twin-spot Carpet); 
                                15, Pelurga comitata (The Dark
                                Spinach); 16, Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water
                                Carpet, (a) typical and (b), ab. piceata). From
                                Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject C. ocellata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); \i{}6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar)\i0{}; 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Costaconvexa\i0{} <Agenjo>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject British Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa, Camptogramma,
                            Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea, Mesoleuca, Pelurga,
                            Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe, Nebula:
                            Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); \i{}5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth)\i0{}; 6a and
                                6b, Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell);
                                7, Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata (The
                                Beautiful Carpet); 14, Nebula salicata
                                latentaria (Striped Twin-spot Carpet);
                                15, Pelurga comitata (The Dark Spinach); 16,
                                Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water Carpet, (a)
                                typical and (b), ab. piceata). From Newman
                                (1869).>

# \i{}Crocallis\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
      hump033.jpg <@subject Assorted Ennominae (Thorns, with larvae):
                           Humphreys, 1860>
                  <@text x=860 y=117
                               t=THORNS. 1 & 2, Colotois pennaria (Feathered
                               Thorn); \i{}3 & 4, Crocallis elinguaria
                               (Scalloped Oak)\i0{}; 5 & 6, Odontopera bidentata
                               (Scalloped Hazel); 7, Ennomos autumnaria (Large
                               Thorn); 8 & 9, Ennomos alniaria
                               (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 10 & 11, Ennomos
                               erosaria (September Thorn); 12 & 13, Ennomos
                               quercinaria (August Thorn); 14, Selenia
                               tetralunaria (Purple Thorn). From Humphreys
                               (1860)>
      crocal01.jpg <@subject \i{}Crocallis elinguaria\i0{} (Scalloped Oak):
                            photo, Giles Watson>
                   <@text x=888 y=927
                                t=\i{}Crocallis elinguaria\i0{} (Scalloped Oak, male).
                                Godstow Priory, Wolvercote, Oxford, July 2008.
                                Giles Watson.>   

# \i{}Cyclophora\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirby045.jpg <@subject 5 species, with other Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; \i{}6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}7, Cyclophora annularia 
                                (Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush)\i0{}; \i{}10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines)\i0{}; 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>
      newmste1.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=613 y=515
                                t=\i{}1, Cyclophora pendularia (Dingy
                                Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}2, Cyclophora annularia (The
                                Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}3, Cyclophora albipunctata
                                (Birch Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}4, Cyclophora porata
                                (False Mocha)\i0{}; \i{}5, Cyclophora punctaria
                                (The Maiden's Blush)\i0{}; \i{}6, Cyclophora
                                linearia (The Clay Triple-lines)\i0{}; 7,
                                Timandra comae (The Blood-vein); 8, Rhodometra
                                sacraria (The Vestal). From Newman (1869).>
      ssterr01.jpg <@subject Cyclophora puppillaria (Blair's Mocha)>
                   <@text x=462 y=875
                                t=Cyclophora puppillaria (Blair's Mocha). From
                                Swain, 1961.>

# \i{}Deileptenia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      bent113.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Deileptenia ribeata (Satin Beauty: B.
                           Ent. 113)>
  text1131.gif <@subject Ennominae: Deileptenia ribeata: B.Ent. 113, legend+text>   
      bent088.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Cleora cinctaria (Original generic
                           description. Ringed Carpet: B. Ent. 88)>
      text0881.gif <@subject Cleora cinctaria: B. Ent. 88, legend+text>
                  <@text x=23 y=11
                               t=This is the original description of
                               \i{}Cleora\i0{} Curtis.>
  text0882.gif <@subject Cleora cinctaria: B. Ent. 88, text cont.>   
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty); 9, Alcis
                               jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina arenaria
                               (Speckled Beauty); 11, Cleorodes lichenaria
                               (Brussels Lace); \i{}12, Deileptenia ribeata
                               (Satin Beauty)\i0{}. From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Discoloxia\i0{} <Warren>/
      bent416.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Discoloxia blomeri (Curtis): Blomer's
                           Rivulet, B. Ent. 416>
      text416.gif <@subject Discoloxia blomeri: B. Ent. 416, legend+text>
      text4161.gif <@subject Discoloxia blomeri: B. Ent. 416, text cont.>
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Carsia, Chesias,
                            Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); \i{}7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet)\i0{}; 8, Lithostege griseata
                                (Grey Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small
                                Yellow Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 11, Asthena albulata (Small White
                                Wave); 12, Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle).
                                From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Dyscia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      bent033.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Dyscia fagaria (Grey Scalloped Bar: B.
                           Ent. 33)>
  text0331.gif <@subject Dyscia fagaria: B. Ent. 33, legend+text> 
  text0332.gif <@subject Dyscia fagaria: B. Ent. 33, text cont.>    
      ennom08.jpg <@subject Aspitates, Dyscia, Glacies, Perconia, Siona: Newman>
                  <@text x=913 y=22
                               t=1a-b, Siona lineata (Black-veined Moth, upper-
                               and under-sides); 2, Glacies coracina (Black
                               Mountain Moth); 3, Perconia strigillaria
                               (Grass Wave); 4, Aspitates ochrearia (Yellow
                               Belle); 5, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw Belle);
                               \i{}6a-b, Dyscia fagaria (Grey Scalloped Bar, female
                               and male)\i0{}. From Newman, 1869.>

# \i{}Ecliptopera\i0{} <Warren>/
      newmlar3.jpg <@subject Chloroclysta, Cidaria, Eulithis, Plemyria, Thera:
                            Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=306 y=102
                                t=1, Eulithis prunata (The Phoenix); 2, Eulithis
                                mellinata (The Spinach); 3a-b, Eulithis testata
                                (The Chevron); 4a-b, Eulithis populata (The
                                Northern Spinach); 5, Eulithis pyraliata (The
                                Barred Straw); \i{}6a-f, Ecliptopera saliceata
                                (The Small Phoenix)\i0{}; 7, Chloroclysta
                                siterata (Red-green Carpet); 8, Chloroclysta
                                siterata (Autumn Green Carpet); 9a-c,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Marbled Carpet); 10a-b,
                                Chloroclysta citrata (Dark Marbled Carpet); 11,
                                Cidaria fulvata (The Barred Yellow); 12, Thera
                                cognata (Chestnut-coloured Carpet); 13, Thera
                                juniperata (Juniper Carpet); 14, Thera firmata
                                (Pine Carpet); 15, Thera obeliscata (Grey Pine
                                Carpet); 16a, Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered
                                Carpet, typical form); 16b, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet, var). From Newman
                                (1869).>

# \i{}Ectropis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject Aethalura, Boarmia, Bupalus, Ectropis, Ematurga,
                           Paradarisa, Serraca, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty); 2,
                               Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 3,
                               Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet); \i{}4,
                               Ectropis crepuscularia (Small Engrailed)\i0{};
                               \i{}5, Ectropis bistortata (The Engrailed)\i0{};
                               \i{}6, Ectropis (Paradarisa) consonaria (The
                               Square-spot)\i0{}; \i{}7, Ectropis similaria
                               (Brindled White-spot)\i0{}; 8, Aethalura
                               punctulata (Grey Birch); 9, Ematurga atomaria
                               (Common Heath); 10a-c, Bupalus piniaria (Bordered
                               White, male upper- and under-side and female).
                               From Newman, 1869.>
      ectcre01.jpg <@subject Ectropis crepuscularia (Small Engrailed: light and
                            melanic, photos)>
                   <@text x=447 y=22
                                t=\i{}Ectropis crepuscularia\i0{} (Small
                                Engrailed). The melanic form of this common
                                species of deciduous woodland exemplifies
                                spectacular drift from relatively infrequent
                                rural melanism in unpolluted habitats to
                                industrial melanism. In the decade 1948-1958,
                                melanic individuals (below) predominated in the
                                Leek district, in ostensibly rural habitats
                                located 10 and 30 miles from industrial
                                Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester, respectively. The
                                upper photo portrays one of only two specimens
                                of the light (normal) form that were
                                encountered there during that time.
                                \par{}\par{}From Watson's collection.>
      bent280.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Paradarisa consonaria: Brindled
                           Square-spot, Square-spot: B. Ent. 280)>
  text2801.gif <@subject Paradarisa consonaria: B. Ent. 280, legend+text>
  text2802.gif <@subject Paradarisa consonaria: B. Ent. 280, text, cont.>
  
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Electrophaes\i0{} <Prout>/
    bent603.jpg <@subject Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet): B. Ent. 603>
    text6031.gif <@subject Electrophaes corylata: B. Ent. 603, legend+text>
    text6031.gif <@subject Electrophaes corylata: B. Ent. 603, text cont.>
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject E. corylata, with Coenocalpe, Colostygia, Eustroma,
      Hydriomena, Horisme, Melanthia: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted Carpet);
                                \i{}2a, Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred
                                Carpet, typical form)\i0{}; \i{}2b, Electrophaes
                                corylata (Broken-barred Carpet, var.)\i0{}; 3,
                                Colostygia olivata (Beech-green Carpet); 4,
                                Colostygia multistrigaria (The Mottled Grey); 5,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 6a-e,
                                Hydriomena furcata (July Highflier); 7,
                                Hydriomena impluviata (May Highflier); 8a-b,
                                Hydriomena ruberata (Ruddy Highflier); 9,
                                Horisme vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 10,
                                Horisme tersata (The Fern); 11, Coenocalpe
                                lapidata (Slender-striped Rufous); 12, Melanthia
                                procellata (Chalk Carpet). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject E. corylata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, 
      etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; \i{}17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet)\i0{}; 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Ematurga\i0{} <Lederer>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject Aethalura, Boarmia, Bupalus, Ectropis, Ematurga,
                           Serraca, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty); 2,
                               Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 3,
                               Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet); 4, Ectropis
                               crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 5, Ectropis
                               bistortata (The Engrailed); 6, Ectropis
                               (Paradarisa) consonaria (The Square-spot); 7,
                               Ectropis similaria (Brindled White-spot); 8,
                               Aethalura punctulata (Grey Birch); \i{}9,
                               Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath)\i0{}; 10a-c,
                               Bupalus piniaria (Bordered White, male upper- and
                               under-side and female). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Ennomos\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom03.jpg <@subject Thorns - Angerona, Apeira, Colotois, Crocallis,
                           Ennomos, Odontopera, Selenia: Newman>
                  <@text x=459 y=951
                               t=1, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); \i{}2,
                               Ennomos quercinaria (August Thorn)\i0{}; \i{}3,
                               Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered
                               Thorn)\i0{};\i{} 4, Ennomos autumnaria (Large
                               Thorn)\i0{};\i{} 5, Ennomos fuscantaria (Dusky
                               Thorn)\i0{}; \i{}6, Ennomos erosaria (September
                               Thorn)\i0{}; 7, Selenia dentaria (Early Thorn);
                               8, Selenia lunularia (Lunar Thorn); 9, Selenia
                               tetralunaria (Purple Thorn); 10, Odontopera
                               bidentata (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Crocallis
                               elinguaria (Scalloped Oak); 12a-b, Angerona
                               prunaria (Orange Moth, male and female); 13,
                               Colotois pennaria (Feathered Thorn). From Newman,
                               1869.>
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
      hump033.jpg <@subject Assorted Ennominae (Thorns, with larvae):
                           Humphreys, 1860>
                  <@text x=860 y=117
                               t=THORNS. 1 & 2, Colotois pennaria (Feathered
                               Thorn); 3 & 4, Crocallis elinguaria (Scalloped
                               Oak); 5 & 6, Odontopera bidentata (Scalloped
                               Hazel); 7, \i{}Ennomos autumnaria (Large
                               Thorn)\i0{}; \i{}8 & 9, Ennomos alniaria
                               (Canary-shouldered Thorn)\i0{}; \i{}10 & 11,
                               Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn)\i0{}; \i{}12 &
                               13, Ennomos quercinaria (August Thorn)\i0{}; 14,
                               Selenia tetralunaria (Purple Thorn). From
                               Humphreys (1860)>
bent6671.jpg <@subject Ennomos quercaria, Clouded August Thorn (adventive?): 
B. Ent. 667>   
text6671.gif <@subject Ennomos quercaria: B. Ent. 667, legend+text>   
text6672.gif <@subject Ennomos quercaria: B. Ent. 667, text cont.>   

# \i{}Entephria\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject E. caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet) and E. flavicinctata
                            (Yellow-ringed Carpet), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Larentia, Anticlea, Mesoleuca, Pelurga,
                            Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe and Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell);
                                \i{}7, Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain
                                Carpet); 8, Entephria flavicinctata
                                (Yellow-ringed Carpet)\i0{}; 9, Cosmorhoe
                                ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10, Anticlea badiata
                                (The Shoulder Stripe); 11, Anticlea derivata
                                (The Streamer); 12, Larentia clavaria (The
                                Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata (The
                                Beautiful Carpet); 14, Nebula salicata
                                latentaria (Striped Twin-spot Carpet); 15,
                                Pelurga comitata (The Dark Spinach); 16,
                                Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water Carpet, (a)
                                typical and (b), ab. piceata). From Newman
                                (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject E. casiata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                    <@text x=18 y=31
                                 t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                 Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                 Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                 Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                 fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                 (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                 (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                 (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                 Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                 (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                 Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                 13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                 Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                 cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                 (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                 (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                 quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                 Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                 Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                 Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                 Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                 Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                 24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); \i{}25,
                                 Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet)\i0{}; 26,
                                 Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                 (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                 Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                 (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                 (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                 (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                 updated names.>

