*SHOW The Ferns of the British Isles.
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# \i{}Adiantum capillus-veneris\i0{} <L.>/
1<Maiden-hair Fern> 5,1 6,2<densely covered with brown scales>
11,1<but close together> 13,15-30(-45)<erect to pendent> 20,2 21,3-5<the
rachides and rachillae black and shining like the petiole, the ultimate
pinnules lacking a midrib, fan-shaped, crenately lobed distally with
broad, rounded or truncate lobes which on the fertile pinnules are
recurved> 32,1-2<wiry, black and shining> 35,1 38<more or less>,4
52,2<dichotomously branching to the distal lobes of the segments> 57,1
59,1<the sori borne along the distal margins of the pinnules> 60<grouped
close together towards the ends of the veins, under the recurved margins
of the lobes> 61,2 64,2<this in the form of a very specialized indusioid
flap> 69,2<each pseudo-indusium enclosing 2-10 sori> 70,1 71,2 80,2 81,2
86,1 87<mostly near the sea, associated with basic rocks: in moist
sheltered locations on limesone cliffs, grykes and rock crevices,
sometimes on walls and bridges> 89<western Britain from Cornwall to
Westmoreland, Western Ireland from W Cork to W Donegal, Man, Channel
Islands, and sometimes naturalized elsewhere> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/20/21/22/24/25/26/27/29/32/33/34/35<
>/36/37/38/39/41/44/45/49/53/56/58/59/60/66/69/71/74/76/77/106/113
92,2/3/4/5/8/9/11/15/16/17/21/22/27/28/29/30/33/35 93,6 94,1 95,3 96,10
98<\i{}Adiantum\i0{} species are readily recognised by their fan-shaped
pinnules, which lack a midrib> 100<adiacapi> 
 
# \i{}Adiantum raddianum\i0{} <K. Presl>/
1<Delta Maiden-hair Fern> 5,1 6,2<densely covered with dark brown,
lanceolate-attenutate scales> 11,1<but close together> 13,15-45 20,2
21,4/5/6<the rachides and rachillae dark reddish brown to blackish and
shining like the petiole, pinnae and pinnules stalked, the ultimate
pinnules lacking a midrib, not articulate, wedge- or fan-shaped,
symmetrical or not, crenately lobed distally with broad, rounded or
truncate lobes which on the fertile pinnules are recurved, the sterile
margins with each vein ending in a small notch or sinus> 32,2-3<wiry,
black and shining> 35,1 38<broadly>,4/5/6/7<to 30 cm broad>
52,2<dichotomously branching to the distal lobes of the segments> 57,1
59,1<the sori borne along the distal margins of the pinnules> 60<borne
towards the ends of the veins, under the recurved margins of the lobes>
61,2 64,2<this in the form of a very specialized, pale or whitish
indusoid flap> 69,2 70,2 71,2 80,2 81,2 86,1 88<marginally>,2<native to
Central and South America and the Caribbean> 89<recorded only from the
London area> 90,1 91,21 93,6 94,1 95,3 96,10 98<a temporary description,
requiring editing re differences between this species and \i{}A.
capillus-veneris\i0{}> 100<adiaradi> 
 
# \i{}Anogramma leptophylla\i0{} <(L.) Link>/
1<Jersey Fern> 2<\i{}Gymnogramma leptophylla\i0{} (L.) Desv.,
\i{}Grammitis leptophylla\i0{} (L.) Sw.)> 3<very shortly>,1<the plants
annual, although the subterranean prothalli are perennial> 6<when
young,>,2<with a few narrow scales> 8,1<the outer, sterile leaves tend
to be shorter, are less divided and have broader segments than the
inner, fertile leaves> 11,2<in a few-leaved crown> 13,5-15<the outer,
sterile ones shorter> 14,2 20,2 21,1/3-4<the primary pinnae pinnately
lobed to pinnatifid or (in sterile leaves) almost palmatifid, with the
ultimate segments themselves lobed> 32,1-3 35,1 40,2<but thin> 52,2 57,2
58,2 59<initially>,1 60,2<linear, running along the ultimate veins> 61,1
64,4<and the leaf margin flat> 71,2 80,2 81,2 87<on damp, shady
hedgebanks> 89<Channel Isles: frequent in Jersey, and known from one
location in Guernsey> 90,1 91,57/73/113 93,6 94,15 95,3 96,10
100<anoglept> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium adiantum-nigrum\i0{} <L.>/
1<Black Spleenwort> 2<excluding \i{}A. onopteris\i0{} (L.) Heufl.>
4<short> 5,1<or decumbent> 6<when young,>,2<the scales brown, subulate>
11,2 13,10-50 14,1 20,2 21,2-4<the pinnae varying from lobed to pinnate>
23<acute to very shortly acuminate,>,6-15 32,2<blackish, scaly at the
extreme base> 35,1<representing fusion of a pair of leaf traces>
38<acute to very shortly acuminate,>,5/7 40<somewhat>,1-2 44,1
45,2-6<decreasing markedly in length upwards> 52,2 57,2 59<initially>,1
60<linear>,2<1-2 mm long, two to several per segment, borne obliquely,
occupying the greater part of the length of the lateral veins but nearer
the indistinct segment midrib than its margin> 61,1<finally occupying
the greater part of the segment> 64,1 65,4 68<whitish, entire or
sinuate> 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,1&2&3 87<in rocky places,in woods, banks and
open sites, often on walls> 89<common throughout most of the British
Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1 97<x
\i{}Asplenophyllitis jacksonii\i0{} (Alston) Lawralre is a sterile
hybrid of this species with \i{}Phyllitis scolopendrium\i0{};
\i{}Adiantum\i0{} x \i{}ticinense\i0{} D.E. Mey. = \i{}A.
adiantum-nigrum\i0{} s. lat. x subsp. \i{}A. onopteris\i0{}; \i{}A\i0{}.
x \i{}sarniense\i0{} Sleep = \i{}A. adiantum-nigrum\i0{} x \i{}A.
obovatum\i0{}; \i{}A\i0{}. x \i{}contrei \i0{} Call, Lovis & Reichst. =
\i{}A. adiantum-nigrum\i0{} x \i{}A. septentrionale\i0{}> 100<aspladia> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium fontanum\i0{} <(L.) Bernh.>/
5,1-3<or decumbent> 6,2<narrow, subulate, dark brown scales> 11,2
13,5-20<? - plants smaller than those of \i{}A. obovatum\i0{}> 14,1 20,2
21,1 23,8-20 32,1-2<from about half as long to almost as long, green
like the rachis, scaly at the extreme base> 35,1<representing fusion of
a pair of leaf traces> 38,2-3/6 40,1-2 44,4-5 45,0.5-4<?> 52,2 57,2
59<at least initially>,1 60<linear>,2 61,1/2<?> 64,1 65,4 80,1 81,1
88<dubiously>,2<perhaps an occasional, short-term garden escape> 90,1
91,24 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1 98<This mainland-European species was
probably an erroneous inclusion in early British lists, and the present
description needs critical checking. Clapham, Tutin and Warburg
described \i{}A. fontanum\i0{} as similar to \i{}A. obovatum\i0{}, but
smaller and slenderer, but Sowerby's illustration depicts a plant with
once-pinnate leaves> 100<asplfont> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium marinum\i0{} <L.>/
1<Sea Spleenwort> 5<short,>,2-3 6,2<densely so, the blackish scales
subulate> 11,2 13,6-40(-100) 14,1 20,1/1-2<the pinnae irregularly
crenate, asymmetric, more developed on their upper side, which may bear
a small lobe> 21<sometimes approaching>,1 23,8-20<? - up to 20>
32,1<about a third to half as long, brown, scaly at the extreme base>
35,1<representing fusion of a pair of leaf traces> 38,2/6<or
oblong-lanceolate> 40,1 44,3-4 45,(1-)1.5-4 52,2 57,2 59,1
60<linear>,2<3-5 mm long, borne along the upper forks of the secondary
veins of the pinna, two to several arranged obliquely on each side,
about midway between the midrib and the margin> 61,2 64,1 65,4
68<brownish, entire> 71,2 80,1 81,1 87<walls, cliffs and rock crevices
close to the sea, often sea-sprayed> 89<frequent around the coasts of
the British Isles, except for eastern and southern England from S
Hampshire to E Yorkshire (though formerly in E Sussex)> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/9/10/14/15/35/36/41/44/45/46/48/49/52/57/58/59/60/61/62/66/67<
>/68/69/70/71/73/74/75/76/81/82/85/90/91/92/93/94/95/97/98/100/101/102/103/104<
>/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/11/12/16/20/21/27/28/29/31/33/34/35/38/39/40 93,6
94,2 95,11 96,1 100<asplmari> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium obovatum\i0{} <Viv.>/
1<Lanceolate Spleenwort> 2<\i{}A. lanceolatum Huds\i0{}., p.p.;
British specimens being referable to subsp. \i{}lanceolatum\i0{} (Fiori)
P. Silva> 5,1-3<or decumbent> 6,2<narrow, subulate, dark brown scales>
11,2 13,10-30 14,1 20,2 21,2-3<bipinnate at least at the base, the
pinnae subsessile, dentate, the pinnules cuneate at the base, and the
lowest one on the upper side of the pinna sometimes larger than the
others and somewhat lobed> 23,8-20<up to 20> 32,1-2<from about half as
long to almost as long, blackish, scaly at the extreme base>
35,1<representing fusion of a pair of leaf traces>
38,2/3/6<oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic> 40,1-2 44,3-4<but the
basipetal decrease in length very gradual> 45,1-5 52,2 57,2 59<at least
initially>,1 60<linear>,2<1-2 mm long, borne obliquely, several per side
along the veins of the pinnule, nearer its margin than its midrib>
61,1<sometimes>/2 64,1 65,4 68<whitish, entire> 80,1 81,1 87<on rocks,
walls and hedgebanks, especially near the sea> 89<common in central
Ireland, SW England and Channel Islands, frequent in W Wales, scattered
in Ireland and western Britain north to W Sutherland> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/14/16/34/41/44/45/46/47/48/49/52/59/62/63/70/101/108/113
92,1/2/3/4/12/13/20 93,6 94,2 96,1 97<x \i{}Asplenophyllitis
microdon\i0{} (Moore) Alston is a sterile hybrid of this species with
\i{}Phyllitis scolopendrium\i0{}> 100<asplobov> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium onopteris\i0{} L./
1<Irish Spleenwort> 2<~ \i{}Asplenium adiantum-nigrum\i0{} subsp.
\i{}onopteris\i0{} (L.) Heufl.> 4<short> 5,1<or decumbent> 6<when
young,>,2 11,2 13,10-50 14,1 20,2 21,2-4<the pinnae varying from lobed
to pinnate> 23<very long-acuminate,>,6-17 32,3/2-3<reddish brown or
blackish, scaly at the extreme base> 35,1<representing fusion of a pair
of leaf traces> 38<very long-acuminate,>,5/7 40<somewhat>,1-2 44,2
45,2-6<decreasing markedly in length upwards from the second pair> 52,2
57,2 59<initially>,1 60<linear>,2<1-2 mm long, two to several per
segment, borne obliquely, occupying the greater part of the length of
the lateral veins but nearer the indistinct segment midrib than its
margin> 61,1<finally occupying the greater part of the segment> 64,1
65,4 68<whitish, entire or sinuate> 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,1<mostly on
limestone> 87<on dry banks and rock faces near the sea> 89<southern and
SW Ireland, very local> 90,1/2 91,1/49
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/10/11/12/16/20/21/25/27/36/37/38/39 93,6 94,2 96,1
97<\i{}Adiantum\i0{} x \i{}ticinense\i0{} D.E. Mey. = \i{}A.
adiantum-nigrum\i0{} s. lat. x \i{}A. onopteris\i0{}> 100<asplonop> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium ruta-muraria\i0{} <L.>/
1<Wall Spleenwort, Wall Rue> 5<short,>,1 6,2<when young, the scales
dark, subulate> 11,2 13,3-12(-15) 14,1 20,2 21,3/3-4<the pinnae 3-5 on
each side of the leaf, the pinnules rarely more than 5 and often only 3,
usually undivided but the lowermost of them sometimes trisect, the
ultimate segments crenate or dentate and varying in shape on different
plants> 23,3-5 32,2-3<up to twice as long, their bases blackish, the
rest dull green like the narrowly winged rachis and the rest of the
leaf, glandular and with a few hair-like scales when young>
35,1<representing fusion of a pair of leaf traces> 38,5/7 40,1 44,1
45,1-3 52,2 57,2 59<initially>,1 60<linear>,2<about 2 mm long, borne
along the veins and more or less longitudinally along the segments, two
or more> 61<finally>,1 64,1 65,4 68<whitish, finally crenulate> 71,2
80,1 81,1 86,1 87<basic rocks and all kinds of base-rich walls,
including mortar in acid regions> 89<common throughout most of the
British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1
97<\i{}A.\i0{} x \i{}murbeckii\i0{} Drfl. = \i{}A. ruta-muraria\i0{} x
\i{}A. septentrionale\i0{}> 98<the base of the petiole blackish, the
rest dull green like the narrowly winged rachis and the rest of the
leaf> 100<asplruta> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium septentrionale\i0{} <L.) Hoffm.>/
1<Forked Spleenwort> 5<short,>,1 6,2<when young, the scales dark,
subulate> 11,2 13,4-15 14,1 18,1 19,4 32,2<rarely>/3<usually several
times as long, their bases blackish, the rest dull green like the rachis
and the rest of the leaf, with a few small hairs when young>
35,1<representing fusion of a pair of leaf traces> 52,2 57,2
59<ambiguously>,1/- 60<narrowly linear>,2<5-20 mm long, covering almost
the whole surface and length of the segment> 64,1 65,4 68<whitish,
entire> 80,1 81,1 86,3 87<in rock crevices in acid places, mainly
upland> 89<very local, in western and northern Britain from S Devon to W
Ross, also in W Galway> 90,1/2
91,3/4/5/15/17/43/46/47/48/49/64/66/67/68/69/70/78/80/83/85/89/92/96/97/104/105<
>/106/108 92,16/38 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1 97<\i{}A.\i0{} x
\i{}alternifolium\i0{} Wulfen = \i{}A. trichomanes\i0{} x \i{}A.
septentrionale\i0{}; \i{}A.\i0{} x \i{}murbeckii\i0{} Drfl. = \i{}A.
ruta-muraria\i0{} x \i{}A. septentrionale\i0{}> 100<asplsept> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium trichomanes\i0{} <L.>/
1<Maidenhair Spleenwort> 5<short,>,1-3 6,2<when young, the scales
dark, narrow> 11,2 13,5-20(-40) 14,1 20,1<the pinnae crenate or
crenate-dentate distally> 23,15-40 32<much>,1<only about a quarter as
long, or less, blackish with a narrow brownish wing> 35,1<representing
fusion of a pair of leaf traces> 37,1 38,1 40,2<not leathery> 44,4<the
pinnae more or less equal in length for some distance around the middle>
45,3-7(-10) 52,2 57,2 59,1 60<linear>,2<1-2 mm long, several borne
obliquely on each side of the pinna, midway between its midrib and the
margin, mainly along the upper branches of the veins but sometimes
extending below the fork> 61,2 64,1 65,4 68<whitish, entire or nearly
so> 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,1&2&3 87<non-calcareous (\i{}subsp.
trichomanes\i0{}), calcareous or neutral (subsp. \i{}quadrivalvens\i0{})
and limestone (subsp. \i{}pachyrachis\i0{}) rocks and walls>
89<represented by at least one sub-species almost everywhere in the
British Isles, with subsp. \i{}quadrivalvens\i0{} the commonest> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1 97<x
\i{}Asplenophyllitis confluens\i0{} (Moore ex Lowe) Alston is a sterile
hybrid of this species with \i{}Phyllitis scolopendrium\i0{}.
\i{}A.\i0{} x \i{}alternifolium\i0{} Wulfen = \i{}A. trichomanes\i0{} x
\i{}A. septentrionale\i0{}> 100<aspltric> 
 
