 
*SHOW The Liverwort genera of Britain and Ireland 
- 30 June 2015. 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. <English names>/
 
#2. ~ <\i{}sensu lato\i0{} genus to which sometimes referred (see
          Notes)>/
 
#3. including <generic names treated here as synonyms (see Notes)>/
 
#4. plants <leafy or thalloid>/
       1. leafy/
       2. thalloid, not leafy/
       3. thalloid, with a short, basal, cylindrical tuberous portion
          obliquely embedded in the substrate, preceding a prostrate,
          fan-like winged exension with a semi-circular midrib and
          erect, unistratose dorsal lamellae radiating from the midrib
          to the wing margins/
 
#5. <leafy: branching details>/
 
#6. the stems <leafy, whether branching>/
       1. branching/
       2. simple/
 
#7. the branching <leafy, position>/
       1. dorsal/
       2. ventral/
       3. lateral/
       4. apical/
 
#8. the branching <leafy, whether dichotomous>/
       1. dichotomous/
       2. not dichotomous <implicit>/
 
#9. the branching <leafy, type>/
       1. of the \i{}Frullania\i0{} type <the branches arising
          terminally, with each replacing the ventral lobe of its
          associated leaf>/
       2. of the \i{}Lejeunea\i0{} type <each branch arising
          immediately behind the ventral base of a leaf>/
       3. of the \i{}Radula\i0{} type <each branch ariseing slightly
          in front of a leaf base on the ventral side of the stem, and
          usually less vigorous than the main axis>/
       4. conventional <not of \i{}Frullania\i0{}, \i{}Lejeunea\i0{}
          or \i{}Radula\i0{} type: implicit>/
 
#10. the stems <leafy: tissue differentiation>/
       1. with <usually thin-walled> cortical cells clearly
          differentiated from the <usually smaller, thicker walled>
          cells of the central strand/
       2. with no clear differentiation of cortical and central
          tissues/
 
#11. the stems <leafy, whether translucent>/
       1. translucent/
       2. not translucent <to become implicit>/
 
#12. plants <leafy, presence of flagelliform shoots>/
       1. with flagella or flagelliform shoots or branches/
       2. with neither flagella nor flagelliform shoots or branches 
         <implicit>/
 
#13. plants <leafy, presence of paraphyllia>/
       1. with paraphyllia amongst the leaves/
       2. without paraphyllia <implicit>/
 
#14. <acrogynous or anacrogynous>/
       1. acrogynous <acrogenous: archegonia and sporophytes or female
          receptacles terminating axes, resulting in sympodial
          growth>/
       2. anacrogynous <anacrogenous: archegonia and sporophytes or
          female receptacles arising from behind the apical cell,
          dorsal or only ostensibly terminal, growth generally
          monopodial>/
 
#15. the leaf cells <all forms, presence of trigones>/
       1. with trigones/
       2. without trigones/
 
#16. the leaf cells <whether mamillose>/
       1. conspicuously mamillose/
       2. smooth, not mamillose <implicit>/
 
#17. rhizoids <all forms, presence>/
       1. present <implicit>/
       2. absent/
 
#18. rhizoids <colour>/
       1. colourless <hyaline>/
       2. violet or purple/
       3. brown/
 
#19. rhizoids <all smooth, or smooth and tuberculate>/
       1. of one kind, all smooth <tuberculate rhizoids absent:
          implicit>/
       2. of two kinds, smooth and tuberculate <tuberculate rhizoids
          present>/
 
#20. the leafy shoots <symmetry>/
       1. radially symmetrical, with three ranks of similar and more
          or less equal sized leaves <isophyllous>/
       2. dorsiventral, with two equal ranks of lateral leaves and a
          third, ventral rank of <more or less> smaller underleaves
          <anisophyllous>/
       3. dorsiventral, with the two ranks of laterals more or less
          equal in size <isophyllous> and the ventral rank lacking/
       4. more or less dorsiventral, the three-ranked leaves more more
          less equal in size <isophyllous>/
       5. not dorsiventral, with two equal ranks of similar lateral
          leaves and ventral leaves lacking/
 