# \i{}Epione\i0{} <Duponchel>/
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); 2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 3, Petrophora
                               chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); 4, Plagodis
                               pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5, Plagodis dolabraria
                               (Scorched Wing); \i{}6a, Epione repandaria
                               (Bordered Beauty)\i0{}; \i{}6b-c, Epione
                               vespertaria (male and female Dark Bordered
                               Beauty, = E. repandaria)\i0{}; 7a, Pseudopanthera
                               macularia (Speckled Yellow); 7b, P. macularia
                               variety; 8a-b, Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse
                               Chestnut); 9, Opisthograptis luteolaria
                               (Brimstone). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. \i{}1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty)\i0{}; \i{}2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty)\i0{}; 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       


# \i{}Epirrhoe\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject 4 Epirrhoe spp., with Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Mesoleuca, Pelurga, Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe and
                            Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=\i{}1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and
                                Sable)\i0{}; \i{}2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common
                                Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}3, Epirrhoe rivata (Wood
                                Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}4, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Costaconvexa polygrammata (The
                                Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b, Camptogramma
                                bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7, Entephria
                                caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8, Entephria
                                flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet); 9,
                                Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (The Beautiful Carpet); 14, Nebula
                                salicata latentaria (Striped Twin-spot Carpet);
                                15, Pelurga comitata (The Dark Spinach); 16,
                                Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water Carpet, (a)
                                typical and (b), ab. piceata). From Newman
                                (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject E. galiata (Galium Carpet) and E. alternata (Common
                   Carpet), with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); \i{}28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet)\i0{}; 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names>

# \i{}Epirrita\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar6.jpg <@subject E. dilutata (November Moth) and E. autumnata (Autumnal Moth), 
                   with Operophtera and Perizoma: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=908 y=15
                                t=\i{}1a-b, Epirrita dilutata (November 
                                Moth)\i0{}; \i{}2a-b,
                                Epirrita autumnata (The Autumnal Moth)\i0{}; 3,
                                Operophtera brumata (Winter Moth, male and
                                flightless female); 4, Operophtera fagata
                                (Northern Winter Moth, male and flightless
                                female); 5, Perizoma taeniata (Barred Carpet);
                                6, Perizoma affinitata (The Rivulet); 7,
                                Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma bifaciata (Haworth's Rivulet); 9,
                                Perizoma minorata ericetata (Heath Rivulet); 10,
                                Perizoma blandiata blandiata (Pretty Pinion);
                                11, Perizoma albulata albulata (Grass Rivulet);
                                12, Perizoma flavofasciata (Sandy Carpet);
                                13a-b, Perizoma didymata (Twin-spot Carpet); 14,
                                Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet). From Newman
                                (1869).>
      edilut01.jpg <@subject Epirrita dilutata (November Moth): pale and melanic
                            forms (photos)>
                   <@text x=442 y=32
                                t=\i{}Epirrita dilutata\i0{} (November Moth).
                                Leek, Staffs., November 1949. \par{}\par{}The
                                species was commonly beaten from oak in the
                                decade 1948-1958, when the melanic form was
                                relatively uncommon despite proximity of the
                                locality to heavily industrialized
                                Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester (10 and 30 miles
                                respectively). From Watson's collection.>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject E. dilatata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                    <@text x=18 y=31
                                 t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                 Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                 Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                 Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                 fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                 (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                 (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                 (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                 Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                 (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                 Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                 13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                 Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                 cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                 (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                 (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                 quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                 Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                 Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                 Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                 Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                 Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                 \i{}24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth)\i0{}; 25,
                                 Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                 Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                 (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                 Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                 (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                 (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                 (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                 updated names>

# \i{}Erannis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      eradef01.jpg <@subject Erannis defoliaria (Mottled Umber: variation in
                            males, photos)>
                   <@text x=852 y=893
                                t=\i{}Erannis defoliaria\i0{} (Mottled Umber):
                                males and a (wingless) female. Exemplifying
                                colour variants in the males, all commonly
                                represented in the population of a small area of
                                deciduous woodland at Leek, Staffs., during the
                                decade 1948-1958. Although the locality lies
                                within 10 and 30 miles respectively of heavily
                                industrialized Stole-on-Trent and Manchester,
                                the dark forms in this species apparently
                                represent rural apostatic" rather than
                                industrial melanism. \par{}\par{}From L.
                                Watson's collection.>
     bent7031.jpg <@subject Erannis defoliaria (Mottled Umber): B. Ent. 703>
    text7031.gif <@subject Erannis defoliaria: B. Ent. 703, legend+text>
    text7032.gif <@subject Erannis defoliaria: B. Ent. 703, text cont.>
      ennom04.jpg <@subject Agriopis, Alsophila, Apocheima, Phigalia, Erannis,
                           Lycia: Newman>
                  <@text x=290 y=639
                               t=1a-b, Apocheima hispidaria (Small Brindled
                               Beauty, male and apterous female); 2a-b, Phigalia
                               pilosaria (Pale Brindled Beauty, male and
                               apterous female); 3a-b, Lycia zonaria (Belted
                               Beauty, male and vestigially-winged female); 4,
                               Lycia hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 5a-c, Agriopis
                               leucophaearia (Spring Usher, males and
                               vestigially-winged female); 6a-b, Agriopis
                               marginaria (Dotted Border, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 7a-b, Agriopis
                               aurantiaria, male and vestigially-winged female);
                               \i{}8a-c, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled Umber,
                               males and apterous female)\i0{}; 9a-b, Alsophila
                               aescularia (March Moth, male and apterous
                               female). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); \i{}16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber)\i0{}; 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

      apter01.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Phigalia, (Pale Brindled Beauty),
                           Erannis (Mottled Umber, Scarce Umber, Spring Usher,
                           Dotted Border)>

# \i{}Euchoeca\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Carsia, Chesias,
                            Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11,
                                Asthena albulata (Small White Wave); \i{}12,
                                Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell)\i0{}; 13, Minoa
                                murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle).
                                From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Eulithis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar3.jpg <@subject 5 Eulithis spp., with Chloroclysta, Cidaria,Plemyria, Thera:
                            Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=306 y=102
                                t=\i{}1, Eulithis prunata (The Phoenix)\i0{};
                                \i{}2, Eulithis mellinata (The Spinach)\i0{};
                                \i{}3a-b, Eulithis testata (The Chevron)\i0{};
                                \i{}4a-b, Eulithis populata (The Northern
                                Spinach)\i0{};\i{} 5, Eulithis pyraliata (The
                                Barred Straw)\i0{}; 6a-f, Ecliptopera saliceata
                                (The Small Phoenix); 7, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green Carpet); 8, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Autumn Green Carpet); 9a-c, Chloroclysta
                                truncata (Marbled Carpet); 10a-b, Chloroclysta
                                citrata (Dark Marbled Carpet); 11, Cidaria
                                fulvata (The Barred Yellow); 12, Thera cognata
                                (Chestnut-coloured Carpet); 13, Thera juniperata
                                (Juniper Carpet); 14, Thera firmata (Pine
                                Carpet); 15, Thera obeliscata (Grey Pine
                                Carpet); 16a, Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered
                                Carpet, typical form); 16b, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet, var). From Newman
                                (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject E. prunata (Phoenix) and E. populata (Northern
                    Spinach), with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                    <@text x=18 y=31
                                 t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                 Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                 Carpet); \i{}3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix)\i0{}; \i{}4,
                                 Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach)\i0{}; 5, Cidaria
                                 fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                 (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                 (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                 (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                 Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                 (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                 Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                 13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                 Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                 cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                 (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                 (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                 quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                 Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                 Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                 Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                 Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                 Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                 24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                 Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                 Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                 (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                 Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                 (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                 (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                 (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names>

# \i{}Euphyia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar5.jpg <@subject Euphyia, Pareulype, Philereme, Rheumaptera,
                            Triphosa: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=464 y=502
                                t=1, Pareulype berberata (Barberry Carpet);
                                \i{}2, Euphyia biangulata (Short-cloaked
                                Carpet); 3a-b, Euphyia unangulata (Sharp-angled
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 4a, Rheumaptera hastata (Argent
                                and Sable); 4b, Rheumaptera hastata (variety);
                                5, Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scarce Tissue); 6,
                                Rheumaptera undulata (Scallop Shell); 7,
                                Triphosa dubitata (The Tissue); 8a-b, Philereme
                                vetulata (Brown Scallop); 9a-b, Philereme
                                transversata britannica (The Dark Umber). From
                                Newman (1869).>
    meypug03.gif <@subject Euphyia biangulata (neuration of fore- and hindwings)>
    geoneu01.gif <@subject Forewing and hindwing neuration: E. biangulata and 
                  other Geometridae>

# \i{}Eupithecia\i0{} <Curtis>/
      pug01.jpg <@subject British Eupithecia, Chloroclystis, Pasiphila Anticollix (Pugs):
                         Newman>
                <@text x=466 y=522
                             t=1, Eupithecia inturbata (Maple Pug); 2, E.
                             haworthiata (Haworth's Pug); 3. E. plumbeolata
                             (Lead-coloured Pug); 4, E. linariata (Toadflax
                             Pug); 5, E. pulchellata (Foxglove Pug); E.
                             irriguata (Marbled Pug); 7, E. exiguata (Mottled
                             Pug); 8, E. insigniata (Pinion-spotted Pug); 9, E.
                             pygmaeata (Marsh Pug); 10, E. venosata venosata
                             (Netted Pug); 11, E. trisignaria (Triple-spotted
                             Pug); 12, E. cauchiata (Guenee's Pug); 13, E.
                             abietaria (Cloaked Pug); 14, E. expallidata
                             (Bleached Pug); 15, E. subfuscata (Grey Pug); 16,
                             E. subumbrata (Shaded Pug); 17, E. simpliciata
                             (Plain Pug); 18, E. virgaureata (Golden-rod Pug);
                             19, E. abbreviata (Brindled Pug); 20, E. pusillata
                             pusillata (Juniper Pug); 21, E. centaureata
                             (Lime-speck Pug); 22, Pasiphila v-ata (V-Pug);
                             23, Anticollix sparsata (Dentated Pug). From Newman
                             (1869).>
      seup01.jpg <@subject British Eupithecia: Swain (1)>
                 <@text x=896 y=956
                              t=1, Eupithecia tenuiata (Slender Pug); 2, E.
                              inturbata (Maple Pug); 3, E. haworthiata
                              (Haworth's Pug); 4, E. plumbeolata (Lead-coloured
                              Pug); 5, E. irriguata (Marbled Pug); 6, E.
                              exiguata (Mottled Pug); 7a & 7b, E. abietaria
                              (Cloaked Pug); 8, E. pygmaeata (Marsh Pug); 9, E.
                              linariata (Toadflax Pug); 10a-c, E. pulchellata
                              (Foxglove Pug); 11, E. insignata (Pinion-spotted
                              Pug); 12, E. valerianata (Valerian Pug). From
                              Swain, 1961.>
      seup02.jpg <@subject British Eupithecia: Swain (2)>
                 <@text x=122 y=18
                              t=1a, Eupithecia venosata venosata (Netted Pug);
                              1b & c, E. venosata fumosae (Netted Pug); 1d, E.
                              venosata ochracae (Netted Pug); 2, E. trisignaria
                              (Triple-spotted Pug); 3, E. goossensiata (Ling
                              Pug); 4a-b, E. centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 5, E.
                              assimilata (Currant Pug); 6a & c, E. intricata
                              arceuthata (Edinburgh Pug); 6b, E. intricata
                              millieraria (Edinburgh Pug); 7a, E. satyrata
                              satyrata (Satyr Pug); 7b, E. satyrata curzoni
                              (Edinburgh Pug); 7c, E. satyrata callunaria (Satyr
                              Pug). From Swain, 1961.>
      seup03.jpg <@subject British Eupithecia: Swain (3)>
                 <@text x=771 y=520
                              t=1a-d, Eupithecia absinthiata (Wormwood Pug); 2,
                              E. expallidata (Bleached Pug); 3, E. tripunctaria
                              (White-spotted Pug); 4a-c, E. vulgata (Common
                              Pug); 5a-b, E. subfuscata (Grey Pug); 6a, E.
                              denotata denotata (Campanula Pug); 6b-c, E
                              denotata jaseoneata (Campanula Pug). From Swain,
                              1961.>
      seup04.jpg <@subject British Eupithecia: Swain (4)>
                 <@text x=659 y=953
                              t=1a, Eupithecia icterata oxydata (Tawny-speckled
                              Pug); 1b, E. icterata subfulvata (Tawny-speckled
                              Pug); 1c, E. icterata cognata (Tawny-speckled
                              Pug); 2, E. subumbrata (Shaded Pug); 3, E.
                              succentureata (Bordered Pug); 4, E. millefoliata
                              (Yarrow Pug); 5, E. distinctaria (Thyme Pug); 6,
                              E. simpliciata (Plain Pug); 7, E. indigata
                              (Ochreous Pug); 8, E. pimpinellata (Pimpinel Pug);
                              9a-b, E. nanata (Narrow-winged Pug). From Swain,
                              1961.>
      seup05.jpg <@subject British Eupithecia: Swain (5)>
                 <@text x=152 y=852
                              t=1, Eupithecia extensaria (Scarce Pug); 2a-b, E.
                              innotata (Angle-barred Pug); 3, E. abbreviata
                              (Brindled Pug); 4, E. fraxinata (Ash Pug); 5, E.
                              virgaureata (Golden-rod Pug; 6, E.pusillata
                              (Juniper Pug); 7, E. dodoneata (Oak-tree Pug); 8,
                              E. tantillaria (Dwarf Pug); 9, E. lariceata (Larch
                              Pug). From Swain, 1961.>
      kirby051.jpg <@subject Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); \i{}25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug)\i0{}; \i{}26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug)\i0{}; \i{}27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug)\i0{}; \i{}28, Eupithecia abietaria(?)\i0{}; 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                \i{}Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug)\i0{}; \i{}31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug)\i0{}; \i{}32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug)\i0{}; \i{}33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata\i0{}. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>
      bent064.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Eupithecia linariata (Original generic
                           description. Toaflax Pug: B. Ent. 64)>
      text0641.gif <@subject Eupithecia linariata: B. Ent. 64, legend+text>
                  <@text x=18 y=13
                               t=This carries the original circumscription of
                               this well known genus.>
  text0642.gif <@subject Eupithecia linariata: B. Ent. 64, text cont.> 
  meypug02.gif <@subject Eupithecia centaureata: forewing neuration>

