
*SHOW. Angiosperm Families, Items. Edited to May 2026. 
 
*ITEM DESCRIPTIONS 
 
# Acanthaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Justiciaceae\i0{} Rafin., \i{}Thomandersiaceae\i0{} Sreemadhavan>
4<\i{}Avicenniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Nelsoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Mendonciaceae\i0{},
\i{}Thunbergiaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/5/1<<10%> rarely, but including a few
mangroves> 9,1/2<<10%> rarely> 12,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 21<the herbs>,1-3
22,1/2 27,1<mostly, by contrast with
\i{}Thunbergiaceae\i0{}>/2/3<sometimes, e.g \i{}Adhatoda\i0{}> 28<when
climbing,>,1/5<?>/6<?> 29<the twiners>,1 31<trees>,1 32,1/2<including a few
mangroves>/3<many in damp places in tropical forests>/4 39,2<distichous or
decussate> 42,1 45,1/2/3 46,1/2 50,1/2 53,1 60,1/2 64,2 65,1/2 
68,2<generally interpreted thus>/1<often at least ambiguously so - 
see illustrations> 69<if thus interpreted,>,1/2 70,1/2 71,1/2 73,1/2/3
76,1/2/3/4 77,1/2/3
85,1<recorded in 3 genera> 86,3 90,U 92,1<sometimes incompletely
so>/2<sometimes isobilateral in several genera> 93,1<reported on both leaf
surfaces in \i{}Acanthus ilicifolius\i0{}>/2<usually, assuming that
glandular hairs which are very widespread in the family are not concerned
with salt secretion> 100,1/2 101,2 103,1<abaxial>/2 104,5<nearly
always>/3<recorded only for \i{}Lepidagathis\i0{}> 106<of diverse kinds>,1
107,1/2<the former mostly unicellular or uniseriate, the latter occurring
throughout the family, mostly small and short-stalked> 108,1&2 109,1/2
111,1/2 115,1<rarely>/2 116,2 119<very commonly>,1<showing as streaks in
the lamina>/2<Acantheae, Aphelandreae> 122,1<as bundles of acicular fibres,
supposedly peculiar to the family and recorded in numerous genera> 123,1/2
124,1<rarely>/3 127,2 130,1<<10%> \i{}Ruellia\i0{}>/2<9 genera> 139,1
140,1<sometimes>/2 141,1 143,1 144,1/2 145,1<noted as conspicuous groups in
about 10 genera>/2 146,2 147,1<with groups of collateral and inversely
orientated bundles in some \i{}Acanthus\i0{} spp.>/2 148,2<nearly
always?>/1<with a ring of separate steles surrounding a central one in
aquatic \i{}Justicia\i0{}> 150,3 152,3<mostly>/1-2 156,3 157,2 158,2 161,2
162,1 163<nearly always>,1 164,2 165<usually sparse>,2 167,1<especially in
Barlerieae>/2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 186,1<commonly
exhibiting a loose-pollen mechanism, cf. \i{}Scophulariaceae\i0{} etc. 
e.g. the large bee-flowers of \i{}Acanthus\i0{}>/2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/9 192,1<in about 75%>/2 195<commonly dichasial cymes,
becoming monochasial in the ultimate branches, and frequently condensed in
the leaf axils, cf. \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 197,1/2 200,1 202,1<the bracts and
bracteoles often showy> 206,2-3<in about 75% of the genera>/1<<25%>>
207<usually more or less>,1 209,1&2 212,4/5 215,2 218,2 220,1 223,1
224,(6-)8/10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,(3-)4/5 238,1 239,3
240<variously>,1/2/3/4 241,1-3 243,0.5-0.9 251,1/3/2/4 252<when K5,>,2
254,4/5/3<when the upper lip is suppressed> 255,1 258,3<at least basally>
259,1/2<in \i{}Acanthus\i0{} and relatives, where the upper lip of the
corolla is cut away almost to the base of the tube> 260,1-3 263,0.5-0.75
265,1<ascending cochlear or quincuncial>/2<left or right>/4<<2%> only in
\i{}Acanthus\i0{}?> 267,2/1<the upper lip sometimes suppressed>/3<at least,
the lobes almost equal in \i{}Ruellia macrantha\i0{}> 278,2/4(-5)
280,2 282,2<usually exserted, the filaments inserted on the corolla tube>
284,1/2 285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,2<partially connate, in pairs> 287,1
289,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}Pentstemonacanthus\i0{}>/2 290<when present,>,1-3
291,2 292,1/1&2/3<<1%>> 294,3/2&3<commonly>/2<<1.5%> \i{}Brillantaisia\i0{}
only> 295,4(-5)/2 296,1/2/3 297,1<in about 75% of the species>/3<<25%>>
298,1<mostly>/2 299,2 300,1 305,1/2 306,1<usually, often with one lobe reduced or
abortive>/4 309,3 311,1-2 312,2 313,1<the connective often long, cf.
\i{}Salvia\i0{}>/2 315,1<usually>/2<<5%> e.g. \i{}Barleria\i0{},
\i{}Justicia\i0{}, \i{}Ruellia\i0{}> 317,1 318,2 320,1 321,2 322,2 323,2
324,2 328,1/2<rarely> 329,2-8 330,6/7/8/9 337,1<recorded in 11 genera>/2<in
\i{}Barleria\i0{} and \i{}Ruellia\i0{}> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,5-6 345,1
352,2 353,2 356,1<usually>/3<? - see \i{}Podorungia\i0{} image>  
358,1 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,3<usually> 368,1/2<usually, but the
posterior often smaller> 370<when one,>,1-2 371,3/5<or rarely cupulate>
372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,2-50<i.e., 2 to many>
385,2/1<occasionally exhibiting what may be a funicular aril - cf. Corner>
386,3-4 387,2 390,2 391,1 392,2 393,1 394<when not proliferated,>,3
395,1<occasionally, to 418 cells>/2 396,1<usually>/2 397,1 400,1 401,1
402,1&2<terminal, the latter usually the more aggressive> 403,1/4 404,2
409,1 412,1 414,5 416,1 419,1 422,2 426<borne on minute, hook-like
outgrowths (retinacula)> 427,1/2 431,1/2 432,3 433,2 434<large,
planoconvex or crumpled> 435,2<3/3> 438<large> 440<sometimes covered with
hairs or scales which become sticky or slimy when wet> 445,1<and common>
447,1 461,1/2 462<\i{}Adhatoda\i0{}, \i{}Barleria\i0{},
\i{}Beleropone\i0{}, \i{}Fittonia\i0{}, \i{}Graptophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Justicia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidogathis\i0{}> 463<\i{}Blepharis\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Acanthopale\i0{}, \i{}Acanthus\i0{}, \i{}Adhatoda\i0{},
\i{}Asystasia\i0{}, \i{}Barleria\i0{}, \i{}Crabbea\i0{},
\i{}Crossandra\i0{}, \i{}Dyschoriste\i0{}, \i{}Echolium\i0{},
\i{}Eremomastax\i0{}, \i{}Hypoestes\i0{}, \i{}Isoglossa\i0{},
\i{}Justicia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidagathis\i0{}, \i{}Monechma\i0{},
\i{}Monothecium\i0{}, \i{}Peristrophe\i0{}, \i{}Phaulopsis\i0{},
\i{}Rhinacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ruellia\i0{}, \i{}Ruttya\i0{},
\i{}Whitfieldia\i0{}>/1<\i{}Blepharis\i0{}> 472,1<<10%> rarely>/2
475,1<<50%>>/2 479,1<\i{}Barleria\i0{}> 480,1 481,1<5 genera> 484,1<in
subfamilies Acanthoideae and Ruellioideae> 485,2<normal and decarb.>
487,1<rarely>/2 488,2 490,1<<10%> rarely>/2 491<when present,>,1&2<traces>
492,2<8 species, 7 genera> 495,2 499,1 500,1<a few>/2 504,1&2&3&4&5
505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3&4 507,2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3 510,1&2&3&4 511,1&2&3
512,1&2&3&4&5&6 513,1&2 515,1 518,1&2 520,2-4<mainly tropical> 521<centred
on Indomalaysia, Africa, Brazil and central America>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-21> 527,1 528,2
529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60 578<about>,2400
579<about>,250 580<\i{}Acanthopale\i0{}, \i{}Acanthopsis\i0{},
\i{}Acanthostelma\i0{}, \i{}Acanthura\i0{}, \i{}Acanthus\i0{},
\i{}Achyrocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Adhatoda\i0{}, \i{}Afrofittonia\i0{},
\i{}Ambongia\i0{}, \i{}Ancistranthus\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrostylis\i0{},
\i{}Andrographis\i0{}, \i{}Angkalanthus\i0{}, \i{}Anisacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Anisosepalum\i0{}, \i{}Anisostachya\i0{}, \i{}Anisotes\i0{},
\i{}Apassalus\i0{}, \i{}Aphanosperma\i0{}, \i{}Aphelandra\i0{},
\i{}Aphelandrella\i0{}, \i{}Ascotheca\i0{}, \i{}Asystasia\i0{},
\i{}Asystasiella\i0{}, \i{}Ballochia\i0{}, \i{}Barleria\i0{},
\i{}Barleriola\i0{}, \i{}Beloperone\i0{}, \i{}Benoicanthus\i0{},
\i{}Blechum\i0{}, \i{}Blepharis\i0{}, \i{}Borneacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Boutonia\i0{}, \i{}Brachystephanus\i0{}, \i{}Bravaisia\i0{},
\i{}Brillantaisia\i0{}, \i{}Buceragenia\i0{}, \i{}Calacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Calophanoides\i0{}, \i{}Calycacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Camarotea\i0{},
\i{}Carlowrightia\i0{}, \i{}Celerina\i0{}, \i{}Cephalacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Chaetacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Chalarothyrsus\i0{}, \i{}Chameranthemum\i0{},
\i{}Championella\i0{}, \i{}Chileranthemum\i0{}, \i{}Chlamydocardia\i0{},
\i{}Chlamydostachya\i0{}, \i{}Chroesthes\i0{}, \i{}Clinacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Clistax\i0{}, \i{}Codonacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Conocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Corymbostachys\i0{}, \i{}Cosmianthemum\i0{}, \i{}Crabbea\i0{},
\i{}Crossandra\i0{}, \i{}Crossandrella\i0{}, \i{}Cyclacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Cylindrosolenium\i0{}, \i{}Cyphacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dactylostegium\i0{},
\i{}Danguya\i0{}, \i{}Dasytropis\i0{}, \i{}Dichazothece\i0{},
\i{}Dicladanthera\i0{}, \i{}Dicliptera\i0{}, \i{}Didyplosandra\i0{},
\i{}Dipteracanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dischistocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Dolichostachys\i0{},
\i{}Drejera\i0{}, \i{}Drejerella\i0{}, \i{}Duosperma\i0{},
\i{}Dyschoriste\i0{}, \i{}Ecbolium\i0{}, \i{}Echinacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Encephalosphaera\i0{}, \i{}Epiclastopelma\i0{}, \i{}Eranthemum\i0{},
\i{}Eremomastax\i0{}, \i{}Eusiphon\i0{}, \i{}Filetia\i0{},
\i{}Fittonia\i0{}, \i{}Forcipella\i0{}, \i{}Forsythiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Gastranthus\i0{}, \i{}Geissomeria\i0{}, \i{}Glossocheilus\i0{},
\i{}Golaea\i0{}, \i{}Graphandra\i0{}, \i{}Graptophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Gymnostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Gynocraterium\i0{},
\i{}Gypsacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Habracanthus\i0{}, \i{}Hansteinia\i0{},
\i{}Haplanthodes\i0{}, \i{}Harpochilus\i0{}, \i{}Henrya\i0{},
\i{}Herpetacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Heteradelphia\i0{}, \i{}Holographis\i0{},
\i{}Hoverdenia\i0{}, \i{}Hulemacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Hygrophila\i0{},
\i{}Hypoestes\i0{}, \i{}Ichthyostoma\i0{}, \i{}Indoneesiella\i0{},
\i{}Ionacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Isoglossa\i0{}, \i{}Isotheca\i0{},
\i{}Jadunia\i0{}, \i{}Juruasia\i0{}, \i{}Justicia\i0{},
\i{}Kalbreyeracanthus\i0{}, \i{}Kalbreyeriella\i0{}, \i{}Kosmosiphon\i0{},
\i{}Kudoacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Lankesteria\i0{}, \i{}Lasiocladus\i0{},
\i{}Leandriella\i0{}, \i{}Lepidagathis\i0{}, \i{}Leptostachya\i0{},
\i{}Liberatia\i0{}, \i{}Linariantha\i0{}, \i{}Lindauea\i0{},
\i{}Lophostachys\i0{}, \i{}Louteridium\i0{}, \i{}Lychniothyrsus\i0{},
\i{}Mackaya\i0{}, \i{}Marcania\i0{}, \i{}Megalochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Megalostoma\i0{}, \i{}Megaskepasma\i0{}, \i{}Melittacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Mellera\i0{}, \i{}Metarungia\i0{}, \i{}Mexacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Mimulopsis\i0{}, \i{}Mirandea\i0{}, \i{}Monechma\i0{}, 
\i{}Monothecium\i0{},
\i{}Morsacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Neohallia\i0{}, \i{}Neriacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Neuracanthus\i0{}, \i{}Odontonema\i0{}, \i{}Odontonemella\i0{},
\i{}Ophiorrhiziphyllon\i0{}, \i{}Oplonia\i0{}, \i{}Oreacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Orophochilus\i0{}, \i{}Pachystachys\i0{}, \i{}Pelecostemon\i0{},
\i{}Pentstemonacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Perenideboles\i0{}, \i{}Pericalypta\i0{},
\i{}Periestes\i0{}, \i{}Peristrophe\i0{}, \i{}Petalidium\i0{},
\i{}Phaulopsis\i0{}, \i{}Phialacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Phidiasia\i0{},
\i{}Phlogacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Physacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Podorungia\i0{},
\i{}Poikilacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Polylychnis\i0{}, \i{}Pranceacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Pseudodicliptera\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoeranthemum\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoruellia\i0{}, \i{}Psilanthele\i0{}, \i{}Ptyssiglottis\i0{},
\i{}Pulchranthus\i0{}, \i{}Pupilla\i0{}, \i{}Razisea\i0{},
\i{}Rhinacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Rhombochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Ritonia\i0{},
\i{}Rostellularia\i0{}, \i{}Ruellia\i0{}, \i{}Ruelliopsis\i0{},
\i{}Rungia\i0{}, \i{}Ruspolia\i0{}, \i{}Ruttya\i0{}, \i{}Salpinctium\i0{},
\i{}Salpixantha\i0{}, \i{}Samuelssonia\i0{}, \i{}Sanchezia\i0{},
\i{}Santapaua\i0{}, \i{}Sapphoa\i0{}, \i{}Satanocrater\i0{},
\i{}Sautiera\i0{}, \i{}Schaueria\i0{},
\i{}Sciaphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Sclerochiton\i0{}, \i{}Sebastiano-schaueria\i0{},
\i{}Siphonoglossa\i0{}, \i{}Spathacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Sphacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Sphinctacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Spirostigma\i0{}, \i{}Standleyacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Steirosanchezia\i0{}, \i{}Stenandriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Stenandrium\i0{},
\i{}Stenostephanus\i0{}, \i{}Stephanophysum\i0{}, \i{}Streblacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Streptosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Strobilanthes\i0{}, \i{}Strobilanthopsis\i0{},
\i{}Styasasia\i0{}, \i{}Suessenguthia\i0{}, \i{}Synchoriste\i0{},
\i{}Taeniandra\i0{}, \i{}Tarphochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Teliostachya\i0{},
\i{}Tessmanniacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tetramerium\i0{}, \i{}Theileamea\i0{},
\i{}Thomandersia\i0{} (Thomandersiaceae), \i{}Thyanostigma\i0{},
\i{}Tremacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Triaenanthus\i0{}, \i{}Trichanthera\i0{},
\i{}Trichocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Ulleria\i0{}, \i{}Vavara\i0{}, \i{}Vindasia\i0{},
\i{}Warpuria\i0{}, \i{}Xantheranthemum\i0{}, \i{}Xerothamnella\i0{},
\i{}Yeatesia\i0{}, \i{}Zygoruellia\i0{}> 581<For summarised differences
between this attempted compilation of data for \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto and seemingly closely related segregate families, see the
descriptions of \i{}Nelsoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Mendonciaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Thunbergiaceae\i0{}.> 582<A few cultivated ornamentals:
\i{}Acanthus\i0{}, \i{}Aphelandra\i0{}, \i{}Fittonia\i0{},
\i{}Beloperone\i0{}, \i{}Justicia\i0{}, etc.> 586<acanthac> 
 
# Aceraceae <Juss.>/
2<\i{}Sapindaceae\i0{}- \i{}Hippocastanoideae\i0{} p.p.> 5,1&3 
6,- 31,1 37,2 39,2
42,1 45,1 53,1/2 56<when compound,>,3<e.g. \i{}A. griseum\i0{}>/4<e.g.
\i{}Dipteronia\i0{}, \i{}A. negundo\i0{}> 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when
simple,>,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1/2 64,2/3 68,2 76,1/2/3/4
78,1<mostly>/2<\i{}A. negundo\i0{} and relatives> 82,2 85,1<seen in many
species of \i{}Acer\i0{}> 86,1/2/3 87,1/2 88<when present,>,2/1&2<there
being elongated secretory cells or cell series in the axial and leaf
phloem, occasionally also in the mesophyll, these sometimes but not always
containing detectable latex> 90,U 92,1<usually>/3 100,1/2 101<often>,1
103<usually>,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2 109,1&2 115,2 123,1
124,2 125,- 127,1 130,2<\i{}Acer\i0{}> 132,1 139,1 140,1<in species
secreting wax from the branches>/2<usually> 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,1<occasionally>/3 152,1 153<moderately small> 154,1&2&3<in
\i{}Acer\i0{}>/4<in \i{}Dipteronia\i0{}> 155,1-2 156,3 157,2 158,1 159,1/2
160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165,2 166,1/2 167,2 169,3 175,1&2/2/3/1
176,1/2 177,3/5/6 179,2/3 184,2 187,2 189,7&2&6 192,2 194,1/2 195<racemose,
corymbose or fasciculate> 206,1 212,4/5 213,1 218,2 220,1/2<rarely>
222,1/2<annular or lobed, or reduced to teeth, rarely absent>
223,1/3<rarely, the corolla missing> 224,4-5/8-10(-16) 226,1/2 227,1/-
229,U 236,4/5(-8) 238,1 239,1/3 241<when gamosepalous,>,3 243,0-0.25 245,3
248,2 251,1 254<when present,>,4/5/8-10<rarely> 255,1 258<(when present, as
is usual)>,1 265,1 268,1-2 269,1 274<shortly>,1 277,1/2<in female flowers,
when dioecious> 278,(4-)8(-12)<commonly with the two median members
suppressed> 282,1/2<to the corolla> 284,1 285,1 287,1<by suppression of the
inner whorl>/2 289<of male flowers>,1 295,(4-)8(-10) 298,2/3/4
306,1<slightly>/2 308,1/2 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2
320,1/2 322,2 323,2 324,2 328,1 329<mostly>,3 330,7/8 337,1 338,1/2<from
male flowers> 339<(in female flowers)>,2 342,2 343,3 344,4-5 345,1<usually
compressed laterally, at right angles to the septum> 352,2 353,2 356,1
358,1 361,2 365,1 368,2 372,2 373,1/2 374,2 376,2 379,2 381,1 382<when not
orthotropous,>,1<Engler>/- 383,3 384,1/2 385,2 386,1-3 387,3 388,2 389,2
390,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<at least sometimes>,2 400,2 404,2
409,3 410,2 411,5<each conspicuously one-winged, from one side only in
\i{}Acer\i0{}, all round in \i{}Dipteronia\i0{}> 419,2 420<by wind> 422,2
432,3 433,2<flat or plicate> 434<irregularly>,2/3 435,1<1/8> 436,2 437,1
445,1<in one species> 447,1/2<rarely> 458,1 461,1 462<\i{}Acer\i0{}>
469,1/2/3<but sucrose always predominating> 472,2 475,1<rarely <10%>>/2
483,2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,1&2/1&2&3 492,1<definitely or
dubiously, in 5 \i{}Acer\i0{} species>/2<one \i{}Acer\i0{} species,
\i{}Dipteronia\i0{}> 495,2 497,2 520,2 521<North temperate, and tropical
mountains> 522,1&4&6&12&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2
565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of
\i{}Sapindaceae\i0{}> 578<about>,200 579,2 580<\i{}Acer\i0{} (including
\i{}Negundo\i0{}), \i{}Dipteronia\i0{}> 581<A segregate of
\i{}Sapindaceae\i0{} (q.v.), differing from them in the opposite leaves,
racemose inflorescence units and the lateral seed radicle, supported by
esoteric characters of doubtful taxonomic value in view of restricted
sampling (non-storied wood, dry stigmas).> 582<Commercial sources of maple
sugar, timbers and numerous ornamentals notable for coloured autumn
foliage.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Under the cool shade of a sycamore
\line{}I thought to close mine eyes some half an hour \line{}(Loves
Labours Lost, v., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}A living river by the door,
\line{}A nightingale in the sycamore \line{}(Robert Louis Stevenson,
Wishes) > 586<aceracea> 
 
# Achariaceae <Harms>/
4<currently about a dozen genera long referred to \i{}Flacourticeae\i0{}
(q.v.).> 5,3<\i{}Acharia\i0{}>/5<\i{}Ceratiosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Guthriea\i0{}>
22<herbs>,1<the acaulescent \i{}Guthriea\i0{}>/2
27,1/3<\i{}Ceratiosicyos\i0{}> 39,1 47,2 53,1 60,1<lobed>/2 62<sometimes>,2
68,2 76,2/3/- 87,U 89,U 90,U 92,1<with about one layer of palisade> 94,U
116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 127,2 133,U 134,U 139,1 140,2 145,U 146,U
147,U 148,1/2<?> 156,3/2&3 159,U 161,2 162,1 163,1/2 166,U 168,U 175,2/3
176,1 177,2 179,3 187,1/2<few flowered> 189<when aggregated>,7&2 192<when
determinable,>,2 195<few flowered, in fascicles or racemes> 203,2-3 206,1
212,3-5 223,1 224,6-10 226,2 229,U 236,3-5 238,1 239,3<at the base> 241,3
251,4 254,3-5 255,1 258,3 263,0.75<with a campanulate tube> 265,3 267,3
276,1/2<when female> 277,1/2<when female> 278<in male flowers,>,6-10 282,2
284,2<the staminodes shorter> 285,1 287,2 289<of male flowers>,2
290,3-5<short, fleshy> 291,3 292,- 294,- 295,3-5 296,1/2-3 298,2 299,2<the
fertile members alternating with the petals> 306,2<the connective broadly
expanded> 308,2 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1<in females>/2<in males>
339<in female flowers>,3-5 342,1 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1
364,1 365,1 366,1 368,3-5 375,2<with 3-5 placentas> 378,3-20 385,1 404,2
409,1 419,1 422,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 438<small> 495,2 504,2&4 521<South
Africa> 522,7 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,39 578,3 579,3<monotypics> 580<\i{}Acharia\i0{},
\i{}Ceratiosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Guthriea\i0{}> 586<achariac> 
 
# Achatocarpaceae <Heimerl.>/
2<\i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<the branchlets sometimes spiny>
31,1 39,1 40,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 123,1 124,2&3 145,2
148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2
179,3 187,2 189,1/2/7/8 192,1 195<small, branched cymes, racemes, panicles
or fascicles> 200,1 203,2 218,2 223,3 224,4/5 226,1 229,U 231,1 236,4/5
238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1 276,1<males>/2<?  females>
277,1<males>/2<females> 278<in male flowers,>,10-20 282,1 285,2<basally
connate> 286,1 289,1 295,10-20 306,2<elongate-oblong> 308,2 309,3 310,1
328,1<the apertures poorly defined, irregular in shape and distribution>
329,4-7 330,9/10/6<\i{}Phaulothamnus\i0{}> 333,4 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4<the styles simple, divergent, uncinate> 345,1
352,1 353,1 360,2 361,2 368,2 375,1 378,1 380,1 381,3 385,2 386,4 404,1
409,2 412,6 419,3 421,1 422<(strictly)>,2 425,1<copious, mealy> 432,3 433,2
436,2 486,2 492,2 497,1 498,3<a> 520,3-4 521<warm America> 522,12&13&14&15
527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,10 579,2
580<\i{}Achatocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Phaulothamnus\i0{}> 581<Seemingly clearly
distinguishable from \i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{} (q.v.) only by the unilocular
ovary, though the compiled data (relying on restricted sampling) have them
differing also in the absence of betalains.> 586<achatoca> 
 
# Acoraceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Araceae\i0{}  but seemingly very distinct.> 5<paludal, aromatic>,5
7,1 21,3 22,1 25<sympodially>,3 32,2 39,1 40,2 42,1 45,3 47,1
51,1<tangerine- or cinnamon-scented> 52,1<ensiform> 53,1 60,2 64,4 76,1
77,1 81,1<?> 90,2 92,2 120,1 123,2<and no raphides> 128,U 148,1 151,U 173,1
174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1<the flowers protogynous> 187,2 189,3 193,1<the
scape keeled, with double vascularization, taken to represent adnation of
the peduncle with the sheath of the subtending leaf> 195<solitary, lateral
spadices, tapering acropetally to a blunt tip, covered with tightly packed
flowers> 199,2<in that the leafy point which terminates the scape above the
manifestly lateral spadix seems to represent the blade of a terminal leaf,
rather than a true spathe> 200,2 202,2 203,1/2 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1<the members concave or hooded> 226,2 227,1
230,1<membranous> 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 306,2 309,3 310,3
315,1 316<stellate> 318,1 322,2 328,1 329,1 330,1<to sub-ulcerate> 337,1
339,(2-)3(-4) 341,1/2<usually>/3 342,(2-)3(-4) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2
353,(2-)3(-4) 360,2<the stigma sessile> 376,2-3 379,2-4(-5) 381,1 386,1
387,3 391,1 400,1 404,1/2<?> 409,1/2<?> 412,1/6<?> 422,1 425,1 433,1 435,1
442,2 443<thick> 447,- 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 456,2 457,1 458,2
488,1 504,1&2 505,1&2&3 506,3 507,1&2&3&4&5 510,2&3&4 520,1&2&3 521<Celebes
and New Guinea, Eastern Asia to Norway approaching the Arctic circle,
central and western North America> 522,1&4&9&12&16 524<2\i{}n\i0{}=24>
525,12 526,2&3 527,2 530,3<?  perhaps meriting a monogeneric superorder,
Acoriflorae> 557,1<?> 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,1 578,2-6 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Acorus\i0{}> 581<Grayum (1987) justified removal of \i{}Acorus\i0{}
from \i{}Araceae\i0{}, and subsequent molecular analyses (e.g. Davis 1995)
portray it, alone or with \i{}Gymnostachys\i0{}, as the sister group of all
other Monocotyledons. No double fertilization, cf. \i{}Orchidaceae\i0{}.>
582<\i{}oleum calami\i0{} is distilled from the rhizomes of \i{}A.
calamus\i0{}, for use in perfumery and medicine.> 586<acoracea> 
 
# Actinidiaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
3<\i{}Sauraujeae\i0{} (\i{}Sauraujaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Saurauiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh corr. Hutch.> 5,1/3/4 27,1/3 32,3 39,1
40,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68<minutely>,1 74,1 76,1/3 89,1<<5%>
dubiously, in the phloem>/2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
106,1<including simple, unicellular, multicellular, uniseriate, branched
and unbranched, clustered, shaggy, eglandular and glandular forms> 107,1/2
108,1/2 116,2 122,2 123,1 124,1<in elongate sacs or tubes>
130,2<\i{}Actinidia\i0{}> 132,1/2/3 134,1/2 137,2 139,1 140,1/2
141,1<usually>/3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3
153,1/1&2<then locally zonate> 154<mostly>,1 155,2 156,3/2&3 157,2
158<commonly>,1 159,1 160,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1 169,3 175,1/2&3/2/3
176,1/2 177,1/2/5 187,1/2 189<when aggregagated,>,1 192,1 194,2<sometimes
on old wood> 195<usually small cymose clusters> 202<often>,1<with small
bracteoles>/- 206,1 212,(4-)5(-7) 218,2 223,1 224,(8-)10(-14) 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,(4-)5(-7) 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 249,1<often>/2 251,1
254,(4-)5(-7) 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 272,2 277,1/2<when female>
278,(10-)18-100<usually numerous> 279,1/2 280,1/2 281,2 282,1 284,1
285,1/2<then variously united at the base, often in five clusters opposite
the petals> 289,1 295,(10-)18-100<usually many> 298,3-5 302,1/2 306,1 307,1
308,1 309,1-2<these ostensibly apical>/3 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2<2 or
3> 322,2 324,1/2 327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1<in
females>/2<in males> 339,5-20<or more?> 341,3 342,(4-)5-30<or more> 343,3
344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,(4-)5-30<or more  equalling the capels> 360,2
363,1-2 364<often>,2 365,1 368,(4-)5-30<or more> 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2
379,15-50<or more - many> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390<feebly>,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<elongated> 399,1 400,1 403,4 404,1/2
409,1<when capsular>/2 412,6/1<less commonly> 414<more or less>,5 422,1
424,1<or proteinaceous> 426,2 433,2 435,2<1/2> 436,1/2 445,1<common> 447,1
461,1 462<\i{}Actinidia\i0{}, \i{}Saurauia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<rarely
<10%>>/2 479,1<\i{}Actinidia\i0{}> 480,2 481,2 483,2 484,1 485,1<normal>
487,2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,2<\i{}Actinidia\i0{}>
521<tropical and Eastern Asia to northern Australia> 522,4&9&10 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,2 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,350 579,3
580<\i{}Actinidia\i0{}, \i{}Clematoclethra\i0{}, \i{}Saurauia\i0{}>
582<Some edible fruits, including \i{}A. chinensis\i0{} (Kiwi fruit,
Chinese gooseberry), some ornamentals.> 586<actinidi> 
 
# Adoxaceae <Trautv.>/
4<\i{}Sambucaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,5<with long-petioled radical leaves and a
pair of cauline leaves> 24,0.06-0.15 25,3<monopodial> 32,3 39,2<on the
erect flowering stems, which bear a single pair> 53,2 55,2 56,3<and the
radical leaves with ternately divided lobes> 68,2 90,U 92,1 96,1<in groups
on the upper surfaces of the leaf segments> 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1
107,1&2<including deciduous, tanniniferous secretory hairs on young leaves>
121,2 123,2 141,- 143<of the flowering axis comprising 2 or 3-5 bundles, in
the rhizome comprising consisting of dorsal and ventral, flattened strands>
144,1 146,2 147,2 148,1 152,- 156,2 159,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185<via
small flies> 187,2<in a solitary, terminal head> 189,4 192,1 193,-
195<condensed dichasial cymes> 197<more or less>,1/- 203,2 206,2/3
209,1<this being anisomerous> 212,4<the terminal one>/5<the laterals> 215,2
218,1-2<at most, slight> 223,1 224,6<in the terminal flower>/8<in the
laterals> 226,2 227,2<resulting from the presence, usually, of only 2 or 3
calyx lobes> 229,U 236,2<in the terminal flower>/3<in the laterals> 238,1
239,3 248,1<basally adnate to the gynoecium> 254,4<in the terminal
flower>/5<in the laterals> 255,1 258,3 260,3 263<less than>,0.2<i.e., with
a very short tube> 268,1 272,2 278,4<in the terminal flower>/5<in the
laterals> 279,1<each stamen divided almost to the base> 280,2 282,1 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4/5<but ostensibly 8 or 10> 298,2 299,2 300,1<but
superficially both alternating and opposite> 306,2 308,2 311,2<providing
they are recognised as such, the half anthers being unilocular> 312,1<but
each anther represents a half anther, the single stamen primordium having
split> 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 322,1 324,2 328,1 329,3
330,6-7<colporoidate> 337,2 339,3-5 342,3-5 343,3 344,4 345,2 352,2 353,3-5
360,2 361,3-5 363,1-2 364,1 366,1<very short> 368,3-5 372,2 373,1 374,2
376,2-3 379,1 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,3 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,2/3 395,2
397,1 400,1 403,2 404,1 409,2 417,1 422,1 424,1 433,2 438<small> 472,2
484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 488,2 490,2 492,2 520,2 521<North temperate>
522,1&4&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,2 529,18/21 548<near>,2<?>
551,5<?> 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66 578,3 579,3
580<\i{}Adoxa\i0{}, \i{}Sinadoxa\i0{}, \i{}Tetradoxa\i0{}> 581<This
description was encoded with reference only to \i{}A. moschatellina\i0{}.
\i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence analyses by Backlund and Bremer (1997) implied close
relationship between \i{}Adoxa\i0{}, \i{}Sambucus\i0{} and
\i{}Viburnum\i0{}; strongly supporting the taxonomic integrity of Bentham
and Hookers tribe \i{}Caprifoliaceae-Sambuceae\i0{} (= \i{}Adoxaceae\i0{}
sensu lato, e.g. Judd \i{}et al\i0{}. 1984) but suggesting that these
genera are relatively distant from \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}. Their true
affinities have been a bone of contention since the nineteenth century, but
may now have been resolved by referring them to Dipsacales; i.e., closer to
Apiales than to Cornales.> 586<adoxacea> 
 
# Aegicerataceae <Blume>/
2<\i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<mangroves, with the habit of
\i{}Rhizophora\i0{}> 6,U 32,2 39,1 43,2 47,2 50,1<punctate> 53,1 60,2 64,2
65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 106,1<comprising or including sunken, peltate
trichomes> 116,1 118,1<with yellow or reddish brown contents>
137,1<schizogenous, with yellow or reddish-brown contents, in pith ad
cortex> 139,1 140,2 143,1/2<?> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1/1&2
152,3 153,1 154,3&4/5 156,3 157,2 158,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2 168,U
169,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 180,1 187,2 189,2/5 194,1/2 195<sessile terminal or
axillary umbels, or short branched racemes> 196,U 200,2 202,2 203,2 206,2-3
207,2 209,1<the calyx> 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<leathery> 245,1 251<dextrorsely>,2 254,5 255,1
258,3<shortly tubular> 260,2/3 265<dextrorsely>,2 267<more or less>,3<the
lobes soon reflexing> 271<leathery> 278,5 280,2 282,2<inserted in the hairy
corolla tube> 285,2<the filaments shortly connate> 286,1 287,1 289,1 295,5
298,2 299,1 300,2 309,3 310,3 311,2<the loculi internally transversely
septate> 312,2 324,U 339,3-5 341,1-2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1
360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 375,5 378,30-100<many> 381,2-3 386,3 387,2
388,2 400,2<but with subsequent centripetal wall formation> 401,1 402<from
secondary endosperm tissue, invading funicle and integument> 404,2
409<ultimately>,1 412,1-2<cylindrical, arcuate, longitudinally ribbed>
421,1 422,2 432,3<germinating within the pericarp> 433<connate into a tube
enclosing the plumule> 436,3<cylindrical> 466,2 472,2 484,2 487,1 488,1
500,1 504,2&5 506,3 510,1&2&3&4 513,1 518,1 520,4 521<palaeotropical>
522,4&9&10 527,1 528,1/2<? - ovules crassinucellate but unitegmic> 529,9
539,2 565,4 569,13 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,1 580<\i{}Aegiceras\i0{}> 581<Differing
from \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in mangrove habit, the more
or less irregular calyx, capsular fruits, and non-endospermic seeds with
bent embryo and lacking amyloid; also in the crassinucellate (but
unitegmic) ovules.> 586<aegicera> 
 
# Aextoxicaceae <Engl. & Gilg>/
5<large>,1 39,1<to subopposite> 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 65,1 68,2 76,1
87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U 106,1 113<lepidote> 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U
134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,2 156,2 157,2 159,1 166,U 175,2/3 176,1
177,5 178,2 179,1/2 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2<lepidote> 201<(or rather,
single bracteoles)>,1 204,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 218,2 220,1 222,1<5> 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 248,2<deciduous> 251,1 254,5
255,1 258,1 265,1 274<spathulate, broadly>,1 277,1/2<in females> 278,5
280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 299,2 309,2<above> 310,3 328,1
329,3 330,8 338,1<female flowers>/2<male flowers> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4-5
345,1 352,2 353,2 361,1<shortly bifid> 368,2 376,3 379,2<but only one
loculus fertile> 381,1 385,2 387,3 388,2 389,2 404,2<small> 409,2 412,7
415,2<one-seeded> 421,1 422,1 423,1 433,2<these flattened,
cordate-orbicular> 487,2 521<Chile> 522,15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 16> 527,1 528,1
529,6 536,9<?> 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,12 577,48 578,1 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Aextoxicon\i0{}> 586<aextoxic> 
 
# Agavaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Agavoideae p.p., former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}>
3<\i{}Yuccaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 4<\i{}Doryanthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Dracaenaceae\i0{}, \i{}Phormiaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3/2<often rosette
trees> 14,1/2 21,3 22,1/3<when shrubby or arborescent> 25,3 27,1/2
31<often>,2 32,4 37,1 38,2-5 39,1 40,1 42,1/4 43,2/3/2&3 45,3 47,1 52,1/2
53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4/10 64,4 65,2 68,- 76,1/3<often sharp pointed and with
lateral spines> 81,1 90,2 102,1 104,1 121,2 123,1 124,1&3 128,2 141,5 143,4
148,1/3<e.g. \i{}Agave\i0{}, \i{}Furcraea\i0{}, \i{}Yucca\i0{}> 149<when
present,>,2 151,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 173,1 174,2/3
175,1<usually>/1&2/1&3/2/3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/3/4/5 182,1 183,3<from
septal nectaries> 187,2 189,8 192,1<but often condensed> 193,1/2 194,1
195<usually large, much-branched panicles> 200,1 206,1-2 207<when
irregular, somewhat>,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1/2 223,5 224,6 225,1/2<below>
226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 235,1<Agave, \i{}Furcraea\i0{}, \i{}Yucca\i0{}>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,6 282,2<to the perianth tube>/1 284,1 285,1
287,2 289,1/2 290<when present,>,3 295,3/6 298,2/3 306,1 309,3 310<usually>,3
312,2 315,1 318,1 319,1/2/5 321,3 322,2 324,1<rarely>/2 327<in
\i{}Agave\i0{}, occasionally>,3 328,1 329,1/2 330,1/3 337,1 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,3 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1-3 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 365,1
372,1/2 373,1 374,2/3/4 376,2 379,6-50<i.e. several to many> 386,3 388,2
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,1<sometimes with filiform apparatus>
400,3/2<rarely> 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6 414,5 422,1 424,1 430,2 433,1
435,2<2/2  \i{}Agave\i0{}, \i{}Yucca\i0{}> 436,1 442,1 443,2<where
recorded> 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451<somewhat to much>,1 452,1 453,1
454,2 456,2 457,3 458,1 461,3 464<\i{}Agave\i0{}, \i{}Hesperalo\i0{},
\i{}Polianthes\i0{}, \i{}Yucca\i0{} (non-succulent)> 468,2 472,2 475,2<?>
487,1<richly, steroidal, including those of \i{}Agave\i0{} and
\i{}Yucca\i0{} which constitute active principles of contraceptive pills>
488,2 490,1<\i{}Agave\i0{}>/2 491<in \i{}Agave\i0{},>,1 492,2 504,1&3 505,3
512,1 520,3-4 521<widespread> 522,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 30 (consistently)> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578<about>,400 579,9
580<\i{}Agave\i0{}, \i{}Beschorneria\i0{}, \i{}Diuranthera\i0{} (?),
\i{}Furcraea\i0{}, \i{}Hesperalo\i0{}, \i{}Littaea\i0{},
\i{}Manfreda\i0{}, \i{}Polianthes\i0{}, \i{}Prochnyanthes\i0{}, 
\i{}Sansevieria\i0{},
\i{}Yucca\i0{}> 581<Conspicuously differing from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto (q.v.) in habit and associated characters; also in assorted
esoteric characters which, in view of limited sampling, are of
questionable taxonomic worth (e.g., xylem without vessels, the CAM
physiology, seedlings without cataphylls.)> 582<Pulque and mescal derive
from fermentation/distillation of \i{}Agave\i0{} sap; and many
\i{}Agave\i0{} and \i{}Yucca\i0{} species yield useful fibres (sisal hemp,
henequen, pita, istle, ixtle, lechuguilla, keratto, etc.).> 586<agavacea> 
 
# Agdestidaceae <Nak.>/
2<\i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{}-\i{}Agdestidoideae\i0{}.> 
5<scandent>,5<with turniplike
rootstock> 21,3 27,3 28,1 39,1 42,1 45<long>,1<the petioles twisted near
the base> 47,2 53,1 59,U 60,2 62,7 64,2 65,1 66,2 68,2 76,1 102,1 104,1
148,3<with successive rings of vascular bundles> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,8 192,1<cymules> 194<loose,>,2 195<panicles of cymules> 200,1 202,1
205,1 218,2 223,3<corolla absent> 224,4(-5) 226,1 227,- 229,U 236,4(-5)
238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 249,1<these becoming stellately and reticulately
veiny in the fruit> 278,14-20 282,1<inserted on a thin perigynous disk>
284,1 285,1 287<in more than one series> 289,1 295,14-20 298,4-5
303,3<the filaments filiform> 306,1<oblong, bifid at each end> 309,3
339,(3-)4 341,1/2 342,(3-)4 343,3 344,5 345,2 352,2 353,(3-)4 360,2 361,1
365,1 366,1<short, conical> 368,3-4<recurved> 376,1-2 379,1 380,1 386,2
404,2 409,2 412,3<turbinate, unilocular by abortion, the leathery pericarp
adherent to the seed, winged by the persistent, dry calyx> 421,1
422<probably>,2 425<presumably>,1<represented by thin, mealy endosperm>
432,3 433,2 436,2<more or less annular> 475,2 484,2 486,1 488,2 497,1
498,3<a> 504,3 512,1&2&3 520,4 521<Central America and tropical South
America> 522,13&15 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13
577,50<as a synonym of \i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Agdestis
clematidea\i0{}> 579,1 580<\i{}Agdestis\i0{}> 581<Apart from a wood
anatomical character which may reflect inadequate sampling,
\i{}Agdestis\i0{} differs from \i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.)
mainly in gynoecium characters (ovary partly inferior, synstylovarius,
hemianatropous ovules) and the achene-like fruit.> 586<agdestid> 
 
# Aitoniaceae <Harv. & Sond.>/
2<\i{}Meliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<much branched,
rigid, the twigs angular, puberulous> 39,1 45,2 47,2 53,1 60,2
64,1<linear-oblong> 68,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,1 116,U 137,U 148,2 161,1
163,1<?> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,2 206,2 212,4 220,1 222,2<cupular,
fleshy, crenate> 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,1 239<shortly>,3
241,3 243,0.2<or less> 251<slightly>,1 254,4 255,1 258,1<the petals large>
265,1 268,7 278,8 280,2 285,2 286,1<filaments shortly connate> 287,1 289,1
295,8 298,3 300,3 310,3 324,U 339,4 342,4 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,4
361,1<filiform> 368,1 370<punctiform> 376,2 379,2 386,5 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,5 419,1 422,2 436,2 469,3 521<South Africa> 522,7 527,1 528,1 529,15
545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of
\i{}Meliaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Nymania capensis\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Nymania\i0{} ( syn. \i{}Aitonia)\i0{}> 581<Seeming to differ from
\i{}Meliaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the reduced leaf venation,
somewhat irregular flowers and ovule orientation, and convincingly referred
to \i{}Meliaceae\i0{}-Turraeae by Pennington and Styles 1975.>
586<aitoniac> 
 