# \i{}Asplenium viride\i0{} <Huds.>/
1<Green Spleenwort> 5<short,>,1-3 6,2<the scales dark, narrow> 11,2
13,5-15(-20) 14,1-2<less persistent than in \i{}A. trichomanes\i0{}>
20,1/1-2<the pinnae crenate or crenate-dentate distally> 21<if more or
less complexly divided,>,1 23,15-40 32,1-2<relatively longer than in
\i{}A. trichomanes\i0{}, brownish or blackish only near the base and
green above, wingless or very narrowly green-winged> 35,1<representing
fusion of a pair of leaf traces> 37,2 38,1 40,2<not leathery> 44,4<the
pinnae more or less equal in length for some distance around the middle,
and less diminution towards the base than in \i{}A. trichomanes\i0{}>
45,3-7(-10) 52,2 57,2 59,1 60<linear>,2<several borne obliquely on
either side of the pinna, nearer its midrib than the margin, situated
mainly below the fork of the veins, but sometimes extending along the
upper fork> 61,2 64,1 65,4 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,1 87<base-rich, mainly
limestone rock crevices> 89<eastern and northern Britain to south to S
Wales and Derbyshire (and formerly Warwickshire), local> 90,1/2
91,13/17/21/35/36/37/38/39/41/42/43/44/46/47/48/49/50/54/55/57/59/60/62/63/64<
>/65/66/67/68/69/70/72/73/75/76/77/78/79/80/83/85/86/87/88/89/90/92/93/94/95<
>/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/112
92,1/2/3/4/6/7/8/16/27/28/29/33/34/35/38/39/40 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1
100<asplviri> 
 
# \i{}Athyrium distentifolium\i0{} <Tausch ex Opiz>/
1<Alpine Lady-fern> 2<\i{}Athyrium alpestre\i0{} Rylands ex T. Moore,
\i{}Polypodium alpestre\i0{} (Hoppe) Spenn. Including \i{}A.
flexile\i0{} (Newman) Druce> 4,2 5<short, more or less>,3 6,2<these
large, lanceolate, soft, and brown> 11,2 13,20-30(-75) 20,2 21,3<almost
tripinnate, the pinnules more or less contiguous, pinnately lobed to
pinnatifid> 23,12-25<?>/- 24,2 32,1<scaly at least below, with
lanceolate, brown scales which are relatively shorter than in \i{}A.
filix-femina\i0{}> 33,0.2-0.3<about a quarter as long, pale
yellow-green, almost translucent, often basally pinkish or
straw-coloured> 35,1<this gutter-shaped, representing either a single
leaf trace arising from the lower angle of the leaf gap, or fusion of a
pair?> 38,6<tapered fairly abruptly to an acuminate apex> 43,- 44,4
45,3-25 46,1<the lower pinnae opposite and remote> 49,2 50,2<in the
upper part of the leaf>/3<in the lower part> 52,2 57,2 58,1 59,1
60<commoner near the base of the blade,>,1<very small, each on a
receptacle with a vascular strand from the vein, borne one per pinnule
segment in rows down either side of the pinnule, nearer its margin than
its midrib> 61,2 64<initially>,1/4<when mature, the indusia falling long
before the spores are ripe> 81,1 86,2-3 87<calcifuge, in acid gullies,
boulder slopes and scree, rarely below 600 m> 89<in central and northern
Scotland, sometimes with \i{}A. filix-femina\i0{}, local> 90,1
91,80/86/87/88/89/90/92/94/96/97/98/99/105/106/107/108/109 93,6 94,3
95,12 96,2 100<athydist> 
 
# \i{}Athyrium filix-femina\i0{} <(L.) Roth>/
1<Lady-fern> 2<\i{}Asplenium filix-femina\i0{} (L.) Roth> 4,2 5<short,
more or less>,3 6,2<these large, lanceolate, soft, and brown> 11,2
13,40-120(-150) 14,2 20,2 21,3<usually>/4<the pinnules more or less
contiguous, pinnately lobed to pinnatifid> 23<about>,15-30<up to 30>
24,2 32,1<scaly at least below, with lanceolate, brown scales>
33,0.25-0.5<a quarter to a third as long, green or purplish-red>
35,1<this gutter-shaped, representing either a single leaf trace arising
from the lower angle of the leaf gap, or fusion of a pair?> 38,6<tapered
abruptly to the acuminate apex> 43,- 44,4 45,3-25<the lower ones
considerably shorter> 46,1<the lower pinnae opposite and remote> 50,2<in
the upper rart of the leaf>/3<in the lower part> 52,2 57,2 59,1
60,2<oblong to linear, curved or J-shaped on larger pinnules, each on a
receptacle with a vascular strand from the vein, borne one per pinnule
segment in rows down either side of the pinnule, nearer its midrib than
its margin> 61,2 64,1 65<often exhibiting two forms on the same
frond,>,4/2<then bent on the lower margin, J- or C-shaped>
68<persistent, covering the sorus till the spores are ripe, whitish,
toothed> 71,1 80,1 81,1 84,2-3 86,2&3<calcifuge> 87<calcifuge, in
marshes, damp woods, shady hedgebanks, and rocky places including
montane screes> 89<common throughout most of the British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,3 95,12 96,2 100<athyfili>
 
# \i{}Athyrium flexile\i0{} <(Newman) Druce>/
2<= \i{}Athyrium distentifolium\i0{} var. \i{}flexile\i0{} (Newman)
Jermy> 4,2 5<short, more or less>,3 6,2<these large, lanceolate, soft,
and brown> 11,2<spreading> 13,(10-)20-35 20,2 21,2/3<the pinnules well
separated, coarsely toothed to pinnatifid> 23,12-30<?>/- 24,1<bent at or
just above the base of the blade, sometimes flexuous> 32,1<scaly at
least below> 33,0.1-0.2<only up to a fifth as long, yellow-green or
reddish> 35,1<this gutter-shaped, representing either a single leaf
trace arising from the lower angle of the leaf gap, or fusion of a
pair?> 38<narrowly>,2-3<tapered gradually to an acute apex> 43,- 44,4
45,2-20<?> 46,1-2<i.e., less markedly decrescent than in \i{}A.
filix-femina\i0{} and \i{}A. distentifolium\i0{}, and further differing
from them in that the lower deries of pinnae are alternate, contiguous
and and sometimes more obviously deflexed> 49,2 50<tending to be>,3 52,2
57,2 58,1 59,1 60<commoner near the apex of the blade,>,1<very small,
each on a receptacle with a vascular strand from the vein, borne one per
pinnule segment in rows down either side of the pinnule, nearer its
margin than its midrib> 61,2 64<initially>,1/4<when mature, the indusium
falling long before the spores are ripe> 81,1 86,3 87<in damp acid rocky
places, at 1040-1140m> 89<very local, in central Scotland, often found
with \i{}A. distentifolium\i0{}> 90,1 91,88/90/92/94/96/97/98 93,6 94,3
95,12 96,2 98<see Jermy, A.C. and McHaffie (1998)> 100<athyflex> 
 
# \i{}Azolla filiculoides\i0{} <Lam.>/
3<floating and duckweed-like,>,2<the fragile, zig-zag stems 1-10 cm
long, slender, scale-less, with pendulous roots and abundant branches
from the lower halves of the nodes> 9,2 13<in pairs at the upper halves
of the nodes,>,0.05-0.25<2-ranked, closely overlapping> 15,2<green early
in the season, but becoming bright red in autumn>
18<unconventionally>,2<the members of each pair bi-lobed, the dorsal
lobes floating, hyaline-margined, rendered unwettable by a covering of
unicellular hairs, and containing a cavity inhabited by the
nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium \i{}Anabaena azollae\i0{}, the ventral
lobes thin and submerged> 54,2 56,3 59,1 61,2 64,1 74,2<the
megasporangium, which contains only one spore, sinks to the bottom and
the female prothallus is released from it by decay of the indusium> 82,-
84,1 85,1 87<on ponds, canals and dykes, often covering the water
surface along with \i{}Lemna\i0{}> 88,2 89<introduced from tropical
America; central and southern Britain north to mid-west Yorks, Man, E S
Ireland, Channel Islands> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53/54/55<
>/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/66/67/69/70/71/75/77/83/84/85/86/99/100/113
92,4/5/8/11/12/13/14/16/19/20/21/22/31/36/37/38/39 93,1 94,4 95,15 96,6
100<azolfili> 
 
# \i{}Blechnum cordatum\i0{} <(Desv.) Hieron.>/
1<Chilean Hard-fern> 4,2 5<short,>,3 6,2<with brown, lanceolate
scales> 8,1<the linear, sorus-bearing pinnae of the fertile leaves much
narrower than those of the sterile leaves> 11,2<at the ends of rhizome
branches> 13,15-100<to 100 x 20cm, the narrower fertile fronds scattered
among the sterile ones> 14,1 18,2<i.e., differing from \i{}B.
spicant\i0{}, in that the pinnae of the sterile leaves are greatly
narrowed basally and attached over only a short width> 20,1
23<about>,15-50<? - numerouss> 32,1<not more than a third as long as the
blade and often much less> 35,2 38<very narrowly>,3 40<somewhat>,1-2
44,4 45,5-10<X 2.5 cm in sterile leaves, as long but much narrower in
the fertile ones> 52<mostly>,2 57,1-2<so close that the longitudinally
elongated indusium could be confused with the margin> 59<initially>,1
60,2<forming continuous lines along the length of the fertile pinna, on
either side of its midrib> 61<finally>,1<and appearing to cover the
entire underside of the pinna at maturity> 64,1<this first whitish, then
brownish, elongated along the outside of the sorus, between it and the
very narrow margin of the lamina> 80,1 81,2 87<in shady places and by
streams> 88,2<a South American introduction, occasionally escaping from
gardens> 89<naturalized in southwest England, western Scotland and
southwest Ireland> 90,1/2 91,1/2/4/5/9/16/22/41/46/98/113 92,1/2/38 93,6
94,5 95,14 96,2 99,1 100<bleccord> 
 