#21. the leafy shoots <whether julaceous>/
       1. julaceous/
       2. not julaceous <implicit>/
 
#22. the vegetative leaves <symmetry>/
       1. more or less symmetrical/
       2. markedly asymmetrical/
 
#23. the vegetative leaves <shape detail>/
       1. wedge-shaped/
       2. not wedge-shaped/
 
#24. the vegetative leaves <insertion>/
       1. transversely inserted/
       2. obliquely inserted/
       3. <more or less longitudinal,> with J-shaped insertion/
       4. sub-transversely inserted, the dorsal half more or less
          transverse, the ventral half oblique/
 
#25. the vegetative leaves <opposite or alternate>/
       1. opposite/
       2. alternate/
 
#26. the vegetative leaves <overlapping or distant>/
       1. overlapping <or imbricate, at least the distal ones>/
       2. distant/
 
#27. the <overlapping, lateral> vegetative leaves <incubous or
          succubous>/
       1. incubous <with the forward margin of each leaf overlying the
          hind margin of the leaf in front>/
       2. succubous <with the forward margin of each leaf overlapped
          by the hind margin of the leaf in front>/
 
#28. the <vegetative> leaf margins <entire or toothed>/
       1. toothed/
       2. entire/
 
#29. the <vegetative> leaf margins <entire or toothed>/
       1. multi-ciliate/
       2. not multi-ciliate/
 
#30. the <vegetative> leaf margins <whether flat>/
       1. incurved or inflexed/
       2. flat/
       3. deflexed/
 
#31. the <vegetative> leaf margins <whether decurrent>/
       1. dorsally decurrent/
       2. not or only slightly dorsally decurrent/
 
#32. the vegetative leaves <form>/
       1. undivided <simple, not lobed>/
       2. <primarily> bilobed/
       3. <primarily> several-lobed <3-5>/
       4. so deeply divided as to be almost reduced to long, slender,
          bi- to uniseriate segments/
 
#33. the <bilobed> vegetative leaves <whether complicate-bilobed>/
       1. complicate-bilobed <bilobed more or less to the base into
          quite different dorsal and ventral lobes>/
       2. not complicate-bilobed <the lobes more or less similar in
          size and form>/
 
#34. the <vegetative, lobed> leaves <whether keeled>/
       1. keeled proximally to the lobes/
       2. not keeled/
 
#35. the ventral <postical> lobes <of bilobed vegetative leaves, size relative to
          the dorsal <antical> lobes>/
       1. larger than the dorsal lobes/
       2. similar in size to the dorsal ones/
       3. much smaller than the dorsal ones/
 
#36. the ventral lobes <of bilobed vegetative leaves, whether
          helmet-shaped>/
       1. mostly helmet-shaped or saccate/
       2. neither helmet-shaped nor saccate <implicit>/
 
#37. the ventral <leaf> lobes <of vegetative, lobed leaves, whether
          bearing a stylus>/
       1. with a stylus/
       2. without a stylus <implicit>/
 
#38. the vegetative leaves <presence of vittae>/
       1. with vittae <a median band of longitudinally elongated cells>/
       2. without vittae <implicit>/
 
#39. the vegetative leaves <presence of waxy cuticle>/
       1. with a waxy cuticle/
       2. without a waxy cuticle <implicit>/
 
#40. underleaves <presence, conspicuousness>/
       1. similar in size to the laterals/
       2. smaller than the laterals though well developed and
          conspicuous/
       3. present but much reduced or vestigial/
       4. absent/
 
#41. underleaves <whether bilobed>/
       1. bilobed/
       2. not bilobed/
 
#42. the <underleaf> lobes <divergence>/
       1. widely divergent/
       2. not divergent/
 