# Aizoaceae <Rudolphi>/
1<\i{}Ficoideae\i0{} (\i{}Ficoidaceae\i0{}) Juss.> 3<\i{}Glinoideae\i0{}
(\i{}Glinaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Mesembryneae\i0{} (\i{}Mesembryaceae\i0{})
Dum., \i{}Mesembryanthemaceae\i0{} Fenzl, \i{}Sesuviaceae\i0{} Horan.>
4<\i{}Molluginaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tetragoniaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,3/5 9,1/3
11<commonly more or less>,5<being often reduced to a single annual pair of
leaves, some forms partly subterranean with only a clear window at each
leaf tip exposed above-ground> 12,1<usually>/2<<15%>> 14,1 21<the
herbs>,1/3 22,1/2 32,4 38,1-3 39,1/2<or in false whorls> 42<often>,4/- 43,3
44,1-2 45<shortly>,1-3 46<when opposite,>,1/2 47,1/2 53<mostly>,1 55,2 60,2
64,1/2/3 68,1/2 78,2 81,2 90,U 92<mostly>,2-3 100,1/2 104,1/1&3 106,1/2
107,1/2 108,1/2 109,1/2<sometimes 2-armed> 114,2 115,2 116,2 127,2
130,2<\i{}Mesembryanthemum\i0{}> 137,2 139,1/2 140,1 141,1 143,2/3 144,1
145,2 146,1<commonly, representing leaf trace bundles> 147,1/2<depending on
interpretation?> 148,1/2<rather rarely>/3 149,1<in the woodier genera>/2
150,1 156<usually>,3 162,1 167,1/2 169,2<VP>/3 175,1<usually>/2&3/2/3
176,1/2<<90%>> 177,1<<90%> usually>/2<rarely>/5<rarely> 184,2<diurnal>
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/4 192,1 195<cymes and heads> 203,2/3 206,1
213,1 215,3-4 218,1-2 220,1/2 223,3/1<generally considered apetalous, but
often with colourful, conspicuous staminodal petals>
224,(1-)4-5(-20)/20-120<if the staminodes are interpreted as petals> 229,U
236,(1-)4-5(-8) 238,1 239,3<<97%> nearly always>/1<sometimes in
\i{}Gunniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Galenia\i0{}> 245,3/1<e.g. sometimes with two
large members and three smaller> 247,1 248,1 251,1/3<<10%> rarely> 254<if
considered present,>,5-120<of staminodal origin> 255,1-6 277,1/2<when
female> 278,(3-)4-5/8-10/15-200<i.e. to many, by branching>
279<commonly>,1<by \i{}ddoublement\i0{}>/2 280,1/2 281<when
branched/many,>,2 285,1/2 286<when coherent>,3-9<?>/1<the filaments basally
connate into bundles, or forming a short monadelphous sheath> 287,1-16<i.e
to many whorls> 289,2<nearly always>/1<<5%> i.e. occasionally no
staminodal petals> 290<when present,>,3-120<usually numerous> 291,1/-
293,1 295,(1-)5/6-120<i.e. to many> 298,1<<5%> rarely>/2/3-5 303,3 309,3
310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2 321,1/3 322,2 323,2 324,2 328,1
329,3 330,8<colporoidate>/6 333,4 337,2 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,(1-)2-5(-20) 342,(1-)2-5(-20) 343,3<rarely pseudomonomerous> 344,4-5
345,1-3 352,1/2 353,(1-)2-5(-20) 360,1-2 361,1-20<or absent>
365,1/1-2<excentric> 368,(1-)2-5(-20) 372,1/2 373,1 374,2/3 375<when
unilocular (i.e., rarely)>,2 376<when
plurilocular,>,2<typically>/1<rarely>/2-3<e.g.
\i{}Galenia\i0{}>/4<\i{}Mesembryanthemum\i0{} sensu lato> 379,(1-)50
385,1/2 386,3/4 387,3 388,2 389,2 390,2 391,1<or unspecified> 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1/2<rarely> 400,2 403,3/4 404,1<rarely>/2 409,1/2
412,1/6 414,5/6/4/7 422,2 425,1<mealy> 430,1 432,3 433,2 435,2<2/2> 436,2
437,2 447,1 461,2/3 463<\i{}Lithops\i0{}, \i{}Sesuvium\i0{},
\i{}Trianthema\i0{}, \i{}Zaleya\i0{}  but \i{}Lithops salicola\i0{} and
\i{}L. venteri\i0{} are also listed as CAM> 464<\i{}Aizoanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Amoebophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Anisocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Aptenia\i0{},
\i{}Argyroderma\i0{}, \i{}Aridaria\i0{}, \i{}Aspazoma\i0{},
\i{}Astridia\i0{}, \i{}Bergeranthus\i0{}, \i{}Brownanthus\i0{},
\i{}Carpobrotus\i0{}, \i{}Carruanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cephalophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Cheiridopsis\i0{}, \i{}Conophytum\i0{}, \i{}Disphyma\i0{},
\i{}Drosanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Eberlanzia\i0{}, \i{}Faucaria\i0{},
\i{}Fenestraria\i0{}, \i{}Hereroa\i0{}, \i{}Jacobsensis\i0{},
\i{}Lampranthus\i0{}, \i{}Lapidaria\i0{}, \i{}Leipoldtia\i0{},
\i{}Lithops\i0{}, \i{}Malephora\i0{}, \i{}Mesembryanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Mestoklema\i0{}, \i{}Meyerophytum\i0{}, \i{}Mitrophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Monilaria\i0{}, \i{}Nananthus\i0{}, \i{}Opophythum\i0{},
\i{}Platythyra\i0{}, \i{}Prenia\i0{}, \i{}Psilocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Rhombophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Ruschia\i0{}, \i{}Sceletium\i0{},
\i{}Sphalmanthus\i0{}, \i{}Stoeberia\i0{}, \i{}Titanopsis\i0{},
\i{}Trichodiadema\i0{}, \i{}Vanheerdia\i0{}> 466,1<\i{}Lithops\i0{},
\i{}Sesuvium\i0{}, \i{}Trianthema\i0{}, \i{}Zaleya\i0{}>/2<\i{}Aizoon\i0{},
\i{}Carpobrotus\i0{}, \i{}Disphyma\i0{}, \i{}Galenia\i0{},
\i{}Mesembryanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Neogunnia\i0{}, \i{}Sesuvium\i0{}> 472,2
475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 484,2 486,1<where sought> 487,2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1 490,1/2 491<when present,>,1/1&2 492,2<4 species, 4 genera>
495,2 496<commonly>,1 497,1 498,3<a> 521<chiefly southern Africa, but also
tropical Africa and Asia, Australia, California, South America>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 9> 527,1 528,1
529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,1100 579,126
580<\i{}Acrodon\i0{}, \i{}Acrosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Aethephyllum\i0{},
\i{}Aizoanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Aizon\i0{}, \i{}Aloinopsis\i0{},
\i{}Amphibolia\i0{}, \i{}Antigibbaeum\i0{}, \i{}Antimema\i0{},
\i{}Apatesia\i0{}, \i{}Aptenia\i0{}, \i{}Arenifera\i0{},
\i{}Argyroderma\i0{}, \i{}Aspazoma\i0{}, \i{}Astridia\i0{},
\i{}Bergeranthus\i0{}, \i{}Berrisfordia\i0{}, \i{}Bijlia\i0{},
\i{}Braunsia\i0{}, \i{}Brownanthus\i0{}, \i{}Carpanthea\i0{},
\i{}Carpobrotus\i0{}, \i{}Carruanthus\i0{}, \i{}Caryotophora\i0{},
\i{}Cephalophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cerochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Chasmatophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Cheiridopsis\i0{}, \i{}Circandra\i0{}, \i{}Cleretum\i0{},
\i{}Conicosia\i0{}, \i{}Conophytum\i0{}, \i{}Corpuscularia\i0{},
\i{}Cylindrophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cypselea\i0{}, \i{}Dactylopsis\i0{},
\i{}Delosperma\i0{}, \i{}Dicrocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Didymaotus\i0{},
\i{}Dinteranthus\i0{}, \i{}Diplosoma\i0{}, \i{}Disphyma\i0{},
\i{}Dorotheanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dracophilus\i0{}, \i{}Drosanthemopsis\i0{},
\i{}Drosanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Eberlanzia\i0{}, \i{}Ebracteola\i0{},
\i{}Enarganthe\i0{}, \i{}Erepsia\i0{}, \i{}Esterhuysenia\i0{},
\i{}Faucaria\i0{}, \i{}Fenestraria\i0{}, \i{}Frithia\i0{},
\i{}Galenia\i0{}, \i{}Gibbaeum\i0{}, \i{}Glottiphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Gunniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Hallianthus\i0{}, \i{}Hereroa\i0{},
\i{}Herreanthus\i0{}, \i{}Hymenogyne\i0{}, \i{}Imitaria\i0{},
\i{}Jacobsenia\i0{}, \i{}Jensenobotrya\i0{}, \i{}Jordaaniella\i0{},
\i{}Juttadinteria\i0{}, \i{}Kensitia\i0{}, \i{}Khadia\i0{}, 
\i{}Lampranthus\i0{},
\i{}Lapidaria\i0{}, \i{}Leipoldtia\i0{}, \i{}Lithops\i0{},
\i{}Machairophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Malephora\i0{}, \i{}Mesembryanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Mestoklema\i0{}, \i{}Meyerophytum\i0{}, \i{}Mitrophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Monilaria\i0{}, \i{}Mossia\i0{}, \i{}Muiria\i0{},
\i{}Namaquanthus\i0{}, \i{}Namibia\i0{}, \i{}Nananthus\i0{},
\i{}Nelia\i0{}, \i{}Neohenricia\i0{}, \i{}Octopoma\i0{},
\i{}Odontophorus\i0{}, \i{}Oophytum\i0{}, \i{}Ophthalmophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Orthopterum\i0{}, \i{}Oscularia\i0{}, \i{}Ottosonderia\i0{},
\i{}Phyllobolus\i0{}, \i{}Pleiospilos\i0{}, \i{}Plinthus\i0{},
\i{}Polymita\i0{}, \i{}Psammophora\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobrownanthus\i0{},
\i{}Psilocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Rabiea\i0{}, \i{}Rhinephyllum\i0{},
\i{}Rhombophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Ruschia\i0{}, \i{}Ruschianthemum\i0{},
\i{}Ruschianthus\i0{}, \i{}Saphesia\i0{}, \i{}Schlechteranthus\i0{},
\i{}Schwantesia\i0{}, \i{}Scopelogena\i0{}, \i{}Sesuvium\i0{},
\i{}Skiatophytum\i0{}, \i{}Smicrostigma\i0{}, \i{}Stayneria\i0{},
\i{}Stoeberia\i0{}, \i{}Stomatium\i0{}, \i{}Synaptophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Tanquana\i0{}, \i{}Titanopsis\i0{}, \i{}Trianthema\i0{},
\i{}Trichodiadema\i0{}, \i{}Vanheerdea\i0{}, \i{}Vanzijlia\i0{},
\i{}Wooleya\i0{}, \i{}Zaleya\i0{}, \i{}Zeuktophyllum\i0{}>
581<\i{}Molluginaceae\i0{} and \i{}Tetragoniaceae\i0{} (q.v.) seem hardly
defensible as separate families. Apart from the seemingly universal
presence of betalains and differences in photosynthetic pathways (with
data for both reflecting limited sampling), \i{}Aizoaceae\i0{} seem to
differ from the more variable \i{}Molluginaceae\i0{} sensu stricto
(q.v.) only in being succulent. Floral morphological assignments of
perianth members to calyx/corolla, stamen counts etc. in this circle
of affinity (supposedly important in distinguishing APG-supported
segregate families) are unconvincing: cf. \i{}Kewaceae\i0{},
\i{}Gisekiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Macarthuriaceae\i0{}> 582<Edible fruit from
\i{}Mesembryanthemum edule\i0{} (Hottentot fig).> 586<aizoacea>
 
# Akaniaceae <Stapf>/
4<\i{}Bretschneideraceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1<the freshly cut wood and bark
with a turnip-like odour> 24<to>,8-12 38,4<up to 75 cm long> 39,1 40,1 43,2
53,2 56,4 57,1<with up to 30 opposite to subopposite, prickly-toothed
leaflets> 68,1<the stipules subulate, according to Hewson (1985), though
Airy Shaw and Cronquist emphatically state exstipulate> 90,U 92,1 100,1
103,1<confined to depressions in the abaxial surface, being there
associated with closely congested, slender papillae with crowned apices>
106,1-2<very infrequent> 130,2 139,1 140,2 143<initially>,2 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1<with no uniseriates, i.e., unlike
\i{}Sapindaceae\i0{}> 152,2<the growth rings inconspicuous>
153<moderately>,1 154,1&2&3&4&5 155,2 156,2&3<only occasional perforation
plates scalariform, and these with numerous aberrant arrangements of bars>
157,2 158,2 161,2<the pit borders small and inconspicuous> 162,1 163,1
165<scanty>,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 194,2<or supra-axillary>
200,1 205,1 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1 215,3 218,1-2<the corolla free or adnate
to the calyx> 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 251,1
254,5 255,1 258,1 265,2 267,3 268,2/6 278,(5-)8(-10) 282,1<on the short
hypanthium> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,(5-)8(-10) 298,2-3 299<those of the outer
whorl>,2 300,3 306<(sub-)>,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 315<eventually>,1
317,1<collapsing> 320,2<23> 321,1 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,6 337,1 339,3
341,1 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 364,1 365,1 368,1 370,3
376,2 379,2 380,1 381,1 384,2 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 393,1
394,3 395,2<<?>> 396,1 399,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<dull red> 414,5
421,3-6 422,1<the endosperm fleshy, smelling of bitter almonds> 433,2
436,1<massive> 443,6 447,1 471,1 472<doubtfully>,1<Gibbs 1974> 475,1<one
species> 487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 495,2 521<Eastern
Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4<transferred from Sapindales, cf.
Gadek \i{}et al\i0{}. 1992> 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47
578,1 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Akania\i0{}> 581<See Hewson 1985, Gadek
\i{}et al.\i0{} 1992. Carlquist (1996) considered the wood very like that
of \i{}Bretschneidera\i0{}.> 586<akaniace> 
 
# Alangiaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}> 3<\i{}Metteniusaceae\i0{} p.p.> 5,1/3<sometimes
spiny>/4<occasionally> 6,1 27,1/3<occasionally> 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 50,1/2
53,1 60<sometimes>,1<lobed>/2 64,2/3 65,1 68,2 85,1<in several species>
86,1 87,1/2<?  not mentioned by Metcalfe and Chalk> 89,2 90,U
92,1<usually, with a single palisade layer>/2/3 102,1 103,1<abaxial>
104<usually>,1 106,1/2<? sometimes with unequally 2armed or stellate
hairs> 107,1/2 115,1/2 123,1 124,2/3 137,2 141,3 148,2 152,2/3 153,2 155,2
156,2/3 157,2 158,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165<diffuse>,1 175,1/2/3
176,1/2 177,1/5<in Madagascar> 187,2<with articulated pedicels> 189,1 192,1
194,2 195<cymes> 206,1 223,1 224,8-20 226,1/2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236,4-10<or
obsolete> 238,1 239,3 240,1/2/3/4 241,1 243,0.75-1 245,3<the lobes
lanceolate or truncate> 254,4-10/5 255,1 258,1/3<the reflexing, linear
petals sometimes basally coherent> 260<when gamopetalous,>,3 265,3 278,4-40
280,2 282,1/2/1&2 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4-40 298,2/3-5 306,1<rarely>/2
308<when dorsifixed>,1/2 310,3 312,2 315,1 319,2 320,1 322,2<?> 328,1
329,(2-)3-4(-8) 330,6/7/8<colporoidate> 337,1 339,2(-3) 342,1/2 343,3<but
often pseudomonomerous> 344,6 345,3 352,1/2 353,1/2 359<usually>,1<covering
the top of the ovary>/2 361,1 368,1 370,1-3 371,1/2 375<when unilocular>,3
376<when bilocular>,3 378<when unilocular,>,1 379,1 381,1 383,2<and lateral
micropyle>/2-3 386,3 387,2<Davis>/3<? - according to Hutchinson, who uses
this feature in his key> 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1/2 395,1<to 12 or more
cells> 397,1 399,1 400,1/2 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2<endocarp crustaceous or
woody, one-seeded> 419,3 421,1 422,1 424,1<and fleshy> 433,2<foliaceous>
435,1<1/1> 436,1 447,1 472,2 475,1/2 484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 487,1
488,2 492,2 495,2 520,4 521<\i{}Alangium\i0{} is represented in tropical
Africa, Madagascar, China, SE Asia, Indo-malesia and SE Australia, while
\i{}Metteniusa\i0{} is restricted to NW tropical S. America>
522,4&6&8&9&10<Alangium>/13&14&15<\i{}Metteniusa\i0{}> 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11
(mainly), or 8 or 9> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,57<as a synonym of \i{}Cornaceae\i0{}>/54<(the 3 spp. of
Metteniusia only!)> 578<about>,20 579,2 580<\i{}Alangium\i0{} (about 17
species), \i{}Metteniusa\i0{} (3 species)> 581<Apart from esoteric
characters relying on small samples (wood anatomy, embryology,
phytochemistry), \i{}Alangiaceae\i0{} differ from \i{}Cornaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v) only in perhaps being laticiferous and 
in the apical placentation of
the ovary. These families exemplify the well known difficulties in
distributing certain Dicot families between Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and
Corniflorae. It is equally hard to assign them with confidence to the
higher level groupings Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli, although the latter
evidently represent a major divergence in the Dicot line of descent
(cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993).> 586<alangiac> 
 
# Alismataceae <Vent.>/
3<\i{}Damasoniaceae\i0{} Nakai, \i{}Borboraceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.),
\i{}Elismataceae\i0{} Nak.> 4<\i{}Limnocharitaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 6,1
21,1<rarely>/3 22,1 25<stoloniferous or>,3 32,1/2 34,2 35,1&2 
36,1<often>/2 39,1 45,1/3 47,1
53,1 64,2<or parallel-pinnate>/3/4 65,1/2 68,- 75,1 87,2<the latex occuring
in canals> 102,1 104,3/4<rarely> 116,1 117,4 118,1 121,U 123,1/2
124,2<?>/3<?  no raphides> 128,2 130,2<4 genera> 137,1 138,4 148,1 151,2
173,1 174,2/2&3<mostly mainly simple> 175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/2/5<rarely>/8 182,1 183,1/3/4<from the tepal or stamen bases in
\i{}Echinodorus\i0{}, but usually from the bases of the sides of the
carpels> 187,2<usually>/1 192,1/2 193,1 195<paniculate, often complex with
verticils of branches, sometimes umbellate through reduction of the whorls
to one> 196,1/2 200,1 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,2-4 219,2 223,1 224,6 225,1
226,2 227,1 230,2 231,2/6/7<inner>/1<outer> 236,3 238,1 239,1 254,3 258,1
268,2/5/6 277,1/2<when female> 278,(3-)6/9<in one cycle>/18-100<i.e. to many>
279,1<usually, e.g. \i{}Alisma\i0{} having three stamen pairs, while forms
with numerous stamens have them seemingly spiralled, but actually
reflecting whorls of trunk bundles>/2<occasionally> 280,1/2 281<when in
more than one whorl,>,1 282,1 285,1<usually, ostensibly>/2<in pairs, or in
anatomically determinable bundles> 287,1-20<i.e., to many whorls> 288<(or
the pairs, in \i{}Alisma\i0{})>,1/- 289,1 295,3/6/9/18-100<i.e. to many>
298,1/2-5 301,1 309,3 310,1 315,1 316,2 318,1 319,2 321,3 328,1
329,2-3/9-29 330,9 337,2 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3/6-100<or more  i.e.
to many> 343,2 344,2 345,1 348,2/3/4 350,1/2<rarely more> 351,3 372,2 373,1
374,2 381,3 386,3/5 388<weakly>,2 391,2 392,1 393,1/2 394<when formed,>,1
395,2 397,2<usually with filiform apparatus> 400,3/2<?> 404,2 405,1 406,2
407,1/2 408,3/4 422,2 430,1 433,1 435,2<3/5>
436<strongly>,2<horseshoe-shaped> 442,2 443<usually membranous, sometimes
thinly leathery, then brown> 447,1 448,1<quite long, in \i{}Baldellia\i0{}>
450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 455,1 456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1/3
462<\i{}Alisma\i0{}, \i{}Sagittaria\i0{}> 464<\i{}Sagittaria subulata\i0{}
(aquatic CAM only)> 466,2<\i{}Sagittaria\i0{}> 468,1 472,1<?>/2 475,1/2<2
species investigated> 484,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491<when
present,>,1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,2&3&4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (5-)7-11(-13)>
527,2 530,1 555,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,90 579,11
580<\i{}Alisma\i0{}, \i{}Baldellia\i0{}, \i{}Burnatia\i0{},
\i{}Caldesia\i0{}, \i{}Damasonium\i0{}, \i{}Echinodorus\i0{},
\i{}Limnophyton\i0{}, \i{}Luronium\i0{}, \i{}Ranalisma\i0{},
\i{}Sagittaria\i0{}, \i{}Wiesneria\i0{}> 582<Includes important aquarium
and pond ornamentals, and some \i{}Sagittaria\i0{} species have edible
rhizomes.> 586<alismata> 
 
# Alliaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, combining
\i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}-Agapanthoideae and -Allioideae with
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Brodiaeoideae of APG III \i{}et al\i0{}.>
3<\i{}Agapanthaceae\i0{} Lotsy, \i{}Gilliesiaceae\i0{} Lindley,
\i{}Milulaceae\i0{} Traub, \i{}Themideae\i0{} (\i{}Themidaceae\i0{})
Salisb., \i{}Tulbaghiaceae\i0{} Salisb.> 5,5 6,1<mucilaginous, e.g. in
\i{}Allium\i0{}>/3 7,1/2 21,3 22,1<but sometimes the leaves long-sheathed
so as to appear cauline, and solitary in \i{}Bloomeria\i0{}>/- 25,1/2<especially
\i{}Themidaceae\i0{}>/3<rarely  e.g. \i{}Agapanthus\i0{}> 
27,1/3<rarely> 28<rarely>,1<exemplified by \i{}Dichelostemma volubile\i0{}, 
with a twining scape> 32,3/4 37<not
evergreen> 39,1 40<conspicuously>,2<e.g. leek>/1 42,1/3/4<or angular>
45,3<usually>/1<rarely, e.g. \i{}Allium ursinum\i0{}> 47,1 49,1 51,1<often
onion-scented, with allylic sulphides>/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4/7<rarely>
64,4/3/2<then pinnate-parallel> 65,2 68,- 87,1<articulated>/2 88<of
\i{}Allium\i0{},>,1<in the inner chlorenchyma> 102,1 104,1 121,U 123,1/2<?
 raphides sometimes present, sometimes absent> 130,2<\i{}Allium\i0{},
\i{}Triteleia\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2&3<mainly simple, by contrast
with \i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from septal
nectaries> 184,2 187,2<usually>/1<\i{}Ipheion\i0{}> 189,2/5 192,1/2 193,1
195<when not racemose, commonly umbellate, usually representing one 
or more contracted, helicoid cymes>
196,1<the umbel surrounded by (1)2(to several) bracts, which 
may be fused>/2
199,1<with reference to the one to several spathal involucral bracts>/2
205,1/3 206,1-2 209<e.g. in some \i{}Allium\i0{} species,>,2 212,3 213,1
215,3 219,1<sometimes predominating, e.g. in \i{}Brodiaea\i0{}>/2 223,5
224,6 225,1-2 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,2/9/10/8/4/1&2/11&2/2&6
235,1<\i{}Agapanthus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Allium\i0{}, \i{}Brodiaea\i0{},
\i{}Ipheion\i0{}> 278,6 282,2<at the base of the tepals, or to the tube>
284,1<mostly>/2<e.g., \i{}Ipheion\i0{}> 285,1<mostly>/2<the filaments
sometimes basally cohering in \i{}Allium\i0{}> 287,2<3+3> 289,1<usually>/2
290<when present,>,3/4 295,6<usually>/2-3<e.g. the \i{}Gilliesia\i0{}
group, \i{}Leucocoryne\i0{}> 298,2<usually>/1/3 301,1/2<sometimes even when
six-stamened  e.g. see Dahlgren \i{}et al.\i0{} 1985, drawings of
\i{}Tritagma\i0{}, p. 197> 303,3<the filaments flat> 304,1/2 306,1 309,3
310,3 315,1 316,1 318,1 322,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3
343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 365<almost>,3/1
367,2<mostly>/1<\i{}Themidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Agapanthus\i0{}> 372,1/2 373,1
376,2 379,1-50<to many> 386,4<usually>/3<e.g. most
\i{}Themidaceae\i0{}> 388,1<mostly>/2<e.g. \i{}Agapanthus\i0{}> 391,1/2
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 399,1 400,2/3 404,2 409,1 412,1 422,1 424,1
429,1<e.g., \i{}Agapanthus\i0{}>/2 430,2 433,1 435,2<2/5> 436,1-2 442,1
443,2 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1<mostly>/2 452,1<mostly>/2<e.g. in some
\i{}Allium\i0{} species> 453<when elongated,>,1 454,2 456,1/2 457,2/3 458,2
461,1 462<\i{}Allium\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Allium\i0{}> 470,1<\i{}Allium\i0{},
Gibbs 1974> 472,1<?>/2 475,2 487,1 488,2<12 species> 490,1<mostly>/2<e.g.
\i{}Agapanthus\i0{}> 491,1/1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2 504,1&2&3 505,1&2&3
506,1&3 507,1&2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3 509,1 510,1 512,1&4&5&6 520,2&3&4
521<cosmopolitan, but few in Australasia>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5
575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}> 578,600
579,30<according to Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}. 1985, who do not list them
all> 580<\i{}Agapanthus\i0{}, \i{}Allium\i0{}, \i{}Ancrumia\i0{},
\i{}Androstephium\i0{}, \i{}Behria\i0{}, \i{}Bessera\i0{},
\i{}Bloomeria\i0{}, \i{}Brodiaea\i0{}, \i{}Dandya\i0{},
\i{}Dichelostemma\i0{}, \i{}Diphalangium\i0{}, \i{}Erinna\i0{},
\i{}Garaventia\i0{}, \i{}Gethyum\i0{}, \i{}Gilliesia\i0{},
\i{}Ipheion\i0{}, \i{}Leucocoryne\i0{}, \i{}Miersia\i0{}, \i{}Milla\i0{},
\i{}Milula\i0{}, \i{}Nectaroscordum\i0{}, \i{}Nothoscordum\i0{},
\i{}Milla\i0{}, \i{}Muilla\i0{}, \i{}Pabellonia\i0{}, \i{}Petronymphe\i0{},
\i{}Schickendantziella\i0{}, \i{}Solaria\i0{}, \i{}Speea\i0{},
\i{}Trichlora\i0{}, \i{}Tristagma\i0{}, \i{}Triteleia\i0{},
\i{}Triteleiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tulbaghia\i0{}, \i{}Zoellnerallium\i0{}>
581<Fay and Chase (1996) resurrected \i{}Themidaceae\i0{} (subsequently
rejected), and transferred \i{}Agapanthus\i0{} to \i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{},
on the basis of \i{}rbc\i0{}L DNA sequencing. Practical implementation of
these and subsequent APG re-circumscriptions involving classical
\i{}Liliaceae\i0{} awaits their defence in terms of properly revised, fully
comparative family descriptions. The present, compiled descriptions (mainly
reflecting the Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}, 1985 classification) have
\i{}Alliaceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Amaryllidacerae\i0{} sensu stricto
(q.v.) in phytochemical, pollen-developmental and seedling characters, as
well as in conspicuous characters of inflorescence and floral morphology
(two androecial whorls, trilocular gynoecium), endospermic seeds with
phytomelan, etc., etc.> 582<\i{}Allium\i0{} spp. supply onions and garlic.>
583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}His eyes were green as leeks; - \line{}O
Sisters three \line{}Come, come to me! \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream,
v., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And if the boy have not a womans gift
\line{}To rain a shower of commanded tears, \line{}An onion will do well
for such a shift \line{}(Taming of the Shrew, introd.)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Mine eyes smell onions, I shall weep anon
\line{}(Alls Well, v., 3)> 586<alliacea> 
 
# Alseuosmiaceae <Airy Shaw>/
5,3<often of pittosporaceous appearance> 39,1<to
sub-opposite>/3<pseudowhorls of 3, 4 or 5> 40<when alternate,>,1 53,1 60,2
68,2 76<sinuous>,4/1 90,U 102,1 104,1 139,1 140,2 148,2 152,1 156,2/2&3
159,1 163,1 175,1/1&2&3<?> 176,1/2 177,1/8<?  polygamous> 182,1 183,2
187,1/2<axillary and solitary or fasciculate, rarely in racemes or
subterminal> 188<when solitary, (sub)>,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2/7
194<(sub)>,1/2 205<sometimes>,1 206,1 212,(4-)5(-7) 218,1/2 223,1 224,8-14
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-7) 238,1 239,1 251,3/4 254,(4-)5(-7) 255,1
258,3 265,3 266,5/6 278,(4-)5(-7) 282,1/2<to the corolla tube> 284,1/2<two
sometimes larger> 285,1 289,1 295,(4-)5(-7) 298,2 299,2 306,1 308,2 309,3
310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3
344,6 345,2-3 352,2 353,2 359,1<flat or tumid, crowning the ovary> 360,2
361,1 365,1 368,1 370<more or less>,2 371,2/3 376,2 379,1-50<to many>
393,1 394,3 395,2 404,1 409,2 412,6 419,3 422,1 433,2 484,2<S.R. Jensen,
unpublished> 504,2&6 506,5 514,1 520,1&4 521<New Caledonia, New Zealand>
522,10&11 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4
577,62 578,11 579,3 580<\i{}Alseuosmia\i0{} (\i{}Periomphale\i0{},
\i{}Memecylanthus\i0{}), \i{}Crispiloba\i0{}, \i{}Wittsteinia\i0{}>
586<alseuosm> 
 
# Alstroemeriaceae <Dum.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Luzuriagaceae\i0{}> 5,5 21,3 22,2
25,3&4<some of the roots being modified to store water and nutrients>
27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,1 32,3 38,3 39,1 40,1 42,1 45,1 47,2 53,1
59<generally>,1 60,2 62,3-4 64,4 65,2 66,5 68,- 76,1 92,1 102,1 104,1 105,2
121,U 123,1 124,1<abundant> 128,2 130,2<\i{}Alstroemeria\i0{}> 139,2 148,1
155,1 156,2 171,2 173,1 174,2/2&3<mainly scalariform> 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1 183,1<from the bases of two or all of the inner tepals>
187,1<rarely>/2 189,1/5 192,1 194,1 195<umbelliform, helicoid cymes>
200,1<the bracts leaflike> 203,3 206,1-2 207<sometimes slightly>,1 212,3
213,1 215,3 219,1/2 223,1/5 224,6 225<mostly>,1 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2/1&2
229,2 230,1-2<the outer whorl often shorter, of different colour and less
variegated> 231,1/5/6/7 233,2 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6
298,3 301,1 306<(pseudo-)>,2/1 308,2 309,3 310,3 316,1 318,1 322,2 324,2
328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,5 345,3
352,1<rarely>/2 353,1/3 361,1 365,1 368,3 372,1 375<when unilocular,>,2
376<when trilocular,>,2 378,20-100<many> 379,20-100<many> 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,1 389,2 390,1 391,1 397<beaked> 400,2 404,1<sometimes>/2
409,1<usually, occasionally explosively so>/2 412,1<usually>/2/6 414<when
dehiscent,>,5 416,1/2 422,1 424,1 430,2 432,3 433,1<not coleoptile-like>
436,1 442,2 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451,1/2 452,1<when elongated>/2 454,2
456,1 457,3 458,1 472,2 475,2 487<probably>,1 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2
497,1 498,2 504,3&6 512,1&2&3&4&5 514,2 521<Central and South America>
522,13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 9> 527,2 530,4 558,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15
578,200 579,4 580<\i{}Alstroemeria\i0{}, \i{}Bomarea\i0{},
\i{}Leontochir\i0{}, \i{}Schickendantzia\i0{}> 581<The compiled
descriptions show numerous, conspicuous differences between this family and
\i{}Luzuriagaceae\i0{} (q.v.)> 586<alstroem> 
 
# Altingiaceae <Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Hamamelidaceae\i0{} (Altingioideae, Liquidambaroideae)>
3<\i{}Balsamaceae\i0{} Lindl., \i{}Liqidambaraceae\i0{} Pfeiff.>
5,1<sometimes very large> 8,1<ducts in axes and leaves> 39,1 47,2 53,1 60,1
63,2<or tricuspidate> 64,2/3 65,1 68,1 69,2 74,1<small> 76,1<rarely>/3/4
85,1<recorded in \i{}Liquidambar\i0{}> 86,2/3 90,U 104,3 115,1 116,1 118,1
137,1<in the pith> 139,1 140,2 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 157,2 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 165,1<scarce> 167,2 168,U 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<the male flower
consisting of a globose stamen-cluster, enclosed in a bract> 179,3 187,2
195<in terminal racemes (male), or in globular heads cf. \i{}Platanus\i0{}
(female)> 223,3/6 224,0<male flowers>/12-50<i.e. many, of minute lobes or
scales, in female flowers> 229,U 234<more or less>,1<in female flowers>
277,1/2<in females> 278,12-100<i.e. many  the male inflorescences
consisting terminal racemes of globose stamen-clusters> 289,1 295,12-50
306,2 309,3<?>/5 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1 322,2 328,1 329<polyaperturate>
330,9 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2
353,2 368,2 372,2 373,1 374,2 379,20-50 381,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396<very>,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4 417,1 418,1/2<?>
419,5<this globular, hard, dry, of many capsules> 433,2 434,1 436,1
447,1<\i{}Liquidambar\i0{}> 469,2<\i{}Liquidambar\i0{}> 472,2 483,2
484,1<\i{}Liquidambar\i0{}> 485,1<?> 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,2&3 492,1
520,2-4 521<Asia Minor, temperate and tropical Southeast Asia, North and
Central America> 522,2&4&9&12&13&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,1 528,1 529,10
540,2 565,2 567,2 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,10 579,3
580<\i{}Altingia\i0{}, \i{}Liquidambar\i0{}, \i{}Semiliquidambar\i0{}>
582<Sources of timber.> 586<altingia> 
 
# Alzateaceae <S. Graham>/
2<\i{}Crypteroniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lythraceae\i0{} etc.> 5<small>,1/3<up to 20
m, with opposite or verticillate branches, these purple-red before peeling
to become red-brown with age> 27<(hemi-)>,2/1 32,3 39,2/3<mostly clustered
at the branch tips> 42,1 43<more or less>,2 45<shortly>,1-3 53,1 60,2
62,6/7/8 64,2<brochidodromous> 68,1 69,2<axillary> 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1
104,1<to almost cyclocytic> 106,2 115,1 122,1<these branched> 123,1 124,2
131,3<at first>/1<subsequently> 139,1 140,1<next to the perivascular
sclerenchyma> 141,3<with three traces> 143,1 144,2 145,1 146,2 147,2 148,2
155,2 156,3 157,1 161,2 162,1 163,1 165<scanty>,2 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,1/8 194,2<at the ends of the branches> 202,2 203,2 206,1 212,5
213,1 218,1<short> 220,1 221,2 223,3 224,5 226,1 227,- 228,2 229,U 233,1
236,5 238,1 239,1<on the hypanthium> 245,3 247,1<becoming leathery> 248,1
251,3 278,5 280,2 282,1<on the hypanthium> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5
298,2 299,1<i.e. alternating with the members of the single perianth whorl>
303,3<the filaments short and stout> 306,1 310,3 312,2<the bisporangia
horizontal on the broad terminal end of the anther on either side of the
connective> 313<massively>,1 314,1&2<by dorsal enlargement and apical
extension of the connective> 321,2 324,2 328,1 329,6 330,6&8<tricolporate,
with subsidiary colpi> 337,1 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,2<the floral
tube hemi-epigynous> 352,2 353,2<Graham 1984: previously interpreted by
Lourteig (1965) as becoming falsely bilocular via false septa>
360<shortly>,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,4 379,30-50<many> 381,2
384<in two rows to each of the two placentas> 387,3 389,2 391,2 404,2 409,1
412,1<indurated, compressed> 414,5 422,2 429,1<the wing membranous,
encircling the seed> 432,3 433,2 436,1<central> 443,2 492,1 504,3 512,6
520,4 521<tropical New World> 522,13&15 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5
570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41 578,1 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Alzatea\i0{}> 581<See Graham 1984, Tobe and Raven 1984.> 586<alzateac> 
 
# Amaranthaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Deeringiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Subscariosaceae\i0{} Dulac>
4<\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Goetzeaceae\i0{}> 5,3&5 14,1<occasionally,
if the halophytic \i{}Hemichroa\i0{} is referred here rather than to
\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}>/2<<98%> mostly> 22,1<occasionally, e.g. in
\i{}Ptilotus\i0{}>/2<usually> 27,1/3<occasionally> 39,1/2 43,1<mostly
<98%>>/3<perhaps only \i{}Hemichroa\i0{}> 47,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2 68,2 76,1
85<commonly>,1 89<commonly>,1 90,U 92,1<very rarely tending to
isobilateral> 100,2 103,2<commonly>/1<usually more numerous abaxially>
104,1/2<? - subsidiary patterns not precisely specified by Solereder or
Metcalfe and Chalk>/- 106,1<of assorted types, see illustration; but only
uniseriate trichomes that often form dense woolly or silky indumentum seem
to predominate across the family> 107,1&2 108<mostly seemingly>,2 111,1&2
112,1/2 113<sometimes>,2/4 115,2 123,1 124<mostly>,2<and crystal sand,
solitary types being rare; cf. \i{}Caryophyllaceae\i0{}, differing from
\i{}Nyctaginaceae\i0{} in absence of raphides and styloids> 127,2
130,2<\i{}Amaranthus\i0{}, \i{}Celosia\i0{}> 139,1/2 140,2 141,1
143<presumably>,2/- 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,1<commonly>/2 148,3<nearly
always>/2<rarely?> 149<when present (i.e. usually)>,1<in secondary rings or
arcs, the former giving rise to circles of collateral bundles, the latter
resulting in their being irregularly distributed> 150,1 153,1-2 156,3 157,2
158,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2 167,1<commonly, usually of the
concentric type>/2 169,1<\i{}Charpenteria\i0{}, \i{}Iresine\i0{}>/2<?>/3<?>
175,1/2/1&2/1&3/1&2&3 176,1/2<<85%>> 177,1<<85%>
usually>/2/3/4/5/6/8<rarely> 187,1/2<usually with conspicuous, persistent
bracts and bracteoles> 189<when aggregated,>,1/3/4 192,1 195<racemes of
cymes> 196,1<rarely>/2 197,1/2 200,1 202,1 206,1 213,1 215,1 218,2<except,
dubiously, in some \i{}Ptilotus\i0{} species, where the androecial tube is
adnate to the calyx> 220,2 223,3<dry and scarious> 224,3-5 228,1/2 229,U
236,3-5 239,1/3<partially> 245,3 247,2 248,1<dry, stiff and scarious>
249,1<e.g. some \i{}Ptilotus\i0{} species>/2 251,1 252<when K 5,>,2
277,1/2<<10%> rarely, when flowers female> 278,(1-)2/5/6-10 280,2
282,1/2<to the perianth or disk> 284,2<usually, by contrast with most
\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}>/1<more or less, e.g. in some \i{}Ptilotus\i0{}
species> 285<usually basally>,2<by contrast with most
\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}> 286,1<the filaments usually connate for all or
part of their length into a membranous tube> 287,1 289,1/2<commonly, by
contrast with most \i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}  some androecial members may
lack anthers, also there are often petaloid enations or
pseudostaminodial scales alternating with the true androecial members>
290<when present,>,1-3/2/3/5 291,2/- 293<when present,>,1/2 295,(1-)3-5
298,1/2 299,2 309,3 310,3 311,1-2 312,1/2 315,1/2<<5%> very rarely> 317,1
318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,3 322,2 323,2 324,2 328,1 329,6-20 330,9 333,4
337,2 338,1/2<<10%> rarely, when flowers male> 339,2-3 342,1 343,3 344,4-6
345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1-3 360,1/2 361,1-3 368,1-3 372,2 373,1 374,2 375,1
378,1/2-5 381,3/1<but from a basal funicle, subtribe Achyranthinae,
\i{}Ptilotus\i0{} etc.> 385,2 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,1<rarely>/2 390,2 392,1
393,1 394<initially>,3 395,1<\i{}Pupalia\i0{}>/2<usually> 397,2<sometimes
with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,4/5 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/2/6/7/8<often
a utricle or nutlet> 413,4 414,7<commonly>/1 422,2<strictly speaking>
425,1<abundant, mealy> 430,1 432,3 433,2 435,2<1/1> 436,2 437,2
440,1<usually shiny> 461,1/2/4 462<\i{}Aerva\i0{}, \i{}Achyranthes\i0{},
\i{}Alternanthera\i0{}, \i{}Arthraerua\i0{}, \i{}Celosia\i0{},
\i{}Digera\i0{}, \i{}Pupalia\i0{}> 463<\i{}Achanthochiton\i0{},
\i{}Aerva\i0{}, \i{}Alternanthera\i0{}, \i{}Amaranthus\i0{},
\i{}Brayulinea\i0{}, \i{}Froelichia\i0{}, \i{}Gomphrena\i0{},
\i{}Gossypianthes\i0{}, \i{}Guillemenia\i0{}, \i{}Lithophila\i0{},
\i{}Tidestromia\i0{}> 465<\i{}Alternanthera ficoides\i0{} and \i{}A.
tenella\i0{}> 466,1<\i{}Acnidia\i0{}, \i{}Achyranthes\i0{},
\i{}Achanthochiton\i0{}, \i{}Aerva\i0{}, \i{}Alternanthera\i0{},
\i{}Amaranthus\i0{} (see illustration), \i{}Brayulinea\i0{},
\i{}Celosia\i0{}, \i{}Froelichia\i0{}, \i{}Gomphrena\i0{},
\i{}Pfaffia\i0{}, \i{}Tidestromia\i0{}, etc.>/2<\i{}Achyranthes\i0{},
\i{}Alternanthera\i0{}, \i{}Celosia\i0{}, \i{}Centemopsis\i0{},
\i{}Dasysphaera\i0{}, \i{}Digera\i0{}, \i{}Pupalia\i0{},
\i{}Sericicomopsis\i0{} etc.> 472,1/2 475,1<<30%>>/2 484,2 486,1<where
sought> 487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491<when present,>,2 492,2<4 species, 4
genera> 496<often>,1 497,1 498,3<a> 520,2&3&4 521<widespread>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-13, 17(+)> 527,1
528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,850 579,74
580<\i{}Achyranthes\i0{}, \i{}Achyropsis\i0{}, \i{}Acnida\i0{},
\i{}Aerva\i0{}, \i{}Allmania\i0{}, \i{}Alternanthera\i0{},
\i{}Amaranthus\i0{}, \i{}Arthraerua\i0{}, \i{}Blutaparon\i0{},
\i{}Bosea\i0{}, \i{}Brayulinea\i0{}, \i{}Calicorema\i0{}, \i{}Celosia\i0{},
\i{}Centema\i0{}, \i{}Centemopsis\i0{}, \i{}Centrostachys\i0{},
\i{}Chamissoa\i0{}, \i{}Charpentiera\i0{}, \i{}Chionothrix\i0{},
\i{}Cyathula\i0{}, \i{}Dasysphaera\i0{}, \i{}Dasysphaera\i0{},
\i{}Deeringia\i0{}, \i{}Digera\i0{}, \i{}Eriostylos\i0{},
\i{}Froelichia\i0{}, \i{}Gomphrena\i0{}, \i{}Gossypianthus\i0{},
\i{}Guilleminea\i0{}, \i{}Hebanthe\i0{}, \i{}Hemichroa\i0{} (~
\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}), \i{}Henonia\i0{}, \i{}Herbstia\i0{},
\i{}Hermbstaedtia\i0{}, \i{}Indobanalia\i0{}, \i{}Irenella\i0{},
\i{}Iresine\i0{}, \i{}Kyphocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Lagrezia\i0{},
\i{}Leucosphaera\i0{}, \i{}Lithophila\i0{}, \i{}Lopriorea\i0{},
\i{}Marcelliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Mechowia\i0{}, \i{}Nelsia\i0{},
\i{}Neocentema\i0{}, \i{}Nothosaerva\i0{}, \i{}Nototrichium\i0{},
\i{}Nyssanthes\i0{}, \i{}Pandiaka\i0{}, \i{}Pfaffia\i0{},
\i{}Philoxerus\i0{}, \i{}Pleuropetalum\i0{}, \i{}Pleuropterantha\i0{},
\i{}Polyrhabda\i0{}, \i{}Pseudogomphrena\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoplantago\i0{},
\i{}Pseudosericocoma\i0{}, \i{}Psilotrichopsis\i0{}, \i{}Psilotrichum\i0{},
\i{}Ptilotus\i0{}, \i{}Pupalia\i0{}, \i{}Quaternella\i0{},
\i{}Rosifax\i0{}, \i{}Saltia\i0{}, \i{}Sericocoma\i0{},
\i{}Sericocomopsis\i0{}, \i{}Sericorema\i0{}, \i{}Sericostachys\i0{},
\i{}Siamosia\i0{}, \i{}Stilbanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tidestromia\i0{},
\i{}Trichuriella\i0{}, \i{}Volkensinia\i0{}, \i{}Woehleria\i0{},
\i{}Xerosiphon\i0{}> 582<A few cultivated ornamentals, e.g.
\i{}Amaranthus\i0{}, \i{}Gomphrena\i0{}, \i{}Iresine\i0{}, and some noxious
weeds, notably from \i{}Amaranthus\i0{}, \i{}Iresine\i0{},
\i{}Acnida\i0{}.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}But propt on beds of
amaranth and moly, \line{}How sweet . . . . \line{}To watch the long bright
river drawing slowly \line{}His waters from the purple hill -
\line{}(Tennyson, Song of the Lotos-eaters) > 586<amaranth> 
 
# Amaryllidaceae <Jaume St.-Hil.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, cf. \i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{} subfamily
\i{}Amaryllidoideae\i0{} of APG III \i{}et al\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Brunsvigiaceae\i0{}
Horan., \i{}Cepaceae\i0{} Salisb.(?), \i{}Cyrtanthaceae\i0{} Salisb.,
\i{}Galanthaceae\i0{} Salisb., \i{}Gethyllidaceae\i0{} Rafin.,
\i{}Operantheae\i0{} (\i{}Operanthaceae\i0{}) Salisb., \i{}Leucojaceae\i0{}
Batsch & Borkhausen, \i{}Strumariaceae\i0{} Salisb.,
\i{}Zephyranthaceae\i0{} Salisb.> 4<\i{}Alliaceae\i0{},
\i{}Doryanthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hypoxidaceae\i0{}> 5,5<without allylic
sulphides> 21,3 22,1/2 25,1<mostly>/3<in that a few have structures
transitional between rhizomes and bulbs> 32,1-2<some scapigerous \i{}Crinum\i0{} 
spp. described as "amphibious", or "having submerged leaves">/3<mostly> 
34<the hydrophytes>,2 35<of rooted hydrophytes>,1 37<mostly>,2 39,1 40,1<not
uncommonly, e.g. \i{}Crinum\i0{}>/2<mostly?> 43,1 45,3/1<or almost so> 47,1
51,2<in particular, not onion-scented> 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/6/7/9 
64,4/2&4<i.e., sometimes becoming pinnate distally> 65,1/2
68,- 76,1 81,1 92,1 102,1 104,1 121,1<with raphides> 123,1 124,1 128,2
130,2<\i{}Amaryllis\i0{}, \i{}Zephyranthes\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2
175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,1<from the inner tepals, in Galanthieae>/3<from
septal nectaries> 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1<variously condensed>/5/4
192,1 193,1 195<cymose, but often umbels or heads by condensation>
196,1<mostly with two(8) spathelike, free or connate scales>/2 199,1
206,1-2-3 207<when irregular, somewhat>,1 212,3 213,1 215,2/3 219,1<short
to long>/2 223,5 224,6 225,1-2 226,2<3+3, but often with a conspicuous
corona, like an extra, inner whorl> 227,1 228,2 230,1
231,1/1-2/2/3/4/6/7/8/11<in various combinations, but not blue>
235,1<\i{}Amaryllis\i0{}, \i{}Calostemma\i0{},\i{} Crinum\i0{},
\i{}Habranthus\i0{}, \i{}Hessea\i0{}, \i{}Haemanthus\i0{},
\i{}Hippeastrum\i0{}, \i{}Hymenocallis\i0{}, \i{}Leucojum\i0{},
\i{}Narcissus\i0{}, \i{}Nerine\i0{}, \i{}Paramongaia\i0{},\i{}
Proiphys\i0{}, \i{}Scadoxus\i0{}, \i{}Sprekelia\i0{}, \i{}Stenomesson\i0{},
\i{}Strumaria\i0{}, \i{}Vallota\i0{}, \i{}Zephyra\i0{},
\i{}Zephyranthes\i0{}> 278,(3-)6(-18)<nearly always 3+3> 282,1/2<to the
tube> 285,1/2 286<when joined,>,1 287<nearly always>,2<3+3> 289,1<at least,
reduction to staminodes not mentioned by Dahlgren \i{}et al.\i0{} 1985>
295,3<<2%> in \i{}Zephyra\i0{}>/6<usually>/9-18<<2%> \i{}Gethyllis\i0{}>
298,2<<10%> rarely>/3 301<(nearly always?)>,1 303,3<the filaments sometimes
appendaged alongside the anthers> 304,1<the connate filaments sometimes
expanded to form a staminal corona>/2 306,1<epipeltate>/2<rarely>
308,1<usually>/2 309,1/3 310,3<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Crinum\i0{}> 312,2 315,1
316,1 318,1 319,1/2/3 322,2<usually>/1 328,1 329,1(-2)
330,1<usually>/3<Amaryllideae> 337,1 339,3 341,2 342<usually more or
less>,3/1<e.g., in \i{}Calostemma\i0{}, and in other forms the dissepiments
of an ostensibly trilocular ovary are merely contiguous> 343,3 344,6
345,3/2<<10%> rarely> 352,2<nearly always>/1<e.g., in \i{}Calostemma\i0{}>
353,3<usually>/1<rarely, though not uncommonly approaching this condition>
360,2 361,1 365,1 367,1 368,1/3 370,1-3 371,3 372,2<mostly>/1<some> 373,1
374,2&3 375<when unilocular,>,1<viz., in \i{}Calostemma\i0{},>/2 376<when
trilocular (i.e. usually),>,2/1<rarely, or at least ostensibly so with the
ovules solitary or paired and collateral> 379,(1-)12-50<i.e. nearly always
several to many> 385,2 386,3 387,1<rarely>/2/3<usually> 388,2/3
391,1<usually>/2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2<often> 397,2<with filiform
apparatus> 399,1<\i{}Zephyranthes\i0{}>/2 400,2/3 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6
414,5 422,1 424,1 429,1/2 430,2 433,1 435,2<5/5>/1<two species of
\i{}Haemanthus\i0{}> 436,1 442,1<mostly?>/2<e.g., \i{}Amaryllis\i0{},
\i{}Hymenocallis\i0{}> 443,2<mostly>/3/7 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1/2 452,1/2
453<when elongated,>,2/- 454,2 457,3 458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Zephyranthes\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Zephyranthes\i0{}> 468,2 470,2<Gibbs 1974> 472,1/2
475,1<amaryllid type>/2 487,2 488,2 490,1/2 491<when present,>,2/1&2 492,2
497,1 498,2 504,1&2&3&4&5 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,3 508,3 509,1&2&3&4
510,1&2&3 511,2&3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6 513,1&3 520,2<a few>/3&4<many>
521<widespread> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,2 530,4 558,2
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578<about>,800 579<about>,60
580<\i{}Amaryllis\i0{}, \i{}Ammocharis\i0{}, \i{}Apodolirion\i0{},
\i{}Bokkeveldia\i0{}, \i{}Boophone\i0{}, \i{}Bravoa\i0{},
\i{}Brunsvigia\i0{}, \i{}Caliphruria\i0{}, \i{}Calostemma\i0{},
\i{}Carpolyza\i0{},, \i{}Chlidanthus\i0{}, \i{}Choananthus\i0{}, \i{}Clianthus\i0{},
\i{}Clinanthus\i0{}, \i{}Clivia\i0{}, \i{}Cooperia\i0{}, \i{}Crinum\i0{},
\i{}Cryptostephanus\i0{}, \i{}Cybistetes\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtanthus\i0{},
\i{}Eucharis\i0{}, \i{}Eucrosia\i0{}, \i{}Eustephia\i0{},
\i{}Galanthus\i0{}, \i{}Gemmaria\i0{}, \i{}Gethyllis\i0{},
\i{}Griffinia\i0{}, \i{}Habranthus\i0{}, \i{}Haemanthus\i0{},
\i{}Hannonia\i0{}, \i{}Hessea\i0{}, \i{}Hieronymiella\i0{},
\i{}Hippeastrum\i0{}, \i{}Hymenocallis\i0{}, \i{}Ismene\i0{},
\i{}Lapiedra\i0{}, \i{}Leptochiton\i0{}, \i{}Leucoium\i0{},
\i{}Lycoris\i0{}, \i{}Namaquanula\i0{}, \i{}Narcissus\i0{},
\i{}Nerine\i0{}, \i{}Pamianthe\i0{}, \i{}Pancratium\i0{},
\i{}Paramongaia\i0{} \i{}Phaedranassa\i0{}, \i{}Phycella\i0{},
\i{}Placea\i0{}, \i{}Proiphys\i0{} (\i{}Eurycles\i0{}), \i{}Pucara\i0{},
\i{}Pyrolirion\i0{}, \i{}Rauhia\i0{}, \i{}Rhodophiala\i0{},
\i{}Scadoxus\i0{}, \i{}Sprekelia\i0{}, \i{}Stenomesson\i0{},
\i{}Sternbergia\i0{}, \i{}Strumaria\i0{}, \i{}Tapeinanthus\i0{},
\i{}Tedingea\i0{}, \i{}Traubia\i0{}, \i{}Ungernia\i0{}, 
\i{}Urceocharis\i0{}, \i{}Urceolina\i0{},
\i{}Vagaria\i0{}, \i{}Vallota\i0{}, \i{}Worsleya\i0{}, \i{}Zephyra\i0{},
\i{}Zephyranthes\i0{} (Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}. (1985) omit many genera)>
582<Many cultivated ornamentals.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . .
Daffodils \line{}That come before the swallow dares, and take \line{}The
winds of March with beauty \line{}(The Winters Tale, iv., 3)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I wanderd lonely as a cloud \line{}That floats on
high oer vales and hills, \line{}When all at once I saw a crowd, \line{}A
host, of golden daffodils; \line{}Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
\line{}Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. \line{}(William Wordsworth,
Daffodils) > 586<amarylli> 
 
