 
*SHOW British Mushrooms and Toadstools - Item descriptions. 15th December 
2008. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# Agaricaceae/
1<e.g., True Mushrooms and Parasol Mushrooms> 2<including
\i{}Lepiotaceae\i0{}, \i{}Podaxaceae\i0{}. For the present, excluding
taxa long referred to \i{}Coprinaceae\i0{}, q.v.> 4,2 5,1 6,1 7,1
10<nearly always>,2 15,1 16,2-5 17,(1-)3-26 19,1-2/3<only occasionally>
21,1<rarely>/2 25,1<notably in \i{}Lepiota\i0{}>/2
26,1/2/3/3&7/3&10/4/5/7/10/7&10/13<or yellowish>/14<rarely - \i{}Lepiota
grangei\i0{}> 29,1/2 30<when colouring,>,1<\i{}Agaricus
subperonatus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Agaricus langei\i0{}>/3<\i{}Agaricus
placomyces\i0{}, \i{}A. xanthoderma\i0{}> 32,4<in \i{}Agaricus
arvensis\i0{}>/8<e.g., \i{}Agaricus langei\i0{}>/13 59,1<though the ring
is sometimes rudimentary in \i{}Lepiota\i0{}> 62,1 66,2 67,1 68,2 72,2
78,1 79,1/2/5/7/9/10/11/12<variable in colour, but never rusty- or
cinnamon-brown, by contrast with \i{}Bolbitiaceae\i0{}> 80,1
81,1<often>/2 82,1/2 83,1/2 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2<usually not
mycorrhizal?> 100,1 104,1&6&4&5&7 106<\i{}Agaricus, Allopsalliota,
Chamaemyces, Chlorophyllum, Cystolepiota, Lepiota, Leucoagaricus,
Leucocoprinus, Macrolepiota, Melanophyllum, Micropsalliota, Psalliota,
Schulzeria\i0{}> 108,918 109,51 110<cosmopolitan> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,1 123<variously>,2<or suspect>/1<notably some \i{}Lepiota\i0{}
species, as well as various Mushrooms of the genus \i{}Agaricus\i0{} -
but beware of the Yellow Stainers, \i{}A. xanthodermus\i0{} and \i{}A.
placomyces\i0{}> 125<agaricac> 
 
# Albatrellaceae/
2<syn. \i{}Scutigeraceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1<annual> 6,1 7,2/3/4 11,1 15,1/3
16,3-5 17<in \i{}A. cristatus\i0{},>,5-20 19,1/3/4 21,U 23<whitish>
25,1/2 26,1/3-6/7/11 29,1-2 30,4<at least in \i{}A. cristatus\i0{}> 59,4
60,2 62,3<tubulate> 66,2 67,5 72,2 77<more or less spherical to
ellipsoid> 79,2<or pale> 84,1 86,1 87,1 93,2 95,2&3<ectotrophic> 100,1
101,1<\i{}A. cristatus\i0{}>/2<\i{}A. ovinus\i0{}> 104,4&5&6 105,3
106<\i{}Albatrellus\i0{}> 108,16 109,5 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6
125<albatrel> 
 
# Anthina/
3,1<perhaps exclusively, only anamorphs being known> 4<(or thalli)>,4
7,7 8<(or thalli) erect-branching, the branches flattened> 
16,2-3
18<about>,1-4 21,1-2 22,6/12/19 83,2 95,1 96,3<causing leaf felt>
103<on leaves of \i{}Citrus\i0{}> 104<especially>,7<in orchards and
gardens> 108,2 110<temperate, widespread> 111<probably>,1 125<anthina> 
 
# Ascobolaceae/
4,1 7,3/5<but usually cushion-shaped> 8,2-3/5<usually, never hairy>
11<usually>,1/- 16,2 21,1/2<at least sometimes whitish>
33,1<usually>/3<rarely> 34,1/4 38,2 39<8-spored, persistent, usually
broad, protruding above the hymenium when mature> 40,1
42<apically>,2<even when immature> 43,1<rarely>/2 44<biseriately
arranged, sometimes dispersed as a common unit> 45,2<usually?>/3
46<usually strongly>,2<thick walled> 47<usually dark>,9<often with a
purple-brown epispore> 48,2 51,1/2 83,2 84,2 95,2
97,1<often>/2/3<sometimes on decaying herbaceous plants, e.g.
Umbelliferae> 100,2 105<about>,60 106<\i{}Ascobolus, Ascophanus,
Saccolobus, Thecotheus\i0{}> 108,106 109,9 110<mostly temperate> 111,1
112,1 114,3 119,1 125<ascobola> 
 
# Ascodesmidaceae/
4,1 7,8<globose> 8<more or less>,8<formed from coiled antheridial and
ascogonial branches, the interascal tissue poorly developed: usually
reduced to a small clump of asci and paraphyses> 21,U 33,1/3 39<saccate>
40,1<the operculum very large> 41,2 43,2 44<pigmented> 46,2<the
ornamentation derived directly from the secondary wall> 47,9 83,2 84,2
95,2 97,1<often>/3 100,1<in soil when not coprophilous> 105,5
106<\i{}Ascodesmis, Eleutherascus\i0{}> 108,12 109,2 110<widespread>
111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 125<ascodesm> 
 
# Atheliaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,4/5 10,1/2 15,3/6<often loose, resupinate, pellicular> 21,U
62,5 65,2 69,2 72,2<narrowly clavate, 4-sterigmate> 78,1 79,1 82,2
83,1/2 84,1 86,1 87,2 88,2 89,2 92,2<?> 95,1/2 96<when parasitic,>,3/4
100,1<on remains of herbaceous plants, including bryophytes and
pteridophytes>/2 101<variously>,1&2 102<commonly>,1/2 105<about>,60
106<\i{}Amphinema, Athelia, Athelopsis, Byssocorticium, Cristinia,
Dictyonema, Digitatispora, Fibulomyces, Hypochnella, Hypochniciellum,
Irpicodon, Leptosporomyces, Luellia, Piloderma, Plicatura,
Tomentellopsis, Tylospora\i0{}> 108,124 109,26 110<widespread> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly Stereales> 124<sometimes lichenized>
125<atheliac> 
 
# Auriculariaceae/
1<including Jews Ear Fungus> 4,2 5,2 7,4/5 15,3/4<often resembling a
human ear in shape and consistency, hemiangiocarpous and sessile>/5/6
16,3-4 17,3-10 20<waxy to>,1 21,1-2 22,7/9<brown or liver-coloured>
62,4/5/6 72,1 73,1<cylindrical, the 1-4 cells each bearing a sterigma
and a basidiospore> 77<with germination involving repetition and
budding> 78,1 84,1 85,1 95,2/1&2 96<when parasitic,>,3 100,2/3 101,1
102,1&2 103<\i{}A. auricula-judae\i0{} occurs mainly on
\i{}Sambucus\i0{} and \i{}Ulmus\i0{}> 104,4&5 106<\i{}Auricularia\i0{}>
108,21 109,5 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,6
123<\i{}Auricularia polytricha\i0{}>,1<and good> 125<auricula> 
 
# Auriscalpiaceae/
2<including \i{}Lentinellaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,2 7,1/2/4/5 10,1
15,1/6<pileate, or effuso-reflexed, the context tough or leathery, with
abundant gloeoplerous hyphae> 16,2-3 17,1-5 19<(when pileate)>,3/4
26,7/10 32,4/13 59,4 62,1<\i{}Lentinellaceae\i0{}>/4<spinose> 72,2 78,1
79,1 80,1/2 82,1 84,1 86,1<\i{}Lentinellaceae\i0{}>/2<then with skeletal
hyphae> 87,2 100,2 101,1 102,2 103<especially on beech stumps> 104,4&5
105,1360<\i{}Auriscalpium, Clavicorona, Lentinellus\i0{}> 108,37 109,5
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,7 124<the basidioma tough,
leathery> 125<auriscal> 
 
# Bankeraceae/
4,2 5,2 7,2 10,1/2 15,1 16,3-4 17,3-15 19,4<or funnel-shaped>
25,1<notably in \i{}Sarcodon\i0{}>/2 26,8/7/10/20-21<or combinations of
these colours> 32,11/13 62,4<spinose> 72,2 78,1 79,1-3 80,2 84,1
86,1/2<?> 87,2 92,1 95,2/3<?> 100,1 101<mostly>,2 104,5&6 105<about>,30
106<\i{}Bankera, Boletopsis, Hydnellum, Phellodon, Sarcodon\i0{}> 108,97
109,5 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,8 125<bankerac> 
 
# Bolbitiaceae/
4,2 5,1 7,1 10,1<mostly>/2<e.g., \i{}Naucoria scolecina\i0{}> 15,1<the
pileipellis forming a true epithelium> 16,2-4 17,(1-)2-7(-12)
19,1<mostly>/2-3 26,3/4/5/6/8/7/10/18<-ish>/21 32,7<in \i{}Hebeloma
crustuliforme\i0{}>/13 58,1 59,1/4 62,1<the lamellae thin> 66,2 67,1-5
68,2 72,2 78,1 79,6/8 80,1 81,1 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2 97,1<e.g, some
\i{}Panaeolus\i0{} species>/3 100,1 104,1&2&6&4&5&7<and in bogs and
ditches> 106<\i{}Agrocybe, Bolbitius, Conocybe, Hebeloma, Naucoria,
Panaeolina, Panaeolus, Pluteolus\i0{}> 108<about>,350 109<about>,15
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 123<sometimes>,2<or
psychotropic> 125<bolbitia> 
 
# Boletaceae/
2<syn. \i{}Strobilomycetaceae\i0{}, \i{}Xerocomaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Phylloporus\i0{})> 4,2 5,1 7,2 10,2<nearly always>/1<e.g.,
\i{}Pseudoboletus\i0{}> 15,1<the stipe ornamented> 16,2-5
17,(2-)4-20(-25) 19,1/3<sometimes, finally>
25,1<\i{}Strobilomyces\i0{}>/2<mostly>
26,6/8/7/10/11/13/18/19/21<occasionally>/9 29<or at least the
hymenium,>,1/2 30<when bruising,>,6<\i{}Boletus pulverentulus\i0{}>/4<in
\i{}Boletus chrysenteron\i0{}> 59,4 62,1<in \i{}Phylloporus\i0{}
only>/3<nearly always> 65,1 66,2 67,3-5 68,1 72,2 77<subglobose, or
ovoid to fusoid-cylindric> 78,1 79,6/7/8/9<never pinkish, purplish back
or fuscous> 80,1/2<smooth or ridged> 83,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2
94<supposedly>,2 95,1<\i{}Pseudoboletus parasiticus\i0{}>/2/3 96<when
parasitic,>,2<on the ectomycorrhizae of relatives> 100,1<mostly>/2
101<mostly>,1/2 104,1&2&6&4&5<but mostly in woodland>
106<\i{}Aureoboletus, Boletus, Buchwaldoboletus, Chalciporus, Leccinum,
Phylloporus, Porphyrellus, Pseudoboletus, Strobilomyces, Tylopilus,
Xerocomus\i0{}> 108,415 109,26 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2
123,1<and often good - notably \i{}Boletus edulis\i0{}, cultured
mycelium of which is commonly the source of commercial mushroom soup;
but a few species such as \i{}B. calopus\i0{}, though not poisonous,
have a nasty taste> 125<boletace> 
 
# Bondarzewiaceae/
2<\i{}Coriolaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2 5,2 6,2 7,2 15<the units of the
compound basidiome>,4<often laticiferous> 16,2-5 17,2-40 62,3<tubulate>
69,2 72,2 78,1/2<or pale citrine> 79,1 80,2<characteristically ridged>
82,1 83,2 84,1 86,2<with generative and skeletal hyphae> 87,2 95,1&2
96,3 100,2&3 101,1&2 102,1&2&3 103<mostly on Fagales and conifers, with
\i{}H. annosum\i0{} causing serious root rot in the latter> 104,4&5&6
105,1<\i{}H. annosum\i0{}, = \i{}Fomes annosus\i0{}>
106<\i{}Heterobasidion\i0{}> 108,49 109,8 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,1 121,7 125<bondarze> 
 
# Boreostereaceae/
2<~ \i{}Stereaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6 16,3-4 27,2-4/6-7/20<or
blueish tinged>/- 62,5/6 65,2 69,1 70,2<or metuloids> 72,2 78,1 79,1-2/5
80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2 95,2/1&2 100<only>,2<?>/2&3<?>
101,2<\i{}Abies\i0{}> 102,2/1&2<?> 105,1 106<\i{}Veluticeps
abietina\i0{}> 108,15 109,4 110<north temperate, widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,1 121,6 125<boreoste> 
 
# Botriobasidiaceae/
2<\i{}Botryobasidiaceae\i0{}> 3,1 4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6<resupinate, smooth>
16<of indeterminate size and shapw,>,2-4 21,1/2<mostly>
22,1/3-4/6/7/12/15/20/21 62,5 69,2<from the hymenium> 72,2<short,
clustered> 75,2-3<4-6(-8)> 78,1 79,1 80,1 82,2<Hawksworth et al.> 84,1
86,1 87,2 88,1 95,2 100<often>,2/- 101,1&2 103<on many substrates, including
dead polypores as well as hard- and soft-woods> 105,14
106<\i{}Botryobasidium\i0{}, \i{}Botryohypochnus\i0{}> 108,52 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,3<formerly Stereales>
125<botrioba> 
 
# Bulgariaceae/
2<~ \i{}Leotiaceae\i0{}> 3,1 4,1 7,3 8<in \i{}B.
inquinans\i0{},>,2<large, with brown carbonaceous expitulum and black
hymenium, 1-3(-4) cm in diameter> 10,1 11,1-2 12,1<but clustered> 16,2-3
17,(1-)3-4 20,1 21,2 22,21 33,1 34,3/2 38,1-2<poorly developed,
immersed> 39<with a complex apical J+ ring> 40,2 42,2 43<with a J+
apical ring> 44<with a longitudinal germ slit> 45,2 46,1 47<dark>,9/11
48,2 83,2 84,2 95,1<sometimes>/2 100,2&3<and on bark> 101,1 102,1&2
103<mostly on oak or (less commonly) beech stumps> 104,4&5
106<\i{}Bulgaria\i0{} (including \i{}Phaeobulgaria\i0{})> 108,1 109,1
110<north and south temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1 124<Inoperculate
Discomycete, with interascal tissue of simple paraphyses. Four of the
eight spores in each ascus become lemon-shaped and dark brown and
develop a germ slit> 125<bulgaria> 
 