# \i{}Eustroma\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject E. reticulatum (Netted Carpet), with Coenocalpe, Colostygia, 
      Electrophaes, Hydriomena, Horisme, Melanthia: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=\i{}1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 2a, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet, typical form); 2b,
                                Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet,
                                var.); 3, Colostygia olivata (Beech-green
                                Carpet); 4, Colostygia multistrigaria (The
                                Mottled Grey); 5, Colostygia pectinataria (Green
                                Carpet); 6a-e, Hydriomena furcata (July
                                Highflier); 7, Hydriomena impluviata (May
                                Highflier); 8a-b, Hydriomena ruberata (Ruddy
                                Highflier); 9, Horisme vitalbata (Small Waved
                                Umber); 10, Horisme tersata (The Fern); 11,
                                Coenocalpe lapidata (Slender-striped Rufous);
                                12, Melanthia procellata (Chalk Carpet). From
                                Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject E. reticulatum, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                     <@text x=18 y=31
                                  t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                  Stripe); 2, \i{}Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                  Carpet)\i0{}; 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                  Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                  fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                  (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                  (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                  (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                  Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                  (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                  Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                  13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                  Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                  cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                  (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                  (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                  quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                  Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                  Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                  Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                  Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                  Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                  24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                  Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                  Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                  (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                  Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                  (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                  (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                  (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                  updated names>

# \i{}Fagivorina\i0{} <Wehrli>/
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty); 9, Alcis
                               jubata (Dotted Carpet); \i{}10, Fagivorina
                               arenaria (Speckled Beauty)\i0{}; 11, Cleorodes
                               lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 12, Deileptenia
                               ribeata (Satin Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Geometra\i0{} <Linnaeus>/
      nod1014.jpg <@subject Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald: Shaw and
                           Nodder, about 1812)>
      nodt1014.gif <@subject Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald: Shaw and
                            Nodder, text)>
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); \i{}4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald)\i0{}; 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa viridata
                               (Small Grass Emerald); 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>
      geoneu02.gif <@subject neuration: Geometriinae, Archiearinae, Larentiinae>
      
#\i{}Glacies\i0{} <Millire>/
      ennom08.jpg <@subject Aspitates, Dyscia, Glacies, Perconia, Siona: Newman>
                  <@text x=913 y=22
                               t=1a-b, Siona lineata (Black-veined Moth, upper-
                               and under-sides); \i{}2, Glacies coracina (Black
                               Mountain Moth)\i0{}; 3, Perconia strigillaria
                               (Grass Wave); 4, Aspitates ochrearia (Yellow
                               Belle); 5, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw Belle);
                               6a-b, Dyscia fagaria (Grey Scalloped Bar, female
                               and male). From Newman, 1869.>
      bent424.jpg <@subject Psodos equestrata Fab. (Gold Four-spot Moth: B. Ent.
                           424)>
                  <@text x=36 y=21
                               t="\i{}Psodos equestrata\i0{}", probably representing the
                               montane mainland-European \i{}P. quadrifaria\i0{}. "From
                               Mr. Plastead's cabinet" - the source of several other 
                               non-British specimens included by Curtis.>
      text4241.gif <@subject Psodos equestrata Fab.: B. Ent. 424, legend+text>
      text4242.gif <@subject Psodos equestrata Fab.: B. Ent. 424, text cont.>   
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>     

# \i{}Gnophos\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      ennom07.jpg <@subject Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea,
                           Lomagrapha, Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=1, Campaea margaritata (Light Emerald); 2,
                               Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red); 3, Cabera
                               exanthemata (Common Wave); 4a-f, Cabera pusaria
                               (Common White Wave); 5, Lomographa bimaculata
                               (White-pinion Spotted); 6, Lomographa temerata
                               (Clouded Silver); 7, Aleucis distinctata (Sloe
                               Carpet); 8a-b, Theria primaria, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); \i{}9, Gnophos
                               obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet)\i0{}; \i{}10a-c,
                               Gnophos (Charissa) obscuratus (The Annulet)\i0{}.
                               From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>
      bent105.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Gnophos obfuscatus (= Charissa Curtis.
                           Scotch Annulet: B. Ent. 105)>
      text1051.gif <@subject Gnophos obfuscatus (~Charissa Curtis): B. Ent. 105,
                           legend+text>
                  <@text x=22 y=13
                               t=This contains the original description of
                               \i{}Charissa\i0{} Curtis, long submerged in
                               \i{}Gnophos\i0{} but recently resurrected. The
                               specific name \i{}operaria\i0{} Curtis is now
                               treated as a synonym of \i{}C. obfuscatus\i0{}
                               Denis & Schiff.>
      text1052.gif <@subject Gnophos obfuscatus = Charissa Curtis: B. Ent. 105,
                            text cont.>

# \i{}Gymnoscelis\i0{} <Mabille>/
      gymnos01.jpg <@subject Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Double-striped Pug)>

# \i{}Hemistola\i0{} <Warren>/
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa viridata
                               (Small Grass Emerald); \i{}8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald)\i0{}; 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Hemithea\i0{} <Duponchel>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa viridata
                               (Small Grass Emerald); 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); \i{}9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald)\i0{}. From Newman
                               (1869).>
     geoneu01.gif <@subject Forewing and hindwing neuration: H. aestivaria and other Geometridae>                              

# \i{}Horisme\i0{} <Hbner>/
      bent623.jpg <@subject Horisme (Phibalapteryx) virgata (Oblique Striped):
      B. Ent. 623>
      text6231.gif <@subject Horisme (Phibalapteryx) virgata: B. Ent. 623, legend+text>  
      text6232.gif <@subject Horisme (Phibalapteryx) virgata: B. Ent. 623, text cont.>  
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject H. tersata (The Fern) and H. vitalbata (Small Waved Umber), 
      with Coenocalpe, Colostygia, Electrophaes, Eustroma, Hydriomena, Melanthia: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted Carpet); 2a,
                                Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet,
                                typical form); 2b, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet, var.); 3, Colostygia
                                olivata (Beech-green Carpet); 4, Colostygia
                                multistrigaria (The Mottled Grey); 5, Colostygia
                                pectinataria (Green Carpet); 6a-e, Hydriomena
                                furcata (July Highflier); 7, Hydriomena
                                impluviata (May Highflier); 8a-b, Hydriomena
                                ruberata (Ruddy Highflier); \i{}9, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber)\i0{}; \i{}10,
                                Horisme tersata (The Fern)\i0{}; 11, Coenocalpe
                                lapidata (Slender-striped Rufous); 12, Melanthia
                                procellata (Chalk Carpet). From Newman (1869).>
      kirby051.jpg <@subject H. vitalbata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, 
      etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); \i{}23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber)\i0{}; 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria(?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Hydrelia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject H. flammeolaria and H. sylvata, with Acasis, Aplocera, 
      Asthena, Carsia, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Lithostege, Lobophora, Minoa,
      Odezia, Pterapherapteryx, Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); \i{}9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small
                                Yellow Wave)\i0{}; \i{}10, Hydrelia sylvata
                                (Waved Carpet)\i0{}; 11, Asthena albulata (Small
                                White Wave); 12, Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy
                                Shell); 13, Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b,
                                Lobophora halterata (The Seraphim); 15,
                                Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped);
                                16, Trichopteryx carpinata (Early
                                Tooth-striped); 17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata
                                (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject H. sylvata (Waved Carpet) and H. flammeolaria (Small
      Yellow Wave), with other Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); \i{}11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave)\i0{}; 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>
                                
# \i{}Hydriomena\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject Hydriomena spp. (Highfliers), with Coenocalpe, Colostygia, 
      Electrophaes, Eustroma, Horisme, Melanthia: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted Carpet); 2a,
                                Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet,
                                typical form); 2b, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet, var.); 3, Colostygia
                                olivata (Beech-green Carpet); 4, Colostygia
                                multistrigaria (The Mottled Grey); 5, Colostygia
                                pectinataria (Green Carpet); \i{}6a-e,
                                Hydriomena furcata (July Highflier)\i0{}; \i{}7,
                                Hydriomena impluviata (May Highflier)\i0{};
                                \i{}8a-b, Hydriomena ruberata (Ruddy
                                Highflier)\i0{}; 9, Horisme vitalbata (Small
                                Waved Umber); 10, Horisme tersata (The Fern);
                                11, Coenocalpe lapidata (Slender-striped
                                Rufous); 12, Melanthia procellata (Chalk
                                Carpet). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject Larentiinae (Carpets, Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                \i{}14, Hydriomena furcata\i0{}; 
                                \i{}15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier)\i0{}; 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Hylaea\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom07.jpg <@subject Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea,
                           Lomagrapha, Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=1, Campaea margaritata (Light Emerald); \i{}2,
                               Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red)\i0{}; 3, Cabera
                               exanthemata (Common Wave); 4a-f, Cabera pusaria
                               (Common White Wave); 5, Lomographa bimaculata
                               (White-pinion Spotted); 6, Lomographa temerata
                               (Clouded Silver); 7, Aleucis distinctata (Sloe
                               Carpet); 8a-b, Theria primaria, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 9, Gnophos obfuscatus
                               (Scotch Annulet); 10a-c, Charissa obscurata (The
                               Annulet). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject H. fasciaria (Barred Red), with other Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; \i{}26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red)\i0{}; 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>

# \i{}Hypagyrtis\i0{} <Hbner>/

# \i{}Idaea\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      newmste3.jpg <@subject British Idaea (Waves): Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=909 y=790
                                t=1, Idaea ochrata (Bright Wave); 2, I. muricata
                                (Purple-bordered Gold); 3, I. rusticata (Least
                                Carpet); 4, I. biselata (Small Fan-footed Wave);
                                5, I. seriata (Small Dusty Wave); 6, I.
                                sylvestraria (Dotted-bordered Cream Wave, or
                                Dotted Border Wave); 7, I. sylvestraria var.
                                circellata; 8, I. dilutaria (Silky Wave); 9, I.
                                fuscovenosa (Dark Cream Wave); 10, I. dimidiata
                                (Single-dotted Wave); 11, I. subsericeata (Satin
                                Wave); 12, I. contiguaria (Greening's Wave,
                                Weaver's Wave, or Capper's Acidalia); 13, I.
                                trigeminata (Treble Brown-spot); 14, I. aversata
                                ab. remutata (Riband Wave); 15, I. emarginata
                                (Small Scallop); 16, I. aversata (Riband Wave);
                                17, I. degenaria (Portland Ribbon Wave); 18, I.
                                straminata (Plain Wave). From Newman (1869).>
      kirbste1.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae (Waves): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=17 y=19
                                t=STERRHINAE. \i{}7, Rhodometra sacraria
                                (Vestal)\i0{}; 18, Idaea emarginata (Small
                                Scallop); 22, "Idaea trilineata"; 23, "Idaea
                                similata"; 24, Idaea ochrata (Bright Wave); 25,
                                Idaea muricata (Purple-bordered Gold); 26, Idaea
                                dimidiata (Single-dotted Wave); 27, Idaea
                                seriata (Small Dusty Wave); 28, Idaea biselata
                                (Small Fan-footed Wave); 29, Idaea rusticata
                                (Least Carpet); 30, Idaea humiliata (Isle of
                                Wight Wave); 31, Idaea aversata (Riband Wave);
                                32, Scopula immorata (Lewes Wave); 33, Scopula
                                rubiginata (Tawny Wave). Names of exotic species
                                (in quotes) are those given by Kirby.>
      bent384.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Idaea degeneraria (Portland Ribbon Wave:
                           B. Ent. 384)>
      text3841.gif <@subject Sterrhinae: Idaea degeneraria: B. Ent. 384,
                            legend+text>
      text3842.gif <@subject Sterrhinae: Idaea degeneraria: B. Ent. 384, text
                            cont.>
      bent523.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Idaea muricata (Purple-bordered Gold: B.
                           Ent. 523)>
      text5231.gif <@subject Idaea muricata: B. Ent. 523. legend+text>
      text5232.gif <@subject Idaea muricata: B. Ent. 523. text cont.>
      ssterr2.jpg <@subject Idaea inquinata, I. ochrata, I serpentata>
                  <@text x=447 y=347
                               t=1a-b, Idaea inquinata (Rusty Wave); 2, I
                               ochrata (Bright Wave); 3, I. serpentata
                               (Ochraceous Wave, for comparison with the
                               latter). From Swain, 1961.>

# \i{}Isturgia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=\i{}1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow)\i0{};
                               2, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 3,
                               Petrophora chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); 4,
                               Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5, Plagodis
                               dolabraria (Scorched Wing); 6a, Epione repandaria
                               (Bordered Beauty); 6b-c, Epione vespertaria (male
                               and female Dark Bordered Beauty, = E.
                               repandaria); 7a, Pseudopanthera macularia
                               (Speckled Yellow); 7b, P. macularia variety;
                               8a-b, Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse
                               Chestnut); 9, Opisthograptis luteolaria
                               (Brimstone). From Newman, 1869.>