# \i{}Blechnum spicant\i0{} <(L.) Roth>/
1<Hard-fern> 2<\i{}Lomaria spicant\i0{} (L.) Desv., \i{}B.
spicant\i0{} (L.) Smith> 4,2 5<short,>,3 6,2<with brown, lanceolate
scales> 8,1<the linear, sorus-bearing pinnae of the fertile leaves
narrower than those of the sterile leaves, and widely separated> 11,2
13,15-50(-75)<the sterile leaves 10-50 cm, the fertile ones 15-75 cm>
14,1 18,1<in that the pinnae of the pectinate sterile leaves have
broadened, contiguous bases>/2<clearly so in the fertile leaves, where
the pinnae are narrow-based and distant> 19<when sterile and recognised
as simple,>,3 20<when fertile, clearly compound and>,1
23<about>,15-40<numerous, fewer in fertile leaves> 32,1<not more than a
third as long as the blade and often much less, dark brown, scaly at the
base> 35,2 38<very narrowly>,3 40<somewhat>,1-2 44,4 45,1-2.5<1-2cm X
3-5 mm in sterile leaves, 1-2.5 cm X 1-2 mm in fertiles leaves>
52<mostly>,2 57,1-2<so close that the longitudinally elongated indusium
could be confused with the margin> 59<initially>,1 60,2<forming
continuous lines along the length of the fertile pinna, on either side
of its midrib> 61<finally>,1<and appearing to cover the entire underside
of the pinna at maturity> 64,1<this first whitish, then brownish,
elongated along the outside of the sorus, between it and the very narrow
margin of the lamina> 80,1 81,2 86,2&3<calcifuge> 87<in woods, heaths,
moors, grassy places and rocky slopes, mostly on acid soils in rather
dry places> 89<common throughout most of the British Isles except
central and central-eastern England> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,5 95,14 96,2 99,2
100<blecspic> 
 
# \i{}Botrychium lunaria\i0{} <(L.) Sw.>/
1<Moonwort> 5<short,>,2/3 6,3 8,2<but hard to interpret as such:
usually bearing only a single leaf comprising two components, the lower
sterile and laminate, the upper fertile, branching and non-laminate -
see below>/1<the fertile leaf sometimes accompanied by one or two
sterile blades> 9,1 13,(2-)5-15(-30) 15,2 18,2<each usually comprising a
green, pinnate, sterile blade below, and a branched fertile pinna above>
20<if correctly interpreted,>,2 26,1 27,2-12 28,1 30,1-5 31,1 52,2 55,1
56,2 57,1<in origin>/- 58,1 59,2 73,2 74,2 76,1<i.e., transversely to
the pinnule axis> 83,4 87<in dry grassland, mostly upland> 89<throughout
the Britain and Ireland, but commonest in northern and western Britain>
90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/19/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29/30/31<
>/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53/54/55/56<
>/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78/79/80/81<
>/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105<
>/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/26/27/28/29<
>/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,4 94,12 95,1 96,9 100<botrluna> 
 
# \i{}Ceterach officinarum\i0{} <DC.>/
1<Rusty-back Fern> 2<\i{}Asplenium ceterach\i0{} L.> 5<short, more or
less>,3 6,2<these narrow and dark> 13,4-20 14,1 18,1/2<often pinnate
only near the base, the broad-based pinnae becoming decurrent on the
rachis acropetally> 19,3 20,1 32,1<a quarter as long or less, scaly>
38,1-2 40,1 42,1 45<or lobes up to 2 cm long> 52,1 57,2 58,1
59<initially>,1 60,2<linear, about 2 mm long, borne along forks of the
lateral veins of the lobes> 61,1 64,4<or the indusia rudimentary> 71,2
80,1 81,1 86,1 87<in base-rich rock crevices, and mortar cracks in
walls> 89<common in SW Britain to NW England, scattered to E England and
north to Easterness, also in Ireland and the Channel Islands> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/109/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1 100<ceteoffi>
 
# \i{}Cryptogramma crispa\i0{} <(L.) R. Br. ex Hook.>/
1<Parsley Fern> 2<Allosorus crispus (L.) Rhl.> 5<short,>,1-2 6,2
8,1<the sorus-bearing segments of the fertile leaves narrower than those
of the sterile leaves> 11<densely>,1<the outer ones sterile> 13,5-30<the
sterile leaves 5-15 cm, the fertile ones 10-30 cm> 20,2 21,1-2<the
pinnae of sterile leaves being usually 2-pinnatisect, and the pinnules
pinnately lobed or toothed>/3-6<the fertile leaves more complexly
divided> 23,3-4<in fertile leaves>/3-7<in sterile leaves> 32,2-3<up to 3
times as long, with a few brownish scales at the base> 52,2 57,1-2 58,2
59<initially>,1 60,2<borne along the apical part of the veins, at first
oblong> 61,1<to form continuous longitudinal bands> 64,2 69,1 71,2 80,2
81,2 86,3 87<montane, in rocky places on acid soils> 89<locally common
in Wales, Scotland, England south to SW Yorkshire, local in Devon and in
central and northern Ireland> 90,1/2
91,3/4/5/37/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/57/58/59/60/62/63/64/65/66/67/68<
>/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78/79/80/81/83/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95<
>/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/110
92,16/20/24/29/30/31/33/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,11 95,3 96,10
100<crypcris> 
 
# \i{}Cyrtomium falcatum\i0{} <(L. f.) C. Presl>/
1<House holly-fern> 2<\i{}Phanerophlebia falcata\i0{} (L.f.) Copel.,
\i{}Polystichum falcatum\i0{} (L.f.) Diels> 6,2 11,2 13,50-120<? - to
1.2 m> 14,1 18,2 20,1-2 21,1<in that the asymmetrically
triangular-ovate, entire to shortly, bluntly toothed pinnae usually have
a broad, basal lobe on one side> 32,1 38,3/4 40,1 44,4 45,6-10 59,1
60,1<scattered all over the abaxial surfaces of the pinnae> 61,2 64,1
65,1 87<on walls and maritime rocks, and other shady places> 88,2
89<native to eastern Asia, popular in conservatories, etc., and widely
naturalized, in western Britain from the Isles of Scilly to WC Scotland,
SE England, Ireland and the Channel Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/5/9/11/13/14/15/16/17/20/21/22/30/33/34/46/49/61/71/104/113 92,5
93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 100<cyrtfalc> 
 
# \i{}Cystopteris alpina\i0{} <(Lam.) Desv.>/
1<Alpine Bladder Fern> 2<\i{}Cystopteris fragilis\i0{} ssp.
\i{}alpina\i0{} (Lamarck) Hartman; \i{}Cystopteris regia\i0{} (L.)
Desv.> 4<short, rather>,2 5<more or less decumbent> 6,2<these thin, tan
to light brown, lanceolate> 11,2 13,5-35(-45) 14,2 20,2 21,5<i.e.,
almost 4-pinnate, the utimate pinnules narrow and more or less
parallel-sided at least below, more strongly divided than those of
\i{}C. fragilis\i0{}, and the ultimate segments more or less truncate or
emarginate> 23,4-10<?> 32,1-2<with a few scales at the base and usually
a few hair-like scales above> 35<with 2 vascular bundles> 38,4/6 44,3-4
45,1-4 50,2-3<the separation becoming less marked acropetaly> 52,2 57,2
59,1 60,1<small, each on a receptacle with a vascular strand from the
vein, borne two or three on the ultimate segment> 61,2 64,1 65,3
68<whitish, ovate, exceeding the sorus> 79,1 81,2 86,1 88<once>,1<and
possibly still resident but overlooked> 89<a mainland European alpine
species, formerly occurring in Upper Teesdale but long extinct there>
93,6 94,6 95,12 96,2 100<cystalpi> 
 
# \i{}Cystopteris diaphana\i0{} <(Bory) Blasdell>/
4<short, rather>,2 5,2/3 6,2<these thin, brown, lanceolate> 11,2
13,(5-)10-35(-45) 14,1 20,2 21,3-4<the pinnules not parallel-sided,
deeply pinnatifid, ultimate segments sharply toothed, serrated, or
bluntly lobed> 23,5-15<? - up to 15> 32,1-2<from a third as long,
slender and brittle, dark brown at the base and paler above, with a few
scales at the base and usually a few hair-like scales above> 38,4/6
44,2-4 45,1-4 50,2-3<the separation becoming less marked acropetaly>
52,2 53,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<small, each on a receptacle with a vascular
strand from the vein, borne in two rows, one on either side of the
midrib of the pinnule> 61,2 64,1 65,3 68<whitish, ovate, exceeding the
sorus> 79,1 81,2 86,1 88,1/2<a widespread warm temperate and tropical
species, British status uncertain> 89<recorded only from Cornwall and
south Devon> 90,1 91,1/2/3 93,6 94,6 95,12 96,2 98<see Murphy and
Rumsey, 2005> 100<cystdiap> 
 
# \i{}Cystopteris dickieana\i0{} <Sim>/
2<\i{}Cystopteris fragilis\i0{} subsp. \i{}dickieana\i0{} (Sim)
Hylander> 4<rather>,2 5<more or less decumbent> 6,2<these thin, brown,
lanceolate> 11,2 13,5-20(-35) 14,2 20,2 21,2 23,5-15<? - up to 15>
32,1-2<from a third as long, slender and brittle, dark brown at the base
and paler above, with a few scales at the base and usually a few
hair-like scales above> 38,6 44,3-4 45,1-4 50,1 52,2 57,2 59,1
60,1<small, each on a receptacle with a vascular strand from the vein,
with a row of several borne on either side of the midrib of the pinnule>
61,2 64,1 65,3 79,2 81,2 86,1 87<associated with basic rocks in maritime
caves and stream-gorges> 89<Kincardines, Easterness and mid-Perthshire>
90,1 91,88/89/91/92/94/96 93,6 94,6 95,12 96,2 100<cystdick> 
 
# \i{}Cystopteris fragilis\i0{} <(L.) Bernh.>/
1<Brittle Bladder-fern> 4<short, rather>,2 5<more or less decumbent>
6,2<these thin, brown, lanceolate> 11,2 13,(5-)10-35(-45) 14,2 20,2
21,3-4<the pinnules deeply pinnatifid, ultimate segments sharply
toothed, serrated, or bluntly lobed> 23,5-15<? - up to 15> 32,1-2<from
a third as long, slender and brittle, dark brown at the base and paler
above, with a few scales at the base and usually a few hair-like scales
above> 38,6 44,3-4 45,1-4 50,2-3<the separation becoming less marked
acropetaly> 52,2 53,1 57,2 59,1 60,1<small, each on a receptacle with a
vascular strand from the vein, borne in two rows, one on either side of
the midrib of the pinnule> 61,2 64,1 65,3 68<whitish, ovate, acuminate
or toothed, exceeding the sorus> 79,1 81,2 86,1 87<in basic soils, on
shady rocks, walls and in rocky woods, also on mortar in walls in acid
areas> 89<common in northern and western Britain, scattered in S and E,
and frequent but scattered in Ireland> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/29/30<
>/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/54/55/56/57<
>/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78/79/80/81/82<
>/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105<
>/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29/30<
>/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,6 95,12 96,2 100<cystfrag> 
 
# \i{}Cystopteris montana\i0{} <(Lam.) Desv.>/
1<Mountain Bladder-fern> 4<long and>,1 5<long and rather>,1<about 2 mm
in diameter, blackish> 6,2<when young, these few, scattered, ovate>
11,1<distant> 13,10-30(-45) 14,2 20,2 21,3-4 23,4-13<? - up to 13>
32,3<with a few ovate-lanceolate scales mainly near the base, dark brown
at the base and paler above> 38,5 44,1 45,2.5-7 50,2-3 52,2 57,2 59,1
60,1<each on a receptacle with a vascular strand from the vein, widely
separated, borne singly or in two short rows, one on either side of the
midrib of ultimate segments> 61,2 64,1 65,3 68<whitish, ovate-orbicular,
acute or sub-obtuse, irregularly toothed> 81,2 86,1 87<shady, wet, basic
rock ledges, gullies and scree above 700 m> 89<local in central
Scotland, formerly in Westmoreland> 90,1
91,69/86/88/89/90/92/96/97/98/102 93,6 94,6 95,12 96,2 100<cystmont> 
 
