*SHOW ~ British Entomology - Diptera. Character list. 20 January 2009. 
 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <nomenclature:>/
 
#2. <common name(s) of family members:>/
 
#3. life style <of species, whether parasitic or not; see Notes:>/
       1. parasitic <in either larval or adult stages, or both>/
       2. non-parasitic <<implicit>>/
 
#4. <when parasitic> on <animal groups>/
       1. humans/
       2. mammals other than humans/
       3. birds/
       4. bats/
       5. slugs and snails/
       6. millipedes/
       7. spiders/
       8. woodlice/
       9. Homoptera/
       10. Lepidoptera/
       11. Coleoptera/
       12. bees and other Hymenoptera/
       13. bees only/
       14. Odonata/
       15. other Diptera/
       16. Orthoptera/
       17. Arthropods in general/
       18. Annelid worms/
 
#5. <size of adults:>/
       1. very small <less than 4 mm long>/
       2. small <4-8 mm long>/
       3. medium-sized <8-15 mm long>/
       4. large <15 mm or more long>/
 
#6. <body shape of adults:>/
       1. slender-bodied/
       2. robustly-built/
 
#7. <body hairiness>/
       1. hairy bodied/
       2. not hairy bodied/
 
#8. <whether shining, black, rather hairy flies>/
       1. shining, black, rather hairy flies/
       2. not shining black/
 
#9. <whether adults winged:>/
       1. winged <<implicit>>/
       2. wingless/
 
#10. <leg form of adults:>/
       1. stilt-legged <legs long and thin>/
       2. not stilt-legged <legs of about average length and thickness>
          <<implicit>>/
 
#11. the legs <whether brittle and readily shed>/
       1. readily shed/
       2. not readily shed <<implicit>>/
 
#12. the face in lateral view <whether deeply hollowed>/
       1. deeply excavated between the antennae and the edge of the mouth/
       2. not deeply excavated between the antennae and the edge of the mouth/
 
#13. the back of the head <occiput, flattened or rounded>/
       1. rounded, with fine pale hairs below/
       2. markedly flattened above, without fine pale hairs below/
 
#14. antennae <number of segments>/
       segmented/
 
#15. antennae <length and thickness>/
       1. long and threadlike/
       2. short and stout/
 
#16. antennae <whether simple>/
       1. simple <basic structure filiform, moniliform or linear, the segments
          more or less all alike; not evidently reduced or modified. Usually
          longer than the head and thorax>/
       2. modified <not filiform, variously reduced and/or complicated, with
          markedly differentiated segments. Usually shorter than the thorax>/
 
#17. antennae <whether terminal segment annulated>/
       1. having the terminal segment annulated/
       2. with a non-annulated terminal segment/
 
#18. antennae <whether aristate>/
       1. aristate/
       2. not aristate/
 
#19. the <antennal> arista <when aristate, whether apical>/
       1. apical/
       2. dorsal <including sub-apical>/
 
#20. the <antennal> arista <whether forked at the tip>/
       1. characteristically, conspicuously forked at the tip <via its main stem
          and the last hair>/
       2. not forked at the tip/
 
#21. the second antennal segment <whether with an external groove>/
       1. distinctly grooved <cleft> above/
       2. not <externally> grooved <<implicit>>/
 
#22. the second antennal segment when viewed from the outside <whether partly
          obscuring the third>/
       1. with a triangular projection extending partway over the third and
          often with an upper and a lower bristle/
       2. normal, with no extension over the third/
 
#23. the third <antennal> segment <elongation>/
       1. elongated/
       2. not elongated/
 
#24. ptilinal suture <presence>/
       1. <and lunule> clearly defined/
       2. absent or weakly defined <and the lunule often weakly defined or
          absent> <<implicit>>/
 
#25. ocelli <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#26. ocelli <when present, number>/
 
#27. the top of the head <prominence>/
       1. with a marked depression between the eyes, within which the ocellar
          triangle projects/
       2. with no marked depression between the eyes/
 