# \i{}Jodis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); \i{}6,
                               Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald)\i0{}; 7,
                               Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass Emerald); 8,
                               Hemistola chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9,
                               Hemithea aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman
                               (1869).>

# \i{}Lampropteryx\i0{} <Stephens>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject L. suffumata (Water Carpet), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Mesoleuca, Pelurga, Cosmorhoe and
                            Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (The Beautiful Carpet); 14, Nebula
                                salicata latentaria (Striped Twin-spot Carpet);
                                15, Pelurga comitata (The Dark Spinach); \i{}16,
                                Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water Carpet, (a)
                                typical and (b), ab. piceata)\i0{}. From Newman
                                (1869).>
      slamp01.jpg <@subject Lampropteryx otregiata (Devon Carpet) and L.
                           suffumata (Water Carpet) compared>
                  <@text x=826 y=831
                               t=1a-b, Lampropteryx otregiata (Devon Carpet);
                               2a-b, L. suffumata (Water Carpet, typical form);
                               2c, L. suffumata ab. piceata. From Swain, 1961.>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject L. suffumata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); \i{}20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Larentia\i0{} <Treitschke>/
     bent7071.jpg <@subject Larentia clavaria (The Mallow): B. Ent. 707>
     text7071.gif <@subject Larentia clavaria: B. Ent. 707, legend+text>
     text7072.gif <@subject Larentia clavaria: B. Ent. 707, text cont.>
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject L. clavaria (The Mallow), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Mesoleuca, Pelurga, Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe and
                            Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); \i{}12,
                                Larentia clavaria (The Mallow)\i0{}; 13,
                                Mesoleuca albicillata (The Beautiful Carpet);
                                14, Nebula salicata latentaria (Striped
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 15, Pelurga comitata (The
                                Dark Spinach); 16, Lampropteryx suffumata (The
                                Water Carpet, (a) typical and (b), ab. piceata).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject L. clavaria, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); \i{}10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow)\i0{}; 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Ligdia\i0{} <Guene>/
      ennom01.jpg <@subject L. adustata (Scorched carpet), with Abraxas,
      Lomaspilis and Semiothisa: Newman>
                  <@text x=355 y=597
                               t=1a, Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie or Currant
                               Moth, typical form); 1b-e, Abraxas grossulariata,
                               varieties; 2, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce or Clouded
                               Magpie); \i{}3, Ligdia adustata (Scorched
                               Carpet)\i0{}; 4a-d, Lomaspilis marginata (Clouded
                               Border); 5, Semiothisa alternaria (Sharp-angled
                               Peacock); 6, Semiothisa notata (Peacock Moth); 7,
                               Semiothisa carbonaria (Netted Mountain Moth); 8,
                               Semiothisa liturata (Tawny-barred Angle); 9,
                               Semiothisa wauaria (V-moth); 10, Semiothisa
                               clathrata (Latticed Heath); 11, Semiothisa
                               pinetaria (Rannoch Looper). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject L. adustata, with other Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); \i{}18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet)\i0{}; 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>

# \i{}Lithostege\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject L. griseata (Grey Carpet), with Acasis, Aploce, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); \i{}8, Lithostege griseata
                                (Grey Carpet)\i0{}; 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria
                                (Small Yellow Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 11, Asthena albulata (Small White
                                Wave); 12, Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject L. griseata and L. farinata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                \i{}Lithostege griseata (Grey Carpet)\i0{}; 
                                \i{}18, Lithostege farinata
                                (The Snowy)\i0{}; 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Lobophora\i0{} <Curtis>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Carsia, Chesias,
                            Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11,
                                Asthena albulata (Small White Wave); 12,
                                Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa
                                murinata (Drab Looper); \i{}14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim)\i0{}; 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle).
                                From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Lomaspilis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom01.jpg <@subject British Abraxas, Ligdia, Lomaspilis and Semiothisa:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=355 y=597
                               t=1a, Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie or Currant
                               Moth, typical form); 1b-e, Abraxas grossulariata,
                               varieties; 2, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce or Clouded
                               Magpie); 3, Ligdia adustata (Scorched Carpet);
                               \i{}4a-d, Lomaspilis marginata (Clouded
                               Border)\i0{}; 5, Semiothisa alternaria
                               (Sharp-angled Peacock); 6, Semiothisa notata
                               (Peacock Moth); 7, Semiothisa carbonaria (Netted
                               Mountain Moth); 8, Semiothisa liturata
                               (Tawny-barred Angle); 9, Semiothisa wauaria
                               (V-moth); 10, Semiothisa clathrata (Latticed
                               Heath); 11, Semiothisa pinetaria (Rannoch
                               Looper). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby045.jpg <@subject L. marginata (Clouded Border), with other Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); \i{}19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border)\i0{}; 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>

# \i{}Lomographa\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom07.jpg <@subject L. bimaculata (White Pinion-spotted) and L. temerata
      (Clouded Silver), with Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea
      and Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=1, Campaea margaritata (Light Emerald); 2,
                               Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red); 3, Cabera
                               exanthemata (Common Wave); 4a-f, Cabera pusaria
                               (Common White Wave); \i{}5, Lomographa bimaculata
                               (White-pinion Spotted)\i0{}; \i{}6, Lomographa
                               temerata (Clouded Silver)\i0{}; 7, Aleucis
                               distinctata (Sloe Carpet); 8a-b, Theria primaria,
                               male and vestigially-winged female); 9, Gnophos
                               obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 10a-c, Charissa
                               obscurata (The Annulet). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject L. bimaculata and L. temerata, with other Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); \i{}20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted)\i0{}; \i{}21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver)\i0{}; 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>


# \i{}Lycia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom04.jpg <@subject Agriopis, Alsophila, Apocheima, Phigalia, Erannis,
                           Lycia: Newman>
                  <@text x=290 y=639
                               t=1a-b, Apocheima hispidaria (Small Brindled
                               Beauty, male and apterous female); 2a-b, Phigalia
                               pilosaria (Pale Brindled Beauty, male and
                               apterous female); \i{}3a-b, Lycia zonaria (Belted
                               Beauty, male and vestigially-winged female)\i0{};
                               \i{}4, Lycia hirtaria (Brindled Beauty)\i0{};
                               5a-c, Agriopis leucophaearia (Spring Usher, males
                               and vestigially-winged female); 6a-b, Agriopis
                               marginaria (Dotted Border, male and
                               vestigially-winged female); 7a-b, Agriopis
                               aurantiaria, male and vestigially-winged female);
                               8a-c, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled Umber, males
                               and apterous female); 9a-b, Alsophila aescularia
                               (March Moth, male and apterous female). From
                               Newman, 1869.>
      bent615.jpg <@subject Lycia zonaria ssp. britannica (Belted Beauty):
  B. Ent. 615>
      text6151.gif <@subject Lycia zonaria ssp. britannica: B. Ent. 615, legend+text>  
      text6152.gif <@subject Lycia zonaria ssp. britannica: B. Ent. 615, text cont.>
      slycia01.jpg <@subject Lycia hirtaria, L. lapponaria, L. zonaria>
                   <@text x=870 y=24
                                t=1a-b, Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty, male and
                                female); 2a-b, Lycia lapponaria (Rannoch
                                Brindled Beauty, female and male); 3a-b, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty). From Swain, 1961.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

geoneu02.gif <@subject Wing neuration: L. zonaria and other Geometridae>                                

# \i{}Lythria\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirby049.jpg <@subject Lythria purpurata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49> 
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. \i{}8, \i{}Lythria purpuraria\i0{} 
                                (Purple-barred Yellow)\i0{}; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>
      newmlar1.jpg <@subject L. purpuraria (Purple-barred Yellow), with Phibalapteryx, 
      Orthonama, Xanthorhoe and Catarhoe: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=104 y=645
                                t=1, Lythria purpuraria (Purple-barred Yellow,
                                a-c males, d female); 2, Phibalapteryx virgata (The
                                Oblique-striped); 3(a) & 3(b), Orthonama
                                obstipata (The Gem, female and male); 4,
                                Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet); 5,
                                Xanthorhoe designata (Flame Carpet); 6,
                                Xanthorhoe spadicearia (Red Twin-spot Carpet);
                                7, Xanthorhoe decoloraria (Red Carpet); 8,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 9, Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria (Large
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 10, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 11(a) & 11(b),
                                Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Garden Carpet, female and
                                male); \i{}12, Catarhoe cuculata (Royal Mantle);
                                13, Catarhoe rubidata (The Flame, The Ruddy
                                Carpet)\i0{}. From Newman (1869).>
# \i{}Melanthia\i0{} <Duponchel>/
      newmlar4.jpg <@subject M. procellata (Chalk Carpet), with Coenocalpe, Colostygia, 
      Electrophaes, Eustroma, Hydriomena, Horisme: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=637 y=161
                                t=1, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted Carpet); 2a,
                                Electrophaes corylata (Broken-barred Carpet,
                                typical form); 2b, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet, var.); 3, Colostygia
                                olivata (Beech-green Carpet); 4, Colostygia
                                multistrigaria (The Mottled Grey); 5, Colostygia
                                pectinataria (Green Carpet); 6a-e, Hydriomena
                                furcata (July Highflier); 7, Hydriomena
                                impluviata (May Highflier); 8a-b, Hydriomena
                                ruberata (Ruddy Highflier); 9, Horisme vitalbata
                                (Small Waved Umber); 10, Horisme tersata (The
                                Fern); 11, Coenocalpe lapidata (Slender-striped
                                Rufous); \i{}12, Melanthia procellata (Chalk
                                Carpet)\i0{}. From Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject M. procellata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); \i{}31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet)\i0{}. From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Menophra\i0{} <Moore>/
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); \i{}5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber)\i0{}; 6, Cleora
                               cinctaria (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema
                               brunnearia scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male
                               and female); 8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty);
                               9, Alcis jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina
                               arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 11, Cleorodes
                               lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 12, Deileptenia
                               ribeata (Satin Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

# \i{}Mesoleuca\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject M. albicillata (Beatiful Carpet), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Pelurga, Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe and Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); \i{}13, Mesoleuca
                                albicillata (The Beautiful Carpet)\i0{}; 14,
                                Nebula salicata latentaria (Striped
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 15, Pelurga comitata (The
                                Dark Spinach); 16, Lampropteryx suffumata (The
                                Water Carpet, (a) typical and (b), ab. piceata).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject M. albicillata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, 
      Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. \i{}1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet)\i0{}; 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Minoa\i0{} <Treitschke>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject M. murinata (Drab Looper), with Acasis, Aplocera, 
      Asthena, Carsia, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11,
                                Asthena albulata (Small White Wave); 12,
                                Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); \i{}13, Minoa
                                murinata (Drab Looper)\i0{}; 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject M. murinata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); \i{}14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper)\i0{}; 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>
# \i{}Nebula\i0{} <Bruand>/
      bent296.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Nebula salicata (ssp. latentaria
                           Curtis: Striped Twin-spot Carpet; B. Ent. 296)>
      text296.gif <@subject Nebula salicata (ssp. latentaria Curtis: B. Ent.
                           296, legend+text)>
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject British Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Mesoleuca, Pelurga, Lampropteryx, Nebula, Cosmorhoe,
                            Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (The Beautiful Carpet); \i{}14, Nebula
                                salicata latentaria (Striped Twin-spot
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 15, Pelurga comitata (The Dark
                                Spinach); 16, Lampropteryx suffumata (The Water
                                Carpet, (a) typical and (b), ab. piceata). From
                                Newman (1869).>                             
                                

# \i{}Nematocampa\i0{} <Guene>/

# \i{}Odezia\i0{} <Boisduval>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject O. atrata (Chimney Sweeper), Acasis, Aplocera, 
      Asthena, Carsia, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Pterapherapteryx, Trichopteryx: 
                            Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar);
                                \i{}5, Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper)\i0{};
                                6, Venusia cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia
                                blomeri (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege
                                griseata (Grey Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria
                                (Small Yellow Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 11, Asthena albulata (Small White
                                Wave); 12, Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small Seraphim);
                                18, Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject O. atrata (Chimney Sweeper), with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); \i{}15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep)\i0{}; 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Odontopera\i0{} <Stephens>/
      odobid01.jpg <@subject Odontopera bidentata (Scalloped Hazel): light and
                            melanic (photos)>
                   <@text x=46 y=920
                                t=\i{}Odontopera bidentata\i0{} (Scalloped
                                Hazel) is interpreted as exhibiting industrial
                                melanism of a polygenic type in Britain,
                                exhibiting enhanced duskiness in response to
                                environmental pollution (Ford, 1955; Majerus,
                                1998, 2002). The species was commonly attracted to
                                light in deciduous woodland around Leek, N.
                                Staffs. (rural, but 10 and 30 miles from
                                heavily industrialised Stoke-on-Trent and
                                Manchester, respectively) during the decade
                                1948-1958, when all the specimens collected were
                                relatively dark. They are exemplified here by
                                Figs 1-2 (males) and 4 (female), alongside a
                                1908 female from Folkestone (Fig. 3). The
                                heavily melanic f. \i{}nigra\i0{}, which was not
                                encountered in the Leek district in those years,
                                is here exemplified (Fig. 5) by an old specimen
                                from Huddersfield. \par{}\par{}1-2 and 4, Leek,
                                Staffs, June 1951 and 1952; 3, Folkestone, Kent,
                                1908 (R.A. Nicholls); 5, Huddersfield, Yorks.,
                                1909 (R.A. Nicholls). From Watson's
                                collection.>
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
      hump033.jpg <@subject Assorted Ennominae (Thorns, with larvae):
                           Humphreys, 1860>
                  <@text x=860 y=117
                               t=THORNS. 1 & 2, Colotois pennaria (Feathered
                               Thorn); 3 & 4, Crocallis elinguaria (Scalloped
                               Oak); \i{}5 & 6, Odontopera bidentata (Scalloped
                               Hazel)\i0{}; 7, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn);
                               8 & 9, Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered
                               Thorn); 10 & 11, Ennomos erosaria (September
                               Thorn); 12 & 13, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                               Thorn); 14, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple Thorn).
                               From Humphreys (1860)>