# Cantharellaceae/
1<Chanterelles, Horn of Plenty, Club Fungi, Coral Fungi>
2<including \i{}Craterellaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 6,1 7,1/2 10,2<commonly>/1
15,1<fleshy with a solid stipe in \i{}Cantharellus\i0{}, leathery with a
hollow stipe in \i{}Craterellus\i0{}> 16,2-4 17,(1-)2-12 19<deeply>,4
21,1-2 22,10/13/20/21/13&21 26<apricot>,13/10/20/21 59,4 62,2<with
strong radial folds and interveining, in
\i{}Cantharellus\i0{}>/5-6<\i{}Craterellus\i0{}> 66,1 67,5 72,2 79,1
80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 93,2 95,2 100,1<humicolous> 104,6&4&5<among
dead leaves, often around dead tree stumps> 105,17 106<\i{}Cantharellus,
Craterellus, Pseudocraterellus\i0{}> 108,92 109,5 110<widespread> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,3 123,1<delicious, especially the Chanterelles, and
easily and effectively dried> 125<canthare> 
 
# Ceratobasidiaceae/
4,2 7,5<flat> 15,6<effused, pellicular and waxy or fluffy> 20,1/2
22,1/20/14<-ish> 72,2<i.e., probasidium absent> 74,1 75<1-8> 76,2
77<sometimes replicating> 78,1 82,2 83,1/2 84,1 91,2<?> 95,2 100,2/2&3
102,2/1&2 105,13 106<\i{}Ceratobasidium, Heteroacanthella, Scotomyces,
Thanatephorus, Waitea\i0{}> 108,28 109,7 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,1 122,7 124<pellicular; homobasidious> 125<ceratoba> 
 
# Christianseniaceae/
2<~ \i{}Syzygosporaceae\i0{}> 4,2 15,16<or inducing host galls> 20,1
72,1 73,3 76,2 77<germinating by budding> 84,1 95,1 96,2<on agarics,
corticoids and Leotiales> 105,1<\i{}Christiansenia mycophaga\i0{}>
106<\i{}Christiansenia\i0{}> 108,8 109,1 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,2 122,1 124<this family is a recent segregate from
\i{}Syzygosporaceae\i0{}, from which it is not separarble by this
inadequate description> 125<christia> 
 
# Clavariaceae/
1<Fairy Clubs, Club fungi, Coral fungi> 4,2 6,1/2 7,6/7 10,1/2
15,12/13/15<without a distinct head> 16,2-5 18,(2-)4-15(-20) 21,1-2
22,6/7/8/10/12/13/21 62,2/5 72,2 75,2<these straight or only slightly
curved> 77<typically uniguttulate> 78,1 79,2/4/7/9 80,1/2<then
echinulate> 84,1 86,1 87,1 93,2 100,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Clavaria
fistulosa\i0{}, sometimes> 104,1/2/6/4/5 106<\i{}Clavaria,
Clavulinopsis, Macrotyphula, Multiclavula, Ramariopsis\i0{}> 108,54
109,5 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 124<some
\i{}Clavulinopsis\i0{} species may be lichenized> 125<clavaria> 
 
# Clavicipitaceae/
1<Ergots> 3<frequently>,1<involving at least 7 generic names> 4,1
7<unbranched,>,2<capitate in \i{}Cordyceps entomorrhiza\i0{}>/6 8,9<1-10
cm long> 9,1/2-3/4<in \i{}Cordyceps entomorrhiza\i0{}> 10,2 16,2-4
18,(0.5-)3-10 21,1/2 22,3-7/8/12/13/21 33,2<superficial or immersed in
the stroma, fleshy> 34,3 38,1<usually brightly coloured> 39<cylindrical,
with a prominent apical cap> 40,1<the pore narrow> 41,1 42,2 43,2
45,4<usually fragmenting> 47<pale>,9/1 48<(multi-)>,1 51,2 83,2 84,2
95,1 96,1<\i{}Cordyceps militaris\i0{} on larvae and pupae of
Lepidoptera (usually subterranean), \i{}Cordyceps entomorrhiza\i0{} on
beetle larvae>/2<\i{}Cordyceps ophioglossoides\i0{} and \i{}Cordyceps
capitata\i0{} on fruit bodies of \i{}Elaphomyces\i0{}>/3<\i{}Claviceps
purpurea\i0{} infecting infloresences of grasses, notoriously Rye>
105<about>,30 106<\i{}Byssostilbe, Claviceps, Cordyceps, Epichlo,
Neobarya, Torrubiella\i0{}> 108,157 109,31 110<widespread, but mainly
tropical> 111,1 112,1 114,4 120,1 123<Ergot deadly>,2 125<clavicip> 
 
# Clavulinaceae/
1<Fairy Clubs> 4,2 6,1/2 7,6/7<usually branched, but sometimes
unbranched in \i{}C. rugosa\i0{}> 10,1<mostly>/2
15<clavarioid,>,12/13/15<without a distinct head> 16,3-4 18,3-12
22,1&17/1&20 62,2/5 72,2<though with only two sterigmata> 75,1 78,1 79,1
80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 95,2 100,1<humicolous> 104,1&6&4&5 105,7
106<\i{}Clavulicium, Clavulina, Membranomyces\i0{}> 108,38 109,3
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,3 125<clavulin> 
 
# Coniophoraceae/
1<including the Dry Rot Fungus> 2<~\i{}Hygrophoropsidaceae\i0{}> 4,2
7,5 14,2 15,6<resupinate and flat or effuso-reflexed> 16,3-5 17,(4-)5-50
62,4/5/6<smooth to meruloid or pseudoporoid> 66,2 68,1 72,2 77<ellipsoid
to fusoid> 78,1 79,6 80,1 82,2<dextrinoid> 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2
100,1<then humicolous>/2<including the notorious Dry Rot Fungus,
\i{}Serpula lacrymans\i0{}> 101,1&2 102,1&2&3 103<mostly associated with
trees> 104,4&5&6&7<in forests, or sometimes attacking structural timber
with devastating effects> 106<\i{}Coniophora, Jaapia, Leucogyrophana,
Pseudomerulius, Serpula{}> 108,42 109,11 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,1 121,2 125<coniopho> 
 
# Coprinaceae/
1<Ink-caps, Mottle-gills> 2<Including \i{}Psathyrellaceae\i0{}. At
least in part = \i{}Agaricaceae\i0{}? (see comments)> 4,2 5,1 7,1
10,2<mostly>/1<e/g/, abundantly so in \i{}Coprinellus disseminatus\i0{}>
15,1<the pileipellis forming a true epithelium> 16,1-4 17,0.1-5
18,(0.2-)0.5-12 19<strongly>,1<or campanulate>/2-3 25,1<often>/2
26,1/1&20/1&21/1&9/1&10/3/4/7 31,1<commonly, conspicuously and
characteristically becoming inky>/2 58,1 59,1/4<or the ring soon
disappearing> 62,1<often becoming deliquescent and inky, the lamellae
thin, the trama not bilateral> 66,2 67,2-5 68,2 72,2 78,1 79,10/11/12<or
purplish brown or black> 80,1 81,1 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2 97,1<notably
several \i{}Coprinus\i0{} species>/3 100,1 104,1&4&5&7
106<\i{}Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, Coprinus, Lacrymaria, Macrometrula,
Parasola, Psathyra, Psathyrella\i0{}> 108,764 109,7 110<widespread>
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 123<some>,1<notably immature \i{}Coprinus
comatus\i0{}, which is excellent; but beware taking \i{}C.
atramentarius\i0{} with alcohol> 124<A relatively recent classificatory
development, arising from molecular-phylogenetic work, is not accounted
for here; viz., the transfer to Agaricaceae of the type species of the
family, \i{}Coprinus comatus\i0{}, and related deliquescent species,
with suspicion that the remainder of the assemblage is not monophyletic.
The 2006 BMS Web site lists only the genus \i{}Parasola\i0{} (comprising
a suite of former \i{}Coprinus\i0{} species) under a new family,
Psathyrellaceae. The species of \i{}Psathyrella\i0{} are also referred
to the latter individually, but the genus \i{}Psathyrella\i0{} continues
to be presented only under \i{}Coprinaceae\i0{}! For references, see
Kirk \i{}et al\i0{}. (2001)> 125<coprinac> 
 
# Corticiaceae/
3,1<e.g., \i{}Rhizoctonia solani\i0{}> 4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6<mostly
crustaceous> 62<with dendrohyphidia,>,4<tuberculate>/5 65,2 66,2
69<(hymenial)>,1 70<gloeocystidia and lyocystidia absent> 71,1/3/1&3
72,2 78,1 79,2 80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2 95,1/2/1&2 96<when
parasitic,>,3<lignicolous or herbicolous; including significant
pathogens, e.g. \i{}Corticium salmonicolor\i0{}, which causes pink
disease of rubber, tea and other tropical plants> 100,1<rarely, on
soil>/2&3<mostly, or on or under peeling bark> 104,4&5&7 105<about>,20
106<\i{}Corticium, Cytidia, Dendrothele, Laetisaria, Limonomyces,
Lindtneria, Merulicium, Vuilleminia\i0{}> 108,116 109,25
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,7<formerly Stereales>
125<corticia> 
 
# Cortinariaceae/
1<Curtain Fungi, Web-veil Fungi, Fan Fungi> 2<including
\i{}Crepidotaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,1 10,2<mostly>/1<rather infrequently>
15,1<mainly>/2<e.g., the cyphelloid \i{}Chromocyphella\i0{}>/4<and the
family worldwide now even including a few gastroid forms> 16,2-4
17,(0.5-)1-12 19,1-2/3 21,1/2 25,1/2 26,1/3/4/5/6/8/7/10/11/13/16/19/20
32,6<in \i{}Inocybe\i0{} species>/10<notably in \i{}Cortinarius
traganus\i0{}>/13 59,1/4 62<when agaricoid (i.e., mainly)>,1<the
lamellae thin> 66,2 67,2-5 68,2 72,2 78,1<mainly>/2<when gasteroid>
79,6<\i{}Crepidotaceae\i0{}>/8-9<\i{}Cortinariaceae\i0{} s. str.>
80,1/2<often> 81,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 95,1/2&3 96<sometimes>,4<e.g.,
\i{}Chromocyphella muscicola\i0{}> 100,1<mostly>/2<e.g., \i{}Galerina
praticola\i0{}> 104,1&2&6&4&5 106<\i{}Astrosporina, Chromocyphella,
Cortinarius, Crepidotus, Dermocybe, Episphaeria, Flammulaster, Galera,
Galerina, Gymnopilus, Hebelomina, Inocybe, Leucocortinarius, Locellina,
Melanomphalia, Pellidiscus, Phaeocollybia, Phaeogalera, Phaeomarasmius,
Phaeosolenia, Pleurotellus, Rozites, Simocybe, Stagnicola, Tubaria\i0{}>
108<about>,1500 109,29 110<widespread, especially north temperate> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,1 124<pileipellis never epithelial> 125<cortinar> 
 
# Cudoniaceae/
1<Earth Tongues> 2<cf. \i{}Geoglossaceae\i0{}?> 4,1 7,2/6<the hymenium
brown or yellow> 8,9 9,4<the head more or less flattened, and wrikled or
folded, the hymenium brown or yellow> 11,1 16,2-4 18,2-8 21,1-2
22,2&13/4&13<the head yellower than the stipe> 33,1 34,2 38,2
39<cylindric-clavate> 40,2 42,2 43<with a small J+ or J- pore>
45,3<fasciculate in the ascus> 46,1 47,1 48<multi->,1 83,2 84,2 95,2<in
soil> 100,1 104,1/6/4/5 106<\i{}Cudonia, Spathularia\i0{}> 108,10 109,2
110<temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1 124<Inoperculate Discomycete;
interascal tissue of narrow, branched paraphyses, which are curved
towards the tip> 125<cudoniac> 
 
# Cyphellaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,3/5 15<membranous,>,2<commonly cyphelloid, i.e., cupular or
flask-shaped, sessile to slightly stipitate>/6 21,1<rarely>/2 22<mostly
pallid,>,1/20/13<rarely> 62,4/5<?> 65,2 66,2 69,2 72,2 77<often large>
78,1 79,1/2 80,2 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2 100<commonly>,2<or on bark or
leaves>/- 105,15 106<\i{}Cyphella\i0{}, \i{}Globulicium\i0{},
\i{}Radulomyces\i0{}, \i{}Sarcodontia\i0{}, \i{}Seticyphella\i0{}; all
but the first and last formerly referred to \i{}Hyphodermataceae\i0{}>
108,47 109,18 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly
Stereales> 124<this family has at one time or another contained diverse
forms, now mainly distributed among \i{}Marasmiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Cortinariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tricholomataceae\i0{} and
\i{}Schizophyllaceae\i0{}> 125<cyphella> 
 
# Cystofilobasidiaceae/
2<\i{}Filobasidiaceae\i0{}> 3,1<these yeast-like> 4,2 20,- 72,1 73,5
78,2 84,1 85,1 95,1/2<presumably?> 96<when parasitic, at least
sometimes>,2 98,1<\i{}Cystofilobasidium\i0{} includes some marine
species>/2 105,2 106<\i{}Cystofilobasidium\i0{}> 108,10 109,3
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,2 125<cystofi> 
 
# Cystostereaceae/
2<formerly \i{}Corticiaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6<resupinate,
waxy> 22,1 62,4/5 65,2 66,2 69<(hymenial)>,1 70,2 71,1 72,2 79,2 80,1
82,2 84,1 86,2 95,1/2 100,1/2/3<lignicolous, herbicolous or humicolous>
105<about>,5 106<\i{}Crustomyces\i0{}, \i{}Parvobasidium\i0{}> 108,26
109,8 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6 125<cystoste> 
 
# Dacrymycetaceae/
1<False Club Fungi> 4,2 6,1/2 7,6/7/5
15,2<\i{}Ditiola\i0{}>/5<\i{}Dacrymyces\i0{}>/12/13/15/16<\i{}Calocera\i0{}
species being clavarioid or coralloid> 16,1-3 17<in \i{}Dacrymyces
deliquescens\i0{},>,0.2-0.5/- 18<in \i{}Calocera viscosa\i0{},>,3-8/-
20,1 21,1 22,12-13<usually, with orange pigments>/20 62,5/6 72,1 73,4
75,1 77<often transversely septate, germinating to produce microconidia
but no other secondary spores> 78,1 84,1 85,1 91,2<?> 95,2 100,2 101,2
102,2 103<on fallen pine branches> 104,6&5 105,29 106<\i{}Calocera,
Dacrymyces, Ditiola, Guepiniopsis\i0{}> 108,64 109,8 110<widespread>
111,2 113,1 115,2 122,8 125<dacrymyc> 
 