# Amborellaceae <Pichon.>/
5,2/3 7,2<or nearly so> 37,1 39,1 40,1-2 53,1 60,1-2 63<when
dissected,>,1<lobed> 64,2 68,2 90,U 102,1 104,1/3 120,2 141,1<with one
broad trace> 145,2 148,2 150,3 151,2 159<presumably>,1 161,U 162,U 167,2
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 187,2 192,1 194,2 213,2 214,1 217,1<more or less, in
female flowers>/2<slightly convex, in male flowers> 218,1 223,2 224,5-8
225<weakly>,2<basally> 226<spiralled> 229,U 276,1<the female flowers with
one or two staminodes> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in male
flowers>,30-100<more or less numerous> 280,1 281,1<?> 282<of the outer
cycle>,2<basally, to the tepals> 285,1 287,3-5<in several cycles>
289<(male flowers)>,1 295,30-100<more or less numerous> 303<more or
less>,1 306,4<with adaxial thecae> 308,2 309,3 310,3 328,1-2 329<if
detectably aperturate, obscurely>,1<or with an irregular, distal,
unthickened zone in the exine> 330,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,5-8 343,2
344,2<the carpels in a single whorl> 345,1 346,2<unsealed at the tip>
348<with a sessile stigma having two expanded flanges> 350,1 351,2 358,3
386,3 405,1 407,2 408,7<stipitate> 422,1 432,3<minute, basal> 433,2 495,1
497,2 504,2 506,5 521<New Caledonia> 522,11 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 13 (2n = 26)>
527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1 566,2 572,2 574,1 577,2 578,1 579,1
580<\i{}Amborella trichopoda\i0{} the only species> 581<The 1999
International Botanical Congress (St. Louis) candidate for the most
primitive Angiosperm!> 586<amborell> 
 
# Anacardiaceae <Lindl.>/
3<\i{}Cassuvieae\i0{} (\i{}Cassuviaceae\i0{}) R.Br., \i{}Spodiaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Spodiadaceae\i0{}) Hassk., \i{}Spondiaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Spondiadaceae\i0{}) Kunth> 4<\i{}Blepharocaryaceae\i0{},
\i{}Pellicieraceae\i0{}, \i{}Pistaciaceae\i0{}, \i{}Podoaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3
8<usually>,1<although it is unclear from the references seen whether the
sometimes milky juice recorded in this and related families is resinous or
laticiferous> 27,1/3 37,1/2 39<nearly always>,1<opposite in \i{}Bouea\i0{}>
40<when alternate,>,1 43,1 51,1<resinous>/2<?> 53,1/2 56<when
compound,>,3/4 57<when pinnate,>,1 64,2 68,2 76,1 85,1<recorded in 8
genera> 86,1/2/3 90,U 100,1/2 103,1/2 104<where recorded>,1/- 106<of
diverse forms recorded - unicellular, uniseriate, glandular and eglandular,
peltate, stellate, etc.> 115,1/2 116,1<with canals in the phloem, but not
noticeably gland-dotted> 117,3 123,1 124,2/3 127,2 130,2<\i{}Odina\i0{}
(= \i{}Lannea\i0{})> 137,1<as canals, especially in the primary phloem>
138,2<i.e., assuming the sometimes milky juice is not laticiferous> 139,1
140<usually>,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<mostly>/1/2
151,1 152,1-2<rarely>/3<usually> 153<moderately>,1/2/3 154,1/2/3/4/5
156,3<usually>/2&3 157,2 158,1/2 161,2 162,1 163<at least sometimes>,1/2<?>
164,2 165<predominantly>,2<often scanty, rarely absent>/- 167,2 169,3
170<commonly>,1 175,1/2&3/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/7/8 184<when heterantherous,>,2 
187,2 189,8 192,2 206,1
212<typically>,5 213,1 215,2/3 218,1<short>/2 220,1 221,2 222,2 223,1/3
224,3-5/6-10 226,1/2 227,1/- 229,U 236,3-5 238,1 239<basally>,3 241,1-3
245,3 251,1 254<when present,>,3-5 255,1 258,1/3<<10%> rarely, basally>
260,3 265,1 277,1/2<in females> 278,5-10(-12) 282,1 284,1/2 285,1/2
286<when coherent>,1<the filaments sometimes basally connate> 287,1/2
289,1/2 290<when present,>,1-9 295,(1-)5-10(-12) 299,2 306,1<mostly>/2<e.g.
\i{}Spondias\i0{}> 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1
320,2<usually>/1<\i{}Rhus mysurensis\i0{}> 321,1/2 322,2 323,2 324,2 328,1
329,(2-)3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,1-3-5(-6) 342,1-5
343,3 344,3<rarely>/4/5 345,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 352,1/2 353,1-5
361,1<usually>/3-6<\i{}Buchanania\i0{} with up to five styles from sterile
carpels> 368,1-5 372,1 373,2 374,4 375<when unilocular>,2/1 376<when bi- or
plurilocular>,1 378<when unilocular,>,1 379,1 381,1/3 382,1 383,1<when
erect, the micropyle inferior>/3<when pendulous, the micropyle superior>
385,2 386,3 387,2/3 388,2 389,1/2 390,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397,2 399,1/2 400,2 404,1<usually>/2<<10%> occasionally> 409<when dry>,2
412,7 415,2 422,2 433,2 435,1<4/4>/2<2/2> 436,2 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Rhus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Mangifera\i0{}> 469,1/2/3<but sucrose always
predominating> 472,2 475,1<<20%>>/2<mostly> 479,1<\i{}Lannea\i0{}> 480,2
483,2 484,2 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1<usually?>/2<\i{}Mangifera\i0{}> 489<when
present,>,2/1&2 490,1 491,1&2/2&3/1&2&3 492,2<3 genera, 4 species> 495,2
520,3-4<mainly> 521<widespread in the tropics, also Mediterranean, E. Asia,
America> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-16> 527,1
528,1 529,15 545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44 578,600
579<about>,70 580<\i{}Actinocheita\i0{}, \i{}Anacardium\i0{},
\i{}Androtium\i0{}, \i{}Antrocaryon\i0{}, \i{}Apterokarpos\i0{},
\i{}Astronium\i0{}, \i{}Baronia\i0{}, \i{}Bonetiella\i0{}, \i{}Bouea\i0{},
\i{}Buchanania\i0{}, \i{}Campnosperma\i0{}, \i{}Cardenasiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Choerospondias\i0{}, \i{}Comocladia\i0{}, \i{}Cotinus\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Dracontomelon\i0{}, \i{}Drimycarpus\i0{},
\i{}Ebandoua\i0{}, \i{}Euleria\i0{}, \i{}Euroschinus\i0{},
\i{}Faguetia\i0{}, \i{}Fegimanra\i0{}, \i{}Gluta\i0{},
\i{}Haematostaphis\i0{}, \i{}Haplorhus\i0{}, \i{}Harpephyllum\i0{},
\i{}Heeria\i0{}, \i{}Holigarna\i0{}, \i{}Koordersiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Lannea\i0{}, \i{}Laurophyllus\i0{}, \i{}Lithrea\i0{},
\i{}Loxopterigium\i0{}, \i{}Loxostylis\i0{}, \i{}Mangifera\i0{},
\i{}Mauria\i0{}, \i{}Melanochyla\i0{}, \i{}Melanorrhoea\i0{},\i{}Metopium\i0{},
\i{}Micronychia\i0{}, \i{}Montagueia\i0{}, \i{}Mosquitoxylum\i0{},
\i{}Nothopegia\i0{}, \i{}Ochoterenaea\i0{}, \i{}Operculicarya\i0{},
\i{}Ozoroa\i0{}, \i{}Pachycormus\i0{}, \i{}Parishia\i0{}, \i{}Pegia\i0{},
\i{}Pentaspadon\i0{}, \i{}Pleiogynium\i0{}, \i{}Poupartia\i0{},
\i{}Protorhus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoprotorhus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosmodingium\i0{},
\i{}Pseudospondias\i0{}, \i{}Rhodosphaera\i0{}, \i{}Rhus\i0{},
\i{}Schinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Schinus\i0{}, \i{}Sclerocarya\i0{},
\i{}Searsia\i0{}, \i{}Semecarpus\i0{}, \i{}Smodingium\i0{},
\i{}Solenocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Sorindeia\i0{}, \i{}Spondias\i0{},
\i{}Swintonia\i0{}, \i{}Tapirira\i0{}, \i{}Thyrsodium\i0{},
\i{}Toxicodendron\i0{}, \i{}Trichoscypha\i0{}>
581<\i{}Blepharocaryaceae\i0{}, \i{}Julianiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Pistaciaceae\i0{} and \i{}Podoaceae\i0{} (q.v.) are dubiously
justifiable as distinct families, with frequent occurrence of monoecism and
dioecism complicating foral morphological comparisons.> 582<Including
commercially important fruits  cashew-nut (\i{}Anacardium\i0{}, and the
fleshy peduncle, cashew-apple), mango (\i{}Mangifera\i0{}), Jamaica plum,
hog-plum, imbu (\i{}Spondias\i0{}), Amarula cream (from
\i{}Sclerocarya\i0{}), resins, oils and lacquers from
\i{}Toxicodendron\i0{}. Many are notorious for their allergenic properties,
e.g. \i{}Toxicodendron\i0{} spp. (Poison Oak, Poison Ivies)> 586<anacardi> 
 
# Anarthriaceae <Cutler & Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Restionaceae\i0{}-Anarthrioideae.> 5<rushlike>,5<\i{}A.
prolifera\i0{} with the stems many-branched and curling below the
inflorescences, unbranched in the other species> 9,1/2<as exemplified by
\i{}A. prolifera\i0{} being vegetatively hard to interpret, the long basal
leaves not apparent in the mature clumps, the flattened stems and peduncles
leaflike, subtended by spathes and bracts which range from leaflike with
folded laminae to reduced to their sheaths> 10,1<and peduncles, in \i{}A.
prolifera\i0{}> 12,1/2/3<depending on interpretation of the material
examined> 21,3 22,2<the genuine leaves when present mostly basal, but not
rosetted>/- 24,0.2-0.6 25,3 32<ambiguously>,2-3<usually in winter-wet
depressions or swampy ground, though of xerophytic appearance> 39<and
bracts>,1 40,2 42<tapered to points,>,1<at least with definite upper and
lower surfaces in some species>/2/4 47,1 48,2 52,1-2 53,1 60,2 62,2-4 68,-
81<presumably>,1 90,2 91,1 102,1 104,3 105,1<grasslike> 121,U 122,1 123,2
128,1 148,1 156,2 175,1<sometimes, in \i{}Anarthria prolifera\i0{}>/2&3/2/3 
176,1<usually> 177,2<rarely>/3/4/5<usually> 178,1/2 179,3
182,2<?  no septal nectaries> 184,1 187,2 189,1/8 191,1<the chaffy
bracteoles and longer perianth lending the small flowers a spikelet-ike
aspect> 195<narrow and spikelike, or lax paniculate cymes> 199,1<with
leaflike spathes> 200,1 202<bi->,1<the unequal bracteoles much shorter
than the perianth> 206,1 212,3 213,1 219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1
228,1 230,1<glume- or bract-like, folded> 277,1<with no pistillode, in
male flowers>/2<in females> 278,3 280,2 282,1 285,1/2 286<when
coherent,>,1<the filaments connate> 287,1 289,1 295<in male
flowers,>,3<exserted> 298,2 301,2 306,2 310,2 311,2 312,2 316,2 328,1
329,1 330,5 331,2 332,1 335,1 336,1 337,2 338,1/2<in males> 339,3 342,3
343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,1 361,3 363,1<elongated> 368,3<the
styles stigmatic almost throughout> 376,3 379,1 381,1 386,1 387,3 388,1
391,1 398,2 399,1<near the chalazal end> 404,2 409,2 412,8 422,1<the
endosperm mealy> 430,1 442,2 447,- 454,U 458,U 490,1
491,2/1&2<kaempferol in infloresences> 520,2 521<South West Australia>
522,10 527,2 530,6 560,4 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,5 579,1
580<\i{}Anarthria\i0{}> 581<This description, prepared with reference
only to \i{}Anarthria\i0{}, needs revising if latter-day proposals to
transfer the S.W. Australian monotypics \i{}Hopkinsia\i0{} and
\i{}Lyginia\i0{} from Restionaceae be accepted.> 586<anarthri>
 
# Ancistrocladaceae <Planch.>/
5,4 27,3 28,1<the branch tips twining>/6<the branch tips hooked> 30,1 39,1
40,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 74,1<minute> 85,1 90,U 92,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,7 106,1 107,2 112,1 113,1 115,1/2 139,1 140,1 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 154,1<mostly, usually>/2/3/5 155<very>,2
156,3 157,2 159,1 161,1 165<well developed, usually in tangential bands>
166,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8&3&1 192<often apparently>,1<axillary or
terminal> 195<spikes, panicles or racemes representing lax or rarely
condensed dichotomous cymes> 203,2 206,1-2/3 209,1<the calyx becoming very
irregular in fruit> 212,5 213,1 215,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,3 245,1<markedly unequal in the fruit>/3 248,1 249,1<forming a
winged crown for the floating fruit> 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1/3<at the base>
260,3 265,2 271<more or less>,1 278,10/5<rarely> 280,2 282,2<to the base of
the corolla> 284,2<5 somewhat larger>/1<when only 5> 285,2<at the bases of
the filaments> 286,1 287,1 289,1 295,10/5 298,2/3 300<usually>,3/- 309,3
310,3/2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,2 352,1
353,1 361,3 363,1-2 368,3 375,1 378,1 381,3 385,2 404,2 409,2 412,8 419<the
nut with its crown of sepals> 420<by water> 422,1 423,1 424<starchy> 430,1
433,2 447,1 486,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3 520,4 521<tropical Africa
to Western Malaysia> 522,2&4&6&8&9 527,1 528,1<presumably, though not
recorded embryologically> 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50
578,20 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Ancistrocladus\i0{}> 586<ancistro> 
 
# Androstachydaceae <Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picrodendraceae\i0{}> 5,1<poplar-like in
habit, with decussate branching> 6,3 31,1 39,2 45,1 53,1/2 54<when simple,
somewhat>,1/- 56<when compound,>,3/5<37 foliolate> 68,1 69,2 70,2
71,1<forming an oblong, flattened sheath enclosing the terminal bud> 90,U
116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,2<?> 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2 187,1<when
female>/2<amentiform, cernuous, in shortly pedunculate triads when male>
188<when solitary/female,>,2 189,11<when male> 203,2 213,3<male>/1<female>
214,1&2<spiralled, in male flowers> 218,2 220,2<in both male and female
flowers> 223,3 224,2-3<in lateral members of the male triads>/5<in the
terminal male flower>/5-6<in female flowers> 229,U 236,2-3<in lateral
members of the male triads>/5<in the terminal male flower>/5-6<in female
flowers> 239,1 251<more or less>,1 276,1/2<from female flowers>
277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<in male flowers>,20-100<?many,
spiralled on an elongated axis> 282,1 285,1 289,1 295,20-100<?many>
298,5 303,3<the filaments very short> 313<apiculate> 328,1 329,4-12
330<(oligo-)>,9 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339<in female flower,>,3(-5)
342,3(-5) 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,3(-5) 360,2 361,3(-5) 365,1 368,3(-5)
376,3 379,2 381,1 385,2 388,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4&5 422,1 520,4
521<southeast tropical Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&7&8 527,1 528,1 529,6<?>
536,9<?> 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,14 577,49<as a synonym of
\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}A. johnsonii\i0{}, with several
segregates reduced to synonymy> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Androstachys\i0{}> 581<Exhibiting very peculiar inflorescences and male
floral morphology, but seemingly otherwise separable from
\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} only via the impressive ochreate stipules. The
source of Airy Shaws 1973 reference to anatomical evidence being against
inclusion in \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} has not been located.> 586<androsta> 
 
# Anemarrhenaceae <Conran, M.W. Chase & Rudall>/
2<\i{}Agavaceae\i0{}, \i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,1 25<shortly>,3
39,1 40,1<?> 47,1 52,2 53,1 60,2 62<grass-like,>,3 64,4 65,2<?> 76,1 81,1
92,1 148,1 175,1 176,2 177,1<with the supposedly dioecious
\i{}Terauchia\i0{} representing a smut-induced monstrosity> 187,2
189,8<these condensed, spicate> 194,1 195<terminal, erect, pedunculate,
leafy, spicate condensed panicles> 203,2 206,1 212,3 215,2 219,1<the tepals
connivent into a short tube, the narrow, 3-nerved segments spreading> 223,5
224,6 225,2<the segments free above the perigone tube> 226,2 227,1
228,1-2<?> 230,1 231,1-2/8/11<with brownish veins> 233,1 234,2 235,1 276,1
278,3 280,- 282,2<to the inner segments> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3
298,2 301,2<attached to the middle of the inner perianth segments>
303,3<the filaments short and flat> 306,1<linear> 308,1 309,3 310,3 318,1
339,3 341,2 342,3<and 3-angled> 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1
360<shortly>,2 361,1<filiform> 365,1 368,1<small> 371,3<small> 376,1-2
379,2 381,3 384,1 385,2 386,3 404,2 409,1 412,1<sub-globosse to
triquetrous> 414,5 419,1 421,3-6<1-2 per locule> 422,1<endosperm fleshy>
426<fusiform-triangular> 430,2 433,2 436<cylindric> 442,1 443,2 448,2 451,1
453,1 454,2 504,1/2 521<north China> 522,4 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5
575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1
580<\i{}Anemarrhena asphodeloides\i0{}> 581<Data mostly from Conran \i{}et
al\i0{}. (1997). This description is insufficiently detailed, and
inadequate for cross-referencing with \i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}; but it
depicts \i{}Anemarrhena\i0{} as differing from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
in habit and leaf form, the single whorl of 3 stamens and the capsular
fruit, also in seedling morphology.> 582<cultivated ornamental>
586<anemarrh> 
 
# Anisophylleaceae <(Schimp.) Ridl.>/
3<\i{}Polygonanthaceae\i0{} (Croiz.) Croiz.> 5,1&3<of wet primary forest,
with some mangroves> 32,2 36,1<anisophyllous, or with reduced stipular
homologues>/2<\i{}Combretocarpus\i0{}> 39,1
40,1/2/3<\i{}Anisophyllea\i0{}> 53,1 60,2 64,3<35 plinerved> 68,2 90,U
92,1-3 143,1 144,1 148,2 150,2 152,3 153,3 154,1/1&2&3&4 156,3 157,2
159,1/2 160<commonly>,1 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,U 165,1-2 168,U 175,1/2&3
176,1/2 177,2<mostly>/1<\i{}Combretocarpus\i0{}> 180,1/2 187,2/1<rarely>
188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,2&8 192<when flowers
aggregated>,1/2 194,2 195<axillary racemes or panicles on leafless shoots>
206,1 212,(2-)3/4(-5) 223,1 224,6-10(-32) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4(-16)
238,1 239,1 248,1 251,3 254,(3-)4(-16) 255,1 258,1 265,3 274,1 275<lobed or
laciniate, except in \i{}Polygonanthus\i0{}> 277,1/2<rarely  when female>
278,8 285,1 287,2 289,1/2<sometimes with several stamens barren> 295,8
298,3 302,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 324,1/2<?> 327<at least sometimes>,3 328,1
329,3 330,8<to colporoidate> 338,1/2<rarely, when male> 339,(3-)4 342,(3-)4
343,3 344,4 345,3 352,2 353,(3-)4 359,1<crenate> 360,2 361,(3-)4 363,1
368,(3-)4 376,3 379,1/2 381,1 385,1/2 386,3 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1&10<\i{}Combretocarpus\i0{}>/7
421<usually>,1<usually>/3-4<\i{}Poga\i0{}> 422,2 429,1/2 433<reduced,>,0/2
447,2 487,2 495,1<very commonly> 500<including>,1&2 520,4 521<tropical,
widespread> 522,4&6&8&9&10&13&14&15 527,1 528,1<?  polypetalous,
exstipulate, but no embryology> 529,21 551,5<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,36 578,36 579,4 580<\i{}Anisophyllea\i0{},
\i{}Combretocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Poga\i0{}, \i{}Polygonanthus\i0{}>
586<anisophy> 
 
# Annonaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Hornschuchiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Monodoraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh>
5,1/3/4 7,1 8,1/2 27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,6/1/2 37,1 39,1 40,2 47,2
50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 85,1<recorded in 3 genera>
86,2<<92%> usually>/3<in 1/12 species> 90,U 92,1 100,1/2 104,3 115,2
116,1/2 117,1/2/3 120<usually>,1<?> 121,1/2 122,1/2 127,1
130,2<\i{}Annona\i0{}> 132,1 134,1<commonly, comprising stone cells>/2
135,2<with groups of stone cells even in the absence of complete septa>
137,1 138,2 139,1 140,2 141,1<with three traces>/2<according to Lammers
\i{}et al\i0{} 1986> 143,1/2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1/2/3
151,1<but these rather few> 152<variously>,1-3 153<very>,1 154,1&2&3&4
155,1 156,3 157,2 158,1<rarely, reported in \i{}Asimena\i0{}>/2 161,1 164,2
165,1 166,1 167,2 169<commonly>,2<VP> 170,2<?> 175,1/2&3<rarely>/2/3
176,1/2 177,1/2<<10%> rarely>/5 187,1/2 192<when flowers aggregated,>,2
206,1 213,1/2 214<sometimes>,2<spiralled>/- 218,2 220,1 223,1/4/5<hard to
interpret - usually described as
P3+3+3, with the outer one or two whorls sepaloid> 224,9<usually>/10-12
225<basally>,2/1 226<usually>,3 227,1 229,U 230,1/2 236,3/6 238<usually>,2/- 
239,1<usually>/3<somtimes being basally fused> 241,3 251,3/4 254,3/6
255,1-2 258,1/3<sometimes, basally> 265,1/3 277,1/2<rarely> 
278<usually>,25-100<i.e. many>
280,1/2 281<when many,>,1 282,1 284,1 285,1 287<rarely>,3/6<otherwise
spiralled> 289,1<usually>/2<e.g. in \i{}Uvaria\i0{} spp., where the outer
members may be imperfect> 291<when present,>,1 293,2 295,25-100<many>
306,4 308,2 309,3/5 310,1 312,2 313,1<via expansion of the connective>
315,1 318,1/2 319,1/2/3 320,2 321,2 322,2 323,2 324,1<5 genera>/2 327<when
aggregated,>,3<usually>/4<octads in \i{}Trigynaea\i0{}> 328,1<usually>/2
329,1<mostly>/2 330<(mono)>,1<mostly, occasionally with two parallel
furrows at the equator>/5<rarely> 337,1 338,1/2<rarely>
339<usually>,10-100<or more  i.e. many> 342<when syncarpous,>,1/2-15<or
more?> 343,2<usually>/3<<10%> rarely> 344,2<the carpels spiralled or
cyclic>/5-6<e.g. \i{}Monodora\i0{}> 345,1 350,1-10 351<of free carpels>,3
352,1/2 353<when syncarpous>,1/2-15<or more  i.e. multilocular> 372,1
373,1 374,3 375<when unilocular>,2/1 376<when plurilocular>,1 378<when
unilocular,>,1-50 379,10-50<i.e. many> 381,3 382,1 383,1 385,1/2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 390,2 391,1 392,1/2<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1
399,1/2 400,1 403,1 404,1 405,1<commonly an aggregate of berries> 406,1/2
407,2 408,8 422,1 423,1<by contrast with Magnoliaceae> 424,1 431,1
435,2<4/5> 447,1/2 466,2<\i{}Annona\i0{}> 469,1<usually>/2<\i{}Annona
squamosa\i0{}> 472,1/2 475,1<commonly <66%>>/2 483,2 484,2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1 490,1/2 491<when present,>,2 492,2<2 genera, 3 species> 497,1
498,1<a> 520,3&4 521<widespread, especially Old World>
522,4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 8, 9> 527,1 528,1 529,1
531,1 565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4 577,8 578,1200 579,126
580<\i{}Afroguatteria\i0{}, \i{}Alphonsea\i0{}, \i{}Ambavia\i0{},
\i{}Anaxagorea\i0{}, \i{}Ancana\i0{}, \i{}Annickia\i0{}, \i{}Annona\i0{},
\i{}Anomianthus\i0{}, \i{}Anonidium\i0{}, \i{}Artabotrys\i0{},
\i{}Asimina\i0{}, \i{}Asteranthe\i0{}, \i{}Balonga\i0{}, \i{}Bocagea\i0{},
\i{}Bocageopsis\i0{}, \i{}Boutiquea\i0{}, \i{}Cananga\i0{},
\i{}Cardiopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Chieniodendron\i0{}, \i{}Cleistochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Cleistopholis\i0{}, \i{}Cremastosperma\i0{}, \i{}Cyathocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Cyathostemma\i0{}, \i{}Cymbopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Dasoclema\i0{},
\i{}Dasymaschalon\i0{}, \i{}Deeringothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Dendrokingstonia\i0{}, \i{}Dennettia\i0{}, \i{}Desmopsis\i0{},
\i{}Desmos\i0{}, \i{}Diclinanona\i0{}, \i{}Dielsiothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Disepalum\i0{}, \i{}Duckeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Duguetia\i0{},
\i{}Ellipeia\i0{}, \i{}Ellipeiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Enicosanthum\i0{},
\i{}Ephedranthus\i0{}, \i{}Exellia\i0{}, \i{}Fissistigma\i0{},
\i{}Fitzalania\i0{}, \i{}Friesodielsia\i0{}, \i{}Froesiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Fusaea\i0{}, \i{}Gilbertiella\i0{}, \i{}Goniothalamus\i0{},
\i{}Greenwayodendron\i0{}, \i{}Guamia\i0{}, \i{}Guatteria\i0{},
\i{}Guatteriella\i0{}, \i{}Guatteriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Haplostichanthus\i0{},
\i{}Heteropetalum\i0{}, \i{}Hexalobus\i0{}, \i{}Hornschuchia\i0{},
\i{}Isolona\i0{}, \i{}Letestudoxa\i0{}, \i{}Lettowianthus\i0{},
\i{}Malmea\i0{}, \i{}Marsypopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Meiocarpidium\i0{},
\i{}Meiogyne\i0{}, \i{}Melodorum\i0{}, \i{}Mezzettia\i0{},
\i{}Mezzettiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Miliusa\i0{}, \i{}Mischogyne\i0{},
\i{}Mitrella\i0{}, \i{}Mitrephora\i0{}, \i{}Mkilua\i0{},
\i{}Monanthotaxis\i0{}, \i{}Monocarpia\i0{}, \i{}Monocyclanthus\i0{},
\i{}Monodora\i0{}, \i{}Neostenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Neo-uvaria\i0{},
\i{}Oncodostigma\i0{}, \i{}Onychopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Ophrypetalum\i0{},
\i{}Oreomitra\i0{},\i{}Orophea\i0{}, \i{}Oxandra\i0{},
\i{}Pachypodanthium\i0{}, \i{}Papualthia\i0{}, \i{}Petalolophus\i0{},
\i{}Phaeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Phoenicanthus\i0{}, \i{}Piptostigma\i0{},
\i{}Platymitra\i0{}, \i{}Polyalthia\i0{}, \i{}Polyaulax\i0{},
\i{}Polyceratocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Popowia\i0{}, \i{}Porcelia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudartabotrys\i0{}, \i{}Pseudephedranthus\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoxandra\i0{}, \i{}Pseuduvaria\i0{}, \i{}Pyramidanthe\i0{},
\i{}Raimondia\i0{}, \i{}Reedrollinsia\i0{}, \i{}Richella\i0{},
\i{}Rollinia\i0{}, \i{}Ruizodendron\i0{}, \i{}Sageraea\i0{},
\i{}Sapranthus\i0{}, \i{}Schefferomitra\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerocoryne\i0{},
\i{}Stelechocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Stenanona\i0{}, \i{}Tetrameranthus\i0{},
\i{}Tetrapetalum\i0{}, \i{}Toussaintia\i0{}, \i{}Tridimeris\i0{},
\i{}Trigynaea\i0{}, \i{}Trivalvaria\i0{}, \i{}Unonopsis\i0{},
\i{}Uvaria\i0{}, \i{}Uvariastrum\i0{}, \i{}Uvariodendron\i0{},
\i{}Uvariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Woodiellantha\i0{}, \i{}Xylopia\i0{}>
582<Important commercial fruits from \i{}Annona\i0{} spp. (atemoya,
cherimoya, custard-apple, ilarma, sugar-apple, sweet sop, sour sop),
\i{}Artabotrys\i0{}.> 586<annonace> 
 
# Anthericaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Johnsoniaceae\i0{} Lotsy, 
\i{}Laxmanniaceae\i0{}>
4<\i{}Anemarrhenaceae\i0{}, \i{}Boryaceae\i0{} Chase, Rudall & Conran,
\i{}Hostaceae\i0{} B. Mathew> 
5,5/3 9,1/2 10<the switch forms>,1 12,2<in
some Australian genera>/1 21,3 22,1/2 25,2/3/4 27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,1
32,3/4 37,1 39,1
40,1<usually>/2<rarely> 42,1/2/4<or triquetrous>/- 43,1/2/4 45,1<rarely>/3
47,1 48,2 49,1 52,1<e.g. \i{}Johnsonia\i0{}>/2 53,1 60,2
62,3<usually>/4/6/7 64,4 65,2 67,1<rarely>/2 68,- 76,1
92,1<commonly>/2<e.g. \i{}Johnsonia\i0{}> 102<usually>,1 104,1 121,U 123,1
124,1 128<where sought,>,2 148,1 151<often>,1 156,2<usually>/3<rarely>
173,1 174,2/3 175,1 176,2 177,1 180,1<notably exemplified by the widely
cultivated \i{}Chlorophytum comosum\i0{}>/2 182,1 183,3<from septal
nectaries> 187,2 189,8&2&3&4&5 192,1/2<simple or compound> 193,1 194,1
195<very varied, even including spikes resembling large grass spikelets in
\i{}Johnsonia\i0{}> 196,1/2 197,1/2 203,2/3 206,1 212,3 213,1
215,3<usually>/2 219,1/2 223,1<the whorls sometimes rather different>/5
224,6 225,1/2<sometimes with a basal tube> 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2 230,1/2
231,2/6/4/10/9<mostly white, yellow, blue, rose or violet>
235,1<\i{}Arthropodium\i0{}, \i{}Chamaescilla\i0{} \i{}Chlorophytum\i0{},
\i{}Dichopogon\i0{}, \i{}Murchisonia\i0{},
\i{}Thysanotus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Alania\i0{}, \i{}Arnocrinum\i0{},
\i{}Caesia\i0{}, \i{}Hensmania\i0{}, \i{}Herpolirion\i0{},
\i{}Hodgsoniola\i0{}, \i{}Johnsonia\i0{}, \i{}Laxmannia\i0{},
\i{}Sowerbaea\i0{}, \i{}Stawellia\i0{}, \i{}Tricoryne\i0{}> 236<(if the
outer whorl so interpreted)>,3 238,1 245,3 254<(if the inner whorl so
interpreted)>,3 255,1 267,3 275<sometimes>,3/- 278,6<usually>/3<in several
genera> 282,1/2<to the perianth> 284,1/2 285,1/2 286<when
joined,>,1<basally connate> 287,1/2 289,1/2<e.g. in \i{}Sowerbaea\i0{}
spp., \i{}Hodgsonia\i0{}> 290<when present,>,3 295,3/6 298,2/3 301,1/2
306,1/2 309,3 310,3 312,2 316,1 318,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Tricoryne\i0{}>
328,1 329,1 330,1<sometimes tri- or tetrachotomosulcate> 337,1 339,3 341,2
342,3 343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 365<almost>,3<e.g.
\i{}Trichoryne\i0{}>/1 370,2-3 372<usually>,2 376,2 379,2-50<to many>
385,1<commonly>/2<e.g., \i{}Chlorophytum\i0{}> 386,4&5<rarely anatropous?>
387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,3 404,2
409,1<usually>/3<rarely, e.g.\i{}Tricoryne\i0{}> 410<in
\i{}Trichoryne\i0{},>,3 412<usually>,1 414,2/4&5/5 422,1 433,1 435,2<2/2>
436,1-2 442,1 443,2<mostly>/4<sometimes, in species of
\i{}Chlorophytum\i0{} and \i{}Sowerbaea\i0{}> 447,- 448<with
\i{}Anemarrhena\i0{} excluded,>,1<short to longish> 449,2 450,2 451,1/2
452,1/2 454,1<e.g. \i{}Chlorophytum\i0{}, \i{}Sowerbaea\i0{}> 456,2 457,2/3
458,2 472,1/2 475,2 487,1 490,2 492,2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3&5
507,2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4 510,1&2&3&4 512,1&2&3&4&5&6 513,1&2&3
514,1 520,4<mostly> 521<widespread> 522,4&5&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 527,2 530,4
558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578<about>,250 579,22
580<\i{}Agrostocrinum\i0{}, \i{}Alania\i0{}, \i{}Anthericum\i0{},
\i{}Arnocrinum\i0{}, \i{}Arthropodium\i0{}, 
\i{}Bottinaea\i0{}, \i{}Caesia\i0{}, \i{}Chlorophytum\i0{}
(Asparagaceae-Agavoideae: APG III), \i{}Chamaescilla\i0{} (or Asparagaceae,
or Asphodelaceae?!), \i{}Comospermum\i0{}, \i{}Corynotheca\i0{} (or
\i{}Phormiaceae\i0{}), \i{}Diamena\i0{}, \i{}Dichopogon\i0{},
\i{}Diora\i0{}, \i{}Echeandia\i0{}, \i{}Eremocrinum\i0{},
\i{}Hagenbachia\i0{}, \i{}Hensmania\i0{}, \i{}Herpolirion\i0{} (or
Asparagaceae, or Asphodelaceae?!), \i{}Hodgsoniola\i0{},
\i{}Johnsonia\i0{}, \i{}Laxmannia\i0{},\i{}Murchisonia\i0{}, 
\i{}Paradisea\i0{} (or
Agavaceae, Asphodelaceae, or Hyacinthaceae?), \i{}Pasithea\i0{}(?),
\i{}Sowerbaea\i0{}, \i{}Stawellia\i0{}, \i{}Thysanotus\i0{},
\i{}Trichopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Tricoryne\i0{}, \i{}Trihesperus\i0{}> 581<Cavalier
re-circumscriptions of asparagoid lily families proposed by (for example)
Chase \i{}et al\i0{} (1996) involve reducing \i{}Anthericaceae\i0{} to
eight genera, extending \i{}Lomandraceae\i0{} to 15 genera, raising Boryeae
to family rank, etc. These and subsequent APG proposals may have taxonomic
merit, but their practical implementation awaits completion of the
work in the form of revised fully comparative family descriptions and keys - 
a labour which most modern taxonomic researchers choose to avoid.>
586<antheric> 
 
# Antoniaceae <(Endl.) J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Strychnaceae\i0{}.> 5<small to
large>,1/3/4 27,1/3 32,3 39,2 45,1 46,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1<in the
form of a short sheath>/2<then the stipules represented by a ciliolate rim,
or an interpetiolar line> 69,1 72,1<often>/2 76,1/4 81,2 90,U 106,1/2
107<when present,>,1 112,2<glabrous or with simple hairs> 144,2 145,1 148,3
149,2 150,3<usually>/1<\i{}Usteria\i0{}> 152,3 155,2 156,3 157,1
159,1<abundant, in \i{}Usteria\i0{}>/2 161,1<\i{}Usteria\i0{}>/2<the rest>
162,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Usteria\i0{}> 165,1<mostly>/1&2<\i{}Usteria\i0{}>
167<of the foraminate type>,1 168,1<e.g., \i{}Usteria\i0{}>/2 169,3 175,1
176,2 177,1 181,1 187,2 189,1/8 192,1 194,1<usually>/1&2<\i{}Norrisia\i0{}>
195<several to many flowered, repeatedly dichasially branched to thyrsoid>
200,1 202,1 206,1-2<usually regular except for the sometimes unequal
sepals>/3<\i{}Usteria\i0{}> 207<of \i{}Usteria\i0{}>,1 209,1/1&2
212,5<usually>/4<\i{}Usteria\i0{}> 213,1 215,2 218,2 220<small or>,2 223,1
224,8-10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4-5 238,1 239,1/3 245,1<having one lobe
enlarged or petaloid>/3 248,1 249,2 251,1/3/4
254,4<\i{}Usteria\i0{}>/5<usually> 255,1 258,3<usually hairy inside>
260,1/2 265,3 266,7/8<the tube often slender> 267,3 268,2<or
cream>/3/6/7/8<or violet, or mauve> 271,1/2
278,5<usually>/1<\i{}Usteria\i0{}> 280,2 282,2<inserted at the mouth of the
corolla tube> 284,1/- 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5<usually>/1<\i{}Usteria\i0{}>
296,3 298,1<\i{}Usteria\i0{}>/2 299,2<the single stamen of \i{}Usteria\i0{}
inserted between the larger pair of corolla lobes> 300,1 306,1 309,3
310,2/3 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1<nearly
always>/2<rarely> 352,2 353,2 360,2 361,1<deciduous or persistent> 365,1
368,1<unbranched> 370,1/2 376,2<the placental stalk central>
379,15-50<many> 386,3/5 388,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4 421,1-50<to many>
422,1<the endosperm fleshy or starchy> 429,1<the wing diaphanous,
reticulate-veined> 436,1/2 475,2<or only traces present> 481,2 482,2 484,2
495,1<in \i{}Antonia ovata\i0{}> 504,2&3 506,1 520,4 521<Malaya, tropical
S. America, W. tropical Africa> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15
524<2\i{}n\i0{}= 22 (only \i{}Usteria\i0{} screened> 525,11 526,2 527,1
528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym
of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}> 578,8 579,4 580<\i{}Antonia\i0{},
\i{}Bonyunia\i0{}, \i{}Norrisia\i0{}, \i{}Usteria\i0{}> 581<See Leeuwenberg
1980, under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. Associated with \i{}Strychnaceae\i0{} via
cladistic analyses by Struwe \i{}et al\i0{} (1994), but in terms of the
data compiled for the present package, apart from differences in characters
relying on limited sampling (wood anatomical, iridoids, basic chromosome
number) they differ from \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) only in the the
valvate corolla and winged seeds, and from \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{} only in
the valvate corolla. See further comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.>
586<antoniac> 
 
# Aphanopetalaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{} in older systems.> 5<straggling>,4<with stems having
prominent lenticells> 27<more or less,>,1/3 28,6 32,3/4<in riparian scrub
in Eastern Australia, or limestone crevices in Western Australia> 39,2<4-10
cm long> 43,2 45<shortly> 53,1<not articulated on the petiole> 60,2
62,7/4<or elliptic-lanceolate> 64,2 66<obtuse or shortly acuminate,>,5
68,1-2<? - "with minute toothed structures around the internodes">
76<obtusely slightly>,3/1 77,1 87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U
133,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 157,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 167,U 168,U
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/8<lax> 192,1/2<?> 194,2 195<few flowered,
short cymes or sometimes loose panicles> 203,2<about 12 mm long> 206,1
212,4 215,1/2 218,1<adnate to the lower half of the ovary wall, above which
the perianth members and stamens separate> 223,1/3<the presence of petals
can vary among different flowers of the same individual> 224,4/8 226,1/2
227<when 2-whorled,>,1 236,4<white or cream, petaline> 238,1 239<basally>,3
241,3 245,3 248,1 249,1 251,1 254<when present>,4<minute> 255,1 256<when
present,>,1 258,1 267,3 278,8 280,2 282,1/2<each petal segment, when
present, basally adnate with the staminal filament in the same radius above
the level of separation from the ovary> 284,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,8 298,3
306,1-2 308,2 309,3 339,4 341,2 342,4 343,3 344,4-5 345,2<one-quarter to
half inferior> 352,2 353,4 360,2 361,4 363,2<separating only near their
apices, resulting in "a four-lobed style"> 365,1 368,4 372,2<?> 373,1<?>
374,2<?> 376,2 379,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 404,2 409,2 412,8<surrounded by the
persistent calyx> 422,1<?> 426,1 431,U 433,2 436,1 444,U 474,U 486,U 493,U
504,5 513,1&2 520,2 521<southern Queensland and New South Wales (\i{}A.
resinosum\i0{}) and S.W. Western Australia (\i{}A. clematidum\i0{})> 522,10
523,U 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,2
579,1 580<\i{}Aphanopetalum\i0{}> 584<This description lacks information on
esoteric characters (anther development, embryology, anatomy,
phytochemistry, etc.); and \i{}Aphanopetalum\i0{} needs pursuing with
special reference to features diagnostic for \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{} (e.g.,
zigzag micropyle?)> 586<aphanope> 
 
# Aphyllanthaceae <G.T. Burnett>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Aphyllanthoideae of APG
III \i{}et al\i0{}.> 5<rushlike>,5 9,2 12,2<to sheaths> 21,3 22,1
25<shortly>,3 32,4 39,1 40,1 42,- 45,- 47,1 49,1 53,1 59,- 66,- 68,2 76,-
77,- 82,- 104,1 121,U 123,1/2<?  raphides present in the stem cortex>
124,1<?> 128,2 148,3 149,2 151,2 163,U 173,1 174,2&3<mainly simple> 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from septal nectaries> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,8<these reduced> 193,1 195<of 12(3) flowers terminating each
of the wiry, assimilatory scapes> 196,1 200,1<each flower enclosed by one
or two free and five basally fused scales> 202,2 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,1 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2 230,1<the lobes narrowly
elliptic-oblong> 231,10 235,2 278,6 282,2<at the mouth of the perigone
tube> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 306,1<epipeltate> 309,3 310,3 312,2
316,1 318,1 328,1 330,11 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,3
360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 367,1 368,3 372,2 373,1 379,1 386,3 388,2 400,3
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,1 432,3 436,1 438<as long as the endosperm>
442<thinly>,1 443,2 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 456,2
457,2 458,2 475,2 487,1 488,2 490,2 492,2 504,1 505,2 508,2 521<West
Mediterranean> 522,3 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a
synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Aphyllanthes
monspeliensis\i0{}> 579,1 580<\i{}Aphyllanthes\i0{}> 581<According to the
comparative data compililed for this package, differing from
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in vegetative anatomy,
embryology, pollen morphology and seedling form, as well as in conspicuous
habit, inflorescence, gynoecium and fruit characters.> 586<aphyllan> 
 
# Apocynaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Plumeriaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Emetiaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Vincaceae\i0{} von Vest, \i{}Willughbejieae\i0{}
(\i{}Willughbeiaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh> 4<\i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{},
\i{}Periplocaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plocospermataceae\i0{}.> 5,1<a few, e.g. in
\i{}Tabernaemontana\i0{}, \i{}Dyera\i0{}>/3/4<mostly>/5<e.g.
\i{}Vinca\i0{}> 6,1 27,3<usually>/1<<15%> sometimes> 28<mostly>,1<with
hooks> 29,2<\i{}Dipladenia\i0{}> 37,1 39,1/2/3 41<when whorled>,3 43,1/2
53,1 60,2 64,2 68,1<<15%> rarely>/2 69<when present,>,1<small> 85,1<in 15
genera> 86,1/2/3 87,1<non-articulated, branched or unbranched> 88,1&2 90,U
92,1<usually>/2<e.g., isobilateral in \i{}Nerium oleander\i0{}>
99,1<sometimes>/2 104,1/3<sometimes mixtures of anomocytics and
paracytics>/6<rarely> 106,1<represented by diverse forms> 107,1/2<often
with glandular shaggy hairs at lamina bases and on the petiole> 112,2<the
only recorded exception being \i{}Pachypodium\i0{}> 115,1<commonly>/2
122,1<spicular cells recorded in several genera, in the form of
extensions from the sclerenchyma around the veins>/2 123,1 124,1&2&3
125<usually>,1<often with a bicollateral vascular bundle>
130,2<\i{}Dipladenia\i0{}, \i{}Trachelospermum\i0{}, \i{}Vinca\i0{}> 139,1
140,1<rarely>/2 141,1 143,1 144,2 145,1<usually, in the form of a ring or
as bundles around the margin of the pith, sometimes with additional arcs of
phloem more deeply seated in the pith> 148,2/3 149,1/2 150<usually>,3
152,2/3 153<usually>,1/2<sometimes>/3<rarely> 154,1<commonly exclusively
so>/2/3/4/5 156,3/2&3<then with few bars> 157,1/2 158,1/2 159,1 160,1/2
161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 164,2 165,1<usually>/2<in a few
genera> 167,1<\i{}Lyonsia\i0{}>/2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1 176,2 177,1
186,1<usually with a highly modified stylar head and specialised anthers>
187,2 192<usually a panicle> 200,1 202,1 206,1 212<usually>,4-5 213,1 215,2
220<usually>,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 245,3
251,1<quincuncial>/4 252,2 254,5 255,1 257,1<often, in the form of scales in
the throat>/2 258,3 260,1-3 265,2<usually>/3<<15%> rarely, e.g. in some
\i{}Urceola\i0{} species> 266,6/7 267,3 268,2/3/5/6/7/8 278,5 280,2
282,2<epipetalous> 283,1<most Apocynoideae>/2<most Plumerioideae> 285,1/2
287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1/2/3 298,2 299,2 300,1 305,3/2<often sagittate,
empty below and prolonged into spines, sometimes united with the stylar
head>/1 306,2/4 308,2 312,2 313,1<by prolongation of the connective>/2
314,1 318,1/2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3-4 
330,7/8 337,1<8 genera>/2<7
genera> 339,2<nearly always>/2-5(-8)<<0.2%> only in the 3 species of
\i{}Pleiocarpa\i0{}> 342,1-2 343,3<but sometimes the carpels united only by
their styles> 344,5-6/7<Plumerieae, \i{}Pleiocarpa\i0{}> 345,1/2 350<when
synstylous,>,2-50<to many?> 351<when synstylous,>,2<ventral> 352<when
ovaries joined,>,1/2/1-2 353<when ovaries joined,>,1/2/1-2<or when
synstylous with free ovaries, these usually 2 but 25(8) in
\i{}Pleiocarpa\i0{}> 356<when G2, i.e. nearly always,>,3 361,1 368,1<the
head usually massively thickened, contracted in the middle, with a ring, a
ring of hairs or a membrane below> 372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2&3&4 375<when
unilocular, with the two placentas>,2 376<when bilocular,>,2/3<and
sometimes the ovaries are bilocular with axile placentation below, and
unilocular with parietal placentation above> 378<when unilocular or
incompletely bilocular>,2-100<?to many> 379<when
bilocular,>,2/4/6/25-50<many> 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 403,3 404,1/2 409,1/2/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,2 411,3/2/4<?indehiscent mericarps>/7 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,1/6/7 422<copiously to scantily>,1/2 424,1 426<usually
flat> 427,1<comose, in the Apocynoideae>/2<Plumerioideae> 433,2 434,1/2/3
435,2<10/12> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Apocynum\i0{}, \i{}Nerium\i0{},
\i{}Pachypodium\i0{}, \i{}Plumeria\i0{}, \i{}Rhazya\i0{}>
464<\i{}Carissa\i0{} (non-succulent), \i{}Pachypodium\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Apocynum\i0{}, \i{}Allamanda\i0{}, \i{}Nerium\i0{},
\i{}Plumeria\i0{}> 469,1/2/3 472,1<rarely <10%>>/2<mostly> 475,1<mostly
<73%>>/2 481,2 484,1<in three genera> 485,2<b>/1&2<doubtfully> 487,1/2
488,1/2 489,1<mostly>/1&2 490,1/2 491<when present,>,1/2/1&2<mostly>
492,2<14 species, 12 genera> 494,1 495,1<<5%> a few genera only>/2<mostly>
497,2 520,2<a few>/3-4<mainly> 521<widespread>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8-12(+)> 527,1
528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58 578,1500
579,164 580<\i{}Acokanthera\i0{}, \i{}Adenium\i0{}, \i{}Aganonerion\i0{},
\i{}Aganosma\i0{}, \i{}Alafia\i0{}, \i{}Allamanda\i0{},
\i{}Allomarkgrafia\i0{}, \i{}Allowoodsonia\i0{}, \i{}Alstonia\i0{},
\i{}Alyxia\i0{}, \i{}Amocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Ambelania\i0{}, \i{}Amsonia\i0{},
\i{}Ancylobothrys\i0{}, \i{}Anechites\i0{}, \i{}Angadenia\i0{}, \i{}
Anodendron\i0{}, \i{}Apocynum\i0{}, \i{}Arduina\i0{}, \i{}Artia\i0{}, \i{}
Asketanthera\i0{}, \i{}Aspidosperma\i0{}, \i{}Baissea\i0{}, \i{}
Beaumontia\i0{},  \i{}Boucerosia\i0{}, \i{}Bousigonia\i0{}, \i{}
Cabucala\i0{}, \i{}Callichilia\i0{}, \i{}Calocrater\i0{}, \i{}
Cameraria\i0{}, \i{}Carissa\i0{}, \i{}Carpodinus\i0{}, \i{}
Carruthersia\i0{}, \i{}Carvalhoa\i0{}, \i{}Cascabela\i0{}, \i{}
Catharanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cerbera\i0{}, \i{}Cerberiopsis\i0{}, \i{}
Chamaeclitandra\i0{}, \i{}Chilocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chonemorpha\i0{}, \i{}
Cleghornia\i0{}, \i{}Clitandra\i0{}, \i{}Condylocarpon\i0{}, \i{}
Couma\i0{}, \i{}Craspidospermum\i0{}, \i{}Crioceras\i0{}, \i{}
Cycladenia\i0{}, \i{}Cyclocotyla\i0{}, \i{}Cylindropsis\i0{}, \i{}
Delphyodon\i0{}, \i{}Dewevrella\i0{}, \i{}Dictyophleba\i0{}, \i{}
Dipladenia\i0{}, \i{}Diplorhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Dyera\i0{}, 
\i{}Ecdysanthera\i0{}, \i{}Echites\i0{}, \i{}Elytropus\i0{}, \i{}Epigynium\i0{},
\i{}Eucorymbia\i0{}, \i{}Farquharia\i0{}, \i{}Fernaldia\i0{},
\i{}Forsteronia\i0{}, \i{}Funtumia\i0{}, \i{}Galactophora\i0{},
\i{}Geissospermum\i0{}, \i{}Gonioma\i0{}, \i{}Grisseea\i0{},
\i{}Hancornia\i0{}, \i{}Haplophyton\i0{}, \i{}Himatanthus\i0{},
\i{}Holarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Hunteria\i0{}, \i{}Hymenolophus\i0{},
\i{}Ichnocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Isonema\i0{}, \i{}Ixodonerium\i0{},
\i{}Kamettia\i0{}, \i{}Kibatalia\i0{}, \i{}Kopsia\i0{}, \i{}Lacmellea\i0{},
\i{}Landolphia\i0{}, \i{}Laubertia\i0{}, \i{}Laxoplumeria\i0{},
\i{}Lepinia\i0{}, \i{}Lepiniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Leuconotis\i0{},
\i{}Lochnera\i0{}, \i{}Lyonsia\i0{}, \i{}Macoubea\i0{},
\i{}Macropharynx\i0{}, \i{}Macrosiphonia\i0{}, \i{}Malouetia\i0{},
\i{}Mandevilla\i0{}, \i{}Mascarenhasia\i0{}, \i{}Melodinus\i0{},
\i{}Mesechites\i0{}, \i{}Micholitzia\i0{}, 
\i{}Micrechtites\i0{}, \i{}Microplumeria\i0{},
\i{}Molongum\i0{}, \i{}Mortoniella\i0{}, \i{}Motandra\i0{}, \i{}Mucoa\i0{},
\i{}Neobracea\i0{}, \i{}Neocouma\i0{}, \i{}Nerium\i0{}, \i{}Nouettea\i0{},
\i{}Ochrosia\i0{}, \i{}Odontadenia\i0{}, \i{}Oncinotis\i0{},
\i{}Orthopichonia\i0{}, \i{}Pachypodium\i0{}, \i{}Pachouria\i0{},
\i{}Papuechites\i0{}, \i{}Parahancornia\i0{}, \i{}Parameria\i0{},
\i{}Parepigynum\i0{}, \i{}Parsonsia\i0{}, \i{}Peltastes\i0{},
\i{}Pentalinon\i0{}, \i{}Petchia\i0{}, \i{}Picralima\i0{},
\i{}Plectaneia\i0{}, \i{}Pleiocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Pleioceras\i0{},
\i{}Plumeria\i0{}, \i{}Pottsia\i0{}, \i{}Prestonia\i0{},
\i{}Pycnobotrya\i0{}, \i{}Quiotania\i0{}, \i{}Rauvolfia\i0{},
\i{}Rhabdadenia\i0{}, \i{}Rhazya\i0{}, \i{}Rhigospira\i0{},
\i{}Rhodocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Rhyncodia\i0{}, \i{}Saba\i0{},
\i{}Salpinctes\i0{}, \i{}Schizozygia\i0{}, \i{}Secondatia\i0{},
\i{}Sindechites\i0{}, \i{}Skytanthus\i0{}, \i{}Spirolobium\i0{},
\i{}Spongiosperma\i0{}, \i{}Stemmadenia\i0{}, \i{}Stephanostegia\i0{},
\i{}Stephanostema\i0{}, \i{}Stipecoma\i0{}, \i{}Strempeliopsis\i0{},
\i{}Strophanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tabernaemontana\i0{}, \i{}Tabernanthe\i0{},
\i{}Temnadenia\i0{}, \i{}Thenardia\i0{}, \i{}Thevetia\i0{},
\i{}Tintinnabularia\i0{}, \i{}Trachelospermum\i0{}, \i{}Urceola\i0{},
\i{}Urnularia\i0{}, \i{}Vahadenia\i0{}, \i{}Vallariopsis\i0{},
\i{}Vallaris\i0{}, \i{}Vallesia\i0{}, \i{}Vinca\i0{}, \i{}Voacanga\i0{},
\i{}Willughbeia\i0{}, \i{}Woytkowskia\i0{}, \i{}Wrightia\i0{},
\i{}Xylinabaria\i0{}, \i{}Xylinabariopsis\i0{}.> 581<These compiled
descriptions offer abundant evidence in terms of esoteric characters
(anatomical, embryological, biochemical), as well as conspicuous general
morphlogical features, to justify retaining \i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{},
\i{}Periplocaceae\i0{} and \i{}Plocospermataceae\i0{} as separate families
on practical grounds.> 582<Many past, inferior commercial sources of rubber
(e.g. \i{}Carpodinus\i0{}, \i{}Landolphia\i0{}, \i{}Mascarenhasia\i0{}),
numerous showy ornamentals, several sources of drugs and alkaloids, edible
fruit (Natal plum) from \i{}Carissa carandas\i0{}.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . . the sky-blue Periwinkle . . .
\line{}Pentagonally formd, to mock the skill \line{}Of proud geometers
\line{}(Hurdis, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Vinca
minor\i0{})> 586<apocynac> 
 
# Apodanthaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Rafflesiaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 5<very peculiar endoparasitic>,5 9,3
11<the vegetative parts>,2/3 12,2/3<being represented only by 1-several
series of floral bracts> 13,2 14,- 15,2 16,3<permeating the host tissues,
with only the flowers exserted> 17,2 18,2<\i{}Berlinianche\i0{} and
\i{}Pilostyles\i0{} being parasites of legumes, and \i{}Apodanthes\i0{} of
a range of families including \i{}Salicaceae\i0{}, \i{}Burseraceae\i0{} and
\i{}Meliaceae\i0{}> 43<if the scales are interpreted as such,>,4<scales>
90,U 102,2 141,- 148,1<the vascular system vestigial or absent> 151<if
present,>,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,2/5<depending on the generic identity of the
host legume, in \i{}P. hamiltonii\i0{}> 184,2 187,1 203,1-2 205,2/3<?>
206,1 213,1 216,1<in male flowers, the anthers borne in one to several rows
beneath the expanded, fleshy apex of the central synandrial column>/2<in
female flowers, which exhibit an annular stigma around the margin of the
gynoecial column>/3<? - depending on interpretation of the columns> 218,2
223,3/4/5<depending on interpretation> 224,4/5(-10) 225,1 226,1<within the
whorls of scales> 228,2<at least in \i{}Pilosanthes\i0{}> 229,U 231,2<or
cream>/6<or red below and cream tipped> 232,1-2<imbricate> 277,1/2<from
female flowers> 278<of male flowers>,20-100<numerous members> 282,1
287,1-4<to several whorls> 289,1 295,15-100<numerous> 298,5 303,4 309,1
311,1/2<?> 312,2 324,2 326,U 328,2 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<in female
flowers,>,4 342,1 343,3 344,5/6<hard to interpret, the stout, columnar
style being expanded apically into a large, complex disk, with stigmatal
projections> 345,3 352,1 353,1 361,1 365,1 375,2 378,50-100<very
numerous, and very minute> 385,2 386,2-3 387,3<with rudimentary outer
integuments> 388,1 389,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 400,2<in
\i{}Pilostyles\i0{}> 403,3/4<?> 404,1 409,2 412,6 421<many> 422,1 426,1
432,1 504,1&2&3&4&5 520,2-4 521<tropical S. America (\i{}Apodanthes\i0{},
10 spp.) and tropical Africa (\i{}Berlinianche\i0{}, 2 spp.), with
\i{}Pilostyles\i0{} in N. and S. America (18 spp), Iran (1 sp.), and SW
Australia (2 spp.)> 522,2&6&7&10&12&13&15 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3 565,5
570,10 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,36<?> 578<about>,35 579,3
580<\i{}Apodanthes\i0{}, \i{}Berlinianche\i0{}, \i{}Pilostyles\i0{}>
581<Closely resembling \i{}Raffesiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.), but
differing in parasitizing the aerial parts of hosts, the very small
flowers, and the free androecium, as well as in geographical distribution.>
586<apodanth> 
 
# Aponogetonaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
5,5 6,1 21,3 25,2/3 27,- 32,1 34,2 35,2&3 36<often>,1/- 39,1 45,1 47,1 49,1
53,1 64,4 65,1<the tissue between the veins breaks up as the leaf matures,
leaving a network with holes> 68,- 75,1 87,1<articulated> 102,1<on floating
leaves> 104,3 116,2<assuming that Cronquists with well developed
secretory canals refer to laticifers> 121,U 123,1 124,3<?  no mention of
raphides> 128,2 130,2<\i{}Aponogeton\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,1/2 174,2 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from the sides of the carpels> 184,2 185,1/2
187,2<commonly projected above the water in 13 spikes> 193,-
197,1<sometimes>/2 199,1<the spathe caducous> 203,2 206<usually>,3 207<when
irregular (i.e. usually),>,1 209,1 213,1/2 214<sometimes>,3 219,2 223,5/7
224<when present,>,(1-)2(-6) 225,1 226,1 228,2 231<when
present,>,2<usually>/10/8 278,6<usually 3 + 3>/25-100<i.e. sometimes
many> 279,1<when many>/2 287,2-4 295,6(-50) 298,3-5 309,3 310,1/2 312,2
315,1 316,1 318,1/2 319,1/3 321,3 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,2 339,(2-)3-6(-9)
341,2/1/3 343,2 344,2-3<basally fused to varying extents> 345,1 348,2
350,1-8 351,3 357,2 372,2 373,1 374,2 381,3 386,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 400,3 404,2 405<more or less>,1 407,1 408,3 422,2
430,1 433,1<bifacial> 435,1 436,1 442,2<?> 443<fleshy or membranous> 447,1
448,1<short> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,2 454,2 455,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 468,1
472,2 475,2<2 species> 487,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1 491,1&2/2
492,2 520,3&4 521<palaeotropical and South Africa> 522,4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,2 530,1 555,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 
578<about>,45 579,1
580<only genera, \i{}Aponogeton\i0{} and \i{}Ouvirandra\i0{}> 582<Some aquarium 
and watergarden ornamentals.> 586<aponoget> 
 
# Apostasiaceae <Bl.>/
2<\i{}Orchidaceae-Apostasioideae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Neuwiediaceae\i0{}
(Burns-Balogh & Funk) R. Dahlgren \i{}ex\i0{} Reveal & Hoogland> 5,5 15,1-2
16,1 53,1 60,2 62,4 64,4 65,2 68,- 82,2 90,1<these in idioblasts (stegmata)
occurring along the fibres surrounding the vascular bundles> 98,2 102,1
104,4/1&4 106,2 121,U 123,1 124,1 128,2 143,4 144,1 148,1 151,2 171,1 173,1
174,2&3<mainly simple> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 192,2 193,1 195<racemes,
sometimes branched> 206,2-3 207<more or less>,1
208,1<\i{}Neuwiedia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Apostasia\i0{}> 209,1&2<more consistently
the latter> 212,3 213,1 215<supposedly basically>,3 219,2 223,5 224,6<3+3>
225,1 226,2<the median inner member sometimes larger, forming a labellum>
227,1 228,2 231,2/4 235,2<\i{}Apostasia\i0{}, \i{}Neuwiedia\i0{}>
278,2-3<the median of the outer whorl, which is sometimes missing, and the
two laterals of the inner whorl> 282,1 283<partially>,1 285,2<at the base,
and with the style> 287<theoretically>,2/1 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1<the
median member> 291,1 295,2/3 298,2 301,1<when the median of the outer whorl
is present>/2<when only the two laterals of the inner whorl are present>
303,3-4 306,1-2 309,3 310,3 316,1 318,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1<operculate>
339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,2 353,3 357,2 361,1 368,1 370,2-3
371,3 376,2 379,10-50<i.e. many> 386,3 404,1/2 409,2<disintegrating,
usually>/1 412,1 414<when dehiscent,>,5<\i{}Neuwiedia\i0{}>
421,30-100<many> 426,1 432,1/2 442,2 443<hyaline> 446,1 447,- 450,2 454,2
458,2 520,4 521<S.E. Asia, Indomalaya, tropical Australia> 522,4&9&10 527,2
530,4 558,5 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Orchidaceae\i0{}>
578,20 579,2-3 580<\i{}Apostasia\i0{} (including \i{}Adactylus\i0{}),
\i{}Neuwiedia\i0{}> 581<Evidently close to \i{}Orchidaceae sensu
stricto\i0{}, with the orchidaceous endomycorrhizal protocorm, but recorded
as differing in absence of foliar vessels, as well as more conspicuously so
in details of the androecium (2-3 fertile stamens with a single staminode
external to them) and the 3-locular ovary.> 586<apostasi> 
 
# Aquifoliaceae <Bartl.>/
1<\i{}Ilicaceae\i0{} Brongn.> 4<\i{}Phellinaceae\i0{},
\i{}Sphenostemonaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3 8,2 31,1 36<commonly>,1<at least
in \i{}Ilex aquifolium\i0{}, which commonly exhibits unarmed leaves on
mature shoots, cf. irreversible maturation in \i{}Hedera\i0{}>/2
37<usually>,1 39,1/2<rarely>/3<rarely in pseudowhorls> 40<usually>,1 43,2
45,1 47,2 53,1 60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1/4 64,2 65,1 68,1<stipules
small>/2<?> 74,1<often>/2 76,4<often prickly>/1/3 85,1<recorded in one
\i{}Ilex\i0{} species> 86,2 90,U 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
106,1<rarely>/2 107<when found,>,1 108,1<usually>/2<in some \i{}Ilex\i0{}
spp.> 109,2<with the lumina more or less obliterated> 110<where present,>,1
111,2<long and thin-walled> 112,2 123,1 124<exclusively>,2
130,2<\i{}Ilex\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,1/3 143,1/2<commonly traversed
by broad rays> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150<commonly>,1 152,1-3
153<mostly>,1<sometimes extremely so>/1-2 154,1/2/3/4/5 155,2 156,2 157,2
158,1 159,1 160,2 161,1 163,2 164,1/2 165,1<diffuse> 167,2 169,3
175,2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,5/8 178,1<four, these sometimes petaloid>
187,2/1<rarely> 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1&7&8 192,1
195<cymes or fascicles, rarely racemes> 206,1 212,4(-8) 218,2 220,2
223,1/3/4/6 224,0/4-5/7-8 226,1/2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236,4-5/7-8 238,1 239,3 251,1
254<if present,>,4-5/7-8 255,1 258,3<at the base>/1 260,3 265,1
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4-5/7-8(-12) 282,1-2<usually adnate to the
corolla base> 285,1 287,1-3 289,1 295,4/7-8(-12) 298,2-4 299,2 309,3 310,3
312,2 322<probably>,2 328,1/2 329<when aperturate,>,3(-4)
330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<in males> 339,(2-)4-6(-24) 341,2
342,(2-)4-6(-24) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)4-6(-24) 360,1-2 361<if
detectable,>,1 372,1 373,2 374,4 376,3 379,1(-2) 380,1 381,1 382,1<Engler>
383,3/- 385,2<?  if a funicular protuberance sometimes seen represents the
second, usually abortive ovule> 386,3<usually>/4 387,2
388,2<usually>/1<reported in two \i{}Ilex\i0{} spp.> 390,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 400,1 403,3 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,1<as many
pyrenes as locules> 422<richly>,1 424,1<and proteinaceous> 433,2 435,2<2/2>
436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Ilex\i0{}> 469,2/3 472,1/2 475,1<<25%>>/2<mostly>
483,2 484,2 487,1/2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<\i{}Ilex\i0{}> 494,1 495,2
520,2&3&4 521<widespread> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 1720 (\i{}Ilex\i0{}), 40 (\i{}Nemopanthus\i0{});
\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 10> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,61 578<about>,600 579,2 580<\i{}Ilex\i0{},
\i{}Nemopanthus\i0{}> 581<Readily separable from \i{}Phellinaceae\i0{}
(q.v.) only via calyx and corolla characters, but seemingly differing in
wood anatomy as well. Our assignment of \i{}Aquifoliaceae\i0{} to the
Tenuinucelli (Young and Watson, 1970) was well supported - without
acknowledgement - by \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequencing studies (e.g. Chase \i{}et
al\i0{}. 1993).> 582<\i{}Ilex\i0{} species supply hard, white, fine-grained
wood, used for inlay work and sometimes stained black as ebony substitute;
Mat or Paraguay tea from dried leaves of \i{}I. paraguensis\i0{}; many
species and hybrids used as ornamentals.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Then
heigh-ho! The holly! \line{}This life is most jolly! \line{}(As You Like
It, ii., 7) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Below, a circling fence, its leaves
are seen \line{}Wrinkled and keen; \line{}No grazing cattle through their
prickly round \line{}Can reach to wound; \line{}But as they grow where
nothing is to fear, \line{}Smooth and unarmd the pointless leaves appear
\line{}(Robert Southey, The Holly-tree - re. heterophylly)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Tho winter blasts blow never so hye, \line{}Green
groweth the holly \line{}(King Henry VIII, 1491-1547) > 586<aquifoli> 
 
# Aquilariaceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,1 42,1 43,U 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2
76,1 90,U 92,1 122,1/2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1<\i{}Microsemma\i0{} and
\i{}Solmsia\i0{}>/2<usually> 145,1<usually>/2<\i{}Microsemma\i0{} and
\i{}Solmsia\i0{}> 146,2 147,2 148,2/3<commonly> 149,2 150,3 152,3 156,3
157,1 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2<usually>/1&2<\i{}Microsemma\i0{}>
167<commonly>,1 168,U 169,3 175,1/1&2&3<?> 176,1/2 177,1/2/8<?> 187,2
189,5/6/7/8 194,1&2 195<subsessile axillary umbels or fascicles, these
sometimes subpaniculate> 200,2 206,1 213,1 215,2/3 218,1 220,2 223,1<but
the corolla often scalelike>/3 224,(8-)10 226,1/2 227,1<when corolla
present, but the petal scales sometimes bilobed> 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1
239,3 240<(45)>,3 244,3/5/6/7 245,3 251,1 254<when present,>,(4-)5/(8-)10
255,1
258,1/3<the petals represented by scales at the mouth of the
hypanthium/calyx tube, sometimes connate at the base, sometimes bilobed>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(4-)5/(8-)10 282,1<borne on the hypanthium>
284,1/2 285,1 287,1/2 289,1 295,(4-)5/(8-)10 298,2/3 299<when in two
cycles,>,2<i.e. the upper, outer cycle opposite the sepals> 303,3<the
filaments short> 309,3 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,4-12 330,9 338,1/2<female
flowers?> 339,2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3<but tending to pseudomonomery> 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,2<sometimes incompletely so> 358,2-3 360,1-2 361<when
present,>,1 365,1 366<much>,1 368,1 371<large,>,3/4 376,2-3 379,1 380,1
381,1 386,2/3 387,3 388,2 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 421,1/2 422,1 432,3
433,2 436,1 520,4 521<eastern tropical Africa to New Caledonia> 522,6&9&11
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,8 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a
synonym of \i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{}> 578,32 579,6 580<\i{}Aquilaria\i0{},
\i{}Gyrinops\i0{}, \i{}Gyrinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Microsemma\i0{},
\i{}Octolepis\i0{}, \i{}Solmsia\i0{}> 581<Seemingly separable from
\i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{} sensu stricto only on habit and the dehiscent,
capsular fruits.> 582<Timber and paper fibre from \i{}Gyrinops\i0{},
incense from \i{}Aquilaria\i0{}.> 586<aquilari> 
 
# Araceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Calladeae\i0{} (\i{}Calladiaceae\i0{}) Salisb., \i{}Callaceae\i0{}
Reichenbach, \i{}Cryptocorynaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Dracontiaceae\i0{}
P.A. Salisbury, \i{}Orontiaceae\i0{} Bartl., \i{}Pistiaceae\i0{} Dum.,
\i{}Pistiaceae\i0{} C.A Agardh (p.p.)> 4<\i{}Lemnaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/5/2
6,1/2/3 21,3 22,1/2 25<often>,2/3<or stoloniferous>/4/- 27,1/2/3<some 
very large> 28<when
climbing>,1/5/6 32,1/2/3 34<when hydrophytic>,2/1<\i{}Pistia\i0{}> 35<when
hydrophytic,>,1/2 36,1<often entire/lobed compound>/2 38,2-5 39,1 40,1/2
45,1<appearing conventionally petiolate when the sheath
shed>/3<\i{}Pistia\i0{} only> 47,1<the sheath membranous, sometimes
deciduous> 49,1 52,2<\i{}Acorus\i0{} being excluded> 53,1/2 64,2/3/4 65,1/2
66<often>,2/3/4/- 67,1/2 68,- 75,1/2 81,2 82<typically>,3/- 
84<often>,1 87,1<articulated,
branched or not>/2<e.g. some Pothoideae, \i{}Pistia\i0{}> 90,2 92,1
102,1<usually randomly orientated> 104,3/4/6/1<etc.> 105,2 120,2 121,1<with
raphides>/2 123,1 124,1&2 128,2 130,2<5 genera> 148,1 151,2 171,1<rarely>/2
173,1 174,2 175,1/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2<then the males above>/3/4/7/8
184,1<rarely>/2 186,1<involving protogyny, combined with the trapping of
insects in the spathe, and their subsequent release>/2 187,2 189,3<very
rarely shortly pedicellate  \i{}Pedicellarum\i0{}> 192<seemingly>,2
193,1<usually, more or less>/2 195<consisting of specialised spikes
(spadices) with spirals or rarely whorls of flowers, variously
pedunculate, sometimes tipped by a naked appendix> 199<usually
conspicuously, often spectacularly>,1/2<in that there may be no true spathe
in \i{}Gymnostachys\i0{}, \i{}Orontium\i0{}> 200,2 202,2 203,2<numerous>
205<(these or the spadix) often>,1/2 206,1-3 207<when irregular,>,2 212,1-3
213,1 219,1<<5%> \i{}Spathiphyllum\i0{}>/2<usually> 223,5/7
224,0/4/6/8<rarely 12> 225,1<usually>/2 226<when present,>,2<3+3 or 2+2>
227,1 228<when present,>,1 230,1<small, inconspicuous, often thick>
277,1/2<when female> 278,1<e.g. \i{}Cryptocoryne\i0{}>/4/6/8(-12) 282,1
285,1/2 287,1/2<commonly 3+3 or 2+2> 289,1 295,1-4/6/8-12 298,1-2-4 306,2
308,2 309,1/2/3/4 310,1 312,1/2 315,1 316,1 317,1 318,1 319,1/2/3 321,3
322,1 324,1<occasionally>/2 327<when in aggregates,>,3<e.g.
\i{}Caladium\i0{}, \i{}Xanthosma\i0{}> 328,1/2 329,1/2-9<?> 330<when
aperturate,>,1/3/9 337,1<10 genera>/2<7 genera> 338,1/2<when male>
339,(1-)3(-8) 342,1/(1-)3(-8) 343,1/3 344,1/5-6<?> 345,1 347,1 348,2
350<(when monomerous,)>,1-5<?> 351,1/2/3<?> 352,1/2 353<when
syncarpous,>,(1-)3(-8) 357<when trilocular,>,1 360<shortly>,1/2 361,1 365,1
372,1/2 373,2 374,2 375<when syncarpous/unilocular,>,2/1/3 376<when
plurilocular,>,1/2 378<when unilocular,>,1-15(-50)<?> 379,1-15(-100)<?>
381,1/2/3 386,1/2<rarely>/3 387,3 388,1<e.g. \i{}Pistia\i0{}>/2<weakly>/3
391,1 392,1 393,1 394<initially>,3 395,1<to a limited extent, e.g.
\i{}Lysichiton\i0{}>/2<usually> 396,1<usually>/2 397,1 399,1/2 400,3<though
ostensibly cellular, and long described as such> 401,1 402,1
403,3<usually>/1<e.g. \i{}Pistia\i0{}> 404,1<usually>/2 405,1/2 407<when
monomerous,>,2 408,7/8/6 409,2<usually>/1
412,1-2<occasionally>/6/7/8<occasionally> 414<when present,>,1
417,1<usually>/2 418,1<sometimes>/2 419,3/5<the spadix sometimes forming a
syncarp> 422,1/2 424<when present,>,1<and starchy> 425,2 430,1 433,1
435,1<6/6>/2<\i{}Arisaema amurense\i0{}> 436,1<linear> 442,2
443<membranous, leathery or crustaceous, but not black?> 447,-
448,1<commonly, short to fairly long, sometimes developing into a storage
organ, e.g. \i{}Arisaema\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}Pistia\i0{}> 450,2 451,2
452,1/2<functioning entirely as a haustorium, or as a storage cum
assimilatory organ, or combining all these functions> 454,2 455<when the
seed non-endospermic,>,2 456<present or absent> 457,3 458,2<and sometimes
absent alogether> 461,1 462<\i{}Colocasia\i0{}, \i{}Pistia\i0{},
\i{}Pothos\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Alocasia\i0{}, \i{}Colocasia\i0{},
\i{}Peltandra\i0{}, \i{}Pistia\i0{}, \i{}Pothos\i0{}> 468,2 472,1/2 473,1
475,1<commonly <45%>>/2 487,1<in some genera>/2<?> 488,1<<50%> commonly,
sometimes very abundantly>/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491<when
present,>,1/2/1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,3/4/2<relatively few>
521<widespread> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,2 530,3 557,1
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,2000 579,106 580<\i{}Aglaodorum\i0{},
\i{}Aglaonema\i0{}, \i{}Alloschemone\i0{}, \i{}Alocasia\i0{},
\i{}Ambrosina\i0{}, \i{}Amorphophallus\i0{}, \i{}Amydrium\i0{},
\i{}Anadendrum\i0{}, \i{}Anaphyllopsis\i0{}, \i{}Anaphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Anchomanes\i0{}, \i{}Anthurium\i0{}, \i{}Anubias\i0{},
\i{}Aridarum\i0{}, \i{}Ariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Arisaema\i0{}, \i{}Arisarum\i0{},
\i{}Arophyton\i0{}, \i{}Arum\i0{}, \i{}Asterostigma\i0{}, \i{}Biarum\i0{},
\i{}Bognera\i0{}, \i{}Bucephalandra\i0{}, \i{}Caladium\i0{},
\i{}Calla\i0{}, \i{}Callopsis\i0{}, \i{}Carlephyton\i0{},
\i{}Cercestis\i0{}, \i{}Chlorospatha\i0{}, \i{}Colletogyne\i0{},
\i{}Colocasia\i0{}, \i{}Cryptocoryne\i0{}, \i{}Culcasia\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtosperma\i0{}, \i{}Dieffenbachia\i0{}, \i{}Dracontioides\i0{},
\i{}Dracontium\i0{}, \i{}Dracunculus\i0{}, \i{}Eminium\i0{},
\i{}Epipremnum\i0{}, \i{}Filarum\i0{}, \i{}Furtodoa\i0{}, \i{}Gearum\i0{},
\i{}Gonatanthus\i0{}, \i{}Gonatopus\i0{}, \i{}Gorgonidium\i0{},
\i{}Gymnostachys\i0{}<?>, \i{}Hapaline\i0{}, \i{}Helicodiceros\i0{},
\i{}Heteroaridarum\i0{}, \i{}Heteropsis\i0{}, \i{}Holochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Homalomena\i0{}, \i{}Hottarum\i0{}, \i{}Jasarum\i0{},
\i{}Lagenandra\i0{}, \i{}Lasia\i0{}, \i{}Lasimorpha\i0{},
\i{}Lysichiton\i0{}, \i{}Mangonia\i0{}, \i{}Monstera\i0{},
\i{}Montrichardia\i0{}, \i{}Nephthytis\i0{}, \i{}Orontium\i0{},
\i{}Pedicellarum\i0{}, \i{}Peltandra\i0{}, \i{}Philodendron\i0{},
\i{}Phymatarum\i0{}, \i{}Pinellia\i0{}, \i{}Piptospatha\i0{},
\i{}Pistia\i0{}, \i{}Podolasia\i0{}, \i{}Pothoidium\i0{}, \i{}Pothos\i0{},
\i{}Protarum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudodracontium\i0{}, \i{}Pseudohydrosme\i0{},
\i{}Pycnospatha\i0{}, \i{}Remusatia\i0{}, \i{}Raphidophora\i0{},
\i{}Rhodospatha\i0{}, \i{}Sauromatum\i0{}, \i{}Scaphispatha\i0{},
\i{}Schismatoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Scindapsus\i0{}, \i{}Spathantheum\i0{},
\i{}Spathicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Spathiphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Stenospermation\i0{},
\i{}Steudnera\i0{}, \i{}Stylochaeton\i0{}, \i{}Symplocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Synandrospadix\i0{}, \i{}Syngonium\i0{}, \i{}Taccarum\i0{},
\i{}Theriophonum\i0{}, \i{}Typhonium\i0{}, \i{}Typhonodorum\i0{},
\i{}Ulearum\i0{}, \i{}Urospatha\i0{}, \i{}Urospathella\i0{},
\i{}Xanthosoma\i0{}, \i{}Zamioculcas\i0{}, \i{}Zantedeschia\i0{},
\i{}Zomicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Zomicarpella\i0{}> 581<See the description of
\i{}Lemnaceae\i0{} for a comment on the inappropriateness of incuding them
here.> 582<The family furnishes numerous horticultural ornamentals,
especially for indoors, and a few are grown for food  e.g.
\i{}Colocasia\i0{} for taro, \i{}Monstera\i0{} for its fruits (Mexican
breadfruit).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Look through the naked bramble
and black thorn \line{}And see the arum show its vivid green \line{}Glossy
and rich and some ink spotted like the morn \line{}Ing sky with clouds  in
sweetest neuks Ive been \line{}And seen the arum sprout its happy green
\line{}(John Clare c.1845, Look Through the Naked Bramble and Black Thorn
 \i{}Arum maculatum\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O Cuckoo-pint! toll me
the purple clapper \line{}That hangs in your clear green bell! \line{}(Jean
Ingelow, Seven Time One - \i{}Arum maculatum\i0{}) > 586<araceae> 
 
# Araliaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Botryodendraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Myodocarpaceae\i0{} Doweld>
4<currently \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}-Hydrocotyloideae.> 5,1<mostly, usually
of moderate size but sometimes very large, with \i{}Peekeliopanax\i0{}
reaching 40 m high>/2/3<including some woody epiphytes>/4/5<<5%>
\i{}Panax\i0{}, \i{}Stilbocarpa\i0{}, some species of \i{}Aralia\i0{},
etc.> 7,1/2 8,1 9,1<nearly always>/2<e.g., with the linear leaves of
\i{}Lilaeopsis\i0{} and \i{}Oxypolis\i0{} interpretable as highly modified
pinnately compound leaves, with nodal appendages representing pinnae
transformed into hydathodes> 21,3 22,2 27,1/2/3 28<when climbing>,1/5
31,2<nearly always, mostly large-leaved and thick-stemmed>/1<e.g., in
\i{}Pseudopanax\i0{}, in which long- and short-shoots are distinguishable>
36,1<sometimes, e.g. \i{}Hedera helix\i0{}, where progression from lobed to
entire leaves reflects irreversible shoot maturation>/2 38,3-5<to over 3 m
in \i{}Aralia\i0{}>/2<rarely, but only 1-2 cm in \i{}Pseudopanax
anomalum\i0{}> 39,1<nearly always>/2<\i{}Cheirodendron\i0{},
\i{}Eremopanax\i0{}>/3<\i{}Panax\i0{}> 40,1<<75%>
mostly>/2<rarely>/3<rarely> 43<commonly>,2/- 45,1<usually>/2 47<more or
less>,1<usually>/2 49,1 50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1<mostly>/2 54,2<usually>/1<some
\i{}Harmsiopanax\i0{} spp.> 56<when compound,>,3/4/5/7 60<when
simple,>,1<usually>/2 63,1/2 64,2/3 68,1/2 69<when present,>,2<often adnate
to and scarcely distinguishable from the base of the petiole> 78,1 81,2
84,3 90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3 102,1 103<usually>,1<mostly abaxial>
104,3<usually>/1 106,1<not always numerous, but of diverse types, with
shaggy, 2-armed, tufted, stellate, and peltate forms recorded>
112,1<usually>/2 113<commonly>,2 115,1<very commonly>/2 116,1<usually canals>
117<presumably>,3/1&2&3&4<? - cf. those of the stems> 118,1
121,2<seemingly lacking secretory cells of any sort> 130,2<\i{}Aralia\i0{},
\i{}Hedera\i0{}> 137<or more often canals universally>,1
138,2<presumably>/1&2&3&4<i.e., with imprecise references to oily,
resinous, gummy and occasionally milky contents> 139,1 140,2
141,4-5<mostly>/3<rarely> 143<generally>,2<at first, separated by wide
rays>/1<subsequently>/3/4<the conventional ring often accompanied by
additional cortical and/or medullary circles of bundles, and occasionally
by scattered medullary bundles> 144,1 145,2 146,1<commonly>/2
147,1<often>/2 148<usually>,2<? - no reference to anomalous secondary
thickening having been found> 152,1-3 153,1-2 154<variously>,2&3&4&5
156,3<usually>/2<often with few bars>/2&3 157,2 158,1/2 159,2 161,2 162,1
163<usually>,1<especially around the vessels> 164,2 165<usually>,2<only,
often very sparse> 167,2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1/2/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/2/3/4/5/8 187,2 189,3&4&5<with umbels less prevalent than in the
\i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}> 192,1<mostly>/2<represented in probably no more than
10 genera> 194,1/2/3<though appearing lateral, rarely - e.g. in
\i{}Mackinlaya\i0{}, and sometimes genuinely lateral in \i{}Aralia\i0{},
\i{}Schefflera\i0{} and \i{}Stilbocarpa\i0{}>/5<rarely> 195<a few genera
exhibiting racemes, most with umbels or heads, often massed into compound
inflorescences> 204,1<rarely>/2 212<usually more or less>,5 220,- 223,1/4
224,(6-)10(-24) 226,1<only in \i{}Meryta\i0{}, where the calyx is entirely
lacking>/2 227<when two-whorled,>,1/2/- 229,U 236<when present,>,3-5(-12)
238,1 239<when present,>,1/3 240,1/2/3/4<sometimes reduced to small teeth
or a mere rim> 251<often>,4/- 254,(3-)5(-13)<the interpretation sometimes
complicated by partially divided or lobed segments> 255,1
256<commonly>,1<most genera having five calyx components alternating with
five petals, but numerous exceptions occur> 258,1/2/3<and sometimes connate
at the base> 264,1<rarely>/2 265,1<in the Aralieae>/3 267,3 271<typically
rather>,1/2 274,1<Mackinleyeae>/2<usually with broad bases inserted around
the whole circumference of the upper part of the ovary>
277,1<usually>/2<from female flowers> 278,(3-)5(-12)/10-100<the same number
as the corolla members, twice the number, or many> 282,1 284,1 285,1
295<variously>,(3-)5(-12)/10-100 298,2<usually>/3/5 300,1<usually, when
equalling them in number>/2 302,2 303,3<the filaments usually fleshy and
short> 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2<nearly always, but occasionally appearing
bisporangiate by early fusion dring development>/3<8 in \i{}Octotheca\i0{}
and \i{}Dizygotheca\i0{}> 315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2 322,2 328,1
329,3<mostly>/2/4/6 330,8<mostly>/6/10 337,2 338,1<usually>/2<when flower
male> 339,(1-)2-5(-100)<about 20 in species of \i{}Gastonia\i0{},
\i{}Plerandra\i0{} and \i{}Reynoldsia\i0{}, up to 100 in
\i{}Tupidanthus\i0{}> 341,1-3 342,(1-)2-5(-100) 343,3<nearly
always>/1<rarely, at least ostensibly so> 344,1<in \i{}Diplopanax\i0{}, and
ostensibly so in \i{}Arthrophyllum\i0{} and \i{}Eremopanax\i0{}>/4-6<nearly
always, the styles often constituting a solid or sometimes hollow
stylopodium> 345,2-3/1<recorded only in two species of
\i{}Tetraplasandra\i0{}> 350<when monomeric, i.e. rarely, ostensibly>,1<but
with a second abortive one> 352,2/1-2<in that the loculi may be in open
commnication towards the apex> 353,1-100 359,1<with a nectariferous disk
between the stylopodium and the stamens> 360<more or less>,2
361<variously>,1-100 363<when two or more,>,1/2 365,1 368<usually present,
as a frequently double stigmatic crest capping the stylopodium> 372,1/2
373,1 374,2&3 375<when unilocular, i.e. rarely,>,2-3 376<when bi- or
plurilocular, i.e. nearly always,>,2-3 378,1-2<with one abortive>
379,1/1-2<usually with a second abortive one> 381,1 382,2 383,1 386,3 387,2
388,2<mostly>/1 390,1 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei degenerating
early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 397,1 399,1/2 400,2 404,1/2 409,2/3<then
cf. \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}> 410<when schizocarpic,>,2-5(-100)<?> 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,6/7 415,1/2<as many pyrenes as the locules> 417,1/2
422,1 423,1<e.g. \i{}Hedera\i0{}>/2 424,1 433,2 435,2<2/3> 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Hedera\i0{}> 469,1<\i{}Brassaia\i0{}, \i{}Silibertia\i0{}>
470,2<umbelliferose recorded> 472,2 474,1<falcarinone> 475,1<<35%>>/2 483,2
484,2<in any of the members screened, discounting a spurious record for
\i{}Hedera\i0{} and with \i{}Aralidium\i0{} and \i{}Diplopanax\i0{}
excluded> 487,1 488,2 490,1/2 491,2/1&2 492,2<5 species, 5 genera> 495,2
497,2 520,2<a few>/3-4<mainly> 521<widespread, but especially Indomalaya
and tropical America> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12(+)> 527,1 528,2<or borderline, but uncertainties
may reflect a few misplaced genera> 529,18 548,2 565,5 570,18 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,67 578,700 579,49 580<\i{}Anakasia\i0{},
\i{}Apiopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Aralia\i0{}, \i{}Arthrophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Astrotricha\i0{}, \i{}Boninofatsia\i0{}, \i{}Brassaiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Cephalaralia\i0{}, \i{}Cheirodendron\i0{}, \i{}Cromapanax\i0{},
\i{}Cuphocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Cussonia\i0{}, \i{}Delarbrea\i0{},
\i{}Dendropanax\i0{}, \i{}Eleutherococcus\i0{}, \i{}Fatsia\i0{},
\i{}Gamblea\i0{}, \i{}Gastonia\i0{}, \i{}Harmsiopanax\i0{},
\i{}Hedera\i0{}, \i{}Heteropanax\i0{}, \i{}Hunaniopanax\i0{},
\i{}Kalopanax\i0{}, \i{}Mackinlaya\i0{}, \i{}Macropanax\i0{},
\i{}Megalopanax\i0{}, \i{}Merrilliopanax\i0{}, \i{}Meryta\i0{},
\i{}Motherwellia\i0{}, \i{}Munroiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Myodocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Neopanax\i0{}, \i{}Oplopanax\i0{}, \i{}Oreopanax\i0{},
\i{}Osmoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Panax\i0{}, \i{}Pentapanax\i0{},
\i{}Polyscias\i0{}, \i{}Pseudopanax\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Raukaua\i0{}, \i{}Reynoldsia\i0{}, \i{}Schefflera\i0{},
\i{}Sciadodendrom\i0{}, \i{}Seemannaralia\i0{}, \i{}Sinopanax\i0{},
\i{}Stilbocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Tetrapanax\i0{}, \i{}Tetraplasandra\i0{},
\i{}Trevesia\i0{}, \i{}Woodburnia\i0{}. \i{}Diplopanax\i0{} has been
transferred to the cornaceous alliance> 581<This family exemplifies the
well known difficulties in distributing certain Dicot families not only
between Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and Corniflorae, but also between the
higher level groupings Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli; this despite the
fact that the latter evidently represent a major divergence in the Dicot
line of descent (cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993). In
terms of the data compiled for this package, other than two esoteric
characters reflecting limited sampling (wet/dry stigmas, occurrence of
septate wood fibres), there are no absolute differences between
\i{}Araliaceae\i0{} and \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}: they are distinguishable
only in having the states of overlapping characters expressed in different
proportions. This does not mean of course that the families should be
merged, because the names permit useful predictive generalization. On the
other hand, it does support S.M. Walterss (1960) entertaining contention
regarding the historical origins of useful family circumscriptions; viz.,
that that if formal taxonomy had originated in the southern hemisphere, the
\i{}Umbelliferae\i0{} would now be a subfamily of the \i{}Araliaceae\i0{}.>
582<Some cultivated ornamentals, including notable houseplants, e.g.
\i{}Hedera\i0{}, \i{}Aralia\i0{}, \i{}Polyscias\i0{}, \i{}Schefflera\i0{},
\i{}Fatsia\i0{}. Ginseng roots from \i{}Panax quinquefolius\i0{}, Chinese
rice paper from the pith of \i{}Tetrapanax papyriferus\i0{}.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms,
\line{}. . . . the female ivy so \line{}Enrings the barky fingers of the
elm \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, iv., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Oh,
falsely they accuse me, \line{}Who say I seek to check \line{}The growing
saplings flourishing;  \line{}I better love to deck \line{}The dead or
dying branches \line{}With all my living leaves. \line{}Tis for the old
and witherd tree, \line{}The Ivy garlands weaves. \line{}Calder Campbell,
quoted by Ann Pratt 1857)> 586<araliace> 
 
# Aralidiaceae <Philipson and Stone>/
2<\i{}Toricelliaceae\i0{}.> 5<small, \i{}Artocarpus\i0{}-like>,1/3
24<to>,15-17 31,2/1<more or less, with age> 37,1-2<with intermittent leaf
fall> 39,1 40,1 42,1 43,1/2<?> 45,1 47,1 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,1 63,1 64,2 65,1
68,2<though the petiole margins are spread> 76<coarsely>,4/1 77,1 89,1<in
epidermal and subepidermal leaf tissues, and in the stem> 92,1 102,1 103,2
104,2 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2 109,2 110,1 111,2 112,2 115,2 116,2 127,2
135,2<with sclereids> 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,5 146,1<reflecting the
multilacunar nodes> 148,2 152,3 155,2 156,2<with numerous bars> 161,2 162,1
163<frequently>,1 165,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1<five> 179,3 187,2 189,8
192,1 194,1 195<(both male and female) paniculate, the male plants with
panicles of cymules of tiny flowers> 202,1 206,1 212<(male and female)>,5
216,3 218,1/2<?> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<?>
240,2/3 245,3 248,1<?> 249,2 251,4<?> 254,5 255,1 258,1 265<slightly>,1
267,3 276,1<but sterile in female flowers> 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1<?> 285,1 287,1 289<of male flowers,>,1 295,5 298,2
299,2<?> 303,3 306,1 309,3<?> 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339,3(-4)<but pseudomonomerous, with 2(3) locules aborting> 341,1 342,1
343,3<with 2(3) locules aborting> 344,4<with 3(4) stylopodia and
diverging styles> 345,3 352,1 353,1<with the others aborting almost without
trace> 359,1<of stylopodia> 360,2 361,3(-4) 363,1 368,3(-4) 375,3 377,1
378,1 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,1 386,3 387,2 388,1<the nucellus
disintegrating by the time the sac is mature, save for a pedestal below it>
389,- 390,2<?> 391,1<from a linear tetrad> 404,1 409,2 412,7<ovoid, the
fleshy mesocarp about 5 mm thick> 415,2 421,1 422,1 423,1 433,2 438<small,
at the micropylar end> 461,1 466,2 470,U 479,2 481,1<caffeic acid and
unidentified derivatives  Bate-Smith in Philipson \i{}et al.\i0{} 1980>
484,1 485,1<cf. \i{}Griselinia\i0{} in structure> 488,2 490<more or
less>,2<or traces of kaempferol> 492,2<only caffeic acid and its
derivatives found> 504,2 506,3 510,2&3 520,4 521<Thailand, Malaysia,
Singapore, Sumatra, Anambas, Borneo> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2
529,18<re-assigned> 548,2 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,67<as a
synonym of \i{}Torricelliaceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Aralidium\i0{}> 581<See Philipson, Stone, Butterfield, Tseng, Jensen,
Nielsen, Bate-Smith and Fairbrothers (1980). A genus on the
Crassinucelli-Tenuinucelli borderline. The wood conforms with
\i{}Araliaceae\i0{}, but absence of secretory cavities, ovule orientation,
iridoids, etc., seem cornaceous, and the pollen details are said to differ
from both. \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence comparisons, however, seem to have
settled the question in favour of Araliiflorae (cf. Backlund and Bremer,
1997). The data compiled here have the palaeotropical \i{}Arilidium\i0{}
differing conspicuously from the holarctic \i{}Toricellia\i0{} (q.v.) in
numerous characters representing leaf morphology and anatomy, vascular
anatomy of the stem, wood anatomy, floral morphology (imbricate corolla,
dorsifixed anthers, unilocular ovary, etc.), as well as in the ruminate
endosperm.> 586<aralidia> 
 
# Argophyllaceae <(Engl.) A. Takhtadzhyan>/
2<variously \i{}Brexiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Cornaceae\i0{} in older treatments> 3<\i{}Corokiaceae\i0{}>
5<small>,1/3 39,1<and in 3-4 leaved fasicles on short-shoots> 53,1 60,2
62,3/6/7-8/4/5 64,2 68,2 76,1/3 87,U 89,U 90,U 92,1 94,U 104<in
\i{}Argophyllum\i0{} very small and almost circular in outline, cf.
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} sensu lato> 106,1<T-shaped> 108,2 115,1 116,U 120,U
121,U 122,U 130,2<\i{}Corokia\i0{}> 133,U 139,1 140,2 141,1<\i{}C.
virgata\i0{}>/3<mostly>/4<\i{}\i{}A. laxum\i0{}\i0{}> 143,1 144,1 148,2<?>
152,2/3 156,2 157,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 167,U 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2/8/7 194,1/2 195<panicles or racemes,
sometimes few-flowered fascicles> 206,1 212<mostly>,5 215,2 218,2 223,1
224,10/16 226,2 227,1 236,2/5/8 238,1 239<shortly>,3 240,3/4 241,3 245,3
248,1 251,1 254,5/8 255,1 257,1<with adaxial fringed appendages - coralline
ligules> 258,1/3<then joined only basally> 260<when gamopetalous,>,3 265,1
267,3 268,2/3 276,1 278,5/8 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 295,5/8 298,2 299,2
300,1 303,3 306,1 309,2 310,3 339,2-6<?> 341,1 342,1-3/6 343,3 344,6
345,2-3 352,1/2 353,1-3/6 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 370,2-5 371,3
375<when unilocular,>,2 376<usually>,2 378,1 379,1-50<to many> 386,3 409,1
412,1/7 414,5 422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 426<ovate or linear-elongate>
431,U 432,3<minute or elongate> 433,2 436,1<?> 474,U 486,U 493,U 504,5&2&6
506,4&5 511,2 513,1 514,1 518,1 520,2-4 521<Australia, New Zealand, New
Caledonia, Polynesia, Rapa Island> 522,10&11 523,U 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21
551,5 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578<about>,20 579,2
580<\i{}Argophyllum\i0{} and \i{}Corokia\i0{}> 584<This description lacks
data on taxonomically informative esoteric characters (anther
development, embryology, phytochemistry, etc.); and the morphology needs
pursuing further with special reference to features diagnostic for
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 586<argophyl> 
 
# Aristolochiaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Asaraceae\i0{} Ventenat, \i{}Pipaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Pistolochinae\i0{} (\i{}Pistolochiaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Sarumaceae\i0{}
Nakai> 4<\i{}Lactoridaceae\i0{} Engler> 5,3/4/5<mostly woody vines> 
7,1 21,3 22,2 27,3/1<less often>
28<mostly>,1 32,3 39,1 40,1 42,1 43,1/1&4 45,1 47,1-2 50,1<pellucid
punctate>/2 51,1/3 53,1 60,2<usually>/1 63<when dissected,>,2<trilobed>
64,3/2 65,1 66<often>,2/- 68,2<but sometimes with the first 12 leaves of
the suppressed axillary branches simulating stipules> 81,2 90,1/2
92,1<usually>/2 98,1/2 102,1 104,1 106,1 107,1<mostly>/2<lacking typical
glandular hairs, but hairs with basal secretory cells occur> 108,2 110,1
111,2<but varied in form> 120,1/2 121,U 123,1 124,1&2&3
130,2<\i{}Aristolochia\i0{}, \i{}Asarum\i0{}> 137,U 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,2
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2<but sometimes the pith and primary medullary
rays are unusually dilated, the original vascular bundles becoming
fan-shaped and deforming the secondarily thickened structure> 150<very>,1
152,1-3 153,1-3<very large in some twiners> 156,3 158,1/2 161,1/2 162,1/2
163,1 164,1/2 165,1/2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185,4 186,1<via an elaborate
system for trapping flies within the perianth tube, involving articulated
hairs which subsequently wither to release them> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/3 192,1/2 194,1/2 195<terminal or lateral racemes or
cymes> 203,2-5<including some of the largest Angiosperm flowers>
205<often very>,2<smelling of carrion>/3<?> 206,1-3 213,1 215,1-3
220,- 223,1/4 224,3/6 225,2 226,1/2<the corolla whorl conspicuous and well
developed only in \i{}Saruma\i0{}> 227<when two-whorled,>,1 229,U 236,3
238,1 239,3 240,1/3 244,3/6<the tube often S-shaped> 245,1/2/3 248,1/2
251,3<or valvate-induplicate> 254<when present,>,3<usually reduced or
absent> 255,1 278,6-36 282,1 283,1<forming a gynostemium by fusion to the
style of the filaments, or of both the filaments and the anthers>/2
285,1/2<via the gynostemium> 286<when joined,>,1 287,1/2 289,1
295,4/6<commonly>/12(-36) 298,2-5 303,3/4 305,3/1 306,2/4 308,2 309,3
310,1/1&3<\i{}Heterotropa\i0{}> 312,2 313,1<apically, with the expanded
connective assuming stigmatic functions in association with the
gynostemium>/2 315,1 317,1 318,1/2 319,1/2/3/4<rarely> 320,2 321,2 322,2
324,2 328,1/2 329,1-7 330,1/3<monosulcate to multisulcoidate or sulculate>
337,1 339,4-6 341,2-3 342,1/4-6 343,3 344,4<\i{}Hexastylis\i0{}>/5/6
345,2<sometimes>/3<usually> 352,1/2 353,4-6/1<the septa sometimes
incompletely intruded> 359,1/2 360,2 361,1/4-6 363,1/2 365,1
372,2<mostly>/1<?> 373,1 374,2/3<?> 375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when
plurilocular,>,2 378<when unilocular,>,50-100<many> 379<when
plurilocular,>,20-50<many> 380,1 381,1/2 386,3<or circinotropous> 387,3
388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2 397,1 399,1 400,1
403<probably>,4 404,2<usually>/1<sometimes with a fleshy endocarp>
409,1<usually>/2<rarely>/3<\i{}Saruma\i0{}> 410<in \i{}Saruma\i0{},>,4-6<?>
411<in \i{}Saruma\i0{},>,3 412,1<usually>/6/8 414<when
dehiscent,>,4&6<usually basally, rarely at the top>/1 422,1 423,1/2 424,1
432,1-2 435,2<2/3> 447,1/2 470,1<\i{}Aristolochia\i0{}, Gibbs 1974> 472,2
475,1<usually <78%>>/2 483,2 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,2<2 genera, 5
species> 495,2 497,1 498,1<a>/2<a> 520,2<warm>/3-4 521<widespread, except
Australasia> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-7, 12,
13> 525,7 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,2 565,1 566,4 572,1 574,4 577,7 578,400
579,8 580<\i{}Apama\i0{}, \i{}Aristolochia\i0{}, \i{}Asarum\i0{},
\i{}Euglypha\i0{}, \i{}Holostylis\i0{}, \i{}Pararistolochia\i0{}, 
\i{}Saruma\i0{}, \i{}Thottea\i0{}>
582<A few \i{}Aristolochia\i0{} and \i{}Asarum\i0{} spp. cultivated as
ornamentals.> 586<aristolo> 
 
# Asclepiadaceae <R.Br.>/
2<\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{} p.p. (cf. Asclepiadoideae).> 3<\i{}Stapeliaceae\i0{}
Horan.> 4<\i{}Periplocaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/4/3/1<rarely> 6,1 9,1/2/3
10<sometimes (e.g., \i{}Stapelia\i0{})>,3<with the photosynthetic stems
otherwise conforming anatomically with the layout characteristic of the
rest of the family> 11<with leaves modified as pitchers in \i{}Dischidia
rafflesiana\i0{}> 12,1/2 14,1/2 15,1<usually>/3<?  \i{}D.
rafflesiana\i0{}> 19<if the pitchers of \i{}D. rafflesiana\i0{} function
as such,>,2 20,2 21,3 22,2/1<sometimes more or less vegetatively acaulscent>
27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,1/5/6 29<the
twiners>,2<\i{}Araujia\i0{}, \i{}Ceropegia\i0{}, \i{}Stephanotis\i0{}>
32,3/4 39,2<decussate, usually>/3<rarely, and rarely spiral> 43,1/3/4/5
53,1 60,2<often reduced> 64,1/2/2-3 68,1/2<or reduced to colleters>
72,1<and colleters usually present in the stipular position> 85,1<recorded
in 3 genera> 86,1/3 87,1<non-articulated, branched or not> 90,U
92,1<usually>/2<e.g., in fleshy leaves of \i{}Ceropegia\i0{} and
\i{}Hoya\i0{}> 104,1<recorded in \i{}Solenostemma\i0{},
\i{}Vincetoxicum\i0{} and \i{}Sarcostemma\i0{} p.p.>/2<sometimes in
\i{}Hoya\i0{} and \i{}Stapelia\i0{}>/3<mostly, sometimes with the
subsidiaries secondarily divided> 106,1 107,1<mostly>/2<occasionally
occurring, in the form of unicellular hemispherical glands, cf. those of
\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 108,1/2 110,1<mostly>/2<with shaggy hairs
occasionally recorded> 112,2 115,1/2 123,1 124,2/3 130,2<\i{}Hoya\i0{}>
139,1 140,2 141,1/3<?  associated with one or three petiolar traces, not
gutter-shaped> 143,1 144,2 145<universally>,1<in the form of either
separate strands or a continuous ring> 148,2/3<commonly in the climbers,
variously involving eccentric or unequal development of the xylem, furrowed
xylem, cleavage of the wood, areas of unlignified xylem, centripetal
development of interxylary phloem> 149,2 150,3<typically> 152,1<in
\i{}Periploca\i0{}>/2/3 153,1-2/3<in lianes> 156,3 157,1/2 158,2 159,1
160,1<\i{}Leptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Periploca\i0{}>/2 161,1<with small bordered
pits>/2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<predominantly, in \i{}Periploca\i0{}, as
scattered cells tending to form numerous short, irregular lines>/2<usually
associated with the vessels in other genera, usually sparse> 167,1<of the
foraminate type, in \i{}Leptadenia\i0{}>/2
169,1<\i{}Leptadenia\i0{}>/2/3<?> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185<often>,4
186,1<involving trapping of insects legs or probosces between the
osmotically elastic anther wings, and withdrawal entailing capture of the
pollinia by means of sutured corpuscular pollen carriers> 187,1/2
192<when flowers aggregated, usually>,1<often umbelliform>/2<rarely>
205,1/2/3 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239<usually>,3<at the base> 241,3 245,3 251,1/3 252,2 254,5
255,1 257,1<<1.5%> with a corona, simple or of separate scales, e.g. in
\i{}Gymnema\i0{}, \i{}Leptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Oxystelma\i0{}>/2<mostly>
258,3<the tube short> 260,2/3 265,2 267,3 278,5 280,2 282,2 283,1<forming a
gynostegium with it> 285,2<via the filaments, forming a short sheath around
the style  by contrast with \i{}Periplocaceae\i0{}> 286,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 296,1<at the base> 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3-4 304,1<nearly always, the
short filaments ornamented from their external bases with the nectariferous
components of an androecial corona of variable form, which is incorporated
in the gynostegium>/2<<0.2%> \i{}Orthanthera\i0{} only> 305,2<distinct from
one another, but individually attached adaxially to the stylehead>
306,2/4<? - interpretive problems> 310,3 311,2<nearly always>/3<<4%>
Secamoneae only> 312,1<usually>/2<<4%> in Secamoneae> 313,1<provided with
horny wings and membranous connective appendages contributing to the
coronal complex> 315,1<rarely>/2<a thick, undifferentiated wall being
common> 318,1/2 319,5 320,1 321,1/2 322,2 324,1 327,5<one or two per theca>
337,1<5 genera>/2<4 genera> 339,2 341,1 342,2/- 343,3<but the carpels
united only by their styleheads> 344,7 345,1 350,(1-)5-50<generally
numerous> 351,2<ventral> 352,2 353<alternatively interpretable as>,2<the
separate ovaries being viewed as the locules of a syncarpous gynoecium>
356,1 360,2 361,2 363,2<free below, but united by the dilated stylehead,
which has lateral stigmatic surfaces alternating with the stamens> 372,1/2
373,1/2 374,2&4 376<interpretable as>,2<ventral in the discrete loculi,
corresponding with axile in \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 379,(1-)5-50<generally
more or less numerous> 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,3 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1<usually>/2<\i{}Ceropegia\i0{}, \i{}Cynanchum\i0{}>
397,1<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,4 404,2 405,1<of two
carpels>/2<of one only, by abortion> 409,1 412<comprising a pair of
follicles with thin papery placental flaps, or commonly only one of the
pair developing> 422,1 424,1 427,1<with a terminal coma of long, silky
hairs> 429,1<usually, all round>/2<Secamoneae> 433,2 435,1<4/7> 436,1
447,1/2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Asclepias\i0{}  Krenzer \i{}et al.\i0{} 1975>
464<\i{}Caralluma\i0{}, \i{}Ceropegia\i0{}, \i{}Cynanchum\i0{},
\i{}Dischidia\i0{}, \i{}Folotsia\i0{}, \i{}Frerea\i0{}, \i{}Hoodia\i0{},
\i{}Hoya\i0{}, \i{}Huernia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcostemma\i0{}, \i{}Stapelia\i0{},
\i{}Trichocaulon\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Asclepias\i0{}, \i{}Caralluma\i0{}>
472,1<<5%> very rarely>/2 475,1<<45%>>/2 483,2 484<seemingly>,2
487<usually>,2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1/1&2 492,2<4 species, 4 genera> 495,2
520,2<rarely>/3-4 521<widespread> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}n\i0{} = 11, rarely 10 or 12> 526,2-12 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3
565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonm of
\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 578,2000 579,250 580<\i{}Absolmsia\i0{},
\i{}Adelostemma\i0{}, \i{}Aidomene\i0{}, \i{}Amblyopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Amblystigma\i0{}, \i{}Anatropanthus\i0{}, \i{}Anisopus\i0{},
\i{}Anisotoma\i0{}, \i{}Anomotassa\i0{}, \i{}Apteranthes\i0{}, \i{}Araujia\i0{},
\i{}Asclepias\i0{}, \i{}Aspidoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Astephanus\i0{},
\i{}Barjonia\i0{}, \i{}Belostemma\i0{}, \i{}Bidaria\i0{}, \i{}Biondia\i0{},
\i{}Blepharodon\i0{}, \i{}Blyttia\i0{}, \i{}Brachystelma\i0{},
\i{}Calotropis\i0{}, \i{}Campestigma\i0{}, \i{}Caralluma\i0{},
\i{}Ceropegia\i0{}, \i{}Cibirhiza\i0{}, \i{}Cionura\i0{},
\i{}Clemensiella\i0{}, \i{}Conomitra\i0{}, \i{}Cordylogyne\i0{},
\i{}Corollonema\i0{}, \i{}Cosmostigma\i0{}, \i{}Costantina\i0{},
\i{}Cyathostelma\i0{}, \i{}Cynanchum\i0{}, \i{}Dactylostelma\i0{},
\i{}Dalzielia\i0{}, \i{}Decabelone\i0{}, \i{}Decanema \i0{},
\i{}Decanemopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dicarpophora\i0{}, \i{}Dictyanthus\i0{}, 
\i{}Diplolepis\i0{},
\i{}Diplostigma\i0{}, \i{}Dischidanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dischidia\i0{},
\i{}Ditassa\i0{}, \i{}Dittoceras\i0{}, \i{}Dolichopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Dolichostegia\i0{}, \i{}Dorystephania\i0{}, \i{}Dregea\i0{},
\i{}Drepanostemma\i0{}, \i{}Duvalia\i0{}, \i{}Duvaliandra\i0{},
\i{}Echidnopsis\i0{}, \i{}Edithcolea\i0{}, \i{}Emicocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Emplectanthus\i0{}, \i{}Eustegia\i0{}, \i{}Fanninia\i0{},
\i{}Fischeria\i0{}, \i{}Fockea\i0{}, \i{}Folotsia\i0{}, \i{}Frerea\i0{},
\i{}Funastrum\i0{}, \i{}Genianthus\i0{}, \i{}Glossonema\i0{},
\i{}Glossostelma\i0{}, \i{}Gomphocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Gongronema\i0{},
\i{}Gonioanthelma\i0{}, \i{}Goniostemma\i0{}, \i{}Gonolobus\i0{},
\i{}Graphistemma\i0{}, \i{}Gunnessia\i0{}, \i{}Gymnema\i0{},
\i{}Gymnemopsis\i0{}, \i{}Harmandiella\i0{}, \i{}Hemipogon\i0{},
\i{}Heterostemma\i0{}, \i{}Heynella\i0{}, \i{}Hickenia\i0{},
\i{}Holostemma\i0{}, \i{}Hoodia\i0{}, \i{}X-Hoodiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Hoya\i0{},
\i{}Hoyella\i0{}, \i{}Huernia\i0{}, \i{}Huerniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Hypolobus\i0{}, \i{}Ischnostemma\i0{}, \i{}Jacaima\i0{},
\i{}Janakia\i0{}, \i{}Jobinia\i0{}, \i{}Kanahia\i0{}, \i{}Karimbolea\i0{},
\i{}Kerbera\i0{}, \i{}Labidostelma\i0{}, \i{}Lagoa\i0{}, 
\i{}Larryleachia\i0{}, \i{}Lavrania\i0{},
\i{}Leichardtia\i0{}, \i{}Leptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Lhotzkyella\i0{},
\i{}Lugonia\i0{}, \i{}Lygisma\i0{}, \i{}Macroditassa\i0{},
\i{}Macropetalum\i0{}, \i{}Macroscepis\i0{}, \i{}Mahafalia\i0{},
\i{}Mahawoa\i0{}, \i{}Manothrix\i0{}, \i{}Margaretta\i0{},
\i{}Marsdenia\i0{}, \i{}Matelea\i0{}, \i{}Melinia\i0{},
\i{}Meresaldia\i0{}, \i{}Merrillanthus\i0{}, \i{}Metaplexis\i0{},
\i{}Metastelma\i0{}, \i{}Micholitzea\i0{}, \i{}Microdactylon\i0{},
\i{}Microloma\i0{}, \i{}Microstelma\i0{}, \i{}Miraglossum\i0{},
\i{}Mitostigma\i0{}, \i{}Morrenia\i0{}, \i{}Nautonia\i0{},
\i{}Nematostemma\i0{}, \i{}Neoschumannia\i0{}, \i{}Nephradenia\i0{},
\i{}Notechidnopsis\i0{}, \i{}Odontanthera\i0{}, \i{}Odontostelma\i0{},
\i{}Oncinema\i0{}, \i{}Oncostemma\i0{}, \i{}Ophionella\i0{},
\i{}Orbea\i0{}, \i{}Orbeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Orbeopsis\i0{},
\i{}Oreosparte\i0{}, \i{}Orthanthera\i0{}, \i{}Orthosia\i0{},
\i{}Oxypetalum\i0{}, \i{}Pachycarpus\i0{}, \i{}Pachycymbium\i0{},
\i{}Papuastelma\i0{}, \i{}Parapodium\i0{}, \i{}Pectinaria\i0{},
\i{}Pentabothra\i0{}, \i{}Pentacyphus\i0{}, \i{}Pentarrhinum\i0{},
\i{}Pentasachme\i0{}, \i{}Pentastelma\i0{}, \i{}Pentatropis\i0{},
\i{}Peplonia\i0{}, \i{}Pergularia\i0{}, \i{}Periglossum\i0{},
\i{}Petalostelma\i0{}, \i{}Petopentia\i0{}, \i{}Pherotrichis\i0{},
\i{}Philibertia\i0{}, \i{}Piaranthus\i0{}, \i{}Platykeleba\i0{}, \i{}Pleurostelma\i0{},
\i{}Podandra\i0{}, \i{}Podostelma\i0{}, \i{}Prosopostelma\i0{},
\i{}Pseudolithos\i0{}, \i{}Ptycanthera\i0{}, \i{}Pycnoneurum\i0{},
\i{}Pycnorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Quaqua\i0{}, \i{}Quisumbingia\i0{},
\i{}Raphistemma\i0{}, \i{}Rhyncharrhena\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchostigma\i0{},
\i{}Rhyssolobium\i0{}, \i{}Rhyssostelma\i0{}, \i{}Rhytidocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Riocreuxia\i0{}, \i{}Rojasia\i0{}, \i{}Ruehssia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcolobus\i0{},
\i{}Sarcostemma\i0{}, \i{}Schistogyne\i0{}, \i{}Schistonema\i0{},
\i{}Schizoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Schubertia\i0{}, \i{}Scyphostelma\i0{},
\i{}Secamone\i0{}, \i{}Secamonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Seshagiria\i0{},
\i{}Sisyranthus\i0{}, \i{}Solenostemma\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerocodon\i0{},
\i{}Spirella\i0{}, \i{}Stapelia\i0{}, \i{}Stapelianthus\i0{},
\i{}Stapeliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Stathmostelma\i0{}, \i{}Steleostemma\i0{},
\i{}Stelmagonum\i0{}, \i{}Stelmatocodon\i0{}, \i{}Stenomeria\i0{},
\i{}Stenostelma\i0{}, \i{}Stephanotis\i0{}, \i{}Stigmatorhynchus\i0{}, 
\i{}Strobopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Stuckertia\i0{}, \i{}Swynnertonia\i0{}, \i{}Tassadia\i0{},
\i{}Tavaresia\i0{}, \i{}Telminostelma\i0{}, \i{}Telosma\i0{},
\i{}Tenaris\i0{}, \i{}Tetracustelma\i0{}, \i{}Tetraphysa\i0{},
\i{}Thozetia\i0{}, \i{}Toxocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Treutlera\i0{},
\i{}Trichocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Trichosacme\i0{}, \i{}Trichosandra\i0{},
\i{}Tridentea\i0{}, \i{}Tromotriche\i0{}, \i{}Tweedia\i0{},
\i{}Tylophora\i0{}, \i{}Tylophoropsis\i0{}, \i{}Vailia\i0{},
\i{}Vincetoxicopsis\i0{}, \i{}Vincetoxicum\i0{}, \i{}Voharanga\i0{},
\i{}Vohemaria\i0{}, \i{}White-Sloanea\i0{}, \i{}Widgrenia\i0{},
\i{}Woodia\i0{}, \i{}Xysmalobium\i0{}.> 581<Evidently related to
\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.), but these compiled descriptions
show additional differences in assorted esoteric characters (wood
anatomy, embryology, seedling morphology, iridoids), as well as in details
of the androecium and gynoecium and presence of stipule-associated
colleters. See Swarupanandan, Mangaly, Sonny, Kishorekumar and Chand Basha
(1996)> 582<Prized cultivated succulents or vines from \i{}Asclepias\i0{},
\i{}Hoya\i0{}, \i{}Araujia\i0{}, \i{}Ceropegia\i0{}, \i{}Stapelia\i0{},
\i{}Caralluma\i0{}, \i{}Decabelone\i0{}, etc.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}In dusty pods the milkweed \line{}Its hidden silk
has spun \line{}(Helen Hunt Jackson, September) > 586<asclepia> 
 
# Asparagaceae <Juss.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Asparagoideae of APG III
\i{}et al\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Agavaceae\i0{}, \i{}Aphyllanthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hesperocallidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hyacinthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Laxmanniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ruscaceae\i0{}, \i{}Themidaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/4/5
9,2 10,1<as represented by axillary clusters of cladodes> 12,2<to small
bractlike structures> 21<the herbs>,3 22,2 25,3 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1
29,2<\i{}Asparagus\i0{}> 39,1 43,4<scales> 47<more or less>,1 53,1 60,2
64,4 68,2 121<commonly>,1<with raphides> 123<commonly>,1 124,1 128,2 148,1
156,2 171,1<often>/2 173,1 174,3 175,1/2/3/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/8
178,1<i.e. with nonfunctional stamens> 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries>
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/5 192<probably>,1 195<umbel-like or
racemelike, but probably always determinate?> 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,1
219,1/2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 228,1/2 230,1 231,1/2/4
235,2<\i{}Asparagus\i0{}> 276,1<even in functionally female flowers>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,6 282,2<at the base of the perianth> 285,1
287,2 289,1<in male and hermaphrodite flowers> 295,6 298,3 306,1/2 309,3
310,3 316,1 318,1 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3
341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 365,1
366,1-2<usually rather short> 367,1 372,1/2 376,2 379,2-12 385,2 386,2/3/1
388,2 391,1 400,2 404,1 409,2 412,6 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,1 435,2<1/1>
436,1/2 442,1/2<?> 443<`often'>,2 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 454,2 456,1
458,1 461,1 462<\i{}Asparagus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Asparagus\i0{}> 472,2 475,2
483,2 487,1<steroidal> 488,2 490,1/2 491,1/1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2
504,1&2&4&5 505,1&2 506,1&2&3 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4 510,1&2&3&4
513,1 520,2&3&4 521<widespread, especially Old World>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&14 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,16<\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Asparagoideae> 578<about>,370 579,1/3
580<\i{}Asparagus\i0{}, \i{}Hemiphylacus\i0{}(?), \i{}Myrsiphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Protasparagus\i0{}> 581<The comparative data compiled for this package
offer support for retaining \i{}Asparacaceae\i0{} sensu stricto,
\i{}Agavaceae\i0{}, \i{}Aphylanthaceae\i0{} and \i{}Hyacinthaceae\i0{} as
distinct taxonomic groups. If family names are still intended to convey
widely useful information, it is inappropriate to merge them at this
level.> 582<Cultivated ornamentals, and culinary asparagus (\i{}A.
officinalis\i0{}).> 586<asparaga> 
 
# Asphodelaceae <Juss.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}; \i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{}-Asphodeloideae of
APG III \i{}et al\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Aloaceae\i0{} (\i{}Aloaceae\i0{},
\i{}Aloeaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh> 5,5<mostly>/3/2<some of the woody forms
with trunks up to several metres> 14,1/2 21,3 22,1<commonly>/2/3<then woody>
25,3/5 31<when woody,>,2 32,2/3/4 38,2-5 39,1 
40,1<usually>/2 43,1/2/3/2&3 45,3 47,1
49,1 52,2 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/7/10<etc.> 64,4<but the veins often invisible
externally> 65,2 68,- 76,1/3/4<and often with an apical spine> 81,1 92,1/3
102,1 103,2 104,1/4/3<rarely> 121,1<with raphides> 123,1
124,1<abundant>/1&3 130,2<\i{}Asphodelus\i0{}> 148,1/3<e.g. \i{}Alo\i0{}>
149<when present,>,2 151,1<rarely>/2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
171,1<in some genera>/2 173,1 174<mostly>,3 175,1 176,1<rarely>/2
177,1<usually> 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries> 187,2 189,2/3 192,2 193,1
194,1 195<simple or compound racemes or spikes> 200,1 203,2-4 206,1-3
207<when irregular,>,1 209,1/1&2 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1<often, as a long,
commonly curved tube, and sometimes bilabiate - e.g. in 
\i{}Haworthia coarctata\i0{}>/2 223,1/5 224,6 225,1/2 
226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,1&2/2
230,1/2 231,1/2/6/7/4/8/8&11<not blue or violet> 235,2<11 genera> 278,6
282,1 284,1/2 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1 306,1 309,3 310,3
312,2 316,1 318,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3
344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 365,1 368,1 372,2<usually>/1 376,2
379,2-40<2 to rather numerous> 385<usually>,1 386,2/3<nearly orthotropous
in \i{}Alo\i0{} and \i{}Asphodelus\i0{}> 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<\i{}Asphodelus\i0{}, and with filiform apparatus>
400,3 404,2<nearly always>/1<\i{}Lomatophyllum\i0{}> 409,1 412,1 414,5
422,1 424,1 429,1/2 432,3 433,1 435,2<1/1> 436,1 442<usually>,1
443,2<usually>/1/4<variable in \i{}Bulbine\i0{}> 447,- 448,1/2 449,2 450,2
451,2 452,2 454,1/2 458,2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Asphodelus\i0{}, \i{}Bulbine\i0{}>
464<\i{}Alo\i0{}, \i{}Astroloba\i0{}, \i{}Bulbine\i0{}, \i{}Gasteria\i0{},
\i{}Haworthia\i0{}, \i{}Poellnitzia\i0{}> 470,1<Gibbs 1974> 472,1/2
479,1<\i{}Alo\i0{}, \i{}Asphodeline\i0{}, \i{}Asphodelus\i0{},
\i{}Bulbine\i0{}, \i{}Eremurus\i0{}, \i{}Kniphofia\i0{}, \i{}Simethis\i0{}>
480,2 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3
507,2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4 510,1 512,1 513,1&2&3 514,1
521<widespread Old World, clearly centred in southern Africa>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (6)7> 527,2
530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of
\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{}-Asphodeloideae> 578<about>,800 579,20-24
580<\i{}Alo\i0{} (including \i{}Aloe\i0{} and \i{}Aloinella\i0{} Leme),
\i{}Aloeampelos\i0{}, \i{}Guillauminia\i0{}, \i{}Lemeea\i0{}, \i{}Asphodeline\i0{},
\i{}Asphodelus\i0{}, \i{}Astroloba\i0{}, \i{}Bulbine\i0{},
\i{}Bulbinella\i0{}, \i{}Bulbinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Chamaealo\i0{},
\i{}Chortolirion\i0{}, \i{}Eremurus\i0{}, \i{}Gasteria\i0{},
\i{}Haworthia\i0{}, \i{}Jodrellia\i0{}, \i{}Kniphofia\i0{},
\i{}Lomatophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Paradisea\i0{} (or \i{}Hyacinthaceae\i0{}, or
\i{}\i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}?), \i{}Poellnitzia\i0{}, \i{}Simethis\i0{},
\i{}Trachyandra\i0{}> 581<Other than differing tendencies in numerous,
often conspicuous overlapping characters, \i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{} as
represented by this compiled description differ from the far more coherent
\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in lack of secretory
cavites in leaf laminae, arillate ovules, a compact cotyledon hyperphyll,
positive records of inulin and absence of flavonols.> 586<asphodel> 
 
# Asteliaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Lomandraceae\i0{} (former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}).> 
5,1<to 10 m>/2/3/5<dwarf to large> 21,3
22,1/3/2 25,3/4 27,1/2<on trees> 31,2 32,3/4 38,3/4 39,1 40,1/2 43,1/2
45,1<rarely>/2/3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/6/7 64,4 65,2 68,- 76,1 92,1 102,1
104,3 106,1 107,1 108,2 111,1 112,1 113,2<or scales>/- 115,1<unusual, among
asparagoids> 116,1/2<\i{}Milligania\i0{}> 117<when present,>,2 121,U 123,1
124,1&3 128,2 130,2<\i{}Cordyline\i0{}> 148,1/3<e.g. \i{}Cordyline\i0{}>
149,2 151,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 173,1 174,2 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/8 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries> 187,2 189,2/3 192,2 193,- 194,1
195<racemes or spikes> 206,1 212,3<usually>/5-7<\i{}Neoastelia\i0{}> 213,1
215,3 219,1/2 223,5 224,6<usually>/10-14<\i{}Neoastelia\i0{}> 225,1/2 226,2
227,1 228,2 230,1 231,1/2/9/11 235,1<\i{}Astelia\i0{}> 277,1/2<female
flowers> 278,6 282,2<to the perianth> 284,1 285,1 287,1<?>/2<at least
sometimes> 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1<at least sometimes> 306,2<or nearly so>
309,3 310,3 312,2 316,1 318,1/2<\i{}Milligania\i0{}> 322,2 328,1 329,1
330,1 333<commonly>,4 337,1<\i{}Cordyline\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,3(-4) 341,2<usually>/3 342,3<usually>/1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2
353,3<usually>/1<rarely, when G4> 360,1/2 361,1 365,1 367,1 368,1 372,2
375<when unilocular>,2 376,2 378<when unilocular,>,4-15 379,4-15 386,3/4
388,2 404,1<usually>/2 409,2<usually>/1 412,6<usually>/1<e.g.
\i{}Milligania\i0{}> 422,1 424,1 433,1 436,1 442,1<seemingly, though not
encoded as such by Stevenson and Loconte (1995) for cladistic analyses>
443<hard, shining>,2 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451,1-2 452,1-2 453,1 454,2
456,1/2 458,2 475,2<?> 487,1 488,2 490,2 492,2 504,2&5&6 506,2&3&4&5 510,4
511,1&2&3 513,1 514,1&2 521<widespread in the Southern Hemisphere, absent
from southern Africa> 522,4&6&9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 19>
527,2 530,4 558,4 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578<about>,55 579,5
580<\i{}Astelia\i0{}, \i{}Collospermum\i0{}, \i{}Cordyline\i0{},
\i{}Milligania\i0{}, \i{}Neoastelia\i0{}> 581<See Rudall \i{}et al\i0{}.
(1998). \i{}Cordyline\i0{} may well belong in an extended
\i{}Lomandraceae\i0{}, but it is currently impracticable to present 
recircumscribed family descriptions here (see comments under
\i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}).> 586<asteliac> 
 
# Asteranthaceae <Knuth>/
2<\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{} or \i{}Scytopetalaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,1 40,1/2<?>
43,2 53,1 60,2 68,1 70,1 74,1<and minute> 76,1 90,1<?> 92,1/3 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,2 116,2 122,1 133,2 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,1<with normal orientation> 148,2 152,3 153<moderately>,1-2 156,3 157,2
161,2 162,1 163,U 165<in numerous short, irregular, almost diffuse lines>
166,U 168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,2 203,4 206,1 218,2
220,1<large, plicate, dentate, membranous, representing connate
staminodes>/- 221,1/- 223,3<the anthoecial tube within it constituting a
pseudocorolla> 224<disciform> 225,2 226,1 227,- 229,U 236<disciform> 238,1
239,3<leathery> 240,1/2-3<by tearing during anthesis> 248,1
249,1<constituting a flotation device for the fruit> 278,50-100<or more>
279,1/2<?> 280,1 281,2 282,1 285,2<the filaments of the stamens adnate
basally to one another and to the pseudocorolla> 287,2<comprising an outer
staminodal whorl, and the stamens in a single, dense ring, not resolvable
into series>/- 289,2 290,24-28<connate> 291,1 293,1<connate to form the
large, membranous, plicate pseudocorolla, which opens umbrella-like at
anthesis> 295,40-100<?many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments slender> 306,2
308,2 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,6<colpate> 339,6-8 342,6-8 343,3 344,6
345,2 352,2 353,6-8 360,2 361,1<filiform> 364,1 365,1 366,2-3 368,1 370,6-8
371,3 376,2-3 379,(3-)4(-6) 380,1 381,1-2 386,3 387,3 388,1 404,2 409,1/2
412,1/2 414,5<68 valved and ribbed, pyramidal, crustaceous, surrounded by
the persistent calyx> 422<copiously>,1 423,1 430,2 431,1 433,2<but small
and reduced> 436,1-2<somewhat hooked> 504,3 512,3 520,4 521<Northern
Brazil> 522,15 527,1 528,2 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,4 572,1 573,2
574,15<presumably> 577,68<as a synonym of \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}> 578,1
579,1<\i{}Asteranthos brasiliensis\i0{}> 580<only genus,
\i{}Asteranthos\i0{}> 581<Appel (1966) favoured inclusion of
\i{}Asteranthos\i0{} in \i{}Scytopetalaceae\i0{} rather than
\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}. Morton \i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) refered it to
subfamily Scytopetaloideae of their expanded \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}, based
on an assessment using both molecular and morphological data In terms of
the extensive data compiled for the present package, \i{}Asteranthos\i0{}
is much closer to \i{}Scytopetalaceae\i0{} than to \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto, but is sufficently different from both of them to justify
separate family status.> 586<asterant> 
 
# Asteropeiaceae <Takhtadj.>/
5<small>,1/3<scrambling> 39,1 53,1 60,2 68,2 90,U 92,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
115<of several layers>,1 122,1<these rounded, with short arms> 135,2<with
solitary and grouped sclerosed cells> 137,1<?> 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<wood rays all uniseriate> 152,3 153,1
154<mostly>,1 156,3 159,2 161,U 162,1 163,U 165,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1/2 195<many-flowered thyrses> 206,1 218,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 249,1 251,1 254,5
255,1 258,1<the petals narrow> 265,1 267,3 272,2 278,9-15 279,U 282,1
285,2<connate below into a more or less broad ring> 286,1 289,1
295,9-15<the filaments persistent> 298,3-4 306,1 308,1<small, deciduous>
309,3 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<colporoidate> 339,(2-)3 341,1 342,(2-)3
343,3 344,4/5/6<the single style shortly 3-lobed at the apex, with three
short, reflexed styles, or intermediate> 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)3 360,2
361,1/3 363<when three,>,1-2/- 365,1 376,2 379,2-50<to many> 381,1 386,3
387,3 404,2 409,2 412,2<thick walled, surrounded by the persistent staminal
filaments and winged by the accrescent, leathery or membranous calyx>
419,4<i.e. its remains> 421,2-50<to many> 422,2 486,2 504,2 506,2 520,4
521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1 528,2 529,8<by inference> 538,1 565,4 569,2
572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,7 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Asteropeia\i0{}>
586<asterope> 
 
# Atherospermataceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Monimiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 39,2 45,1 50<often>,1 51,1 53,1 68,2 90,U
92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<usually>,1 106,1 107<exclusively>,1
108,1<mostly> 109,2/1<sometimes 2-armed, sometimes tufted> 112<seemingly>,2
115,1/2 116,U 120,1<with clear or brown contents, sometimes manifested as
transparent dots> 121,2 130,2<\i{}Doryphora\i0{}, \i{}Laurelia\i0{}> 139,1
140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153<mostly>,1
154,1&2&3<mostly solitary, but always with a few small radial multiples>
155,2 156,2<with up to 100 bars in \i{}Atherosperma\i0{}>/2&3 159,U 161,1/2
162,1/2 163,1<but usually rather few> 164,1 165<usually sparse, sometimes
extremely so> 168,U 169,3 175,1/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/8 187,1/2
188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 206,1/2 213,2 214,3
217,1 218,1 223,1/3/6/7<apetalous> 224<when present,>,4<2 + 2>/6-20<?>
226,2(-3) 229,U 238,1 254<when present,>,7-20<or more> 255,1 277,1/2<in
females> 278<in male flowers>,12-100<?  many> 279,1/2<?> 287<when
few,>,1/2<in one or two series> 289,1/2<in the hermaphrodite flowers of
\i{}Doryphora\i0{}> 295,(4-)6-100<definite or indefinite> 299<when
definite,>,1<when K and C determinable, or opposite the perianth
segments> 304,1<each with a pair of glandular scales at the base> 306,4
309,5<the flaps attached at the tops of the thecae> 310,1 313,1<by
extension of the connective>/2 328,1 329,2/3 330,3 338,1/2<when male>
339,3-100<i.e. to many> 343,2 344,2 345,1-3<the carpels sometimes sunk in
the receptacle> 348,3/4 350,1 351,3 381,3 386,3 404,2 405,1 407,2 408,4
422,1 424,1 432,3<small> 436,1 472,2 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2
495,2 497,1 498,1<a> 520,2-4 521<Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, New
Caledonia, Chile> 522,9&10&11&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 22> 527,1 528,1 529,1
531,5 565,1 566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9 578,12 579,6 580<\i{}Atherosperma\i0{},
\i{}Daphnandra\i0{}, \i{}Doryphora\i0{}, \i{}Laurelia\i0{},
\i{}Laureliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Nemuaron\i0{}> 582<Edible fruits
(\i{}Laurelia\i0{}).> 586<atherosp> 
 
# Aucubaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Garryaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,5/3 37,1
39,2 42,1 43,2 45,1 46<somewhat>,1/- 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/4 78,1
81,2 89,1<in leaf and axis> 90,U 92,1<with 1-3 layers of palisade> 102,1
103,1<the lower> 104,1 106,1/2<?> 107<if present,>,1 116,2 130,2 137,2
141,3 143,1 145,2 148,2 150,3 152,2-3 156,2 159,U 161,1 162,1 163,2 164,1
165,2<as occasional cells touching the vessels> 167,2 168,U 175,2/3 176,1
177,5 187,2 192,1 194,1/2 195<dichotomous thyrses> 202,1<female>/2<male>
203,2 206,1 212,4 213,1 223,1<but the sepals minute> 224,8 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,4 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 254,4 255,1 258,1 265,3 267,3 269,2
274,2 276,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers> 277,1/2 278<(male flowers)>,4
280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<very
short> 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1<female
flowers>/2<male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1<ostensibly>/3<i.e.
supposedly pseudomonomeric> 344,1/6<according to interpretation> 345,3
347<(if considered monomeric)>,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 352,1 353<(if considered
pseudomonomeric)>,1 359,1<fleshy> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1
371,3<conspicuous, oblique> 375,3 381,1 382,1 383,3 386,3 387,2 388,2 390,1
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,1 404,1 408<(if considered
monomeric)>,8<scarlet> 409<(if considered syncarpous)>,2 412,6 421,1
422<copiously>,1 432<small> 472,2 481,2 484,1 485,2<+decarb.> 488,2 490,1
491,1&2 492,2 504,1 505,1 507,2&3 521<Himalayas to Japan> 522,4 527,1
528,2<?> 529,21 551,5 565,1 566,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,57<as a
synonym of \i{}Garryaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Aucuba\i0{}> 581<Exemplifying the well known difficulties in
distributing certain Dicot families between Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and
Corniflorae. It is equally hard to assign them with confidence to the
higher level groupings Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli, although the latter
evidently represent a major divergence in the Dicot line of descent
(cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993). In terms of this
description, \i{}Aucuba\i0{} exhibits numerous differences from
\i{}Garryaceae\i0{}, involving inflorescence and floral morphology
(perianth, androecium, gynoecium); and data relying on limited sampling
show differences in leaf anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.>
586<aucubace> 
 
# Austrobaileyaceae <(Croiz.) Croiz.>/
5,4 7,1 21,3 27,3 37,1 39,2<to sub-opposite> 43,2 45,1 51,U 53,1 64,2 65,1
68,1 69,2 74,1<small> 76,1 90,U 103,2<but more abaxially> 104,1 120,1/2<?>
139,1 140,2 141,1<with two traces> 143,1 144,1 148,2 152,3 153,3 154,1
156,2 158,1 159,1 161,1<i.e. in addition to tracheids> 163,2 164,2
165,1<terminal only> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185<probably>,4 187,1 188,2
200,1 202,1 203,4 205,2 206,1 213,3 214,1&2&3 223,2 224,(9-)12(-14)
225,1<imbricate> 229,U 278,12-25 281,1 282,1 285,1 289,2 290,6-12 291,3<the
inner members of the spiral reduced and sterile> 293,1 295,6-20<?>
303,1&2&3 306,4<the thecae adaxial> 308,2 309,3 310,3<the thecae adaxial>
328,1 329,1 330,1 339,(6-)9(-12) 343,2<spiralled> 344,2 345,1 350,8-14
351,2<biseriate> 384,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 404<berry-like> 405,1<?the
descriptions seen not safely interpretable> 407,2 408,8 422,1 423,1 447,1
472,2 475,2 484<doubtfully present> 487,2 488,1 497,2 520,4 521<Queensland>
522,10 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1 566,1 572,2 574,3 577,4
578,1<\i{}Austrobaileya scandens\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Austrobaileya\i0{}> 586<austroba> 
 
# Averrhoaceae <Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Oxalidaceae\i0{} p.p.> 5<small>,1/3/4 27,1/3 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 55,1
56,4/1/3 57<when pinnate,>,1 64,2 68,2 76,1 87,U 102,1 104,3 116,U 121,U
122,U 143,1-2<the pericycle bounded by a ring of sclerenchyma> 144,1 148,2
152,3 156,3 158,1/2 159,U 161,U 162,1 163,1 164,2 168,U 175,1/1&2
176,1<rarely>/2 177,1<mostly>/6<\i{}Dapania\i0{}> 181<when
hermaphrodite,>,2<heterodistylous>/- 187,2 189,1/2/8 192,1/2 195<axillary
or ramiflorous racemes or panicled cymes, the pedicels articulated> 203,2
206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,3<shortly connate basally>/1 241<when gamosepalous,>,1 245,3
251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<but sometimes loosely connivent in the middle,
above the claws> 265,2/4 267,3 274,1 278,10 282,1 284,2 285,2<shortly
connate basally> 286,1 287,2<5+5> 289,1/2 290<when present,>,5 291,3<being
the members of the inner whorl, lacking anthers> 295,5/10 298,2/3 299,1
300,2/3 306,1 309,3 310,3 315,1 318,2 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3
344,4 345,1 352,2 353,5<somewhat 5-lobed> 360,2 361,5 363,1 364,2 365,1
368,5 371,3<at least in \i{}Averrhoa\i0{}> 376,2 379,1-6 381,1 384,2 385,2
386,3/2&3 387,3 388,2 389,1 390,1 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 399,2
400,2 403,2 404,1 409,1<\i{}Dapania\i0{}>/2<mostly> 412<in
\i{}Dapania\i0{},>,1/6<usually> 414<in \i{}Dapania\i0{}, widely>,5
421<usually several seeded> 422,1 423<more or less>,1/2<\i{}Dapania\i0{}>
424,1<fleshy> 432,3 433,2 435,1<1/2> 436,1 440<hard, smooth or transversly
rugose> 466,2<\i{}Averrhoa\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Averrhoa\i0{}> 472,2 488,1
489,1 490,2 492,2<\i{}Averrhoa\i0{}> 497,1 504,2/2&3<?> 506,2&3 520,4
521<Madagascar, Western Malaysia, tropical South America> 522,8&9&13&14&15
527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38<as a
synonym of \i{}Oxalidaceae\i0{}> 578,16 579,3 580<\i{}Averrhoa\i0{},
\i{}Dapania\i0{}, \i{}Sarcotheca\i0{}> 581<Descriptions compiled for this
package have \i{}Averrhoaceae\i0{} differing from the closely related
\i{}Oxalidaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in habit, staminodes when present
internal to the fertile stamens, colporate pollen, non-arillate and
crassinucellate ovules, and the often fleshy fruits.> 582<Edible fruit from
\i{}A. carambola\i0{} (star-fruit, five-corner).> 586<averrhoa> 
 
# Avicenniaceae <Endl. ex Schnizl.>/
2<\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{}, \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}-\i{}Avicennioideae\i0{}.> 5<small
mangrove>,1&3<with articulate branchlets and conspicuous aerial prop-roots
and pneumatophores> 32,2 39,2<decussate> 43,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 90,U 104,5
115,1 143,1/2/3 144,1 145,1<but transient>/2 148,2/3 149<when present,>,1
156,3 157,2 162,1 163,1<these thick-walled> 165,1 167,1 175,1 176,2 177,1
180,1 187,2 189,1&8&5 192,1 194,1&2 195<cymose or thyrsiform, condensed or
spiciform> 200,1 203,2 206,1 213,1 215,2 223,1 224,9 226,2 227,2 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3 241,2 243<about>,0.5 245<slightly>,2 251,1 254,4 255,1
258,3 260,2/3 265,1 266,1/4 267,3 268,3 278,4 280,2 282,2<in the throat of
the corolla> 284,1-2 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 296,3 297,1<slightly>/3 298,2
299,2 300,1 303,3-4 309,3 312,2 318,2 320,2<up to three in \i{}A.
officinalis\i0{}> 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3 330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 339,2
341,1 342<imperfectly>,4 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,2 354<partially>,1
361,1 379,2<one per locellus> 381,1 386,1-2<the curvature arrested early,
the ovule remaining almost orthotropous> 387,2<but with incomplete growth
of the integument, which does not form a micropyle> 388,1 390,2 391,1
393,2<the 3 nuclei soon degenerating> 397,2 400,1 401,1 402,1&2<of few
cells> 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,6<bivalved> 433,2 435,1 461,1
462<\i{}Avicennia\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Avicennia\i0{}> 472,2 484,1 485,2<normal
and decarb.> 488,2 490,2 492,2 500,1 520,4 521<tropical coasts>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,3 572,1
573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}?> 578,11
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Avicennia\i0{}> 581<Differing conspicuously from
\i{}Acanthaceae\i0{} in the regular corolla, 4-celled ovary with secondary
septa, the differently orientated ovules with conventional funicles, and
valvular capsule dehiscence. Records relying on limited sampling show
further differences in anther wall development and embryology.>
586<avicenni> 
 
# Balanitaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Agialidaceae\i0{} Van Tieghem>
5<small>,1/3<with axillary, simple or forked spines and bitter bark> 39,1
43,2 45,1 47,2 50,2 53,2 56,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 102,1 104,1 145,2 148,2 150,1
156,3 161,1 165,1 167,2 169,2<VP> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 194,2 205,1 206,1
212,5 213,1 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2<cupular or cushion shaped, 10-grooved>
223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,2
251<slightly>,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals spreading> 265,1 267,3
268,1<-ish> 274,2 278,10 282,1 285,1 289,1 295,10 298,3 300,3 303,3<the
filaments filiform> 306,1 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,2 321,3 322,2 328,1
329,3&6 330,8&10<tricolporate and 6-rugorate> 337,1 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3
344,6 345,1-2<semi-immersed in the disk> 352,2 353,5 358,1 360,2 361,1
364,1 365,1 366,1<very short, subulate> 368,1 371<minute> 376,2-3 379,1
380,1 381,1 386,2 387,3 388,2 389,1 390,1 391,1 392,1/2<?> 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2 404,1 409,2 412,7<fleshy, oily, the endocarp bony
and 5-angled> 415,2 421,1<and unilocular> 422,2 432,3 433,2<thick,
corrugated or bilobed> 435,1 444,1 504,2 506,1&3 520,4 521<tropical Africa
to Burma> 522,4&6 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,32<as a synonym of \i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{}> 578,25 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Balanites\i0{}> 581<In addition to the exstipulate leaves, green
corolla and drupaceous fruits, these compiled descriptions have
\i{}Balanites\i0{} differing from \i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{} sensu stricto
(q.v.) in assorted characters relying on limited sampling: details of wood
anatomy, the monocot type anther wall, hooked synergids, zigzag micropyle
and absence of mustard oils.> 586<balanita> 
 
# Balanopaceae <Benth.>/
1<\i{}Balanopsidaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 39<(pseudo-)>,3/1 45,1 47,2 53,1 64,2
65,1 68,2 76,1/4 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial, the guard cells with well
deveoped cuticular ridges> 104,1 115,1 123,1<in at least some species>
124,2 133,1/2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,3 155,2 156,2/2&3
161,1<\i{}B. balansae\i0{}>/2<\i{}B. microstachya\i0{}> 162,1<\i{}B.
microstachya\i0{}> 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 179,2/3 187,1<female>/2<male>
189<when aggregated,>,11<i.e. when male> 195<of male flowers comprising
catkins, the female flowers solitary> 200<(both male and female)>,1<the
aggregated males with one subtending scale, the solitary females with many
imbricating, involucral bracts> 223,6<male calyx represented by a single
unilateral scale>/7<female> 229,U 276,1<males>/2<females>
277,1<males>/2<females> 278<in males>,(2-)5-6(-12) 295,(2-)5-6(-12)
303,3-4<subsessile> 306,2 309,3 310,2-3<latero-introrse> 328,1 329,3-4(-5)
330,6 337,1 338,1<females>/2<males> 339,2-3 342,1/2-3 343,3 344,4 345,1
352,2 353<imperfectly>,2-3 361,2 363,1 368,2<long, subulate> 376,1 379,2
381,3 386,3 404,2 409,2 412,7 415,1/2<with 12 1-seeded pyrenes> 422,1
433,2 436,1 447,1 475,2<one species> 520,3-4 521<Queensland, New Caledonia,
Fiji> 522,10&11 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 21> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,4 565,2 567,10
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,12 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Balanops\i0{}> 586<balanopa> 
 