# \i{}Operophtera\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar6.jpg <@subject O. brumata (Winter Moth) and O. fagata (Northern
      Winter Moth), with Epirrita, and Perizoma: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=908 y=15
                                t=1a-b, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 2a-b,
                                (The Autumnal Moth); \i{}3, Operophtera brumata
                                (Winter Moth, male and flightless female)\i0{};
                                \i{}4, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter Moth,
                                male and flightless female)\i0{}; 5, Perizoma
                                taeniata (Barred Carpet); 6, Perizoma affinitata
                                (The Rivulet); 7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small
                                Rivulet); 8, Perizoma bifaciata (Haworth's
                                Rivulet); 9, Perizoma minorata ericetata (Heath
                                Rivulet); 10, Perizoma blandiata blandiata
                                (Pretty Pinion); 11, Perizoma albulata albulata
                                (Grass Rivulet); 12, Perizoma flavofasciata
                                (Sandy Carpet); 13a-b, Perizoma didymata
                                (Twin-spot Carpet); 14, Perizoma sagittata
                                (Marsh Carpet). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject O. brumata and O. fagata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; \i{}25, Operophtera brumata (Winter
                                Moth)\i0{}; \i{}26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth)\i0{}; 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Opisthograptis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); 2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 3, Petrophora
                               chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); 4, Plagodis
                               pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5, Plagodis dolabraria
                               (Scorched Wing); 6a, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                               Beauty); 6b-c, Epione vespertaria (male and
                               female Dark Bordered Beauty, = E. repandaria);
                               7a, Pseudopanthera macularia (Speckled Yellow);
                               7b, P. macularia variety; 8a-b, Pachycnemia
                               hippocastanaria (Horse Chestnut); \i{}9,
                               Opisthograptis luteolaria (Brimstone)\i0{}. From
                               Newman, 1869.>
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
geoneu02.gif <@subject Forewing and hindwing neuration: O. luteolata and 
               other Geometridae>                               

# \i{}Orthonama\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar1.jpg <@subject O. obstipata (The Gem) and O. vittata (Oblique Carpet),
      with Lythria, Phibalapteryx, Xanthorhoe and Catarhoe: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=104 y=645
                                t=1, Lythria purpuraria (Purple-barred Yellow,
                                a-c males, d female); 2, Phibalapteryx virgata (The
                                Oblique-striped); \i{}3(a) & 3(b), Orthonama
                                obstipata (The Gem, female and male)\i0{}; \i{}4,
                                Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet)\i0{}; 5,
                                Xanthorhoe designata (Flame Carpet); 6,
                                Xanthorhoe spadicearia (Red Twin-spot Carpet);
                                7, Xanthorhoe decoloraria (Red Carpet); 8,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 9, Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria (Large
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 10, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 11(a) & 11(b),
                                Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Garden Carpet, female and
                                male); 12, Catarhoe cuculata (Royal Mantle);
                                13, Catarhoe rubidata (The Flame, The Ruddy
                                Carpet). From Newman (1869).>

      kirby050.jpg <@subject O. vittata (Oblique Carpet), with other Larentiinae 
      (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); \i{}23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet)\i0{};
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>
                                


# \i{}Ourapteryx\i0{} <Leach>/
      bent508.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed
                           Moth: B. Ent. 508)>
      text5081.gif <@subject Ourapteryx sambucaria: B. Ent. 508, legend+text>
      text5082.gif <@subject Ourapteryx sambucaria: B. Ent. 508, text cont.>
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=\i{}1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed
                               Moth)\i0{}; 2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth);
                               3, Biston strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty); 9, Alcis
                               jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina arenaria
                               (Speckled Beauty); 11, Cleorodes lichenaria
                               (Brussels Lace); 12, Deileptenia ribeata (Satin
                               Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Pachycnemia\i0{} <Stephens>/
    bent611.jpg <@subject Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (The Horse Chestnut):
B. Ent. 611>
    text6111.gif <@subject Pachycnemia hippocastanaria: B. Ent. 611, legend+text>
    text6112.gif <@subject Pachycnemia hippocastanaria: B. Ent. 611, text cont.>
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); 2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 3, Petrophora
                               chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); 4, Plagodis
                               pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5, Plagodis dolabraria
                               (Scorched Wing); 6a, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                               Beauty); 6b-c, Epione vespertaria (male and
                               female Dark Bordered Beauty, = E. repandaria);
                               7a, Pseudopanthera macularia (Speckled Yellow);
                               7b, P. macularia variety; \i{}8a-b, Pachycnemia
                               hippocastanaria (Horse Chestnut)\i0{}; 9,
                               Opisthograptis luteolaria (Brimstone). From                             
                               Newman, 1869.>
                               
# \i{}Pareulype\i0{} <Herbulot>/
      newmlar5.jpg <@subject P. berberata (Barberry Carpet), with Euphyia, Philereme,
      Rheumaptera, Triphosa: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=464 y=502
                                t=\i{}1, Pareulype berberata (Barberry
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 2, Euphyia biangulata
                                (Short-cloaked Carpet); 3a-b, Euphyia unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 4a, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4b, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (variety); 5, Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scarce
                                Tissue); 6, Rheumaptera undulata (Scallop
                                Shell); 7, Triphosa dubitata (The Tissue); 8a-b,
                                Philereme vetulata (Brown Scallop); 9a-b,
                                Philereme transversata britannica (The Dark
                                Umber). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject P. berberata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, 
      Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); \i{}18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet)\i0{}; 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>
                                
# \i{}Pasiphila\i0{} <Meyrick>/
south100.jpg <@subject Pasiphila debiliata (Bilberry Pug) and P.
              rectangulata (Green Pug), with Chloroclystis v-ata: South>

sclystis.jpg <@subject Pasiphila debiliata (Bilberry Pug) and P.
              rectangulata (Green Pug), with Chloroclystis v-ata> 
<@text x=799 y=21 
t=\b{}1, Chloroclystis v-ata (V-Pug)\b0{}; 2a-b, 
Pasiphila debiliata (Bilberry Pug); 3a-c, 
Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug). Adapted from 
Swain (1961).> 

meypug01.gif <@subject P. rectangulata: fore- and hindwing neuration>
geoneu01.gif <@subject Forewing and hindwing neuration: P. rectangulata and 
               other Geometridae>


# \i{}Pelurga\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar2.jpg <@subject P. comitata (Dark Spinach), with Epirrhoe, Costaconvexa,
                            Camptogramma, Entephria, Larentia, Anticlea,
                            Mesoleuca, Lampropteryx, Cosmorhoe and
                            Nebula: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=883 y=12
                                t=1, Epirrhoe tristata (Small Argent and Sable);
                                2, Epirrhoe alternata (Common Carpet); 3,
                                Epirrhoe rivata (Wood Carpet); 4, Epirrhoe
                                galiata (Galium Carpet); 5, Costaconvexa
                                polygrammata (The Many-lined Moth); 6a and 6b,
                                Camptogramma bilineata (The Yellow Shell); 7,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 8,
                                Entephria flavicinctata (Yellow-ringed Carpet);
                                9, Cosmorhoe ocellata (The Purple Bar); 10,
                                Anticlea badiata (The Shoulder Stripe); 11,
                                Anticlea derivata (The Streamer); 12, Larentia
                                clavaria (The Mallow); 13, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (The Beautiful Carpet); 14, Nebula
                                salicata latentaria (Striped Twin-spot Carpet);
                                \i{}15, Pelurga comitata (The Dark
                                Spinach)\i0{}; 16, Lampropteryx suffumata (The
                                Water Carpet, (a) typical and (b), ab. piceata).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject P. comitata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets, 
      Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                \i{}22, Pelurga comitata (Dark 
                                Spinach)\i0{}; 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Perconia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom08.jpg <@subject Aspitates, Dyscia, Glacies, Perconia, Siona: Newman>
                  <@text x=913 y=22
                               t=1a-b, Siona lineata (Black-veined Moth, upper-
                               and under-sides); 2, Glacies coracina (Black
                               Mountain Moth); \i{}3, Perconia strigillaria
                               (Grass Wave)\i0{}; 4, Aspitates ochrearia (Yellow
                               Belle); 5, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw Belle);
                               6a-b, Dyscia fagaria (Grey Scalloped Bar, female
                               and male). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirbyenn.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Aspitates, Semiothisa, Perconia, Siona
                            (Kirby)>
                   <@text x=349 y=452
                                t=ENNOMINAE. \i{}1, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw
                                Belle)\i0{}; 2, Semiothisa notata (Peacock
                                Moth); 3, Perconia strigillaria (Grass Wave); 4,
                                Siona lineata (Black Veined Moth).>

# \i{}Peribatodes\i0{} <Wehrli>/
      perrho01.jpg <@subject Peribatodes rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty, pale and
                            melanic forms: photos)>
                   <@text x=418 y=903
                                t=\i{}Peribatodes rhomboidaria\i0{} (Willow
                                Beauty). Fig. 4 typifies the dusky aspect of all
                                the individuals of this common species
                                encountered in the Leek district (N. Staffs,
                                habitats "rural" but located 10 and 30 miles
                                respectively from heavily industrialised
                                Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester), in the decade
                                1948-1958. The situation apparently reflected
                                displacement of the light (normal) form by f.
                                \i{}perfumaria\i0{}, which existed as a
                                relatively rare non-industrial (rural) melanic
                                prior to the Industrial Revolution. For
                                comparison, Figs. 1-3 represent material
                                collected at one locality in France in 1953,
                                where the pale form (1-2) was predominant, but
                                one fully melanic specimen (f. \i{}rebeli\i0{},
                                Fig. 3) was encountered. \par{}\par{}Figs. 1-3,
                                Bagneux, Seine, July 1953; Fig.4, Leek, Staffs.,
                                July 1949. From Watson's collection.>
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); \i{}4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty)\i0{}; 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); 7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and female);
                               8, Alcis repandata (Mottled Beauty); 9, Alcis
                               jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10, Fagivorina arenaria
                               (Speckled Beauty); 11, Cleorodes lichenaria
                               (Brussels Lace); 12, Deileptenia ribeata (Satin
                               Beauty). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Perizoma\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar6.jpg <@subject 10 Perizoma species (Rivulets, etc.), with Epirrita, 
      Operophtera: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=908 y=15
                                t=1a-b, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 2a-b,
                                (The Autumnal Moth); 3, Operophtera brumata
                                (Winter Moth, male and flightless female); 4,
                                Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter Moth, male
                                and flightless female); \i{}5, Perizoma taeniata
                                (Barred Carpet)\i0{};\i{} 6, Perizoma affinitata
                                (The Rivulet)\i0{}; \i{}7, Perizoma alchemillata
                                (Small Rivulet)\i0{}; \i{}8, Perizoma bifaciata
                                (Haworth's Rivulet)\i0{}; \i{}9, Perizoma
                                minorata ericetata (Heath Rivulet)\i0{}; \i{}10,
                                Perizoma blandiata blandiata (Pretty
                                Pinion)\i0{}; \i{}11, Perizoma albulata albulata
                                (Grass Rivulet)\i0{}; \i{}12, Perizoma
                                flavofasciata (Sandy Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}13a-b,
                                Perizoma didymata (Twin-spot Carpet)\i0{};
                                \i{}14, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet)\i0{}.
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby051.jpg <@subject Larentiinae (Rivulets, Carpets, Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); 2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet); 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                \i{}7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet)\i0{}; \i{}8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion)\i0{}; \i{}9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet)\i0{}; 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); \i{}21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet)\i0{};
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>
# \i{}Petrophora\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); 2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); \i{}3,
                               Petrophora chlorosata (Brown Silver-line)\i0{};
                               4, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5,
                               Plagodis dolabraria (Scorched Wing); 6a, Epione
                               repandaria (Bordered Beauty); 6b-c, Epione
                               vespertaria (male and female Dark Bordered
                               Beauty, = E. repandaria); 7a, Pseudopanthera
                               macularia (Speckled Yellow); 7b, P. macularia
                               variety; 8a-b, Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse
                               Chestnut); 9, Opisthograptis luteolaria
                               (Brimstone). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>
                                
# \i{}Phibalapteryx\i0{} Stephens/
      newmlar1.jpg <@subject British Lythria, Phibalapteryx, Orthonama, Xanthorhoe
                            and Catarhoe: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=104 y=645
                                t=1, Lythria purpuraria (Purple-barred Yellow,
                                a-c males, d female); \i{}2, Phibalapteryx virgata (The
                                Oblique-striped)\i0{}; 3(a) & 3(b), Orthonama
                                obstipata (The Gem, female and male); 4,
                                Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet); 5,
                                Xanthorhoe designata (Flame Carpet); 6,
                                Xanthorhoe spadicearia (Red Twin-spot Carpet);
                                7, Xanthorhoe decoloraria (Red Carpet); 8,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 9, Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria (Large
                                Twin-spot Carpet); 10, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 11(a) & 11(b),
                                Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Garden Carpet, female and
                                male); 12, Catarhoe cuculata (Royal Mantle);
                                13, Catarhoe rubidata (The Flame, The Ruddy
                                Carpet). From Newman (1869).>                           