#28. ocellar bristles <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#29. <compound> eyes <whether meeting above the antennae>/
       1. asymmetric, nearly or quite connected above the antennae <holoptic>/
       2. rounded, well separated/
 
#30. lower orbital bristles <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#31. lower orbital bristles <carriage>/
       1. incurved/
       2. curved forward/
 
#32. post-vertical orbital bristles <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#33. post-vertical orbital bristles <carriage>/
       1. convergent/
       2. parallel/
       3. divergent/
 
#34. mouthparts <whether functional>/
       1. functional <<implicit>>/
       2. non-functional/
 
#35. mouthparts <whether piercing>/
       1. adapted for piercing <as well as sucking>/
       2. non-piercing <e.g., suctorial only>/
 
#36. mandibles <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#37. mandibles <whether represented by piercing stylets>/
       1. represented by long, slender, piercing stylets/
       2. not in the form of long, slender, piercing stylets/
 
#38. the maxillary palps <number of segments>/
       segmented/
 
#39. the maxillary palps <porrect or drooping>/
       1. porrect/
       2. drooping/
 
#40. vibrissae <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#41. thorax <dorsum: presence of complete dorsal suture>/
       1. with the dorsal suture <just in front of the wing bases> continuous
          across the middle/
       2. without a continuous dorsal suture <<implicit>>/
 
#42. the dorsal suture <shape>/
       1. deeply V-shaped/
       2. deeply U-shaped/
       3. neither V-shaped nor U-shaped <<implicit>>/
 
#43. thorax <differentiation of posterior calli>/
       1. with well defined posterior calli/
       2. without well defined posterior calli/
 
#44. postscutellum <whether well developed>/
       1. present and well developed/
       2. absent or weakly developed/
 
#45. posterior division of pronotum <presence of long bristles>/
       1. with one or more long bristles/
       2. without long bristles/
 
#46. hypopleural bristles <under the posterior thoracic spiracle: presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#47. the post-humeral bristle <situation>/
       1. located on the thorax higher than or level with the pre-sutural
          bristle/
       2. located lower on the thorax than the pre-sutural bristle/
 
#48. wing venation <whether complete, with reference to cells>/
       1. complete, in the sense of exhibiting 1st and 2nd basal, anal and
          discal cells/
       2. incomplete, in the sense of lacking one or more of the <basal, anal,
          discal> cells/
 
#49. wing veins <or veins and branches> reaching the margin <number>/
 
#50. wing veins <or veins and branches> reaching the margin between the anal
          cell and the lower fork of vein 3 <number>/
 
#51. wing vein 7 <the hindmost vein, whether reaching the margin>/
       1. reaching the margin/
       2. falling short of the margin/
 
#52. wings <presence of discal cell>/
       1. with a discal cell/
       2. without a discal cell <i.e., with no cross vein separating it from the
          2nd basal cell>/
 
#53. wings <presence of a sub-apical cell>/
       1. with a <more or less closed> subapical cell <bounded by veins 3 and
          4>/
       2. without a sub-apical cell/
 
#54. wings <presence of closed anal cell>/
       1. with a closed anal cell/
       2. without a closed anal cell/
 
#55. the <closed> anal cell <length>/
       1. relatively long <extending more than halfway to the wing margin>/
       2. short <extending less than halfway to the wing margin>/
 
#56. wings with <number of cells between vein 3 and the anal cell>/
       cells between vein 3 and the anal cell/
 
#57. wings <fourth posterior cell open or closed>/
       1. with the fourth posterior cell open/
       2. with the fourth posterior cell closed/
 
#58. the costa <whether broken>/
       1. unbroken/
       2. with one break/
       3. with two breaks/
 
#59. the costa <extension>/
       1. extending around the entire wing/
       2. not extending around the entire wing <<implicit>>/
 
#60. the costal vein <thickening>/
       1. markedly thickened/
       2. not markedly thickened/
 
#61. sub-costa <whether identifiable>/
       1. apparent <at least partially free of vein 1>/
       2. absent or only dubiously identifiable/
 