#43. the <underleaf> lobes <size and shape>/
       1. acuminate, only two cells wide at the bases/
       2. rounded, 4-6 cells wide at their bases/
 
#44. underleaves <when present, comments>/
 
#45. the cells of the gametophyte <all forms, form of chlorolasts>/
       1. each with a single, large chloroplast/
       2. with numerous small chloroplasts/
       3. lacking chloroplasts/
 
#46. the chloroplast-containing cells <all forms, presence of oil
          bodies>/
       1. with conspicuous <refractory> oil bodies/
       2. without oil bodies/
 
#47. the thallus <whether dichotomously branching>/
       1. simple/
       2. pinnately branching/
       3. palmately branching/
       4. branching dichotomously/
       5. irregularly lobed <multistratose in the middle and becoming
          unistratose in the lobes>/
 
#48. <whether subterranean>/
       1. subterranean, under humus, leaf litter, etc./
       2. not subterranean <implicit>/
 
#49. the thallus <whether greasy in appearance>/
       1. greasy in appearance/
       2. not greasy in appearance <implicit>/
 
#50. the thallus <whether hairy both dorsally and ventrally>/
       1. very hairy both dorsally and ventrally/
       2. not hairy both dorsally and ventrally/
 
#51. the thallus <presence of longitudinal conducting strand>/
       1. with a conspicuous median <longitudinal> conducting strand/
       2. without a conspicuous <median longitudinal> conducting
          strand/
 
#52. the thallus <presence of ventral scales>/
       1. with ventral scales/
       2. without ventral scales/
 
#53. gemmae <all forms, presence>/
       1. common/
       2. rare/
       3. absent/
 
#54. the thallus <presence of gemma-cups>/
       1. with gemma-receptacles on the surface/
       2. without gemma-receptacles <on the surface>/
 
#55. the gemma receptacles <thalloids, form>/
       1. semi-lunar with entire margins/
       2. cup-shaped with frilled margins/
 
#56. gemmae <forms(s) and details>/
 
#57. the thallus <presence of pores>/
       1. with conspicuous dorsal pores/
       2. with inconspicuous dorsal pores/
       3. without dorsal pores/
 
#58. the <thallus> pores <simple or complex>/
       1. simple/
       2. complex/
 
#59. the thallus <presence of air chambers>/
       1. containing conspicuous cavities/
       2. without <conspicuous> cavities/
 
#60. the air chambers <of the thallus, in one or several layers>/
       1. in a single layer in section/
       2. in several layers in section/
       3. irregularly distributed/
 
#61. the ventral surface <of the thallus, colour>/
       1. green/
       2. reddish brown/
       3. purplish black/
 
#62. the plants <all forms, sexuality>/
       1. dioecious/
       2. bisexual/
 
#63. the plants <whether gametangia grouped>/
       1. having the gametangia grouped into bracteate inflorescences/
       2. with no grouping of gametangia into bracteate
          inflorescences/
 
#64. the <bisexual> plants <all forms, distribution of male and female
          components>/
       1. autoecious <antheridia and archegonia on separate branches>/
       2. paroecious <antheridia in bract axils proximal to the female
          inflorescence>/
       3. synoecious <antheridia and archegonia mixed in the same
          inflorescence>/
 
#65. the antheridia <thalloid forms, whether protected by bracts
          (involucrate)>/
       1. protected by bracts/
       2. not protected by bracts/
 
#66. the gametangia and capsules <thalloid, location>/
       1. borne externally <implicit>/
       2. immersed in the thallus/
 
#67. the archegonia and sporophytes <thalloid, whether protected by
          bracts (involucrate)>/
       1. protected by bracts/
       2. not protected by bracts/
 
#68. the archegonia and sporophytes <thalloid, whether with a
          pseudoperianth>/
       1. with a pseudoperianth <not homologous with leaves>/
       2. without a pseudoperianth/
 