# Diatrypaceae/
4,1 5,2 7,5<discoid> 8,2 11,2 12,1/2 16,1<always?> 21,U 33,2<perithecia
immersed in a well developed eu- or pseudo-stroma, often long-necked,
the interascal tissue of cylindrical paraphyses> 34,3 38,1<well
developed> 39<long stalked, with a truncate apex> 41,1<with a small,
often J+ apical ring> 42,1 43,2 45<slightly curved> 47<pale>,9 83,2 84,2
95,1<often>/2 96<if parasitic,>,3 100,2/3 101,1 102,1&2 103<on branches
of deciduous trees, especially beech, bursting through the bark> 104,4&5
106<\i{}Anthostoma, Cladosphaeria, Cryptosphaeria, Cryptosphaerina,
Diatrype, Diatrypella, Eutypa, Eutypella, Peroneutypa, Peroneutypella,
Quaternaria, Scoptria\i0{}> 108,123 109,8 110<widespread> 111,1 112,1
114,4 120,3 125<diatrype> 
 
# Discinaceae/
1<Lorchel, False Morel> 2<~ \i{}Helvellaceae\i0{}> 4,1 7,2 8,9<to 12
cm or more high> 9,4<the head sub-globose, contorted/convoluted and
mop-like> 10,2 11,1 16,3-4 17,3-8 18,5-12 22,1&10/1&21<with dark cap and
light stipe> 33,1<large> 34,1 35<strongly, conspicuously>,3<to form the
mop-like head> 38,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,2 46,1 48,2 49,2 50,2 83,2 84,2
105,7 106<\i{}Gyromitra\i0{}> 108,15 109,1<? - \i{}Gyromitra\i0{}>
110<mainly North temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 123,2<e.g., \i{}G.
esculenta\i0{} has the heat-labile carcinogenic toxin, gyrometrin>
125<discinac> 
 
# Elaphomycetaceae/
3,2 4,1 7,8 8,7-8<often lobed, to 5 cm in diameter, warted> 14,1 16,1-3
17,0.5-5 22,3/6-7/10/21 33,3 34,2<the peridium very thick, usually
strongly ornamented, the asci often developing in locules> 38,2
42,2<evanescent> 43,2<?> 45,1 46<variously>,2 47,9-12 48,2 54,2<brown to
greyish black> 83,2 84,2 99,1<mostly in surface layers> 101<mostly>,2
104<mostly>,6&5 105,8 106<\i{}Elaphomyces\i0{}> 108,20 109,1
110<widespread> 111,1 112,1 114,1 117,1 125<elaphomy> 
 
# Endogonaceae/
4,4 7,8 16,1<? - represented by globose, spongy aggregations of flocci>
83,2 95,2/3<ectomycorrhizal> 99,1-2 103<amongst moss>
106<\i{}Endogone\i0{}> 108,27 109,4 110<cosmopolitan, but especially
temperate> 111,3<Endogonales, Zygomycetes (most zygomycetes being
mycelial forms not constituting mushrooms or toadstools)> 125<endogona> 
 
# Entolomataceae/
2<Rhodophyllaceae> 4,2 5,1 7,1 10,1/2 15,1 16,3-4 17,3-10(-12)
19,1-2/3/4<rarely, e.g. \i{}Clitopilus prunulus\i0{}> 21,1/2
26,2/3/4/5/7/10/13/15/16 32,5<faintly mealy, in \i{}Entoloma
prunuloides\i0{}>/13 59,4 62,1<lamellae thin> 67,2-5 68,2 72,2 78,1 79,5
80,2<faceted, angular or longitudinally ridged> 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2
100,1 104,1&6&4&5&7 106<\i{}Clitopilus\i0{}, \i{}Entoloma\i0{}
(including \i{}Claudopus\i0{}, \i{}Eccilia\i0{}, \i{}Leptonia\i0{},
\i{}Nolanea\i0{}, \i{}Rhodophyllus\i0{}), \i{}Rhodocybe\i0{}> 108,1074
109,7 110<widespread, but mainly tropical> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1
125<entoloma> 
 
# Epitheliaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6 22<pale,>,1/20 62,4<odontoid, with hyphal pegs> 65,2
69,1/2<? - but skeletocystidia absent, unlike \i{}Steccherinaceae\i0{}>
71,1 72,2 77<very large, fusiform> 78,1 79,1 82,2 84,1 86,2 87,2 95,1/2
96,3 103<specialising in monocots> 105,1<\i{}E. typhae\i0{}>
106<\i{}Epithele\i0{}> 108,13 109,3 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,6<formerly Stereales> 125<epitheli> 
 
# Exidiaceae/
1<Jelly Fungi> 4,2 6,1/2 7,4/5/6 15,2<\i{}Exidia recisa\i0{} being
cup-like>/3/5/12/13<i.e., sometimes clavarioid> 16,2-4 17,1-10 20,1
21,2<?> 22,1-4/5/6-7/21 62,4/6 72,1 73,2 78,1 84,1 85,1 95,2
100,1/2<commonly, or in the case of \i{}Sebacina incrustans\i0{},
encrusting grass>/- 106<\i{}Basidiodendron, Bourdotia, Ceratosebacina,
Craterocolla, Cristella, Efibulobasidium, Eichleriella, Endoperplexa,
Exidia, Exidiopsis, Guepinia, Gyrocephalus, Heterochaete ,
Heterochaetella, Hirneolina, Hydnogloea, Microsebacina, Myxarium,
Phlogiotis, Protodontia, Protohydnum, Pseudohydnum, Pseudostypella,
Sebacina, Serendipita, Soppittiella, Stypella, Tremellodon, Tremiscus,
Ulocolla\i0{}> 108,194 109,28 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,4
124<the haplophase mycelial, lacking a conidial state> 125<exidiace> 
 
# Filobasidiaceae/
3<alone>,1 4,2<or absent?>/- 20,- 72,1 73,5 78,2 84,1 85,1 95,1 96,2
106<\i{}Filobasidium\i0{}> 108,5 109,1 110<Europe, North America> 111,2
113,1 115,2 122,3 124<Kirk et al. family description: Basidioma absent;
hyphae often with haustoria, septa with dolipores; yeast-like anamorph;
mycoparasitic.> 125<filobasi> 
 
# Fistulinaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,4 11<somewhat>,1-2 15,3<to hoof- or tongue-shaped, the stipe
short or absent> 16,3-5 17,5-30 21,1-2 22<blood- or liver->,19/9 24,1
62,3<the hymenophore of very crowded, free tubes, the individual tubes
constricted at their bases, the context watery-fleshy> 72,2 78,1 79,1
80,1 84,1 87,2 95,2/1&2 96<when parasitic,>,3 100,2&3 101,1 102,1&2
103<commonly on living deciduous trees, especially oaks, causing brown
oak> 104,4&5 105,2 106<\i{}Fistulina\i0{}> 108,7 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 123,1<after boiling, but
unexciting> 125<fistulin> 
 
# Fomitopsidaceae/
2<formerly \i{}Polyporaceae\i0{} p.p., \i{}Coriolaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2
5,2 7,4 15<sessile or shortly stalked, leathery,>,3<or hoof-shaped in
\i{}Postia\i0{}> 16,2-5 17,2-35 62<ostensibly>,1<e.g., in \i{}Daedalea
quercina\i0{}>/3 63<(if the hymenium gill-like)>,1 65,2 72,2 78,1 79,1
80,1 82,2 84,1 86,2 87,2 95,1&2 96,3<especially on living and decaying
birch> 100,2&3 101,1 102,1&2 103<especially on birch and oak> 104,4&5
105,35 106<\i{}Anomoporia, Daedalea, Donkioporia, Fomitopsis, Osteina,
Piptoporus, Podoporia, Postia\i0{}> 108,115 109,11 110<widespread>
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6 125<fomitops> 
 
# Ganodermataceae/
1 4,2 5,2 7,1/4 15,1<the stipe lateral, e.g. in \i{}Ganoderma
lucidum\i0{}>/3<e.g. in \i{}G. applanatum\i0{}> 16,3-5 17,5-30 59<when
present,>,4 62,3 65,2 72,2 77<sub-globose to ellipsoid or truncate> 78,1
79,6 80,2 84,1 86,2<with skeleto- and/or skeleto-ligative hyphae> 87,2
92,2 95,1/2/1&2 96<when parasitic,>,3 100,2&3 101,1 102,1&2&3 103<on
living and decaying broad-leaved trees and shrubs, causing decay of
standing timber> 104,4&5 105,10 106<\i{}Ganoderma\i0{}> 108,77 109,4
110<widespread, especially tropical> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6 124<the
sessile to stipitate basidioma leathery, with a waxy crust>
125<ganoderm> 
 
# Gastrosporiaceae/
1<Truffle> 4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<gasteroid> 22,1<smooth to floccose>
54,1<buff> 72,2 77<sub-globose> 79,1-2 80,2<warted> 84,1
95<probably>,3<on grasses?> 99,1 104,1<being especially associated with
grasses> 105,1<\i{}G. simplex\i0{}> 106<\i{}Gastroporium\i0{}> 108,2
109,1 110<widespread in warm dry regions, especially Europe> 111,2 113,1
115,1 121<dubiously>,2<formerly Hymenogastrales> 124<associated with
Gramineae> 125<gastropo> 
 
# Geastraceae/
1<Earth Stars, Artillery Fungi> 4,2 7,8 10,2 14,1 15,10<i.e., the
gasterocarp opening via stellate rays of the peridium; the gleba
powdery> 16,1<in \i{}Sphaerobolus\i0{}>/2-4<in \i{}Geastrum\i0{}>
17,2-10<or more in \i{}Geastrum\i0{}, when opened?>/0.1-0.4<in
\i{}Sphaerobolus\i0{}>
18<about>,0.1-0.4<\i{}Sphaerobolus\i0{}>/2-10<\i{}Geastrum\i0{}> 21,1/2
22,12-13<in \i{}Sphaerobolus\i0{}>/7/10/21 52,1<a pseudo-columella> 53,1
54,1 56,1<splitting radially> 57,3 72,2 76,1 77<small> 78,2 80,2<warted>
83,1 84,1 85,1 100,1 104,6&4&5&7 105,21 106<\i{}Geastrum, Myriostoma,
Sphaerobolus\i0{}> 108,62 109,8 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,5 124<the
exoperidium 3-layered, the gleba powdery> 125<geastrac> 
 
# Geoglossaceae/
1<Earth Tongues> 4,1 7,6 8,9 9,2/3/4<sometimes grooved; usually dark,
the hymenium sometimes setose> 11,1-2 16,2-4 18,2-8 22,10/21 33,1 34,1
38,2 40,2 42,2 43<with J+ or J- pore> 45,3<often>/2 47,9
48<transversely>,1 65,2<i.e., the hymenium not usually separable from
the stalk> 83,2 84,2 95,2<in soil or on rotting vegetation> 100,1
104,1&6&4&5 106<\i{}Corynetes\i0{}, \i{}Geoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Thuemenidium\i0{}, \i{}Trichoglossum\i0{}> 108,48 109,6
110<widespread, especially in grassland> 111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1
124<taxonomically associated with the Inoperculate Discomycetes;
interascal tissue of paraphyses, often strongly pigmented, often with
complex branching and swollen apices> 125<geogloss> 
 
# Gloeophyllaceae/
2<\i{}Coriolaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2 5,2 7,4 10,1 15,3<somewhat stipitate,
corky, the brown cap zoned, the flesh also brown> 16,3-4 17,3-6
22<dark>,8/10 62<ostensibly>,1<these very irregularly forked and
interrupted, e.g. in \i{}G. sepiarium\i0{}>/2 63<in such as \i{}G.
sepiarium\i0{}>,1 65,2 69,1/2<absent from \i{}G. sepiarium\i0{}> 72,2
77<cylindric, in \i{}G. sepiarium\i0{} white and slightly curved> 79,1/2
84,1 86,2 87,2 95,2 100,2 102,2&3<\i{}G. sepiarium\i0{} causing serious
decay of coniferous timber in the open, rarely also in houses> 105,4
106<\i{}Gloeophyllum\i0{}> 108,9 109,1 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,1 121,6 125<gloeophy> 
 
# Gomphaceae/
2<now including \i{}Clavariadelphaceae\i0{} and \i{}Lentariaceae\i0{}>
4,2 5,1 6,1/2 7,2/6/7 15,1<Gompus being more or less
cantharelloid>/12<e.g., \i{}Ceratellopsis\i0{}>/13<e.g.,
\i{}Clavariadelphus\i0{}>/15<e.g., \i{}Lentaria\i0{}> 16,1-4<ranging
from tiny in \i{}Ceratellopsis\i0{} to large in \i{}Clavaridelphus\i0{}>
17,0.2-6 18,0.4-30 19<of Gomphus,>,4 22,1/2-4/6/13/20<to blue-ish>/-
59<of \i{}Gomphus\i0{},>,4 62,2/4<spinose>/5 65,2 67<in
\i{}Gomphus\i0{},>,5/- 69,2<in \i{}Clavariadelphus\i0{}>/1<in others?>
70<when present,>,1/2/1&2<?> 72,2 79,1-2/6 80,1/2 84,1 85,1 86,1 87,1
93,1 95,2 100,1<often, or on litter>/2 105,11 106<\i{}Ceratellopsis,
Chaetotyphula, Clavariadelphus, Gomphus, Lentaria\i0{}> 108,107 109,11
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,5 124<this clumsy and unimpressive description
reflects recent assignment of the former \i{}Clavariadelphaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Lentariaceae\i0{} to this family, in the absence of adequate
comparative descriptive data> 125<gomphace> 
 
# Gomphidiaceae/
2<~\i{}Rhizopogonaceae\i0{}, \i{}Suillaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,1 10,2
15,1<the stipe not ornamented> 16,1-4 17,0.2-10 19,1/3<when older>
21,1/2 26,8/10/19/17/16<or greyish violet> 59,1/4 62<uniformly
secondarily>,1 65,1 66,1 67,5 68,1 69,1<cheilocystidia> 72,2 77<large,
cylindrical-elongate> 78,1 79,6-7/9/11-12<nearly black, in
\i{}Gomphidius\i0{}> 80,1 81,2 83,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 94,1
95,2&3<ectomycorrhizal> 100,1 101,2 103<always associated with pines and
with the ectomycorrhizae of \i{}Suillaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Rhizopogonaceae\i0{}> 104,5&6 105,5 106<\i{}Chroogomphus,
Gomphidius\i0{}> 108,27 109,4 110<widespread, especially north
temperate> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 125<gomphidi> 
 