# \i{}Philereme\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar5.jpg <@subject P. transversata (Dark Umber) and P. vetulata (Brown
      Scallop), with Euphyia, Pareulype, Rheumaptera, Triphosa: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=464 y=502
                                t=1, Pareulype berberata (Barberry Carpet); 2,
                                Euphyia biangulata (Short-cloaked Carpet); 3a-b,
                                Euphyia unangulata (Sharp-angled Carpet); 4a,
                                Rheumaptera hastata (Argent and Sable); 4b,
                                Rheumaptera hastata (variety); 5, Rheumaptera
                                cervinalis (Scarce Tissue); 6, Rheumaptera
                                undulata (Scallop Shell); 7, Triphosa dubitata
                                (The Tissue); \i{}8a-b, Philereme vetulata
                                (Brown Scallop); 9a-b, Philereme transversata
                                britannica (The Dark Umber)\i0{}. From Newman
                                (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject P. transversata and P. vetulata, with other Larentiinae: 
      Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); \i{}31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop)\i0{}; \i{}32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber)\i0{}. From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Plagodis\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom02.jpg <@subject P. pulveraria (Barred Umber) and P. dolabraria 
      (Scorched Wing), with Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, and Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); 2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 3, Petrophora
                               chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); \i{}4, Plagodis
                               pulveraria (Barred Umber)\i0{}; \i{}5, Plagodis
                               dolabraria (Scorched Wing)\i0{}; 6a, Epione
                               repandaria (Bordered Beauty); 6b-c, Epione
                               vespertaria (male and female Dark Bordered
                               Beauty, = E. repandaria); 7a, Pseudopanthera
                               macularia (Speckled Yellow); 7b, P. macularia
                               variety; 8a-b, Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse
                               Chestnut); 9, Opisthograptis luteolaria
                               (Brimstone). From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby045.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); 11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein); 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); \i{}24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber)\i0{};
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>


# \i{}Plemyria\i0{} <Hbner>/
    bent6431.jpg <@subject Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered Carpet), ssp.
plumbata Curtis: B. Ent. 643>
    text6431.gif <@subject Plemyria rubiginata, ssp. plumbata Curtis: B. Ent. 
643, legend+text>
    text6432.gif <@subject Plemyria rubiginata, ssp. plumbata Curtis: B. Ent. 
643, text cont.>
      newmlar3.jpg <@subject P. rubiginata, with Chloroclysta, Cidaria, Eulithis, Thera:
                            Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=306 y=102
                                t=1, Eulithis prunata (The Phoenix); 2, Eulithis
                                mellinata (The Spinach); 3a-b, Eulithis testata
                                (The Chevron); 4a-b, Eulithis populata (The
                                Northern Spinach); 5, Eulithis pyraliata (The
                                Barred Straw); 6a-f, Ecliptopera saliceata (The
                                Small Phoenix); 7, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green Carpet); 8, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Autumn Green Carpet); 9a-c, Chloroclysta
                                truncata (Marbled Carpet); 10a-b, Chloroclysta
                                citrata (Dark Marbled Carpet); 11, Cidaria
                                fulvata (The Barred Yellow); 12, Thera cognata
                                (Chestnut-coloured Carpet); 13, Thera juniperata
                                (Juniper Carpet); 14, Thera firmata (Pine
                                Carpet); 15, Thera obeliscata (Grey Pine
                                Carpet); \i{}16a, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet, typical form)\i0{};
                                \i{}16b, Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered
                                Carpet, var)\i0{}. From Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject P. rubiginata, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                    <@text x=18 y=31
                                 t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                 Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                 Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                 Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                 fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                 (Purple Bar); \i{}7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                 (Blue-bordered Carpet)\i0{}; 8, Thera britannica
                                 (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                 Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                 (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                 Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                 13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                 Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                 cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                 (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                 (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                 quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                 Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                 Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                 Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                 Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                 Carpet); \i{}23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet)\i0{};
                                 24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                 Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                 Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                 (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                 Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                 (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                 (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                 (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                 updated names.>

# \i{}Pseudopanthera\i0{} <Hbner>/
    bent6471.jpg <@subject Pseudopanthera macularia (The Speckled
Yellow, ab. quadrimaculata): B. Ent. 647>
    text6471.gif <@subject Pseudopanthera macularia , ab. quadrimaculata: B. Ent. 
647, legend+text>
    text6472.gif <@subject Pseudopanthera macularia , ab. quadrimaculata: B. Ent. 
647, text cont.>
      ennom02.jpg <@subject Cepphis, Epione, Isturgia, Opisthograptis,
                           Pachycnemia, Petrophora, Plagodis, Pseudopanthera:
                           Newman>
                  <@text x=581 y=424
                               t=1, Isturgia limbaria (Frosted Yellow); 2,
                               Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 3, Petrophora
                               chlorosata (Brown Silver-line); 4, Plagodis
                               pulveraria (Barred Umber); 5, Plagodis dolabraria
                               (Scorched Wing); 6a, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                               Beauty); 6b-c, Epione vespertaria (male and
                               female Dark Bordered Beauty, = E. repandaria);
                               \i{}7a, Pseudopanthera macularia (Speckled
                               Yellow); 7b, P. macularia variety\i0{}; 8a-b,
                               Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Horse Chestnut); 9,
                               Opisthograptis luteolaria (Brimstone). From
                               Newman, 1869.>
kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; \i{}5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow)\i0{}; 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>   

geoneu02.gif <@subject Wing neuration: P. macularia and other Geometridae>                              

# \i{}Pseudoterpna\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); \i{}2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald)\i0{}; 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); 5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald); 6, Jodis
                               lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa viridata
                               (Small Grass Emerald); 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Pterapherapteryx\i0{} <Curtis>/
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Carsia, Chesias,
                            Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11,
                                Asthena albulata (Small White Wave); 12,
                                Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa
                                murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); 15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped); 16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early Tooth-striped);
                                \i{}17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata (Small
                                Seraphim)\i0{}; 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Rheumaptera\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar5.jpg <@subject R. cervinalis (Scarce Yissue), R. hastata (Argent 
      and Sable) and R. undulata (Scallop Shell), with Euphyia, Pareulype, 
      Philereme, Triphosa: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=464 y=502
                                t=1, Pareulype berberata (Barberry Carpet); 2,
                                Euphyia biangulata (Short-cloaked Carpet); 3a-b,
                                Euphyia unangulata (Sharp-angled Carpet);
                                \i{}4a, Rheumaptera hastata (Argent and Sable)\i0{};
                                \i{}4b, Rheumaptera hastata (variety)\i0{}; \i{}5,
                                Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scarce Tissue)\i0{}; \i{}6,
                                Rheumaptera undulata (Scallop Shell)\i0{}; 7,
                                Triphosa dubitata (The Tissue); 8a-b, Philereme
                                vetulata (Brown Scallop); 9a-b, Philereme
                                transversata britannica (The Dark Umber). From
                                Newman (1869).>
      kirby049.jpg <@subject R. cervinalis and R. undulata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Rhodometra\i0{} <Meyrick>/
      kirbste1.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae (Waves): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=17 y=19
                                t=STERRHINAE. \i{}7, Rhodometra sacraria
                                (Vestal)\i0{}; 18, Idaea emarginata (Small
                                Scallop); 22, "Idaea trilineata"; 23, "Idaea
                                similata"; 24, Idaea ochrata (Bright Wave); 25,
                                Idaea muricata (Purple-bordered Gold); 26, Idaea
                                dimidiata (Single-dotted Wave); 27, Idaea
                                seriata (Small Dusty Wave); 28, Idaea biselata
                                (Small Fan-footed Wave); 29, Idaea rusticata
                                (Least Carpet); 30, Idaea humiliata (Isle of
                                Wight Wave); 31, Idaea aversata (Riband Wave);
                                32, Scopula immorata (Lewes Wave); 33, Scopula
                                rubiginata (Tawny Wave). Names of exotic species
                                (in quotes) are those given by Kirby.>
      newmste1.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=613 y=515
                                t=1, Cyclophora pendularia (Dingy Mocha); 2,
                                Cyclophora annularia (The Mocha); 3, Cyclophora
                                albipunctata (Birch Mocha); 4, Cyclophora porata
                                (False Mocha); 5, Cyclophora punctaria (The
                                Maiden's Blush); 6, Cyclophora linearia (The
                                Clay Triple-lines); 7, Timandra comae (The
                                Blood-vein); \i{}8, Rhodometra sacraria (The
                                Vestal)\i0{}. From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Scotopteryx\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmscot.jpg <@subject S. bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet), S. chenopodiata (Shaded
      Broad-bar), S, luridata (Lead Belle), and S. moeniata (Fortified Carpet): Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=474 y=343
                                t=1, Scotopteryx moeniata; 2, S. bipunctaria
                                (Chalk Carpet); 3, S. chenopodiata (The Shaded
                                Broad-bar); 4, S. luridata (The Lead Belle).
                                From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Kirby>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); \i{}11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow)\i0{}; \i{}12, Scotopteryx moeniata\i0{}; 
                                \i{}13, Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet)\i0{}; 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); 23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped); 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>
# \i{}Scopula\i0{} <Schrank>/
      newmste2.jpg <@subject British Scopula species: Newman 1869)>
                   <@text x=300 y=314
                                t=\i{}1, Scopula ornata (Lace Border)\i0{};
                                \i{}2, S. nigropunctata (Sub-angled Wave)\i0{};
                                \i{}3, S. rubiginata (Tawny Wave)\i0{}; \i{}4,
                                S. emutaria (Rosy Wave)\i0{}; \i{}5, S. imitaria
                                (Small Blood-vein)\i0{};\i{} 6, S.
                                marginepunctata (Mullein Wave)\i0{};\i{} 7, S.
                                immutata (Lesser Cream Wave)\i0{}; \i{}8, S.
                                floslactata (Cream Wave)\i0{};\i{} 9, S. ternata
                                (Smoky Wave)\i0{}. From Newman (1969).>
      kirbste1.jpg <@subject Sterrhinae (Waves): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=17 y=19
                                t=STERRHINAE. \i{}7, Rhodometra sacraria
                                (Vestal)\i0{}; 18, Idaea emarginata (Small
                                Scallop); 22, "Idaea trilineata"; 23, "Idaea
                                similata"; 24, Idaea ochrata (Bright Wave); 25,
                                Idaea muricata (Purple-bordered Gold); 26, Idaea
                                dimidiata (Single-dotted Wave); 27, Idaea
                                seriata (Small Dusty Wave); 28, Idaea biselata
                                (Small Fan-footed Wave); 29, Idaea rusticata
                                (Least Carpet); 30, Idaea humiliata (Isle of
                                Wight Wave); 31, Idaea aversata (Riband Wave);
                                32, Scopula immorata (Lewes Wave); 33, Scopula
                                rubiginata (Tawny Wave). Names of exotic species
                                (in quotes) are those given by Kirby.>

# \i{}Selenia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom03.jpg <@subject Thorns - Angerona, Apeira, Colotois, Crocallis,
                           Ennomos, Odontopera, Selenia: Newman>
                  <@text x=459 y=951
                               t=1, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 2, Ennomos
                               quercinaria (August Thorn); 3, Ennomos alniaria
                               (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4, Ennomos autumnaria
                               (Large Thorn); 5, Ennomos fuscantaria (Dusky
                               Thorn); 6, Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn);
                               \i{}7, Selenia dentaria (Early Thorn)\i0{};\i{}
                               8, Selenia lunularia (Lunar Thorn)\i0{}; \i{}9,
                               Selenia tetralunaria (Purple Thorn)\i0{}; 10,
                               Odontopera bidentata (Scalloped Hazel); 11,
                               Crocallis elinguaria (Scalloped Oak); 12a-b,
                               Angerona prunaria (Orange Moth, male and female);
                               13, Colotois pennaria (Feathered Thorn). From
                               Newman, 1869.>
      kirby046.jpg <@subject Ennominae (Thorns, etc.): Kirby 46>
                   <@text x=551 y=14
                                t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Ennomos quercinaria (August
                                Thorn); 2, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 3,
                                Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 4,
                                Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 5, Selenia
                                dentaria (Early Thorn); 6, Selenia lunularia
                                (Lunar Thorn); 7, Selenia tetralunaria (Purple
                                Thorn); 8, Apeira syringaria (Lilac Beauty); 9,
                                Artiora evonymaria; 10, Odontopera bidentata
                                (Scalloped Hazel); 11, Colotois pennaria
                                (Feathered Thorn); 12, Crocallis elinguaria
                                (Scalloped Oak); 13, Plagodis dolabraria
                                (Scorch-wing); 14, Angerona prunaria (Orange
                                Moth); 15, Ourapteryx sambucaria
                                (Swallow-tailed Moth); 16, Opisthograptis
                                luteolata (Brimstone Moth). From Kirby 36, with 
                                updated names.>
      hump033.jpg <@subject Assorted Ennominae (Thorns, with larvae):
                           Humphreys, 1860>
                  <@text x=860 y=117
                               t=THORNS. 1 & 2, Colotois pennaria (Feathered
                               Thorn); 3 & 4, Crocallis elinguaria (Scalloped
                               Oak); 5 & 6, Odontopera bidentata (Scalloped
                               Hazel); 7, Ennomos autumnaria (Large Thorn); 8 &
                               9, Ennomos alniaria (Canary-shouldered Thorn); 10
                               & 11, Ennomos erosaria (September Thorn); 12 &
                               13, Ennomos quercinaria (August Thorn); \i{}14,
                               Selenia tetralunaria (Purple Thorn)\i0{}. From
                               Humphreys (1860)>

