*SHOW ~ Families of British Diptera - item descriptions. 20 December 2011. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \i{}Acartophthalmidae\i0{}/
1<formerly referred to \i{}Clusiidae\i0{}> 5,1<about 2 mm long> 14,3 16,2 18,1
19,2<dorsal, or at least sub-apical, and very short> 21,2 24,1 32,1 33<strong
and>,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1<large> 53,2 54,1 55,2<distally
convex> 58,2<near the humeral cross vein> 61,1 63,1 71,2 72,1 73,2 80,2 87,2
97,3 98,1 99<Blackish flies> 100,2 102,5 104,16 105,2 106,1
107<\i{}Acartophthalmus\i0{}> 109<acartoph> 
 
# \i{}Acroceridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Cyrtidae\i0{}, \i{}Ogcodidae\i0{}> 2<Inflated Flies, Spider-parasite
flies> 3,1 4,7 5,2 6,2<hunched-backed, grotesquely inflated>
14,2<ostensibly>/3<in fact, the basal segment being concealed> 16,2 17,2 18,1
19,1<\i{}Oncodes\i0{}>/2<\i{}Acrocera\i0{}> 25,1 26,3 29,1<holoptic in both
sexes, occupying almost the entire head> 34,2<reduced or absent> 38,1/2 39,1
40,2 52,2 53,1/2 54,1 55,1 61,1 63,2 64,1 65,2 72,1 74,1 75,2 80,1 88,1 93,2
94,7<on spiders> 97,2 98,2 99<Small, bristle-less flies, with tiny spherical
heads occupied mainly by the huge eyes, and very large squamae> 100,2 102,3
104,4 105,3 106,2 107<\i{}Ogcodes\i0{}, \i{}Paracrocera\i0{}> 108<\i{}Ogcodes
gibbosus\i0{} (Pale-margined Henops)> 109<acroceri> 
 
# \i{}Agromyzidae\i0{}/
2<Leaf-mining Flies> 5,1-2 12,2 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or bare> 21,2
23,2<usually rounded but sometimes with a sharp point> 24,1 28,1 30,1 31,1 32,1
33,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2 43,2 48,1/2 52,1/2 53,2 54,1 55<very>,2 58,2<at
the end of the sub-costa> 61,1<faint> 63,4/5 71,2 72,1 73,2 80,2 83,2 86,2 87,2
93,2 94,1<boring and mining stems and leaves> 96,1/2 97,3 98,1 99<Very small
flies, the females with a non-retractile ovipositor sheath> 100,2 102,5 104,16
105,367 106,19 107<\i{}Agromyza\i0{}, \i{}Amauromyza\i0{}, \i{}Aulagromyza\i0{},
\i{}Calycomyza\i0{}, \i{}Cerodontha\i0{}, \i{}Chromatomyia\i0{},
\i{}Galiomyza\i0{}, \i{}Gymnophytomyza\i0{}, \i{}Hexomyza\i0{},
\i{}Liriomyza\i0{}, \i{}Melanagromyza\i0{}, \i{}Metopomyza\i0{},
\i{}Napomyza\i0{}, \i{}Nenorimyza\i0{}, \i{}Ophiomyia\i0{}, \i{}Phytonia\i0{},
\i{}Phytoliriomyza\i0{}, \i{}Phytomyza\i0{}, \i{}Pseudonapomyza\i0{}>
108<\i{}Napomyza lateralis\i0{} (Feverfew Phytomyza)> 109<agromyzi> 
 
# \i{}Anisopodidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Rhyphidae\i0{}, \i{}Phryneidae\i0{}, \i{}Sylvicolidae\i0{}> 2<Gnat-like
flies> 5,2-3 6,1-2 10,1/2 14,8-16 16,1 18,2 25,1 26,3 29,1<often, in males>/2
38,3-5 39,2 40,2 41,2 49,9/10 51,2 52,1 53,2 54,2 59,2 61,1 63,1 72,1 73,1 74,1
75,2 80,2 81,1<mottled> 85,1<apically> 93<more or less>,1/2 94,2/3/4<sometimes
in honeycombs, cider and wine> 97,1 98,2 99<Flies sometimes dancing in swarms>
100,1 101,3 103,6 105,4 106,1 107<\i{}Sylvicola\i0{}> 108<\i{}Sylvicola
fenestralis\i0{} (Domestic Gnat-like fly)> 109<anisopod> 
 
# \i{}Anthomyiidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Muscidae\i0{}> 6,2 13,2 14,2-6 16,2 21,1 24,1 29,1<in some males>/2 34,1
38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 46,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1 63,1 65,2 72,1 73,1
80,1-2 87,1 91,4/5 92,3<mostly>/2<on other flies> 93,2 94,1<mainly, including
pests of onions, beans, etc.>/2<e.g., in rotting seaweed>/5<e.g., in in rotten
wood>/6 97,3 98,1 99<Frons often with a pair of crossed bristles. Wings often
with a costal spine> 100,2 102,6 104,21 105,237 106,29 107<\i{}Adia, Alliopsis,
Anthomyia, Botanophila, Calythea, Chiastocheta, Chirosia, Delia, Egle,
Emmesomyia, Eustalomyia, Eutrichota, Fucellia, Heterostylodes, Hydrophoria,
Hylemya, Hylemyza, Lasiomma, Mycophaga, Myopina, Leucophora, Paradelia, Paregle,
Pegomya, Pegoplata, Phorbia, Strobilomyia, Subhylemyia, Zaphne\i0{}>
109<anthomyi> 
 
# \i{}Anthomyzidae\i0{}/
5,1<mostly under 3 mm long> 6,1 10,U 12,2 14,3<the third segment inclined down
from the second> 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or shortly plumose> 21,2 23,2<short
and rounded, thickly pubescent and inclined downwards from the second> 24,1
30,1<one, small and never incurved>/2 32,1<very small>/2 33<when present,>,1-3
34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2 43,2 52,1 54,1 55,2 58,1<but then sometimes distictly
narrowed near the end of vein 1>/2<close to where the upper margin of vein 1
merges with it> 61,1 63,4/5 72,1 73,2 80,2 83,1 86,2 87,2 93,2 94,1<mining stems
or leaves of grasses and rushes> 97,3 98,1 99<Small or very small, slender
bodied flies with long narrow wings. The underside of the front femora with a
short stout spine which is conspicuous among the other bristles.> 100,2 102,5
104,16 105,19 106,6 107<\i{}Anagnota\i0{}, \i{}Anthomyza\i0{},
\i{}Cercagnota\i0{}, \i{}Paranthomyza\i0{}, \i{}Stiphrosoma\i0{},
\i{}Typhamyza\i0{}> 109<anthomyz> 
 
# \i{}Asilidae\i0{}/
2<Robber-flies> 5,3-4 6,1-2 10,2<the legs powerful, prehensile, used for
grasping the prey> 14,3<third segment not annulated> 16,2 17,2
18,1/2<\i{}Laphria\i0{}> 19,1 25,1 26,3 27,1 29,2 35<strong and horny,>,1<in
both sexes> 38,1/2 39,1 40,2 50,4 53,2 54,1 55,1 56,8 59,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 68,1
72,1 73,1 74,1 75,2 80,2 88,2 92,2<on insects, which are often caught on the
wing, and the females often consuming the males> 93,2 94,2/6 97,2 98,2 99<medium
to large flies, usually of narrow build, with strong, bristly legs; face below
the antennae strongly produced, bearing a moustache of hairs and bristles;
wings folded over abdomen when at rest. Including some wasp mimics> 100,2 102,3
104,5 105,29 106,15 107<\i{}Asilus\i0{}, \i{}Choerades\i0{}, \i{}Dasypogon\i0{},
\i{}Dioctria\i0{}, \i{}Dysmachus\i0{}, \i{}Eutolmus\i0{},
\i{}Leptarthrus\i0{},\i{} Leptogaster\i0{}, \i{}Lasiopogon\i0{},
\i{}Machimus\i0{}, \i{}Neoitamus\i0{}, \i{}Neomochtherus\i0{},
\i{}Pamponerus\i0{}, \i{}Philonicus\i0{}, \i{}Rhadiurgus\i0{}> 108<\i{}Choerades
marginatus\i0{} (Black Robber-fly); \i{}Leptarthrus brevirostris\i0{}
(Slender-legged Robber-fly); \i{}Pamponerus germanicus\i0{} (White- and
Black-winged Robber-fly)> 109<asilidae> 
 
# \i{}Asteiidae\i0{}/
14,3<third segment short> 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,1
33,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1-2<weak> 41,2 43,2 48,2 52,2 53,2 54,2 58,1<but
attenuated both near the humeral cross-vein and at the junction of vein 1> 61,1
63,4 71,2 80,2 86,2 87,2 97,3 98,1 99<Very small flies with variable, reduced
wing venation> 100,2 102,5 104,16 105,7 106,3 107<\i{}Asteia\i0{},
\i{}Astiosoma\i0{}, \i{}Leiomyza\i0{}> 109<asteiida> 
 
# \i{}Atelestidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Empididae\i0{} or \i{}Platypezidae\i0{}> 14,3 16,2 18,1/2<?> 19<if
present,>,1/- 29,1/2<?> 38,1/2 39,1 53,2 97,2 98,2 99<This description
hopelessly inadequate> 100,2 102,3 104,6 105,2 106,2 107<\i{}Atelestus\i0{}>
109<atelesti> 
 
# \i{}Athericidae\i0{}/
1<formerly in \i{}Rhagionidae\i0{}> 2<Snipe-flies> 6,1/2 10,1/2 14,3 16,2 17,2
18,1 19,1-2<near the tip> 25,1 26,3 29,1<in males?>/2 30,2 32,2 38,1/2 39,1 40,2
52,1 53,2 54,1 55,1 59,1 80,2 81,1 85,1 88,1 93,1 94,2<in wood-debris, submerged
timbers, etc.> 97,2 98,2 99<\i{}Athericidae\i0{} seem to differ morphologically
from \i{}Rhagionidae\i0{} only in subtle and overlapping differences in wing
venation.> 100,2 102,2 104,2 105,3 106,3 107<\i{}Atherix\i0{},
\i{}Atrichops\i0{}, \i{}Ibisia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Atherix ibis\i0{} (Dissimilar Snipe
Fly)> 109<atherici> 
 
# \i{}Aulacigastridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Aulacogastridae\i0{}> 5,1<about 2.5 mm long> 10,U 14,3<third segment
short, rounded> 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent> 21,2 24,1 28,2 32,2 34,1 38,1 39,1
40,1<two strong pairs> 41,2 43,2 48,2 52,2 54,1 55,2 58,2<at the apex of the
sub-costa> 61,1 63,1 71,2<the first basal cell about 1/5 the length of the wing>
80,2 86,1-2<the bristle indistinct> 87,2 93,2 94,2<on decomposing material
around tree wounds> 97,3 98,1 99<A shining brown fly, with a large mouth> 100,2
102,5 104,16 105,1 106,1 107<\i{}Aulacigaster leucopeza\i0{}> 109<aulaciga> 
 
# \i{}Bibionidae\i0{}/
1<excluding \i{}Scatopsidae\i0{}> 2<March-flies> 5,2 6,1-2 7,1
14<short,>,8-16<the segments stout and closely set> 15,2 16,1<usually shorter
than the thorax> 18,2 25,1 26,3 29,1<often, in males>/2 38,3-5 39,2 40,2
49,5-8<? -fewer than 9> 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,1/2 61,1 63,5 64,1 74,1 75,2 80,2
85,1<front tibiae with apical large, strong spurs or circlets of spines>
88,1/2<?> 92,3<pollinators> 93,2 94,1/2<in decaying vegetation, in soil> 97,1
98,2 99<Usually dark, hairy flies, of rather grotesque appearance> 100,1 101,2
103,2 105,20 106,2 107<\i{}Bibio\i0{}, \i{}Dilophus\i0{}> 108<\i{}Bibio
venosus\i0{} (Veined Crane-fly)> 109<bibionid> 
 
# \i{}Bolitophilidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Mycetophilidae\i0{}> 2<Fungus-gnats> 6,1 10,1 14,8-16 16,1 18,2 25,1 29,2
38,3-5 39,2 45,2 49,5-8<? - seemingly fewer than 9> 52,2 53,2 54,2 62,2 64,1<?>
76,1 77,1 78,1 79,1 80,2 85<apically>,1 88,2 90,1 93,2 94,5 97,1 98,2 100,1
101,2 103,3 105,16 106,1 107<\i{}Bolitophila\i0{}> 109<bolitoph> 
 
# \i{}Bombyliidae\i0{}/
2<Bee-flies> 3,1 4<especially>,12<even as hyperparasites of ichneumonid larvae>
5,3 6<very>,2 10,1/2 14,3 16,2 17,2 18,1-2 19,1 25,1 26,3 29,1<in some males>/2
35,2<proboscis sometimes very long, sometimes short> 38,1/2 39,1 50,3 52,1 53,2
54,1 55,1 56,7 59,1 61,1 63,2 64,2 68,1 72,1 73,1 80,2 81,1/2 88,2 93,2 94,7
95,1/2<in or on eggs, larvae or pupae of other insects> 97,2 98,2 99<Small to
fairly large, bristly and furry, bee-like flies, usually with long thin legs.
Wings held open when at rest. The popular name is appropriate both with regard
to the general appearance, and the fact that many species parasitise bees> 100,2
102,3 104,5 105,9 106,4 107<\i{}Bombylius\i0{}, \i{}Phthiria\i0{},
\i{}Thyridanthrax\i0{}, \i{}Villa\i0{}> 108<\i{}Phthiria pulicaria\i0{}
(Sea-shore Bee-fly); \i{}Thyridanthrax fenestratus\i0{} (Beautiful Bee-fly)>
109<bombilii> 
 
# \i{}Braulidae\i0{}/
2<Bee-louse> 3,1 4,13 5,1<1-1.5 mm long> 6,2 9<mite-like,>,2 14,2-6 16,2 21,2
24,1 30,2 32,2 34,1 38,1 39,1 41,2 43,2 87,2<with short bristles> 92,1<on bees>
93,2 94,7<living in the cells of honey bees> 97,3 98,1 99<Mite-like, wide-headed
flies, the eyes minute, mesonotum short and resembling the abdominal tergites,
so that the thorax is not clearly differentiated from the rounded abdomen; the
tarsi distally distended. Scutellum absent> 100,2 102,5 104,17 105,2 106,1
107<\i{}Braula\i0{}> 109<braulida> 
 
