*COMMENT ~ Character notes. 
 
*CHARACTER NOTES 
#3. \i{}Anamorphic\i0{}: of fungi (anamorphs, Fungi Imperfecti)
disseminated by propagules (mainly conidia) that are not derived via
sexual reproduction and meiosis. Numerous anamorphs described as
distinct genera and species have now been conclusively linked with
normal, sexually reproducing (i.e., \i{}teleomorphic\i0{}) ascomycetes
and basidiomycetes, and the life cycles of many fungi, including some
common mushrooms and toadstools, have been conclusively shown to include
both anamorphic and teleomorphic phases. However, many anamorphic fungi
have yet to be linked with a teleomorphic phase. The task of assigning
these to their teleomorphic counterparts is proceeding apace, with
deductions from morphological and ultrastructural evidence now being
confirmed and extended by comparative DNA sequencing. It seems likely,
however, that some anamorphs have lost sexuality altogether; in which
case, they must be evolving independently of their teleomorphic
ancestors. 
#7. This is an improved version of the six main divisions at the start
of the Lange and Hora (1967) key, temporarily included here as an aid to
identification. It is unsatisfactory even for this purpose, and even the
modified version of state 5 is useless for generating descriptions.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Ascoma\i0{} (\i{}ascocarp\i0{}): an ascus-containing
structure. In Ascomycota, this is not necessarily equivalent to the
conspicuous fruit body, which may represent a stroma (q.v.). E.g., see
Xylariaceae. \par{}\par{}\i{}Basidioma\i0{} (\i{}basidiocarp\i0{},
\i{}carpophore\i0{}, \i{}hymenophore\i0{}, \i{}sporophore\i0{}): a
basidium-producing organ. (Pseudo-)scientific name, and synonyms, for
the fruit body of Basidiomycota. \par{}\par{}\i{}Hymenium\i0{}: the
spore-producing layer of a fruit body. \par{}\par{}\i{}Cystidia\i0{}:
sterile bodies, often of distinctive and taxonomically useful shapes,
occurring at any surface of a basidiomycete fruit body; particularly in
the hymenium, from which they often project. Hence (e.g.)
\i{}lepto\i0{}cystida (smooth and thin walled;
\i{}lampro\i0{}cystidia (thick walled); \i{}macro\i0{}cystidia
(arising deep in the trama of lactarioid russules;
\i{}gloeo\i0{}cystidia (thin walled, usually irregular, the contents
hyaline or yellowish and highly refractile; \i{}skeleto\i0{}cystidia
(the apical parts of skeletal hyphae (q.v.) when these project into or
through the hymenium). \par{}\par{}\i{}Paraphysis\i0{}: a sterile,
upward growing, basally attached hyphal element in a hymenium;
especially in ascomycetes, where they are usually filiform (branched or
unbranched), with their free ends often making an epithecium over the
asci. \i{}Apical paraphyses\i0{}, however, are downward growing hyphae
with free tips found in the ascomata of Hypocreales.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Pileus\i0{} (adj. \i{}pileate\i0{}): the cap of a fruit
body. In agaricoids and other non-resupinate Basidiomycetes (i.e., those
exhibiting a stipe, q.v.), the hymenium-bearing part of the fruit body.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Reflexed\i0{}: of a flattened fruit body which turns
back at the edges to expose the hymenium, the latter being on the lower
surface. Contrast with \i{}resupinate\i0{} (q.v.).
\par{}\par{}\i{}Resupinate\i0{}: of a fruit body lying flat on the
substrate, bearing the hymenium on the outer (exposed) surface.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Ring\i0{}, \i{}annulus\i0{}: of Basidiomata. An
encircling remnant of the partial veil, or part of it, observed on a
stipe after expansion of the pileus (q.v.). Superior when near the top
of the stipe, inferior when lower down. \par{}\par{}\i{}Stipe\i0{}
(adj. \i{}stipitate\i0{}): the stalk of a fruit body.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Trama\i0{}: the layer of hyphae in the central part of
the lammella of an agaric, of a spine of Hydnaceae, or between the pores
of a polypore. \par{}\par{}\i{}Volva\i0{}: a cup-like remnant of the
lower part of the universal veil (q.v.), sheathing the base of the stipe
of many agarics and gasteromycetes. 
#14. \i{}Angiocarpic\i0{}: the spores maturing while enclosed in the
fruit-body (characterizing the gasteromycetes). Contrast with the
\i{}gymnocarpic\i0{} condition, in which the maturing spores are
exposed. 
#15. \i{}Ascoma\i0{} (\i{}ascocarp\i0{}): an ascus-producing structure.
In Ascomycota, this is not necessarily equivalent to the conspicuous
fruit body, which may represent a stroma (q.v.). E.g., see Xylariaceae.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Basidioma\i0{} (\i{}basidiocarp\i0{},
\i{}carpophore\i0{}, \i{}hymenophore\i0{}, \i{}sporophore\i0{}): a
basidium-producing organ. (Pseudo-)scientific name, and synonyms, for
the fruit body of Basidiomycota. \par{}\par{}\i{}Hymenium\i0{}: the
spore-producing layer of a fruit body. \par{}\par{}\i{}Cystidia\i0{}:
sterile bodies, often of distinctive and taxonomically useful shapes,
occurring at any surface of a basidiomycete fruit body; particularly in
the hymenium, from which they often project. Hence (e.g.)