# \i{}Dicksonia antarctica\i0{} <Labill.>/
1<Australian Tree-fern> 4<becoming very>,2 5,2-3 6<without scales,>,1
7,1 11<spectacularly>,2<conspicuously spirally arranged>
13,(80-)100-200(-300)<and to 60 cm or more wide> 14,1 20,2 21,5
23<about>,25-45 32<densely covered with 2-4 cm long reddish or red-brown
hairs>,1 35,1<basally, via a broad, gutter-shaped leaf trace>/2<the
basal bundle breaking up distally into numerous small bundles> 38,3
44,4-5 46,1 52,2<the branches reaching the margins of the segments> 57,1
59,1 60<about 1 mm in diameter, usually four, one on each lobe of the
ultimate pinnules> 61,2 64,1/3<these constituting the
globular, bivalved, ostensible indusium, which becomes hard at maturity>
69,2<i.e., accommodating the discrete sporangia in combination with the
true indusium> 71,1 72,1 75<developing sequentially in the gradate
sorus,>,3 80,1 81,2 87<in moist woods and shady situations> 88,2
89<native to S and SE Australia, naturalized in S Kerry, Cornwall and
also in the Isles of Scilly, where a control program is in operation>
90,1/2 91,1/2 92,1 93,- 94,-<Dicksoniaceae> 95,8 96,- 100<dicksoni> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris aemula\i0{} <(Ait.) O Kuntze>/
1<Hay-scented Buckler-fern> 4<short,>,2 5,2-3 6,2<densely scaly, with
broad, soft scales> 11,2 13,15-60(-75) 14,1<finally decaying from the
apex downwards> 20,2 21,5<to almost 4-pinnate, the ultimate pinnules
lobed to almost pinnate> 23,15-20 32,1-2<dark brown throughout, with few
or numerous narrow-lanceolate, lacerate, uniformly coloured
reddish-brown scales> 33,0.5-1<more than half as long> 35,2<derived via
several leaf traces> 36,2<few, pale> 38,5 44,1 45,5-15 46,2 48,2 52,2
57,2 59,1 60,1<about 0.5-1 mm in diameter, forming a row down each side
of the midrib of the segment> 61,2 64,1 65,2 68<fringed with sessile
glands, and irregularly toothed> 71,1 80,1 81,1 87<woods, ravines and
hedgebanks, in moist shady places> 89<local in Ireland and W Britain
from W Cornwall to the Outer Hebrides and Orkney, scarce in E Britain
except frequent in acid habitats in Kent and Sussex> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/8/9/11/13/14/15/16/34/36/40/41/42/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/59<
>/60/62/63/64/67/69/70/71/73/75/76/86/87/88/89/92/93/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/108/109/110/111
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/20/23/24/25/26/27/28/29/30/31<
>/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 97<\i{}D\i0{}. x
\i{}pseudoabbreviata\i0{} Jermy = \i{}D. oreades\i0{} x \i{}D.
aemula\i0{}> 100<dryoaemu> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris affinis\i0{} <(Lowe) Fraser-Jenkins>/
1<Scaly Male Fern> 2<including \i{}Dryopteris borreri\i0{} Newman,
\i{}D. pseudomas\i0{} (Woll.) Holub & Pouzar, \i{}D. affinis\i0{} (Lowe)
Fraser-Jenkins subsp. \i{}borreri\i0{}; ~\i{} D. filix-mas\i0{}>
4<short,>,2 5<more or less>,3 6,2<densely scaly, with broad, soft
scales> 11,2<crowns solitary or few> 13,(25-)50-150(-180)<usually over
50 cm> 14<usually>,1 20,2 21,1/2-3<when bipinnate, with ultimate
pinnules lobed no more than halfway to the middle> 23,20-35
32,1<sparsely or moderately covered with uniformly orange-brown scales,
the larger of these lanceolate> 33,0.1-1.25(-1.4)<up to 1/3 but usually
less than a quarter as long> 35,2<derived via several leaf traces> 36,1
44,4 45,5-15<the pinnae decreasing in length markedly basipetally, the
lowest less than to more than half the length of the longest> 46,1 47,1
48,1/2 49<nearly always>,2 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<usually smaller than in
\i{}D. filix-mas\i0{} (q.v.), borne (3-)4-5 on each side of the midrib
of the largest pinnules, and at least 3 on the majority> 61,2 64,1 65,2
68<entire, not glandular, embracing the sporangium when young> 71,2 80,1
81,2 86,2-3<?> 89<seemingly widespread in the British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 97<the
apogamous \i{}D. remota\i0{} (Braun ex Dll) Druce = \i{}D. affinis\i0{}
x \i{}D. expansa\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}complexa\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. =
\i{}D. affinis\i0{} x \i{}D. filix-mas\i0{}> 98<this description may
under-estimate variation, being based mainly on subsp. \i{}borreri\i0{},
which seems to be the most widespread of the sub-species> 100<dryoaffi> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris carthusiana\i0{} <Villar) H.P. Fuchs>/
1<Narrow Buckler-fern> 4<short,>,2 5<decumbent or shortly>,1
6,2<densely scaly, with broad, soft scales> 11,1/2<?> 13,30-100(-150)
14,2<the base of the petiole decaying first> 20,2 21,3/4/5 23,15-25
32,1-3<dark brown at the base and pale green above, with uniformly pale
brown, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire scales, these few above and
more numerous but not dense at the base> 33,0.6-1.3<from two thirds its
length to rather longer than it> 35,2<derived via several leaf traces>
36,2<pale brown> 38<narrowly>,2-4<the lower pinnae twisted into the more
or less horizontal plane> 44,1/2<the 3 or 4 basal pairs about equal in
length> 45,5-10 46,2 48,2 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<about 0.5-1 mm diameter,
forming a row down either side of the segment> 61,2 64,1 65,2 68<entire
or sinuate, without glands> 80,1 81,2 84,2-3 87<in damp or wet woods,
marshes, fens and wet heaths> 89<frequent throughout most of the British
Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/112
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29<
>/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 97<\i{}D\i0{}. x
\i{}uliginosa\i0{} (Braun ex Doll) Kuntze ex Druce = \i{}D.
cristata\i0{} x \i{}D. carthusiana\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}deweveri\i0{}
(J.T. Jansen) Wacht. = \i{}D. carthusiana\i0{} x \i{}D. dilatata\i0{};
\i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}sarvelae\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy = \i{}D.
carthusiana\i0{} x \i{}D. expansa\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}brathaica\i0{}
Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst. = \i{}D. filix-mas\i0{} x \i{}D.
carthusiana\i0{}> 100<dryocart> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris cristata\i0{} <(L.) A. Gray>/
1<Crested Buckler-fern> 4<short,>,2 5<decumbent or shortly>,1
6,2<densely scaly, with broad, soft scales> 8,1<the fertile leaves
longer and more erect> 11,2 13,30-100 14,2 20,2 21,1/2-3 23<about>,10-20
32,1<with numerous uniformly pale brown, ovate scales at the base and
fewer above> 33,0.3-0.5<about 1/3-1/2 as long> 35,2<derived via several
leaf traces> 36,2<pale brown, sparse> 38,6/8 44,1-2<the pinnae
decreasing in length rather regularly acropetaly> 45,5-10 46,2 52,2 59,1
60,1<rather large, forming a row down each side of the midrib of the
pinnules, or more irregular on the larger pinnules> 61,2 64,1 65,2
68<entire or sinuate, without glands> 71,1 80,1 81,2 84,2-3 87<in wet
heaths, dune slacks, fens and marshes, often with \i{}Thelypteris
palustris\i0{}> 89<very local in SE and E England, Norkolk and Renfrews,
formerly more widespread in England but seemingly decreasing there> 90,1
91,6/15/17/22/25/26/27/28/29/31/39/56/58/61/62/63/64/65/76 93,6 94,7
95,13 96,4 97<\i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}uliginosa\i0{} (Braun ex Doll) Kuntze ex
Druce = \i{}D. cristata\i0{} x \i{}D. carthusiana\i0{}> 100<dryocris> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris dilatata\i0{} <Hoffm.) A. Gray>/
1<Broad Buckler-fern> 2<\i{}D. austriaca\i0{} auct., \i{}D.
aristata\i0{} Druce> 4<short,>,2 5,2-3 6,2<densely scaly, with broad,
soft scales> 11,2 13,(20-)30-150(-180) 14<(sub-)>,1/2<decaying from the
base upwards> 20,2 21,3-4 23,15-25 32,1< dark brown at the base and pale
or green above, with ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate entire scales which
are dark brown in the centre and pale brown at their edges, the covering
usually dense at the base and less so above> 33,0.25-0.7<from about 1/4
to 2/3 its length> 35,2<derived via several leaf traces> 36,2<pale only,
or dark-centred with pale edges> 38,4-5 44,1/2<the three or more basal
pairs of pinnae the longest, about equal in length> 45,6-20 46,2 48,2
49,2 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<about 0.5-1 mm diameter, in a row down either
side of the segment> 61,2 64,1 65,2 68<fringed with stalked glands, and
irregularly toothed> 71,2 78,3 79<with dense blunt spinules> 80,1
87<woods, hedgebanks, ditches, in shady places on heaths and mountains>
89<common throughout the British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4
97<\i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}deweveri\i0{} (J.T. Jansen) Wacht. = \i{}D.
carthusiana\i0{} x \i{}D. dilatata\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x
\i{}ambrosiae\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy = \i{}D. dilatata\i0{} x \i{}D.
expansa\i0{}> 100<dryodila> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris expansa\i0{} <(C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy>/
1<Northern Buckler-fern> 2<\i{}Dryopteris assimilis\i0{} S. Walker,
\i{}D. dilatata\i0{} var. \i{}alpina\i0{} Moore> 4<short,>,2 5,2-3
6,2<densely scaly, with broad, soft scales> 11,2 13,30-80(-100)
14<(sub-)>,1/2<the base of the petiole decaying first> 20,2 21,3-4
23,15-25 32,1-2< dark brown at the base and pale or green above, with
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate entire scales which are sometimes
uniformly brown but usually dark brown in the centre and pale to reddish
brown at their edges, the covering usually dense at the base and less so
above> 33,0.4-1.2<from rather less than half as long to about the same
length> 35,2<derived via several leaf traces> 36,2<mid- to dark brown or
darker-centred> 38,4-5<with all the pinnae in one plane> 44<usually>,1
45,6-20 46,2 48,2 49,1 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<usually relatively large,
about 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter, regularly aranged in two rows along the
segments> 61,2 64,1 65,2 68<small and fugacious> 71,2 78,2 79<with
rather small, widely spaced, acute spinules> 80,1 81,2 87<cool, often
damp places in woods, montane crevices and scree> 89<locally frequent in
Scotland, Wales, and England south to Westmoreland> 90,1
91,42/44/46/48/49/50/65/66/67/68/69/70/72/73/75/78/85/86/87/88/89/90/92/93/94<
>/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112
93,6 94,7 96,4 97<the apogamous \i{}D. remota\i0{} (Braun ex Dll) Druce
= \i{}D. affinis\i0{} x \i{}D. expansa\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x
\i{}sarvelae\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy = \i{}D. carthusiana\i0{} x
\i{}D. expansa\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}ambrosiae\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. &
Jermy = \i{}D. dilatata\i0{} x \i{}D. expansa\i0{}> 100<dryoexpa> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris filix-mas\i0{} <(L.) Schott>/
1<Male Fern> 4<short,>,2 5<more or less>,3 6,2<densely scaly, with
broad, soft scales> 11,2<crowns solitary or few>
13,(30-)50-150(-180)<i.e., usually over 50 cm> 14<usually>,2 20,2
21,1<the pinnules crenate-serrate all round, with erect or convergent
teeth at the apex> 23,20-35 32,1<sparsely or moderately covered with
uniformly pale brown scales, the larger of these ovate and
long-acuminate> 33,0.2-0.4<about a quarter to almost half as long>
35,2<derived via 5 or 7 leaf traces> 36,2<pale brown to straw-coloured,
rather numerous> 44,4<the pinnae decreasing in length basipetally, the
lowest about 4/5 the length of the longest> 45,5-15 46,1 47,2 52,2 57,2
59,1 60,1<relatively large, about 1 mm in diameter, borne 5-6 on each
side of the midrib of the largest pinnules> 61,2 62,5-6<and at least 3
on the majority of them> 64,1 65,2 68<entire, not glandular, not
embracing the sporangium> 80,1 81,2 86<probably>,1&2&3 87<woods,
hedgebanks, ditches, in open or shade, at low and high elevations>
89<common throughout the British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4
97<\i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}complexa\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. = \i{}D. affinis\i0{} x
\i{}D. filix-mas\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}brathaica\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. &
Reichst. = \i{}D. filix-mas\i0{} x \i{}D. carthusiana\i0{}>
100<dryofili> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris oreades\i0{} <Formin>/
1<Mountain Male Fern> 2<\i{}Dryopteris abbreviata\i0{}(DC.) Newman;
~\i{} D. filix-mas\i0{}> 4<short,>,2 5<more or less>,3 6,2<densely
scaly, with broad, soft scales> 11,2<crowns several> 13,30-50(-120)
14<usually>,2 20,2 21,1<the pinnules with teeth spreading fan-wise at
the apex> 23,20-35 32,1<densely at the base and sparsely or moderately
above covered with uniformly pale brown scales, the larger of these
ovate-lanceolate> 33,0.1-0.25<about 1/8-1/4 as long> 35,2<derived via
several leaf traces> 36,2<dull pale brown, rather numerous> 44,4<the
pinnae decreasing markedly in length basipetally, the lowest pinna less
than half the length of the longest> 45,5-15 46,1 47,2 52,2 57,2 59,1
60,1<rather large, borne on each side of the midrib of the largest
pinnules> 61,2 62,2-4<not more than two, and often only 1, on the
majority of them> 64,1 65,2 68<entire, with minute glands on the margin>
87<rocky, open or lightly shaded places on mountains, scree slopes,
mostly above 240 m> 89<Wales, northern England south to mid-west
Yorkshire, Scotland, and Ireland in Kerry and County Down> 90,1/2
91,11/36/40/41/42/43/44/46/47/48/49/50/57/58/59/60/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/72/73<
>/74/75/77/78/79/80/83/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/94/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104<
>/105/106/107/108/109/110/111 92,1/2/35/38/39 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4
97<\i{}D\i0{}. x \i{}mantoniae\i0{} Fraser-Jenk., & Corley = \i{}D.
oreades\i0{} x \i{}D. filix-mas\i0{}; \i{}D\i0{}. x
\i{}pseudoabbreviata\i0{} Jermy = \i{}D. oreades\i0{} x \i{}D.
aemula\i0{}> 100<dryoorea> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris remota\i0{} <(A. Braun ex Dll) Druce>/
1<Scaly Buckler Fern> 2<\i{}D. woynarii\i0{} Rothm.> 3,1 4,2 6,2 8,2
11,2 13,20-75 15,1 17,2 18,2 20,2 21,3<the pinnules evenly lobed at
least to halfway, or almost to the midrib - this supposedly
distinguishing \i{}D. remota\i0{} from bipinnate \i{}D. affinis\i0{}>
23,15-25<?> 32,1<with dense golden brown scales, these often with darker
centres> 33,0.3-0.5<about 1/3 to half as long> 34,3 35,2<derived via
several leaf traces> 36,1 38<narrowly>,4 39,2 44,2/3/4<? - the lowest
pinnae about 4/5 the length of the longest> 46,1-2 52,2 54,1 55,2 56,5
57,2 59,1 60,1 61,2 64,1 65,2 71,2 72,2 73,1 80,1 81,2 82,2 89<formerly
in N. Kerry, S.E. Galway and possibly Dunbarton, seemingly now extinct
save in cultivation> 90,1/2 91,36/86/99 92,15 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 98<an
apogamous hybrid derivative of \i{}D. affinis\i0{} x \i{}D.
expansa\i0{}> 100<dryoremo> 
 