# \i{}Calliphoridae\i0{}/
2<Blow-flies, Green-flies, Bluebottles, Flesh-flies> 3,1<sometimes, in the
larval stage>/2 4<when parasitic,>,5&18 5,2-4 6,2 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2<and
long-plumose> 21,1 24,1 29,1<some males>/2 34,1/2<Hypodermatinae> 35,2 38,1<or
lacking, Hypodermatinae>/- 39,1 40,1/2<?> 41,1 43,1 44,2 46,1<in a fan> 47,2
52,1 53,1 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 65,1 72,1 73,2 80,1 87,1 92,3<feeding
mainly on nectar, honey-dew, etc., and on the liquid products of decomposition>
93,2 94,2/3/4/5/7<e.g., on worms and snails> 97,3 98,1 99<Often metallic green
or blue flies.> 100,2 102,6 104,22 105,38 106,14 107<\i{}Angioneura\i0{},
\i{}Bellardia\i0{}, \i{}Calliphora\i0{}, \i{}Cynomya\i0{}, \i{}Eggisops\i0{},
\i{}Eurychaeta\i0{}, \i{}Lucilia\i0{}, \i{}Melanomya\i0{}, \i{}Melinda\i0{},
\i{}Phormia\i0{}, \i{}Pollenia\i0{}, \i{}Protocalliphora\i0{},
\i{}Protophormia\i0{}, \i{}Stomorhina\i0{}> 109<callipho> 
 
# \i{}Camillidae\i0{}/
5,1-2 14,3<third segment short, apically rounded> 16,2 18,1 19,2<plumose above,
but with some short hairs below> 21,2 24,1 32,1 33,1<strong and crossed,
according to Unwin> 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2 43,2 48,2 52,2 54,2 58,3<near the
humeral cross vein, and near the end of vein 1> 61,2<vestigial> 72,2 80,2 86,2
87,2 97,3 98,1 99<Very small to small, shining black flies> 100,2 102,5 104,19
105,5 106,1 107<\i{}Camilla\i0{}> 109<camillid> 
 
# \i{}Campichoetidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Diastatidae\i0{}> 14,3<the third segment long, reaching almost to the
edge of the mouth> 16,2 18,1 19,2 20,2 21,2 23,1 24,1 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2
43,2 52,1-2<? - cf. \i{}Diastatidae\i0{}?> 54,1 55,2 58,3<near the humeral cross
vein, and near the apex of vein 1> 80,2 86,1 87,2 97,3 98,1 99<Distinguishable
from \i{}Diastatidae\i0{} by the long third antennal segment, and in having two
inset, upswept orbital bristles instead of one> 100,2 102,5 104,19 105,2 106,1
107<\i{}Campichoeta\i0{}> 109<campicho> 
 
# \i{}Canacidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Canaceidae\i0{}> 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 29,2 32,1<small> 33,3 34,1
38,1 39,1 40,1/2<usually weak, or inserted behind the vibrissal angle> 41,2 43,2
48,1 52,1 54,1 55<very>,2 58,2<near where the upper margin of vein 1 merges>
61,1 63,1/2/5/4<running very close to vein 1, fading distally> 72,1 73,2 80,2
82,2 86<hind>,1 87,2 97,3 98,1 99<Very small, greyish or greyish-brown sea-shore
or salt-marsh flies with complete wing venation> 100,2 102,5 104,17 105,2 106,2
107<\i{}Canace\i0{}, \i{}Xanthocanace\i0{}> 109<canacida> 
 
# \i{}Carnidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Carniidae\i0{}. Formerly in \i{}Milichiidae\i0{}> 3,1<at least in the
adult stage> 4,3 5,1<1-1.5 mm long> 14,2-6 16,2 18,1 21,2 24,1 32,1/2<?> 33,2/3
34,1 38,1 39,1 41,2 43,2 48,2 52,2 53,2 54,2 58,3<at the end of the subcosta and
near that of the humeral vein> 61,1 63,2/4 71,1 72,1<but only as a shadowy
fold>/- 73,2 80,2 86,2 87,2 92,1<\i{}Carnus hemapterus\i0{} is a bloodsucker,
residing in the nests of birds> 94,2/3<living in refuse in birds nests> 97,3
98,1 99<Tiny flies, with incomplete wing venation.> 100,2 102,5 104,17 105,13
106,2 107<\i{}Carnus\i0{}, \i{}Meoneura\i0{}> 109<carnidae> 
 
# \i{}Cecidomyiidae\i0{}/
5,1-2 6,1 10,1 14,8-24 16,1<long, with bead-like segments, often with whorls of
hairs> 25,1/2 29,1 38,(1-)3-5 39,2 49,(2-)3/4(-6) 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,1 61,2 80,2
93,2 94,1/2/6<on other insects, mostly plant bugs and immature stages of other
Diptera, also mites> 96<when phytophagous,very often>,1<the forms of galls
usually characteristic of the species>/2 97,1 98,2 99<Small to minute, delicate
flies with broad and often hairy wings having greatly reduced venation, and
sometimes a very short first tarsal segment. Including many gall-forming
species. Females often with a very long ovipositor> 100,1 101,2 103,3 105,620
106<about>,140 107<with numerous species in \i{}Contarinia\i0{},
\i{}Dasineura\i0{}, \i{}Jaapiella\i0{}, \i{}Lestodiplosis\i0{},
\i{}Planetella\i0{}, \i{}Rabdophaga\i0{}, etc.> 108<\i{}Cecidomyia verna\i0{}
Curtis (\i{}nomen dubium\i0{}): Vernal Crane-fly> 109<cecidomy> 
 
# \i{}Ceratopogonidae\i0{}/
2<Midges, Biting Midges, Sand-flies> 3,1<the adults often blood-sucking>/2
4<when parasitic, wide ranging>,1&2&10&11&14<etc.> 5,1 14,8-16 16,1<hairy, and
plumed in males> 18,2 25,2 29,2 34,1 35<short,>,1<the females being biting
midges>/2<males> 36,1<in both males and females> 37,2 38,3-5 39,2 40,2
41,2<i.e., without a V-shaped suture> 49,6-8<with vein 4 forked> 52,2 53,2 54,2
59,2 61,1 63,5<but long> 64,1 70,1 80,2 92<commonly>,1<some sucking mammalian
blood, most taking juices from adult insects - butterflies, dragonflies,
beetles, bugs, even mosqitoes - or their larvae>/3 93,1/2 94,1<e.g., aquatic
forms feeding on algae, terrestrial forms on nectar and exudates from wounded
trees>/2/3<e.g., in farmyard puddles> 97,1 98,2 99<Minute flies, sometimes with
broad wings. Wings folded one above the other, and held over the body, when at
rest. Fore-legs not elongated, by contrast with \i{}Chironomidae\i0{}. Clouds of
Biting Midges of the genus \i{}Culicoides\i0{} are notoriously irritating to
humans, especially on evenings in sultry weather, and are capable of
transmitting blood parasites.> 100,1 101,5 103,10 105,161 106,21
107<\i{}Allohelea\i0{}, \i{}Alluaudomyia\i0{}, \i{}Atrichopogon\i0{},
\i{}Bezzia\i0{}, \i{}Brachypogon\i0{}, \i{}Ceratopogon\i0{},
\i{}Clinohelea\i0{}, \i{}Culicoides\i0{}, \i{}Dasyhelea\i0{},
\i{}Forcipomyia\i0{}, \i{}Homobezzia\i0{}, \i{}Kolenohelea\i0{},
\i{}Mallochohelea\i0{}, \i{}Neurohelea\i0{}, \i{}Palpomyia\i0{},
\i{}Phaenobezzia\i0{}, \i{}Probezzia\i0{}, \i{}Schizohelea\i0{},
\i{}Serromyia\i0{}, \i{}Sphaeromyas\i0{}, \i{}Stilobezzia\i0{}>
108<\i{}Sphaeromias fasciatus\i0{} (White-bordered Sphaeromias)> 109<ceratopo> 
 
# \i{}Chamaemyiidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Ochthiphilidae\i0{}> 5,1 14,2/3 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 32,1/2 33<when
present,>,1 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1
63,1 72,1 73,2<faint> 74,1<stronger than vein 6> 80,2 86,2 87,2 93,2 94,6<on
coccids, aphids and psyllids> 97,3 98,1 99<Very small flies, greyish or
yellowish grey, heavily dusted, with complete wing venation> 100,2 102,5 104,14
105,32 106,7 107<\i{}Acrometopia\i0{}, \i{}Chamaemyia\i0{}, \i{}Leucopis\i0{},
\i{}Leucopomyia\i0{}, \i{}Lipoleucopis\i0{}, \i{}Neuroleucopis\i0{},
\i{}Parochthiphila\i0{}> 109<chamaemy> 
 
# \i{}Chaoboridae\i0{}/
2<Gnats, Ghost-larvae, Phantom-larvae> 6,1 10,1 14,13 16,1/2<being plumed in
males> 25,2 34,1/2 35,2<short, poorly developed> 36,1 37,2 38,3-5 39,2
41,2<i.e., without the V-shaped suture of the \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 49,10 52,2
53,2 54,2 64,2 72,1 73,1<?> 80,2 93,1 94,6<especially on small crustaceans> 97,1
98,2 100,1 101,5 103,9 105,6 106,2 107<\i{}Chaoborus\i0{}, \i{}Mochlonyx\i0{}>
109<chaobori> 
 
# \i{}Chironomidae\i0{}/
2<Midges, Non-biting Midges, Blood-worms> 5,1-3 6,1 10,1<notably the fore-legs>
14,8-16 16,1<hairy, and usually plumose in males> 18,2 25,2 29,2 34,1<poorly
developed>/2 35<when operational,>,2 36,2 38,3-5 39,2 41,2<without the V-shaped
suture \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 49,6-8<with vein 2 faint or vestigial, and never with
a forked vein 4> 52<mostly>,2 53,2 54,2 59,2 61,1 63,5<but long> 64,1-2 70,2
80,2 81,1/2 93,1 94,1/2 97,1 98,2<the last larval skin remaining attached to the
posterior segments> 99<delicate, gnat-like flies, often with the head overhung
by the humped thorax; wings narrow, usually held apart at rest. The males
frequently dancing in swarms, especially near water> 100,1 101,5 103,10 105,588
106<about>,140 107<with a few genera - \i{}Chironomus\i0{}, \i{}Cricotopus\i0{},
\i{}Limnophyes\i0{}, \i{}Metriocnemus\i0{}, \i{}Paratanytarsus\i0{},
\i{}Tanytarsus\i0{}, etc. - represented by many species, but most by few>
108<\i{}Macropelopia nebulosa\i0{} (Clouded-winged Midge); \i{}Eurycnemus
crassipes\i0{} (Bentleyan Midge)> 109<chironom> 
 
# \i{}Chloropidae\i0{}/
2<Gout-fly, Frit-fly> 5,1-2 6,2 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or bare> 21,2 24,1
25,1 26,3 32,1/2<head bristles weakly developed or absent> 33,1/- 34,1 38,1 39,1
40,2 41,2 43,2 48,2 52,2 53,2 54,2 58,2<near the end of the sub-costa> 61,1/2
63,5/4<well short> 72,1<weak>/2 73<if detectable,>,2 80,2 86,2 87,2 93,2
94,1<many in the young shoots and stems of grasses and other plants>/6<some, on
aphids> 97,3 98,1 99<Small or very small, bristle-less flies with reduced wing
venation and a characteristic large ocellar triangle. Often black, yellow and
black or green and black> 100,2 102,5 104,17 105,175 106,39
107<\i{}Aphanotrigonum, Calamoncosis, Camarota, Cetema, Chlorops, Conioscinella,
Cryptonevra, Dicraeus, Diplotoxa, Elachiptera, Epichlorops, Eribolus, Eurina,
Eutropha, Gampsocera, Gaurax, Hapleginella, Incertella, Lasiambia, Lasiosina,
Lipara, Melanochaeta, Melanum, Meromyza, Microcercis, Neohaplegis, Oscinella,
Oscinimorpha, Oscinisoma, Platycephala, Polyodaspis, Pseudopachychaeta,
Rhopalopterum, Siphonella, Siphunculina, Speccafrons, Thaumatomyia,
Trachysiphonella, Tricimba\i0{}> 109<chloropi> 
 
# \i{}Chyromyidae\i0{}/
5,2 8,2 10,2 12,2 14,2<or the basal segment concealed>/3<very short> 16,2<very
short> 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 29,2 32,1 33,1<crossed> 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2
48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,2<near the end of vein 1>/1 61,1 63,1<but faint>
67,2 72,1 73,1<faint>/2 80,2 86,2 87,2 93,2 94,3<in guano> 97,3 98,1 99<Small
yellowish flies with very short antennae> 100,2 102,5 104,18 105,8 106,3
107<\i{}Aphaniosoma\i0{}, \i{}Chyromya\i0{}, \i{}Gymnochiromyia\i0{}>
109<chyromyi> 
 
# \i{}Clusiidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Heteroneuridae\i0{}> 5,1-2 12,2 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,1-2<subapical,
pubescent> 21,2 22,1 23,2<rounded> 24,1 30,1 32,1 33,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2
43,2 48,1 52,1 54,1 55,2 58,2<near the end of the sub-costa> 61,1 63,1 72,1 73,2
80,2 86,1/2 87,2 93,2 94,2/5<in rotting wood> 97,3 98,1 99<Very small to small
flies, often associated with rotting wood and fungi> 100,2 102,5 104,16 105,10
106,4 107<\i{}Clusia\i0{}, \i{}Clusiodes\i0{}, \i{}Heteromeringia\i0{},
\i{}Paraclusia\i0{}> 109<clusiida> 
 
# \i{}Coelopidae\i0{}/
2<Kelp-flies> 5,2-3 6,1-2 12,1 14,2/3 16,2 18,1 19,2<not plumose> 21,2 24,1 29,2
32,1 33,1<mostly>/2-3 34,1 38,1 39,1 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1
63,1 64,2 72,1 73,1<but faint> 80,2 87,1 93,1 94,2<in decaying seaweed,
regularly inundated by the tide> 97,3 98,1 99<Small to medium sized, very
bristly or hairy, rather flattened flies of the seashore> 100,2 102,5 104,15
105,2 106,1 107<\i{}Coelopa\i0{}> 109<coelopid> 
 