#62. sub-costa <whether reaching the costa>/
       1. short and ending free/
       2. usually long and ending in the costa/
 
#63. sub-costa <where readily identifiable, pathway and development>/
       1. reaching the costa independently of vein 1/
       2. joining vein 1 more or less where it joins the costa/
       3. distally forked, to join both the costa and vein 1/
       4. joining vein 1 well short of the costa/
       5. terminating blind <not joining vein 1, and falling short of the
          costa>/
 
#64. the leading edge <wing> veins <whether stronger than the rest>/
       1. markedly stronger than the rest/
       2. not noticeably stronger than the rest <<to become implicit>>/
 
#65. wings <whether with a sharp bend in vein 4>/
       1. exhibiting a sharp bend in vein 4/
       2. without a sharp bend in vein 4/
 
#66. wings <whether exhibiting a vena spuria>/
       1. exhibiting a vena spuria/
       2. without a vena spuria <<implicit>>/
 
#67. wing vein 1 <whether hairy>/
       1. with hairs on its upper side/
       2. bare/
 
#68. wing vein 3 <whether distally forked>/
       1. distally forked/
       2. not forked/
 
#69. the fork of wing vein 3 <form and position>/
       1. broad, its lower branch reaching the wing margin well below the apex/
       2. narrow, its lower branch reaching the wing margin near the apex/
 
#70. wing vein 4 <whether distally forked>/
       1. forked distally/
       2. not forked/
 
#71. wing vein 4 <length>/
       1. very short, extending little beyond the end of the first basal cell/
       2. extending far beyond the end of the first basal cell/
 
#72. wing vein 6 <present or absent>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#73. wing vein 6 <whether reaching the margin>/
       1. reaching the wing margin/
       2. falling short of the wing margin/
 
#74. wing vein 7 <presence or absence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#75. wing vein 7 <whether reaching the margin>/
       1. reaching the wing margin/
       2. falling short of the wing margin/
 
#76. media and cubitus veins <whether connected>/
       1. connected via a cross vein or by a fusion/
       2. not connected by a cross-vein or a fusion/
 
#77. media vein <whether distict or fused basally with radius>/
       1. with a distinct basal section/
       2. fused basally with the radius for a short distance/
 
#78. media-cubitus and radius-media cross-veins <presence>/
       1. both present, almost in one line/
       2. not both present, media and radius being fused/
 
#79. <media-cubitus and media-radius cross-veins>/
       1. m-cu <media-cubitus> well before r-m <radia-medius>/
       2. m-cu and r-m cross-veins close/
 
#80. wings <whether lower calypter much enlarged>/
       1. with a well developed lower calypter <= thoracic squama>/
       2. with the lower calypter much reduced or absent/
 
#81. wings <patterning>/
       1. patterned/
       2. unpatterned <clear> <<implicit>>/
 
#82. the legs <whether banded brown and yellow>/
       1. with brown and yellow bands/
       2. without brown and yellow bands/
 
#83. the front femora <whether with a spine beneath>/
       1. with a short stout spine beneath which is readily distinguishable from
          the other bristles/
       2. without a conspicuous spine beneath/
 
#84. the hind femora <whether thickened and with spines beneath>/
       1. thickened, with two rows of spines beneath/
       2. not thickened with spines beneath as in \i{}Megamerinidae\i0{}/
 
#85. tibiae <whether spurred>/
       1. spurred/
       2. without spurs/
 
#86. tibiae <at least the hind tibiae, presence of a dorsal pre-apical bristle>/
       1. with a dorsal pre-apical bristle/
       2. without a dorsal pre-apical bristle/
 
#87. hind tibiae <strong bristles in the basal 4/5>/
       1. with strong bristles in the basal 4/5 <strong = at least as long as
          the diameter of the tibia; excluding single, dorsal pre-apical
          bristles, q.v.>/
       2. without strong bristles in the basal 4/5 <i.e., with or without short
          bristles, and any strong bristles other than single dorsal pre-apical
          bristles confined to the proximal end>/
 