# Gyroporaceae/
2<~ \i{}Boletaceae\i0{}, \i{}Gyrodontaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2 5,1 7,2 10,2
15,1<dry boletoids, distinguished by the stipe becoming cavernous>
16,3-4 17<in \i{}Gyroporus cyanescens\i0{},>,5-10 19,1 26<in \i{}G.
cyanescens\i0{},>,6&7 29,1/2 30<of \i{}Gyroporus cyanescens\i0{}>,5 59,4
61,1 62,3 65,1 66,2 67,1-2 68,1 72,2 77<short, subglobose to ellipsoid,
lacking a sub-hilar depression> 78,1 79,9 80,1/2<smooth or ridged?>
83,1<\i{}Gyrodon\i0{}>/2 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 94,2 100,1 105,3
106<\i{}Gyroporus\i0{}, \i{}Rubinoboletus\i0{}> 108,20 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 123<\i{}G.
cyanescens\i0{}>,1<and good> 125<gyropora> 
 
# Hapalopilaceae/
2<formerly \i{}Coriolaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,2 7,4 15<leathery,>,3 16,2-3
17<in \i{}Bjerkandera adusta\i0{},>,2-4/- 62,3 65,2 72,2 78,1 79,1 84,1
86,2 87,2 95,2/1&2 100,2&3 101,1&2<?> 102,1&2 103<on trunks of various
tree species> 104,6<?>/4&5 105,25 106<\i{}Aurantiporus, Bjerkandera,
Ceriporia, Ceriporiopsis, Climacocystis, Hapalopilus, Ischnoderma,
Leptoporus, Spongipellis\i0{}> 108,78 109,10 110<widespread> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,6 125<hapalopi> 
 
# Helotiaceae/
2<cf. \i{}Leotiaceae\i0{}?> 3,1<very varied, known for a few taxa including
the \i{}Chalara\i0{} Ash disease> 4,1/4
7,3/5 8,2/3<glabrous or downy> 10,1/2 11,1-2 12,1/2 16,1-2 17,0.5-1<with
sampling restricted to the species illustrated>/- 21,1<often>/2 22<when
brightly pigmented (e.g.)>,12/13/14/18/- 33,1 38<usually>,2
39<cylindrical> 40,2 42,2 43<usually with a small but distinct apical J+
or J- ring> 45,2/3 46,1 47<usually>,1 48,1/2 83,2 84,2 95,2
100<usually>,2<bursting through decaying branches, on old stumps, etc.,
but sometimes on decaying herbaceous tissue, and occasionally
fungicolous> 104,4&5/6<?> 106<\i{}Allophylaria, Ascocalyx, Ascocoryne,
Ascotremella, Belonioscypha, Bisporella, Bryoscyphus, Bulgariella,
Calycella, Calycina, Cenangium, Chalara, Chlorencoelia, Chlorociboria,
Chloroscypha, Claussenomyces, Clithris, Corynella, Crocicreas,
Crumenula, Crumenulopsis, Cudoniella, Cyathicula, Cystopezizella,
Dencoeliopsis, Discorehmia, Durella, Encoeliopsis, Erikssonopsis,
Eubelonis, Gelatinopsis, Gloeopeziza, Godronia, Gorgoniceps,
Grahamiella, Gremmeniella, Grovesiella, Helotium, Heterosphaeria,
Heyderia, Hymenoscyphus, Ionomidotis, Lagerbergia, Lagerheima,
Llimoniella, Micropodia, Mitrula, Mniaecia, Neobulgaria, Ombrophila,
Pachydisca, Parorbiliopsis, Patellea, Patinellaria, Pezizella,
Phaeangellina, Phaeohelotium, Pocillum, Pragmopora, Pseudohelotium,
Sarcoleotia, Scleroderris, Scutularia, Septatium, Skyathea, Stamnaria,
Strossmayeria, Symphyosirinia, Tympanis, Unguiculariopsis, Velutarina,
Xylogramma\i0{}> 108<about>,650 109<about>,110 110<widespread> 
111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1 124<Inoperculate Discomycetes, with
interascal tissue of simple paraphyses. Including the notorious
European dieback disease of Ash (\i{}Fraxinus exelsior\i0{}). This is
associated with the anamorph \i{}Chalara fraxinea\i0{}, formally
described only in 2006 and linked to its sexual stage -
\i{}Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus\i0{} - only in 2010. The symptoms
seem to have been first recorded in Poland in 1992, but the disease
now afflicts host trees throughout Europe, with ecologically and
aesthetically disastrous efects on woodlands and hedgerows on
calcareous soils. Its rapid spread presumably reflects a recent
increase in virulence, no doubt assisted by irresponsible failure to
control human transport of unprocessed wood and living plant material.>
125<helotiac>
 
# Helvellaceae/
1<False Morels> 4,1 5,2 7,2/3 8,3<or saucer-shaped or saddle-shaped,
folded>/3&9/7-8<then hypogeal> 10,2 11,1 16,2-4 17,(1-)2-6 18,(1-)2-10
22,6/7/8/10/20/21 32,8<e.g., in \i{}Hydnotrya tulasnei\i0{}>/13 33,1/3
34,1/4 35<(when epigeal)>,3<often irregularly so, or convoluted>/-
39<cylindrical> 40,1 41,2 42,2<operculate, or indehiscent in
cleistothecial forms> 43,2 46,1<lacking appendages> 47,1/9 48,2 49,2
50,2 51,2 83,2 84,2 99,1/2 100<when epigeal,>,1 104,1&2&6&4&5 105,31
106<\i{}Balsamia, Gyrocratera, Helvella, Hydnotrya\i0{}> 108,68 109,9
110<North temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 123,1-2<sometimes eaten,
but may cause indigestion, and are best avoided> 124<Operculate
Discomycetes> 125<helvella> 
 
# Hericiaceae/
1<Tooth Fungi> 4,2 5,1 6,2 7,7 15,15<sessile or short-stalked,
typically clavarioid and strongly branched, the context soft-fleshy to
membranous> 16,4-5 18<\i{}Hericium coralloides\i0{}>,10-35/- 22,1-2/4
62,4<on teeth or spines on the lower surfaces of the distended branch
tips> 69,1 72,2 78,1 79,1/2<the print white> 80,2<asperulous> 82,1 84,1
86,1<the gloeocystidia not darkening in sulphoaldehydes> 87,2 105,7
106<\i{}Dentipellis, Hericium, Mucronella\i0{}> 108,19 109,5 110<north
temperate, widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,7 125<hericiac> 
95,2 100,2 102,1/2<\i{}H. coralloides\i0{} on dead trunks of fir and 
frondose trees, especially beech> 101,1/2 124<the encoded ecological and 
morphological information refers mainly to \i{}Hericium coralloides\i0{}>
 
# Hydnaceae/
1<Tooth Fungi> 4,2 5,1 6,1 7,2/4 15,1/3 16,3-4 17,3-10(-15) 19,1/3
26,2-3/4/8 59,4 62,4<spinose> 66,2 72,2 79,1 80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,1
93,2 95,2 100,1<humicolous> 104,4&5&6 105,12 106<\i{}Hydnum\i0{}> 108,11
109,4 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,3 123<several
species>,1<e.g., \i{}H. repandum\i0{}, which should first be boiled to
remove bitterness> 125<hydnacea> 
 
# Hydnangiaceae/
4,2 5,1 7,1/8 15<in \i{}Laccaria\i0{}>,1/7<\i{}Hydnangium\i0{} s. str.
being gasteroid, the gleba sub-lamellate to loculate> 16,2-3 17,1-6
19,1-2 21,1/2 26,6-8<e.g., \i{}Laccaria laccata\i0{}>/15-16<\i{}L.
amythestina\i0{}> 59,4 62,1 68,2 72,2 77<subglobose> 78,1/2 79,1
80,2<spinose> 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 99,1/2 100<when epigeal,>,1
104,2&6&4&5/3<e.g., \i{}L. laccata\i0{}, sometimes> 105<about>,20
106<\i{}Hydnangium, Laccaria\i0{}> 108,30 109,4 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1
123<at least \i{}Laccaria amethystina\i0{}>,1/- 125<hydnangi> 
 
# Hygrophoropsidaceae/
2<~\i{}Coniophoraceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,1/4 10,2
15,1<\i{}Hygrophoropsis\i0{}>/3<\i{}Tapinella\i0{}> 16,3-4 17<in
\i{}Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca\i0{},>,3-7/- 19,3-4 21,1/2 22<in
\i{}Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca\i0{},>,12-13/- 26<of \i{}Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca\i0{},>,12-13/- 59<when present,>,4 62,1<these often forked>
65,1 66,2 67,5 68,1 72,2 77<ellipsoid> 78,1 79,1-3/4 80,1
82,2<dextrinoid - brown in Iodine> 83,1 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2
94<supposedly>,2 95,2 100,1/2 104,2&6&4&5/7<\i{}Tapinella panuoides\i0{}
on poles, sawdust, in cellars, etc.: Berkeley> 105,7
106<\i{}Hygrophoropsis, Tapinella\i0{}> 108,17 109,3 110<widespread,
especially temperate> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 123<\i{}H.
aurantiaca\i0{}, which can be confused with the true Chanterelle,
\i{}Cantharellus cibarius\i0{}, is not poisonous, but is not worth
eating> 125<hygropho> 
 
# Hymenochaetaceae/
4,2 5,1/2 7,2/4/5 15<annual or
perennial,>,1<\i{}Coltricia\i0{}>/3/6<pileate to resupinate> 16,2-5
17,(2-)5-25 22,6/7/8/10/21 59,4 62,3/5<asterosetae or dichohyphidia and
haplosetae or macrosetae often present> 71<often>,2 72,2
79,1/6/9<hyaline to brown> 80<usually>,1 82,1<rarely>/2 83,2 84,1 86,1/2
91,1 95,1&2<e.g., \i{}Phellinus\i0{},
\i{}Inonotus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Coltricia\i0{}> 96<when parasitic,>,2<on
broad-leaved trees> 100,1<\i{}Coltricia\i0{}>/2&3<then typically causing
white rots> 103<\i{}Coltricia\i0{} often associated with burned ground>
104,2&4&5&6 105<about>,50 106<\i{}Coltricia, Hymenochaete, Inonotus,
Phellinus, Phylloporia, Polystictus\i0{}> 108,298 109,14
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,4 124<euhymenial (i.e., the
basidia and their sterile homologues being the first-formed parts of the
hymenium, constituting a palisade), and setoid structures present, by
contrast with \i{}Lachnocladiaceae\i0{}> 125<hymenoch> 
 
# Hymenogasteraceae/
1<False Truffles> 2<including \i{}Hymenangiaceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,2/8
15,7<loculate> 16,2 17<in \i{}Hymenogaster tener\i0{},>,0.5-2
22,1<discolouring> 29,1 30,1-2 72,2 78,2 79,6/9 80,1-2<smooth to
verruculose> 84,1 86,1 87,1 94<supposedly>,2 100,1<in humus litter>
101,1 103<often associated with oak> 104,6&4&5 106<\i{}Hymenangium,
Hymenogaster\i0{}> 108,126 109,10 110<widespread, especially
temperate> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 124<the gasterocarp multiloculate,
peridium and epicutis present> 125<hymenoga> 
 
# Hyphodermataceae/
4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6 21,U 62,4<or spinose>/5 65,2 66,2
69<(hymenial)>,1<usually prominent> 70<usually>,1/5/1&5<but no
lycocystidia> 72,2 78,1 79,1 80,1/2<then verrucose> 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2
92,2<?> 100,2/3<?> 105,49 106<\i{}Brevicellicium, Bulbillomyces,
Coronicium, Elaphocephala, Galzinia, Gloeohypochnicium, Hyphoderma,
Hypochnicium, Intextomyces, Nodotia, Subulicium, Subulicystidium\i0{}>
108,129 109,22 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly
Stereales> 125<hyphoder> 
 
# Hypocreaceae/
3,1<frequent, hyphomycetous, varied> 4,1 7,6 8,1<or effuse>/9<rarely>
9<when erect-elongate,>,3 12,1/2 21,1 33,2/3<rarely non-ostiolate>
34,3/2 38,1/2 39<cylindrical> 41,1<often with an apical I-ring>/2 42,2
43,2 47<pale>,9/1 48,1 51,2 83,2 84,2 95,1<necrotic>/2 100,1/1&2<?>
103<on plants or associated with fungi; \i{}Podostroma\i0{} in fir
woods, amongst leaves and on furze (Berkeley)> 104,2&6&5 105<about>,50
106<\i{}Arachnocrea, Hypocrea, Hypocreopsis, Hypomyces, Podostroma,
Protocrea, Sarawakus, Sphaerostilbella\i0{}> 108,173 109,14
110<widespread> 111,1 112,1 114,4 120,1 125<hypocrea> 
 
# Hysterangiaceae/
4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<with a prominent mycelial tuft below, the gleba
olivaceous grey with radiating tramal plates, deliquescent> 16,2
17,1-1.5 22,1/20-21<subsequently> 55,1 56,2<not gelatinized> 72,2 78,2
80,1 84,1 99,1 101,1 103<in calcareous soil at the bases of frondose
trees> 104,4&5 105,4 106<\i{}Hysterangium\i0{}> 108,69 109,11
110<widespread, especially temperate> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,5
125<hysteran> 
 
# Lachnocladiaceae/
4,2 6,1/2 7,2/7 15<erect,>,1/15<pileate or ramarioid> 21,U 62,2/5
71,2<often> 72,2 83,1 84,1 91,1 105,9 106<\i{}Asterostroma,
Dichostereum, Scytinostroma, Vararia\i0{}> 108,115 109,7
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,7 124<catahymenial (i.e.,
hyphidia being the first-formed hymenial elements, the basidia being
embedded at various levels and reaching the surface by elongation, not
forming a palisade), dichohyphae and/or dichohyphidia present, and
setoid structures absent - these features contrasting with
\i{}Hymenochaetaceae\i0{}> 125<lachnocl> 
 
# Lasiosphaeriaceae/
2<syn. \i{}Tripterosporaceae\i0{}> 3,1<rarely prominent> 4,1 8,3/6/8<? -
ostiolate or not, dark, often thick walled, often hairy or ornamented>
22<dark> 33,2/3 38,2<rarely with a basal subiculum>
39<cylindrical-clavate to clavate> 41,1<usually with a small apical j-
ring> 42,2<not fissitunicate, rarely evanescent> 43,2
46,1/2<occasionally> 47<usually>,1&9<with at least one dark brown and
one hyaline cell> 48,1 50,1<with gelatinous appendages or caudae> 51,2
83,2 84,2 100,2 104,6&4&5 106<Anopodium, \i{}Apiosordaria, Arnium,
Bombardia, Bombardioidea, Bovilla, Cercophora, Hormospora, Jugulospora,
Lasiosordaria, Lasiosphaeria, Malinvernia, Philocopra, Pleurage,
Podospora, Schizothecium, Strattonia, Thaxteria, Tripterospora,
Zopfiella, Zygospermella, Zygospermum\i0{}> 108,148 109,33
110<widespread> 111,1 112,1 114,4 120,2 124<interascal tissue of
thin-walled paraphyses often present, but inconspicuous and usually
evanescent> 125<lasiosph> 
 