# \i{}Conopidae\i0{}/
2<Wasp-mimics> 3,1<in the larval stage> 4,12&15&16 5,3-4 6,1-2 14,3<long or
short> 16,2 18,1 19,1<Conopinae>/2<Myopinae> 21,2 24,1 29,2<widely separated in
both sexes> 34,1<proboscis usually long and slender> 38,1 39,1 41,2 43,2
52,1<large> 53,1 54,1 55,1 61,1 63,1 72,1 73,1 80,2 81,1/2 87,2 92,3 93,2 94,7
95,1<on \i{}Hymenoptera\i0{}, other \i{}Diptera\i0{}, and orthopteroids> 97,3
98,1 99<Medium to large flies, usually bare or thinly haired, often resembling
solitary wasps in appearance. Head as wide as or wider than the thorax> 100,2
102,5 104,12 105,24 106,7 107<\i{}Conops\i0{}, \i{}Leopoldius\i0{},
\i{}Myopa\i0{}, \i{}Physocephala\i0{}, \i{}Sicus\i0{}, \i{}Thecophora\i0{},
\i{}Zodion\i0{}> 108<\i{}Conops quadrifasciatus\i0{} (Yellow-banded Conops)>
109<conopida> 
 
# \i{}Culicidae\i0{}/
2<Mosquitoes> 3,1<the adult females often blood-suckers>/2 4<when
bloodsucking,>,1&2&3<?> 5,1-3 6,1 10,1 14,13 16,1 18,2<ornately plumed in the
males> 25,2 34,1<proboscis long> 35,1<females>/2<males> 36,1 37,1<in the females
of blood-sucking species>/2 38,3-5 39,1 40,2 41,2<i.e., without the V-shaped
suture of \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 49,10/11 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,1 64,2 68,2 72,1 73,1
74,1 75,1/2 80,2 81,1/2<mostly?> 92,1<blood-sucking females>/3<both sexes
imbibing juices of flowers and fruits> 93,1<and swimming very actively> 94,2
97,1 98,2 100,1 101,5 103,9 105,32 106,6 107<\i{}Anopheles\i0{},
\i{}Aedes\i0{},\i{} Coquillettidia\i0{}, \i{}Culex\i0{}, \i{}Culiseta\i0{},
\i{}Orthopodomyia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Anopheles claviger\i0{} (Plain Mosquito);
\i{}Aedes geniculatus\i0{} (White-spotted Mosquito)> 109<culicida> 
 
# \i{}Cylindrotomidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 2<Daddy-long-legs, Crane-flies> 6,1 10,1 11,1 14,8-16
16,1 38,3-5 39,2 41,1<and V-shaped> 52,1 53,2 54,2 72,1 73,1 74,1 75,1 80,2
93,1/2 94,1 97,1<caterpillar-like> 98,2 100,1 101,1 103,1 105,4 106,4
107<\i{}Cylindrotoma\i0{}, \i{}Diogma\i0{}, \i{}Phalacrocera\i0{},
\i{}Triogma\i0{}> 109<cylindro> 
 
# \i{}Diadocidiidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Mycetophilidae\i0{}> 2<Fungus-gnats> 6,1 10,1 14,8-16 16,1 18,2 25,1 29,2
38,3-5 39,2 45,2 49,6-8<? - fewer than 9> 52,2 53,2 54,2 62,2 64,1<?> 76,1 77,1
78,1<almost in one line> 79,2 80,2 85<apically>,1 88,2 90,1 93,2 97,1 98,2 100,1
101,2 103,3 105,3 106,1 107<\i{}Diadocidia\i0{}> 109<diadocid> 
 
# \i{}Diastatidae\i0{}/
5,1 14,3<third segment long or short> 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or short-plumose>
20,2 21,2 23,2 24,1 32,1 33,1 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1<one pair> 41,2 43,2 48,1
52,1-2<the cross-vein separating discal cell from basal cell incomplete> 53,2
54,1<<@not ckeys>>/2 55,2<<@not ckeys>> 58,2<near the end of vein 1>/3<sometimes
also near the humeral cross-vein> 61,1 63,4<visible and distinct only basally>
72,1 80,2 86,1 87,2 97,3 98,1 99<Very small greyish or brownish-grey flies, with
complete wing venation. The front orbital bristles are inset and upswept.> 100,2
102,5 104,19 105,6 106,1 107<\i{}Diastata\i0{}> 109<diastati> 
 
# \i{}Ditomyiidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Mycetophilidae\i0{}> 2<Fungus-gnats> 6,1 10,1 14,8-16 16,1 18,2 25,1 29,2
38,3-5 39,2 45,1 49,6-8<? - fewer than 9> 52,2 53,2 54,2 62,1 64,1<?> 76,1 80,2
85<apically>,1 88,2 90,1 93,2 97,1 98,2 100,1 101,2 103,3 105,3 106,2
107<\i{}Ditomyia\i0{}, \i{}Symmerus\i0{}> 109<ditomyii> 
 
# \i{}Dixidae\i0{}/
2<Meniscus-midges, Gnats> 5,1<with wing length 3-4 mm> 6,1 10,1 14,14-16
16,1<not plumed in the males> 25,2 35,2<small> 36,1 37,2 38,3-5 39,2 41,2<i.e.,
without the V-shaped suture of \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,1 61,1 63,1
64,2 72,1 73,1 80,2 81,1/2 92,1 93,1 94,2 97,1 98,2 99<Males congregating in
dancing swarms> 100,1 101,5 103,9 105,15 106,2 107<\i{}Dixa\i0{},
\i{}Dixella\i0{}> 108<\i0{}Dixa nebulosa (Clouded-winged Crane-fly)>
109<dixidae> 
 
# \i{}Dolichopodidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Dolichopidae\i0{}> 5,1-2 6,1-2 10,1/2 14,3<third segment variable in shape
and adornment> 16,2 17,2 18,1<usually>/2<sometimes?> 19,1/2<usually long and
fine> 25,1 26,3 35,2<proboscis short, stout and retractable, the prey being
crushed and milled between the labella> 36,1 37,2 38,1/2<flat, often much
developed> 39,1 40,2 52,2<at least, with no cross-vein separating it from the
2nd basal cell> 53,2<although veins 3 and 4 are sometimes depicted as converging
somewhat> 54,1 55,2 61,1/2 63<if identifiable,>,4 64,2 68,1 72,1/2 73<when
present,>,2 74,2 80,2 81,1<with white or dark markings>/2 88,1/2 92,2<on other
arthropods and worms> 93,1/2 94,2/6<found in mud, rotting vegetation, etc.> 97,2
98,2 99<small, bristly, often metallic, bluish, greenish or bronze flies> 100,2
102,3 104,6 105,285 106,42 107<with very numerous species of
\i{}Dolichopus\i0{}, \i{}Cyrturella\i0{}, and \i{}Rhaphium\i0{}> 108<\i{}Raphium
elegantulum\i0{} (Bute Porphyrops); \i{}Rhaphium monotrichum\i0{} (Long-horned
Rhaphium); \i{}Scellus notatus\i0{} (Spotted-winged Medeterus)> 109<dolichop> 
 
# \i{}Drosophilidae\i0{}/
2<Cellar-flies, Small Fruit-flies, Vinegar-flies> 5,1-2 14,3<third segment short
and rounded> 16,2 18,1<the arista usually plumose, and characteristically forked
at the tip> 19,2 20,1 21,2 23,2<short and rounded> 24,1 25,1 26,3 30,1/2 31<when
present,>,2 32,1 33,1/2 34,1 35,2 38,1 39,1 40,1-2<i.e., sometimes indistinct>
41,2 43,2 48,1/2 52,1<in a few genera>/2<usually confluent with the basal cell>
53,2 54,1 55,2 58,3<near the humeral cross vein, and near the end of vein 1>
61,1 63,5/4 71,2 72,1 73,2 80,2 82,1<rarely>/2 86,1 87,2 92,3 93,2 94,2/5/6<most
seemingly fungiferous, often on yeasts in decaying fruits> 97,3 98,1 99<Very
small to small flies, often with light red eyes, often attracted to fermenting
substances - strongly associated with manufacture of beer, cider, vinegar, and
pickles. With two or three pairs of orbital bristles, the front ones usually
curved forwards.> 100,2 102,5 104,19 105,59 106,8 107<\i{}Acletoxenus\i0{},
\i{}Amiota\i0{}, \i{}Cacoxenus\i0{}, \i{}Chymomyza\i0{}, \i{}Drosophila\i0{},
\i{}Leucophenga\i0{}, \i{}Scaptomyza\i0{}, \i{}Stegana\i0{}> 108<\i{}Drosophila
cameraria\i0{} (Hairy-thoraxed Cellar-fly)> 109<drosophi> 
 
# \i{}Dryomyzidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Helcomyzidae\i0{}> 2<Sea-shore Flies>
12,1/2<\i{}Helcomyzidae\i0{}> 14,2/3 16,2 18,1 19,2<not plumose, very short in
\i{}Helcomyza\i0{}> 21,2 24,1 25,1 26,3 32,1 33,2/3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1/2 41,2
43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2<large by comparison with related genera, but
extending less than a third of the way to the wing margin, though > 58,1 61,1
63,1 72,1 73,1 80,2 81,1/2 86,1 87,2 93,1<e.g. \i{}Helcomyza ustulata\i0{},
which live in dislodged seaweed and are inundated by each tide>/2 94,2/3/5 97,3
98,1 99<Yellowish or reddish brown flies of moist places, associated with
rotting seaweed, putrifying matter or rotting fungi. Wings very large, much
longer than the abdomen> 100,2 102,5 104,15 105,6 106,5 107<\i{}Dryomyza\i0{},
\i{}Neuroctena\i0{}, \i{}Helcomyza\i0{}, \i{}Heterocheila\i0{},
\i{}Malacomyia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Helcomyza ustulata\i0{} (Sea-shore Helcomyza)>
109<dryomyzi> 
 
# \i{}Empididae\i0{}/
1<excluding Ocydromiinae and Tachydromiinae> 2<Dancing-flies> 5,1-3 6,1-2 10,1/2
14,3<third segment not annulated> 16,2 17,2 18,1/2 19<when present,>,1<but
sometimes downwardly directed> 25,1 26,3 29,2<and usually nicked in the inner
margin, near the bases of the antennae> 34,1<proboscis usually rigid, sometimes
very long> 35,1 38,1/2 39,1 52<usually>,1 53,2 54,1/2 55<when present,>,1<but
falling well short of the margin>/2 61,1 63,1<e.g., \i{}Clinocera\i0{},
\i{}Phyllodromia\i0{}>/5<e.g., \i{}Rhamphomyia\i0{}> 64,2 68,1 72,1/2 73,1/2/-
74,1 75,2 80,2 81,1/2 88,1<occasionally>/2 92,2<on other, smaller arthropods,
mainly Diptera> 93,1/2 94,2/6 97,2 98,2 99<Small to medium sized, mostly bristly
flies, folding the wings over the abdomen at rest. Not metallic. Sometimes
dancing in swarms, cf. chironomids> 100,2 102,3 104,6 105,208 106,17
107<\i{}Chelifera, Chelipoda, Clinocera, Dolichocephala, Dryodromya, Empis,
Gloma, Heleodromia, Heterodromyia, Hilara, Hormopeza, Iteaphila, Kowarzia,
Phyllodromia, Ragas, Rhamphomyia, Trichoopeza, Wiedemannia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Empis
borealis\i0{} (Northern Empis); \i{}Wiedemannia bistigma\i0{} (Stigma-spotted
Heleodromia); \i{}Hilara curtisi\i0{} (Fan-footed Empida); \i{}Rhamphomyia
barbata\i0{} (Feather-legged Dancing Fly)> 109<empidida> 
 
# \i{}Ephydridae\i0{}/
2<Shore-flies> 5,1-2 6,2 14,3<the third rounded> 16,2 18,1<and the second
segment sometimes with a downwardly curving spine> 19,2<bare, or plumed only on
its upper side> 21,2 24,1 25,1 26,3 29,2 32,2 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1<but poorly
developed and not distict from the other bristles around the mouth>/2 41,2 43,2
48,2 52,2<i.e., confluent with the 2nd basal cell> 53,2 54,2 58,3<near the
humeral cross vein, and near the end of vein 1> 61,1/2<weakly developed except
basally> 63,4<weakly developed, and confused distally with vein 1> 71,2 72,1
73,2 74,2 75,1/2 80,2 81,1<e.g., \i{}Ilythea\i0{}>/2 86,2 87,2 92,2<on other
insects>/3<feeding on decaying matter or excrement> 93,1<mainly>/2 94,1<within
stems and shoots, often of water plants>/2/3/6 97,3 98,1 99<Very small to small
flies of very damp places, some coastal. Wings sometimes with dark markings>
100,2 102,5 104,19 105,142 106<about>,40 107<\i{}Athyroglossa\i0{},
\i{}Allotrichoma\i0{}, \i{}Atissa\i0{}, \i{}Axysta\i0{}, \i{}Clanoneurum\i0{},
\i{}Coenia\i0{}, \i{}Diclasiopa\i0{}, \i{}Discocerina\i0{}, \i{}Discomyza\i0{},
\i{}Ditrichophora\i0{}, \i{}Ephydra\i0{}, \i0{}Eutaenionotum,
\i{}Gymnoclasiopa\i0{}, \i{}Haloscatella\i0{}, \i{}Hecamede\i0{},
\i{}Hecamedoides\i0{}, \i{}Hyadina\i0{}, \i{}Hydrellia\i0{}, \i{}Ilythea\i0{},
Lamproscatella, \i{}Limnellia\i0{}, \i{}Nostima\i0{}, \i{}Notophila\i0{},
\i{}Ochthera\i0{}, \i{}Paracoenia\i0{}, \i{}Parydra\i0{}, \i{}Parydroptera\i0{},
\i{}Pelina\i0{}, \i{}Philotelma\i0{}, i{}Philygria\i0{},
\i{}Polytrichophora\i0{}, \i{}Psilopa\i0{}, \i{}Scatella\i0{},
\i{}Scatophila\i0{}, \i{}Schema\i0{}, \i{}Setacera\i0{}, \i{}Teichomyza\i0{},
\i{}Trimerina\i0{}> 108<\i{}Ilythea spilota\i0{} (Spotted-winged Ephydra)>
109<ephydrid> 
 
# \i{}Fanniidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Muscidae\i0{}> 2<Lesser House-flies> 5,2-3 6,2 14,2-6 16,2 21,1 24,1 34,1
38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 46,2 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 61,1 63,1 64,2 65,2 72,1 73,2<very
short> 74,1 75,2<sharply curved> 80,1 87,1 93,1-2<often in semi-liquid media>
94,2/3/4/5<generally associated with decaying matter or excrement> 97,3 98,1
99<Frons never with crossed bristles> 100,2 102,6 104,21 105,60 106,2
107<\i{}Fannia\i0{}, \i{}Piezura\i0{}> 109<fanniida> 
 