\i{}lepto\i0{}cystida (smooth and thin walled;
\i{}lampro\i0{}cystidia (thick walled); \i{}macro\i0{}cystidia
(arising deep in the trama of lactarioid russules;
\i{}gloeo\i0{}cystidia (thin walled, usually irregular, the contents
hyaline or yellowish and highly refractile; \i{}skeleto\i0{}cystidia
(the apical parts of skeletal hyphae (q.v.) when these project into or
through the hymenium). \par{}\par{}\i{}Paraphysis\i0{}: a sterile,
upward growing, basally attached hyphal element in a hymenium;
especially in ascomycetes, where they are usually filiform (branched or
unbranched), with their free ends often making an epithecium over the
asci. \i{}Apical paraphyses\i0{}, however, are downward growing hyphae
with free tips found in the ascomata of Hypocreales.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Ring\i0{}, \i{}annulus\i0{}: of Basidiomata. An
encircling remnant of the partial veil, or part of it, observed on a
stipe after expansion of the pileus (q.v.). Superior when near the top
of the stipe, inferior when lower down. \par{}\par{}\i{}Trama\i0{}:
the layer of hyphae in the central part of the lammella of an agaric, of
a spine of Hydnaceae, or between the pores of a polypore.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Volva\i0{}: a cup-like remnant of the lower part of the
universal veil (q.v.), sheathing the base of the stipe of many agarics
and gasteromycetes. 
#33. \i{}Perithecium\i0{}: a flask-shaped structure containing the asci,
opening by an apical pore. Characteristic of the Pyrenomycete
assemblage of Ascomycota. 
#34. \i{}Perithecium\i0{}: a flask-shaped structure containing the asci,
opening by an apical pore. Characteristic of the Pyrenomycete
assemblage of Ascomycota. 
#38. \i{}Stroma\i0{}: a mass or matrix of vegetative hyphae (with or
without tissue of host or substrate), in or on which spores or fruit
bodies bearing spores are produced. Exhibited by many ascomycetes,
especially Xylariales and anamorphs. 
#40. \i{}Operculate\i0{}: opening by an apical lid (operculum). 
#53. Capilliteum: a mass of sterile, threadlike elements - tubes or
fibres - among the spores in a gasterocarp. 
#54-55. Gleba: the sporing tissue in a gasterocarpic fruit body
(mainly employed for those of gasteromycetes and hypogeous Pezizales). 
#56. Peridium: the wall or limiting membrane of a fruit body. 
#58. \i{}Pileipellis\i0{}: the cellular cortical layers of the pileus of
a Basidiomycete. 
#82. \i{}Amyloid\i0{}: stained blue by iodine. 
#86. Re the anatomical structure of basidiomata, three main types of
hyphal organization can be recognised. \par{}\par{}1.
\i{}Monomitic\i0{}: having hyphae all of one kind, viz., generative
hyphae, which are branched, septate, and of unlimited length. These
give rise both to other hyphal types and to the hymenium. \par{}\par{}2.
\i{}Dimitic\i0{}: having hyphae of two kinds, viz., generative hyphae
(cf. above), and EITHER skeletal (ligative) hyphae, OR binding
hyphae. Skeletal hyphae are of limited length, thick walled save at
their apices, and aseptate. Binding hyphae are aseptate, thick walled
and much branched, and serve to bind the others together. \par{}\par{}3.
\i{}Trimitic\i0{}: having hyphae of all three kinds; viz., generative
hyphae, skeletal hyphae, and binding hyphae. 
#91-92. Context: the hyphal mass between the outer surface and the
central parts of a fruiting body (basidiocarp). 
#107. Not yet recorded.
#111. The classification is incompletely updated from Hawksworth \i{}et
al\i0{}. (in the 1995 edition of 'Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the
Fungi'; this being the last edition to provide a classification
accompanied by group descriptions and a key to families). \par{}\par{}
\i{}Ascomycota\i0{}: characterized by sexual reproduction leading to
production of (ephemeral) ascospores enclosed in an ascus.
\par{}\par{}\i{}Basidiomycota\i0{}: characterized by sexual reproduction
leading to the production of (ephemeral) basidiospores on the outside of
a basidium. \par{}\par{}\i{}Zygomycota\i0{}: sexual reproduction via
fusion of like gametangia, resulting in the production of resting
zygospores. \par{}\par{}\i{}Anamorphic fungi\i0{}: forms lacking sexual
reproduction, with dissemination via conidia or other asexually derived
propagules. 
#112-122. The classification is incompletely updated from Hawksworth
\i{}et al\i0{}. (in the 1995 edition of 'Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary
of the Fungi'; this being the last edition to provide a classification
accompanied by group descriptions and a key to families). 
 