# Leotiaceae/
1<Earth Tongues> 3,1<very varied, know from only a few taxa> 4,1 7,2/6
8,9<glabrous> 9,4 10,1/2 11,1 16,1-2 17<in \i{}Leotia
lubrica\i0{},>,0.25-0.75 18<in \i{}Leotia lubrica\i0{},>,1-6
21,1<often>/2 22<dark>,9-10/21/12/13/14 33,1 34,2 38,2 39<cylindrical>
40,2 41,1 42,2 43<with a usually diffuse apical J+ ring> 45,2/3 47,1
48,1/2 83,2 84,2 95,2<on herbaceous and woody tissue> 100,1/2 103<in
rich, wettish soils> 104,4&5 106<\i{}Leotia, Pezoloma, Pseudodiscinella,
Sphagnicola\i0{}> 108,13 109,3 110<widespread> 111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1
124<interascal tissue of simple paraphyses> 125<leotiace> 
 
# Leucogastraceae/
4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<the gleba with small locules and no real hymenium,
mucilaginous at maturity and milky when cut> 32,1 55,1 72,2 77<thick
walled> 78,2 79,1 80,2<thick walled, with reticulato-alveolate
ornamentation, and a gelatinous myxosporium> 82,2 84,1 94<supposedly>,2
105,2 106<\i{}Leucogaster\i0{}> 108,25 109,2 110<north temperate,
widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 124<the gasterocarp loculate, the
lacunose gleba compact> 125<leucogas> 
 
# Lycoperdaceae/
1<Soft Puff-Balls> 4,2 7,2/8 10,1/2 14,1 15,7<the gleba powdery>
16,1-5 17,1-5/6-30 18,1-30 22,1/2/4/7/9/10/20/21 52,1 53,1 54,1 56,1
57,1/2<then by apical fragmentation and flaking away> 72,2 76,1 78,2
79,9 80,2<obtusely verruculose> 83,2 84,1 100,1 104,1&2&4&5&6&7
106<\i{}Bovista, Bovistella, Calvatia, Handkea, Lycoperdon,
Vascellum\i0{}> 108,158 109,18 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1
123<several \i{}Lycoperdon\i0{} species>,1<when young, \i{}L.
giganteum\i0{} being very good> 124<white-fleshed puff-balls with an
initially soft outer skin, which becomes papery at maturity and opens
apically by bursting or via a pore> 125<lycoperd> 
 
# Marasmiaceae/
2<~ \i{}Tricholomataceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,1 10<commonly
conspicuously>,1/2<less commonly> 15,1 16,1-3<mostly>/3-4
17,0.5-6(-8)<mostly>/3-14<\i{}Armillaria mellea\i0{}> 19,1/2/3
26,1-4/5/6/7/8/11/13/20/21 32,1<\i{}Marasmius foetidum\i0{} on wood,
\i{}Micromphala perforans\i0{} on conifer needles>/13 59,4 62,1<the
hymenophoral trama regular> 68,2 72,2 78,1 79,1/2/5<never dark>
80<(usually, at least)>,1 81,2 83,1/2<?> 84,1 87,1 95,1&2<notably
\i{}Armillaria mellea\i0{}>/2<mostly> 96<the economically damaging
\i{}A. mellea\i0{}>,3<attacking living coniferous and hardwood trees,
shrubs, and even herbaceous plants, as well as causing extensive decay
in felled timber; and \i{}Marasmiellus\i0{} including important
pathogens of maize> 100,1&2&3 104,1&2&6&4&5&7 106<\i{}Androsaceus,
Armillaria, Armillariella, Baeospora, Calathella, Campanella,
Cephaloscypha, Chaetocalathus, Flagelloscypha, Flammulina, Gerronema,
Lachnella, Lentinula, Macrocystidia, Marasmiellus, Marasmius,
Merismodes, Micromphale, Nochascypha, Omphalotus, Oudemansiella,
Physalacria, Rhizomorpha, Strobilurus, Xerula\i0{}> 108,670 109,45
110<widespread, especially tropical> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1
125<marasmia> 
 
# Melanogastraceae/
1<False Truffles> 2<~\i{}Paxillaceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<the gleba
with small locules and no real hymenium, mucilaginous at maturity>
16,2-3 17<in \i{}M. broomeanus\i0{},>,1-4 22<dull>,8/9/21 72,2
77<fusoid> 78,2 79,9/11 80,1 84,1 86,1 87,1 94<supposedly>,2 100,1<in
humus litter> 101,1 103<mostly under broad-leaved trees, especially
beech> 104,4&5 105,4 106<\i{}Melanogaster\i0{}> 108,25 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 123,1<formerly sold as an
alternative to truffles> 124<real hymenium absent, the gasterocarp
mucilaginous at maturity> 125<melanoga> 
 
# Meripilaceae/
2<formerly \i{}Coriolaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2 5,2 6,1/2<or coalescing> 7,2
10,1/2 15<leathery>,3 16,3-5 17,4-6<\i{}Grifola
frondosa\i0{}>/10-40<\i{}Antrodia vaillantii\i0{} and \i{}Meripilus
giganteus\i0{}, or indeterminate-effuse in \i{}Antrodia serialis\i0{}>
29,1/2 30<in \i{}Grifola gigantea\i0{},>,7 62,3 65,2 72,2 79,1 84,1 86,2
87,2 95,2/1&2<?> 100,2/2&3 101,1 102,2/1&2<?> 103<on old elm trunks and
stumps> 105,23 106<\i{}Abortiporus, Antrodia, Grifola, Meripilus,
Physisporinus, Rigidoporus\i0{}> 108,87 109,9 110<widespread> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,6 125<meripila> 
 
# Meruliaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,4/5 15,3/6<resupinate to reflexed> 16,2-3 17<1-4 cm broad, but
wider, and sometimes in tiers> 62,3/4/6<smooth to pseudo-poroid> 65,2
66,1 69<(hymenial)>,1 70,1 72,2 78,1 79,1 80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2 95,2
100,2 105<about>,35 106<\i{}Byssomerulius, Chondrostereum, Crustoderma,
Cylindrobasidium, Dacryobolus, Gloeoporus, Himantia, Mycoacia,
Mycoaciella, Phlebia, Resinicium, Scopuloides\i0{}> 108,144 109,17
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly Stereales>
125<meruliac> 
 
# Microglossum/
2<cf. \i{}Geoglossaceae\i0{}, \i{}Helotiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Leotiaceae\i0{}?> 4,1 6,1/2<often tufted> 7,6 8,9 9,3<the heads
often each with a longitudinal groove> 10,1-2 11,1 16,2-3 18,2-5(-6)
22<very dark>,11/14/21 33,1 34,1 38,2 40,2 42,2 43<with J+ or J- pore>
45,3<often>/2 47,9 83,2 84,2 100,1 104,4&5 108,8 110<temperate,
widespread> 111,1 118,1 125<microglo> 
 
# Morchellaceae/
1<Morels> 3,1<these hyphomycetaceous> 4,1 5,2 7,2 8,9<to 12 cm or more
high> 9<substantially>,4<the cap often with honey-comb like pits>
11<usually>,1 16,3-5 17<with caps>,2-10 18,4-24 22<with pale stipes and
darker caps of various shades of brown> 33,1 34,1 35<usually>,3<the
hymenium often lobed or corrugated, usually darker than the stalk> 38,1
39<cylindrical> 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,2 45,2 46,1 47,1 48,2 49,3 50,1<with a
minutely guttate appendage at the apex> 51,2 83,2 84,2 95,2<in soil and
on leaf mould> 100,1 104,1&2&6&4&5&7 105,23 106<\i{}Disciotis,
Mitrophora, Morchella, Verpa\i0{}> 108,38 109,3 110<widespread,
especially temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 123<the \i{}Morchella\i0{}
species>,1 124<Operculate Discomycetes, with well developed interascal 
tissue>  125<morchell> 
 
# Mycenastraceae/
4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<an epigeal gasterocarp, with homogeneous gleba,
dehiscing via irregular lobes from the apex> 52,2 53,1 54,1 56,1 72,2
78,2 79,2/8/9/10<? - not hyaline> 80,2<reticulate, large> 84,1 95,2/3<?>
100,1 105,1<\i{}M. corium\i0{}> 106<\i{}Mycenastrum\i0{}> 108,1 109,1
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 125<mycenast> 
 
# Nectriaceae/
1<Coral spots of woody plants> 2<~ \i{}Hypocreaceae\i0{}>
3<commonly>,1<these hyphomycetaceous, hyaline or brightly coloured,
proliferating sympodially; including economically important
\i{}Fusarium\i0{} spp.> 4,1 7,8 8,1/2-3/5/6/8 11,2 12,1-2 16,1-2<?>
17,0.1-0.6<?> 21,1<commonly>/2 22<often>,12/13/- 33,2<superficial>
34,2/3 38,1<then pulvinate>/2 39<cylindrical> 41,1-2<often with a
minute, apical J- ring> 42,2 43,2 46,1/2<sometimes>
47<pale>,9/1/2/6/3/4<hyaline to yellow or pale brown> 48<transversely>,1
50,2 51,2 83,2 84,2 95,1<notably \i{}Dialonectria galligena\i0{},
causing canker on apple trees>/2 96<when parasitic/pathogenic,>,2/3
100,2&3<bursting through sticks and newly fallen branches> 103<often on
dead plant material or other fungi> 104,2&6&4&5&7 105<about>,100<with
about 65 in \i{}Nectria\i0{}> 106<\i{}Calonectria, Cosmospora,
Dialonectria, Gibberella, Nectria, Neocosmospora, Pseudonectria,
Xenonectriella\i0{}> 108,109 109,20 110<cosmopolitan> 111,1 112,1 114,4
120,1 125<nectriac> 
 
# Niaceae/
4,2 7,8 10,1/2 14,1 15,7<very small, subglobose, anchored in the
substrate with a minute pedicel> 16,1 17,0.1-0.3 21,1-2
22,1/6/17/12<finally, this being the maturation sequence> 52,2<the gleba
homogeneous or with small locules and no real hymenium, mucilaginous at
maturity> 56,1 57,2 72,2 75<bearing 4-8 apical basidiospores, but
without sterigmata, the spores attached via short cylindrical
projections from their bases> 77<appendaged, with a slender, flexible,
hyaline appendage> 78,2 79,1 84,1 98,1 105,1<\i{}N. vibrissa\i0{}>
106<\i{}Nia\i0{}> 108,2 109,1 110<widespread in the northern hemisphere>
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1<?> 124<See \i{}Mycologia\i0{} 51: 874, 1959>
125<niace> 
 
# Nidulariaceae/
1<Bird Nest Fungi> 4,2 7,3/8 14,1 15,11<i.e., the gasterocarp nest- or
funnel-like, with a circumsessile epiphragm; the gleba comprises one to
seven individual glebal chambers with hardened walls (peridioles), which
are distributed by a splash-cup mechanism> 16,1-2 17,0.5-2 18,0.5-2 72,2
77<often large> 78,2 79,1 80,1 84,1 100,1/2<sometimes on soil, but
mostly on sticks, fir cones, etc.> 104,6&4&5 106<\i{}Crucibulum,
Cyathus, Mycocalia, Nidularia\i0{}> 108,56 109,4 110<widespread> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,1 124<the gasterocarp small, only 1-10 mm in diameter>
125<nudulari> 
 
# Octavianinaceae/
4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<loculate, with no stipe> 16,2-3 17<in
\i{}Octaviania\i0{},>,1-3 22,1/10/11/21<initially light, becoming
greenish and subsequently darkening> 29,1<? - perhaps bruising
greenish>/- 32<of \i{}Octaviania\i0{}>,2 68,2 72,2 77<globose> 78,2
80,2<coarsely tuberculate> 84,1 86,1 87,1 99,1-2<usually in humus>
100<when epigeal,>,1 101,1 103<in beech woods on chalk> 104,4 105,5
106<\i{}Octaviania, Sclerogaster, Wakefieldia\i0{}> 108,12 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121<dubiously>,2 124<exemplified by
\i{}Octaviania asterosperma\i0{}> 125<octavian> 
 
# Oliveoniaceae/
2<formerly in \i{}Ceratobasidiaceae\i0{}> 3,1<\i{}Oliveorhiza\i0{}> 4,2
7,5 15,6<thin, waxy, resupinate> 21,U 72,2 74,1<with long, stout
sterigmata, probasidium absent> 76,2 78,1 82,2 84,1 91,2<?> 105,4
106<\i{}Oliveonia\i0{}> 108,4/5 109,2<?> 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,2 122,7 124<this inadequate description lacks the informaton to
justify the recent removal of \i{}Oliveonia\i0{} from Ceratobasidiaceae,
involving its transfer from Agaricomycetidae to Tremellales>
125<oliveoni> 
 
# Onygenaceae/
3,1 4,1 6,1 7,2 8,9 9,4<drum-stick shaped> 10,2<but often grouped> 11,1
12,1 14,- 16,1-2 18<about 5-10 mm high in \i{}C. corvina\i0{}> 21,U
33,3<the ascoma formed from coiled initials> 34,1 35,3 38,2 39<more or
less globose> 45<oblate or allantoid> 46,2<pitted or reticulate> 83,2
95,2 97,1/2<often on rotting feathers, hair, horns, hooves, owl pellets>
100,1 105<about>,10 106<about 9 genera - \i{}Onygena\i0{}, etc.>
108<about>,60 109<about>,24 111,1 112,1 114,1 117,2 124<related families
include dermatophytes causing tinea in humans.> 125<onygenac> 
 
# Paxillaceae/
2<including \i{}Gyrodontaceae\i0{} p.p.; excluding
\i{}Melanogastraceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,1 10,1/2 15,1<the margin of the
pileus involute> 16,3-4 17,3-15 19,1/3 26,2-3/4/6-8/10/11 59,1/4
62,1<these often forked>/3 65,1 66,2 67,5<gelatinized> 68,1 72,2 78,1
79,6/7-8 80,1/2<rarely echinulate to verruculose> 81,2 83,1 84,1 86,1
87,1 90,2 94<supposedly>,2 95,2&3<?>/2 100,1 101,1 103<\i{}P.
involutus\i0{} commonly under birch, \i{}Gyrodon\i0{} on ash roots, but
not mycorrhizal> 104,4&5 105<about>,14 106<\i{}Gyrodon, Paxillus\i0{}>
108,37 109,7 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 123<sometimes
somewhat>,2<when raw, rendered harmless but uninspiring by cooking>
125<paxillac> 
 