# \i{}Heleomyzidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Helomyzidae\i0{}, \i{}Heteromyzidae\i0{}> 5,2-3 12,2 14,3<the third
segment short and rounded> 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 25,1 26,3 32,1 33,1 34,1
38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,1/2<weakened or broken at
the end of the sub-costa, and bearing a series of spines> 61,1 63,1/5 64,2 72,1
73,1 80,2 81,1/2 86,1 87,1<?>/2 93,2 94,2/3/5<some found in nests of birds and
mammals, and in caves> 97,3 98,1 99<Small to medium sized yellowish, brownish or
grey flies, the costa ot the wing bearing a series of spines. Associated with
decaying animal or vegetable matter, especially carrion> 100,2 102,5 104,18
105,62 106,17 107<\i{}Borboropsis\i0{}, \i{}Eccoptomera\i0{}, \i{}Gymnomus\i0{},
\i{}Heleomyza\i0{}, \i{}Heteromyza\i0{}, \i{}Morpholeria\i0{},
\i{}Neoleria\i0{}, \i{}Neossos\i0{}, \i{}Oecothea\i0{}, \i{}Oldenbergiella\i0{},
\i{}Prosopantrum\i0{}, \i{}Schroederella\i0{}, \i{}Scoliocentra\i0{},
\i{}Suillia\i0{}, \i{}Tephrochlaena\i0{}, \i{}Tephrochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Trixoscelis\i0{}> 108<\i{}Suillia flava\i0{}(or \i{}laevifrons\i0{}?
Red-thoraxed Helomyza)> 109<helomyzi> 
 
# \i{}Hippoboscidae\i0{}/
2<Keds, Louse-flies, Tick-flies> 3,1<and highly specialised, cf.
\i{}Nycteribidae\i0{}> 4,2&3<curiously, seemingly not on bats> 5,2 9,1/2 14,1
16,2<inserted in a depression> 18,1/2 19<if present,>,1 21,U 24,1 25,2 34,1
35,1<blood-sucking> 38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 53,2 58<when wings present,>,1<but
incomplete distally> 61,1 63,1 72,1 73,1 87,1 92,1<being highly specialised,
blood-sucking ectoparasites parasites of birds, and of mammals other than bats>
93,2 94,8<finally pupating on the ground or in the abode of the host> 97,3 98,1
100,2 102,6 104,20 105,14 106,10 107<\i{}Crataerina\i0{}, \i{}Hippobosca\i0{},
\i{}Icosta\i0{}, \i{}Lipoptena\i0{}, \i{}Melophagus\i0{}, \i{}Olfersia\i0{},
\i{}Ornithomya\i0{}, \i{}Ornithophila\i0{}, \i{}Pseudolynchia\i0{},
\i{}Stenepteryx\i0{}> 108<\i{}Hippobosca equina\i0{} (Horse-fly or Ked);
\i{}Lipotena cervi\i0{} (Pale-legged Ked); \i{}Melophagus ovinus\i0{}
(Sheep-louse, Sheep-tick or Ked); \i{}Stenepteryx hirundinis\i0{} (Swallow's
Ked)> 109<hippobos> 
 
# \i{}Hybotidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Empididae\i0{}. Including Ocydromiinae and Tachydromiinae, formerly
referred to \i{}Empididae\i0{}> 2<Dancing-flies> 5,1-2 6,1-2 10,1/2 14,3 16,2
17,2 18,1/2 19,1 25,1 26,3 29,2<and usually nicked in the inner margin, near the
bases of the antennae> 38,1/2 39,1 52,1<Tachydromiinae>/2<usually, in the rest>
53,2 54,1/2 55<when present,>,1-2 61,1/2<e.g., \i{}Tachypeza\i0{}?> 63<if
recognisable,>,5<e.g., \i{}Ocydromia\i0{},
\i{}Tachydromia\i0{},\i{}Platypalpus\i0{}, \i{}Hybos\i0{}>/4<e.g.,
\i{}Syneches\i0{}> 72,1/2 73,1/2/- 81,1/2 85,1<associated with capturing prey>/2
97,2 98,2 100,2 102,3 104,6 105,175 106,20 107<\i{}Anthalia, Bicellaria,
Chersodromia, Crossopalpus, Drapetis, Euthyneura, Hybos, Leptopeza, Ocydromia,
Platypalpus, Oedalea, Oropezella, Stilpon, Symballophthalmus, Syndyas, Syneches,
Tachydromia, Tachypeza, Trichina, Trichinomyia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Crossopalpus
curvipes\i0{} (Tachydromiinae: Sea-coast Drapetis); \i{}Tachydromia
arrogans\i0{} (Tachydromiinae: Black-banded Tachydromia)> 109<hybotida> 
 
# \i{}Keroplatidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Macroceridae\i0{}; ~\i{}Mycetophilidae\i0{}> 6,1 10,1 14,8-16 16,1 18,2
25,1 29,2 38,3-5 39,2 45,2 49,8/9<?> 52,2 53,2 54,2 61,1 62,2
63,1<\i{}Orfelia\i0{}> 64,1<?> 76,1 77,2 78,2 80,2 85<apically>,1 88,2 90,1 93,2
97,1 98,2 100,1 101,2 103,3 105,52 106,15 107<\i{}Antlemon\i0{},
\i{}Asindulum\i0{}, \i{}Cerotelion\i0{}, \i{}Isoneuromyia\i0{},
\i{}Keroplatus\i0{}, \i{}Macrocera\i0{}, \i{}Macrorhyncha\i0{},
\i{}Monocentrota\i0{}, \i{}Neoplatyura\i0{}, \i{}Orfelia\i0{},
\i{}Platyura\i0{}, \i{}Pyratula\i0{}, \i{}Rototelion\i0{}, \i{}Rutilapa\i0{},
\i{}Urytalpa\i0{}> 109<keroplat> 
 
# \i{}Lauxaniidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Sapromyzidae\i0{}> 5,2 12,2 14,3<third segment variable in shape> 16,2
18,1 19,2<bare to plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,1 33,1 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2
48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1<this convex apically> 55,2 58,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 72,1 73,2
80,2 86,1 87,2 93,2 94<mainly>,2 97,3 98,1 99<Small flies, light yellow through
reddish brown to bluish- or greenish-black, with iridescent purplish or greenish
eyes. Wing venation complete> 100,2 102,5 104,14 105,54 106,12
107<\i{}Aulogastromyia\i0{}, \i{}Calliopum\i0{}, \i{}Cnemacantha\i0{},
\i{}Homoneura\i0{}, \i{}Lauxania\i0{}, \i{}Lyciella\i0{}, \i{}Minettia\i0{},
\i{}Peplomyza\i0{}, \i{}Poecilolycia\i0{}, \i{}Sapromyza\i0{},
\i{}Tricholauxania\i0{}, \i{}Trigonometopus\i0{}> 109<lauxanii> 
 
# \i{}Limoniidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 2<Daddy-long-legs, Crane-flies> 6,1 10,1 11,1<?> 14,8-16
16,1 25,2 38,3-5 39,2<short, with the terminal segment not noticeably longer
than the preceding one> 41,1 42,1 52,1 53,2 54,2 61,1 63,1/3 64,2 72,1 73,1 74,1
75,1 80,2 81,1/2 93,1/2 94,1/2/5/6 97,1 98,2 99<Gnat-like insects, which dance
in swarms in damp situations around sunset and sunrise. Most rest with the wings
folded one over the other along the body, by contrast with most tipulines> 100,1
101,1 103,1 105,212 106<about>,49 107<\i{}Achyrolimonia, Antocha, Arctoconopa,
Atypophthalmus, Austrolimnophila, Cheilotrichia, Crypteria, Dactylolabis,
Dicranomyia, Dicranopytcha, Discobola, Ellipteroides, Eloeophila, Epiphragma,
Erioconopa, Erioptera, Euphilidorea, Geranomyia, Gnophomyia, Gonempeda,
Gonomyia, Helius, Hexatoma, Hoplolabis, Idiocera, Idioptera, Ilisia, Limnophila,
Limonia, Lipsothrix, Metalimnobia, Molophilus, Neilimnomyia, Neolimnophila,
Neolimonia, Orimarga, Ormosia, Paradelphomyia, Phylidorea, Pilaria,
Pseudolimnophila, Rhabdomastix, Rhipidia, Rhypholophus, Scleroprocta, Symplecta,
Tasiocera, Thaumastoptera, Trimicra\i0{}> 108<\i{}Epiphragma ocellare\i0{}
(Ocellated Gnat); \i{}Geranomyia unicolor\i0{} (Tipulidae: Long-lipped
Crane-fly); \i{}Molophilus ater\i0{} (Short-winged Mountain Gnat);
\i{}Molophilus obscurus\i0{} (Short-legged Crane-fly)> 109<limoniid> 
 
# \i{}Lonchaeidae\i0{}/
5,2 6,2 8,1 12,2 14,3<the third segment long> 16,2 18,1<the arista not plumose>
19,2 21,2 23<usually>,1 24,1 32,1 33,3 34,1<proboscis short> 38,1 39,1 40,1/2
41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,2<at the end of the sub-costa> 61,1 63,1
64,2 67,2 72,1 73,2 80,2 81,2 86,1<rarely>/2 87,2 93,2 94,2/3/5/6 97,3 98,1
99<Small, shining metallic bluish- or greenish-black, rather hairy flies.
Ovipositor with non-retractile sheath> 100,2 102,5 104,13 105,37 106,5
107<\i{}Dasiops\i0{}, \i{}Earomyia\i0{}, \i{}Lonchaea\i0{},
\i{}Protoearomyia\i0{}, \i{}Setisquamalonchaea\i0{}> 109<lonchaei> 
 
# \i{}Lonchopteridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Musidoridae\i0{}> 2<Pointed-wing Flies> 5,1-2 6,1-2 10,2 12,2 14,3<the
third segment rounded or globular> 16,2 17,2 18,1<long> 19,1-2<being sometimes
sub-apical> 24,2 38,1 39,1 52,2 53,2 54,2 61,1 63,1<almost?>/5 64,2 68,1 88,2
93,2 94,2 97,2 98,1 99<Small brownish or yellowish, bristly flies, with a more
or less spherical third antennal segment and sharply pointed wings> 100,2 102,4
104,8 105,7 106,1 107<\i{}Lonchoptera\i0{}> 109<lonchopt> 
 
# \i{}Megamerinidae\i0{}/
6,1 10,1 12,2 14,3<third segment short and rounded> 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1
34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,1<almost closed>/2 54,1 55,2 58,1
61,1 63,1 72,1 73,1 80,2 84,1 86,2 87,2 90,1<Ichneumon-like in appearance> 93,2
94,6<?> 97,3 98,1 99<Abdomen long and thin, somewhat contracted basally. Thorax
and abdomen blackish, legs yellowish brown. Wings long and narrow, the 1st basal
cell over half the length of the wing. Ovipositor short and retractile> 100,2
102,5 104,11 105,1 106,1 107<\i{}Megamerina dolium\i0{}> 109<megameri> 
 
# \i{}Micropezidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Tylidae\i0{}> 2<Stilt-legged Flies> 5,2 6,1 10,1 12,2 13<rounded>
14,3<third segment short and rounded> 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 28,2 32,1 33,2/3
34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1/2 52,1/2<i.e., no vein separating it from the
second basal cell> 53,1 54,1<not apically convex> 55,2 58,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 71,2
72,1 73,1 80,2 84,2 86,2 87,2 92,2<on other insects> 93,2 94,2<in decaying wood
and vegetable matter> 97,3 98,1 99<Extraordinarily long and thin, narrow-winged
flies of streamlined appearance> 100,2 102,5 104,10 105,9 106,5
107<\i{}Calobata\i0{}, \i{}Cnodacophora\i0{}, \i{}Neria\i0{},
\i{}Micropeza\i0{}, \i{}Raineria\i0{}> 109<micropez> 
 
# \i{}Microphoridae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Empididae \i0{}or \i{}Dolichopodidae\i0{}> 6,U 10,U 14,3 16,2 18,1/2<?>
19<if present,>,1 38,1/2 39,1 53,2 97,2 98,2 99<This description very
inadequate> 100,2 102,3 104,6 105,3 106,1 107<\i{}Microphor\i0{}> 109<micropho> 
 
# \i{}Milichiidae\i0{}/
5,1-2 14,3<third segment sometimes much dilated or enlarged> 16,2 18,1
19,2<sometimes pubescent> 21,2 24,1 32,1 33,1/2 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1/2<at least,
often indistinct> 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2<very small> 58,3<once near
the humeral cross vein, and more emphatically near the end of vein 1> 61,1
63,2/5/4 72<dubiously>,1<<@not ckeys>>/2<being represented only as a shadowy
fold> 73,2<<@not ckeys>> 80,2 86,2 87,2 92,2/3 97,3 98,1 99<Small to very small
greyish- or shining-black flies, with complete wing venation> 100,2 102,5 104,17
105,18 106,6 107<\i{}Desmometopa\i0{}, \i{}Leptometopa\i0{}, \i{}Madiza\i0{},
\i{}Milichia\i0{}, \i{}Neophyllomyza\i0{}, \i{}Phyllomyza\i0{}> 109<milichii> 
 
# \i{}Muscidae\i0{}/
2<House-flies, Stable-flies, etc.> 3,1<the adults sometimes being
blood-suckers>/2 4<when bloodsucking,>,1<?>/2 5,2-3 6,2 14,3 16,2 18,1
19,2<plumose> 21,1 24,1 25,1 26,3 29,1<often, in males>/2 34,1 35,1<Stomoxyini
or Biting Muscids, e.g., \i{}Stomoxys\i0{}, the Stable-fly>/2 38,1 39,1 41,1
43,1 46,2 52,1 53,1 54,1 55,2 61,1 63,1 64,2 65,1<Muscinae>/2<e.g., Coenosiinae,
Mydaeinae> 72,1 73,2 80,1 86,1/2 87,1 91,3-5<? - not more than 5> 92,1<e.g.,
Stomoxyinae, of which both sexes suck mammalian blood>/2<on smaller insects:
Coenosiinae>/3 93,1<more or less, in some species>/2 94,1/2/3/4/5/6 97,3 98,1
99<Frons never with crossed bristles. Visible abdominal segments not more than
five> 100,2 102,6 104,21 105,279 106<about>,40 107<\i{}Achanthiptera\i0{},
\i{}Azelia\i0{}, \i{}Brontaea\i0{}, \i{}Coenosia\i0{}, \i{}Dexiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Drymeia\i0{}, \i{}Eudasyphora\i0{}, \i{}Graphomya\i0{}, \i{}Haematobia\i0{},
\i{}Haematobosca\i0{}, \i{}Helina\i0{}, \i{}Henecnema\i0{}, \i{}Hydrotaea\i0{},
\i{}Limnophora\i0{}, \i{}Limnospila\i0{}, \i{}Lispe\i0{}, \i{}Lispocephala\i0{},
\i{}Lophosceles\i0{}, \i{}Macrorchis\i0{}, \i{}Mesembrina\i0{},
\i{}Morellia\i0{}, \i{}Musca\i0{}, \i{}Muscina\i0{}, \i{}Mydaea\i0{},
\i{}Myospila\i0{}, \i{}Neolimnophora\i0{}, \i{}Neomyia\i0{}, \i{}Orchisia\i0{},
\i{}Phaonia\i0{}, \i{}Polietes\i0{}, \i{}Potamia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocoenosia\i0{},
\i{}Pyrellia\i0{}, \i{}Schoenomyza\i0{}, \i{}Spanochaeta\i0{},
\i{}Spilogona\i0{}, \i{}Stomoxys\i0{}, \i{}Thricops\i0{}, \i{}Villeneuvia\i0{}>
108<\i{}Neomyia chloris\i0{} (Green-cheeked Fly)> 109<muscidae> 
 