# \i{}Dryopteris submontana\i0{} <(Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy) Fraser-Jenk.>/
1<Rigid Buckler-fern> 2<\i{}Dryopteris villarii\i0{} (Bell.) Woynar
subsp. \i{}submontana\i0{} Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy> 4<short,>,2 5<decumbent
or>,2 6,2<densely scaly, with broad, soft scales> 11,2 13,20-60(-75)
14,2 20,2 21,2-3 23<about>,15-25 32,1-2<densely scaly at the base and
sparsely so above, the scales uniformly pale brown, lanceolate>
33,0.4-0.9<from over a third to nearly as long> 35,2<derived via several
leaf traces> 36,2<pale brown, rather sparse> 38<narrowly>,5/7
44,1/2<several basal pairs of pinnae about equal in length, the lowest
pinna from somewhat longer to slightly shorter than the next>
45<about>,4-7 46,2 48,1 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<about 1 mm diameter, borne
in rows of 4-6 on each side of the midrib of the largest pinnules,
crowded> 61,2 64,1 65,2 68<entire, glandular on both the surface and the
margin> 71,1 80,1 81,1 86,1 87<in limestone crevices, grykes and scree>
89<very locally common in NW England, rare in Derbyshire and Wales,
formerly Arran> 90,1 91,6/42/49/50/57/60/64/65/66/69/70/100/101 93,6
94,7 95,13 96,4 98<the leaves glandular on both sides> 100<dryosubm> 
 
# \i{}Gymnocarpium dryopteris\i0{} <(L.) Newman>/
1<Oak Fern> 2<\i{}Thelypteris dryopteris\i0{} (L.) Slosson),
\i{}Polypodium dryopteris\i0{} L., \i{}Phegopteris connectilis\i0{}
(Michx.) Watt, \i{}Phegopteris dryopteris\i0{} (L.) Fe, etc.>
4<long,>,1 5,1<below ground> 6,2/3<the few, small scales soon lost> 11,1
13,20-40 14,2 15,1<the vernation differing in detail from that of
\i{}Gymnocarpium robertianum\i0{}, q.v.> 16,1 20,2 21,3-4<the second
pair of pinnae long-stalked> 23,5-10 24,1 32<much>,3<blackish>
38<glabrous and bright or clear green,>,5 44,1<these nearly as large as
the rest of the blade> 45,3-15 52,2 57,2 58,1 59,1 60,1<borne in two
rows along the segments, rather small but sometimes to nearly 1 mm in
diameter> 61,2 64,4 86,2&3 87<in damp woods and shady rocky places and
ravines, often in more or less acid, humus-rich soil> 89<frequent in N
and W Britain south to the Severn-Humber estuaries, rare and scattered
SE of that line and in N Ireland. Often found growing near
\i{}Phegopteris connectilis\i0{}> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/5/6/15/19/20/22/23/24/26/27/28/30/32/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44<
>/46/47/48/49/50/53/54/55/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/72/73/74<
>/75/76/77/78/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99<
>/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/112 92,20/28/29/33/38/39
93,6 94,18 95,12 96,2 100<gymndryo> 
 
# \i{}Gymnocarpium robertianum\i0{} <(Hoffm.) Newman>/
1<Limestone Fern> 2<\i{}Thelypteris robertiana\i0{} (Hoffm.) Slosson,
\i{}Polypodium robertianum\i0{} Hoffm., \i{}Phegopteris robertiana\i0{}
(Hoffm.) A. Br., etc.> 4<long,>,1 5,1<below ground> 6,2/3<the few, small
scales soon lost> 11,1 13,20-55 14,2 15,1<the vernation differing in
detail from that of \i{}G. dryopteris\i0{}> 16,2 20,2 21,3-4<the second
pair of pinnae often long-stalked> 23,8-15<up to about 15> 24,2<i.e.,
unlike those of \i{}G. dryopteris\i0{}> 32,3<greenish brown, one and a
half to three times its length, slender, brittle, with scales near the
base and ascending to near the middle> 35,1 38<glandular and dull
green,>,4/5 44,1<but only about half as long as the rest of the blade -
i.e., relatively somewhat smaller than in \i{}G. dryopteris\i0{}>
45<rather longer than in \i{}G. dryopteris\i0{}> 52,2 57,2 58,1 59,1
60,1<small, borne in two rows near the margins of the segments> 61,2
64,4 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,1 87<on limestone, in open or partly shaded scree
slopes and rocky places> 89<local in England and Wales, and rare and
scattered in Scotland and western Ireland, but often naturalized on
mortared walls elsewhere, especially in eastern England> 90,1/2
91,5/6/7/10/12/13/17/19/21/23/24/25/26/28/30/32/33/34/35/36/38/39/40/41/42/43<
>/44/46/49/50/51/54/55/56/57/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/69/70/71/88/92/103/106/108
92,9/15/26/31 93,6 94,18 95,12 96,2 100<gymnrobe> 
 
# \i{}Hymenophyllum tunbrigense\i0{} <(L.) Sm.>/
1<Tunbridge Filmy Fern> 4,1<filiform> 5,1 6<glabrous,>,3 11<persistent
for some years> 13,2.5-8(-12) 18,1<usually described as pinnate, but
the combination of abnormally thin lamina and narrowly winged rachis and
rachillae blurs the conventional definitions> 19<more or less
flat,>,3<and with the pinnae divided more or less dichotomously but
irregularly into oblong, flat segments, the segments sharply but
remotely serrulate> 32,1-2<about a third to a half of the leaf length,
wiry, wingless, naked or with a few hairs> 35,1<representing a single
leaf trace> 38,2-3/4 39,1 52,2<the lobes one-veined, the vein falling
slightly short of the apex> 57,1 59,1 60,- 61,2 64<ambiguously>,3<these
combined to constitute the ostensible indusium> 65,6 66<by contrast with
those of \i{}Trichomanes\i0{},>,1 67,1 72,1/2<? - without the elongated,
gradate receptacle characterizing \i{}Trichomanes\i0{} (q.v.)> 75,2
83,2 87<in humid conditions, on shaded damp rock faces and tree trunks,
often with \i{}H. wilsonii\i0{}> 89<local in Ireland and Western Britain
from Cornwall to N. Ebudes, also in E. Sussex> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/13/14/16/34/35/36/39/41/42/44/45/46/47/48/49/52<
>/59/60/62/63/64/66/67/68/70/72/75/76/86/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106 92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10/11/12/13/16/20/24/25<
>/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,2 94,8 95,6 96,5
100<hymetunb> 
 
# \i{}Hymenophyllum wilsonii\i0{} <Hook.>/
1<Wilsons Filmy Fern> 2<\i{}H. peltatum\i0{} auct., \i{}H.
unilaterale\i0{} auct.> 4,1<filiform> 5,1 6<glabrous,>,3 11<persistent
for some years> 13,2.5-8(-12) 18,1<usually described as pinnate, but
the combination of abnormally thin lamina and narrowly winged rachis and
rachillae blurs the conventional definitions> 19,3<but differing from
the flat fronds of \i{}H. tunbridgense\i0{} in having the pinnae bent
back from the rachis, and their segments fewer and more unilateral>
32,1-2<about a third to a half of the leaf length, wiry, wingless, naked
or with a few hairs> 35,1<representing a single leaf trace>
38<narrowly>,3/6 39,1 52,2<the lobes one-veined, the vein reaching the
apex> 57,1 59,1 60,- 61,2 64<ambiguously>,3<these combined to constitute
the ostensible indusium> 65,6 66<by contrast with those of
\i{}Trichomanes\i0{},>,1 67,2 72,1/2<? - without the conspicuously
elongated, gradate, bristle-tipped receptacle characterizing
\i{}Trichomanes\i0{} (q.v.)> 75,2 83,2 87<in humid conditions, on shaded
damp rock faces and tree trunks, often with \i{}H. tunbrigense\i0{}>
89<local in Ireland and western Britain, with a similar distribution
there but commoner than \i{}H. tunbrigense\i0{}, and north to Shetland,
but not in E. Sussex> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/34/36/37/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/52/59/60/62/63/64/65<
>/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/78/79/80/82/85/86/87/88/89/90/92/96/97/98<
>/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112
92,1/2/3/4/6/7/8/9/12/13/14/15/16/18/20/21/25/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36<
>/37/38/39/40 93,2 94,8 95,6 96,5 100<hymewils> 
 
# \i{}Matteuccia struthiopteris\i0{} <(L.) Tod.>/
1<Ostrich Fern> 4,2 5,1-3<the long, underground rhizomes becoming
erect towards their apices> 6,2 8,1<the sterile leaves
\i{}Dryopteris\i0{}-like, the fertile ones brown, much smaller, and
featherlike, with very narrow pinnae> 11,2
13,20-60<fertile>/60-150<sterile> 18,2 20,1-2<the fertile leaves>/2<the
sterile ones> 21,1-2<the sterile leaves once pinnate with deeply lobed
pinnae, or just bipinnate> 32,1<those of the sterile leaves less than
half as long> 35,1<representing a single leaf trace arising from the
lower angle of the leaf gap> 38<more or less>,8<long-attenuate to the
base> 44,4-5 46<gradually reducing in length to the very short basal
ones> 52,2 57,1 59<initially>,1 60,1<in one or two contiguous rows along
the pinna, covered by the tightly inrolled, firm lamina margins> 61,1/2
64,3<the true indusia very fragile and soon obsolete> 69,1<protecting
the rows of sori> 87<in shady places> 88,2 89<mainland-European,
commonly cultivated, and naturalized in southern and central Scotland,
Westmoreland, Salop, and Northern Ireland> 90,1/2
91,1/5/6/9/11/13/17/21/25/27/28/33/37/38/39/40/41/44/46/57/59/64/67/69/71/72<
>/73/78/79/80/81/83/84/85/87/88/89/98/99/101/104 92,27/36/37/39/40 93,6
94,19 95,12 96,2 100<mattstru> 
 