# Peniophoraceae/
4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6<resupinate to effuso-reflexed, waxy to crustose> 17<of
indeterminate dimensions> 62,5<but then papillate>/6 66,2
69<(hymenial)>,1 70,2<or metuloids, lycocystidia absent> 72,2 78,1
79,2/5<generating a pinkish spore print> 80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2
105<about>,25 106<\i{}Peniophora\i0{}> 108,81 109,4 110<widespread>
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,7<formerly Stereales> 125<peniopho> 
 
# Pezizaceae/
1<Cup Fungi> 3,1<these hyphomycetaceous> 4,1 5,2 7,3/5 8<when
epigeous,>,1/2-3/7-8<formed from a single ascogonium or ascogonial coil>
10,1/2 11<usually>,2 16,1-2/2-4 17,1-6(-8)/0.5-1.5<in \i{}Pachyphloeus
melanoxanthus\i0{}> 21,1/2 22,2-4/6/7-9/10/11/12/13/16/21<etc.>/-
33,1/2/3 34,2 37,2 38,2 39<elongated> 40,1/2<then opening via an apical
slit> 41,1/2 42,2 43,1<at least near the tip> 46,1/2<often guttate>
47<pale>,9/1 48,2 49,1 51,2 83,2 84,2 95,2 99,1<or almost so, when
cleistothecial>/2 100<when epigeal,>,1<variously on bare soil, in humus,
on dung, on decaying leaves or conifer needles, etc>/2<often on very
rotten wood, or decaying twigs and branches, etc.> 104,1&2&6&4&5&7
105<about>,115<with almost 100 in \i{}Peziza\i0{}> 106<\i{}Boudiera,
Hydnobolites, Iodophanus, Pachyella, Pachyphloeus, Peziza, Plicaria,
Sarcosphaera, Sphaerozone\i0{}> 108,160 109,19 110<cosmopolitan> 111,1
112,1 114,3 119,1 124<Operculate Discomycetes> 125<pezizale> 
 
# Phallaceae/
1<including Stink Horn Fungi, Basket Fungi> 2<including
\i{}Clathraceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,2<commonly, when mature>/8<conspicuously
egg-shaped before maturity> 14,1<egg-like initially, but at maturity the
dehiscent peridium releases the mucilaginous gleba on a rapidly
expanding, hollow receptacle or pseudo-stipe> 15,9 16,4-5 17,0.5-3.5
18,10-20 21,1<e.g., the orange or green cap of \i{}Mutinus
caninus\i0{}>/2 32,1<e.g., the very offensive faecal stench of
\i{}Phallus impudicus\i0{}, and the faintly faecal aroma of \i{}Mutinus
caninus\i0{}>/8<e.g., \i{}Phallus hadriani\i0{}, with only a faintly
sweetish smell>/13 55,1<usually external, but internal in the
\i{}Clathraceae\i0{}> 56,1<to release the mucilaginous gleba> 59<(i.e.,
the pseudo-stipe, or receptacle)>,2<the former represented by the basal
remains of the egg> 62,5/6 72,2 78,2 84,1 85,1 100,1<epigeal at
maturity, with \i{}M. caninus\i0{} often around rotted stumps or on
decaying sawdust> 104,1&6&4&5&7 105,1260<\i{}Asero, Clathrus,
Dictyophora, Ileodictyon, Lysurus, Mutinus, Phallus\i0{}> 108,77 109,23
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,5 125<phallace> 
 
# Phanerochaetaceae/
2<~\i{}Meruliaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6 21,1/2 22<pale or brown,
sometimes>,15<e.g., \i{}Terana caerulea\i0{}>/- 62,3/4/6 65,2 66,1 69,1
70,1 72,2 79,1 80,1 82,2 83,2 84,1 86,1 100,2/3<?> 102,1/2<and on bark>
105,31 106<\i{}Candelabrochaete, Ceraceomyces, Erythricium,
Hyphodermella, Odonticium, Phanerochaete, Phlebiopsis, Terana\i0{}>
108,63<?> 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6 125<phaneroc> 
 
# Phragmoxenidiaceae/
4,2 20,1<?> 21,U 72,1 73,1<auricularioid> 83,1 84,1 85,1<but these
without parenthesomes> 105,1 106<\i{}Phragmoxenidium\i0{}> 108,1 109,1
110<Europe> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,4 125<phragmox> 
 
# Pleurotaceae/
1<Oyster Mushrooms> 2<\i{}Lentinaceae\i0{}> 3,1<represented by 20
species of \i{}Antromycopsis\i0{}, mainly on wood> 4,2 5,2 7,1/4
10<usually>,1 15,1<then the stipe very excentric, e.g. \i{}Pleurotus
dryinus\i0{}>/3<or at least with the stipe short and lateral, e.g.,
\i{}P. ostreatus\i0{}> 16,3-4 17<in \i{}Pleurotus\i0{},>,3-15 19,1/3
26,1/3&20/9/7/10/21 59,1/4 62,1 72,2 77<cylindrical> 79,1/2 84,1 86,1/2
87,2 95,1&2 96,3 100,2&3 101,1&2 102,1&2 103<on trunks of broad-leaved
and coniferous trees, with \i{}P. ostreatus\i0{} especially damaging to
beech> 104,4&5 106<\i{}Hohenbuehelia, Pleurotus\i0{}> 108,54 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 123<some species
supposedly>,1<e.g., young \i{}Pleurotus ostreatus\i0{}>/2<with at least
some species having markely emetic properties> 124<including some
anamorphic forms> 125<pleurota> 
 
# Pluteaceae/
1<including the Death-cap Fungi> 2<dubiously including
\i{}Amanitaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,1 10,2 15,1 16,2-4 17,(2-)4-12(-16)
19,1/2/3 21,1/2 25,1<white on red, brown on white or cream, etc.>/2
26,1/2/3/4/6/8/7/10/12/11/13/14/19 59,1<or the volva very reduced, in
some \i{}Amanita\i0{} species>/2<in \i{}Volvariella\i0{}>/3<in most
\i{}Amanita\i0{} species>/4<in \i{}Pluteus\i0{}> 62,1<the lamellae free,
thin, the hymenophoral trama bilateral, convergent in
\i{}Pluteaceae\i0{} s. str. and divergent in \i{}Amanitaceae\i0{}>
67<mostly>,1 68,1<the hymenophoral trama divergent in
\i{}Amanitaceae\i0{}, convergent in \i{}Pluteaceae\i0{} s. str.> 72,2
77<globose to elongate-ellipsoid> 78,1 79<dull>,5<\i{}Pluteaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto>/2-3<\i{}Amanitaceae\i0{}> 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2&3
100,1<mostly>/2<e.g., some \i{}Pluteus\i0{} species on rotted stumps>
104,2&6&4&5&7 106<\i{}Amanita, Limacella, Pluteus, Volvaria,
Volvariella\i0{}> 108,874 109,6 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,1 123<very>,2<several \i{}Amanita\i0{} species, with \i{}A.
muscaria\i0{} also notably psychotropic>/1<e.g., \i{}Pluteus
cervinus\i0{}, \i{}Volvariella\i0{} spp., and for the brave and
optimistic, \i{}Amanita rubescens\i0{} when cooked> 124<hymenophoral
trama bilateral, convergent> 125<pluteace> 
 
# Podoscyphaceae/
4,2 5,1-2 6,1/2 7,3/6 10,1/2 15,14/4/2<then flask-shaped or
infundibuliform> 16,2-4/5<e.g., the multipileate \i{}Podoscypha
multizonata\i0{}> 22,1-2/3/4/6-7/13<etc.>/- 62<often with
skeletocystidia,>,2/4<then tuberculate>/5 65,2 66,2<catahymenial>
69<often>,1 70,4 72,2 78,1 79,1/2 80,1 82,2 83,1/2 84,1 86,1/2 87,2 95,1
96,3<e.g., on tree roots>/4<e.g., on \i{}Polytrichum\i0{}> 100,1/2/3<?>
105,6 106<\i{}Cotylidia, Cyphellostereum, Podoscypha, Pseudolasiobolus,
Stereopsis\i0{}> 108,70 109,11 110<widespread, especially tropical>
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly Stereales> 125<podoscyp> 
 
# Polyporaceae/
1<Bracket Fungi> 2<including \i{}Coriolaceae\i0{} p.p.,
\i{}Lentinaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4,2 5,2 7,2/4 10,1/2 11<more or
less>,1<usually>/2 15,12<e.g. \i{}Polyporus tuberaster\i0{})>/3<usually,
though generally more or less stipitate save in the \i{}Coriolaceae\i0{}
component, the stipe often with a black crust>/1<e.g., \i{}Polyporus
brumalis\i0{}, which exhibits a long central stipe> 16,3-5 17,3-50
21,1/2<mostly> 59<when present,>,4 62,1<e.g., in the
\i{}Lentinaceae\i0{} component>/2/3<then the pores sometimes radially
elongated, e.g. \i{}Trametes gibbosa\i0{}> 63,1<sometimes?>/2<at least
in the \i{}Lentinaceae\i0{} component> 65,2 69,2<by contrast with
\i{}Hymenochaetaceae\i0{}> 72,2 77<cylindrical> 78,1 79,1 80,1 82,2 84,1
86,1<some \i{}Lentinaceae\i0{}>/2<mostly, with skeleto-ligative hyphae>
87,2 95,1/2/1&2 96,3 100,2&3<on living and decaying trees and shrubs>
104,6&4&5 105<about>,100 106<\i{}Cerrena, Coriolopsis, Coriolus,
Daedaleopsis, Datronia, Dichomitus, Faerberia, Fomes, Haploporus,
Haploporus, Laetiporus, Lentinus, Lenzites, Microporus, Neolentinus,
Panus, Perenniporia, Phaeolus, Polyporus, Poria, Pycnoporus,
Skeletocutis, Trametes, Trichaptum, Tyromyces, Xerotus\i0{}> 108,681
109,71 110<cosmopolitan> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6 124<Relatively recent
changes in family circumscriptions have rendered this one so
structurally diverse that morphological diagnosis is difficult or
impossible; cf. the above description and the accompanying
illustrations.> 125<polypora> 
 
# Psathyrellaceae/
2<~ \i{}Coprinaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7,1 10,1<mostly>/2<e.g.,
\i{}Psathyrella plicatilis\i0{}> 15,1<the stipe usually white>
16,2-3<mostly>/4 17,1-7(-8) 19,1/2/3 25,1<brown on lighter, see
especially \i{}Psathyrella caput-medusae\i0{}>/2 26,2/3/4/5/7/10 58,1
59,1/4 62,1<not deliquescent> 66,2 67,2-5<?> 68,2 78,1 79,10/11/12<or
purplish brown or black> 80,1 81,1 83,1 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,2 97,3
100,1/2 104,1&2&4&5&6&7 105<about>,105 106<\i{}Lacrymaria\i0{},
\i{}Macrometrula\i0{}, \i{}Parasola\i0{}, \i{}Psathyrella\i0{}> 111,2
113,1 115,1 121,1 124<This family represents breaking of the Coprinaceae
on the evidence of molecular studies (Redhead et al., 2001). The current
(2006) BMS list presents only the genus \i{}Parasola\i0{} under this
family, while simultaneously referring the (about) 95
\i{}Psathyrella\i0{} species to it as well. \i{}Psathyrella\i0{} (but
not \i{}Parasola\i0{} continues to appear under \i{}Coprinaceae\i0{}>
125<psathyre> 
 
# Pterulaceae/
4,2 5,1 6,2 7,7 10,1-2 15,15<erect or decumbent, much branched from the
base, the branches filiform, at first pale ochre to brownish or
sometimes lilac tinged, but the whole plant drying black, 1-5 cm high>
16,2-3 18,1.5-6 62,5/6 72,2 79,2 80,1 82,2 83,1/2 84,1 86,2<with
skeletal hyphae> 87,1 93,2 95,2 100,1<humicolous>/2 104,6<on decaying
needles and branches> 105,5 106<\i{}Pterula\i0{}> 108,63 109,7
110<widespread, especially tropical> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1
124<basidioma amphigenous> 125<pterulac> 
 
# Pucciniaceae/
1<Rust Fungi> 4,2 84,1 95,1 96,3 108,4121<! - but few Rusts produce
fruit-bodies regarded as mushrooms or toadstools> 109,17 111,2 113,2 116,1
125<puccinia> 
 
# Pyronemataceae/
2<syn. \i{}Aleuriaceae\i0{}, \i{}Humariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Otidiaceae\i0{}>
3,1<these hyphomycetaceous> 4,1 5,2 7,3/8/6/5 8,2/3/5/6 10,1/2
11<shortly>,1/2 12,1-2 16,1-3<mostly>/4 17,0.5-6(-12) 21,1<often>/2
22,3-6/7/8/12/13/21 33,1/3 34,2 37,1<often>/2 38,2<but the ascomata on a
well developed hyphal mat> 39<cylindrical> 40,1 41,2<with complex apical
pores> 42,2 43,2 45<usually>,2 46,1/2 47,1/9 48,2 49,1 51,2 83,2 84,2
95,2/3 97,1<e.g., \i{}Fimaria hepatica\i0{} on rabbit dung>/3 99,1<in a
few species only>/2 100<when epigeal,>,1/2 104<often on soil or rotten
wood; \i{}Aleuria aurantia\i0{} on bare gravels, also paths, lawns and
bare soil in woods> 105<about>,110 106<\i{}Acervus, Aleuria,
Anthracobia, Boubovia, Byssonectria, Cheilymenia, Ciliaria, Coprobia,
Fimaria, Genea, Geopora, Geopyxis, Humaria, Inermisia, Jafneadelphus,
Kotlabaea, Lamprospora, Leucoscypha, Marcelleina, Melastiza, Miladina,
Neottiella, Octospora, Octosporella, Otidea, Oviascoma, Parascutellinia,
Paurocotylis, Phaedropezia, Pseudombrophila, Psilopezia, Pulvinula,
Pustularia, Pyronema, Ramsbottomia, Rhodotarzetta, Scutellinia,
Sepultaria, Sowerbyella, Sphaerosoma, Sphaerospora, Sphaerosporella,
Spooneromyces, Stephensia, Svrcekomyces, Tarzetta, Tricharina,
Trichophaea, Trichophaeopsis\i0{}> 108,462 109,68 110<cosmopolitan>
111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 124<Operculate Discomycetes> 125<pyronema> 
 
# Ramariaceae/
1<Coral Fungi, Fairy Clubs> 4,2 6,2 7,7 10,1/2 15,15<ramarioid>
16,3-4<mostly>/5 18,3-15(-25) 21,1<commonly>/2
22,12-13<sometimes>/1-2/3-7<often tan-coloured or reddening>/- 62,2/5
69,2 72,2 79,6<never white?> 80,2 84,1 85,1 86,1 87,1 93,1 100,1&2
104,6&4&5<on decaying stumps, buried branches, conifer needles, etc.>
105,37 106<\i{}Gautieria, Kavinia, Ramaria, Ramaricium\i0{}> 108,16
109,6 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,5<i.e., cf. the 2004 BMS
Check list> 125<ramariac> 
 