#69. the gametangia <male and/or female, whether borne on
          receptacles>/
       1. borne on special <sessile or stalked> receptacles/
       2. not borne on special receptacles <implicit>/
 
#70. the female receptacles <thalloid, sessile or stalked>/
       1. sessile/
       2. stalked <on an archegoniophore>/
 
#71. the female receptacles <of thalloids, rays>/
       1. cruciately 4-rayed/
       2. stellately about 9-11 rayed/
       3. not rayed/
 
#72. the male receptacles <of thalloids, sessile or stalked>/
       1. sessile/
       2. stalked <on an antheridiophore>/
 
#73. male inflorescences <leafy forms, description>/
 
#74. male bracts <of leafy forms, description>/
 
#75. male bracts subtending <numbers of antheridia>/
       1. a single antheridium/
       2. 2 antheridia/
       3. several antheridia/
 
#76. the antheridial stalks <structure>/
       seriate/
 
#77. the antheridia <whether mixed with paraphyses>/
       1. mixed with paraphyses/
       2. not mixed with paraphyses/
 
#78. female inflorescences <leafy forms, description>/
 
#79. perigynium <leafy plants, presence>/
       1. present and well developed <a protective fleshy, tubular
          structure, developed at the stem apex after fertilization of
          the archegonium>/
       2. absent or vestigial/
 
#80. marsupia <presence, in leafy plants>/
       1. present as downgrowths from stem apices, surrounding the
          developing sporophytes and carrying them into the substrate/
       2. present but vestigial/
       3. absent <implicit>/
 
#81. female bracts <of leafy plants, associated with sporophytes>/
       1. present <more or less differing from the leaves>/
       2. absent/
 
#82. female bracts <relative size>/
       1. smaller than the (upper) leaves/
       2. similar in size to the (upper) leaves/
       3. larger than the (upper) leaves/
 
#83. bracteole <of leafy plants, associated with sporophytes>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#84. perianth <sporophytic, presence in leafy plants>/
       1. present <a fusion subsequent to fertilization of two
          opposite leaves, or of these plus an underleaf>/
       2. absent/
 
#85. perianth <sporophytic, of leafy plant, description>/
 
#86. perianth <whether distally plicate>/
       1. distally plicate/
       2. distally smooth, not plicate <implicit>/
 
#87. perianth <whether beaked>/
       1. distally beaked/
       2. not beaked <implicit>/
 
#88. calyptra <all forms, presence: very poorly recorded>/
       1. present and well developed <usually developed from the venter
          of the archegonium and surrounding the developing capsule>/
       2. absent <to become implicit?>/
 
#89. the sporophyte <of leafy and thalloid plants, general form>/
       1. elevated by elongation of the seta, with no intercalary
          meristem/
       2. elevated via an intercalary meristem/
       3. comprising foot and capsule only/
 
#90. the capsule <of leafy and thalloid plants, shape>/
       1. globose <more or less spherical>/
       2. ovoid/
       3. shortly cylindrical/
       4. elongate-cylindrical/
 
#91. the capsule <with or without a columella>/
       1. with a central, longitudinal columella <overarched by the
          sporogenous tissues>/
       2. without a columella <implicit>/
 
#92. the capsule wall <of leafy and thalloid plants, number of
          layers>/
       layered/
 
#93. the capsule <of leafy and thalloid plants, whether green>/
       1. green/
       2. not green/
 
#94. the capsule <of leafy and thalloid plants, manner of dehiscence>/
       1. dehiscing via two valves/
       2. dehiscing by four valves/
       3. dehiscing irregularly/
       4. indehiscent/
       5. dehiscing via a lid/
       6. dehiscing via a single longitudinal slit/
 
#95. the spores <of leafy and thalloid plants, -celled>/
       1. unicellular when shed/
       2. shed as tetrads/
 
#96. elaters <in the capsule, presence: all forms>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#97. elaters <uni- or multicellular>/
       1. elongate-unicellular <implicit>/
       2. (1-)2-several celled (pseudo-elaters)/
 