# \i{}Onoclea sensibilis\i0{} <L.>/
1<Sensitive Fern> 5,1 6,2 8,1<the fertile leaves much smaller,
non-green, with very narrow pinnae> 11,1 13,30-100 18,2<at least
basally> 20,1<the sterile leaves fully pinnate only at the base and
deeply lobed above>/1-2<the fertile leaves> 21,1-2<the fertile leaves
being bipinnate or nearly so> 32,3 35,1 38,5 44<of the sterile leaves>,1
52,1 57,1 59,1 60,1<in compact groups, protected by the incurved lamina
margin> 61,2 64,3 69,1<protecting the rows of sori> 71,2 80,1 81,2 87<in
shady places> 88,2 89<native to eastern North America and eastern Asia,
naturalized in CW and SW Scotland, W Wales, NW and S England, and
Jersey> 90,1
91,1/3/5/6/9/11/12/14/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/24/37/38/39/40/46/51/56/59/60/61/62<
>/64/67/69/70/71/73/76/77/88/89/94/99/113 93,6 94,19 95,12 96,2
100<onocsens> 
 
# \i{}Ophioglossum azoricum\i0{} <C. Presl>/
1<Small Adders Tongue> 5<subterranean, very short,>,3<with new plants
arising from adventitious buds on the roots> 6,3 8,2<but hard to
interpret as such: usually bearing only a single leaf comprising two
components, the lower sterile and laminate, the upper a fertile,
non-laminate spike - see below>/1<the fertile leaf sometimes accompanied
by one or two sterile blades> 9,1 10,1 13,(2-)3.5(-10) 15,2 18,2<when
fertile, see above, though the green blade is simple>/1&2<when sterile
blades occur> 26,1 27,(1.5-)3-3.5<basally strongly narrowed to more or
less stalked> 28,2 29,1 30,0.8-2 31,2 35,1<this representing a single
leaf trace arising from the lower angle of the leaf gap> 52,1<i.e., in
the sterile blade, although it exhibits minute free vein endings inside
the network> 55,1 56,1<6-14 on either side of the spike> 57,1<in origin>
58,1 59,2 73,2 74,2 76,1<i.e., transversely to the axis of the spike>
80,2 83,4 87<in barish or grassy places on sandy or peaty damp soils
near the sea> 89<scattered around coasts of the British Isles, not in
eastern Ireland, eastern Scotland or eastern England except Cheviot
(Stace, 1997)> 90,1/2
91,1/3/4/5/9/11/48/49/52/70/92/94/95/102/103/104/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/6/16/27/28/34/35 93,4 94,12 95,1 96,9 97<\i{}O. azoricum\i0{} C.
Presl may be a hybrid, representing \i{}O. vulgatum\i0{} x \i{}O.
lusitanicum\i0{}> 100<ophiazor> 
 
# \i{}Ophioglossum lusitanicum\i0{} <L.>/
1<Least Adders Tongue> 5<subterranean, very short,>,3<with new plants
arising from adventitious buds on the roots> 6,3 8,2<but hard to
interpret as such: usually bearing only a single leaf comprising two
components, the lower sterile and laminate, the upper a fertile,
non-laminate spike - see below>/1<the fertile leaf sometimes accompanied
by one or two sterile blades> 9,1 13,2-6(-10) 14,2 15,2 18,2<when
fertile, see above, though the green blade is simple>/1&2<when sterile
blades occur> 26,1 27,0.6-3<linear to narrowly elliptic> 28,2 29,2
30,0.3-1.5 31,2 35,1<this representing a single leaf trace arising from
the lower angle of the leaf gap> 52,1<i.e., in the sterile blade, which
by contrast with that of \i{}O. vulgatum\i0{} does not exhibit free vein
endings within the network> 55,1 56,1<3-8 on euther side of the spike>
57,1<in origin> 58,1 59,2 73,2 74,2 76,1<i.e., transversely to the axis
of the spike> 80,2 83,4 87<in short turf by the sea> 89<local in
Guernsey and the Scillies> 90,1 91,1/113 93,4 94,12 95,1 96,9 97<\i{}O.
azoricum\i0{} C. Presl may derive from \i{}O. vulgatum\i0{} x \i{}O.
lusitanicum\i0{}> 100<ophilusi> 
 
# \i{}Ophioglossum vulgatum\i0{} <L.>/
1<Common Adders Tongue> 2<excluding \i{}O. azoricum\i0{} C. Presl =
\i{}O. vulgatum\i0{} subsp. \i{}ambiguum\i0{} (Coss. & Germ.) E.F.
Warburg> 5<subterranean, very short,>,3<with new plants arising from
adventitious buds on the roots> 6,3 8,2<but hard to interpret as such:
usually bearing only a single leaf comprising two components, the lower
sterile and laminate, the upper a fertile, non-laminate spike - see
below>/1<the fertile leaf sometimes accompanied by one or two sterile
blades> 9,1 10,2 13,(4-)8-20(-45) 14,2 15,2 18,2<when fertile, see
above, though the green blade is simple>/1&2<when sterile blades occur>
26,1 27,(3-)4-15(-30)<ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, basally
rounded to cuneate> 28,2 29,1 30,1.5-5(-7) 31,2 35,1<this representing a
single leaf trace arising from the lower angle of the leaf gap>
52,1<i.e., in the sterile blade, although it exhibits minute free vein
endings inside the network> 55,1 56,1<10-40 on either side of the spike>
57,1<in origin> 58,1 59,2 73,2 74,2 76,1<i.e., transversely to the axis
of the spike> 80,2 83,4 86,1&2&3 87<in grassland, dune-slacks, ditches
and open woods, mostly lowland> 89<frequent throughout most of the
British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,4 94,12 95,1 96,9 100<ophivulg> 
 
# \i{}Oreopteris limbosperma\i0{} <(All.) Holub>/
1<Mountain Fern> 2<\i{}Thelypteris limbosperma\i0{} (All.) H.P. Fuchs,
\i{}Dryopteris oreopteris\i0{} (Ehrh.) Maxon, \i{}Aspidium
oreopteris\i0{} (Ehrh.) Sw., \i{}Thelypteris oreopteris\i0{} (Ehrh.)
Slosson, \i{}Lastrea montana\i0{} Newm., etc.> 4<short,>,2 5,2 6,2<when
young, with brown lanceolate scales> 11,2 13,40-100(-120) 14,2 20,2
21,1<the pinnae scarcely stalked> 23<about>,20-30 32,1<up to a quarter
its length, rather stout, sparsely clothed with pale brown, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate scales which are most numerous below> 35,1 38,8
41,1<and with numerous sessile glands abaxially> 44,4<the pinnae
decreasing markedly in length basipetally> 45,5-12 46,1<the lowest pair
much less than half as long as the longest pair> 52,2 57,2 58,1 59,1
60,1<borne close to the margins of the segment, very small, 0.5 mm or
less in diameter> 61,2 64,1/4<the indusia either fugaceous and soon
lost, or lacking altogether> 65<when present, perhaps>,2<but small,
thin, irregularly toothed> 71,1 80,1 81,2 86,3 87<on acid soils in damp,
shady places and woods> 89<with a similar distribution to
\i{}Phegopteris connectilis\i0{} (q.v.) in western and northern Britain,
but commoner, and also frequent in SW and SE England> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112
92,1/2/3/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/16/18/20/21/22/24/25/27/28/29/30/31/33/34/35<
>/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,16 95,10 96,2 100<oreolimb> 
 
# \i{}Osmunda regalis\i0{} <L.>/
1<Royal Fern> 4<short,>,2<massive> 5,3<emergent, so that emature
plants may exhibit a small trunk of 30 cm or more> 6,1/3<? - not
scaly> 8,1 11,2 13,(30-)60-250(-400) 20,2 21,2/2-3<the pinnules of
sterile leaves sometimes with a rounded lobe on the lower side at the
base> 23,(5-)7-15(-17)<the 2-3 basal pairs fertile in the fertile
leaves> 26,2 32<hairy when young, soon glabrous> 35,1<this horseshoe
shaped at the base, becoming half-moon shaped acroptally> 44,1-2<the
sterile ones markedly decreasing in length acropetally> 52,2<branching
by repeated dichotomies, and reaching the margin> 55,1 56<short-stalked
and relatively massive, in non-indusiate, ill-defined clusters densely
covering the fertile pinnules, brown> 57<in the absence of laminae on
the fertile pinnae, usually described as>,1/- 58,1 59,2 73,2 75,1 76,2
84,2-3 87<on peaty soil in fens, bogs, wet woods and heaths, and
naturalized in ditches and hedgerows> 89<recorded throughout the British
Isles and common in parts of western Britain and western Ireland, but
absent from large areas of eastern Britain> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/27/28/30<
>/32/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53/54/55/56/57<
>/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78/81/82/83/85<
>/86/87/88/91/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/107/108/109/110/112<
>/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,5 94,13 95,2 96,7 100<osmunreg>
 
# \i{}Phegopteris connectilis\i0{} <(Michx.) Watt>/
1<Beech Fern> 2<\i{}Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson,
\i{}Dryopteris phegopteris\i0{} (L.) C. Chr., \i{}Phegopteris
polypodioides\i0{} Fe, \i{}Polypodium phegopteris\i0{} L., etc.>
4<long,>,1 5,1<below ground> 6,2<when young, with a few, small, brown,
ovate scales> 11,1 13,20-50 14,2 20,2 21,1<almost bipinnate, the pinnae
being deeply pinnatifid, and characteristically with all the pinnae
except the lowest pair attached to the rachis by their broadly decurrent
bases> 23,10-20 24,1 32,2-3<as long as to twice as long as it, slender,
brittle, with a few scales at the base and sometimes a few small ones
above, and the upper part usually clothed with reflexed white hairs>
38,4-5 43,1 44,1<the lowest pair longer to slightly shorter than the
pair above, the remainder decreasing rapidly towards the leaf tip>
45,4-14 46,2 52,2 57,2 58,1 59,1 60,1<small, about 0.5 mm or less in
diameter, borne close to the sometimes reflexed margins of the segment>
61,2 64,4 86,3 87<on acid soils, in damp woods, shady rocky places and
banks> 89<quite common in northern and western Britain, scattered in
Ireland, but absent from most of southern, central and eastern England>
90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/11/13/14/17/34/35/36/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50<
>/51/54/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78/79<
>/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103<
>/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112
92,1/2/3/14/16/18/20/21/22/24/27/28/29/30/31/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40
93,6 94,16 95,10 96,2 100<phegconn> 
 
# \i{}Phyllitis scolopendrium\i0{} <(L.) Newm.>/
1<Harts-tongue Fern> 2<\i{}Scolopendrium vulgare\i0{} L.> 4<short,>,2
5,2-3 6<densely>,2<with narrow, brown scales, their cell walls dark>
11,2 13,10-60 14,1 18,1 19,1/1-2<the blades strap-shaped, cordate at the
base> 32,1-2<up to half as long, but usually much less, scaly>
35,1<representing fusion of a pair of leaf traces> 40,1-2 52,2<sparingly
dichotomised, almost to the margins> 57,2 59,1 60,2<and paired, along
lateral veins of the leaf, with one member of each pair on the uppermost
fork of a main vein, and the other on the lowermost fork of the next
one, each usually occupying more than half the leaf width> 61,2 64,1
65,4<the elongate indusia of the pairs of sori opening towards each
other> 81,1 86,1&2&3 87<in shady, moist rocky places, woods, banks and
walls> 89<common throughout the British Isles, except for its scattered
distribution in northern Scotland> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,2 95,11 96,1 97<sterile
hybrids of \i{}P. scolopendrium\i0{} with \i{}Asplenium\i0{} species are
x \i{}Asplenophyllitis confluens\i0{} (Moore ex Lowe) Alston (with
\i{}A. trichomanes\i0{}); x \i{}Asplenophyllitis jacksonii\i0{} (Alston)
Lawralre (with \i{}A. adiantum-nigrum\i0{}); and x \i{}Asplenophyllitis
microdon\i0{} (Moore) Alston (with \i{}A. obovatum\i0{})> 100<phylscol> 
 
# \i{}Phymatodes diversifolia\i0{} <(Willd.) Pic. Serm.>/
1<Kangaroo Fern> 2<\i{}Microsorum diversifolium\i0{} (Willd.) Copel.;
\i{}Phymatosorus diversifolius\i0{} (Willd.) Pic. Serm.; probably =
\i{}Microsorum pustulatum\i0{} (G.Forst.) Copel.> 4<fleshy, fragile,>,2
5,1 6,2<these appressed, deciduous> 8,2<but sometimes heterophyllous,
with the leaves variable in form on the same rhizome> 11<in two rows,>,1
13,20-60 18,1 19,1-3<sometimes from entire juvenile to very deeply
pinnately divided mature fronds on the same plant> 32,1-3 34,1 35,2
38,4/6 40,1 52<invisible in the whole, fresh leaf, but>,1<with the free
vein endings in the numeous areolae terminating in hydathodes> 58,1 59,1
60,1<in a row on either side of the main midrib and of the midribs of
the main lobes> 61,2 63,1 64,4 71,1<in material seen> 75,3 80,1 81,2
87<in damp places in woods, and on shady walls> 88,2 89<native to
Australasia, naturalized in S Kerry, Guernsey and the Isles of Scilly>
90,1/2 91,1/113 92,1 93,- 94,20 95,7 96,8 98<It may be preferable to
treat \i{}Phymatosorus\i0{} and \i{}Phymatodes\i0{} as synonyms of
\i{}Microsorum\i0{} (cf. Bostock and Stokes, 1998). Furthermore, the
current name of the British representative appears to be
\i{}Microsorum pustulatum\i0{} (G.Forst.) Copel.> 100<phymdive> 
 