# Balanophoraceae <L.C. & A. Rich.>/
3<\i{}Dactylanthaceae\i0{} (Engler) Takhtajan, \i{}Hachettiaceae\i0{} Van
Tiegh., \i{}Helosidaceae\i0{} (\i{}Heloseaceae\i0{}) (Schott & Endlicher)
Van Tiegh., \i{}Langsdorffiaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Lophophytaceae\i0{}
Horan., \i{}Mystropetalaceae\i0{} Takhtajan, \i{}Latraeophilaceae\i0{}
Leandro ex A. St.-Hil., \i{}Sarcophytaceae\i0{} Horan.>
4<\i{}Cynomoriaceae\i0{}.> 5<bizarre, fleshy>,5 9,3 11,3<the above-ground
parts constitute the inflorescence, which is remarkably fungoid in
appearance: pallid, brown, pink or purplish, bearing numerous flowers that
are among the smallest known. The underground parts, which are attached to
the host root, may be the size of a pineapple and are tuber-like in
appearance, exhibiting scale-leaves in only one genus. The inflorescence
develops within the tuber, ultimately rupturing it and exhibiting its
remains as a volva at the base> 12,2<then subterranean only>/3 13,2<at
least in the normal sense> 14<more or less>,1 15,2 16,2 17,2 18,1<mostly
trees and shrubs> 21,1-3<without chlorophyll> 43<when present,>,4 90,U
141,- 143<of rhizomes and peduncles>,2/3/4 144,1 145,2 148,1 151,1/2 156,3
175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5 195<with densely crowded flowers> 203,1
223,3<sometimes, in male flowers>/6-7 224<when present,>,3-8<lobed>
225<when present,>,1/2 229,U 277,1/2<when female> 278,1-2<in achlamydeous
male flowers>/3-8<equalling and opposite P> 285,1/2 289,1 295,1-8
298<often>,2 305,3/1 309,1/2 311,2-3-4 312,2 317,1 320<with no
differentiation of an endothecium> 321,2 322<probably>,2 328,1/2 329<when
aperturate,>,(2-)3-5/3-4(-5) 330,6/7/9 337,1 338,1<when female>/2<when
male> 339,1-2(-3) 342,1-2(-3) 343,3 344,4 345,1-3 352,1/2 353,1-2(-3)
360,2<usually>/1 365,1 368,1/2 376,3 379,1 381,1 387,1 391,1/2 393,1/2
394<when formed,>,1/2 395,2 400,1 401,1 403,6 404,2 409,2 412,7/8 415,2
421,1 422,1 428,2 432,1 447<type inapplicable  cotyledons lacking>,- 472,2
475,2<one species> 520<all but one>,3-4 521<pantropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 527,1 528,1/2<?> 529,17 547,1 565,5 570,9 572,1
573,2 574,14 577,49 578,120 579,17 580<\i{}Balanophora\i0{},
\i{}Chlamydophytum\i0{}, \i{}Corynaea\i0{}, \i{}Dactylanthus\i0{},
\i{}Ditepalanthus\i0{}, \i{}Exorhopala\i0{}, \i{}Hachettea\i0{},
\i{}Helosis\i0{}, \i{}Langsdorffia\i0{}, \i{}Lophophytum\i0{},
\i{}Mystropetalon\i0{}, \i{}Ombrophytum\i0{}, \i{}Rhopalocnemis\i0{},
\i{}Sarcophyte\i0{}, \i{}Scybalium\i0{}, \i{}Thonningia\i0{}> 586<balanoph>
 
# Balsaminaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Hydrocereae\i0{} (\i{}Hydroceraceae\i0{}) Bl.,
\i{}Impatientaceae\i0{} Barnhart> 5,5 9,1-2<generally with translucent stems,
rarely almost shrubby> 6<with watery juice> 14<more or less>,1-2 21,1/3
22,1/2 32,2/3 38,3 39,1/2/3 40<when alternate,>,1 41<when whorled,>,3 42,1
45,1 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,2-3/6-7 64,2 65,1 68,2<as generally
interpreted>/1 73<if detectable,>,4 76,1/2/3 90,U 92,1 96<commonly>,1<in te
leaf teeth> 102,1 104,1/2 106<usually>,2 121,1/2 123,1 124,1<the abundance
of raphide sacs - these often also containing mucilage - here and in the
cortex being characteristic of the family> 130,1<\i{}Impatiens\i0{}>
132,1/3 137,2<but large cells with mucilaginous contents in the ground
parenchyma> 141,1 143,2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148<more or less>,1-2<the
interfascicular cambium giving rise internally only to thin-walled ground
tissue, without vessels> 151,1 152,- 156,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 186,1<as
regards the androecium/gynoecium relationship> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1 192,1 194<or flowers>,2 195<small, sometimes umbelliform
cymes, or the flowers solitary> 200,1 202,1/2 203,3 206,3 207,1
208,1<often, the anterior organs appearing posterior and the large, spurred
posterior sepal appearing anterior in the mature flower>/2 209,1&2
212<basically>,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 230,2
236,5/3<often coloured, the morphologically anterior pair reduced
or missing, the two laterals small and displaced forward to the anterior
aspect of the flower, the posterior large and heavy> 238,1 239,1 245,1
246<usually>,2<via the large member> 248,2<caducous> 251,1 252,2<before
resupination> 254,5<but often simulating three by fusion of the lateral
pairs to form two equally or unequally bilobed petals> 255,1
258,1<\i{}Hydrocera\i0{}>/2<\i{}Impatiens\i0{}> 261,4<the large,
morphologically anterior member remaining distinct, the latero-posterior
members joined to form two compound petals> 262<latero->,2<before
resupination> 265,1 267,1 278,5 280,2 282,1 283,2<but connate around it,
forming a deciduous calyptra> 284,2 285,2<the short, broad filaments free
below but connate above> 286,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1
305,2/3<around the top of the ovary> 309<ultimately rupturing at the base,
and lifted away as a calyptra by the elongating pistil> 310,3 312,2 315,1
317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,3/4-5 330,6 337,1 339,5 341,2
342,5 343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,2 353,5 360,1<the stigma almost
sessile>/2<the style very short> 361,1 365,1 368,1/5 372,1 373,2 374,4
376,2 379,2-3<\i{}Hydrocera\i0{}>/5-50<numerous, in \i{}Impatiens\i0{}>
380,1 381,1 382,1 383,3 384,2<in one series> 386,3 387,3/2<by fusion> 388,1
389,2 390,1 391,1/2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 401,1
402,1&2<the latter much the stronger> 403,1
404,1<\i{}Hydrocera\i0{}>/2<\i{}Impatiens\i0{}> 409,1/2
412,1<\i{}Impatiens\i0{}>/7<berry-like, in \i{}Hydrocera\i0{}> 414<of
\i{}Impatiens\i0{}>,5 416<of \i{}Impatiens\i0{}>,1 422,2<or scantily
endospermic, in \i{}Impatiens\i0{}> 432,3 433,2<expanded>
434<plano-convex> 435,2<1/2> 436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Impatiens\i0{}>
472,2 475,2<one species> 487,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/1&2 490,1
491,1/1&2 492,2<\i{}Impatiens\i0{}> 497,2 504,1&2&4 520,2-4 521<Eurasia,
Africa, North America> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&12&13&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
6-11> 527,1 528,2 529,15 545,3 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52
578,600 579,4 580<\i{}Hydrocera\i0{}, \i{}Impatiens\i0{},
\i{}Impatientella\i0{}, \i{}Semeiocardium\i0{}> 586<balsamin> 
 
# Barbeuiaceae <(Baill.) Nak.>/
2<\i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{}.> 5<large, woody>,4<the whole plants blackening
on drying> 27,3 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 55,1<articulated at the base> 60,2 62,7
64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 102,1 104,1 141,1<with 1 trace> 145,2 148,3<in the
form of successive rings of vascular bundles in the inner pericycle> 149,1
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,1 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2
194,2 195<short, rigid racemes, the pedicels long> 200,1<the bracts
subulate> 206,1 213,1 215,3/4 218,2 223,3 224,5 226,1 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,1<the sepals orbicular, concave> 245,3 248,1<spreading in fruit> 249,2
251,1 278,30-100<many> 279,U 280,1 281,U 282,1 285,1 287,2-4<?in several
series> 289,1 295,30-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments short, inserted
on an annular disk> 306<sagittate> 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3/4/6 330,8/9/10
339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,2 358,1 360,1-2 361<if
detectable,>,1 365,1 368,2<linear oblong, thick, erect-spreading, very
shortly connate at the base> 376,1 379,1 380,1 381,3 385,1 386,4 404,2
409,1<?> 412,1<hard, woody, bilocular> 421,1-2<the seeds partially enclosed
by fleshy arils> 422,1 432,3 433,2<oblong, unequal> 436,2 486,2 504,2 506,2
520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2
574,13 577,50 578,1<Barbeuia madagascariensis> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Barbeuia\i0{}> 586<barbeuia> 
 
# Barbeyaceae <Rendle>/
5<small, \i{}Olea\i0{}-like>,1 6,3 39,2 53,1 60,2 62<whie-hairy below,
oblong->,4 64,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 104<mainly laterocytic> 119,2 141,1<with one
trace> 145,2 148,2 150,2 155,1 156,3 157,2 159,2 161,U 162,1 167,2 168,U
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 184,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2 200,2 202,2 203,2 206,1
218,2 223,3 224,3/4 226,1 229,U 236,3/4<the sepals of the female flowers
pinnately net-veined> 238,1 239,3<at the base> 241,3 245,3 248,1 249<in the
female flowers, slightly>,1 251<of male flowers,>,3/- 276,1/2<female
flowers without staminodes> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,6-9(-12) 282,1
285,1 289,1 295,6-9(-12) 298,3-4 302,1 303,3<with very short filaments>
306,2 309,3 313<elongate, the connective apiculate> 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,1-3 341,1-2 342,1<when
monomerous, i.e. usually>/2-3<when semicarpous> 343,1<usually>/2/3
344,1<usually>/2/3<the carpels sometimes joined basally> 345,1 347<long>,2
348,2<the stigma decurrent on the long style> 350,1 351,1 352<when
semicarpous,>,2 353,2/3 363,1 365,1 376<when semicarpous,>,3 379,1 381,1
386,3 387<apparently>,2 404,2 405,1<when G 2 or 3>/2<when monomerous> 406,U
407<when apocarpous or monomeric,>,2 408,6<shortly beaked> 412<when
semicarpous, of 23 basally joined nucules(?)> 422,2 432,3 433,2 436,1
492,1 504,2 506,1 509,1 520,3 521<North East Africa, Arabia> 522,2&5 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,4 565,2 567,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34 578,1 579,1
580<\i{}Barbeya oleoides\i0{} the only representative> 586<barbeyac> 
 
# Barclayaceae <(Endl.) Li>/
2<\i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}.> 5<stemless aquatic>,5 6,1 25,3<the rhizomes
villous> 32,1 34,2 35<(blades)>,3<on their long petioles> 39,1 43,4/-
45<long>,1 53,1 60,2 62,4-9<sometimes violet beneath> 65,1 66,2 68,2 76,1
87,1<articulated> 88,1&2&3&4&5 90,U 92,1 103,1<the upper one> 104,1 128,2
141,- 143,4<monocotyledon-like> 148,1<the bundles closed> 151,2 159,1<with
spiral or annular thickenings> 173,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1<long-pedunculate but often not reaching the surface of the water, at
least sometimes cleistogamous> 188<extra-axillary> 200,2<under the
interpretation of the perianth adopted here> 202,2 206,1 213<more or
less>,1 215,4 218,1<if the calyx as described here is interpreted as an
involucre of bracts, so that the corolla tube becomes a hypanthium>/2<if
interpreted otherwise> 223<as interpreted here,>,1 224,8-60<?to many>
226,4-5 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<borne beneath the ovary, the oblong sepals
long-mucronate> 245,3 254,12-50<to many> 255<lobes more or less
distinctly>,3-4<on the tube> 258,3 267,3 272,1 278,30-60<many> 280,1
281,1 282,2<to the corolla tube> 285,1 287,(4-)5(-6)<each series with about
10 members> 289,2 290<about>,(15-)20<constituting the upper (outer) two
series> 291,1 295<about>,(20-)30 303,3<with short filaments> 306,2 308,2
309,3 311,2 312,2 328,2<with a reduced exine> 339,8-14<not immersed in the
torus> 342,8-14 343,3 344,6 345,3<in that the corolla tube arises from
around the top of the ovary> 352,2 353,8-14 360<very shortly>,2 361,1 365,1
368,1 371<forming an obscurely radiate disk with a central, conical
projection> 376<laminar, the ovules scattered over the partitions>
379,30-50<rather numerous> 384,3 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,2 400,1 404,1
409,2 412,6<globose, crowned by the persistent corolla, with sweet, rose
coloured flesh> 421<many seeded> 422,1 425,1 427<densely, rather softly
spinulose> 432,3<minute> 433,2 458,U 472,2 504,2 506,3 510,2&3&4 520,4
521<Indomalayan> 522,4&9 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 17, 18> 527,1 528,1 529,2 532,2
565,1 566,6 572,2 574,2 577,3<as a synonym of \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}> 578,4
579,1 580<only genus \i{}Barclaya\i0{}> 581<If family names are intended to
convey information of practical utility additional to supposed phylogeny,
\i{}Barclaya\i0{} is inappropriately included in \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}.
Differences include the non-peltate leaves; the flowers not or scarcely
opening (hydrocleistogamous) and fully cyclic, without sequential
morphological transitions from perianth to stamens; gamopetalous corolla,
adnate androecium, non-petaloid staminodes, relatively few fertile stamens,
basifixed anthers, non-aperturate pollen, fully inferior ovary, etc. The
anatomical differences may be under-estimated here, because the Metcalfe
and Chalk (1965) account of \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{} sensu lato employed here
does not permit satisfactory treatment of this sensu stricto family.>
586<barclaya> 
 
# Barringtoniaceae <Rudolphi>/
2<\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3<rarely> 39,1 40,1<but often
pseudoverticillate or tufted> 45,1 50,2 53,1 60,2 62<usually>,5 64,2 65,1
68,2 76,1/2/4 90,1 103,1<abaxial>/2 104,2 106,1 107,1 108<simple,>,1/2
115,1/2 123,1 124<star-shaped>,2 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,1<these orientated with the xylem on the outside> 147,2 148,2 152,3
153,1/2 156<usually>,3 157,2 158,1/2 159,U 161,2 162,1 163,1/2 164,2
165<typically>,1&2 166,1/2<?> 167,2 168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1/2<usually> 188<when solitary,>,1 189<when aggregated,>,2/6 192,2
194,1/2 195<racemes or corymbs, often elongated> 203,3-4 206,1-3 207<when
irregular,>,2 209,2/1&2 213,1 215,3/4 218,1-2 223,1 224,(6-)8-12 226,2
227,1 229,U 230,2 236,(2-)4(-6) 238,1 239,1/3 240<when gamosepalous,>,3
245,- 250,1<rarely, in \i{}Barringtonia\i0{}>/2 251,1<rarely calyptrate>/-
254,4(-6) 255,1 258,1/3<sometimes fused to the staminal cup> 265,1
278,50-100<or more  i.e. many, giving the flowers a fluffy, myrtaceous
appearance> 281,2 282,1/2<to the corolla> 285,2<the filaments basally
united, usually in several series, often concentrated on one side of the
flower by abortion of members> 286,1-20<to polyadelphous> 287,3-5<in
several series> 289,1/2<sometimes including members lacking anthers>
295,20-100<many> 298,5 302,2<or incurved>/- 306,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 315,1
318,2 320,2<two> 321,1 322,1 328,1 329,3<with a specialised marginal ridge>
330<(syn-)>,6/8<or colporoidate> 337,2 339,2-4(-6) 341,1-2 342,2-4(-6)
343,3 344,6 345,3 352,2 353,2-4(-6) 359,1<intrastaminal> 360,2 361,1 365,1
368,1 376,2-3 379,2-50<to many> 386,3 387,2<?Cronquist 1981>/3 388,1
389,2 391,1 400,2 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,2<then broadly 4-winged>/6<then
fibrous, usually one-seeded>/1 414<sometimes>,7 422,2 426<often woody
and>,4 432,3 484,2 488,2 504,2 520,4 521<palaeotropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13> 527,1 528,2 529,8 538,1 565,4
569,4 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}>
578<about>,55 579,6 580<\i{}Abdulmajidia\i0{}, \i{}Barringtonia\i0{},
\i{}Careya\i0{}, \i{}Chydenanthus\i0{}, \i{}Combretodendron\i0{} (=
\i{}Petersianthus\i0{}), \i{}Petersianthus\i0{}, \i{}Planchonia\i0{}>
581<Morton \i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) present these genera as subfamily
Planchonioideae of an expanded \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}, based on an
assessment using both molecular and morphological data. Analyses of the
descriptions compiled for this package have them differing from
\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{} sensu stricto in basic chromosome number and in
being palaeotropical, as well as in the non-stratified secondary phloem,
less zygomorphic flowers, imbricate calyx, and 3-celled pollen grains>
586<barringt> 
 
# Basellaceae <Moq.-Tand.>/
3<\i{}Anredereae\i0{} (\i{}Anrederaceae\i0{}) J.G. Argardh,
\i{}Ullucaceae\i0{} Nak.> 5,5 14,- 21,3 22,1/2 25,3/4 27,1/3 28<the
climbers>,1/6 32,3 39,2/1 43<somewhat>,3 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2-3 65,1
68,2 90,U 102,1 103,2 104,3/1&3 106<said to be>,2 121,1 123,1
124,2<usually>/2&3 130,2<\i{}Basella\i0{}> 139,1<sometimes?>/2 140,2
143,2<these of unequal size> 144,2/1&2<at least in the larger bundles
bicollateral> 145,1<at least in stems with large bundles> 148,1/2<?> 156,3
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1<mostly>/2&3 176,1/2
177,1<mostly>/2<?  at least sometimes functionally unisexual> 187,2
189,2/3/8 194,1/2 195<panicles, racemes or spikes> 200,1<the bracts small>
202,1<the two bracteoles calyx-like, connate at the base or not, often
winged and persistent in the fruit> 206,1<excluding paired bracteoles>
212,5 213,1 215,1/2<if the bracteoles regarded as perianth> 217,2 218,1
220,1 222,2 223,1<if the bracteoles are regarded as calyx, the calyx as
corolla>/3<the best interpretation?>/4 224,5/7<if the bracteoles are
mistaken for perianth> 226,1/2<if the bracteoles are included> 227,2<if the
bracteoles included>/- 229,U 233,1 236,5<i.e. the true perianth>/2<i.e. the
bracteoles> 239,1<the true sepals and/or the bracteoles sometimes almost
distinct>/3<the bracteoles and/or the true sepals usually tubular below>
248,1<both the bracteoles and the true calyx> 251,1 277,1<usually>/2<in
female flowers> 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the base of the perianth members, or
to the tube> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 302,3 306,1 308,1
309,1/2/3 312,2 318,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 330,9/10<pantocolpate, or cuboid
with a colpus on each furrow> 333,4 337,2<\i{}Andredera\i0{}>
338,1<usually>/2<in male flowers> 339,3 341,1 342,1<when mature> 343,3
344,4-6 345,1 352<becoming>,1 353,1<though detectably trilocular in the
very early stages of development> 360,2 361,1/3 363<when separate,>,1/2
365,1 368,3 375,1 378<(of the mature ovary)>,1 380,1 381,3 385,2 386,3-4
387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 404,2
409,2 412,2<a utricle> 413,3/4<then surrounded by the winged bracteoles>
422,2 425,1 430,1 432,3 433,2 435,1 436,2<semi-annular>/4 447,1
466,2<\i{}Basella\i0{}> 472,2 484,2 486,1<where sought> 488,2 490,1/2
491<when present,>,2 492,2<2 genera, 2 species> 497,1 498,3<a> 520,4
521<tropical America, Africa, Asia> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12> 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2
574,13 577,50 578,25 579,4 580<\i{}Anredera\i0{}, \i{}Basella\i0{},
\i{}Tournonia\i0{}, \i{}Ullucus\i0{}> 586<basellac> 
 
# Batidaceae <Mart. ex Meissn.>/
1<\i{}Bataceae\i0{}.> 5<weak, straggling coastal>,3<to 150 cm high> 14,1
32,4 38,2 39,2 42,1/4<flat above, convex below> 43,3 45,2-3 46<slightly>,1
51,U<strong-scented> 53,1 60,2 62,3/6/8 68,2<ostensibly>/1<interpretable as
such, in that each leaf bears an ephemeral, glandular pair within its
briefly clasping base> 73,4 74,1 78,2 90,U 92,2-3<adaxially grooved and
stem-clasping at the base, sub-cylindrical in the middle, and cylindrical
towards the tip> 104,3 106,2<or scarce> 123,1 124,2&3 131,3 139,1
140,1<inside the bundles of pericyclic fibres> 143,2-3<with a ring of 3-5
bundles corresponding with the angles of the stem, and a single but smaller
bundle on either side> 144,1 145,2 146,1<the two small ones, which are not
leaf traces> 148,1/2<?> 150,1 155,1-2 156,3 157,1 159,U 161,1 162,U 163,U
167,2 168,U 169,2<VPI> 175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5 179,2/3 187,2 189,3 192,2
194,2 195<conical, strobiloid spikes with flowers in four ranks> 200,1<the
bracts cochleariform and imbricate in male inflorescences, smaller and
partially incorporated in the fleshy female spike> 203,2 206<those of of
male plants>,2-3/- 207<male flowers>,1/- 209<of male flowers>,1/-
212<(male)>,4/- 213<male flowers>,1/- 218,2 220,2 223,1<in male
flowers>/7<in female flowers, where the lower bracts are united> 226<of
male flowers>,2 229,U 238<of male flowers>,1 239,3 240,3 244,1/3 245,2
254<of male flowers>,4 255,1 258,1/3<the claws more or less united> 267,3
274,1 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<of male flowers>,4 280,2 282,1 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,2<at least, alternating with the corolla>
306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 313<briefly>,1 314,1<by short extension of
the connective> 315,1 320,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8/10<colporoidate or
ruporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<of female flowers>,2<but
secondarily partitioned from each carpel midrib> 342,4 343,3 344,5
345,1<but the 810 gynoecia of adjoining flowers coherent, and adherent to
the bract bases> 352,2 353,2<but these sesondarily partitioned> 354,1 358,1
360,1 368,2<sessile> 376,1 379,1 380,1 381,3 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,7
415,1<four> 417,1 418,1 422,2 432,3 433,2 434<fleshy> 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Batis\i0{}> 471,1 472,2 475,2<one species> 484,2 486,2 488,2 492,2
497,2 504,2&3&5 520,4 521<Pacific, West Indies, north coastal South
America, central America to Florida, New Guinea, Queensland>
522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1 529,7<? - or
Caryophylliflorae> 537,4 565,4 569,9 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,2
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Batis\i0{}> 586<batidace> 
 
# Baueraceae <Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Codiaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.> 5,3 32,2/3 39,2
45,3 53,2 56,3 64,3<the leaflets pinnately veined> 68,2 76,3 89,U 90,U 94,U
106,1/2 107,1/2 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 130,2 133,U 134,U 141,1 145,U
146,U 147,U 148<presumably>,2<?> 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1 188,2 223,1 224,(8-)12-16(-20) 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,(4-)6-8(-10) 238,1 239,1 248,1 251,1<slightly>/3 254,(4-)6-8(-10) 255,1
258,1 265,1 268<magenta>,6 278,4-10/15-100<to many> 282,1 285,1 287,1/2
289,1 295,15-30 298,2-5 308,2 309,2<these apical, the openings sometimes
confluent over the anther tip> 310,3 328,1 337,1 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4
345,1-2 352,2 353,2 361,2 363,1 368,2 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2/3 379,2-15<to
numerous> 381,1/2/3 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,1 424,1 436,1 447,1 472,2
488,1 489,2 490,1 491,2&3 492,2 495,2 520,2-3 521<Australia> 522,10 527,1
528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38<as a synonym
of \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Bauera\i0{}>
581<Seemingly differing from \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the sessile,
exstipulate leaves and unilacunar nodes; non-versatile short-slitted
anthers; also the seed with a non-zig-zag micropyle?.> 586<bauerace> 
 
# Begoniaceae <C.A. Agardh.>/
5,5<mostly>/3/4 14,1<mostly>/2 21,3 22,1/2 27,1/3 28<climbers>,5 32,3
38,2-3 39,1 40,1/2 42,1 43,1/3 45,1 47,2 53,1<usually>/2 54,1/2 56<when
compound,>,5 60,2<usually>/1 61<generally>,1/2 62<often more or less
trapezoid or elephants ear shaped> 63<sometimes>,2 64,3 65,1 68,1 69,2
70,1 73,1/2<often large> 74,1/2 76,1/2/3 81,2 90,U 92,1<nearly always, the
upper surfaces often exhibiting silvery areas representing air-filled
spaces between epidermis and palisade> 94<commonly>,1<these deciduous>
96,1<occasionally>/2 103,1<abaxial, often grouped> 104,2/3/5/6<usually with
36 subsidiaries, these often in two rings> 106<of diverse forms>,1<mostly
multicellular, non-capitate and capitate, uniseriate and multiseriate,
shaggy, etc.> 107<nearly always>,1<?> 115<commonly>,1<often of large cells,
often of more than one layer, sometimes on both leaf surfaces>/2
119,1<commonly>/2 122,1<these sometimes crystalliferous>/2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2<\i{}Begonia\i0{}> 134,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,3/4 143,2<the bundles
usually widely separated, but sometimes constituting an almost closed ring>
144,1 145,2 146,1<commonly>/2 147,1<commonly>/2 148,2<the resulting ground
tissue of the wood composed chiefly of delicately septate prosenchymatous
elements with simple pits> 151,1 153<in radial rows, increasing in diameter
towards the periphery of the stem> 156,3/2&3 161,2 162,1 167,2
170,1<occasionally seen>/2 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<the first inflorescence axes
usually ending in male flowers, the last and sometimes the penultimate ones
in females> 178,1/2<androecium very small or lacking> 179,3 187,2 189,1
192,1 194,2<usually>/5<two species> 195<dichasia, with bostryx tendency>
203,2/3 206,2/3 209,1/2/1&2 213,1 218,2 223,4
224,2/4<commonly>/2-5/10<rarely  \i{}Hillebrandia\i0{}> 225,1<usually>/2
226,1<in females and some males, then imbricate>/2<in some males, then
valvate> 227<when 2,>,1/- 229,U 230<more or less>,2<the outer members
larger and covering the inner>/- 231,2/3/5/6/7 254,2/4/5 255,1/2
258,1<usually>/3 265,1/3 267,1 277,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers>
278,(4-)50-100<usually many> 279,1/2 281<usually many and>,1 282,1
285,1/2<connate> 286<when joined, variously>,1 287,2-5<usually many
whorls> 289,1 295,(4-)50-100 298,3-5 306,4 309,1/3 310,1<usually>/2 312,2
313,1<by the elongated connective>/2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2-3(-6)<often
longitudinally winged> 341,2/3 342,2-3(-6) 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,2
353,2-3(-6) 361,2-3(-6) 363,1<usually>/2<at the base> 372,2 373,1 374,2
376,2 379,15-50<many> 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 403,1 404,2<usually>/1 409,1<usually>/2
412,1<usually, usually more or less winged>/6 414<usually>,5
421,25-100<many> 422,2 426,2 432,2-3<tiny> 433,2 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Begonia\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<2 species> 484,2 487,1/2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1 490,1/2 491,2 492,2<5 \i{}Begonia\i0{} species> 495,2 496,1
520,3&4 521<pantropical, concentrated in America> 522,4&6&7&8&9&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10-21(+)> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,36 578,920 579,3-5 580<\i{}Begonia\i0{},
\i{}Hillebrandia\i0{}, \i{}Symbegonia\i0{} (\i{}Begoniella\i0{},
\i{}Semibegoniella\i0{})> 582<Over 130 cultivated ornamental species of
\i{}Begonia\i0{} are commercially available.> 586<begoniac> 
 
# Behniaceae <Conran, M.W. Chase & Rudall>/
2<\i{}Luzuriagaceae\i0{}, \i{}Philesiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Smilacaceae\i0{}.>
5<unarmed, glabrous>,3/4<from short rhizomes, with the habit of
\i{}Asparagus asparagoides\i0{}> 9,2<with alternating, sessile
phyllodes>/1<see comments below> 10<if the leaves are really
phyllodes,>,2 12,1/2<?> 21,3 22,2 25,3<?> 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1
29<stems twisting dextrorsely> 32,4 39<(if they are not phyllodes!)>,1 40,2
45<shortly>,1 47,2<without a sheathing base> 53,1 59,U 64,4 65,1 76,1
121,U 123,1 124,1 131,1 148,3<in the rhizome> 149,2 163,U 175,2/3 176,1
177<(crypto)>,5<the female flowers with smaller, sterile stamens, the males
with a sterile nectariferous ovary> 178,1 179,1<nectariferous> 182,1
183,3<with septal nectaries> 187,1/2<articulated on their pedicels> 188,1
189<when aggregated,>,1/2<a bostryx> 192,1 193,U 194,2 203,2 206,1 212,3
216,2 219,1<this campanulate, about two thirds the lenght of the perianth>
223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228,2 231,1/2 233,1<marcescent, not becoming
twisted> 235,1 276,1/2 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,6 282,2<to the
middle of the perigone tube> 284,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1
306,1-2<?> 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 316,1 318,1 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1
337,1<?> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,2 353,3 358,3<basally contracted into a thick gynophore> 360,2 361,1
363,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 370,3 376,2 379,2-3/3-7<?> 384,4<?> 386,3 387,3
388,2 389,2 391,1 404,1 409,2 412,6 421<few to many> 422<copiously>,1 424,1
430,2 433,1 436,1 442,1 443,2<thick> 447,- 504,2&4 506,1 521<South Africa>
522,7 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}?> 578,1 579,1 580<\i{}Behnia\i0{} only> 581<See
Conran \i{}et al\i0{}, (1997), Reveal (1998). The more detailed description
of the former is fairly inadequate. It makes no reference to phyllodes, but
perhaps significantly records the leaves as non-sheathing. The presence
of a gynophore in \i{}Behnia\i0{} is the only other difference from
\i{}Asparagaeae\i0{} sensu stricto in the present compilation.>
586<behniace> 
 
# Berberidaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Nandinaceae\i0{} Horan. (non J.G. Agardh)> 4<\i{}Nandinaceae\i0{}
J.G. Agardh, \i{}Leonticaceae\i0{}, \i{}Podophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<mostly,
usually with distinct long- and short- shoots, the tissues commonly
coloured yellow with berberine>/5<more or less, \i{}Epimedium\i0{}> 32,3/4
36<commonly>,1<the long-shoot leaves often spiny or transformed into
spines>/2 37,1/2 38,2-4 39,1/3 40,1 42,1 43,1/2/5<especially on the
long-shoots, the spines simple or branched> 45,1 47,2 53,1/2/1&2 56<when
compound,>,1<the simple form of \i{}Berberis\i0{} perhaps representing
this>/3/4 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple,>,1/2 63<commonly>,4 64,2 65,1
68,1<the stipules minute or vestigial>/2 69<when present,>,2 74,1
76,1/4<usually prickly> 81,2 90,U 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1/2<infrequent>
107,1<simple unicellular or uniseriate>/2<very rarely, but glandular hairs
with a uniseriate stalk and ellipsoidal head recorded in Epimedium>
130,2<\i{}Berberis\i0{}, \i{}Epimedium\i0{}, \i{}Mahonia\i0{}> 132,1
135<more or less>,1<the peripheral cells tending to be thicker-walled>
139,1 140,1/2 141,3/5<e.g. \i{}Epimedium\i0{}, \i{}Mahonia\i0{}> 143,2/4<in
herbaceous and semi-herbaceous forms> 144,1 146,- 147,-
148,1<\i{}Epimedium\i0{}, \i{}Vancouveria\i0{}>/2 150,1 152<of
\i{}Berberis\i0{} and \i{}Mahonia\i0{}>,1/2/3 153<very>,1 154<commonly>,4/3
156,2/3 158,1 162,1 163<occasionally>,1<in \i{}Berberis\i0{}>/2 165<absent>
169,2<VPI>/3 170,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,1/4<from the honey-leaves
of the perianth, which are interpretable as staminodial> 184,2 186,1<the
stamens springing violently upwards when their irritable bases are touched>
187,2 189,1/2/7 192,1/2 195<racemes, fascicles and cymes> 203,2/3 206,1
212,(2-)3(-4) 213,1 215,4<usually of 67(-9) cycles> 217,2<short> 218,2
220,2 223,1 224,(8-)12(-15) 225,1 226,4-6(-7) 227,1 229,U 236<usually
interpreted as>,(4-)6 238,2<alternatively interpretable as bracts> 239,1
245,3 248,2 251,1 254,6-12 255,2-4<the outer two without nectaries,
sometimes interpreted as petaloid K, the inner two or three whorls when
present nectariferous, alternatively interpretable as staminodes> 258,1
265,1 267,3 268,3/4 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1/2<if the inner
petals are so interpreted> 290<if interpreted as such,>,3-9 291,1
295<usually>,6<usually the same number as the nectariferous C> 299,1<i.e.
usually oppositipetalous>/- 300,2/- 306,4 308,2 309,5 310,1<the two valves
posterior, but usually moving upwards and turning around, orientating the
adhering pollen towards the centre of the flower> 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2
320,2 322,2 326,2 328,1 329,3 330,11 337,1 339<ostensibly>,1<fancifully
interpretable as 3> 341,1 342,1 343,1<with no convincing evidence of
pseudomonomery?> 344<ostensibly>,1 345,1 347<shortly>,2 348,2 350,1-6
351,2-3 372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2&3&4 381,3 385,1/2 386,2/3 387,3 388,2 389,1
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<large> 397,1 400,2 403,1 404,1 407,2
408,8 422,1 424,1 434,1 435,2<2/8> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Berberis\i0{}, \i{}Mahonia\i0{}> 469,3<\i{}Mahonia\i0{}> 472,2<with
the segregate families excluded> 475,1<usually <90%>>/2 477,1<?always,
colouring the tissues yellow> 483,2 484,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/2
490,1/2 491<when present,>,2/1&2/2&3 492,2<6 species, 3 genera> 495,2 497,2
520,2-3 521<widespread in the North Temperate, tropical mountains, South
America> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&9&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7
572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23 578,575 579,4 580<\i{}Berberis\i0{},
\i{}Epimedium\i0{}, \i{}Mahonia\i0{}, \i{}Vancouveria\i0{}>
581<\i{}Nandinaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Leonticaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Podophyllaceae\i0{} are close to \i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}, but the
compiled descriptions (q.v.) show enough differences to defend retaining
them as segregate families for practical purposes (including keys).>
582<Edible berries from \i{}Berberis\i0{} spp. (barberry), \i{}Mahonia
aquifolium\i0{} (Oregon grape).> 586<berberid> 
 
# Berberidopsidaceae <(Veldkamp) Takhtajan>/
2<\i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}.> 5,4 27,3 32,3/4<?> 38,2-3 39,1 40,1 42,1
43,1<thin and soft in the Australian representatives>/2<and holly-like, in
the Chilean one> 45,1 47,2 53,1 55,1/2 60,2 62,7 64,2/3<basally, in \i{}B.
beckleri\i0{}> 68,2 76,1/4<prickly, in \i{}B. corallina\i0{}> 81,2
85,1<recorded in \i{}B. beckleri\i0{} only, in the axils of the midvein and
lowest pair of secondary veins> 87,U 89,U 90,U 92,1 94,U 102,1 104,3<at
least in in \i{}B. corallina\i0{}> 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 123,1 124,2
130,2 133,U 135,1/2 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,2<in \i{}B. corallina\i0{}> 155,2
156,3 157,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165<in \i{}B. corallina\i0{},absent
or>,2 166,U 167,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2
189<when aggregated,>,2 192,2 194<when aggregated,>,1/2 203<pendent,>,2
206,1 213,2 214,1<\i{}B. corallina\i0{}>/1&2 218,2
223,1<\i{}Streptothamnus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Berberidopsis\i0{}> 224,10/15-18<in
\i{}B. beckleri\i0{}> 225,1 226<spiralled or>,2 228,1&2 231,3&7<\i{}S.
moorei\i0{}>/2&7<\i{}B. beckleri\i0{}>/6 233<at least its outer
members,>,1<around the base of the fruit> 236<in
\i{}Streptothamnus\i0{},>,5 239,1 248<or the outer perianth members)>,1
254<in \i{}Berberidopsis\i0{},>,5 258,1 267,3 268,2<to cream>/5-6/5 274,2
278,5-6<\i{}Berberidopsis corallina\i0{}>/12-13<\i{}B.
beckleri\i0{}>/50-75<many, \i{}Streptothamnus moorei\i0{}> 279,U 282,1
285,1 295,5-13<in one whorl>/12-75<then numerous and densely arranged>
303,3<\i{}S. moorei\i0{}>/4<\i{}B. corallina\i0{}, and more or less so in
\i{}B. beckleri\i0{}> 306<more or less>,2 309,3 339,3 342,1 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2 361,1 375,2 378,20-50<many> 386<almost>,1/2
404,1 409,2 412,6 421<many seeded> 422,1 431,U 474,U 486,2 488,1 493,U
504,3&5 513,1 518,1 520,2-4 521<Chile (\i{}B. corallina\i0{}) and Eastern
Australia (\i{}B. beckleri\i0{} and \i{}S. moorei\i0{})> 522,10&15 523,U
527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,12 577,48 578,3 579,2
580<\i{}Berberidopsis\i0{} and \i{}Streptothamnus\i0{}> 581<This first
draft attempt at compiling a description of a recently resurrected little
family is inadequate for general morphology, and lacks information on
anther development, pollen, embryology, anatomy and phytochemistry.>
586<bberidop> 
 
# Betulaceae <S.F. Gray>/
3<\i{}Nuculaceae\i0{} Dulac> 4<\i{}Corylaceae\i0{} and \i{}Carpinaceae\i0{}
(q.v.).> 5,1/3 31,1 32,2/3 37,2 38,2-3 39,1 40,1-2 42,1 43,1 45,1 47,2 53,1
60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 73,1 74,1 76,3/4 78,1 81,2 85,1<found in both
genera> 86,1/2/3<mostly> 90,U 92,1<usually>/1-2<in that the mesophyll
largely consists if palisade cells in \i{}A. glutinosa\i0{}> 101,1/2
103,1<all abaxial, or relatively few adaxially> 104,1 123,1 124,2&3<the
former predominating> 130,2<\i{}Alnus\i0{}, \i{}Betula\i0{}> 135<almost or
quite>,1 139,1 140,2<in the outer part of the cortex> 141,3 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152<usually>,1<?>/- 153,1/1-2 154,2&3&5<with
numerous multiples of 2-3 cells, usually with some of 4 or more, and
sometimes patterned obliquely> 156,2/1&2 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 161,1-2<the
fibres with pits rather few, with small but distinct borders> 162,1-2 163,2
164,2 165,1 167,2 169,3 170<commonly>,1 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<the males and
females in separate inflorescences> 184,1 187,2 189,11/4&11 190,1<notably
\i{}Alnus\i0{}>/2 192,1<typically a 3-flowered cymule in each catkin bract
or cone-scale axil> 194,1<the stems sympodial> 195<more or less elongate,
pendulous catkins (male), or erect, short heads or woody cones (female),
with few-flowered dichasia in the bract axils> 197,- 200,1 202,1 203,1/2
218,2 223,3<male>/6/7<female> 224,0/2-4 229,U 236<(in male
flowers)>,1-6<minute, scale-like> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,2-4<but
ostensibly more by congestion of the three members of the cymule>
282,1/2<to the base of the perianth> 285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,1<the
filaments united at the base> 289,1 295,2-4 298,2 299,2 306,2 308,2 309,3
311,2<the cells juxtaposed in \i{}Alnus\i0{}, on the separate branches of
the bifurcated filament in \i{}Betula\i0{}> 312,2 328,1 330,7 337,1
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2 342,1<above>/2 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2
353<incompletely>,2<unilocular above> 356,1 360,2 361,2 363,1 365,1 368,2
372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1-2 397,1 400,2 403,2 404,2 409,2 412,8/10<then
two-winged, and the fruit sometimes remaining attached to the scalelike
organ representing accrescent bracts and bracteoles> 419,3 420<by wind>
421,1 422,2 433,2<oily> 434,1 435,2<2/3> 436,1 447,1/2 472,2 475,2<13
species> 483,2 484,2 488,1 489,1/2/1&2 490,1 491,1&2/1&2&3/2&3 492,1/2<2
\i{}Alnus\i0{} species listed> 497,2 520,2 521<North temperate, tropical
mountains, Andes, Argentina> 522,1&2&3&4&5&12&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 14>
527,1 528,1 529,10 540,3 565,2 567,10 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35
578,95 579,2 580<\i{}Betula\i0{}, \i{}Alnus\i0{}> 582<Hardwood timber
(especially for plywood) from \i{}Betula\i0{}.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Fond fathers, \line{}Having bound up the
threatening twigs of birch, \line{}Only to stick it in their childrens
sight \line{}For terror, not to use; in time the rod \line{}Becomes more
mockd than feard. \line{}(Measure for Measure, i.,4)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The birch begins to crack its outer sheath
\line{}Of baby green and show the white beneath, \line{}As whosoever likes
the young and slight \line{}May well have noticed. Soon entirely white
\line{}To double day and cut in half the dark \line{}It will stand forth,
entirely white in bark \line{}(Robert Frost, A Young Birch) >
586<betulace> 
 
# Biebersteiniaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}.> 5<glandular>,5 21,3<occasionally vegetatively 
stemless> 22,1/2
25,3&4 39,1 51,3 53,2 56,4/6<or the pinnae pinnatisect> 57<when pinnate,>,1
64,2 65,1 68,1 69,2<fused to the petiole> 89,U 90,U 94,U 116,U 119,U 120,U
121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 151,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2-3/4/8 202<bi->,1 206,1
212,5 213,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1
249,1/2 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,2 267,3 268,2/3/4 272,2 274,1/2
275<sometimes toothed> 278,10/15<if the five fleshy nectariferous glands
alternating with the petals are interpreted as staminodes> 282,1 285,2
286,1<the filaments very shortly connate basally> 287,2/3<?> 289,2 290,5
291,1 293,2<i.e., represented by the whorl of glands, alternating with the
petals> 295,10 298,3 299,1 300,3 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,2 330,8
339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,5<deeply lobed> 358,1-3 360,2
361,5 365<styles arising from the base of the lobes and connate into a
capitate stigma> 368,1 371,3 376,3 379,1 381,1 386,3-4<anacampylotropus,
the seed not or scarcely becoming campylotropous> 387,3 388,2 404,2 405,1
409,3<with no persistent central column> 410,5 411<of indehiscent,
one-seeded mericarps>,4 422,2 436,2 520,2-3 521<South-east Europe to
central Asia> 522,1&2&3&4 524<\i{}X\i0{}=5> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5
570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44 578,5 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Biebersteinia\i0{}> 581<Bakker \i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) inferred from
\i{}rbc\i0{}L and \i{}atp\i0{}B sequencing that \i{}Biebersteinia\i0{}
merits family recognition, and that its relationships lie with Sapindales
rather than Geraniales. The above description is very inadequate, e.g. re.
the androecium.> 582<\i{}B. heterostemon\i0{} is used in traditional
Chinese medicine> 586<bieberst> 
 
# Bignoniaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Crescentiaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5,1/3/4/5<<5%> rarely> 27,1/3 28<when
climbing>,1/3<via modified terminal leaflets>/5 29<the
twiners>,2<\i{}Tecoma\i0{}> 39,2<mostly>/3/1<rarely, then spiral> 45,1 47,2
50,1/2 53,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 56,2/4/5/6/7 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple>,1/2
63<when dissected>,1/2 68,2 81,2 85,1<known from 14 genera>
86,1<rarely>/2/3 90,U 92,1<usually>/2<isobilateral recorded in
\i{}Kigelia\i0{}> 102,1 103<nearly always>,1<abaxial>
104,1/3/5<\i{}Kigelia\i0{}> 115,1<rarely, e.g. in \i{}Pandorea\i0{}>/2
122,1<spicular cells>/2 123,1 124<mostly>,3<in the form of small octahedra,
prisms or needles: large solitary crystals and druses rare>
130,2<\i{}Catalpa\i0{}, \i{}Jacaranda\i0{}, \i{}Tecomella\i0{}> 139,1
140,1/2 141,1<3 to several traces> 143,1 145,2 146,2 147,1<these inversely
orientated, e.g. in \i{}Campsis\i0{}, \i{}Tecoma\i0{}>/2
148,2/3<represented by assorted variations, featured in Solereders generic
key> 149,1<e.g. \i{}Campsis\i0{}, \i{}Clytostoma\i0{}, \i{}Tecomaria\i0{},
where a second series of bundles forms internally to the primary cylinder,
in the pith; or in the secondary cortex>/2 150,1<in lianes>/2
152<variously>,1/2/3 153,1/2<mostly>/3 156,3<typically>/1&3 157,2 158,1/2
161,2 162,1 163,1<commonly, especially in climbers>/2 164,2 165,2
166,1<commonly>/2 167,1<as wedges in the xylem>/2 169,1/2<VP, VPI>/3 175,1
176,2 177,1 184,2/3/4 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2 192,1/2 194,1/2
195<usually dichasial, tending to cincinnial> 206,2-3 209,1&2<K irregular,
C sometimes more or less regular> 212<more or less>,5 213,1 215,2
220<usually>,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 240,1/4
244,3 245,1/2 251<often>,4/- 254,5 255,1 258,3 260,1/2 265,1/3<<10%>
rarely> 266<usually>,4/6 267,2<often, the upper lip with two lobes, the
lower with three>/3<<10%> rarely> 278,(4-)5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla
tube> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289<nearly always>,2/1<occasionally all five
members are fertile, or the usual posterior staminode is absent> 290,1<the
posterior, adaxial member>/3 291,2 292,1/1&2 294,3<mostly>/2&3
295,(2-)4(-5) 296,1/2 297,1<mostly>/3/- 298,1<usually>/2 299,2 300,1
303,3 305,2<usually>/1 306<ambiguously>,1/2/3/- 309,3 
311,2<with the locules often widely divergent or
separated> 312,1/2 315,1/2 317,1 318,2 319,1 322,1
328,1<usually>/2 329,2-12 330,6/8 337,1<in 13 genera> 339,2 342,1/2/4 343,3
344,4-5 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/2/4 354,1/2 356,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1/1-2
370<when single,>,2 372,1 373,1 374,3 375<when unilocular>,2 
376<when 2 or 4 locular>,2/4
378<when unilocular,>,6-100<to many> 379,6-50<many> 381,3 386,1/2 387,2
388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1-2 397,2<large>
399<usually>,1<but weak> 400,1 401,1 402,1/1&2 404,2<usually>/1<<10%>
rarely> 409,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 412,1<usually>/6<<10%> rarely>
414,4/5 422,2<with Schlegelieae excluded> 429,1<usually>/2 433,2
434,1<enlarged, foliaceous> 435,2<4/4> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Catalpa\i0{}, \i{}Chilopsis\i0{}> 469,2<predominantly>/3 472,2
475,1<<30%>>/2 479,1<4 genera> 480,1 481,1<8 genera>
482,1<\i{}Eccremocarpus\i0{}> 483,2 484,1<very commonly> 485,1<normal,
doubtfully>/2<normal and decarb.> 487,1<rarely>/2 488,2 490,1/2 491<when
present,>,2 492,2<8 species, 7 genera> 494,1 495,2 520,2<a few>/3&4<mainly>
521<widespread, with \i{}Catalpa\i0{} common to the Old and New Worlds>
522,1&2&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 20 (mostly)> 525,7
527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60
578,650 579,110 580<\i{}Adenocalymna\i0{}, \i{}Amphilophium\i0{},
\i{}Amphitecna\i0{}, \i{}Anemopaegma\i0{}, \i{}Argylia\i0{},
\i{}Arrabidaea\i0{}, \i{}Astianthus\i0{}, \i{}Barnettia\i0{},
\i{}Bignonia\i0{}, \i{}Callichlamys\i0{}, \i{}Campsidium\i0{},
\i{}Campsis\i0{}, \i{}Catalpa\i0{}, \i{}Catophractes\i0{},
\i{}Ceratophytum\i0{}, \i{}Chilopsis\i0{}, \i{}Clytostoma\i0{},
\i{}Colea\i0{}, \i{}Crescentia\i0{}, \i{}Cuspidaria\i0{},
\i{}Cybistax\i0{}, \i{}Delostoma\i0{}, \i{}Deplanchea\i0{},
\i{}Digomphia\i0{}, \i{}Dinklageodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Distictella\i0{},
\i{}Distictis\i0{}, \i{}Dolichandra\i0{}, \i{}Dolichandrone\i0{},
\i{}Eccremocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Ekmanianthe\i0{}, \i{}Fernandoa\i0{},
\i{}Fridericia\i0{}, \i{}Gardnerodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Glaziova\i0{},
\i{}Godmania\i0{}, \i{}Haplolophium\i0{}, \i{}Haplophragma\i0{},
\i{}Heterophragma\i0{}, \i{}Hieris\i0{}, \i{}Incarvillea\i0{},
\i{}Jacaranda\i0{}, \i{}Kigelia\i0{}, \i{}Lamiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Leucocalantha\i0{}, \i{}Lundia\i0{}, \i{}Macfadyena\i0{},
\i{}Macranthisiphon\i0{}, \i{}Manaosella\i0{}, \i{}Mansoa\i0{},
\i{}Markhamia\i0{}, \i{}Martinella\i0{}, \i{}Melloa\i0{}, \i{}Memora\i0{},
\i{}Millingtonia\i0{}, \i{}Mussatia\i0{}, \i{}Neojobertia\i0{},
\i{}Neosepicaea\i0{}, \i{}Newbouldia\i0{}, \i{}Nyctocalos\i0{},
\i{}Ophiocolea\i0{}, \i{}Oroxylum\i0{}, \i{}Pajanelia\i0{},
\i{}Pandorea\i0{}, \i{}Parabiognonia\i0{}, \i{}Paragonia\i0{},
\i{}Paratecoma\i0{}, \i{}Parmentiera\i0{}, \i{}Pauldopia\i0{},
\i{}Perianthomega\i0{}, \i{}Periarrabidaea\i0{}, \i{}Perichlaena\i0{},
\i{}Phryganocydia\i0{}, \i{}Phyllarthron\i0{}, \i{}Phylloctenium\i0{},
\i{}Piriadacus\i0{}, \i{}Pithecoctenium\i0{}, \i{}Pleionotoma\i0{},
\i{}Podranea\i0{}, \i{}Potamoganos\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocatalpa\i0{},
\i{}Pyrostegia\i0{}, \i{}Radermachera\i0{}, \i{}Rhigozum\i0{},
\i{}Rhodocolea\i0{}, \i{}Roentgenia\i0{}, \i{}Romeroa\i0{},
\i{}Saritaea\i0{}, \i{}Sparattosperma\i0{}, \i{}Spathicalyx\i0{},
\i{}Spathodea\i0{}, \i{}Sphingiphila\i0{}, \i{}Spirotecoma\i0{},
\i{}Stereospermum\i0{}, \i{}Stizophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Tabebuia\i0{},
\i{}Tanaecium\i0{}, \i{}Tecoma\i0{}, \i{}Tecomanthe\i0{},
\i{}Tecomella\i0{}, \i{}Tourrettia\i0{}, \i{}Tynanthus\i0{},
\i{}Urbanolophium\i0{}, \i{}Xylophragma\i0{}, \i{}Zeyheria\i0{}> 581<For
discussion of classificatory problems posed by \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{},
impinging on \i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{},
\i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{},
\i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}, and \i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem
genera as \i{}Paulownia\i0{} and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and
Reeves (1995), who provided preliminary insights from chloroplast gene
sequencing. Intkey analyses of our compiled descripions show
\i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto in tendencies among assorted overlapping characters, but absolutely
only in the open calyx lobes, the non-endospemic seeds, and the amoeboid
tapetum.> 582<Important timber from \i{}Tabebuia\i0{} (West Indian
boxwood), \i{}Catalpa\i0{}.> 586<bignonia> 
 