#98. elaters <all forms: thickening, mono- or bispiral>/
       1. unispirally thickened/
       2. bispirally thickened/
       3. thickend via 3-4 spirals/
       4. with annular thickenings/
 
#99. elaters <all forms: free or persistent>/
       1. free <deciduous>/
       2. persistent on elaterophores/
       3. remaining attached to the inner walls of the 
          dehiscent capsule valves/ 
 
#100. the elaterophores <when present, basal or apical: all forms>/
       1. basal/
       2. apical/
 
#101. <habitat water requirement>/
       1. aquatic/
       2. in wet places <including helophytic>/
       3. mesophytic/
       4. xerophytic/
 
#102. occurring in <pH preferences>/
       1. basic habitats <including calcicoles>/
       2. neutral pH conditions/
       3. acid conditions <including calcifuges>/
 
#103. <whether nitrophilous>/
       1. nitrophilous/
       2. not nitrophilous <<implicit>>/
 
#104. <whether saxicolous:> <<keys only>>/
       1. saxicolous/
       2. not saxicolous/
 
#105. <whether montane:> <<keys only>>/
       1. montane/
       2. not montane/
 
#106. <habitats>/
 
#107. <number of species in Britain and Ireland>/
       species <in this region>/
 
#108. <general distribution>/
       1. England/
       2. Wales/
       3. Scotland/
       4. Ireland/
 
#109. Class/Division <cf. Smith (1990)>/
       1. Hepaticae <cf. Marchantiophyta, Forrest \i{}et al\i0{}.,
          (2006)>/
       2. Anthocerotae <= Anthocerophyta>/
 
#110. Subclass/Class <cf. Smith, 1990>/
       1. Jungermanniidae <cf. Jungermanniopsida, Forrest \i{}et
          al\i0{}., (2006)>/
       2. Marchantiidae <cf. Marchantiopsida, Forrest \i{}et al\i0{}.,
          (2006)>/
 
#111. Order <cf. Smith (1990), Forrest \i{}et al\i0{}. (2006)>/
       1. Calobryales <syn. Haplomitriales>/
       2. Jungermanniales/
       3. Metzgeriales/
       4. Sphaerocarpales/
       5. Marchantiales/
       6. Anthocerotales/
 
#112. Family <cf. Smith (1990)>/
       1. Haplomitriaceae/
       2. Lepicoleaceae/
       3. Herbertiaceae/
       4. Pseudolepicoleaceae/
       5. Trichocoleceae/
       6. Lepidoziaceae/
       7. Calypogeiaceae/
       8. Adelanthaceae/
       9. Cephaloziaceae/
       10. Cephaloziellaceae/
       11. Antheliaceae/
       12. Lophoziaceae/
       13. Jungermanniaceae/
       14. Gymnomitriaceae/
       15. Scapaniaceae/
       16. Geocalycaceae/
       17. Plagiochilaceae/
       18. Arnelliaceae/
       19. Acrobolbaceae/
       20. Pleuroziaceae/
       21. Radulaceae/
       22. Ptilidiaceae/
       23. Porellaceae/
       24. Frullaniaceae/
       25. Jubulaceae/
       26. Lejeuneaceae/
       27. Codoniaceae/
       28. Pelliaceae/
       29. Pallaviciniaceae/
       30. Blasiaceae/
       31. Aneuraceae/
       32. Metzgeriaceae/
       33. Sphaerocarpaceae/
       34. Targoniaceae/
       35. Lunulariaceae/
       36. Weisnerellaceae/
       37. Conocephalaceae/
       38. Aytoniaceae/
       39. Marchantiaceae/
       40. Ricciaceae/
       41. Anthocerotaceae/
 
#113. haploid chromosome number, \i{}n\i0{} =/
 
#114. <comments:>/
 
#115. abbreviated taxon name:/
 
#116. <illustrations:>/