# \i{}Selidosema\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom05.jpg <@subject Alcis, Biston, Cleora, Cleorodes, Deileptenia,
                           Fagivorina, Menophra, Ourapteryx, Peribatodes,
                           Selidosema: Newman>
                  <@text x=854 y=938
                               t=1, Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth);
                               2, Biston betularia (Peppered Moth); 3, Biston
                               strataria (Oak Beauty); 4, Peribatodes
                               rhomboidaria (Willow Beauty); 5, Menophra
                               abruptaria (Waved Umber); 6, Cleora cinctaria
                               (Ringed Carpet); \i{}7a-b, Selidosema brunnearia
                               scandinaviaria (Bordered Grey, male and
                               female)\i0{}; 8, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                               Beauty); 9, Alcis jubata (Dotted Carpet); 10,
                               Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 11,
                               Cleorodes lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 12,
                               Deileptenia ribeata (Satin Beauty). From Newman,
                               1869.>
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>
                                
# \i{}Semiothisa\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom01.jpg <@subject British Abraxas, Ligdia, Lomaspilis and Semiothisa
                           (including Itame, Macaria): Newman>
                  <@text x=355 y=597
                               t=1a, Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie or Currant
                               Moth, typical form); 1b-e, Abraxas grossulariata,
                               varieties; 2, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce or Clouded
                               Magpie); 3, Ligdia adustata (Scorched Carpet);
                               4a-d. Lomaspilis marginata (Clouded Border);
                               \i{}5, Semiothisa (macaria) alternaria
                               (Sharp-angled Peacock)\i0{}; \i{}6, Semiothisa
                               (Macaria) notata (Peacock Moth)\i0{}; \i{}7,
                               Semiothisa (Macaria) carbonaria (Netted Mountain
                               Moth)\i0{}; \i{}8, Semiothisa (Macaria) liturata
                               (Tawny-barred Angle)\i0{}; \i{}9, Semiothisa
                               (Macaria) wauaria (V-moth)\i0{}; \i{}10,
                               Semiothisa (Macaria) clathrata (Latticed
                               Heath)\i0{}; \i{}11, Semiothisa (Itame) pinetaria
                               (Rannoch Looper)\i0{}. From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; \i{}7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock)\i0{}; \i{}8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle)\i0{}; 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth); 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

      bent132.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Semiothisa (Macaria) liturata (Original generic
                           description. Tawny-barred Angle: B. Ent. 132)>
      text1321.gif <@subject Semiothisa (Macaria) liturata: B. Ent. 132, legend+text>
                  <@text x=26 y=15
                               t=\i{}Macaria\i0{} Curtis, first described here,
                               was submerged in \i{}Semiothisa\i0{} during the
                               Twentieth Century, but has recently been
                               re-instated (Bradley, 2000).>
      text1322.gif <@subject Semiothisa (Macaria) liturata: B. Ent. 132, text cont.>
  bent225.jpg <@subject Semiothisa (Macaria, Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper: B.
                             Ent. 225)>
  text2251.gif <@subject Semiothisa (Macaria, Itame) brunneata: B. Ent. 225, legend+text>
      text2252.gif <@subject Semiothisa (Macaria, Itame) brunneata: B. Ent. 225, text cont.>

# \i{}Serraca\i0{} <Moore>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject S. punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty), with Aethalura, Boarmia,
      Bupalus, Ectropis, Ematurga, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty); \i{}2,
                               Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty)\i0{}; 3,
                               Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet); 4, Ectropis
                               crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 5, Ectropis
                               bistortata (The Engrailed); 6, Ectropis
                               consonaria (The Square-spot); 7, Ectropis
                               similaria (Brindled White-spot); 8, Aethalura
                               punctulata (Grey Birch); 9, Ematurga atomaria
                               (Common Heath); 10a-c, Bupalus piniaria (Bordered
                               White, male upper- and under-side and female).
                               From Newman, 1869.>
                               
      kirby048.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Kirby 48>
                   <@text x=557 y=300 t=ENNOMINAE. 1, Cleora cinctaria
                                (Ringed Carpet); 2, Peribatodes rhomboidaria
                                (Willow Beauty); 3, Peribatodes secundaria
                                (Feathered Beauty); \i{}4, Deileptenia ribeata
                                (Satin Carpet)\i0{}; 5, Alcis repandata (Mottled
                                Beauty); 6, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty);
                                7, Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); 8,
                                Fagivorina arenaria (Speckled Beauty); 9, Cleorodes
                                lichenaria (Brussels Lace); 10, Ectropis
                                crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 11, Ectropis
                                (Paradarisa) consonaria (Square-spot); 12, Ectropis
                                similaria (Brindled White-spot); 13, Aethalura
                                punctulata (Grey Birch Moth); 14, Gnophos furvata;
                                15, Gnophos obscuratus (Dark Annulet); 16, cf.
                                Charissa (Rhopalognophos) glaucinaria; 17, Gnophos
                                (Charissa) obscuratus (Annulet); 18, Gnophos
                                obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 19, Psodos
                                quadrifaria; 20, Macaria fusca; 21, "Fidonia
                                fasciolaria", = Isturgia?; 22, Istugia famula; 23,
                                Isturgia roraria; 24, "Fidonia plumistraria", = ?;
                                25, Ematurga atomaria (Common Heath); 26, Bupalus
                                piniaria (Bordered White); 27, Selidosema
                                brunnearia (Bordered Grey); 28, Itame vincularia;
                                29, Semiothisa (Macaria) wauaria (V-Moth); 30,
                                Semiothisa (Itame) brunneata (Rannoch Looper); 31,
                                Macaria artesiaria; 32, Petrophora chlorosata
                                (Brown Silver Line); 33, Semiothisa (Macaria)
                                clathrata (Latticed Heath). From Kirby 48, with
                                updated names.>

# \i{}Siona\i0{} <Duponchel>/
       bent6911.jpg <@subject Siona lineata (Black-veined Moth): B. Ent. 691>
       text6911.gif <@subject Siona lineata: B. Ent. 691, legend+text>   
       text6912.gif <@subject Siona lineata: B. Ent. 691, text cont.>   
      ennom08.jpg <@subject Aspitates, Dyscia, Glacies, Perconia, Siona: Newman>
                  <@text x=913 y=22
                               t=\i{}1a-b, Siona lineata (Black-veined Moth, upper-
                               and under-sides)\i0{}; 2, Glacies coracina (Black
                               Mountain Moth); 3, Perconia strigillaria
                               (Grass Wave); 4, Aspitates ochrearia (Yellow
                               Belle); 5, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw Belle);
                               6a-b, Dyscia fagaria (Grey Scalloped Bar, female
                               and male). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirbyenn.jpg <@subject Ennominae: Aspitates, Semiothisa, Perconia, Siona
                            (Kirby)>
                   <@text x=349 y=452
                                t=ENNOMINAE. \i{}1, Aspitates gilvaria (Straw
                                Belle)\i0{}; 2, Semiothisa notata (Peacock
                                Moth); 3, Perconia strigillaria (Grass Wave); 4,
                                Siona lineata (Black Veined Moth).>

# \i{}Spargania\i0{} <Guene>/
      kirby051.jpg <@subject S. luctuata (White-banded Carpet), with other Larentiinae 
      (Carpets, Pugs, etc.): Kirby 51>
                   <@text x=913 y=6 t=LARENTIINAE. 1, Mesoleuca albicillata
                                (Beautiful Carpet); \i{}2 and 5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet)\i0{}; 3, Rheumaptera hastata
                                (Argent and Sable); 4, Epirrhoe tristata (Small
                                Argent and Sable); \i{}5, Spargania luctuata
                                (White-banded Carpet)\i0{}; 6, Epirrhoe molluginata;
                                7, Perizoma alchemillata (Small Rivulet); 8,
                                Perizoma blandiata (Pretty Pinion); 9, Perizoma
                                albulata (Grass Rivulet); 10, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 11, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved
                                Carpet); 12, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 13, Camptogramma bilineata (Yellow Shell);
                                14, Hydriomena furcata; 15, Hydriomena impluviata
                                (May High-flier); 16, "Larentia capitata", cf.
                                Ecliptopera capitata; 17, Electrophaes corylata
                                (Broken-barred Carpet); 18, Pareulype berberata
                                (Barberry Carpet); 19, Anticlea derivata (The
                                Streamer); 20, Catarhoe rubidata (The
                                Flame); 21, Perizoma sagittata (Marsh Carpet);
                                22, Pelurga comitata (Dark Spinach); 23, Horisme
                                vitalbata (Small Waved Umber); 24, Anticollix
                                sparsata (Dentated Pug); 25, Eupithecia
                                centaureata (Lime-speck Pug); 26, Eupithecia
                                venosata (Netted Pug); 27, Eupithecia linariata
                                (Toadflax Pug); 28, Eupithecia abietaria (?); 29,
                                Pasiphila rectangulata (Green Pug); 30,
                                Eupithecia nanata (Narrow-winged Pug); 31,
                                Eupithecia innonata (Angle-barred Pug); 32,
                                Eupithecia satyrata (Beech Pug); 33, Eupithecia
                                lanceata. From Kirby 51, with updated names.>

# \i{}Tephronia\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom06.jpg <@subject Aethalura, Boarmia, Bupalus, Ectropis, Ematurga,
                           Serraca, Tephronia: Newman>
                  <@text x=468 y=76
                               t=1, Boarmia roboraria (Great Oak Beauty); 2,
                               Serraca punctinalis (Pale Oak Beauty); \i{}3,
                               Tephronia sepiaria (Dusky Carpet)\i0{}; 4,
                               Ectropis crepuscularia (Small Engrailed); 5,
                               Ectropis bistortata (The Engrailed); 6, Ectropis
                               consonaria (The Square-spot); 7, Ectropis
                               similaria (Brindled White-spot); 8, Aethalura
                               punctulata (Grey Birch); 9, Ematurga atomaria
                               (Common Heath); 10a-c, Bupalus piniaria (Bordered
                               White, male upper- and under-side and female).
                               From Newman, 1869.>

# \i{}Thalera\i0{} <Hbner>/
      kirbygeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae (Emeralds): Kirby 44 (part)>
                   <@text x=891 y=109
                                t=GEOMETRINAE. 12, Aplasta ononaria (Rest
                                Harrow); 13, Chlorissa viridata (Small Grass
                                Emerald); 14, Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass
                                Emerald); \i{}15, Geometra papilionaria (Large
                                Emerald)\i0{}; 16, Jodis lactearia (Small
                                Emerald); 17, Comibaena bajularia (Blotched
                                Emerald); 18, Thetidea smaragdaria (Essex
                                Emerald); 19, Hemithea aestivaria (Common
                                Emerald); 20, Thalera fimbrialis (Sussex
                                Emerald); 21, Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald).>

# \i{}Thera\i0{} <Stephens>/
      newmlar3.jpg <@subject 5 Thera spp., with Chloroclysta, Cidaria, Eulithis, Plemyria:
                            Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=306 y=102
                                t=1, Eulithis prunata (The Phoenix); 2, Eulithis
                                mellinata (The Spinach); 3a-b, Eulithis testata
                                (The Chevron); 4a-b, Eulithis populata (The
                                Northern Spinach); 5, Eulithis pyraliata (The
                                Barred Straw); 6a-f, Ecliptopera saliceata (The
                                Small Phoenix); 7, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green Carpet); 8, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Autumn Green Carpet); 9a-c, Chloroclysta
                                truncata (Marbled Carpet); 10a-b, Chloroclysta
                                citrata (Dark Marbled Carpet); 11, Cidaria
                                fulvata (The Barred Yellow); \i{}12, Thera
                                cognata (Chestnut-coloured Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}13,
                                Thera juniperata (Juniper Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}14,
                                Thera firmata (Pine Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}15, Thera
                                obeliscata (Grey Pine Carpet)\i0{}; 16a,
                                Plemyria rubiginata (Blue-bordered Carpet,
                                typical form); 16b, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet, var). From Newman
                                (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject T. juniperata (Juniper Carpet) and C. britannica (Spruce Carpet), 
      with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); \i{}8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; 16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet); 17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet); 18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet); 19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet); 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); 21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet); 22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet); 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>
      bent519.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Thera cognata (Chestnut-coloured Carpet: B.
                           Ent. 519)>
      text5191.gif <@subject Thera cognata: B. Ent. 519, legend+text>
      text5192.gif <@subject Thera cognata: B. Ent. 519, text cont.>  