# \i{}Mycetobiidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Anisopodidae\i0{}> 2<Gnat-like flies> 6,U 10,U 14,8-16 15,1 16,1 25,1
29,2 38,3-5 39,2 41,2 49,9/10<?> 52,2 54,2 59,2 64,1<?> 72,1 73,1 76,2 80,2
85<apically>,1 88,2 90,1 93,2 94,2/5<feeding on exuded sap, and fungi on
decaying wood> 97,1 98,2 100,1 101,3 103,6 105,3 106,1 107<\i{}Mycetobia\i0{}>
109<mycetobi> 
 
# \i{}Mycetophilidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Fungivoridae\i0{}; including Sciophilinae> 2<Fungus-gnats> 6,1 10,1
14,8-16 15,1 16,1<long, threadlike> 18,2 25,1 26,3<the laterals usually distant
from the eye margins in Sciophilinae, touching them in Mycetophilinae> 29,2
38,3-5 39,2 49,9-11(-13)<? - at least 9, with vein 2 absent> 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,2
61,1 63,1<?>/5<e.g., \i{}Mycetophila\i0{}> 64,1 74,1 75,1 76,2 80,2 81,1/2
85,1<with a pair of apical spurs on all tibiae> 88,2 90,1 93,2
94<mostly>,5<either inside the fruiting bodies, or externally in webs or
mucilaginous tubes> 97,1 98,2 99<Delicate, humped-backed flies. Head overhung by
the humped thorax. Anterior wing venation heavier than posterior. Males
sometimes congregating in dancing swarms> 100,1 101,2 103,3 105,452 106,57
107<\i{}Acnemia\i0{}, \i{}Alloctocera\i0{}, \i{}Allodia\i0{},
\i{}Allodiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Anaclileia\i0{}, \i{}Anatella\i0{},
\i{}Apolephthisa\i0{}, \i{}Azana\i0{}, \i{}Boletina\i0{}, Brachypeza,
\i{}Brevicornu\i0{}, \i{}Clastobasis\i0{}, \i{}Coelophthinia\i0{},
\i{}Coelosia\i0{}, \i{}Cordyla\i0{}, \i{}Docosia\i0{}, \i{}Dynatosoma\i0{},
\i{}Dziedzickia\i0{}, \i{}Ectrepesthoneura\i0{}, \i{}Epicypta\i0{},
\i{}Eudicrana\i0{}, \i{}Exechia\i0{}, \i{}Exechiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Gnoriste\i0{},
\i{}Grzegorzekia\i0{}, \i{}Leia\i0{}, \i{}Leptomorphus\i0{}, \i{}Manota\i0{},
\i{}Megalopelma\i0{}, \i{}Megaphthalmidia\i0{}, \i{}Monoclona\i0{},
\i{}Mycetophila\i0{}, \i{}Mycomya\i0{}, \i{}Neoempheria\i0{},\i{}
Neuratelia\i0{}, \i{}Palaeodocosia\i0{}, \i{}Paratinia\i0{}, \i{}Phronia\i0{},
\i{}Phthinia\i0{}, \i{}Platurocypta\i0{}, \i{}Polylepta\i0{},
\i{}Pseudobrachypeza\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoexechia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudorymosia\i0{},
\i{}Rondaniella\i0{}, \i{}Rymosia\i0{}, \i{}Saigusaia\i0{}, \i{}Sceptonia\i0{},
\i{}Sciophila\i0{}, \i{}Speolepta\i0{}, \i{}Stigmatomeria\i0{},
\i{}Synapha\i0{}, \i{}Synplasta\i0{}, \i{}Syntemna\i0{}, \i{}Tarnania\i0{},
\i{}Tetragoneura\i0{}, \i{}Trichonta\i0{}, \i{}Zygomyia\i0{}>
108<\i{}Leptomorphus walkeri\i0{} (Southgate Crane-fly)> 109<mycetoph> 
 
# \i{}Nycteribiidae\i0{}/
2<Bat-lice> 3,1<and highly specialised, cf. \i{}Hippoboscidae\i0{}> 4,4 9,2 14,2
16,2 17,2 18<terminated by bristles inserted on tubercles - Imms> 21,U 24,1
25,2 34,1 35,1<for blood-sucking> 38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 87,1 92,1<being highly
specialised, blood-sucking ectoparasites of bats> 94,8<finally pupating on the
ground or in the abode of the host> 97,3 98,1 100,2 102,6 104,20 105,3 106,3
107<\i{}Basilia\i0{}, \i{}Nycteribia\i0{}, \i{}Pthiridium\i0{}>
108<\i{}Nycteribia kolenatii\i0{} (Small Bat-louse)> 109<nycterib> 
 
# \i{}Odiniidae\i0{}/
5,1<about 3 mm long> 14,2<the first hidden?>/3<the apical segment small,
squarish in profile> 16,2 18,1 19,2<almost bare> 20,2 21,2 23,2<square-ish in
profle> 24,1 32,1 33,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1<these strong> 41,2 43,2 52,1 53,2
54,1 55,2 58,2<close to the junction where the upper margin of vein 1 merges
with it> 59,2<extending to the end of vein 3> 61,1 63,2/5<fading apically> 71,2
72,1 73,2<but not by far> 80,2 82,1 86,1<but this short> 87,2 92,3<attracted to
exudates from tree wounds> 93,2 94,5<e.g., recorded from \i{}Polyporus\i0{}
fruiting bodies> 97,3 98,1 99<Flies with short, thick, yellow-and-brown banded
legs; with dark patches at the end of wing vein 1 and on the cross vein closing
the 1st basal cell. Tibia without, or with only short dorsal preapical bristles,
by contrast with \i{}Drosophilidae\i0{}> 100,2 102,5 104,16 105,7 106,1
107<\i{}Odinia\i0{}> 109<odiniida> 
 
# \i{}Oestridae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Gasterophilidae\i0{}> 2<Warble-flies, Bot-flies> 3,1 4,2<sheep,
deer, cattle, horses, etc.> 5,2-4 14,2-6 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,1/2<Gasterophilinae>
24,1 25,1 26,3 34,2<atrophied> 38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 52,1/2<Gasterophilinae>
53,1<when vein 4 bent>/2<Gasterophilinae> 54,1/2 55<if present,>,2 58,1 61,1
63,1 64,1/2 65,1<Hypodermatinae, Oestrinae, Cephenemyiinae>/2<Gasterophilinae>
72,1 73,1<Gasterophilinae>/2 80,1 81,1<in at least some Gasterophilinae>/2 87,2
92,3<i.e., non-feeding, being without functional mouthparts> 94,7 95,1<in
mammals> 97,3 98,1 99<Mostly large, furry or hairy, bee-like flies.
Interestingly, livestock are much more noticeably alarmed by the attentions of
these adults, which do not bite and are intent only on depositing eggs or
larvae, than by those of the severely biting Tabanids.> 100,2 102,6 104,22
105,11 106,5 107<\i{}Cephenemyia\i0{}, \i{}Gasterophilus\i0{},
\i{}Hypoderma\i0{}, \i{}Oestrus\i0{}, \i{}Pharyngomyia\i0{}>
108<\i{}Gasterophilus nasalis\i0{} (Healthful Bot- or Warble-fly);
\i{}Pharyngomyia picta\i0{} (Deer Bot- or Warble-fly: extinct?)> 109<oestrida> 
 
# \i{}Opetiidae\i0{}/
1<formerly \i{}Platypezidae\i0{}> 5,1<black> 7,1<thinly clothed with black
hairs> 14,3 15<nearly as long as the head> 16,2<the first segment somewhat
cupular> 17,2 18,1 19,1<from the thid segment, hairy>
23<somewhat>,1<elongate-conical> 24,2 25,1 26,3<on a tubercle> 28,1 29<of the
male>,1/- 38,1<shorter than the labium> 39,1 40,2<the mouth hairy> 49,7 51,2
52,2 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,1 60,2 61,1 63,1 64,2 74,1 75,2 80,2 87,2 89,2 90,2 91,6
97,3 98,1 99<Distinguishable from \i{}Platypezidae\i0{} by the marked thickening
of the costal vein.> 100,2 102,4 104,7 105,1 106,1 107<\i{}Opetia nigra\i0{}>
108<\i{}Opetia nigra\i0{} (Lonchoptera-like Opetia)> 109<opetiida> 
 
# \i{}Opomyzidae\i0{}/
5,2 6,1-2 8,2 10,2 12,2 14,3<the third segment short, inclined downward from the
second> 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,2 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2
41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 54,1 55,2 58,2<at the end of the sub-costa> 61,1 63,1 67,2
72,1 80,2 86,2 87,2 93,2 94,1<in stems and leaves of grasses, including cereals>
97,3 98,1 99<Small flies with spotted or clouded wings> 100,2 102,5 104,16
105,16 106,2 107<\i{}Geomyza\i0{}, \i{}Opomyza\i0{}> 109<opomyzid> 
 
# \i{}Pallopteridae\i0{}/
2<Pictured-wing Flies> 5,2 8,2 12,2 14,3<third segment short and apically
rounded> 16,2 18,1 19,2<bare, pubescent or plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,1 33,2-3 34,1
38,1 39,1 40,2<or weak and hair-like> 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2<usually
distally convex> 58,2<at the end of the sub-costa> 61,1 63,1 64,2 67,2 72,1
73,1/2 80,2 81,1 86,2 87,2 93,2 94,2 97,3 98,1 99<Wings usually conspicuously
longer than the abdomen; proboscis short and thick. Ovipositor with a
non-retractile sheath> 100,2 102,5 104,13 105,12 106,2
107<\i{}Eurygnathomyia\i0{}, \i{}Palloptera\i0{}> 109<pallopte> 
 
# \i{}Pediciidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Limoniidae\i0{}, \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 2<Daddy-long-legs, Crane-flies> 6,1
10,1 14,8-16 16,1 38,3-5 39,2 41,1 42,1 52,1 54,2 80,2 97,1 98,2 100,1 101,1
103,1 105,19 106,4 107<\i{}Dicranota\i0{}, \i{}Pedicia\i0{},
\i{}Tricyphona\i0{}, \i{}Ula\i0{}> 109<pediciid> 
 
# \i{}Periscelididae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Periscelidae\i0{}> 5,1<about 3 mm long> 14,3 16,2<the second segment
projecting like a hood over the third> 18,1 19,2<plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,1 33,3
34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 53,2 54,2 58,1 61,1 63,5<visible only basally>
72,1 73,2<feeble> 80,2 82,1 86,2 87,2 92,3<feeding on exudates of trees> 93,2
94,2<associated with tree wounds> 97,3 98,1 99<Greyish flies, with
brown-and-yellow banded legs. Tibia without dorsal preapical bristles, by
contrast with \i{}Drosophilidae\i0{}> 100,2 102,5 104,16 105,3 106,1
107<\i{}Periscelis\i0{}> 109<periscel> 
 
# \i{}Phaeomyiidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Sciomyzidae\i0{}-Phaeomyiinae> 3,1<in the larval stage> 4,6 5,2 8,2 14,3
16,2 18,1 21,2 24,1 32,1<?> 33,2/3<?> 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 54,1 55,2
58,1 64,2 86,1 87,2 93,2 94,7<on millipedes, by contrast with
\i{}Sciomyzidae\i0{}> 97,3 98,1 99<Family distinguished from Sciomyzidae by
differences in genital structure, and larval host range. This description is
unreliable, being extrapolated from that of \i{}Sciomyzidae\i0{}> 100,2 102,5
104,15 105,2 106,1 107<\i{}Pelidnoptera\i0{}> 109<phaeomyi> 
 
# \i{}Phoridae\i0{}/
2<Hunch-back Flies> 3,1<sometimes, in the larval stage,>/2 4,11&12&17&16<etc.>
5,1-2 9,1/2<the wings often vestigial or absent in females>
14,1<ostensibly>/3<<@not ckeys> the large third segment concealing the two basal
ones> 16,2 17,2 18<long>,1 19,1-2 24,2 25,1 26,3 29,2 38,1<large, usually
spathulate and bristled> 39,1 52,2 53,2 54,2 60,2 61,1 63,4 64,1<crowded
basally> 68,1 88,2 93,2 94,2<sometimes on decaying flesh>/3/5/7<including both
obligate and facultative parasitism, the latter presumably reflecting wide
polyphagous habits> 95<when parasitic,>,1<e.g., in ants>/2 97,3 98,1 99<Minute
to small, greyish-black, brownish or yellowish, humped-backed, actively running
flies. Wings folded over abdomen when at rest> 100,2 102,4 104,7 105,315 106,23
107<\i{}Aenigmatias\i0{}, \i{}Anevrina\i0{}, \i{}Beckerina\i0{},
\i{}Borophaga\i0{}, \i{}Chaetopleurophora\i0{}, \i{}Chonocephalus\i0{},
\i{}Conicera\i0{}, \i{}Diplonevra\i0{}, \i{}Dohrniphora\i0{},
\i{}Gymnophora\i0{}, \i{}Gymnoptera\i0{}, \i{}Hypocera\i0{}, \i{}Megaselia\i0{}
(containing most of the species), \i{}Metopina\i0{}, \i{}Obscuriphora\i0{},
\i{}Phalacrotophora\i0{}, \i{}Phora\i0{}, \i{}Plectanocnema\i0{},
\i{}Pseudacteon\i0{}, \i{}Puliciphora\i0{}, \i{}Spiniphora\i0{},
\i{}Triphleba\i0{}, \i{}Woodiphora\i0{}> 108<\i{}Diploneura florescens\i0{}
(Red-bodied Phora)> 109<phoridae> 
 