# Rhizinaceae/
2<~ Helvellaceae> 4,1 5,2 7,5/- 8<in \i{}R. undulata\i0{},>,2/5<at first
disc-shaped, later cushion-shaped and irregularly lobed, 2-8 cm high;
very tough> 11,2 16,3-5 17<in \i{}R. undulata\i0{}, about>,6-24 18,2-8
22,21 33,1<superficial> 35,2/3 38,2 39<cylindrical> 40,1 41,2
42,2<operculate> 43,2 46,1-2<minutely rough> 48,2 49,2 50,2 51,2 83,2
84,2 95,2 100,1 104,6<\i{}R. undulata\i0{} in coniferous debris,
especially after fires> 105,1<\i{}R. undulata\i0{}>
106<\i{}Rhizina\i0{}> 108,1-2 109,1<? - \i{}Rhizina\i0{}> 110<north
temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 125<rhizinac> 
 
# Rhizopogonaceae/
2<~\i{}Gomphidiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Suillaceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<with
no columella> 16,2-4 17,2-8 22<dirty>,6<to olive brown>/21/- 32,3 52,2
68,1 72,2 77<allantoid to sub-globose, thin-walled, stramineous> 78,2
80,1 83,2<?> 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 94,1 99,1-2<usually partly buried, on
sandy soil> 100<when epigeal,>,1 101,1 103<especially under beech>
104,4&5 105,6 106<\i{}Rhizopogon\i0{}> 108,158 109,4 110<widespread in
the temperate northern hemisphere, introduced with pines in the
southern> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 124<exemplified by the garlic-scented
\i{}Rhizopogon luteolus\i0{}> 125<rhizopon> 
 
# Russulaceae/
4,2 5,1 7,1<mostly>/8 10,2 14,1/2<mostly> 15,1/7<the gasteroid taxa
posing taxonomic problems, some perhaps being conspecific with agaricoid
species of \i{}Russula\i0{} or \i{}Lactarius\i0{}> 16,2/3-4<mostly>/5
17,(1-)3-15(-20) 19,1/3 21,1<commonly>/2
26,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/7/10/12/11/13/14/17/18/19/20/21 28,1<in
\i{}Lactarius\i0{}>/2 32,8<like coconut-toffee, in \i{}Lactarius
glyciosmus\i0{}>/11<in \i{}L. camphoratus\i0{}>/12<in \i{}L.
helvus\i0{}>/13 59,4 62<of agaricoid forms,>,1<but internal in the
gastroid forms>/- 67,2-5 72,2 78,1<mostly>/2 79,1/2 80,2 82,1<with an
amyloid myxosporium> 83,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,1 95,2&3 100,1
104<mainly>,6&4&5/1/2 105<about>,350<mostly in \i{}Lactarius\i0{} and
\i{}Russula\i0{}> 106<\i{}Gymnomyces, Lactarius, Russula,
Zelleromyces\i0{}> 108,1259<!> 109,7 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,7 123<several \i{}Russula\i0{} and \i{}Lactarius\i0{} species are
more or less>,1<\i{}R. cyanoxantha\i0{} for example being being
excellent; but some are bitter or nasty, others are uninspiring, and raw
\i{}R. emetica\i0{} is appropriately named> 124<the trama heteromerous -
i.e., with nests of sphaerocysts amongst the filamenous hyphae>
125<russulac> 
 
# Rutstroemiaceae/
4,1 7,2/3<usually> 8<usually>,3<without hairs> 11,1 16,1-2 17<in
\i{}Rutstroemeria firma\i0{}, about>,0.5-1.5/- 21,2 22,3-10/11<mostly
brown, \i{}Rutstroemia firma\i0{} brown to greenish> 33,1 38,1 40,2 42,2
43<usually with a J+ apical ring> 45,2 46,1 47<pale>,9/1 48<usually>,2
83,2 84,2 95,2<mostly on plant parts, especially on seeds and fruits,
but \i{}Rutstroemia firma\i0{} occurs commonly on dead oak branches>
100,2 106<\i{}Lambertella, Lanzia, Poculum, Rutstroemia, Scleromitrula,
Verpatinia\i0{}> 108,100 109,3 110<cosmopolitan> 111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1
124<'Inoperculate Discomycetes; stromata present, of indeterminate
substratal tissue permeated by undifferentiated, thin-walled hyphae,
sometimes with a black rind; interascal tissue of simple paraphyses>
125<rutstroe> 
 
# Sarcoscyphaceae/
2<~ \i{}Pezizaceae\i0{}> 3,1<these hyphomycetous> 4,1 7,3/5
8,2/3/5<leathery or somewhat gelatinous, the hypal cells of the
excipulum often embedded in a gelatinous matrix, the interascal tissue
composed of paraphyses> 11,1-2 16,2-3 17<in \i{}Sarcoscypha coccinea\i0{},
about>,2-6/- 20,1/2 21<usually>,1<within the disc, the paraphyses
usually pigmented at their swollen apices>
22<internally>,12-13/19<externally dark>/- 33,1 37,1<in the paraphyses>
38,2 39<cylindrical, persistent> 43,2 45,3 46,1/2 47,1 48,2 49,3 83,2
84,2 95,2 100,1<then often in rich soil>/2<\i{}S. coccinea\i0{} common
on decayed branches> 105,5 106<\i{}Microstoma, Pithya, Sarcoscypha\i0{}>
108,21 109,10 110<cosmopolitan> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 125<sarcoscy> 
 
# Sarcosomataceae/
3,1<these hyphomycetous> 4,1 7,3/5 8<large,>,2/3 11<more or less>,2
16,2-3 17<in \i{}Pseudoplectania nigrella\i0{},>,1-4 20,1/2<leathery or
somewhat gelatinous> 21<usually>,2<the disc usually pale or dark,
sometimes shiny black> 33,1 34,1<the interascal tissue of paraphyses,
these often anastomaosing near the base> 37<usually>,2 38,2
39<cylindrical, persistent> 40,1<the operculum often slightly
sub-apical> 45,3 46,1/2<rarely> 47,1 48,2 49,3 56<composed of
intertwined hyphae, often on a gelatinous matrix, dark brown> 83,2 84,2
95,2 100,2 105,2<\i{}Plectania melastoma\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoplectania
nigrella\i0{}> 106<\i{}Plectania\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoplectania\i0{}> 108,30
109,14 110<mainly temperate> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1 125<sarcosom> 
 
# Schizophyllaceae/
1<Split-gills> 4,2 5,2 7,1<with a rudimentary stipe>/4
15,3-4<pleurotoid, with no more than a rudimentary stipe, the context
tough and leathery> 16,2-3 17<in \i{}Schizophyllum commune\i0{},>,1-4
62<ostensibly>,1<with greyish-violet pseudo-lamellae> 63,1 64,1 69,2
72,2 78,1 79,1 80,1 82,2 84,1 87,2 95<mainly>,2 100,2<mostly>/3 101,1
102,2&3 103<on hardwoods: trunks and dead branches, also on newly felled
wood and stacked timber> 104,4&5 105,9 106<\i{}Henningsomyces,
Porotheleum, Rectipilus, Schizophyllum\i0{}> 107<almost confined to>,7
108,43 109,5 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 125<schizop> 
 
# Schizoporaceae/
2<~ \i{}Hyphodermataceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,4/5 15,3<e.g., the often
moss-covered \i{}Oxyporus populinus\i0{}>/6<sometimes resupinate, as in
\i{}Schizopora paradoxa\i0{}> 16,3-5 17<in the few species
illustrated,>,3-30 62,3<sometimes unambguously so, as in \i{}Oxyporus
populinus\i0{} with its minute pores, but sometimes ostensibly pegged,
spinose or smooth by disintegration of a hymenium initially with wide
pores having toothed orifaces, as in \i{}Schizopora paradoxa\i0{}> 69,1
72,2 79,1/2/6/7/9 80<usually>,1 82,1<rarely>/2 83,2 84,1 86,1/2
95,1/2/1&2<?> 96,3 100,2&3<on living and decaying trees and shrubs?>
104,4&5&6<?> 105,33 106<\i{}Basidioradulum, Hyphodontia, Oxyporus,
Schizopora\i0{}> 108,84 109,8 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,4
125<schipora> 
 
# Sclerodermataceae/
1<Hard-skinned Puff-Balls, Earth-balls> 2<syn. \i{}Astraeaceae\i0{};
~ \i{}Gyroporaceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,2/8 14,1 15,7<a dark interior, and a
leathery outer skin which fractures irregularly at maturity; gleba with
small locules and no real hymenium, finally powdery> 16,3-4 17,4-10 53,2
54,2 56,1 57,2 72,2 76,2 78,2 79,9 80,2<verrucose> 84,1 100,1
104,1&2&4&5&6&7 105,10 106<\i{}Astraeus, Pisolithus, Scleroderma\i0{}>
108,50 109,7 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 125<sclerode> 
 
# Sclerotiniaceae/
3,1 4,1 7,3 8,3 10,1/2 11,1<often quite long-stalked>/2 16,1-2 17<in
\i{}Ciboria batschiana\i0{},>,0.5-1/- 21,2 22,7/10<i.e., usually some
shade of brown> 33,1 34,1 35,1 37,2 38,1<as sclerotia, or as mummified
host tissue> 41<usually>,1<this I+> 45<usually>,2 47<pale>,9/2 48,2 83,2
84,2 95,1/2 103<on various plant parts, especially seeds and fruits>
105<about>,70 106<about 17 genera> 108<about>,225 109<about>,35
110<cosmopolitan> 111,1 112,1 114,2 118,1 125<scleroti> 
 
# Sirobasidiaceae/
4,2 15,16<to tuberculate> 20,1 72,1<individually, and often catenulate
(in chains), with deciduous sterigmata> 73,2 78,1 84,1 85,1 86,1 95,2
100,2 105,3 106<\i{}Sirobasidium, Xenolachne\i0{}> 108,11 109,3
110<widespread, especially tropical> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,4
125<sirobasi> 
 
# Sistotremataceae/
3<of \i{}Sistotrema\i0{}>,1<involving 4 generic names> 4,2 5,2 7,2/4/5
15,1/3/6<resupinate to pileate> 21,U 62,4<spinose>/5 65,2 66,2 69,2
72,2<urniform> 75,2/3<4-6-8> 78,1 79,1 80,1 82,2 83,1 84,1 86,1 87,1<at
the septa, loosely arranged> 88,2<unlike those of
\i{}Botryobasidiaceae\i0{}> 89,1<and loosely arranged> 105<about>,60
106<\i{}Fibriciellum, Paullicorticium, Repetobasidiellum,
Repetobasidium, Sistotrema, Systotremastrum, Systotremella,
Trechispora\i0{}> 108,120 109,8 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,6<formerly Stereales> 124<the basidia urniform, 2-12 sterigmate>
125<sistotre> 
 
# Sparassidaceae/
4,2 5,2 6,2 7,7 13,1 15,15<large, much-branched and cauliflower-like,
the numerous branches horizontal and much flattened, with inflated
context hyhae> 16,4-5 17,25-35 22,6/7 65,2 72,2 78,1 79,1-2/3<giving a
cream spore print> 80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,1 93,2 95,2 100,2 105,2
106<\i{}Sparassis\i0{}> 108,7 109,3 110<widespread north temperate>
111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6 123<\i{}Sparassis crispa\i0{}>,1 125<sparassi> 
 
# Steccherinaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6<resupinate or effuso-reflexed, often encrusted> 21,U
62,5/6<with no hyphal pegs> 65,2 69,1 70,4 72,2 78,1 79,1 80,1 82,2 84,1
86,2<with skeletal hyphae> 87,2 95,1/2 105,23 106<\i{}Antrodiella,
Diplomitoporus, Flaviporus, Junghuhnia, Mycoleptodon, Odontia,
Steccherinum\i0{}> 108,106 109,14 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,6<formerly Stereales> 125<steccher> 
 
# Stephanosporaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,8 14,1 15,7<aporate, with a labyrinthoid chamber> 21,1
22<brick->,19/12<brick-red on the outside, and orange within> 72,2
77<with a peri-appendicular corona> 78,2 79,3 80,2<verrucose> 82,2 84,1
87,2 99,1/1-2<underground or half-exposed> 100<when more or less
epigeal,>,1 104,4/5<usually under trees> 105,1<\i{}S. caroticolor\i0{}>
106<\i{}Stephanospora\i0{}> 108,4 109,1 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1
115,1 121,7<? - formerly Stereales> 125<stephano> 
 
# Stereaceae/
2<including \i{}Gloeocystidiellaceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,2 7,2/4/5 15,1/3<then
the pileus often zoned>/6<then appressed or effused-reflexed;
gloeoplerous hyphae present only in \i{}Gloeocystidiellaceae\i0{}?>
16,2-3 17<1-4 cm broad but wider, in the species illustrated> 62,4<at
least, tuberculate or warty>/5 69,1 70,2/4/2&4 72,2 78,1 79,1 80,1
82<usually>,1 84,1 86,2<usually, with skeletohyphidia>/3<rarely> 87,2
95,2/1&2 96,3<including \i{}S. purpureum\i0{}, causing silver leaf
disease of plum trees> 100,1/2&3<or on bark> 104,4&5&6&7 105<about>,40
106<\i{}Aleurodiscus, Amylostereum, Boidinia, Conferticium,
Gloeocystidiellum, Gloiothele, Laxitextum, Megalocystidium,
Scytinostromella, Stereum, Vesiculomyces, Xylobolus\i0{}> 108,124 109,22
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,7<formerly Stereales>
125<stereace> 
 
# Strophariaceae/
4,2 5,1 7,1/4 10,1<mostly>/2 15,1<nearly always>/4<and with the gills on
top, in \i{}Stropharia squamosa\i0{}> 16,2-4 17,(0.5-)1-10(-12) 19,1/2/3
21,1-2 25,1/2<often brown scales on lighter ground>
26,1/2-6/8/7-10/11/13/14 58,2 59,1/4 62,1 66,2 67,2-5 68,2
69,1<often>/2<?> 70<commonly>,3 72,2 78,1 79,6/10-12 80<usually>,1 81,1
84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2 95,1/2 97,1<e.g., \i{}Deconica coprophila\i0{}>/3
100,1/2/3<with \i{}Pholiota destruens\i0{} causing heart-rot>
104,1&4&5&6&7 106<\i{}Deconica, Flammula, Hypholoma, Kuehneromyces,
Melanotus, Pholiota, Pleuroflammula, Psilocybe, Stropharia\i0{}> 108,328
109,7 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 123<some>,1<and good: e.g.,
\i{}Kuehneromyces mutabilis\i0{}> 124<the pileipellis never epithelial>
125<strophar> 
 