# \i{}Pilularia globulifera\i0{} <L.>/
1<Pillwort> 4<long,>,1<to 50 cm> 5,1 6,1 8,1/2<the 2-4 mm long,
shortly-stalked, hard, bean-like sporocarps enclosing the sporangia are
borne in the axils or at the bases of the subulate green leaves, and may
be interpreted either as highly modified leaves, or as fertile pinnae>
9,3 11,1<but often tufted on short axillary branches> 13<the
conspicuous, green, vegetative ones, as distinct from the tiny
sporocarps,>,3-8(-15) 15,1 17,1 18<at least ostensibly,>,1 19,1 54,2
56,4 59<unconventionally>,1<see above> 60,2 61,2 74,2 82,1<projecting
from the split spore walls> 84,1-2 85<when submerged,>,2 87<on silty mud
by lakes, ponds and reservoirs, submerged for part of the year>
89<throughout the British Isles, formerly much commoner, now frequent
only in central western Ireland, central southern England and parts of
Wales> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/5/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/17/18/20/21/22/23/25/27/28/29/31/32/36/38/39<
>/40/41/42/43/45/46/47/48/49/51/52/53/54/55/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/69<
>/70/71/72/73/74/75/77/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/94/95/96/98/99/101/102/103<
>/104/106/107/108/110/113 92,1/2/16/26/27/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,3 94,10
95,5 96,6 100<piluglob> 
 
# \i{}Polypodium cambricum\i0{} <L.>/
1<Southern Polypody> 2<\i{}Polypodium australe\i0{} Fe; ~\i{}P.
vulgare\i0{}> 4<rather>,2<fleshy> 5,1<on or below the surface>
6,2<densely clothed with reddish-brown, lanceolate scales> 11,1 13,10-40
14,1 18,1/2 19<if not truly pinnate,>,3<and deeply pinnatifid> 20<when
truly pinnate,>,1<once pinnate, the pinnae broad-based> 34,1
38,2-4/5<mostly less than twice as long as wide, with 9-22 lobes or
pinnae on each side, these often bent upwards from the main axis, the
longest of them (3.5-)4.5-6.0(-7.5)cm long and the lowest usually hardly
shorter than those above; the lobes or pinnae oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, usually narrowly acute, and always toothed> 52,1/2
57,2 58,1 59,1 60<when young, mostly>,2<broadly elliptic> 61,2 63,2 64,4
71,1 77,(4-)5-10(-19) 80,1 81,1 86,1&2 87<in moist places, mostly on
base-rich rocks, sometimes on tree-trunks> 89<scattered in Ireland,
western Britain north to central Scotland, in southern England to east
Kent, also Guernsey> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/9/10/11/13/14/15/16/21/33/34/35/36/37/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46<
>/47/48/49/50/51/52/57/58/60/64/69/70/71/72/73/75/83/85/89/98/100/101/102/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,14 95,7 96,8 97<the
sterile \i{}P\i0{}. x \i{}shivasiae\i0{} Rothm. = \i{}P\i0{}.
\i{}interjectum\i0{} x \i{}P. cambricum\i0{}> 100<polycamb> 
 
# \i{}Polypodium interjectum\i0{} <Shivas>/
1<Polypody> 2<~\i{}P. vulgare\i0{}> 4<rather>,2<fleshy> 5,1<on or
below the surface> 6,2<densely clothed with reddish-brown, lanceolate
scales> 11,1 13,10-30(-45) 14,1 18,1/2 19<when not truly pinnate,>,3<and
deeply pinnatifid> 20<when truly pinnate,>,1<once pinnate, the pinnae
broad-based> 32,1-2<from about a third as long, erect, naked> 34,1
38<usually narrowly oblong>,6<mostly 2-4 times as long as wide, the
lobes or pinnae 12-30 on either side and becoming shorter towards base
and apex, the longest of them about one third to halfway from the base
and (2.0-)4.0-7.0(-9.0) cm long, more or less entire or toothed,
apically rounded or tapered> 52,1/2 57,2 58,1 59,1 60<when young,
mostly>,2<broadly elliptic> 61,2 63,2 64,4 71,2 77,(4-)7-9(-13) 80,1
81,1 86,1 87<in similar places to \i{}P. vulgare\i0{}, but more
calcicole and with a stronger preference for shade> 89<with a similar
distribution to \i{}P. vulgare\i0{} (q.v.), but commoner in the South
rare in the North, present in Channel Isles and absent from Orkney and
Shetland> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/80<
>/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/92/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/106<
>/107/108/109/110/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,14 95,7 96,8
97<\i{}P\i0{}. x \i{}mantoniae\i0{} Rothm. & U. Schneid. = \i{}P.
vulgare\i0{} x \i{}P. interjectum\i0{} (the commonest, sterile hybrid);
\i{}P\i0{}. x \i{}shivasiae\i0{} Rothm., also sterile, = \i{}P\i0{}.
\i{}interjectum\i0{} x \i{}P. cambricum\i0{}> 100<polyinte> 
 
# \i{}Polypodium vulgare\i0{} <L.>/
1<Polypody> 4<rather>,2<fleshy> 5,1<on or below the surface>
6,2<densely clothed with reddish-brown, lanceolate scales> 11,1
13,(5-)10-25 14,1 18,1/2 19<when not truly pinnate,>,3<and deeply
pinnatifid> 20<when truly pinnate,>,1<once pinnate, the pinnae
broad-based> 32,1-2<from about a third as long, erect, naked, jointed to
the rhizome basally> 34,1 38<usually narrowly>,2<mostly 3-6 times as
long as wide, the lobes or pinnae 12-30 on either side, more or less
equal in length from the base of the blade to near the apex, the longest
of them (1.0-)1.5-3.5(-4.5) cm long, more or less entire, oblong,
apically rounded> 52,1<or rather, regularly anastomosing, but with free
endings inside the loops>/2<sometimes> 57,2 58,1 59,1 60<when
young,>,1<but sometimes becoming oval later> 61,2 63,2 64,4 71,2
77,(7-)11-14(-17) 80,1 81,1 86,1&2&3 87<on rocks, walls, banks and
tree-trunks, the most acid- and exposure-tolerant of the British
\i{}Polypodium\i0{} species> 89<common throughout the British Isles>
90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29<
>/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,14 95,7 96,8 97<\i{}P\i0{}. x
\i{}mantoniae\i0{} Rothm. & U. Schneid. = \i{}P. vulgare\i0{} x \i{}P.
interjectum\i0{} (the commonest, sterile hybrid); \i{}P\i0{}. x
\i{}font-queri\i0{} Rothm., also sterile, = \i{}P. vulgare\i0{} x \i{}P.
cambricum\i0{}> 100<polyvulg> 
 
# \i{}Polystichum aculeatum\i0{} <(L.) Roth)>/
1<Hard Shield-fern> 2<\i{}P. lobatum\i0{} (Huds.) Chevall.,
\i{}Aspidium aculeatum\i0{} (L.) Sw.> 4,2 5,2-3 6,2 11,2
13<tough,>,20-100(-150) 14,1 20,2 21,1/3<the pinnae varying on different
plants, from being themselves fully pinnate to lobed with only a single
free pinnule, the pinnules sessile and unequal-sided, unlike those of
\i{}Dryopteris\i0{} spp.> 23,25-50 32,1<usually only about a fifth but
up to almost half as long, clothed with more or less ovate brown scales>
35,2<derived via several leaf traces> 38,1/6 40,1 44,2/3 52,2 57,2 59,1
60,1<about 0.5-1 mm in diameter, in a row down each side of the midrib
of the pinnule and sometimes of its basal lobe, with the vein upon which
the sorus is borne continued well beyond it> 61,2 64,1 65,1 71,2 80,1
81,1 87<in similar places to \i{}P. setiferum\i0{} (q.v.), but more
upland> 89<frequent in Britain and Ireland, common in N and W Britain,
less common than \i{}P. setiferum\i0{} in SW England and S Wales> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4
97<\i{}P\i0{}. x \i{}bicknellii\i0{} (Christ) Hahne = \i{}P\i0{}.
\i{}setiferum\i0{} x \i{}P. aculeatum\i0{} and \i{}P\i0{}. x
\i{}illyricum\i0{} (Borbs) Hahne = \i{}P. aculeatum\i0{} x \i{}P.
lonchitis\i0{} are sterile and intermediate in form> 100<polyacul> 
 
# \i{}Polystichum lonchitis\i0{} <(L.) Roth>/
1<Holly Fern> 2<\i{}Aspidium lonchitis\i0{} (L.) Roth> 4,2 5,2 6,2
11,2 13<tough,>,20-60 14,1 20,1<simply pinnate, the pinnae
asymmetrically and narrowly triangular- to oblong-ovate, with with no
free pinnule at the base, only a deltoid lobe, serrate, with straight
spine-pointed teeth, the teeth often serrulate or crenate> 23,20-40
32,1<only a sixth as long or less, clothed with more or less ovate,
reddish-brown scales> 35,2<derived via several leaf traces>
38<linear>,6/1 40,1 44,4<the pinnae decreasing in size downwards, the
lowest 5 mm long or less> 45,1-3 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<about 0.5-1 mm in
diameter, usually confined to the basal parts of the leaves, in a row
down each side of the midrib of the pinna, nearer the midrib than the
margin, and a double row down its basal lobe, with the vein upon which
the sorus is borne not or only shortly continued beyond it> 61,2 64,1
65,1 68<irregularly toothed> 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,1 87<basic rock crevices,
scree and ravines, mostly above 600 m, but somtimes much lower> 89<local
in northern England, central and northern Scotland, Caerns and Dumfries,
and in western Ireland, naturalized in Northants> 90,1/2
91,8/32/49/54/63/64/65/66/68/69/70/71/72/81/86/87/88/89/90/92/94/95/96/97/98<
>/99/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/111 92,1/2/16/27/28/29/33/34/35 93,6
94,7 95,13 96,4 97<\i{}P\i0{}. x \i{}lonchitiforme\i0{} (Halacsy) Bech.
= \i{}P. setiferum\i0{} x \i{}P. lonchitis\i0{}, and \i{}P\i0{}. x
\i{}illyricum\i0{} (Borbs) Hahne = \i{}P. aculeatum\i0{} x \i{}P.
lonchitis\i0{} are sterile and intermediate in form> 100<polylonc> 
 
# \i{}Polystichum munitum\i0{} <(Kaulf.) C. Presl>/
1<Western Sword-fern> 4,2 5,2 6,2 11,2 13<tough,>,30-120(-180) 14,1
20,1<simply pinnate, the 5-15cm, unequal-sided pinnae much narrower than
those of \i{}P. lonchitis\i0{}, alternating on the rachis, narrowly
elongate pinnae with with no free pinnule at the base, only a basal
deltoid lobe on the upper side, otherwise only shortly toothed with
bristle-tipped serrations> 32<much>,1 35,2<derived via several leaf
traces> 38,6 40,1 44,2-4<the lowest pinnae scarcely shorter than the
longest ones> 46,2 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<in a row down each side of the
midrib of the pinna, nearer the midrib than the margin, and a double row
down its basal lobe, with the vein upon which the sorus is borne not or
only shortly continued beyond it> 61,2 64,1 65,1<umbrella-like and
fringed> 71,2 80,1 81,1 86,2&3<in its native habitats, seems to favour
well-drained acidic soils rich in humus> 88,2<a garden escape from
western North America, where it contributes understorey in moist
coniferous forest at low elevations> 89<on a shady laneside bank in
Surrey> 90,1/2 91,2/17 92,20 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 100<polymuni> 
 