# \i{}Piophilidae\i0{}/
1<including \i{}Neottiophilidae\i0{}, \i{}Thyreophoridae\i0{}>
2<Cheese-skippers, Nest-flies, etc.> 3,1<sometimes blood-sucking in the larval
stage>/2<mostly> 4<when parasitic,>,3 5,2 9,1 12,2 14,3 16,2 18<twice>,1<in the
sense that the second segment has a short, erect anterior bristle, additional to
the arista on the third> 19<(or bristles)>,2<on the second and third segments>
21,2 23,2<short and rounded, the arista almost bare> 24,1 25,1 26,3 30,1/2 32,1
33,3 34,1<proboscis short and thick> 38<well developed,>,1 39,1 40,1 41,2 43,2
48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,1<<@not ckeys> rarely>/2<mostly, at the end of the
sub-costa> 61,1 63,1<immediately after the costal break> 71,2 72,1
73,1/2<curved> 74,2 80,2 86,2 87,1<?>/2 93,2 94,2<in dead animal matter.
Including the jumping Cheese-skipper, which damages cheese and other fatty
foods>/7<\i{}Neottiophilum\i0{}> 95<when parasitic,>,2<\i{}Neottiophilum\i0{}
inhabits birds nests and sucks the nestlings blood> 97,3 98,1 99<Small,
shining, black flies, often reflecting bluish. The males do not exhibit the
deformed fore-legs common in the \i{}Sepsidae\i0{}.> 100,2 102,5 104,13 105,13
106,12 107<\i{}Actenoptera\i0{}, \i{}Allopiophila\i0{},
\i{}Centrophlebomyia\i0{}, \i{}Liopiophila\i0{}, \i{}Mycetaulus\i0{},
\i{}Neottiophilum\i0{}, \i{}Parapiophila\i0{}, \i{}Piophila\i0{},
\i{}Prochyliza\i0{}, \i{}Protopiophila\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoseps\i0{},
\i{}Stearibia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Piophila casei\i0{} (Cheese-feeding Fly)>
109<piophili> 
 
# \i{}Pipunculidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Dorilaidae\i0{}, \i{}Dorylaidae\i0{}> 2<Big-headed Flies> 3,1 4,9 14,3<the
third segment variable in form> 16,2 17,2 18,1 19,2<usually long> 24,2
29,1<usually, in males>/2<usually narrowly separated in females> 34<very small>
38,1 39,1 52,1<large> 53,1 54,1 55,1 61,1 63,1 64,1/2 68,2 88,2 93,2 94,7
95,1<of \i{}Homoptera\i0{}> 97,3 98,1 99<hovering insects, with a very large
head consisting almost entirely of the compound eyes. Females with a recurved,
pointed ovipositor> 100,2 102,4 104,9 105,92 106,11 107<\i{}Cephalops\i0{},
\i{}Cephalosphaera\i0{}, \i{}Chalarus\i0{}, \i{}Dorylomorpha\i0{},
\i{}Eudorylas\i0{}, \i{}Jassidophaga\i0{}, \i{}Microcephalops\i0{},
\i{}Nephrocerus\i0{}, \i{}Pipunculus\i0{}, \i{}Tomosvaryella\i0{},
\i{}Verrallia\i0{}> 109<pipuncul> 
 
# \i{}Platypezidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Clythiidae\i0{}> 2<Flat-footed Flies> 5,1-2 14,3<the third segment
elongate and often pyriform> 16,2 17,2 18,1 19,1 24,2 29,1<males>/2 38,1 39,1
40,2 52,1/2 53,2 54,1 55,2 60,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 68,2 88,2 89,1 93,2 94,5<living
in fungi> 97,3 98,1 99<Small, thinly-haired flies, usually having the basal
three or four segments of the hind tarsi dilated. Often dancing in the air in
companies> 100,2 102,4 104,7 105,30 106,10 107<\i{}Agathomyia\i0{},
\i{}Bolopus\i0{},\i{} Callomyia\i0{}, \i{}Lindneromyia\i0{},
\i{}Microsania\i0{}, \i{}Paraplatypeza\i0{}, \i{}Platypeza\i0{},
\i{}Polyporivora\i0{}, \i{}Protoclythia\i0{}, \i{}Seri\i0{}> 109<platypez> 
 
# \i{}Platystomatidae\i0{}/
2<Signal Flies (prefered name), Pictured-wing Flies> 5,2 6,2 12,2 13<sometimes
strongly convave above and convex below> 14,3<the third segment short and
rounded or long and thin> 16,2 18,1 19,2<not plumose> 21,2 24,1 25,1 26,3
32,1<small> 34,1<the proboscis very stout> 35,2 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1
52,1 53,2/1-2<i.e., sometimes almost closed> 54,1 55,2 58,2<near the humeral
vein> 61,1 63,1 64,2 67,1 71,2 72,1 73,2 74,2 80,1/2 81,1 86,2 87,2 93,2
94,1/2/6 97,3 98,1 99<Small flies with patterned wings and a very stout
proboscis. Ovipositor sheath not retractile> 100,2 102,5 104,13 105,2 106,2
107<\i{}Platystoma\i0{}, \i{}Rivellia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Platystoma seminationis\i0{}
(Platystomatidae: Spotted Flat-headed Fly)> 109<platysto> 
 
# \i{}Pseudopomyzidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Cypselosomatidae\i0{}> 6,U 10,U 14,2-6 16,2 21,2 24,1 34,1 38,1 39,1 41,2
43,2 52,1<?> 54,2 58,1 80,2 87,2 97,3 98,1 100,2 102,5 104,10 105,1 106,1
107<\i{}Pseudopomyza atrimana\i0{}> 109<pseudopo> 
 
# \i{}Psilidae\i0{}/
2<Carrot Rust Fly, etc.> 5,2-3 6,1-2 10,2 12,2 14,3<third segment short and
rounded to long and thin> 16,2 18,1 19,2<not plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,1/2 33<when
present,>,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 46,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2
58,2<before the end of R1> 61,1 63,5<i.e., vestigial distally, being represented
there by a right-angled upward bend to the costal break manifested as a whitish
or transparent streak> 64,2 71,2 72,1 73,2 80,2 86,2 87,2 90,1<e.g., the
black-and-red, Ichneumon-like \i{}Loxocera\i0{}>/2 93,2 94,1<including the
Carrot-fly, which notoriously damages various root crops> 97,3 98,1 99<Small to
quite large flies of varied form. Wings with an apparent cross fold, running
from the break in the costa across the end of the second basal and anal cells to
the hind margin.> 100,2 102,5 104,11 105,26 106,5 107<\i{}Chamaepsila\i0{},
\i{}Chyliza\i0{}, \i{}Loxocera\i0{}, \i{}Psila\i0{}, \i{}Pilosoma\i0{}>
109<psilidae> 
 
# \i{}Psychodidae\i0{}/
2<Hairy Moth-flies, Owl-midges> 5,1-2<wings up to 4.5 mm long, but usually much
smaller> 14,8-16 16,1 25,2 34,2 38,3-5 39,2 40,2 41,2 49,10/11 52,2 53,2 54,2
59,1 61,1 63,5/4 72,1 73,1 80,2 93,1/2 94,2/3<sometimes abundant in sewage
filters> 97,1 98,2 99<Mostly minute, hairy, moth-like flies, usually resting
with the wings held roof-like over the body. Wings often pointed. Often seen on
windows and on tree trunks, running jerkily> 100,1 101,3 103,4 105,94 106,20
107<\i{}Brunettia\i0{}, \i{}Bazarella\i0{}, \i{}Boreoclytocerus\i0{},
\i{}Feuerborniella\i0{}, \i{}Mormia\i0{}, \i{}Panimerus\i0{},
\i{}Paramormia\i0{}, \i{}Pericoma\i0{}, \i{}Peripsychoda\i0{},
\i{}Philosepedon\i0{}, \i{}Psychoda\i0{}, \i{}Sycorax\i0{}, \i{}Szaboiella\i0{},
\i{}Telmatoscopus\i0{}, \i{}Threticus\i0{}, \i{}Tonnoiriella\i0{},
\i{}Trichomyia\i0{}, \i{}Trichopsychoda\i0{}, \i{}Tinearia\i0{},
\i{}Vaillantia\i0{}> 109<psychodi> 
 
# \i{}Ptychopteridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Liriopeidae\i0{}> 6,1 10,1 11,2 14,8-16 16,1 25,2 38,3-5 39,2 41,1
42,2<characteristically, by contrast with the V-shape in \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}>
49,10/11 51,1 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 68,1 72,1 73,1 74,2 80,2
81,1<spotted> 85,1<apically> 93,1<usually in muddy water, breathing via a long
tail tube> 94,2<on decaying plant material> 97,1 98,2 99<Generally shining black
insects, with yellow or brown markings on the legs> 100,1 101,4 103,8 105,7
106,1 107<\i{}Ptychoptera\i0{}> 109<ptychopt> 
 
# \i{}Rhagionidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Leptidae\i0{}> 2<Snipe Flies, Downlooker Flies> 3,1<some adults being
bloodsuckers>/2 4<when supposedly bloodsucking,>,1&2 5,3-4 6,1 10,1 14,3<the
third segment not annulated> 16,2 17,2 18,1 19,1/2 29,1<in males>/2 35,1 38,1/2
39,1 52,1 53,2 54,1/2 55,1 59,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 72,1 73,1 74,1 75,2 80,2 81,1/2
85<at least some>,1 88,1 92,2<on other insects>/1<some bloodsuckers, at least
among exotic species> 93,1<occasionally>/2 94,6<on other insects and their
larvae> 97,2 98,2 99<Mostly medium to fairly large, slender, fragile-looking
brown and yellow flies, without bristles.\i{}Rhagionidae\i0{} seem to differ
morphologically from \i{}Athericidae\i0{} only in subtle and overlapping
differences in wing venation.> 100,2 102,2 104,2 105,15 106,5
107<\i{}Chrysopilus\i0{}, \i{}Ptiolina\i0{}, \i{}Rhagio\i0{}, \i{}Spania\i0{},
\i{}Symphoromyia\i0{}> 109<rhagioni> 
 
# \i{}Rhinophoridae\i0{}/
3,1<the larvae being parasites of other arthropods> 5,2 14,2-6 16,2 18,1
19,2<pubescent or shortly hairy> 21,1 24,1 29,2<but close, in the males> 34,1
35,2<?> 38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 46,1 52,1 54,1 55,2 65,2 80,1<but this narrow>
81,1/2<sometimes heavily suffused or marked with dark colouring> 92,3<?> 93,2
94,7<on or in woodlice, beetles and spiders> 95,1/2 97,3 98,1 99<Small, slender,
darkish grey or black flies, never metallic> 100,2 102,6 104,22 105,7 106,6
107<\i{}Melanophora\i0{}, \i{}Paykullia\i0{}, \i{}Phyto\i0{},
\i{}Rhinophora\i0{},\i{} Stevenia\i0{}, \i{}Tricogena\i0{}> 109<rhinopho> 
 
# \i{}Sarcophagidae\i0{}/
2<Flesh-flies> 3,1<perhaps sometimes, in the larval stage>/2 4<if genuinely
parasitic,>,5&17<?> 5,2-4 6,2 14,2-6 16,2 18,1 19,2<basally plumose or not> 21,1
24,1 34,1 35,2 38,1 39,1 41,1 43,1 44,2 46,1 47,1 52,1 53,1 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1
63,1 65,1 80,1 87,1 92,3 93,2 94,1/2/3/7<having been sometimes bred from insects
and snails, but such cases may represent necrophagy rather than genuine
parasitism> 97,3 98,1 99<Non-metallic, mostly grey flies, with a chequered or
tesselated appearance and bright red eyes> 100,2 102,6 104,22 105,59 106,15
107<\i{}Agria\i0{}, \i{}Amobia\i0{}, \i{}Angiometopa\i0{}, \i{}Blaesoxipha\i0{},
\i{}Brachicoma\i0{}, \i{}Macronychia\i0{}, \i{}Metopia\i0{},
\i{}Miltogramma\i0{}, \i{}Nyctia\i0{}, \i{}Oebalia\i0{}, \i{}Pterella\i0{},
\i{}Ravinia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcophaga\i0{} (35-40 species), \i{}Sarcophila\i0{},
\i{}Senotainia\i0{}> 108<\i{}Miltogramma punctata\i0{} (Colletes' Attendant or
Bees'-nest Fly)> 109<sarcopha> 
 
# \i{}Scathophagidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Cordyluridae\i0{}, \i{}Scatophagidae\i0{}, \i{}Scopeumatidae\i0{}>
2<Dung-flies> 3,1<sometimes, in the larval stage?>/2 4,U 5,3-4 6,1-2 10,2 13,1
14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2<pubescent or plumose> 21,1 24,1 25,1 26,3 29,2 34,1 35,1/2
38,1<well developed> 39,1 40,1<one or two, large> 41,1 43,1 46,2 52,1 53,2<but
the veins sometimes somewhat converging> 54,1 55,2<never sharply pointed at the
lower, outer corner> 61,1 63,1 64,2 72,1 73,1/2 74,1<always detectable, but
often only as a fold> 80,2<smaller than the alar squama> 81,1/2<often tinged,
clouded or spotted> 87,1 91,5-7<? - at least 5 or six> 92,2<on other
insects>/3<notable dung-feeders> 93,2 94,1<including some leaf miners>/2/3/6/7
97,3 98,1 99<Medium to large, often predatory flies. Winds never with a costal
spine. Visible abdominal segments at least five or six> 100,2 102,6 104,21
105,54 106,23 107<\i{}Anthocnema\i0{}, \i{}Ceratinostoma\i0{},
\i{}Chaetosa\i0{}, \i{}Cleigastra\i0{}, \i{}Conisternum\i0{},
\i{}Cordilura\i0{}, \i{}Cosmetopus\i0{}, \i{}Delina\i0{}, \i{}Ernoneura\i0{},
\i{}Gimnomera\i0{}, \i{}Gonatherus\i0{}, \i{}Hydromyza\i0{}, \i{}Leptopa\i0{},
\i{}Megaphthalma\i0{}, \i{}Microprosopa\i0{}, \i{}Nanna\i0{}, \i{}Norellia\i0{},
\i{}Norellisoma\i0{}, \i{}Parallelomma\i0{}, \i{}Pogonota\i0{},
\i{}Scathophaga\i0{}, \i{}Spaziphora\i0{}, \i{}Trichopalpus\i0{}>
108<\i{}Hydromyza livens\i0{} (Water-lily Cordylura Fly); \i{}Scathophaga
scybalaria\i0{} (Largest Dung-fly)> 109<scathoph> 
 