# \i{}Theria\i0{} <Hbner>/
      ennom07.jpg <@subject Aleucis, Cabera, Campaea, Gnophos, Hylaea,
                           Lomagrapha, Theria: Newman 1869>
                  <@text x=642 y=196
                               t=1, Campaea margaritata (Light Emerald); 2,
                               Hylaea fasciaria (Barred Red); 3, Cabera
                               exanthemata (Common Wave); 4a-f, Cabera pusaria
                               (Common White Wave); 5, Lomographa bimaculata
                               (White-pinion Spotted); 6, Lomographa temerata
                               (Clouded Silver); 7, Aleucis distinctata (Sloe
                               Carpet); \i{}8a-b, Theria primaria, male and
                               vestigially-winged female)\i0{}; 9, Gnophos
                               obfuscatus (Scotch Annulet); 10a-c, Charissa
                               obscurata (The Annulet). From Newman, 1869.>
      kirby047.jpg <@subject Oenochrominae and Ennominae: Kirby 47>
                   <@text x=917 y=6
                                t=OENOCHROMINAE. 17, Alsophila aescularia (March
                                Moth). ENNOMINAE. 1, Epione vespertaria (Dark
                                Bordered Beauty); 2, Epione repandaria (Bordered
                                Beauty); 3, Cepphis advenaria (Little Thorn); 4,
                                "Hypoplectis adspersaria", = ?; 5, Pseudopanthera
                                macularia (Speckled Yellow); 6, Eilicrinia
                                cordiaria; 7, Semiothisa alternaria
                                (Sharp-angled Peacock); 8, Semiothisa signaria ;
                                9, Semiothisa liturata (Tawny Barred Angle); 10,
                                cf. Epirrhanthis diversata; 11, \i{}Theria primaria (Early
                                Moth)\i0{}; 12, Agriopis bajaria; 13, Agriopis
                                leucophaearia (Spring Usher); 14,
                                Agriopis aurantiaria (Scarce Umber);
                                15, Agriopis marginaria (Dotted
                                Border); 16, Erannis defoliaria (Mottled
                                Umber); 18, Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled
                                Beauty); 19, Apocheima hispidaria (Small
                                Brindled Beauty); 20, Lycia pomonaria; 21,
                                Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty); 22, Lycia
                                hirtaria (Brindled Beauty); 23, Biston strataria
                                (Oak Beauty); 24, Biston betularia (Peppered
                                Moth); 25, Menophra abruptaria (Waved Umber);
                                26, "Nychiodes lividaria", cf. Eunychiodes amygdalaria?. 
                                From Kirby 47, with updated names.>       

# \i{}Thetidia\i0{} <Boisduval>/
      bent300.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald
                           Moth: B. Ent. 300)>
      text3001.gif <@subject Geometrinae: Thetidia smaragdaria: B. Ent. 300,
                            legend+text>
      text3002.gif <@subject Geometrinae: Thetidia smaragdaria: B. Ent. 300,
                            text cont.>
      newmgeo.jpg <@subject Geometrinae: Newman (1869)>
                  <@text x=544 y=397
                               t=1, Aplasta ononaria (The Rest Harrow); 2,
                               Pseudoterpna pruinata (Grass Emerald); 3,
                               Comibaena bajularia (Blotched Emerald); 4,
                               Geometra papilionaria (Large Emerald); \i{}5,
                               Thetidia smaragdaria (Essex Emerald)\i0{}; 6,
                               Jodis lactearia (Little Emerald); 7, Chlorissa
                               viridata (Small Grass Emerald); 8, Hemistola
                               chrysoprasaria (Small Emerald); 9, Hemithea
                               aestivaria (Common Emerald). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Timandra\i0{} <Duponchel>/
      kirby045.jpg <@subject T comae (The Blood-vein), with other Sterrhinae: Kirby 45>
                   <@text x=593 y=354
                                t=STERRHINAE. 1, Scopula marginepunctata
                                (Mullein Wave); 2, Scopula nigropunctata
                                (Sub-angled Wave); 3, Scopula ornata (Lace
                                Border); 4, Scopula decorata; 5, Problepsis
                                ocellata; 6, Cyclophora pendularia (Birch
                                Mocha); 7, Cyclophora annularia (Mocha); 8,
                                Cyclophora porata (False Mocha); 9, Cyclophora
                                punctaria (Maiden's Blush); 10, Cyclophora
                                linearia (Clay Triple-lines); \i{}11, Timandra comae
                                (Blood-vein)\i0{}; 12, Rhodostrophia vibicaria; 13,
                                Rhodostrophia calabraria; 14, Arichanna
                                melanaria; 15, Abraxas grossulariata
                                (Magpie Moth); 16, Abraxas pantaria
                                (Panther); 17, Abraxas sylvata (Scarce
                                or Clouded Magpie); 18, Ligdia adustata
                                (Scorched Carpet); 19, Lomaspilis marginata
                                (Clouded Border); 20, Lomographa bimaculata
                                (White-pinion Spotted); 21, Lomographa temerata
                                (Clouded Silver); 22, Cabera pusaria (Common
                                White Wave); 23, Cabera exanthemata (Common
                                Wave); 24, Plagodis pulveraria (Barred Umber);
                                25, Pungeleria capreolaria; 26, Hylaea fasciaria
                                (Barred Red); 27, Campaea margaritata (Light
                                Emerald). From Kirby 45, with updated names.>

      newmste1.jpg <@subject T. comae (The Blood-vein), with other Sterrhinae: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=613 y=515
                                t=1, Cyclophora pendularia (Dingy Mocha); 2,
                                Cyclophora annularia (The Mocha); 3, Cyclophora
                                albipunctata (Birch Mocha); 4, Cyclophora porata
                                (False Mocha); 5, Cyclophora punctaria (The
                                Maiden's Blush); 6, Cyclophora linearia (The
                                Clay Triple-lines); \i{}7, Timandra comae (The
                                Blood-vein)\i0{}; 8, Rhodometra sacraria (The
                                Vestal). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Trichopteryx\i0{} <Hbner>/
  bent081.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred
                           Tooth-striped: B. Ent. 81)>
  text0811.gif <@subject Trichopteryx polycommata: B. Ent. 81, legend>
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject T. polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped) and 
      T. carpinata (Early Tooth-striped), with Acasis, Aplocera,
      Asthena, Carsia, Chesias, Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); 6, Venusia
                                cambrica (Welsh Wave); 7, Discoloxia blomeri
                                (Blomer's Rivulet); 8, Lithostege griseata (Grey
                                Carpet); 9, Hydrelia flammeolaria (Small Yellow
                                Wave); 10, Hydrelia sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11,
                                Asthena albulata (Small White Wave); 12,
                                Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy Shell); 13, Minoa
                                murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b, Lobophora
                                halterata (The Seraphim); \i{}15, Trichopteryx
                                polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped)\i0{}; \i{}16,
                                Trichopteryx carpinata (Early
                                Tooth-striped)\i0{}; 17, Pterapherapteryx
                                sexalata (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject T. carpinata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); \i{}23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped)\i0{}; 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); 27, Triphosa sabaudiata; 28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue); 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>
  bent081.jpg <@subject Larentiinae: Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred
                           Tooth-striped: B. Ent. 81)>
  text0811.gif <@subject Trichopteryx polycommata: B. Ent. 81, legend>

# \i{}Triphosa\i0{} <Stephens>/
      newmlar5.jpg <@subject T. dubitata (The Tissue), with Euphyia, Pareulype, Philereme
      and Rheumaptera: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=464 y=502
                                t=1, Pareulype berberata (Barberry Carpet); 2,
                                Euphyia biangulata (Short-cloaked Carpet); 3a-b,
                                Euphyia unangulata (Sharp-angled Carpet); 4a,
                                Rheumaptera hastata (Argent and Sable); 4b,
                                Rheumaptera hastata (variety); 5, Rheumaptera
                                cervinalis (Scarce Tissue); 6, Rheumaptera
                                undulata (Scallop Shell); \i{}7, Triphosa
                                dubitata (The Tissue)\i0{}; 8a-b, Philereme
                                vetulata (Brown Scallop); 9a-b, Philereme
                                transversata britannica (The Dark Umber). From
                                Newman (1869).>
                                
      kirby049.jpg <@subject T. dubitata, with other Larentiinae: Kirby 49>
                   <@text x=493 y=13
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 8, Lythria purpuraria; 9,
                                Scotopteryx luridata (The Belle); 10, Larentia
                                clavaria (Mallow); 11, Scotopteryx chenopodiata
                                (Small Mallow); 12, Scotopteryx moeniata; 13,
                                Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Chalk Carpet); 14,
                                Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 15, Odezia atrata
                                (Chimney Sweep); 16, cf. Schistostege decussata; 17,
                                Lithostege griseata; 18, Lithostege farinata
                                (the Snowy); 19, Aplocera plagiata (The
                                Treble-bar); 20, Carsia sororiata (Manchester
                                Treble-bar); 21, Chesias legatella (The Streak);
                                22, Chesias rufata (Broom-tip); \i{}23, Trichopteryx
                                carpinata (Early Tooth-striped)\i0{}; 24, Celonoptera
                                mirificaria; 25, Operophtera brummata (Winter
                                Moth); 26, Operophtera fagata (Northern Winter
                                Moth); \i{}27, Triphosa sabaudiata\i0{}; \i{}28, Triphosa
                                dubitata (Tissue)\i0{}; 29, Rheumaptera cervinalis
                                (Scarce Tissue); 30, Rheumaptera undulata
                                (Scallop Shell); 31, Philereme vetulata (Brown
                                Scallop); 32, Philereme transversata
                                transversata (Dark Umber). From Kirby 49, with 
                                names updated.>

# \i{}Venusia\i0{} <Curtis>/
    bent7591.jpg <@subject Venusia cambrica Curtis (Welsh Wave): B. Ent. 759>
    text7591.gif <@subject Venusia cambrica Curtis: B. Ent. 759, legend+text>
    text7592.gif <@subject Venusia cambrica Curtis: B. Ent. 759, text cont.>
      newmlar7.jpg <@subject Acasis, Aplocera, Asthena, Carsia, Chesias,
                            Discoloxia, Euchoeca, Hydrelia, Lithostege,
                            Lobophora, Minoa, Odezia, Pterapherapteryx,
                            Trichopteryx: Newman 1869>
                   <@text x=603 y=320
                                t=1, Chesias legatella (The Streak); 2, Chesias
                                rufata rufata (The Broom-tip); 3a-b, Aplocera
                                plagiata plagiata (The Treble-bar); 4a-c, Carsia
                                sororiata anglica (Manchester Treble-bar); 5,
                                Odezia atrata (The Chimney-sweeper); \i{}6,
                                Venusia cambrica (Welsh Wave)\i0{}; 7,
                                Discoloxia blomeri (Blomer's Rivulet); 8,
                                Lithostege griseata (Grey Carpet); 9, Hydrelia
                                flammeolaria (Small Yellow Wave); 10, Hydrelia
                                sylvata (Waved Carpet); 11, Asthena albulata
                                (Small White Wave); 12, Euchoeca nebulata (Dingy
                                Shell); 13, Minoa murinata (Drab Looper); 14a-b,
                                Lobophora halterata (The Seraphim); 15,
                                Trichopteryx polycommata (Barred Tooth-striped);
                                16, Trichopteryx carpinata (Early
                                Tooth-striped); 17, Pterapherapteryx sexalata
                                (Small Seraphim); 18, Acasis viretata
                                (Yellow-barred Brindle). From Newman (1869).>

# \i{}Xanthorhoe\i0{} <Hbner>/
      newmlar1.jpg <@subject 6 species, with Lythria, Phibalapteryx, Orthonama
                            and Catarhoe: Newman (1869)>
                   <@text x=104 y=645
                                t=1, Lythria purpuraria (Purple-barred Yellow,
                                a-c males, d female); 2, Phibalapteryx virgata (The
                                Oblique-striped); 3(a) & 3(b), Orthonama
                                obstipata (The Gem, female and male); 4,
                                Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet); \i{}5,
                                Xanthorhoe designata (Flame Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}6,
                                Xanthorhoe spadicearia (Red Twin-spot Carpet)\i0{};
                                \i{}7, Xanthorhoe decoloraria (Red Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}8,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}9, Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria (Large
                                Twin-spot Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}10, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}11(a) & 11(b),
                                Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Garden Carpet, female and
                                male)\i0{}; 12, Catarhoe cuculata (Royal Mantle);
                                13, Catarhoe rubidata (The Flame, The Ruddy
                                Carpet). From Newman (1869).>
      kirby050.jpg <@subject 7 Xanthorhoe species, with other Larentiinae (Carpets): Kirby 50>
                   <@text x=18 y=31
                                t=LARENTIINAE. 1. Anticlea badiata (Shoulder
                                Stripe); 2, Eustroma reticulatum (Netted
                                Carpet); 3, Eulithis prunata (Phoenix); 4,
                                Eulithis populata (Northern Spinach); 5, Cidaria
                                fulvata (Barred Yellow); 6, Cosmorhoe ocellata
                                (Purple Bar); 7, Plemyria rubiginata
                                (Blue-bordered Carpet); 8, Thera britannica
                                (Spruce Carpet); 9, Thera juniperata (Juniper
                                Carpet); 10 and 11, Chloroclysta siterata
                                (Red-green and Autumn-green Carpets); 12,
                                Chloroclysta truncata (Common Marbled Carpet);
                                13, Colostygia olivata (Beech Green Carpet); 14,
                                Colostygia pectinataria (Green Carpet); 15,
                                cf. Colostygia turbata; \i{}16, Xanthorhoe fluctuata
                                (Garden Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}17, Xanthorhoe montanata
                                (Silver-ground Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}18, Xanthorhoe
                                quadrifasiata (Large Twin-spot Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}19,
                                Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Dark-barred Twin-spot
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 20, Lampropteryx suffumata (Water
                                Carpet); \i{}21, Xanthorhoe biriviata (Balsam
                                Carpet)\i0{}; \i{}22, Xanthorhoe designata (Flame
                                Carpet)\i0{}; 23, Orthonama vittata (Oblique Carpet);
                                24, Epirrita dilutata (November Moth); 25,
                                Entephria caesiata (Grey Mountain Carpet); 26,
                                Coenotephria tophaceata; 27, Catarhoe cuculata
                                (Royal Mantle); 28, Epirrhoe galiata (Galium
                                Carpet); 29, Epirrhoe alternata alternata
                                (Common Carpet); 30, Euphya unangulata
                                (Sharp-angled Carpet); 31, Melanthia procellata
                                (Pretty Chalk Carpet). From Kirby 50, with 
                                updated names.>