# \i{}Polystichum setiferum\i0{} <(Forsk.) Woynar>/
1<Soft Shield-fern> 2<\i{}Aspidium angulare\i0{} Kit. ex Willd.,
\i{}P. setiferum\i0{} (Willd.) C. Presl.> 4,2 5,2-3 6,2 11,2 13,40-150
14,1-2<sub-persistent> 20,2 21,3<the pinnae fully pinnate, the pinnules
with a rounded or deltoid basal lobe> 23<about>,30-40 32,1<about a
quarter to half as long, clothed with ovate-lanceolate brown scales>
35,2<derived via several leaf traces> 38,6 40,2<flaccid> 44,4<the lowest
pinnae much shorter or nearly as long as the longest, depending which
flora one relies on> 45<about>,6-8 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<about 0.5-1 mm in
diameter> 61,2<in a row down each side of the midrib of the pinnule and
of its basal lobe, with the vein upon which the sorus is borne not or
only shortly continued beyond it> 64,1 65,1 80,1 81,1 87<woods and
hedgebanks in moist places> 89<Channel Islands, S and W Britain and
Ireland, rarer in the NE and absent from northern and eastern Scotland>
90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/89/91/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102/103/104/105/110<
>/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,7 95,13 96,4 97<sterile
hybrids, intermediate between the parents in form, are \i{}P\i0{}. x
\i{}bicknellii\i0{} (Christ) Hahne = \i{}P\i0{}. \i{}setiferum\i0{} x
\i{}P. aculeatum\i0{}; \i{}P\i0{}. x \i{}lonchitiforme\i0{} (Halacsy)
Bech. = \i{}P. setiferum\i0{} x \i{}P. lonchitis\i0{}> 100<polyseti> 
 
# \i{}Pteridium aquilinum\i0{} <(L.) Kuhn> subsp. \i{}aquilinum\i0{}/
1<Bracken> 2<\i{}Pteris aquilina\i0{} L.> 4,2 5,1 6,1<tomentose,
without scales> 11,1 13,30-180(-500) 14,2 15,1<the pinnae unfolding in
acropetal sequence> 20,2 21,3<with the pinnules deeply, regularly,
sometimes almost pectinately lobed, the ultimate segments broadly based
and entire or sometimes the larger ones lobed at the base> 22,1
23,(2-)5-15(-20)<usually with several main pinnae on each side, their
midribs carried horizontally to curving downward when young> 32,2/1-2<up
to 2 m long and more than 7 mm in diameter, dark and tomentose at the
base, green above and when young with abundant white hairs or brindled
white and reddish hairs, becoming glabrous above when mature, containing
much mucus> 35,1 38<bent towards the horizontal from the erect
petiole,>,2/4/6 40,1-2<dull> 44<not the lowermost, but>,2-3
52,2<dichotomising to near the edge> 57,1 59,1 60,2<along the edge of
the segment> 61,2 64,3<the true one elongate, internal to the sorus,
membranous and ciliate> 69,1 71,2<?> 81,2 86<mainly>,2&3 87<usually on
dry, light acid soils in woods, heaths and moors, often dominant over
large areas> 89<abundant throughout the British Isles> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53<
>/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/77/78<
>/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/99/100/101/102<
>/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/25/26/27/28<
>/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40 93,6 94,9 95,9 96,3 98<the rather
variable \i{}P. aquilinum\i0{} sensu lato occurs world-wide, and has a
long history of sub-division into inadequately defined species,
sub-species and varieties. In his 1997 treatment, Stace assumed that
only two taxonomic groupings, treated as sub-species complexes, are
usefully recognisable in the N. Hemisphere. Subspecies
\i{}aquilinum\i0{} represents the commonest components of the
\i{}Pteridium\i0{} complex in Britain (see \i{}P. aquilinum\i0{} subsp.
\i{}latiusculum\i0{})> 100<pteraqui> 
 
# \i{}Pteridium aquilinum\i0{} <(L.) Kuhn> subsp. \i{}latiusculum\i0{}/
1<Northern Bracken> 2<\i{}Pteridium pinetorum\i0{} C.N. Page and R.R.
Mill)> 4,2 5,1 6,1<tomentose, without scales> 11,1 13,30-100 14,2
15,1<the dominant pair of pinnae and the rest of the leaf unfolding
simultaneously> 20,2 21,3<the lower pinnae broadly ovate with upwardly
curving tips, with the pinnules deeply, regularly, sometimes almost
pectinately lobed, the ultimate segments broadly based and entire or
sometimes the larger ones lobed at the base> 22,2 23,2-15<? - often with
only one main pair, each as large as the rest of the leaf, their midribs
carried upturned and more or less straight> 32,2<to about 7 mm diameter,
when young orange red-brown with abundant reddish hairs but few if any
whitish ones, becoming glabrous with maturity, containing little mucus>
35,1 38<bent towards the horizontal from the erect petiole, broadly>,5
40,1-2<glossy> 44,1 52,2<dichotomising to near the edge> 57,1 59,1
60,2<along the edge of the segment> 61,2 64,3<the true one elongate,
internal to the sorus, membranous and ciliate> 69,1 71,2 81,2 87<in open
woodlands and on moors, supposedly a relic of native \i{}Pinus\i0{}
woodland> 89<central and northern Scotland, south to central Perthshire>
90,1 91,88/96 93,6 94,9 95,9 96,3 98<the rather variable \i{}P.
aquilinum\i0{} sensu lato occurs world-wide, and has a long history of
sub-division into inadequately defined species, sub-species and
varieties. In a 1997 treatment, Stace assumed that only two taxonomic
groupings, treated as sub-species, are usefully recognisable in the N.
Hemisphere. Subspecies \i{}latiusculum\i0{} is confined in Britain to
western Scotland> 100<pterlati> 
 
# \i{}Pteris cretica\i0{} <L.>/
1<Ribbon Fern> 4<short> 6,2 8,2<although those with sori tend to have
narrower divisions> 11,2 13,20-75 18,2 20<characteristically and>,2
21,2<in that the basal pinna on each side consistently bears a basal
pinnule near its base> 23,1-5 25,1 38,5 45,7-16<x 0.7-2 cm,
oblong-linear and finely toothed, basally cuneate> 52,2<occasionally
dichotomising, to the margins> 57<(sub-)>,1/- 59,1 60<much>,2<linear
along the lamina margins> 61<seemingly>,2 64,2 80,2 87<in very sheltered
places on walls, old buildings and rock faces> 88,2 89<native to
southern Europe, naturalized in central and southern England> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/6/14/15/16/17/20/21/22/23/24/25/28/29/30/37/38/39/40/55/57/61/99/113
92,21 93,- 94,15 95,4 96,10 100<ptercret> 
 
# \i{}Thelypteris palustris\i0{} <Schott>/
1<Marsh Fern> 2<\i{}Dryopteris thelypteris\i0{} (L.) A. Gray,
\i{}Aspidium thelypteris\i0{} (L.) Sw., etc.> 4<long,>,1 5,1<below
ground> 6,2-3<the few, small scales soon lost> 8<rather
ambiguously>,1-2<the sterile leaves often smaller, with relatively
shorter petioles and broader segments> 11<usually>,1<singly, or
sometimes in sparse tufts>/2<rarely with a few-leaved crown>
13,15-120(-150)<the fertile leaves usually longer> 14,2 20,2 21,1<the
pinnae only shortly stalked> 23<about>,15-25 32,2-3<in fertile
leaves>/1-2<often relatively shorter in sterile leaves, slender,
brittle, blackish at the base and with very few or no scales>
38<narrowly>,2-3/4/6 44,4/2-3 45<about>,5-9 52,2 57,2 58,1-2 59,1
60,1<very small, forming a row on either side of the segment, about
midway between midrib and margin, though usually appearing closer to the
margin because of reflexing> 61,2 64,1/4<the indusia if present small
and fugaceous> 65<when present,>,2<small, thin, irregularly toothed>
84,2 87<in marshes and fens, often abundant in carr or alderwood,
usually shaded by taller vegetation> 89<scattered in Britain and
Ireland, north to central Scotland, but decreasing and now frequent only
in East Anglia> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/6/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29/30/31<
>/32/35/36/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/49/50/51/52/53/54/56/57/58/61/62/63/64/65<
>/68/69/70/73/88/90/92/102/103
92,1/2/3/4/9/10/15/17/18/19/20/22/23/24/25/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37<
>/38/39/40 93,6 94,16 95,10 96,2 98<the leaves not glandular, not
lemon-scented when crushed; and by contrast with \i{}Phegopteris\i0{},
the bases of the upper pinnae are not decurrent on the rachis>
100<thelpalu> 
 
# \i{}Trichomanes speciosum\i0{} <Willd.>/
1<Bristle Fern> 2<\i{}T. radicans\i0{} auct.> 4,1<but over 1 mm in
diameter> 5,1 6,1 11<persistent for some years> 13,7-35(-45)
18,1/2<usually described as pinnate, but the combination of abnormally
thin lamina and narrowly winged rachis and rachillae blurs the
conventional definitions> 20,2<irregularly 2-3 pinnatisect, the pinnules
or segments rather irregularly pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, the
ultimate lobes small, 1-veined and entire> 23<about>,7-15 32,1-2<about a
third to a half of the leaf length, naked, winged above>
35,1<representing a single leaf trace> 38,5 39,1 44,1 52,1<the lobes
one-veined> 57,1<elongated from a basal meristem, and the sporangia
maturing in basipetal sequence> 59,1 60,- 61,2 64<very
ambiguously>,3<assuming the ostensible indusium reflects this
situation>/- 65,6 66<by contrast with those of
\i{}Hymenophyllum\i0{},>,2 72,1<becoming elongated via an intercalary
meristem> 75<developing basipetally on the elongated receptacle of the
gradate sorus,>,2 83,1<and mycorhizal?> 87<in places with very high
humidity - on sheltered, damp rock faces, often near waterfalls or at
cave entrances> 89<now very local in western and central England, Wales,
SW Scotland, and (mainly) SW Ireland. Formerly commoner, as evidenced by
gametophytes surviving in parts of N and SW England and N Wales where
sporophytes no longer develop> 90,1/2
91,1/2/3/4/13/14/34/35/36/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/47/48/49/52/57/59/60/62/63<
>/64/65/67/69/70/71/88/95/97/98/100/101/102/103/104/105/107/108/109
92,1/2/3/4/5/6/8/10/12/13/20/26/27/28/29/33/35/36/39 93,2 94,17 95,6
96,5 98<petioles winged, at least distally> 100<tricspec> 
 
# \i{}Woodsia alpina\i0{} <(Bolton) S.F. Gray>/
1<Alpine Woodsia> 2<\i{}W. hyperboria\i0{} (Lilj.) R. Br.> 5<short,
more or less>,3 6,2<sparsely scaly above> 11,2 13,4-15 14,2 20,2
21,1/2<the pinnae deeply lobed to pinnatifid> 23<about>,7-15 32,1<from
about a quarter to two thirds as long, pubescent, sparsely clothed with
short scales> 34,2 35,1 44,3/4<the lowest pinna scarcely shorter to
considerably so> 45,0.5-1.2 51,2 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<borne on the vein
endings, near the margins of the lobes> 61,2 64,1 65,5 68<resembling
that of \i{}W. ilvensis\i0{} (q.v.)> 80,1 81,2 86,1 87<in similar places
to \i{}W. ilvensis\i0{} (q.v.), but on more basic rocks, from 580 to 920
m> 89<very local, in Caerns and central Scotland, decreasing> 90,1
91,49/87/88/90/92/97/98/104/105 93,6 94,18 95,12 96,2 100<woodalp> 
 
# \i{}Woodsia ilvensis\i0{} <(L.) R.Br.>/
5<short, more or less>,3 6,2<sparsely scaly above> 11,2 13,5-15 14,2
20,2 21,1<the pinnae deeply lobed> 23<about>,7-15 32,1-2<from about half
as long, jointed near the middle, pale reddish brown, with brown
lanceolate scales below, subulate scales above, and flexuous hairs
throughout> 34,2 35,1 44,3/4<the lowest pinna scarcely shorter to
considerably so> 45,0.7-1.7 51,1 52,2 57,2 59,1 60,1<borne on the vein
endings, near the margins of the lobes> 61,2 64,1 65,5 68<surrounding
the base of the sorus, divided nearly to the base into numerous
irregular lobes which terminate in long, jointed hair-points, the latter
arching over the sporangium> 71,2 80,1 81,2 86<mostly>,2 87<crevices,
mostly in neutral rocks, from 360 m to 720 m> 89<very local in Caerns,
Cumberland, Dumfries and Angus, formerly more widespread> 90,1
91,48/49/65/66/69/70/72/90/96 93,6 94,18 95,12 96,2 100<woodilve> 
 
# \i{}Woodwardia radicans\i0{} <(L.) Sm.>/
1<European Chain Fern> 6,2 8,2 11,2 12,1 13,30-200 14,1 18,2 20,2
21,1<approaching bipinnate, the pinnae being deeply and acutely lobed>
23<numerous> 32,1<not more than a third as long as the blade and often
much less> 35,2 38,5/6/7 40<somewhat>,1 44,2 50,3 52<mostly>,2 57,1-2
59,1 60<stout, in a row on either side of the pinna-lobe midribs> 61,2
64,1<this the same shape as the sorus, opening towards the mid-rib> 80,1
81,2 88<a mainland-european species, perhaps>,2 89<regenerates in
gardens in S. Kerry and W. Cornwall> 90,1/2 91,1/10/113 92,1 93,6 94,5
95,14 96,2 100<woodradi> 