# \i{}Scatopsidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Bibionidae\i0{}> 5,1-2 7,2 14,8-16<the segments not very distinct>
16,1<short and compact> 18,2 25,1 26,3 29,1 38,1/3-5 39,2 40,2 49,5-8<? fewer
than 9> 52,2 53,2 54,2 58,1 61,1 63,5 64,1 80,2 85,2 86,2 93,2 94,2/3 97,1
98,2<but the normal pupa almost enclosed in the last larval skin> 99<Small to
minute flies, often black> 100,1 101,3 103,7 105,42 106,16
107<\i{}Anapausis\i0{}, \i{}Apiloscatopse\i0{}, \i{}Aspistes\i0{},
\i{}Coboldia\i0{}, \i{}Colobostema\i0{}, \i{}Ectaetia\i0{}, \i{}Efcookella\i0{},
\i{}Ferneiella\i0{}, \i{}Holoplagia\i0{}, \i{}Neorhegmoclemina\i0{},
\i{}Parascatopse\i0{}, \i{}Reichertella\i0{}, \i{}Rhexoza\i0{},
\i{}Scatopse\i0{}, \i{}Swammerdamella\i0{}, \i{}Thripomorpha\i0{}> 109<scatopsi>
 
# \i{}Scenopinidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Omphralidae\i0{}> 2<Window-flies> 5,2 14,3<pendulous, the two basal
segments short and the third elongated> 16,2 17,2 18,2 29,1/2 34,1<proboscis
very short> 35,2 38,1/2 39,1 52,1<large> 53,1 54,1 55,1 56,6 61,1 63,1 68,1 72,1
73,1/2 74,1 75,2 80,2 88,2 93,2 94,2<in rotting vegetation and birds'
nests>/6<on other insect larvae> 97,2 98,2 99<Small, sturdy, narrowly-oblong,
black flies without bristles. Resting with wings parallel over the abdomen>
100,2 102,3 104,5 105,2/3 106,1 107<\i{}Scenopinus\i0{}> 109<scenopin> 
 
# \i{}Sciaridae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Mycetophilidae\i0{}> 2<Fungus-gnats> 6,1 9,1<usually>/2<<@not ckeys>
e.g., \i{}Epidapus\i0{}> 10,1 14,8-16 15,1 16,1<thread-like> 18,2 25,1 26,3
29,1<curving to meet one another> 38,3 39,2 40,2 49,3-6<? - fewer than 9, with
vein 2 absent> 52,2 53,2 54,2 61,1 63,5 64,1 76,2 80,2 85<apically>,1 88,2 90,1
93,2 94,2/5<commonly gregarious, in rotting vegetable matter or highly organic
soils> 97,1<the head capsule black> 98,2 99<Delicate flies, head often overhung
by the humped thorax> 100,1 101,2 103,3 105,153 106,19 107<\i{}Bradysia\i0{},
\i{}Bradysiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Camptochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Corynoptera\i0{},
\i{}Cratyna\i0{}, \i{}Ctenosciara\i0{}, \i{}Epidapus\i0{},
\i{}Leptosciarella\i0{}, \i{}Lycoriella\i0{}, \i{}Phytosciara\i0{},
\i{}Pnyxia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudolycoriella\i0{}, \i{}Scatopsciara\i0{},
\i{}Schwenckfeldina\i0{}, \i{}Sciara\i0{}, \i{}Scythropochroa\i0{},
\i{}Trichosia\i0{}, \i{}Xylosciara\i0{}, \i{}Zygoneura\i0{}> 109<sciarida> 
 
# \i{}Sciomyzidae\i0{}/
2<Marsh-flies> 3,1<in the larval stages> 4,5 5,2-3 8,2 12,2 14,3<second segment
sometimes thickened or elongated> 16,2 18,1 19,2<bare to plumose> 21,2 24,1 32,1
33,2/3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1 63,1
64,2 71,2 72,1 73,1 80,2 81,1<sometimes with dark markings>/2 86,1 87,2 93,1/2
94,6/7<on slugs and snails, the terrestrial species parasitic and the aquatic
species predatory> 97,3 98,1 99<Head viewed dorsally as wide as, or wider than,
the thorax. Small to medium sized flies of wet places, associated with snails>
100,2 102,5 104,15 105,67 106,23 107<\i{}Anticheta\i0{}, \i{}Colobaea\i0{},
\i{}Coremacera\i0{}, \i{}Dichetophora\i0{}, \i{}Dictya\i0{},
\i{}Ditaeniella\i0{}, \i{}Ectinocera\i0{}, \i{}Elgiva\i0{}, \i{}Euthycera\i0{},
\i{}Hydromya\i0{}, \i{}Ilione\i0{}, \i{}Limnia\i0{}, \i{}Pherbellia\i0{},
\i{}Pherbina\i0{}, \i{}Psacadina\i0{}, \i{}Pteromicra\i0{}, \i{}Renocera\i0{},
\i{}Salicella\i0{}, \i{}Sciomyza\i0{}, \i{}Sepedon\i0{}, \i{}Tetaneura\i0{},
\i{}Tetanocera\i0{}, \i{}Trypetoptera\i0{}> 109<sciomyzi> 
 
# \i{}Sepsidae\i0{}/
5,2 6,1-2 10,2 13<very convex> 14,2/3 16,2 18,1 19,2<not plumed> 21,2 24,1 25,1
26,3 29,2 30,1/2 31<when present,>,2 32,1 33,3 34,1 38,1<vestigial>/- 39,1
40,1/2 41,2 43,2 48,1<usually>/2<the basal part of vein 4 sometimes
absent, so that the two basal cells are not separated> 
52,1 53,1<or this almost closed>/2 54,1 55,2 58,1 61,1 63,1
64,2 71,2 72,1 73,2<short and straight> 74,2 80,2 81,2<but sometimes with a dark
apical spot> 86,1<e.g., \i{}Sepsis punctum\i0{}>/2 87,2 90,1<often, lending an
ant-like appearance>/2 93,2 94,2/3<in mammal faeces and vertebrate carcasses>
97,3 98,1 99<Small black or brownish flies, sometimes metallic and shining. The
occiput very convex, Always with one or more bristles across the posterior
spiracle, just below and in front of the haltere. The male forelegs often
exhibit curiously deformed femora and tibiae armed with spines or thorny
protuerances.> 100,2 102,5 104,15 105,27 106,6 107<\i{}Meroplius\i0{},
\i{}Nemopoda\i0{}, \i{}Orygma\i0{}, \i{}Saltella\i0{}, \i{}Sepsis\i0{},
\i{}Themira\i0{}> 108<\i{}Themira annulipes\i0{} (Ring-footed Fly)>
109<sepsidae> 
 
# \i{}Simuliidae\i0{}/
2<Black-flies> 3,1<the females often being notorious blood-suckers>/2 4,1&2
5,1-2 6,2<with short, thick legs> 14,11 16,1<scarcely longer than the head, and
bare, the segments not distictly separated> 18,2 25,2 29,1<in males>/2
35<short,>,1<in the females>/2<males> 36,1 37,2 38,3-5 39,2 40,2 41,2<i.e.,
without the V-shaped suture of the \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 49,6-8 52,2 53,2 54,2
59,2 61,1 63,1 64,1 80,2 92,1<the females sucking mammalian blood>/3
93,1<attached to stationary objects in running water only> 94,2<particles of
debris being trapped by the mouth brushes> 97,1 98,2 99<Small flies with broad
wings, short stout bodies and short, thick legs. Both sexes often assembling in
clouds around people's heads, especially in sultry weather and near water, the
females bites being both irritating and capable of transmitting diseases.>
100,1 101,5 103,10 105,33 106,3 107<\i{}Metacnephia\i0{}, \i{}Prosimulium\i0{},
\i{}Simulium\i0{}> 109<simuliid> 
 
# \i{}Sphaeroceridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Cypselidae\i0{}, \i{}Borboridae\i0{}> 5,1-2 9,1/2<<@not ckeys> at least,
the wings sometimes reduced> 12,1 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2<long, bare to pubescent>
21,2 24,1 32,1/2<or indistinct> 33<when present,>,1 34,1 35,2 38,1 39,1 40,1
41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1/2 53,2 54,1/2 55<when present,>,2 58,3<near the humeral
cross-vein, and near where the upper edge of vein 1 merges> 61,1<faint>/2 63,2
72,1 73,2 80,2 85,1<hind tibia sometimes with a large apical claw>/2 87,1<e.g.,
\i{}Crumomyia nitida\i0{}>/2<?> 92,3<often feeding on excrement, or plant
exudates> 93,2 94,2/3 97,3 98,1 99<Minute to small, usually black or brown
flies, often associated with dung> 100,2 102,5 104,18 105,130 106,35
107<\i{}Alloborborus, Apteromyia, Archicollinella, Borborillus, Chaetopodella,
Coproica, Copromyza, Crumomyia, Elachisoma, Gigalimosina, Ischiolepta, Lotobia,
Lotophila, Norrbomia, Opacifrons, Opalimosina, Paralimosina, Philocoprella,
Phthitia, Pseudocollinella, Pteremis, Pullimosina, Puncticorpus, Spelobia,
Sphaerocera, Spinilimosina, Telomerina, Terrilimosina, Thoracochaeta,
Trachyopella, Xenolimosina\i0{}> 108<\i{}Crumomyia nitida\i0{} (Toothed Borborus
Fly)> 109<sphaeroc> 
 
# \i{}Stenomicridae\i0{}/
1<cf. \i{}Periscelididae\i0{}> 6,U 10,U 14,2-6 16,2 18,1<the arista often
plumose> 21,2 23,2 24,1 32,1 33,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 54,2<the cell
not complete> 58,1 61,1 63,2 73,2 78,2 86,2 87,2 97,3 98,1 99<This description
contains too much information derived via extrapolation from an assumed
similarity to \i{}Periscelididae\i0{}.> 100,2 102,5 104,16 105,2 106,1
107<\i{}Stenomicra\i0{}> 109<stenomic> 
 
# \i{}Stratiomyidae\i0{}/
2<Soldier-flies> 5,1-4<3-20 mm long> 14,3<the third segment annulated> 16,2 17,1
25,1 26,3 30,2 32,2 35,2<the proboscis short and fleshy> 38,1/2 39,1 40,2
52,1<small>/2 53,2 54,1 55,1/2 59,2 61,1 63,1/2 64,1<often>/2 72,1 73,1 74,1
75,2 85,2 88,1 93,1<breathing via an extensible tail segment>/2 94,2<on animal
and plant remains>/5/6<?> 97,2 98,2<but enclosed in the last, unmodified larval
skin> 99<Sluggish, small to fairly large, flattened flies without bristles,
usually with white, yellow or green markings, often metallic; including some
wasp mimics. Resting with wings placed one above the other over the abdomen>
100,2 102,2 104,3 105,48 106,16 107<\i{}Beris\i0{}, \i{}Chloromyia\i0{},
\i{}Chorisops\i0{}, \i{}Clitellaria\i0{}, \i{}Eupachygaster\i0{},
\i{}Microchrysa\i0{}, \i{}Nemotellus\i0{}, \i{}Neopachygaster\i0{},
\i{}Oxycera\i0{}, \i{}Odontomyia\i0{}, \i{}Oplodontha\i0{},
\i{}Pachygaster\i0{}, \i{}Sargus\i0{}, \i{}Stratiomys\i0{}, \i{}Vanoyia\i0{},
\i{}Zabrachia\i0{}> 108<9<\i{}Beris geniculata\i0{} (Pale-kneed Beris)>;
\i{}Oxycera morrisii\i0{} (Lyme Regis Oxycera); \i{}Pachygaster leachii\i0{}
(Leachian Pachygaster); \i{}Sargus bipunctatus\i0{} (Reaumur's Fly)>
109<stratiom> 
 
# \i{}Strongylophthalmyiidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Tanypezidae\i0{}> 6,U 10,U 12,2 14,2-6 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 34,1 38,1
39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 52,1 54,1 58,2<near the end of R1> 80,2 86,2 87,2 97,3 98,1
99<cf. \i{}Tanypezidae\i0{}, but with the sub-costa incomplete> 100,2 102,5
104,11 105,1 106,1 107<\i{}Strongylophthalmyia ustulata\i0{}> 109<strongyl> 
 
# \i{}Syrphidae\i0{}/
2<Hover-flies, Drone-flies> 5,2-4 12,1/2 14,3 16,2 17,2 18,1
19,1<\i{}Callicera\i0{}>/2<sometimes plumose> 24,1<sometimes, ostensibly>/2 25,1
26,3 28<mostly>,2 29,1<in most males>/2 30<mostly>,2 32<mostly>,2 35,2 38,1 39,1
52,1<large> 53,1 54,1 55,1 61,1 63,1<mostly?>/3 64,2 65,- 66,1<this nearly
always readily detectable, and also with a secondary margin formed by veins,
more or less parallel with the hind margin itself, the latter being often hardly
visible> 68,2 72,1 73,1 80,2 81,1/2 88,2 92,3<imbibers of nectar and plant
exudates, including important pollinators> 93<living in very liquid media,
or>,1<including rat-tailed maggots, equipped with a narrow, much extended rear
breathing tube for accessing air>/2 94,1/2-3<many eaters of filth, and some
consuming excrement and decaying material in the nests of bees, wasps and
hornets>/6<including voracious aphid-eaters, slug-like in appearance> 97,3 98,1
99<Small to large, often brightly coloured, mostly bristle-less, spectacularly
hovering flies. Adults mostly feeding on nectar, including numerous wasp and bee
mimics. The mature larvae are distinguishable from those of all other Diptera,
in having the posterior pair of breathing tubes fused into a single, elongate
(brown or black) structure.> 100,2 102,4 104,9 105,265 106<about>,70
107<\i{}Anasimyia, Arctophila, Baccha, Blera, Brachyopa, Brachypalpoides,
Brachypalpus, Caliprobola, Callicera, Chalcosyrphus, Chamaesyrphus, Cheilosia
(about 35 species), Chrysogaster, Chrysotoxum, Criorhina, Dasysyrphus, Didea,
Doros, Eristalis, Eriozona, Eristalinus, Epistrophe, Episyrphus, Eumerus,
Eupeodes, Ferdinandea, Hammerschmidtia, Helophilus, Heringia, Lejogaster,
Lejops, Leucozona, Mallota, Melangyna, Melanogaster, Melanostoma, Meligramma,
Meliscaeva, Merodon, Microdon, Myathropa, Myolepta, Neoascia, Orthonevra,
Paragus, Parasyrphus, Parhelophilus, Pelecocera, Pipiza, Pipizella,
Platycheirus, Pocota, Portevinia, Psilota, Rhingia, Riponnensia, Scaeva,
Sericomyia, Sphaerophoria, Sphegina, Syritta, Syrphus, Trichopsomyia,
Triglyphus, Tropidia, Volucella, Xanthandrus, Xanthogramma, Xylota\i0{}>
108<\i{}Caliprobola speciosa\i0{} (Beautiful Milesia Hover-fly);\i{}Ceriana
conopsoides\i0{} (Long-horned Hover-Fly. Not British); \i{}Chalcosyrphus
nemorum\i0{} (Four-spotted Hover-fly); \i{}Eristalis cryptarum\i0{} (Beautiful
Hover-Fly); \i{}Lejops vittatus\i0{} (Yarmouth Hover-fly); \i{}Merodon
clavipes\i0{} (Beautiful Merodon Hover-fly - extinct in Britain); \i{}Microdon
mutabilis\i0{} (Bee-like Hover-fly); \i{}Rhingia campestris\i0{}
(Chequered-bodied Hover-fly); \i{}Scaeva pyrastri\i0{} (Concolourous Hover-fly);
\i{}Tropidia scita\i0{} (British Tropidia Hover-fly); \i{}Volucella inflata\i0{}
(Inflated Hover-fly)> 109<syrphida> 
 