#88. feet <pads>/
       1. with a triple pad beneath the tarsal claws <comprising the two
          pulvilli plus a pulvilliform empodium>/
       2. without a triple pad <with two pads representing the pulvilli only, or
          these represented by claws>/
 
#89. the hind tarsi <basal segments>/
       1. having the basal three or four segments flattened and dilated/
       2. normal <not flattened and dilated <implicit>>/
 
#90. abdomen <whether constricted basally>/
       1. constricted basally <fly wasp-waisted>/
       2. not constricted basally/
 
#91. visible abdominal segments <number>/
 
#92. <feeding habits of adults: note the deliberate distinction here between the
          habits of \i{}adults\i0{} and \i{}larvae\i0{}>/
       1. parasitic/
       2. predatory/
       3. neither parasitic nor predatory/
 
#93. the larvae <whether aquatic>/
       1. aquatic/
       2. terrestrial <i.e., not habitually submerged>/
 
#94. the larvae <feeding habits. See Notes>/
       1. phytophagous <feeding on living plant material>/
       2. saprophagous <feeding on decaying organic matter>/
       3. coprophagous/
       4. consuming stored produce/
       5. mycophagous/
       6. predatory/
       7. parasitic/
       8. developing within the mother, being nourished via a greatly developed
          acessory gland, before leaving to pupate/
 
#95. the larvae <parasitic, whether endo- or ecto-parasitic>/
       1. endoparasitic/
       2. ectoparasitic/
 
#96. the larvae <phytophagous, whether gall-forming>/
       1. forming galls/
       2. not gall-forming/
 
#97. the larvae <development of head>/
       1. eucephalic <with a distinct head capsule>/
       2. hemicephalic <with a weak or incomplete head capsule>/
       3. acephalic <with no indication of an external head skeleton>/
 
#98. the pupae <presence of a puparium>/
       1. enclosed within a <hardened> puparium <the pupal integument delicate>/
       2. without a puparium <the pupal integument sclerotized>/
 
#99. <general comments:>/
 
#100. Suborder/
       1. Nematocera/
       2. Brachycera/
 
#101. Division <of Nematocera>/
       1. Tipulomorpha/
       2. Bibionomorpha/
       3. Psychodomorpha/
       4. Ptychopteromorpha/
       5. Culicomorpha/
 
#102. Division <of Brachycera>/
       1. Xylophagomorpha/
       2. Tabanomorpha/
       3. Asilomorpha/
       4. Muscomorpha Aschiza/
       5. Muscomorpha Schizophora Acalyptratae/
       6. Muscomorpha Schizophora Calyptratae/
 
#103. Superfamily <of Nematocera>/
       1. Tipuloidea/
       2. Bibionoidea/
       3. Sciaroidea/
       4. Psychodoidea/
       5. Trichoceroidea/
       6. Anisopodoidea/
       7. Scatopsoidea/
       8. Ptychopteroidea/
       9. Culicoidea/
       10. Chironomoidea/
 
#104. Superfamily <of Brachycera>/
       1. Xylophagoidea/
       2. Tabanoidea/
       3. Stratiomyoidea/
       4. Nemestrinoidea/
       5. Asiloidea/
       6. Empidoidea/
       7. Platypezoidea/
       8. Lonchopteroidea/
       9. Syrphoidea/
       10. Nerioidea/
       11. Diopsoidea/
       12. Conopoidea/
       13. Tephritoidea/
       14. Lauxanioidea/
       15. Scyomyzoidea/
       16. Opomyzoidea/
       17. Carnoidea/
       18. Sphaeroceroidea/
       19. Ephydroidea/
       20. Hippoboscoidea/
       21. Muscoidea/
       22. Oestroidea/
 
#105. <number of species in Britain>/
       species in Britain/
 
#106. genera <in Britain, number>/
 
#107. <genera in Britain:>/
 
#108. e.g., <scientific and common names of British representatives>/
 
#109. abbreviated taxon name:/
 
#110. <illustrations>/