# Suillaceae/
2<~ \i{}Boletaceae\i0{}, \i{}Gomphidiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rhizopogonaceae\i0{}> 4,2 7,2 15,1 16,3-4 17,4-12 19,1/3 25,1/2
26,3-4<or yellowish brown>/8/7/13 59,4 61,1<\i{}Boletinus\i0{}>/2 62,3
65,1 66,2 72,2 83,1<\i{}Boletinus\i0{}>/2 84,1 94,1<excepting
\i{}Boletinus\i0{}?> 100,1 101,2 104,5&6 105,17 106<\i{}Suillus\i0{}
(including \i{}Boletinus, Fuscoboletinus, Ixocomus, Pinuzza\i0{})>
108,51 109,2 110<widespread north temperate, introduced in the southern
hemisphere> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,2 125<suillace> 
 
# Syzygosporaceae/
4,2 7,8 15,16<or gall-forming, sometimes forming within the host
tissues> 20,1 72,1 73,3 75<2-8> 76,2 77<germinating by budding> 78,1
84,1 85,1 95,1 96,2<on agarics, corticoids, and Leotiales> 105,6
106<\i{}Syzygospora\i0{}> 108,15 109,1 110<north temperate, widespread>
111,2 113,1 115,2 122,4 125<syzygosp> 
 
# Terfeziaceae/
4,1 7,8<without interascal tissue> 8<large, more or less>,8<thick
walled, solid, the asci forming in marbled veins interspersed with
sterile tissue, interascal tissue absent> 33,3 38,2 39<cylindrical,
persistent> 40,2 43,2 45,1 46,2 47<pale>,9/1 48,2 83,2 84,2
99,1/1-2<sometimes emergent> 100<if more or less epigeal,>,1
103<seemingly associated especially with \i{}Helianthemum\i0{} and
\i{}Cistus\i0{}> 105,1<\i{}T. arenaria\i0{}> 106<\i{}Terfezia\i0{}>
108,20 109,4 110<widespread, especially in dry conditions> 111,1 112,1
114,3 119,1 123,1 125<terfezia> 
 
# Tetragoniomycetaceae/
4,3 20,U 84,1 85,1 95,1 96,2 105,1 106<\i{}Tetragoniomyces\i0{}> 108,1
109,1 110<North America> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,4 125<tetragon> 
 
# Thelephoraceae/
1<Skin Fungi> 4,2 5,2 6,1/2 7,2/4/5/7<in \i{}T. palmata\i0{}> 10,1/2
15,3-4/6/15<but mostly fan-shaped or resupinate> 16,3-4 17<3-8 cm broad,
in \i{}Thelephora palmata\i0{}> 18,3-5(-6)<in \i{}T. palmata\i0{}>/-
22,9<or violaceous brown>/10/21 62,3<very rarely>/4-5<smooth to
papillate, or toothed in stalked forms, rarely pseudo-lamellate> 72,2
77<globose to ellipsoid, often uneven in outline> 80,2 82,2 84,1 86,1<?>
87,2 92,1<owing to presence of thelephoric acid; not cyanophilous>
100,1<humicolous>/2<less often> 104,1&2&6&4&5 105<about>,65<mostly in
\i{}Thelephora\i0{} and \i{}Tomentella\i0{}> 106<\i{}Amaurodon,
Hydnopsis, Pseudotomentella, Thelephora, Tomentella\i0{}> 108,80 109,13
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,8 124<releasing a green pigment
in alkali> 125<thelepho> 
 
# Tremellaceae/
1<Jelly Fungi> 4,2 5,2 7,4 15,4/5<intrahymenial to fan-shaped>
16,2-4 17,1-10 20,1 21,1-2 22,4-7/9/10/12-13/15/18<etc.>/- 62,4/6<?>
72,1 73,2 78,1 84,1 85,1 95,2/1&2 96<when parasitic,>,2 100,2<on dead
twigs and branches> 104,2&4&5&6&7 106<\i{}Epidochium, Gyraria,
Phaeotremella, Tremella, Trimorphomyces\i0{}> 108,18 109,10
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,4 123<\i{}T.
mesenterica\i0{}>,1<and good> 124<the haplophase blastsporic>
125<tremella> 
 
# Tremellodendropsidaceae/
4,2 6,2 7,6 15,15<ramarioid> 20,U 22,3-7/8<pallid, becoming rufous:
Berkeley> 72,1 73,3 78,1<but unlike in \i{}Syzygosporaceae\i0{}, the
germination does not involve budding> 84,1 85,1 95,2 100,1 105,1
106<\i{}Tremellodendropsis\i0{}> 108,3 109,1 110<widespread> 111,2
113,1 115,2 122,4 125<tremello> 
 
# Tricholomataceae/
1<Wax-gills, etc.> 2<inc. \i{}Hygrophoraceae\i0{}> 4,2 5,1 7<nearly
always>,1 10,1<often densely>/2<less commonly> 15,1<nearly
always>/4<some \i{}Panellus\i0{}> 16,2-4<mostly>/5 17,(0.5-)2-15(-30)
19,1/2/3/4 21,1/2 25,1<occasionally>/2
26,1-2/3-6/8/7-10/12/11/13/14<notably in \i{}Clitocybe
odora\i0{}>/16/19/20/21 32,5<in many \i{}Tricholoma\i0{} species,
sometimes rancid, nauseous in \i{}Asterophora\i0{}>/6/7<e.g., \i{}Mycena
pura\i0{}>/8<e.g., \i{}Phaeolepiota aurea\i0{}>/9<e.g., \i{}Tricholoma
aurantium\i0{}, \i{}Clitocybe asterospora\i0{}>/4<in \i{}Clitocybe
odora\i0{}>/7<e.g., in \i{}Mycena pura\i0{}>/8<e.g., in \i{}Clitocybe
nebularis\i0{}>/9<e.g., \i{}Tricholoma aurantium\i0{}, \i{}Clitocybe
asterospora\i0{}>/13 59,4<though some \i{}Hygrophorus\i0{} species
exhibit a ring-like zone where the texture and/or colour of the stipe
changes sharply> 62,1<lamellae decurrent or free, the hymenophoral trama
regular to irregular, bilateral or not> 66,1/2<thick and waxy in
\i{}Hygrophoraceae\i0{}, thin in \i{}Tricholomataceae\i0{} s. str.>
67,1/2-5<usually attached, often sinuate> 68,1<some
\i{}Hygrophoraceae\i0{}>/2 72,2 78,1 79,1/2/3<never dark, rarely if ever
pink?> 80,1<mostly>/2 81,2 82,1/2 83,1/2<?> 84,1 86,1 87,1 90,2
95,1<\i{}Asterophora parasitica\i0{}>/2/2&3 96<when parasitic,>,2 100,1
104,1&2&6&4&5&7 106<\i{}Ampulloclitocybe, Arrhenia, Asterophora,
Calocybe, Calyptella, Camarophyllopsis, Cantharellula, Cellypha,
Cheimonophyllum, Chrysomphalina, Clitocybe, Clitocybula, Collybia,
Conchomyces, Crinipellis, Cystoderma, Delicatula, Dendrocollybia,
Dermoloma, Fayodia, Floccularia, Gamundia, Gymnopus, Haasiella,
Hemimycena, Hydropus, Hygrocybe, Hygrophorus, Hypsizygus, Lactocollybia,
Lepista, Leptoglossum, Leucopaxillus, Lyophyllum, Maireina,
Megacollybia, Melanoleuca, Mycena, Mycenella, Myxomphalia, Neoclitocybe,
Nyctalis, Omphalia, Omphalia, Omphaliaster, Omphalina, Omphalopsis,
Ossicaulis, Panellus, Phaeolepiota, Phyllotopsis, Pleurocybella,
Porpoloma, Prunulus, Pseudobaeospora, Pseudoclitocybe, Pseudoomphalina,
Resinomycena, Resupinatus, Rhodotus, Rickenella, Rimbachia, Ripartites,
Squamanita, Tephrocybe, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis, Trogia,
Xeromphalina\i0{}> 108,2356 109,107 110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1
121,1 123<\i{}Calocybe gambosa\i0{} and several \i{}Tricholoma\i0{} and
\i{}Lepista\i0{} species>,1<and good>/- 124<the hymenophoral trama
regular; \i{}Mycena\i0{} species characterised by their polished
stipes> 125<tricholo> 
 
# Tuberaceae/
1<Truffles> 4,1 7,8 8,7-8<thick walled, solid, often ornamented, the
asci forming in irregular, marbled veins separated by sterile strands,
interascal tissue absent at least at maturity> 16,2-4 17,0.5-7(-9)
22<foxy>,8<\i{}Tuber rufum\i0{}>/9-10/21 33,3 34,4 38,2 39<more or less
globose> 40,2 41,2 42,1<and indehiscent, usually with fewer than 8
spores> 43,2 46<usually strongly>,2 47,9 48,2 50,2 51,2 83,2 84,2 95,3
99,1 104,4 105,18<mostly in \i{}Tuber\i0{}> 106<\i{}Choiromyces,
Tuber\i0{}> 108,87 109,6 110<widespread> 111,1 112,1 114,3 119,1
123<\i{}Tuber aestivum\i0{}>,1<but esteemed less than the
mainland-European Truffle, \i{}T. melanosporum\i0{}> 124<Operculate
Discomycetes> 125<tuberace> 
 
# Tubulicrinaceae/
4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6 62,5 65,2 66,2 69<(hymenial)>,1 70,7<these partly
soluble in KOH, with subcapitate apices, often encrusted> 72,2 78,1 79,1
80,1 82,2 84,1 86,1 87,2 105<about>,20 106<\i{}Litschauerella\i0{},
\i{}Tubulicium\i0{}, \i{}Tubulicrinis\i0{}> 108,42 109,4
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly Stereales>
125<tubulicr> 
 
# Tulasnellaceae/
3,1<\i{}Epulorhiza\i0{}> 4,2 5<fairly>,2/- 7,5 15,6<thin, waxy to
subgelatinous> 16<of indeterminate shape and size> 20,1-2<somewhat
gelatinized or membranous> 21,1-2 22,1/16/20/- 72,1 73,3<the probasidium
developing a tetrad of lachrymoid epibasidia, each with a terminal
sterigma> 75<ostensibly>,2 77<subglobose, ellipsoid, allantoid to
helicoid> 79,1 80,1 82,2 84,1 85,1 91,2<?> 95,2 100,1<humicolous>/2
102<often>,2/- 105<about>,30 106<\i{}Tulasnella\i0{}> 108,47 109,2
110<widespread> 111,2 113,1 115,2 122,5 124<secondary spores common>
125<tulasnel> 
 
# Tulostomataceae/
1<Stalked puff-balls> 4,2 5,1 7,2/8 14,1 15,8<with apical dehiscence,
the gleba compact, finally powdery> 16,3-4 17<with the head>,1-2
18,3-7<the stipe 2-5 cm> 72,2 78,2 84,1 99,2<at least, with its
spore-bearing upper component exposed> 104<usually in sand dunes, but
occasionally recorded from old walls> 106<\i{}Battarrea, Queletia,
Schizostoma, Tulostoma\i0{}> 108,87 109,6 110<widespread, but mainly in
dry regions> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 124<the basidium pleurosporous>
125<tulostom> 
 
# Typhulaceae/
4,2 5,1 6,1/2 7,2 15,12/15<small, erect, rather clavarioid but with
differentiated stipes and solid heads, often arising from sclerotia>
21,1-2 22<dark>,19/17<or rose>/1/21<etc., but commonly dirty-whitish>/-
69,2 72,2 78,1 84,1 86,1 87,1 93,2 95,2 100,2<or epiphyllous>
105<about>,30 106<\i{}Pistillaria\i0{}, \i{}Typhula\i0{}> 108,123 109,4
110<widespread temperate> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,1 125<typhula> 
 
# Xenasmataceae/
4,2 5,2 7,5 15,6<resupinate, waxy> 62,5 65,2 69,1 70,1
71,2<skeletohyphidia and dendrohyphidia absent> 72,2 82<mostly>,1 84,1
86,1 105<about>,20<mostly in \i{}Phlebiella\i0{}> 106<\i{}Lepidomyces,
Phlebiella, Xenasma, Xenosperma\i0{}> 108,56 109,6 110<Europe, North
America> 111,2 113,1 115,1 121,6<formerly Stereales> 124<basidia
pleural> 125<xenasmat> 
 
# Xylariaceae/
1<Flask Fungi> 3,1<involving at least 5 generic names> 4,1 5,2<without
separable layers> 7,2<irregularly
clubbed>/6<ocasionally>/7/8<\i{}Hypoxylon fragiliforme\i0{}>/5
8<usually>,9/10/8<or sub-globose, e.g., \i{}Hypoxylon fragiliforme\i0{},
\i{}Daldinia\i0{}>/2/4<e.g., \i{}Poronia\i0{}> 9<when
erect-elongate,>,1/2/3/4 10,1/2 11,1-2 12<basally>,2/1 16,2-5 17<when
erect-branching,>,2-6/- 18<when prostrate,>,0.5-10/5-40<\i{}Kretzchmaria
deusta\i0{} sometimes being very wide>/- 21,2<usually black>
22,21<mostly> 33,2<the perithecia globose, superficial or immersed in
the stroma, black and thick-walled> 34,3 38,1<stroma well developed,
comprising most of the fruit-body; i.e., often elongate, sometimes
stipitate and/or branched, sometimes subglobose; usually comprising only
fungal tissue, usually black, internally similar or white>
39<cylindrical, usually 8-spored> 41,1<usually with a large, complex J+
apical ring> 42,1 43,2 47<usually dark>,9 48,2<with a germination slit>
51,1/2 83,2 84,2 95,1/2 96<when parasitic,>,3<e.g., \i{}X.
hypoxylon\i0{} responsible for Black Root Rot of Apple, and
\i{}Xylaria digitata\i0{} causing root rots of various
hardwoods>/2<e.g., \i{}X. vaporaria\i0{} invading mushroom beds>
97,1<\i{}Poronia punctata\i0{}>/3<mostly> 100<mostly>,2 104,4&5
105<about>,155<with only about 12 species but hundreds of synonyms in
\i{}Sphaeria\i0{}> 106<\i{}Anthostomella Ascotricha, Barrmaelia,
Biscogniauxia, Daldinia, Entoleuca, Euepixylon, Hypocopra, Hypoxylon,
Kretzschmaria, Lopadostoma, Nemania, Nummularia, Podosordaria, Poronia,
Rosellinia, Sphaeria, Wawelia, Xylaria\i0{}> 108,386 109,48
110<cosmopolitan> 111,1 112,1 114,4 120,3 125<xylariac> 