# \i{}Tabanidae\i0{}/
2<Clegs, Horse-flies, Gad-flies, Stouts> 3,1<the females only>/2<the males>
4<parasitic>,1&2<the adult females including notorious blood-suckers of medical
and veterinary significance> 5,2-4 14,3 16,2<the third segment annulated> 17,1
18,2 25,2 29,1<males>/2<females> 34,1 35<stout,>,1<the blood-sucking
females>/2<males> 36,1<in both males and females> 37,2 38,1/2
39,1<males>/2<females> 40,2 50,4 52,1 53,1<or the veins markedly converging
distally>/2 54,1 55,1 59,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 68,1<the wide fork embracing the apex
of the wing> 69,1 72,1 73,1 74,1 75,2 80,1 85,1 88,1 92,1<the females, which
suck blood>/3<the males, which mostly subsist on plant exudates and secretions>
93,2 94,6<on worms, insect larvae and crustaceans, in a variety of damp
situations> 97,2 98,2 99<Robust, more or less flattened, large-headed flies
without bristles, mostly mottled brown, tawny or grey. Eyes large, often
irridescent> 100,2 102,2 104,2 105,30 106,5 107<\i{}Atylotus\i0{},
\i{}Chrysops\i0{}, \i{}Haemotopota\i0{}, \i{}Hybomitra\i0{}, \i{}Tabanus\i0{}>
108<\i{}Haematopota italica\i0{} (= \i{}grandis\i0{}? Mersey Island Clegg);
\i{}Atylotus fulvus\i0{} (Alpine Breeze-fly or Clegg)> 109<tabanida> 
 
# \i{}Tachinidae\i0{}/
2<Parasite-flies> 3,1<in the larval stage> 4,17 5,2-4 6,2<mainly>/1<Dexiinae>
14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2<bare, pubescent or plumose> 21,1 24,1 25,1 26,3 29,2<usually
well separated> 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1/2<?> 41,1 43,1 44,1 46,1<as a fan> 52,1
53,1 54,1 55,2 61,1 63,1 64,2 65,1<usually bent abruptly towards vein 3 at the
apex> 72,1 73,2 80,1 87,1 92,3<? - mostly found among vegetation, especially on
flowers> 94,7 95,1<in a wide range of arthropods> 97,3 98,1 100,2 102,6 104,22
105,247 106,137 107<with only \i{}Carcelia\i0{}, \i{}Exorista\i0{},
\i{}Macquartia\i0{} and \i{}Siphona\i0{} represented by more than about five
species> 108<\i{}Gonia picea\i0{}> 109<tachinid> 
 
# \i{}Tanypezidae\i0{}/
1<~\i{}Micropezidae\i0{}> 5,2-3<6-8 mm long> 6,1 10,1 13<very concave> 14,2-6
16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2 24,1 32,1 33,3 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1
54,1<apically very convex> 58,2<near the end of R1> 61,1 63,1 72,1 80,2 84,2
86,2 87,2 97,3 98,1 99<Very long, thin flies, with the head silvery-topped>
100,2 102,5 104,11 105,1 106,1 107<\i{}Tanypeza longimana\i0{}> 109<tanypezi> 
 
# \i{}Tephritidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Trypetidae\i0{},\i{} Euribiidae\i0{}, \i{}Trupaneidae\i0{}> 2<Large
Fruit-flies, Gall-flies> 5,2<mostly>/3 8,2 10,2 12,2 14,3 16,2 18,1 19,2 21,2
24,1 25,1 26,3 29,2 30,1<one to three pairs> 31,1<black> 32,1 33,2 34,1 38,1
39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,3<near the apex of the
sub-costa, and less distinctly near the humeral cross-vein> 61,1 63,5<but
represented distally by a fold, extending from its end to the costal break> 64,2
67,2 71,2 72,1 73,1/2 80,2 81,1<mostly>/2 85,1<sometimes with short black spurs
beneath>/2 86,2 87,2 93,2 94,1<with many pests of fruits> 96,1/2 97,3 98,1
99<Small, compact flies. Females with a horny, flattened ovipositor with
non-retractile sheath> 100,2 102,5 104,13 105<about>,75 106,33
107<\i{}Acanthiophilus\i0{}, \i{}Acidia\i0{}, \i{}Acinia\i0{}, \i{}Anomoia\i0{},
\i{}Campiglossa\i0{}, \i{}Chaetorellia\i0{}, \i{}Chaetostomella\i0{},
\i{}Chetostoma\i0{}, \i{}Cornutripeta\i0{}, \i{}Cryptaciura\i0{},
\i{}Ensina\i0{}, \i{}Euleia\i0{}, \i{}Dioxyna\i0{}, \i{}Dithryca\i0{},
\i{}Euphranta\i0{}, \i{}Goniglossum\i0{}, \i{}Merzomyia\i0{}, \i{}Myopites\i0{},
\i{}Noeeta\i0{}, \i{}Orellia\i0{}, \i{}Oxyna\i0{}, \i{}Philiphylla\i0{},
\i{}Platyparea\i0{}, \i{}Plioreocepta\i0{}, \i{}Rhagoletis\i0{},
\i{}Sphenella\i0{}, \i{}Stemonocera\i0{}, \i{}Tephritis\i0{}, \i{}Terellia\i0{},
\i{}Trupanea\i0{}, \i{}Trypeta\i0{}, \i{}Urophora\i0{}, \i{}Xyphosia\i0{} (plus
\i{}Anastrepha\i0{}, \i{}Bactrocera\i0{}, \i{}Ceratitis\i0{}, \i{}Dacus\i0{} and
\i{}Taomyia\i0{} represented by exotic species occasionally imported>
108<\i{}Terellia ceratocera\i0{} (Hendel) (Long-horned Aster-fly)> 109<tephriti>
 
# \i{}Tethinidae\i0{}/
2<Seashore Flies> 5,1<about 1.5-3 mm long> 14,3<the third segment rounded> 16,2
18,1 19,2<short> 21,2 24,1 32,1<small> 33,1 34,1 38,1 39,1 40,1<but weakly
developed> 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,2 58,2<near the end of the upper
margin of vein 1> 61,1<but weakly developed, visible beyond the base only as a
faint fold parallel with vein 1> 63,2/5/4 72,1 73,2 80,2 86,2 87,2 97,3 98,1
99<Small to very small greyish or brownish seashore flies> 100,2 102,5 104,17
105,10 106,3 107<\i{}Pelomyia\i0{}, \i{}Pelomyiella\i0{}, \i{}Tethina\i0{}>
109<tethinid> 
 
# \i{}Thaumaleidae\i0{}/
5,1-2<about 3-4 mm long> 14,10-14<ostensibly of two, terminated by a
multi-segmented style-like appendage> 16,1-2<the first and second segments
stout, the remainder longer and more slender> 18,2 25,2 29,1<in both sexes>
38,3-5<longer than the antennae> 39,2 41,2<i.e., without the V-shaped suture of
\i{}Tipulidae\i0{}> 49,6-8 52,2 53,2 54,2 59,1 61,1 63,5<short> 80,2
93,1<generally in thin trickles of water over rocks and stones> 97,1 98,2
99<Sluggish, small, bare, drab brown or yellowish, small-headed flies> 100,1
101,5 103,10 105,3 106,1 107<\i{}Thaumalea\i0{}> 109<thamalei> 
 
# \i{}Therevidae\i0{}/
2<Stiletto-flies, referring to the adult shape> 5,2-3 6,1-2 10,1-2 14,3
16,2<basal segment long, second very short, third elongated-conical> 17,2 18,1-2
19<when present,>,1<in the form of a short, sharp apical style> 25,1 26,3 27,2
29,1<males>/2<females> 34,1<proboscis short> 38,1/2 39,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,1
56,8 59,1 61,1 63,1 64,2 68,1 72,1 73,1 74,1 75,2 80,2 81<prettily>,1/2 88,2
92<said to be>,2<?> 93,2<in sand or soil> 94,6<on insect larvae, such as
wireworms> 97,2 98,2 99<Medium sized, elongated, densely bristly flies with
slender legs. Ovipositor with a circlet of spines> 100,2 102,3 104,5 105,14
106,6 107<\i{}Acrosathe\i0{}, \i{}Cliorismia\i0{}, \i{}Dialineura\i0{},
\i{}Pandivirilia\i0{}, \i{}Spiriverpa\i0{}, \i{}Thereva\i0{}> 109<therevid> 
 
# \i{}Tipulidae\i0{}/
2<Daddy-long-legs, Crane-flies (the larvae being Leatherjackets)> 5,3-4<of
wing-span (6-)10-65 mm> 6,1 10,1 11,1 14,10-39 16,1 25,2 38,3-5 39,2<long, with
the terminal segment much longer than the preceding one> 40,2 41,1 42,1 49,10-12
51,1 52,1 53,2 54,2 59,1 61,1 63,4 64,2 72,1 73,1 74,1 75,1 80,2 81,1/2 93,1<or
semi-aquatic>/2<in wet soil or decomposing vegetable matter>
94,1&2<Leatherjackets being notoriously destructive pests> 97,2-3 98,2<the last
larval skin remaining attached to the posterior abdominal segments> 99<The wings
narrow, with veins of roughly equal strength> 100,1 101,1 103,1 105,87 106,8
107<\i{}Ctenophora\i0{}, \i{}Dictenidia\i0{}, \i{}Dolichopeza\i0{},
\i{}Prionocera\i0{}, \i{}Nephrotoma\i0{}, \i{}Nigrotipula\i0{},
\i{}Tanyptera\i0{}, \i{}Tipula\i0{} (the latter representing about 60 of the
species)> 108<\i{}Ctenophora ornata\i0{} (Ornamented Gnat); \i{}Dolichopeza
albipes\i0{} (Silver-footed Long-legs); \i{}Tipula flavolineata\i0{}
(Long-horned Long-legs)> 109<tipulida> 
 
# \i{}Trichoceridae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Petauristidae\i0{}> 2<Winter Crane-flies> 5,3-4<of wing-span 10-12 mm> 6,1
10,1 11,2 14,8-16 16,1 25,1 26,2/3 38,3-5 39,2 41,1 42,1 49,9-12 51,1 52,1 53,2
54,2 58,1 59,1 61,1 63,1 74,1 75,1<but short and curved> 80,2 93,2 94,2/3/4/5
97,1 98,2 99<Delicate-looking flies, habitually forming dancing swarms in
winter> 100,1 101,3 103,5 105,10 106,2 107<\i{}Diazosma\i0{},
\i{}Trichocera\i0{}> 109<trichoce> 
 
# \i{}Ulidiidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Ortalidae\i0{}. Including \i{}Otitidae\i0{}> 2<including Pictured-wing
Flies> 5,2-3 8,2 12,2 14,2-6 16,2 21,2 23,2<short and rounded, or more or less
or angular in \i{}Otitidae\i0{}> 24,1 32,1 33,2/3 34,1<the proboscis short and
strong, the labella prominent> 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 43,2 48,1 52,1
53,1<\i{}Physophora\i0{}>/2<\i{}Melieria\i0{}> 54,1 55,2<its lower corner often
extended to a point> 58,1 61,1 62,2 63,1 64,2 67,1/2 72,1 73,2<almost reaching
it, in \i{}Otitidae\i0{}> 80,2 81,1<e.g., the former Otitidae>/2 86,2 87,2 93,2
94,2<? - in decaying vegetable matter> 97,3 98,1 99<Small to medium sized flies.
Frons often covered with short hairs; wing veins 3 and 4 converging apically.
Ovipositor with non-retractile sheath> 100,2 102,5 104,13 105,20 106,11
107<\i{}Ceroxys\i0{}, \i{}Dorycera\i0{}, \i{}Herina\i0{},
\i{}Homalocephala\i0{}, \i{}Melieria\i0{}, \i{}Myennis\i0{}, \i{}Otites\i0{},
\i{}Physiphora\i0{}, \i{}Seioptera\i0{}, \i{}Tetanops\i0{}, \i{}Ulidia\i0{}>
109<ulidiida> 
 
# \i{}Xylomyidae\i0{}/
1<\i{}Xylomyiidae\i0{}, \i{}Solvidae\i0{}. ~\i{}Stratiomyidae\i0{}>
2<Soldier-flies> 14,2-6 16,2 17,1 38,1/2 39,1 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,1 57,2 59,1 68,1
69,2 88,1 93,2 97,2 98,2 99<Thorax and abdomen yellow and black, legs yellowish.
Hind tarsi spurred> 100,2 102,2 104,3 105,3 106,2 107<\i{}Solva\i0{},
\i{}Xylomya\i0{}> 109<xylomyid> 
 
# \i{}Xylophagidae\i0{}/
14,3<but the third segment strongly annulated, and thus ostensibly
several-segmented> 16,2<the first segment strongly developed> 17,1 38,1/2 39,1
50,4 52,1 53,2 54,1 55,1 57,1 59,1 68,1 69,2 72,1 73,1 74,1 75,2 80,2 88,1 90,1
93,2 94,6<on other insect larvae, in decaying wood> 97,2 98,2 99<Flies
ichneumon-like, with long thorax and abdomen> 100,2 102,1 104,1 105,3 106,1
107<\i{}Xylophagus\i0{}> 109<xylophag> 