# Bischofiaceae <(Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}.> 5<large>,1 6,3 37,2 39,1 45,1 53,2 56,3/4 57,1<3
or 5 foliolate> 64,2 65,1 68,1 73,1<membranous> 74,1 87,2 89,U 90,U 94,U
116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U
156,2&3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,2&3<rarely>/2/3 176,1
177,2<rarely>/5 178,1<minute>/2 179<in the form of a broad, peltate,
shortly stipitate pistillode> 187,2 192,1 194,2 195<many flowered thyrses>
203,2 218,2 220,2 223,3<corolla lacking> 224,5 226,1 227,- 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,1 251,1<in female flowers>/3<induplicate, in male flowers>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,5 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2
299,2<and enclosed by them> 303<very shortly>,3<the anthers large> 310,3
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,3
360,2 361,1<short> 365,1 368,3<these elongate, linear-subulate, spreading
or reflexed> 379,2 381,1 404,1 409,2 412,7<small, globose, with horny
endocarp> 421,3-6 422,1 504,1&2 505,1 506,3&4 507,3 510,1&2 520,4
521<tropical Asia> 522,4&9&10 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,12 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}> 578,2
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Bischofia\i0{}> 581<This attempted description
differs from our compilation for \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} in only the single
style and (hardly convincingly) in the ternate or pinnate leaves; but
according to Airy Shaw (a genuine expert in this circle of affinity), Long
included in \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}, but connection with (that family)
probably illusory.> 586<bischofi> 
 
# Bixaceae <Link>/
4<\i{}Cochlospermaceae\i0{}, \i{}Diegodendraceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3
6,2<red or yellow> 39,1 45<long>,1 53,1 60,2 64,3 68,1 90,U 92,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1 112,1 113<tufted or>,1/- 115,2 116,1/2
117,2/3<with dark, refractive resinous contents> 118,1 121,1/2 122,2 123,1
124,2<these abundant> 130,2 137,1<canals in the pith, and secretory cells
in the cortex> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
150,3<broadening as they traverse the phloem> 152,3 153,1-2 154,1&2&3
155,1-2 156,3 157,2 158,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<diffuse> 166,1 169,2
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 192,1 194,1 195<terminal thyrses> 203,3<showy>
206,1 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,2
251,2 254,5<the petals large, with no basal scale> 258,1 265,1 267,3
278,50-150<many> 279,1<from five trunk bundles> 280,1 281,2 282,1 285,1
287,- 289,1 295,50-150<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments elongated>
309,1-2<the horseshoe-shaped anther interpreted as folded, so that the
morphologically central opening, being on the bend, is ostensibly terminal>
312,2<but ostensibly octosporangiate, through folding> 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1<usually>/3 320,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,2-4 341,1 342,1
343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1<elongate, recurved in the bud>
365,1 368,1 375,2 378,30-150<many> 385,1/2<?the seeds with fleshy red
papillae forming an arilloid mass> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 399,1<weak> 400,2 403<irregular> 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,5 422,1 424,2 430,1<starchy> 433,2<spathulate> 435,2<1/1> 436,1
443,7<rather fleshy> 444,1/2<?> 447,1 472,2 475,2<one species> 484,2<?>
487,2 488,1 489,1 490,2 492,1 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<tropical
America and West Indies> 522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-8> 527,1 528,1
529,6 536,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46 578,4 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Bixa\i0{}> 582<Orange dye for foodstuffs is obtained
from the outer layer of the testa (annatto, arnotto, roucou).>
586<bixaceae> 
 
# Blandfordiaceae <Dahlgren and Clifford>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3<erect, about 150 cm tall> 22,1<usually>/2
25,2&4 32,2-3<in moist sandy and peaty soils and swamps> 39,1 40,2 45,3
47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 76,1 102,1 104,1 106,2 116,2 121,U 123,1/2 124,2<?
 neither raphides nor styloids> 137,2 148,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1/2<?  no septal nectaries> 187,2<usually>/1<then axillary>
189<usually>,2 192,2 193,1-2<the peduncle with leaflike bracts> 194,1
195<racemes> 200,1<with one leaflike bract> 202,1<with one bracteole>
206,1<pendulous> 212,3 213,1 215,3 216,2<noticeable in the fruit>
219,1<tubular to campanulate> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2
230,1 231,4&5&6<the tube orange-red, the lobes yellow> 235,1 278,6 282,2<to
the perianth tube, about one third of the distance from its base> 284,1
285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,2 328,1 329,1
330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,3 360,2
361,1 365,1 368,1 370<slightly>,3 371,3 376,2 379,40-50 386,3 388,2 391,1
392,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4
422,1<the endosperm starchless> 427,1<felted> 430,2 433,1 440<papillose->,4
442,2 443,4 447,- 454,U 458,U 472,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1
491,2/1&2<?> 492,2 504,5 513,1 521<eastern Australia and Tasmania> 522,10
527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578,4 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Blandfordia\i0{}> 581<This is the description of Dahlgren and Clifford
(1985), augmented from Henderson (1987). According to Rudall \i{}et
al\i0{}. (1998), the precise relationships of \i{}Blandfordia\i0{} remain
poorly supported.> 586<blandfor> 
 
# Blepharocaryaceae <Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}.> 5<tall, buttressed>,1 39,2 53,2 56,4 57,2<the
leaflets opposite> 90,U 116<probably>,1 117,3 137<probably>,1 138,2 148,2
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2<sparse> 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 179,1 187,2
189,10 194<(male and female)>,1&2 195<panicles of glomerules> 196,1 203,1
206,1 212,4-5 213,1 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1
239<shortly>,3<male>/1<female> 251,1 254,4<male>/4-5<female> 255,1 258,1
265,1 276,1<males>/2<females> 277,1/2<in females> 278<in males>,8<4+4>
282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,8 298,2 338,1<females>/2<males> 339<in female
flowers>,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 350,1 404,2 407,2 419,5<the ultimate
branches of which are concrescent, forming a many-valved, woody, bracteate
cupule  cf. \i{}Castanea\i0{}> 422,2 504,5 520,4 521<Northern and Eastern
Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Blepharocarya\i0{}> 581<This description is deficient (not only
in esoteric characters), but it differs from our compilation for
\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the opposite leaves, the inflorescence
with involucral bracts, and the monomerous gynoecium (floral morphological
comparisons otherwise being much complicated by dioecism and monoecism).>
586<blepharo> 
 
# Boerlagellaceae <H.J. Lam>/
2<\i{}Sapotaceae\i0{} (unconvincingly).> 5,1 38,4 39,1 53,1 60,2 62,7 68,2
76,1 89,U 90,U 94,U 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U
146,U 147,U 148,U 151,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1/2/3<?>
176,1/2<?> 177,1/2/5/8<?> 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2 202<one to two>,1
223,1/3<?> 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 251<much>,1 254,U<unknown> 276,U
277,1/2<?> 278,U 295,U 324,U 338,1/2<?> 339,5 342,5 343,3 344,4/5/6<<?>>
345,1 352,2 353,5 385<(or at least, the seeds)>,2 404,1 409,1/2<?>
412,1<tardily dehiscent>/6<?> 421,1(-10)<?> 422,2 426,4 432,3 433,2<fleshy,
contorted> 504,2 506,3 510,3 520,4 521<Western Malaysia> 522,9 527,1<two
poorly known genera, whose affinities are uncertain> 528,1/2<?> 529,9 539,1
565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Sapotaceae\i0{}?> 578,1<\i{}Boerlagella spectabilis\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Boerlagella\i0{}> 581<Inseparable in terms of this
description from \i{}Rosaceae\i0{} and \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}. Gunn \i{}et
al\i0{}. (1992) refered this family tentatively to \i{}Sapotaceae\i0{},
from which it seems to differ in the racemose inflorescence and (?)lack of
latex.> 586<boerlage> 
 
# Bombacaceae <Kunth>/
2<\i{}Malvaceae\i0{}-Bombacoideae.> 5,1<some attaining enormous size,
others short but having wide, bulging trunks that are specialised for water
storage> 37,2 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,1/2 56<when compound,>,5 60,1/2
63<often>,2 64,2/3 68,1 74,1 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2 101<commonly>,1
103,1<the lower> 106,1<usually>/2 112<usually>,1 113<often>,1/2<cf.
\i{}Malvaceae\i0{}> 115,1<e.g.\i{}Durio\i0{}>/2 121,1<extending from the
epidermis>/2 122,1/2 130,2<\i{}Chorisa\i0{}> 132,1/2 133,1/2 135<sometimes
of thin-walled spongy tissue, sometimes of thick-walled, pitted cells>
137,1<commonly>/2 138<when present,>,3<and/or with mucilage cells> 139,1
140,2 143,1/2<when interrupted by broad rays> 144,1 145,2
146,1<occasionally>/2 147,2 148,2 152,1-3 153,2-3<typically>/1
154,1<mosty>/1&2&3&4&5 156,3 157,2 158,2 162,1 163,2 164,2
165,1&2<predominantly apotracheal, but vasicentric always present as well>
166<usually more or less>,1 167,2 168,1<\i{}Durio\i0{} and
\i{}Pterospermum\i0{} types> 169,2<VPI, VP>/3 175,1 176,2 177,1
184<often>,4/- 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 195<short cymes>
203<usually>,4 206<more or less>,1 213,1/2 214<sometimes>,2 216,1/3 223,1/3<the
corolla sometimes absent> 224,10/5<rarely> 226,2 227,1/- 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,1/3<basally> 251,3<with glandular hairs at the base> 253,1<often>/2
254<when present (i.e. usually),>,5 255,1 265,2 278,5-100<i.e. to many>
279<commonly interpretable as>,1 280,1/2 281<when numerous,>,2 282,1
285,2<generally>/1 286<when cohering,>,1/5<in 515 separate bundles, or the
bundles basally connate into a tube> 289,1/2 291<when
present>,1<antesepalous> 295,5-100<usually many> 298,2-5 309,3 310,3
311,1 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2 322,2 328,1 330,6/7/8/9 333<usually>,1
337,1 339,2-5(-8) 342,2-5(-8) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2-5(-8) 361,1
372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2 379,2-6<? 2 or more> 381,3 385,1<often>/2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<usually>/2
397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 401,1 402,1 403,2
404,2<usually>/1<rarely> 409<usually>,1/2<rarely> 412<nearly always>,1
414,5<usually>/6<occasionally> 422<scantily>,1/2 424<when present,>,1 433,2
435,1<3/3> 436<often>,2 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Chorisia\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Durio\i0{}> 469,1<in the four genera sampled> 472,2 475,1<rarely
doubtfully <10%>>/2 487,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1 491,1&2
492,2<2 genera> 520,3-4 521<widespread, especially America>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = mainly 28, 36 or 40> 527,1 528,1
529,6 536,3 565,4 569,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a synonym of
\i{}Malvaceae\i0{}> 578,180 579,30 580<\i{}Adansonia\i0{},
\i{}Aguiaria\i0{}, \i{}Bernoullia\i0{}, \i{}Bombacopsis\i0{},
\i{}Bombax\i0{}, \i{}Camptostemon\i0{}, \i{}Catostemma\i0{},
\i{}Cavanillesia\i0{}, \i{}Ceiba\i0{}, \i{}Chorisia\i0{},
\i{}Coelostegia\i0{}, \i{}Cullenia\i0{}, \i{}Durio\i0{},
\i{}Eriotheca\i0{}, \i{}Gyranthera\i0{}, \i{}Huberodendron\i0{},
\i{}Kostermansia\i0{}, \i{}Matisia\i0{}, \i{}Neesia\i0{},
\i{}Neobuchia\i0{}, \i{}Ochroma\i0{}, \i{}Pachira\i0{}, \i{}Patinoa\i0{},
\i{}Phragmotheca\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobombax\i0{}, \i{}Quararibea\i0{},
\i{}Rhodognaphalon\i0{}, \i{}Rhodagnaphalopsis\i0{}, \i{}Scleronema\i0{},
\i{}Septotheca\i0{}, \i{}Spirotheca\i0{}> 581<Bayer \i{}et al\i0{}. (1999)
expanded \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} to include \i{}Bombacaceae\i0{},
\i{}Sterculiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{} consequent on a combined
analysis of plastid \i{}atp\i0{}B and \i{}rbc\i0{}L DNA sequences. In terms
of the descriptions compiled for this package, \i{}Bombacaceae\i0{} differ
from \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in having cheiropterophilous
flowers with androecial members free of the perianth, in anther development
(wall initially with more than one middle layer and tapetum glandular),
psilate pollen, and the eu-syncarpous gynoecium.> 582<Durian is the fruit
of \i{}Durio zebethinus\i0{}; \i{}Ceiba\i0{} fruit supplies kapok; very
light wood (balsa, corkwood) from \i{}Ochroma\i0{}.> 586<bombacac> 
 
# Bonnetiaceae <Beauvis>/
2<\i{}Theaceae\i0{}.> 5<mostly glabrous>,1/3<mostly of sandy or swampy
(including coastal) ground> 8,1/2 39,1<crowded towards the branch tips>
43,U 45<decurrent, very shortly and broadly>,1-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 61,1/2
62,5/8 64,2<with closely ascending veins> 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 101,1
102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3 115,1/2 122,1/2<?> 132,2 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,1-2 154<exclusively>,1
155<slightly>,2 156<mostly>,3 157,2 158,2 159,1 160,1 161,1 162,U 163,2
164,2 165,1&2 166,2 167,2 168,U 169,3 170,1<sometimes abundant>/2 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2/8 194,1 195<terminal panicles,
false umbels or racemes> 200<conspicuously>,1 202<(bi-)>,1 203,3-4 205,1
218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<the sepals
unequal> 248,1/2 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,2 268,5 278,40-100<many>
279,1<with trunk bundles> 280,1 281,2 282,1/2<to the bases of the petals>
285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,1<slightly connate basally>/5<bundled, in
\i{}Archytaea\i0{} and \i{}Ploiarium\i0{}> 288<when present,>,2<and adnate
to them> 289,1 295,40-100<many, deciduous or persistent> 298,5 299<when
bundled,>,1/- 308<small,>,1 309,3 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,3/5 341,1/2
342,3/5 343,3 344,4/5/6 345,1 352,2 353,3/5 358,1 360,2 361,1/3/5 363<when
not wholly united,>,1-2 365,1 368,3/5 376,2 379,30-50<many>
381,1-2<usually spreading> 385,2 388<embryology not recorded> 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,4<usually with the columella persistent> 421<many seeded> 422,1/2
432,3 433,2 436,1 504,2&3 506,3 510,2&3&4 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<Southeast
Asia, Malesia, tropical America> 522,4&9&13&14&15 527,1 528,1<seemingly>
529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,32 579,4
580<\i{}Archytaea\i0{}, \i{}Bonnetia\i0{}, \i{}Neblinaria\i0{},
\i{}Ploiarium\i0{}> 581<Maguire (1972) refered to \i{}Bonnetiaceae\i0{}
several genera (e.g. \i{}Kielmeyera\i0{}, \i{}Marila\i0{},
\i{}Caraipa\i0{}) referred by Airy Shaw and here to \i{}Guttiferae\i0{}.>
586<bonnetia> 
 
# Boraginaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Asperifoliaceae\i0{} Reichb., \i{}Buglossaceae\i0{} Hoffmannsegg &
Link, \i{}Heliotropiaceae\i0{} Schrad., \i{}Onosmaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Onosmataceae\i0{}) Horan., \i{}Scorpiaceae\i0{} Dulac>
4<\i{}Ehretiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hoplestigmataceae\i0{}, \i{}Hydrophyllaceae\i0{},
\i{}Wellstediaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3/5/4<<5%> a few> 7,2 21,1-3<often hispid or
scabrid> 22,1/2 27,1<usually>/3<<5%>> 32,2/3/4 38,1-3 39,1/1&2<then
opposite below> 42,1 43,1 45,1-3 47,2/1<sometimes, in basal rosettes> 50,2
53,1 55,2 60,2 62<usually narrow,>,3-4 68,2 76,1<mostly>/2/4 81,2 85,1 90,U
92,1/2<commonly isobolateral, sometimes variable within genera> 101,2
103,2<commonly>/1<then abaxial> 104,1<usually?>/2 106<usually>,1<of diverse
forms, the herbs especially characterized by hispid leaves, attributable to
thick-walled unicellular hairs> 107,1/1&2 110,1 111,1/2 114,2 115,2 116,2
119<commonly>,1<at the bases of the hairs> 123<commonly>,1 124,1/2/3 125,1
127,1/2 130,1<usually in 17 genera>/2<<5%> \i{}Caccinea\i0{},
\i{}Heliotropium\i0{}> 137,2 139<usually>,1 140,1/2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1<in woody species>/3 152,1-2 153<very>,1-3 155,1
156,3<usually>/1 157,2 158,2 159,1 160<commonly>,1 161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at
least sometimes>,1/2<?> 165,1 166,2 167,2 169,1/2/3 175,1<mostly>/2/3
176,1/2 177,1/5<sometimes in \i{}Heliotropium\i0{}>/7<e.g. in
\i{}Echium\i0{}> 184<predominantly>,2 185,2 187,2<nearly always>/1<e.g.
sometimes in \i{}Heliotropium\i0{}> 189,1 192,1<coiled at first> 194,1/2/3
195<usually coiled cincinnial, sometimes double> 197,2 200,1/2 202,1
206<usually>,1/2-3<\i{}Echium\i0{} and relatives> 207<when irregular,
somewhat>,1 212<basically>,5<but \i{}Plagiobothrys\i0{} sometimes with
supernumerary K members> 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1/2 223,1 224,10(-13) 226,2
227,1<mostly>/2<sometimes in \i{}Plagiobothrys\i0{}> 229,U
236,5<usually>/5-8<sometimes in \i{}Plagiobothrys\i0{}> 238,1
239,1/3<basally> 241<when gamosepalous,>,1-3 243,0.1-0.5 246,1<e.g.
\i{}Myosurus\i0{}>/3 248,1<usually>/2<sometimes in \i{}Heliotropium\i0{}>
251,1/4/3<rarely> 254,5 255,1 257,1<often, with a corona of scales from the
throat protecting the nectar>/2 258,3 260,1-3 265,1/2 266,1/4-7/8
267,1/3/2<often, in \i{}Echium\i0{}> 268,1/2/3/4/6/7/8<or violet>
277,1/2<when flowers female> 278,5 279,2 280,2 282,2<to the corolla>
284,1/2 285,1/2 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,2/3 298,2 299,2 303,3-4 304,1/2
305,3/1/2<sometimes somewhat coherent at base and apex> 306,1-2 309,3 310,3
312,2 313,1/2 314<when present,>,1/4 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 321,2
322,2 328,1 329,3-20<to many> 330,6/7/8/6&8<alternating> 337,1<recorded
in \i{}Heliotropium\i0{} only, with \i{}Coldenia\i0{} and \i{}Cordia\i0{}
removed to \i{}Ehretiaceae\i0{}>/2<in 16 genera> 339,2<usually>/4-5<<0.01%>
sometimes in \i{}Trigonotis\i0{}> 341,1<<99.9%>
usually>/1-2<\i{}Trigonotis\i0{}> 342,2/4<usually, via false
septa>/8-10<<0.01%> via false septa, in some \i{}Trigonotis\i0{} species>
343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,2<nearly always, but only rarely ostensibly
so>/4-5<and usually ostensibly four, via false septa>
354,1<usually>/2<rarely> 356,1 360,2 361,1 364,2 365,3/1<in
Heliotropoideae> 368,1-2 370<when simple,>,1-2/4 372<nearly always>,2 373,1
374,2<usually>/3<rarely> 376,2-1 379,2<usually separating into one-ovuled
portions> 381,2-3 382,2<the micropyle directed upwards> 383,3 385,2 386,3/2
387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1/2<sometimes> 392,1/2<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2
397,1/2 400,1-2 401,1/2 402,2<\i{}Heliotropium\i0{}> 403,1/5 404,1/2
409<when dry,>,1/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,4/8-10<<0.01%> sometimes, in
\i{}Trigonotis\i0{}> 411,4/7 412,7<14 seeded> 415,1<two or four> 422,1/2
432,3<the radicle directed upwards, by contrast wih \i{}Labiatae\i0{}>
433,2 435,2<14/17> 436,1/2 447,1/2 461,1/2 462<\i{}Arnebia\i0{},
\i{}Heliotropium\i0{}, \i{}Lappula\i0{}, \i{}Lithospermum\i0{},
\i{}Moltkiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Onosmodium\i0{}, \i{}Trichodesma\i0{}>
463<\i{}Heliotropium\i0{}> 466,1<\i{}Heliotropium\i0{}>/2<\i{}Arnebia\i0{},
\i{}Cynoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Echiochilon\i0{}, \i{}Heliotropium\i0{},
\i{}Heterocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Lappula\i0{}, \i{}Lithospermum\i0{},
\i{}Myosotis\i0{}, \i{}Onosma\i0{}, \i{}Onosmodium\i0{},
\i{}Trichodesma\i0{}, \i{}Vaupelia\i0{}> 470,1<\i{}Cynoglossum\i0{}>
472,1<<5%> rarely>/2 475,1<<45%>>/2 484,2 487,2 488,2
490,1<usually>/2<\i{}Echium\i0{}> 491,1&2<usually>/2 492,2<11 species, 9
genera> 504,1&2&3&4&5&6 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3
509,1&2&3&4&5 510,1&2&3&4 511,1&2&3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6&7 513,1&2&3 514,1
515,1&2 516,1&2&3 517,1&2&3&4 518,1&2 519,1 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, but
fewer in cool temperate and tropical regions, and with a strong
Mediterranean concentration> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-12> 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,2 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,55 578,2000 579<about>,120 580<\i{}Actinocarya\i0{},
\i{}Adelocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Afrotysonia\i0{}, \i{}Alkanna\i0{},
\i{}Amblynotus\i0{}, \i{}Amphibologyne\i0{}, \i{}Amsinckia\i0{},
\i{}Anchusa\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrocarya\i0{}, \i{}Anoplocaryum\i0{},
\i{}Antiotrema\i0{}, \i{}Antiphytum\i0{}, \i{}Arnebia\i0{},
\i{}Asperugo\i0{}, \i{}Auxemma\i0{}, \i{}Borago\i0{},
\i{}Bothriospermum\i0{}, \i{}Brachybotrys\i0{}, \i{}Brunnera\i0{},
\i{}Buglossoides\i0{}, \i{}Caccinia\i0{}, \i{}Carmona\i0{},
\i{}Cerinthe\i0{}, \i{}Chionocharis\i0{}, \i{}Choriantha\i0{},
\i{}Craniospermum\i0{}, \i{}Cryptantha\i0{}, \i{}Cynoglossopsis\i0{},
\i{}Cynoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Cynoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Cysostemon\i0{},
\i{}Dasynotus\i0{}, \i{}Decalepidanthus\i0{}, \i{}Echiochilon\i0{},
\i{}Echiostachys\i0{}, \i{}Echium\i0{}, \i{}Elizaldia\i0{},
\i{}Embadium\i0{}, \i{}Eritrichium\i0{}, \i{}Euploca,\i0{}, \i{}Exarrhena,\i0{},
\i{}Gastrocotyle\i0{}, \i{}Gyrocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Hackelia\i0{},
\i{}Halacsya\i0{}, \i{}Heliocarya\i0{}, \i{}Heliotropium\i0{},
\i{}Heterocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Huynhia\i0{}, \i{}Ivanjohnstonia\i0{},
\i{}Ixorhea\i0{}, \i{}Lacaitaea\i0{}, \i{}Lappula\i0{},
\i{}Lasiarrhenum\i0{}, \i{}Lasiocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Lepechiniella\i0{},
\i{}Lepidocordia\i0{}, \i{}Lindelophia\i0{}, \i{}Lithodora\i0{},
\i{}Lithospermum\i0{}, \i{}Lobostemon\i0{}, \i{}Macromeria\i0{},
\i{}Macrotomia\i0{}, \i{}Maharanga\i0{}, \i{}Mairetis\i0{},
\i{}Mattiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Mertensia\i0{}, \i{}Metaeritrichium\i0{},
\i{}Microcaryum\i0{}, \i{}Microula\i0{}, \i{}Mimophytum\i0{},
\i{}Moltkia\i0{}, \i{}Moltkiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Moritzia\i0{},
\i{}Myosotidium\i0{}, \i{}Myosotis\i0{}, \i{}Neatostema\i0{},
\i{}Nesocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Nogalia\i0{}, \i{}Nomosa\i0{}, \i{}Nonea\i0{},
\i{}Ogastemma\i0{}, \i{}Omphalodes\i0{}, \i{}Omphalolappula\i0{},
\i{}Omphalotrigonotis\i0{}, \i{}Onosma\i0{}, \i{}Onosmodium\i0{},
\i{}Oxyosmyles\i0{}, \i{}Paracaryum\i0{}, \i{}Pardoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Patagonula\i0{}, \i{}Pectocarya\i0{}, \i{}Pentaglottis\i0{},
\i{}Perittostema\i0{}, \i{}Plagiobothrys\i0{}, \i{}Pseudomertensia\i0{},
\i{}Psilolaemus\i0{}, \i{}Pteleocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Pulmonaria\i0{},
\i{}Rindera\i0{}, \i{}Rochefortia\i0{}, \i{}Rochelia\i0{}, \i{}Rotula\i0{},
\i{}Saccellium\i0{}, \i{}Scapicephalus\i0{}, \i{}Selkirkia\i0{},
\i{}Sericostoma\i0{}, \i{}Sinojohnstonia\i0{}, \i{}Solenanthus\i0{},
\i{}Stenosolenium\i0{}, \i{}Stephanocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Suchtelenia\i0{},
\i{}Symphytum\i0{}, \i{}Thaumatocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Thyrocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Tianschaniella\i0{}, \i{}Tiquilia\i0{}, \i{}Tournefortia\i0{},
\i{}Trachelanthus\i0{}, \i{}Trachystemon\i0{}, \i{}Trichodesma\i0{},
\i{}Trigonocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Trigonotis\i0{}, \i{}Ulugbekia\i0{}, \i{}Tysonia\i0{}
\i{}Valentiniella\i0{}> 581<Comparing the descriptions of
\i{}Hoplestigmataceae\i0{} and \i{}Wellstediaceae\i0{} (q..v.) with this
compilation for \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{} sensu stricto suggests they are well
worth retaining as separate families, \i{}Ehretiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) being
less convincing. However, any under-estimates of variation in this
compilation for \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{} may call into question the taxonomic
worth of the segregate families.> 582<Ornamentals, pot herbs, dyes for
wood, stone, medicines, wines and cosmetics, and some important honey
plants.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Then the blossoms blue to the bank he
threw \line{}Ere he sank in the eddying tide; \line{}And Lady, Im gone,
thine own knight true, \line{}Forget me not, he cried \line{}(Bishop Mant,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Myosotis palustris\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And laden barges float \line{}By banks of myosote
\line{}(Robert Bridges (1844-1930), There is a Hill)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Borage and Hellebore fill two scenes,
\line{}Sovereign plants to purge the veins \line{}Of melancholy, and clear
the heart \line{}Of those black fumes which make it smart \line{}(Burton,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Borago officinalis\i0{})>
586<boragina> 
 
# Boryaceae <M.W. Chase \i{}et al\i0{}.>/
2<\i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}> 5<wiry>,5 21,3<the plants isolated, clumped, or
forming dense swards> 22,2/3 25,3 32,2<\i{}Alania\i0{}>/4<the
\i{}Borya\i0{} spp. being resurrection plants, becoming rusty-orange when
dry and reverting to green when moist> 37<having the blades disarticulating
from their bases> 38,2-3 39,1 40,1 43,2 44,1 45,3 47,1 48,2 53,1 60,2
62,2-3/10<rigid, pungent, biconvex to quadrangular in section> 64,4<with
massive midrib> 65,2 68,2 81,2 87,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,1<septal>
187,2 189,4/5<these terminal or in condensed spikes of 3-60 flowers on long
scapes> 192,2 193,1 194,1/2 196,1 197,1-2 199,2 200,1<the bracts initially
closely imbricate, the conspicuous, leaflike, lanceolate to linear, stiff
and pungent outer ones succeeded by several smaller, broader ones>
202,1<the perianth tube of each flower being enfolded by a bracteole>
203,2-3 206,1 212,3 215,2 219,1<usually>/2<in the monotypic \i{}Alania\i0{}
only> 223,4 224,6 225,1<\i{}Alania\i0{} only>/2<\i{}Borya\i0{}> 226,2<in
\i{}Borya\i0{} funnel-shaped or tubular, divided into 6 spreading and
deflexing segments> 227,1 228,2 229,2 230,1 231,2/11<-ish - i.e., white or
straw-coloured> 232,2 233<not twisting,>,1 234,2 235,2 278,6
282,1<hypogynous, in \i{}Alania\i0{} only>/2<inserted in the throat of the
long tube in \i{}Borya\i0{}> 284,1 285,1 287,1 295,6 298,2 301,2 303,3<the
filaments long, slender or fleshy> 306<small, ovate,>,2 309,3 310,3 339,3
341,1 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2 361,1<with a single,
filiform, entire style> 365,1 368,1 376,2 379<about>,5 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,5 419,1 421,1-3 433,1 440<distinctively ornamented> 442,1<?> 443,2/4
461,1<?> 466,2<?> 504,5 513,1&2&3 520,2&3 521<all Australian> 522,10 527,2
530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578,12 579,2 580<\i{}Borya\i0{} (11
spp.), \i{}Alania\i0{} (\i{}A. cunninghamii\i0{} only)> 581<This is a first
draft compilation, lacking data on 'esoteric characters'. Cf. Bentham &
Hooker and Australian Floras (e.g. Churchill (1987): Flora of the Perth
Region, 2.); Christenhusz et al. (2017)> 586<boryacea> 
 
# Bretschneideraceae <Engl. & Gilg>/
2<\i{}Akaniaceae\i0{}.> 5,1<with myrosin cells in bark and inflorescence>
37,2 39,1 45,1 53,2 56,4 57,1 64,2 68,2 87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U 116,U 119,U
120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 145,2 146,U 147,U 148,2 150<mainly>,1 151,1
152,2<the growth rings inconspicuous> 156,2&3<mostly with simple
perforations, but some scalariform with aberrant, cross-linking bars  cf.
\i{}Akania\i0{}> 161,2 162,1 165<scanty>,2 166,U 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1 203<rather>,4/3 206,2 207<slightly>,1 209,1
218,1<the flower perigynous, the corolla inserted on the calyx tube>
220,1 221,1<?> 222,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3
240<five>,4 244,3 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,1 268,6 274,1 278,8
282,1<attached to the nectary disk> 289,1 295,8<declinate> 298<almost>,3/-
300,3 303,3<the filaments hairy> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2
313<bi-apiculate> 315,1 317,1<tanniferous> 319,1<usually>/2 320,2<2 layers>
322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3 330,6 337,1 339,3(-5) 341,1-2 342,3(-5) 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,3(-5) 360,2 361,1 365,1<long, curved> 368,1 371,3 376,2-3
379,2-3 381,1 385,2 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,2 393,1 395,2 396,1 399,1
400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<thick-walled> 414<obovate, 3(5) valved> 422,2
432,3<large> 433,2 436,1 443,7 471,1 504,1 505,1 507,3 521<China> 522,4
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4<re-assigned from Sapindales>
565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47<as a synonym of
\i{}Akaniaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Bretschneidera sinensis\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Bretschneidera\i0{}> 581<Carlquist (1996) considered the wood
very like that of \i{}Akania\i0{}. However, comparing these compiled
descriptions shows \i{}Bretschneidera\i0{} differing from \i{}Akania\i0{}
(q.v.) in 14 characters representing leaf, inflorescence and floral
(perianth, androecium) morphology, ovule and seed details, and embryology.>
586<bretschn> 
 
# Brexiaceae <Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{} (\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} or
\i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{} in older texts).> 4<\i{}Ixerbaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rousseaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3 8,1<at least sometimes>/2 37,1 39,1
43,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 76,1/3/4<sometimes prickly> 90,U 92,1
123<without raphides> 130,2 145,2 148,2 156,2&3/3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
165,1 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,1&2<few flowered>
195<few-flowered cymes> 203,3-4 206,1 212,4-6 213,1 215,2 218,1-2<with
slight perigyny> 223,1 224,8-12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-6) 238,1
239<briefly>,3/1 241,3 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,(4-)5(-6) 255,1 258,1 265,2
267,3 269,1 272,1/2 273,2 274<shortly>,1 275,4 278,4-6/8-12<i.e.,
interpreting interstaminal, palmately branched scales as staminodal>
279,1<with regard to the interstaminal, staminodial scales> 280,2 282,1
284,2<the scales being much shorter than the stamens> 285<basally>,2<the
bases of the filaments connected by those of the scales> 287,1 288<(i.e.,
the branched scales,)>,2 289,2<again, referring to the interstaminal
scales> 290,4-6/25-36<depending on interpretation> 291,2 293<more or
less>,1/- 295,(4-)5(-6) 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3 306,1 309,3 310,3 324,1/-
326,1<the grains cohering> 328,1 329,3-5 330,8 337,2 339,5
341<(usually?)>,2 342,5 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,5 358,1 360,2 361,1
364,1 365,1 368,1 370,5 371,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,12-50<to many>
380,1 381,2 382,1 384,4 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2<in that the megaspore
mother-cell in \i{}B. madagascariensis\i0{} cuts off a primary parietal
cell which divides only anticlinally to form a single parietal layer> 390,1
391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<elongated> 400,2 404,1/2 409,2
412,7<5-sided, with papillose epicarp and bony endocarp> 415,2<one-celled>
422<almost>,2 433,2 436,1 472,2 504,2 506,1&2 520,3-4 521<East Africa,
Madagascar, Seychelles> 522,6&8 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,10 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,37<as a synonym of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}?> 578,10
579,1 580<\i{}Brexia\i0{}> 584<This \i{}sensu stricto\i0{} description
(compiled by LW in 2009) needs checking against standard references for
pollen and phytochemistry. As it stands it differs from that of
\i{}Celastraceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the contorted corolla, branched androecial
members with petaloid staminodes in the same series as the fertile stamens,
the single stigma, and the horizontal, non-arillate ovules.> 586<brexiace> 
 
# Bromeliaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Tillandsieae\i0{} (\i{}Tillandsiaceae\i0{}) Juss.> 5,5/2<a few>
14,1<usually, more or less>/2<<15%>> 21,3 22,1<mostly acaulescent rosette
plants, adapted to absorb the water which accumulates in the vase-shaped
leaf rosettes  the pitchers constituting the only habitat of certain
\i{}Utricularias\i0{}, utilized by specialized frogs, etc.>/3/2<sometimes
with leaves on elongated stems>/3 27,1/2<commonly, even growing on
cacti>/3<<5%> rarely, e.g. in \i{}Pitcairnia\i0{}> 32,3/4 39,1
40,1<mostly>/2<some \i{}Tillandsia\i0{} species> 43<usually>,2&3/5<usually
thick and stiff, with internal water storage tissue, often spine-tipped>
44<usually>,1/- 45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/7/10 64,4 65,2 68,2
76,1/3<often serrate-spiniferous> 90,1 98,1<one per cell, small, round,
embedded in the thick inner periclinal walls> 102,1 104,3<or with four
additional subsidiaries on the outside>/- 106,1 112,1 113,1<involved in
water absorption> 121,1<with raphides> 123,1 124,1 128,1/2 129,2 130,2<2
genera> 148,1 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,2/3<mostly scalariform> 175,1 176,2
177,1<usually> 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries> 184,2/3<commonly by
hummingbirds>/4/1<rarely  \i{}Navia\i0{}> 187,2 189,2/3/4<or thyrses>
192<seemingly>,2 193,1/2<the axes leafy to bracteate> 
194,1/2/4 195<simple or compound
spikes, racemes, thyrses or heads> 200,1<the bracts distichous, often
conspicuous and brightly coloured> 206,1/2 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1/2<the
flowers epigynous to hypogynous> 223,1 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 230,2<the
outer members generally much smaller, hyaline or greenish, the inner
members petaloid> 231,1&2&4&6&9&10 236,3 238,1<i.e. the outer perianth
whorl> 239,1/3 251,1 254,3 255,1 257,1<with coronal structures and/or
paired, basal nectary scales>/2 258,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 260,3
265,1/2 268,1/2/3/4/5/8<or violet>/- 278,6 282,1<when the perianth members
are free>/2<when they are connate> 285,1/2<sometimes with connate
filaments> 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1 306,1<peltate>/2 309,3 310,3
315,1 316,1 318,1 321,3 322,2 324,1<e.g. \i{}Cryptanthus\i0{},
\i{}Hohenbergia\i0{}>/2 327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1 330,1<mostly>/9<tri-
or poly-, in a few Bromelioideae> 337,1<recorded in 10 genera> 339,3 341,2
342,3 343,3 344,5 345,1-3 352,2 353,3 357,2/- 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,3 369,2
372,1/2 373,1 374,2&3 376,2 379,5-50<several to many> 386,3 387,3 388,2
389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,3 403,2 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1/6 414<when produced,>,4<usually>/5<rarely>/4&5 417,1/2
418<sometimes>,1 422,1 424<peripherally>,1 429,1<rarely, or with a
pappus-like process>/2 430,1 432,3 433,1 435,2<\i{}Pitcairnia
xanthifolia\i0{}> 436,1<cylindrical> 442,2 447,- 448,1-2 450,2 451,1/2
452,1/2 453<when elongated,>,1<e.g. \i{}Vriesea\i0{}>/- 454,2 456,2 457,3
458,2<or lacking, in Tillandsioideae> 461,3 464<\i{}Abromeitiella\i0{},
\i{}Acanthostachys\i0{}, \i{}Aechmea\i0{}, \i{}Ananas\i0{},
\i{}Araeocassus\i0{}, \i{}Billbergia\i0{}, \i{}Bromelia\i0{},
\i{}Canistrum\i0{}, \i{}Cryptanthus\i0{}, \i{}Deuterocohnia\i0{},
\i{}Dyckia\i0{}, \i{}Encholirium\i0{}, \i{}Guzmania\i0{}, \i{}Hechtia\i0{},
\i{}Hohenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Hoplophytum\i0{}, \i{}Neoglaziovia\i0{},
\i{}Neoregelia\i0{}, \i{}Nidularium\i0{}, \i{}Orthophytum\i0{},
\i{}Portea\i0{}, \i{}Puya\i0{}, \i{}Quesnelia\i0{}, \i{}Streptocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Tillandsia\i0{} (including non-succulents), \i{}Wittrockia\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Ananas\i0{}> 468,2 472,2 475,2<10 species  but usually
accumulating proteolytic enzymes in some parts of the plant> 487,1<at least
sometimes>/2<?> 488,2<11 genera> 490,1<<20%>>/2<mostly> 491<when
present,>,2/1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,3&4 521<America and West Indies, save
for one species in West Africa> 522,6&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8-29
(often 25)> 527,2 530,10 564,2 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21
578<about>,3000<estimates having increased greatly in recent years>
579,50-58<with complicated synonymy> 580<\i{}Abromeitiella\i0{},
\i{}Acanthostachys\i0{}, \i{}Aechmea\i0{}, \i{}Alcantarea\i0{},
\i{}Ananas\i0{}, \i{}Androlepis\i0{}, \i{}Araeococcus\i0{},
\i{}Ayensua\i0{}, \i{}Billbergia\i0{}, \i{}Brewcaria\i0{},
\i{}Brocchinia\i0{}, \i{}Bromelia\i0{}, \i{}Canistropsis\i0{},
\i{}Canistrum\i0{}, \i{}Catopsis\i0{}, \i{}Chevaliera\i0{},
\i{}Connellia\i0{}, \i{}Cottendorfia\i0{}, \i{}Cryptanthus\i0{},
\i{}Deinacanthon\i0{}, \i{}Deuterocohnia\i0{}, \i{}Disteganthus\i0{},
\i{}Dyckia\i0{}, \i{}Edmundoa\i0{}, \i{}Encholirium\i0{},
\i{}Fascicularia\i0{}, \i{}Fernseea\i0{}, \i{}Fosterella\i0{},
\i{}Glomeropitcairnia\i0{}, \i{}Goudaea\i0{}, \i{}Greigia\i0{}, \i{}Guzmania\i0{},
\i{}Hechtia\i0{}, \i{}Hohenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Hohenbergiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Lamprococcus\i0{}, \i{}Lindmania\i0{}, \i{}Lutheria\i0{}, \i{}Lymania\i0{},
\i{}Macrochordion\i0{}, \i{}Mezobromelia\i0{}, \i{}Navia\i0{},
\i{}Neoglaziovia\i0{}, \i{}Neoregelia\i0{}, \i{}Nidularium\i0{},
\i{}Ochagavia\i0{}, \i{}Ortgiesia\i0{}, \i{}Orthophytum\i0{},
\i{}Pepinia\i0{}, \i{}Pitcairnia\i0{}, \i{}Platyaechmea\i0{},
\i{}Podaechmea\i0{}, \i{}Portea\i0{}, \i{}Pseudaechmea\i0{},
\i{}Pseudananas\i0{}, \i{}Puya\i0{}, \i{}Quesnelia\i0{}, \i{}Racinaea\i0{},
\i{}Ronnbergia\i0{}, \i{}Steyerbromelia\i0{}, \i{}Streptocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Tillandsia\i0{}, \i{}Ursulaea\i0{}, \i{}Vriesea\i0{},
\i{}Werhauia\i0{}, \i{}Wittrockia\i0{}, \i{}Wallisia\i0{}> 
582<In addition to pineapple
(\i{}Ananas comosus\i0{}), the family provides vegetable hair used for
upholstery (\i{}Tillandsia\i0{}), cordage and fabric fibres
(\i{}Neoglaziovia\i0{}, \i{}Aechmea\i0{}), and many horticultural
ornamentals.> 586<bromelia> 
 
# Brunelliaceae <Engl.>/
5<tall>,1 37,1 39,2<usually>/3<less often> 41<when whorled>,3 45,1
53,1<rarely>/2 56<when compound,>,1/3/4 57<when pinnate,>,1 64,2 65,1
68,1<and stipellate> 74,1<small> 76,1/4<sometimes doubly dentate> 90,U 92,1
95,2<commonly>/1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<especially abaxially>
107,1 108,1 109,2<thick walled, curved> 112,2 115<of one or two layers>,1
123,1 124,2&3 131<typically>,3/4 135<very>,2 137,2 141,3/4 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2/3 152,3 153<very to moderately>,1 154,1&2&3
155,2 156,3/2&3 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1 164,2
165<wanting> 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5/7
178,1/2<androecium vestigial> 179,2 187,2 189,1&8 192,1 194,1/2
195<branching cymes> 203,2 206,1 213,1 218,2 220,1<adnate to the calyx>
221,2 222,2<hairy, notched> 223,3 224,(4-)5(-8) 226,1 227,- 229,U 230,-
236,(4-)5(-8) 238,1 239,3<shortly connate below> 240<48>,3 241,3 245,3
248,1 251,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,8-10(-14) 279,1<in that the members
of the inner, antesepalous set are sometimes paired, and up to twice as
many as in the outer set>/2 282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,8-10(-14) 298,3-4
299,1 303,3<the filaments hairy> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)4-5(-8) 343,2 344,2 345,1 347,2 348,2<the
style slender, elongate, recurved or almost circinnate, the stigma
decurrent along its sulcus> 350,2 351,2<the ovules near the middle of the
ventral suture> 381,1 382,2 384,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388<presumed>,2 404,2
405,1 407,1 408,3<with a dense, short reddish to yellowish indumentum, plus
longer, straight, lignified, pointed hairs. Each follicle becoming
abaxially distorted to bring the style outwards or downwards>
422<copiously>,1 432,3<large> 433,2<flattened> 436,1 447,1 504,3 512,1&2&3
520,4 521<America> 522,13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38 578<about>,60 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Brunellia\i0{}> 586<brunelli> 
 
# Bruniaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Berzeliaceae\i0{} Nak.> 5<ericoid>,3<usually, or
undershrubs>/1<rarely> 37,1 38,2 39,1 40,1<usually in five rows> 42<mostly
subtrigonous and acerose> 43,- 44,1<usually>/2 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,4<usually
three veined, occasionally with 5 or up to twenty veins> 68,2<or stipules
vestigial> 76,- 90,U 92,2-3<commonly>/1<partly or wholly, in a few species>
102,1 104,1 106,1 107,2 108<mostly long, slender and>,1 109,2 112,2 123,1/2
124<when present,>,2/3 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 148,2 155,2 156,2 161,1
165<scanty>,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1<occasionally>/2<usually> 188<when
solitary,>,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,3/4 195<of sessile flowers, in spikes
or more often in heads, the latter sometimes in panicles or racemes,
occasionally the flowers solitary and terminal or axillary> 196,1/2 197,1/2
200<usually 5>,1 203,2<mostly>/3 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1 215,2 218,1/2
220,1/2 221<when present,>,2 223,1 224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5
238,1 239,1/3 240<when gamosepalous, (4-)5>,3 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,(4-)5
255,1 258,1/3<<5%> in \i{}Lonchostoma\i0{}> 265,1 267,3 272,1<often>/2
274,1<often>/2 278,(4-)5<often persistent> 280,2 282,1<usually>/2<the
filaments sometimes adnate to the claws of the petals to form a tube, or in
\i{}Lonchostoma\i0{} the anthers subsessile and borne on the corolla tube>
284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5 298,2 299,2 300,1 302,2
303<almost>,4<<5%> \i{}Lonchostoma\i0{}>/3 306,1 308,1<often>/2 309,3 310,3
313,1/2 314<when present,>,1<by prolongation of the connective> 324,2 328,1
329,3/6-11 330,8<or colporoidate> 339,2<usually>/3<<2%>
\i{}Audouinia\i0{}>/1<<17%> seemingly, in \i{}Mniothamnea\i0{} and
\i{}Berzelia\i0{}> 341,1 342,1-3 343,1<<17%> or pseudomonomerous?>/3
344,1<<17%> \i{}Mniothamnea\i0{}, \i{}Berzelia\i0{}>/4-5
345,2-3<usually>/1<<20%> \i{}Raspailia\i0{}> 347<when seeming
monomerous,>,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 352<when syncarpous,>,2 353<when
syncarpous,>,2<usually>/3<<2%> \i{}Audouinia\i0{}> 360,2 361<when
syncarpous,>,2(-3) 363<usually>,2<at least basally> 365,1 368,2(-3)
376<when syncarpous,>,3<from near the top of the septum> 379,2-4(-12) 380,1
381,1 382,2 383,1 385,1/2 386,3 387,2 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,1 407<when monomerous,>,2 408,4/6 409<when syncarpous,>,1/2/3
410<when schizocarpic,>,2/3 411,1/3/4 412<when
syncarpous/non-schizocarpic,>,1/3/8 421,1<when nutlike>/2<when capsular>
422<copiously>,1 426<very>,2 432,3 433,2 436,1 447,1 484,2 488,1 492,2
495,2 504,4 520,2-3 521<South Africa> 522,7 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 16
(\i{}Staavia\i0{})> 527,1 528,1/2<? - embryological and other evidence
being conflicting> 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,64
578,75 579,12 580<\i{}Audouinia\i0{}, \i{}Berzelia\i0{}, \i{}Brunia\i0{},
\i{}Linconia\i0{}, \i{}Lonchostoma\i0{}, \i{}Mniothamnea\i0{},
\i{}Nebelia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobaeckea\i0{}, \i{}Raspalia\i0{},
\i{}Staavia\i0{}, \i{}Thamnea\i0{}, \i{}Tittmannia\i0{}> 586<bruniace> 
 
# Brunoniaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Goodeniaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,1 39,1 40,1 45<more or less>,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 62,5 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 104,3 116,2 122,U 137,2 147,U 148,2
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 186,1<via a cupular
modification of the style and active pollen presentation, but different in
detail from types in \i{}Goodeniaceae\i0{} sensu stricto> 187,2 189,4&3
192,1 193,1 194,1 195<densely spicate or capitate> 196,1 197,1 206,1 213,1
215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<with basal
tube and subulate lobes> 241,3 245,3 248,1 254,5 255,1 258,3<at the base,
the petals spreading> 259,1 260,3 265,3 267,3 268,8 278,5 280,2 282,2<near
the base of the corolla> 284,1 285,2<above> 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1 298,2
305,3<connate around the style> 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,2
342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1 361,1 362,1 368,1 371<surrounded by a
collar or indusium> 375,1 378,1 381,3 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<with elongated tips> 401,1 402,2 404,2 409,2
412,3<enclosed by the persistent calyx> 422,2 433,2<thickened> 436,1 447,1
472,2 484,2 488,2 504,5 520,2&3&4 521<Australia> 522,10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9>
527,1 528,2 529,23 553,1 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62<as a
synonym of \i{}Goodeniaceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Brunonia\i0{}> 581<This description is depauperate regarding anatomy,
but differs from that of \i{}Goodeniaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in 10 characters
representing foliar stomata, inflorescence, floral morphology (perianth,
gynoecium), fruit and seed details, embryology and phytochemistry
(iridoids, inulin).> 582<A commonly cultivated ornamental.> 586<brunonia> 
 
# Buddlejaceae <Wilhelm>/
2<\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} sensu lato> 5,1/3/4 27,1/3 39,2/1-2<alternate
only in \i{}Buddleja alternifolia\i0{}>/3 41<when whorled,>,3 45,1-3
46,1<in some \i{}Buddleja\i0{} species>/2 53,1 64,2 65,1 68,1/2<the
stipules often reduced, but then represented by a stipular line linking
the opposing leaf bases> 69,1 72,2 76,1/3/4 90,U 106,1 107,1&2<glandular
hairs usually present, contrasting with other \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu
lato> 108,2 112<usually>,1 113,1/2/4 130,2<\i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}> 131,1/3
144,1 145,2 148,2 150,2<mostly>/3<uniseriate and multiseriate>
152,1-3<climate-related> 155,2 156,3 157,2 159,1<e.g., commonly in
\i{}Buddleja\i0{}>/2 161,1<occasionally>/2 162,1/2 163,1<in some
\i{}Buddleja\i0{} species, \i{}Peltanthera\i0{}, \i{}Nuxia\i0{}>/2 165,2<or
absent> 167,2 168,1/2 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1<mostly<95%>>/5<e.g., most
American \i{}Buddleja\i0{} species> 178,1 179,1 181,1 187,2 189,1/2/4/8
192,1<usually>/2<\i{}Gomphostigma\i0{}> 194,1/2/1&2 195<variable, mostly
cymose and paniculate or capitate> 200,1<lower bracts sometimes leafy,
otherwise bracts scale- or sepal-like> 202,1 206,1/2 209<(when
irregular)>,1<the sepals often unequal>
212,4<mostly>/5<\i{}Peltanthera\i0{} only> 213,1 215,2
220,2<usually>/1<\i{}Gomphostigma\i0{}> 221,2 222,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4 238,1 239,3 240<five, rarely four>,3/4 245,1/3 248,1
249,2 251,1 254,4 255,1 258,3 265,1/3<with both conditions represented in
\i{}Buddleja\i0{}> 266<variously shaped, hairy or glabrous within> 267,3
268,2/3/2-3/4/5/7/8<or violet> 278,5<\i{}Peltanthera\i0{}>/4 280,2
282,2<epipetalous> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 296,2/3 298,2 299,2 300,1
303,3/4 306,1<or peltate> 309,3 310,3 311,2<mostly, although the locules
are sometimes apically confluent>/3<\i{}Androya\i0{}> 312,2 322,2 328,1
329,3-4(-5) 330,8 337,1 339,2/4<ostensibly, in a few \i{}Buddleja\i0{}
species> 342,2<usually>/4<in the berries of some \i{}Buddleja\i0{} species>
343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,2 353,2/4 354,1<accounting for occasional 4celled
gynoecia in species of \i{}Buddleja\i0{}?>/2 356,1 360,2 361,1<persistent>
364,1 365,1 368,1<unbranched> 372,1 373,1 374,3 376,2 379,20-50<or more>
381,1/3 386,2 387,2 388,1 390,1<observed in several species of
\i{}Buddleja\i0{}>/2<?> 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 399,1
400,1 401,1 402,1&2 403,1 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1<usually>/6/7 414,5
421,4-50<several to many> 422,1<the endosperm fleshy or starchy> 429,1/2
433,2 435,2<1/3> 436,1 447,1 469,3<in 5 \i{}Buddleja\i0{} species> 472,2
475,1<e.g. \i{}Androya decaryi\i0{}, \i{}Nicodemia\i0{}, some
\i{}Buddleja\i0{} species>/2 481,1<3 genera> 482,2 484,1 485,2<decarb.>
487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1<trace> 492,2<2 genera> 520,2-4 521<widespread,
tropical and warm temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{}=7 (\i{}Gomphostigma\i0{})/19(\i{}Buddleja\i0{},
\i{}Emorya\i0{}, \i{}Nuxia\i0{})> 525,7&19 526,2&4&6&12&16&38 527,1 528,2
529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}> 578,150 579,9 580<\i{}Androya\i0{},
\i{}Buddleja\i0{}, \i{}Emorya\i0{}, \i{}Gomphostigma\i0{},
\i{}Nicodemia\i0{}, \i{}Nuxia\i0{}, \i{}Peltanthera\i0{}> 581<See
Leeuwenberg 1980, under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. Removal of \i{}Buddleja\i0{}
and related genera from \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} has long seemed justified.
Their nearest neighbour in terms of the present descriptions is
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, from which they may differ absolutely only in
the equal stamens and perhaps in two biochemical characters (cornoside and
transported sugars, representing esoteric characters which may have been
inadequately screened). See comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} re recent
cladistic and molecular studies of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato. For
discussion of broader classificatory problems posed by
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, impinging on \i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}, and
\i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem genera as \i{}Paulownia\i0{}
and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and Reeves (1995), who provided
preliminary, sensibly cautious insights from chloroplast gene sequencing.>
586<buddleja> 
 
# Burmanniaceae <Bl.>/
3<\i{}Tripterelleae\i0{} (\i{}Tripterellaceae\i0{}) Dum.>
4<\i{}Corsiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Thismiaceae\i0{}> 5,5 9,1/3<some being tiny
mycoheterotrophs> 11<sometimes vegetatively almost>,2/3 12,1/2/3 15,1/2
16<sometimes>,1 17,1/2 21,1/3 22,1/2 39,1 40,1<usually>/2 43,1/4 45,3 47,1
49,1 53,1 60,2 62<usually>,3-7 64,4 65,2 90,2 104,1 121,U
123,1<sometimes?>/2 124<if present, not raphides> 128,1<in some autotrophic
taxa>/2 129,2 148,1 151,1<in some autotrophs>/2 156,2 171,1/2 173,1 174,2
175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries, or from the top
or sides of the ovary> 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2 192,1 194,1
195<dichasia or monochasia> 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,2 219,1<3-winged> 223,5
224,6/3<3+3, but either whorl may be reduced or obsolete> 225,2 226,1/2
227,1/- 228,2 229,U 230,2<\i{}Burmannia\i0{} with the inner lobes smaller
or absent>/1 278,3 280,2 282,2<to the tube> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3 298,2/-
301<when perianth developed,>,2<by contrast with \i{}Iridaceae\i0{} etc.>
310,3-2 312,2 313,1<often>/2 318,1 320,1 322<probably>,2 324,2 328,1/2
329,1 330<when aperturate,>,1/5 337,2<\i{}Apteria\i0{}>/1&2<with both
conditions recorded in \i{}Burmannia\i0{}>/2 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3
344,5 345,2 352,1/2 353,1/3 361,1 363,2 365,1 368,3 375<when unilocular>,2
376<when trilocular>,2 378<when unilocular,>,15-100<?  many> 379<when
trilocular>,10-50<?  many> 386,3 387,3 388,1 391,1/2 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396<small> 397,1 400,1/3 403,1/2<?> 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,1/5/6<rarely> 421,15-100<many> 422<scantily>,1 429,1 432,1 442,2
443<thin> 447,- 454,U 458,U 468,2 487<possibly present, extracts being
haemolytic> 504,1&2&3&5&6 505,1 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,2&3 509,3 510,1&2&3&4
511,2&3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6 513,1 514,1 520,2-4 521<widespread, tropical,
subtropical, north to Japan and eastern U.S.A., south to Tasmania and New
Zealand> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 527,2 530,4 558,4 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,13 578,125 579,9 580<\i{}Apteria\i0{}, \i{}Burmannia\i0{},
\i{}Campylosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Cymbocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Dictyostega\i0{},
\i{}Gymnosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Hexapterella\i0{}, \i{}Marthella\i0{},
\i{}Miersiella\i0{}> 586<burmanni> 
 
# Burseraceae <Kunth>/
3<\i{}Balsameaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5,1/3 7,1<in the bark> 8,1 39,1
40,1/2<rarely> 45,1 47,2 50,1<rarely>/2 51,1<resinous, but usually not
punctate> 53,2 56,4/3/1<rarely> 57<when pinnate,>,1/2 64,2 65,1
68,2<usually>/1<rarely> 81,2 85,1<found in one genus> 86,1/3 90,U
92,1<usually, with a single palisade layer>/2 101,1<commonly>/2 102,1
103,1/2<always more numerous abaxially> 104,1 106,1 107,1<of diverse forms,
see illustration>/1&2<the capitate glandular hairs variously short- or
long-stalked, sometimes snail-shaped> 115,1/2<usually> 116<usually>,1<in
the phloem> 117,3 121,1/2 130,2<\i{}Commiphora\i0{}> 135,1/2<usually
lignified> 137,1<usually, in the phloem, rarely in the pith: see
illustration> 138,2<balsam> 139,1 140,2<usually>/1<in \i{}Santiria\i0{}>
141,5 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,1<e.g., in \i{}Canarium\i0{}>/2<usually>
148,2 150,3 152,3 153<usually relatively>,1/2
154<commonly>,1&2&3&4/5<rarely> 156,3 157,2 158,2 162,1 163<at least
sometimes>,1/2<?> 164,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 169,1-2/3 175,1/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/5/8 187,2 189,1&2&4 195<often in thyrses> 203,2 206,1 212,3-5 213,1
215,2/3 220,1/2 223,1<usually>/3<corolla sometimes lacking> 224,6-10
226<normally>,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4/5 238,1 239,3<the sepals usually
basally connate> 245,3 251,1/3 254<when present,>,(3-)4/5 255,1
258,1/3<rarely> 265,1/3 267,3 277,1/2<staminodes in female flowers>
278,3-5/6-10 282,1 284,2<often, when two whorls>/1 285,1<usually>/2<rarely>
286<when coherent>,1<via connate filaments> 287,1/2 289,1 295,4-5/8-10
298,3<usually>/2 299<when one whorled,>,1 306,1<slightly>/2
308,1<slightly>/2 309,3 310,3 312,2 313,1/2 315,1 317,1 318,2
319<usually>,1 320,1/2 322,2 328,1 329<commonly>,3 330<commonly>,8 337,1
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,(2-)3-5 341,1-2 342,(2-)3-5 343,3 344,5 345,1
352,2 353,(2-)3-5 361,1 376,2 379,(1-)2 381,1 382,2<micropyle superior>
383,1 385,2 386,2 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397,2 400,2 404,1/2 409,2<usually>/1 412,7<usually, or drupelike>/1<rarely>
415,1/2 422,2<or almost so> 433,2 435,1<2/2> 436<straight or rolled>
447,1/2 461,1 469,1<in \i{}Bursera\i0{}> 475,1<<20%>>/2<mostly> 484,2
487,1/2<rarely> 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<\i{}Protium\i0{}> 495,2
520,3&4 521<widespread> 522,2&3&4&5&6&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
11, 13, 23> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2
577,44 578,500 579,17 580<\i{}Aucoumea\i0{}, \i{}Beiselia\i0{},
\i{}Boswellia\i0{}, \i{}Bursera\i0{}, \i{}Canarium\i0{},
\i{}Commiphora\i0{}, \i{}Crepidospermum\i0{}, \i{}Dacryodes\i0{},
\i{}Garuga\i0{}, \i{}Haplolobus\i0{}, \i{}Pachylobus\i0{},
\i{}Protium\i0{}, \i{}Santiria\i0{}, \i{}Scutinanthe\i0{},
\i{}Tetragastris\i0{}, \i{}Trattinnickia\i0{}, \i{}Triomma\i0{}>
582<\i{}Canarium\i0{} species provide edible nuts and an Avocado-like
fruit> 586<burserac> 
 
# Butomaceae <Rich.>/
5,5 6,1 21,3 22,1 25,3<monopodial> 32,1-2 35,2 39,1 40,2<at least in
origin> 45,1/3 47,1 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3<more or less triquetrous,
twisted> 64,4 68,- 75,1 76,1 87,2<but with laticiferous canals> 102,1 104,3
105,2 116,1 117,4 118,1 121,U 123,1/2<?  no raphides> 128,2 137,1 138,4
148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2&3<mainly simple> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from
the bases and sides of the carpelscorresponding with septal nectaries>
187,2 189,5/- 192,1 193,1 194,1 195<large, terminal, few-flowered cymose
umbels> 196,1<three> 199,U 203,3<long pedicelled> 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
217,2<convex> 219,2 220,2 223,1<the outer members often tending towards
sepaloid>/5 224,6 225,1 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228<when not resolvable into calyx
and corolla,>,2 230,1-2 231,1-2/7-8/11<white through pink to purplish
brown, the outer whorl often tinged with green> 278,9 279<of the outer
cycle>,1<?the outer cycle consisting of three pairs of stamens>/2<the
inner cycle of three single stamens, these alternating with the outer
pairs> 282,1 284,2<the three of the inner whorl longer, with markedly
longer anthers> 285,1 287,2<6+3> 289,1 295,9 298,4 301,1<i.e. the three
pairs of the outer whorl alternating with the inner perianth members> 306,2
309,3 310,2 312,2 315,1 316,1 317,1 318,1 321,3 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,2
339,6<in one whorl> 341,3 343,2<to carpels basally fused> 344,2-3 345,1
346,2<distally unsealed> 347<shortly>,2 348,2<each style with a ventral,
decurrent stigmatic region> 350,20-100<many> 351,4<the ovules scattered
on the sides of the carpel> 372,2 373,1 374,2 384,3 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1
392,1 393,1/2 394<when formed,>,1/2 395,2 397,2<with filiform apparatus>
400,3 404,2 405,1 407,1 408,3 422,2 430,1 433,1 435,2<1/1> 436,1 442,2
443<leathery> 447,1 448,1<long> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 455,1 456,2
457,3 458,2 468,1 472,2 475,2 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2 497,1 498,2 504,1
505,1 507,2&3 515,1&2 520<North>,2 521<Eurasia> 522,1&3&4&5&12
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13> 527,2 530,1 555,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,1 579,1
580<monogeneric, \i{}Butomus\i0{}> 582<The rhizomes are edible when baked.>
586<butomace> 
 
# Buxaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Columellaceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.), \i{}Haptanthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Pachysandraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 4<\i{}Didymelaceae\i0{},
\i{}Stylocerataceae\i0{}.> 5,3<mostly>/1/5 37,1 39,1/2 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1
55,2 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/4 77,1/2 81,2 90,U 92,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,6
106,1<thick walled> 107,1 108,1/2 109,2 110,1 111,2 112,2 123,1 124,2&3<and
sand> 130,2<\i{}Buxus\i0{}> 139,1 140,2<\i{}Buxus\i0{}> 141,1 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,1<commonly>/2 147,2 148,2 150,3 151,1/2<the bordered pits
sometimes small and rather indistinct> 152,1/2/3<?> 153,1<or very small>
154<exclusively>,1 156<more or less exclusively>,2<often with numerous
bars> 157,2 158,1/2 159,1 163,2 164,1/2 165,1<typically as isolated cells>
167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,2<nearly always>/5/9<rarely with some perfect
flowers> 187,2<mostly>/1<female flowers, sometimes> 189,2/3/4 200,1 203,2
206,1 213,1 218,2 220,2 223,1<but the inner members not petaloid>/3<usually
described as consisting of sepals or of tepals, but reasons for the
preference are not obvious> 224,4/6<the tepals small, decussate or
imbricate> 225,1 226<usually>,2<usually 2+2 in male flowers, 3+3 in female
flowers> 227,1 228,1 229,U 230,1 231,1 277,1<male flowers>/2<female
flowers> 278,4/6 279,U 282,1 285,1 287,1/2<?> 289,1 295,4/6 299<opposite
the tepals, or (\i{}Notobuxus\i0{}) with two opposite the outer tepals and
four in two pairs opposite the inner tepals> 303,3<the filaments often
broad or thick> 306<slightly>,1/2 308,2 309,3 310<conspicuously>,3 312,2
315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,3-20<to many>
330,6/8/9<tricol(por)oidate or polyforaminate> 337,1 338,1<female
flowers>/2<male flowers> 339,3 341,2/3 342,3/6<\i{}Pachysandra\i0{}> 343,3
344,4 345,1 352,2 353,3 354,1<\i{}Pachysandra\i0{}>/2 360,2 361,3 363,1
365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2-3 379,2<but the primary locules divided into
uniovulate locelli in \i{}Pachysandra\i0{}> 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,1<the
fruit usually carunculate>/2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394<initially>,3 395,1<sometimes, a little>/2 397,1<with filiform
apparatus> 400,1/2 403,1 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/7 414<when fruit
capsular,>,5 416,1<often>/2<?> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2
435,2<1/2> 436,1 440,1 443,2<shiny> 447,1 469,2/3<in \i{}Buxus
sempervirens\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<70%> usually>/2 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1/2
490,1 491,1&2 492,2<3 genera> 504,1&2&3 505,1&2&3 520,2-4 521<scattered,
tropical and temperate> 522,1&3&4&6&7&8&9&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10,
14> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,8 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,1 574,7 577,27 578,100
579,5 580<\i{}Buxus\i0{}, \i{}Haptanthus\i0{}, \i{}Notobuxus\i0{},
\i{}Pachysandra\i0{}, \i{}Sarcococca\i0{}> 582<Supplies ornamentals, and
hard, finegrained wood from \i{}Buxus\i0{} (boxwood). Formerly used by
wood-engravers for preparing woodcuts for printing.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Get thee all into the box-tree \line{}(Twelfth
Night, ii., 5) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}He was like to behold \line{}The
box-tree, or the aspis dead and cold \line{}(Chaucer, The Knights Tale.
Aspis = aspic(?) = savoury jelly based on meat or fish stock, re. its
colour and coldness compared with that of a snake (asp))> 586<buxaceae> 
 
# Byblidaceae <Domin>/
2<\i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Roridulaceae\i0{}.> 5<sub->,3/5 15,4
19,2 20,5 21,3 39,1 40,1 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62<distally>,3 68,2 82,7 83,1
90,U 92<triangular in transverse section, becoming cylindrical towards the
apex> 102,1 104,3 106,1 107,2<stalked and sessile glands with
umbrella-shaped heads on all parts of the plants, secreting abundant
mucilage> 143,2<comprising about 9 bundles> 144,1<to centric>/- 148,1 156,3
159,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,2 200,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 218,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<basally> 241,3 245,3 248,1 251,1
254,5 255,1 258,3<the petals cuneate, shortly connate basally> 260,3
265,1/2 267,3 275<apically>,3/4<\i{}B. gigantea\i0{}> 278,5 282,1/2<to the
base of the corolla tube> 284,1/2<sometimes declinate> 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 296<when epipetalous,>,1 298,2 299,2 300,1 302,1/2 305,2 306,2 308,2
309,1/2<the openings confluent over the anther tip> 312,2 328,1 329,3/3-4/6
330,8<tri->/6<34>/10<4- or 6-> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2
361,1 368,1-2 370<if considered single,>,2 371,3 376,2 
379,10-50<?  many> 386,3 387,2<sic  \i{}ab
initio\i0{}, Lang 1901> 388,1 389,2 390,1 400<probably>,1 401,1 402,1&2
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 419,1 422,1 433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 484,1<?  see
Gibbs 1974> 488,2 495,2 520,2-3 521<Northern and South-western Australia,
New Guinea> 522,9&10 527,1 528,2 529,18/21<?> 548,U 551,5<?> 565,5 570,1
572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60 578,3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Byblis\i0{}> 581<Dahlgren presented \i{}Byblis\i0{} in the
Araliiflorae, but the presence of iridoids suggests it was misplaced there.
This plant exemplifies the long-standing difficulties in distributing
certain Dicot families between Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and Corniflorae, but
in this case referral to the Tenuinucelli seems unambiguous.> 586<byblidac>
 
# Cabombaceae <A. Rich.>/
2<\i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Hydropeltideae\i0{}
(\i{}Hydropeltidaceae\i0{}) Dum.> 5<aquatic>,5 6,1/3 21,3 25,3 27,- 32,1
34,2 35,1/1&3 36,2<\i{}Brasenia\i0{}>/1<\i{}Cabomba\i0{}> 39,1/1&2 40,1/2/3
43,- 47,2 50,2 53,1/1&2 54,1<in \i{}Brasenia\i0{}>/2 55,2 60,1<submerged
leaves>/2<floating leaves> 63<when dissected,>,5 66<often>,2/- 68,2 90,U
102<presumably>,1<?> 104,1<?> 121,1/2 122,2 130,2<\i{}Cabomba\i0{}>
137,1<articulated> 138,4 139,2 141,- 143<in the axis>,4<these closed,
monocot-like, but the rhizomes described as having double bundles> 148,1
151,2 159,1<with spiral or annular thickenings> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
187,1 188,2 212,3 213,1/2 214<when acyclic>,3/2&3 218,2 223,1<but the calyx
petaloid> 224,6 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,3<petaloid> 238,1 239,1 245,3 254,3
255,1 258,1 267,3 268,3/7/2 274,1/2
278,3-6<\i{}Cabomba\i0{}>/12-18<\i{}Brasenia\i0{}> 280,1/2 281<when
many,>,1 282,1 284,1 285,1 289,1 295,3-6/12-18 298,2-3/5 303,3<with the
filaments somewhat flattened> 309,3 310,1 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,1
330,1<sometimes trichotomosulcate> 339,(2-)3-18 341,2/1/3 343,2 344,2 345,1
347,1/2<stigma then subsessile>
348,1<\i{}Brasenia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cabomba\i0{}> 350,(1-)2/3 351,2 381,1 385,2
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 400,3 401,1 402,1 404,2 405,1 407,2 408,3 422,1
425,1 433,2 458,U 472,2 475,1 487,2 497,2 504,1&2&3&5 520,2-4 521<the
monotypic \i{}Brasenia schreberi\i0{} in tropical America, Africa, India
and E. Australia, with \i{}Cabomba\i0{} native to warm America but
distributed worldwide via discarded aquarium plants>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,2 532,2 565,1 566,6
572,2 574,2 577,3 578,8 579,2 580<\i{}Brasenia\i0{} (\i{}B.
schreberi\i0{}), \i{}Cabomba\i0{} (7 spp.)> 581<The Metcalfe and Chalk
(1965) account of \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{} sensu lato employed here does not
permit satisfactory anatomical treatment of this sensu stricto family.>
582<\i{}Cabomba caroliniana\i0{} is a declared noxious weed in nutrient
rich shallow waters in North America and where introduced in Australia and
Europe, clogging channels and drains and seriously restricting water flow
and recreational activites.> 586<cabombac> 
 
# Cactaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Leuchtenbergiaceae\i0{} Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff., \i{}Nopalaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Nopaleaceae\i0{}) Burnett, \i{}Opuntiaceae\i0{} Martinov> 5<mostly
bizzare>,5/3 6,3<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 9,1<more or less, in Pereskieae
only>/2 10<nearly always>,3<with highly modified short-shoots represented
by areoles which usually bear spines representing modified leaves, as
well as hairs and/or bristles> 12,1<Pereskieae>/2-3<<90%> mostly,
persuasively interpretable as having (1), main stem leaves variously absent
or vestigial, often reduced to their bases and represented by more or less
conspicuous tubercles; and (2), leaves of the areolar short-shoots
represented by spines> 14,1<mostly>/2<Pereskieae, with only more or less
fleshy leaves> 21,3 27,1/2/3<occasionally, e.g. \i{}Pereskia\i0{} spp.>
28<when climbing,>,6 31,2 32,4 37<when present and identifiable as such,
often caducous> 38<of main stems, when present, usually>,1-2/3<Pereskieae>
42<when present on main stems>,1/3/4 43,1/3/4<usually small and
ephemeral>/5<in the areoles> 45<of main stems, when present,>,1-3 53,1 60,2
64<when present on main stems,>,1/2 65,1/2 68,2 87,1<<10%> anastomosing,
e.g. in \i{}Coryphantha\i0{}, \i{}Leuchtenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Neomamillaria\i0{}>/2<usually> 90,U 130,2<\i{}Opuntia\i0{},
\i{}Zygocactus\i0{}> 137,1/2 138<when present,>,4/3<but mucilage cells much
commoner> 139,1 140,2 141<when recorded,>,1<with one trace, this often bi-
or multi-fid> 143<principally>,2<but sometimes exhibiting additional
strands in the cortex and/or pith> 144,1 145,2 146,1/2 147,1/2 148<usually
ultimately>,2<via an interfascicular cambium linking the main ring of
bundles> 150,1 151,1<usually>/2 152,3/2-3 153<very>,1<mostly>/2-3<e.g.,
large in \i{}Pereskia\i0{}> 154,1&2&3&4/5<rarely>
156,3<typically>/1<rarely> 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,2 161,2 162,1 163<at
least sometimes>,1/2 164,2 165<typically>,2 167,2 175,1 176,2
177,1<usually> 184,1/2/3/4 187,1/2 188<terminal or lateral> 189<when
aggregated,>,1 192,1 203,3-4<often showy> 205,1<often>/3 206,1-2 207<when
irregular,>,1 209<(when noticeable)>,1/1&2 213,2 214,1/1&2 215,- 218,1/2
223,2/4 224,20-100<many> 225<basally>,2/1 229,2 231,1&2/3/4/5/6/7/8
278,15-100<many> 279,1/2 281,2 282,1<occasionally>/2<to the perianth
tube> 285,1/2<sometimes in groups> 289,1 295,15-100<many> 309,3 310,3
311,2 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 322,2 328,1 329,3/6-15 330,6/9/10
333,4 337,2<recorded in 8 genera> 339,3-100<to many> 342,1<nearly
always>/2-15<<1%> ?\i{}Pereskia\i0{}> 343,3 344,5 345,3<nearly
always>/1<<2%> \i{}Pereskia\i0{}> 352,1 353,1<but occasionally partially
partitioned> 354<partially>,1<\i{}Pereskia\i0{}>/2<usually> 359,1<within
the hypanthium> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,3-100<as many as G> 372,1 373,2 374,4
375,2<usually>/1<<2%> \i{}Pereskia\i0{}> 378,15-100<many> 380<long>,1
385,1/2 386<circinotropous,>,4<usually>/3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2
404,1<usually>/2 409,2<usually>/1<<5%> rarely> 412,1<<5%>
rarely>/6<usually> 422,2 425,1/2 429,1/2 430,1 432,1-3 433,2<when
differentiated, free or united> 435,2<in all 5 species from the 4 genera
sampled> 436,1/2<usually>/5<sometimes spiral> 447,1 461,3<nearly
always>/1<very rarely> 462<\i{}Pereskia\i0{}, in the leaves only>
464<\i{}Bergerocactus\i0{}, \i{}Carnegiea\i0{}, \i{}Cereus\i0{},
\i{}Cephalocereus\i0{}, \i{}Chamaecereus\i0{}, \i{}Copiapoa\i0{},
\i{}Coryphantha\i0{}, \i{}Echinocactus\i0{}, \i{}Echinocereus\i0{},
\i{}Echinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eulychnia\i0{}, \i{}Ferocactus\i0{},
\i{}Lobivia\i0{}, \i{}Lophocereus\i0{}, \i{}Machaerocereus\i0{},
\i{}Mammillaria\i0{}, \i{}Melocactus\i0{}, \i{}Myrtillocactus\i0{},
\i{}Neochilena\i0{}, \i{}Neolloydia\i0{}, \i{}Nopalea\i0{},
\i{}Notocactus\i0{}, \i{}Opuntia\i0{}, \i{}Pachycereus\i0{},
\i{}Phyllocactus\i0{}, \i{}Pilocopiapoa\i0{}, \i{}Rhipsalis\i0{}, \i{}Rhipsalidopsis\i0{},
\i{}Trichocereus\i0{}, \i{}Zygocactus\i0{} (etc.?  all genera, according
to Smith and Winter, 1996)> 472,1<<10%> rarely>/2 475,1<usually <90%>>/2
484,2 486,1<where sought> 487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491,2/1&2 492,2<3 genera>
497,1 498,3<a> 520,2&3&4 521<chiefly in the drier regions of tropical
America, but reaching Patagonia and ascending to the High Andes; only
\i{}Rhipsalis\i0{} (perhaps introduced) in Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Seychelles and Ceylon> 522,6&7&8&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11> 525,11
527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50
578<about>,2000 579<about>,90<according to Gunn \i{}et al\i0{}. 1992, other
estimates varying from 50 to 150> 580<\i{}Acanthocalycium\i0{},
\i{}Acanthocereus\i0{}, \i{}Aporocactus\i0{}, \i{}Ariocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Armatocereus\i0{}, \i{}Arrojadoa\i0{}, \i{}Arthrocereus\i0{},
\i{}Astrophytum\i0{}, \i{}Austrocactus\i0{}, \i{}Aztekium\i0{},
\i{}Bergerocactus\i0{}, \i{}Blossfeldia\i0{}, \i{}Brachycereus\i0{},
\i{}Brasilicereus\i0{}, \i{}Browningia\i0{}, \i{}Calymmanthium\i0{},
\i{}Carnegiea\i0{}, \i{}Cephalocereus\i0{}, \i{}Cereus\i0{},
\i{}Cipocereus\i0{}, \i{}Cleistocactus\i0{}, \i{}Coleocephalocereus\i0{},
\i{}Copiapoa\i0{}, \i{}Corryocactus\i0{}, \i{}Coryphantha\i0{},
\i{}Cylindropuntia\i0{}, \i{}Denmoza\i0{}, \i{}Discocactus\i0{}, 
\i{}Disocactus\i0{}, \i{}Echinocactus\i0{}, \i{}Echinocereus\i0{},
\i{}Echinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Epiphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Epithelantha\i0{}, \i{}Eriosyce\i0{},
\i{}Escobaria\i0{}, \i{}Espostoa\i0{}, \i{}Espostoopsis\i0{},
\i{}Eulychnia\i0{}, \i{}Facheiroa\i0{}, \i{}Ferocactus\i0{},
\i{}Frailea\i0{}, \i{}Gymnocalycium\i0{}, \i{}Haageocereus\i0{},
\i{}Harrisia\i0{}, \i{}Hatiora\i0{}, \i{}Heliocereus\i0{},
\i{}Hylocereus\i0{}, \i{}Jasminocereus\i0{}, \i{}Leocereus\i0{},
\i{}Lepismium\i0{}, \i{}Leptocereus\i0{}, \i{}Leuchtenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Lophophora\i0{}, \i{}Maihuenia\i0{}, \i{}Mammillaria\i0{},
\i{}Melocactus\i0{}, \i{}Micranthocereus\i0{}, \i{}Mila\i0{},
\i{}Myrtillocactus\i0{}, \i{}Neolloydia\i0{}, \i{}Neoporteria\i0{},
\i{}Neoraimondia\i0{}, \i{}Neowerdomannia\i0{}, \i{}Obregonia\i0{},
\i{}Opuntia\i0{}, \i{}Oreocereus\i0{}, \i{}Pachycereus\i0{},
\i{}Parodia\i0{}, \i{}Pediocactus\i0{}, \i{}Pelecyphora\i0{},
\i{}Peniocereus\i0{}, \i{}Pereskia\i0{} (stems), \i{}Pereskiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pilosocereus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudorhipsalis\i0{}, \i{}Pterocactus\i0{},
\i{}Rebutia\i0{}, \i{}Rhipsalis\i0{}, \i{}Samaipaticereus\i0{},
\i{}Schlumbergera\i0{}, \i{}Sclerocactus\i0{}, \i{}Selenicereus\i0{},
\i{}Stenocactus\i0{}, \i{}Stenocereus\i0{}, \i{}Stephanocereus\i0{},
\i{}Stetsonia\i0{}, \i{}Strombocactus\i0{}, \i{}Tacinga\i0{},
\i{}Thelocactus\i0{}, \i{}Uebelmannia\i0{}, \i{}Weberbauerocereus\i0{},
\i{}Weberocereus\i0{},  \i{}Weingartia\i0{}, \i{}Zygocactus\i0{}> 
582<The most popular plant
family with collectors of succulen plants, with numerous genera and species
offered in dealers lists and represented in collections. Some edible
fruits (prickly pear, India fig, tuna, arridari, pitaya).> 586<cactacea> 
 
# Calectasiaceae <S.L. Endlicher>/
2<\i{}Dasypogonaceae\i0{}>
5,3<or rather, shrublets> 32,4 37<with disarticulating blades> 38,2
39,1 40,1 43,U 44,1 45,3 47,1 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4 64,4 102,1 104,1
121,2 123,1/2<?  no raphides> 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1<with simple
perforation plates> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,1<on short branchlets>
203,3 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1<short> 223<lilac-blue to purple,>,5
224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,10/8<glossy, metallic> 278,6
282,2<at the throat> 284,1-2<the whorls somewhat unequal> 285,1 289,1 295,6
298,3 306,2 309<terminally>,1-2 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 339,3 341,2
342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1<long, slender> 364,1 365,1
366,3 367,1<?> 368,1 375,1 378,3 380,1 381,3 385,2 386,3 404,2 409,2 412,8
421,1 442,2 443<membranous> 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,5 513,1&2 521<Western and
South Australia and Victoria> 522,10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,2 530,4 558,2
572,1 574,5 575,1<?> 577,20<or unplaced at ordinal level> 578,2 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Calectasia\i0{}> 586<calectas> 
 
# Callitrichaceae <Link>/
5<mostly more or less aquatic>,5 21,1 22,2/3 32,1/2 34,2 35,1/2/1&2
36,1<usually>/2 39,2<decussate, often becoming rosetted towards the branch
tips> 50,2 53,1/1&2<then linear and bifid when submerged> 55,2 60,1/2
63<when dissected,>,5 68,2 90,U 102,1<but only sporadically on submerged
leaves where they are sometimes ephemeral> 103,1<adaxial only on floating
leaves>/2 106,1<with terrestrial species exhibiting glands, each with a
foot and an 8-celled head, and stellate hairs also found>/2<?> 112,1/2
113<in section Eucallitriche,>,2 130,2 135<consisting of only two or three
cells> 143<reduced to a feeble, axile bundle> 148,1 151,1/2 156<when
present,>,3 175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5 184<sometimes>,5/-
187,1<usually>/2<rarely, then paired> 194<and flowers>,2
202<commonly>,1<with two horn-like bracteoles>/- 203,1 223,7 229,U
277,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers> 278<in male flowers>,1 289,1 295,1
309,3 315,1<or undifferentiated> 317,1 318,2 322,2 328,1/2 329<when
aperturate,>,3-4 330,6 337,2 338,1<female flowers>/2<male flowers> 339<in
female flowers>,2 342,4 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,2<but ostensibly four,
cf. \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 354,1 356,3 358,1 361,2 363,1 364,2 365,1 368,2
376,2-3 379,2<i.e. 1 per locellus> 381,1 382,2 383,1 386,3 387,2 388,1
390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<small> 397,1 400,1 401,1
402,1&2<the latter the more aggressive> 403,1 404,2 409,3 410,4 411,4
422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 433,2 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Callitriche\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Callitriche\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<one
species tested> 481,1 484,1 485,2<decarb.> 486,2<where sought> 487,2 488,2
492,2 520,1&2&3&4 521<cosmopolitan, except South Africa>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 3 or 5(+)>
527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,4 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a
synonym of \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}> 578,25 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Callitriche\i0{}> 581<If family names are to retain practical
usefulness, it seems inappropriate to include \i{}Callitriche\i0{} in
\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}. In terms of the descriptions compiled for this
package, the genus exhibits 18 differences from them, including characters
of habit, vegetative morphology and anatomy, general floral morphology,
gynoecium and fruit structure, and embryology. For discussion of
classificatory problems posed by \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, impinging on
\i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{},
\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{},
and \i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem genera as
\i{}Paulownia\i0{} and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and Reeves (1995),
who provided preliminary insights from chloroplast gene sequencing.>
586<callitri> 
 
# Calochortaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}-\i{}Lilioideae\i0{}.> 5<erect, often slender>,5<the
stem with only one, basal foliage leaf, or this plus a few reduced cauline
leaves, in addition to the bracts> 21,3 25,1 39<if interpreted as more 
than one,>,1/- 42,1 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2
62,3 64,4 65,2 68,- 81<presumably>,1 92,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 123,2<according
to Goldblatt 1995> 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,1<from conspicuous glands at the bases of the inner tepals> 187,2 194,1
195<simple or branched racemes> 200<long pedicelled,>,1 206,1 212,3 213,1
215,3 219,2 220,2 223,1/5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228<when not resolvable
into calyx and corolla,>,2 229,2 230,2<the outer members narrower,
glabrous, and either green and sepaloid or like the inner whorl in colour,
the inner members broad, cuneate or clawed, often fringed or ciliate and
sometimes bearded> 236<when recognisable as such,>,3 238,1 239,1 245,3
254,3 255,1 258,1 267,3 268,3/5/6 269,1/2<often spotted or streaked>
274,1/2 275,3<often, or ciliate>/4 278,6 282,1-2<inserted at the bases of
the tepals> 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1 303,3<the filaments
dilated> 306<pseudo-basifixed  the tip of the filament enclosed by a
tubular part of the connective, cf. \i{}Tulipa\i0{}> 309,3 328,1 329,1
330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,1-2 361<if
detectable>,1 365,1 366<much>,1<very short or obsolete> 368,3 372,2 376,2
379,30-50<many> 384<in two rows> 386,3 387,3 388,1<i.e. without a
parietal cell, cf. \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}> 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<three-winged or -angled> 414,4 422,1 424<containing
fat and aleurone> 426<lanceolate to circular, usually flattened> 432,3
442,2 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451<variously>,1/2 452,1/2
453,1-2<bifacial>/- 454,2 457,3 458,U 475<at least sometimes>,1<in the
seeds> 504,1 505,1&3 507,4 520,2 521<North and Central America> 522,12&13
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-20> 527,2 530,4 558,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15<as a
synonym of \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}> 578,60 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Calochortus\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Liliaceae\i0{} sensu stricto
(q.v.) in habit, plus 5 characters involving the androecium, fruit and
embryology.> 586<calochor> 
 
# Calycanthaceae <Lindl.>/
4<\i{}Idiospermaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<with aromatic bark> 7,1 39,2 43,2
45,1 50,1 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1
104,3 106,1/2 108<when present,>,1 116,2 120,1 123,1/2 124<when present,>,3
130,2<\i{}Calycanthus\i0{}> 132,1 135,1<comprising thin-walled parenchyma>
137,2 139,1 140,2 141,1<with two traces, or 5 or more according to Lammers
\i{}et al.\i0{} 1986> 145,2 146,1<the young stem with four inverted
vascular bundles in the pericycle or cortex> 147,2 148,2 150,2 152,1-2
153<very>,1<20-25 microns> 154,3&4&5 155,2 156,3 158,1 159,1
160<commonly>,1 161,1 162,1 165<scanty>,2 166,2 167,2 169,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 184,2 185,4 187,1 188,1<on specialized, leafy short-shoots> 203,3-4
206,1 213,3 214,1&2&3<the flower spiral throughout> 217,1
218,1<receptacular, the flower markedly perigynous> 223,2 224,15-30<each
with 34 vascular traces> 225,1 229,U 230,- 278,15-55 280,1 281,1 282,1
285,1 287<spirally arranged on at the top of the hypanthium> 289,2
290,10-25 291,3 293,2<usually nectariferous> 295,5-30 303,1/3 306,4 309,3
310,1<the thecae abaxial> 312,2 313,1<by extension of the connective> 314,1
318,2 319,1/2 324,2 328,1 329,2(-3) 330,3 337,1 339,5-45 343,2 344,2<the
members spirally arranged within the hypanthium> 345,1 347,2 348,2<the
terminal style long and filiform, with a decurrent stigma> 350,2<the upper
one obortive> 351,2 372,2 373,2 374,2 381<(the lower, developing one)>,3
382,1 383,1 386,3 387,3 388,2/3 389,2 391,1 392,4 393,1 394,2 395,2 400,1
404,2<but enclosed in the fleshy hypanthium> 405,1 407,2 408,4 413,2 419,4
422,2 432,3<large> 433,2 434<spirally>,4 435,2<1/1> 447,1 472,1 473,1
475,1<4 species> 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2/2 492,2<2 genera, 2
species> 495,2 497,1 498,1<a> 504,1 505,1&3 520,2-3 521<Eastern Asia, North
America> 522,4&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1
566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9 578,6 579,3 580<only genera, \i{}Calycanthus\i0{},
\i{}Chimonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Sinocalycanthus\i0{}> 582<Some cultivated
ornamentals, with fragrant flowers.> 586<calycant> 
 
# Calyceraceae <R.Br. ex Rich.>/
3<\i{}Bopidaceae\i0{} Cass.> 5,5 21,1-3 22,1/2 39,1 53,1 60,1/2 63<when
dissected,>,1<pinnately lobed> 68,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,2 104,1 106,1/2<?>
107<if present,>,1 116,2 137,2 143,1 144,1 146,2 148,1/2<?> 150,1 156,3
159,U 161,2 162,1 163,U 168,U 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2/3/4 184,2
186,1<via an active presentation system, the pollen being released into an
anther tube and pushed out by elongation of the style> 187,2 189,4
192,2<the capitula centripetal> 193,1/2 195<consisting of involucrate,
centripetally flowering heads> 196,1 197,1 200,1<the capitulum surrounded
by 12 series> 206,1/2 207<more or less>,1 209,1<the corolla> 212,(4-)5(-6)
213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,(8-)10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-6)
238,1 239,1/3 240,2/3/4 245,1/3 248,1 249,1/2 254,(4-)5(-6) 255,1 258,3
265,3/4 267<somewhat>,1/3 272,1 277,1/2<when flower functionally female>
278,(4-)5(-6) 280,2 282,2<near the top of the corolla tube> 285,2<the
filaments connate into a tube, at least basally> 286,1 287,1 289,1
295,(4-)5(-6) 296,3 298,2 299,2 305,2/3<sometimes, basally> 306,2 308,2
309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<when
flower functionally male> 339<basically>,2 341,1 342,1 343,3<but
pseudomonomerous> 344,6 345,3 352,1 353,1 359,1<uniting the base of the
corolla to the style, lining the corolla tube and dilating into glandular
areolae> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3 375,3 378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,2
388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<elongated, with slender
beaks> 400,1 404,2 409,2 412,3<crowned by the persistent calyx and corolla>
417,1<often, more or less>/2 418,1<sometimes, somewhat>/2 421,1
422<copiously or scantily>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 470,1 472,2 484,1
485,1<normal and seco> 488,2 495,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,2-3 521<South
America> 522,12&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 15, 18, 21> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,6
565,6 571,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,40 579,6
580<\i{}Acicarpha\i0{}, \i{}Bopis\i0{}, \i{}Calycera\i0{},
\i{}Gamocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Moschopsis\i0{}, \i{}Nastanthus\i0{}>
586<calycera> 
 
# Campanulaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Ciliovallaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Cyananthaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Cyphiaceae\i0{} DC., \i{}Cyphocarpaceae\i0{} Miers,
\i{}Jasionideae\i0{} (\i{}Jasionaceae\i0{}) Dum., \i{}Lobeliaceae\i0{}
R.Br., \i{}Nemacladaceae\i0{} Nutt.> 4<\i{}Pentaphragmataceae\i0{},
\i{}Sphenocleaceae\i0{}> 5,5<<80%> mostly>/1-3<a few> 6,1 21<the herbs
mostly>,3 22,1/2 31<the trees>,2 32<variously>,1-4 34<when hydrophytic,>,2
35<of hydrophytes>,1&2 39<<75%> usually>,1/2<sometimes>/3<sometimes> 45,1/2
47,1/2 49,1 50,2 53,1<usually>/2<<15%> occasionally> 55,2 56<when
compound,>,4 60<when simple,>,1/2 62,3/4/5/6/7/8/9
63<when simple-dissected,>,1/2
68,2 76<commonly>,2/3/4 81,2 87,1<these articulated, anastomosing>
88,1&2<especially in the phloem, often extending elsewhere> 90,U 92,1-3
96<very commonly>,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial or sometimes adaxial>/2<more often>
104,1 106,1 107<seemingly always>,1 108,1<varying in form and
frequency>/2<in some Lobelioideae, otherwise recorded only in
\i{}Campanumoea\i0{}> 110<when present, nearly always>,1 112,2 115,1<often,
in acicular leaves>/2 119<commonly>,1<especially associated with hair
bases, and at the leaf margins> 130,2<\i{}Campanula\i0{}, \i{}Jasione\i0{}>
132,1/2/3 137<commonly>,1 138,4 139,1<seldom>/2 140<when at all
active,>,1/2 141,1 143<seemingly usually>,1 144,1 145,1<occasionally, in
the form of inverted, collateral medullary bundles>/2 146,1<rarely, e.g. in
\i{}Campanula\i0{}>/2 147,1<commonly, sometimes inversely orientated,
sometimes consisting only of phloem>/2 148,2 152,3 153,1 154,2&3&4
156,3<usually>/2/2&3 157,2 159,2 161,2 162,1 163<rarely>,1/2 164,2
165<where recorded, in Lobelioideae, scanty>,2<elsewhere absent or
indistinct>/- 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 186,1<via modifications
of the style, with sterile tissue covering the stigmas at anthesis. Active
in most Lobelioideae, usually passive> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/3/4/5 192,1/2 193,1/2 194,1/2 196,1/2 197,1/2 203,3-4
206,1-2/3 212,5 213,1 215,2 223,1 224,10/16-20<\i{}Michauxia\i0{}>
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5/8-10<\i{}Michauxia\i0{}> 238,1
239,1/3<depending on interpretation  the tube nearly always being united
with the ovary> 246,1<e.g. in \i{}Campanula\i0{}, with adjoining pairs of
sepals contributing to each appendage>/2/3 251,1/3/4 253,1<sometimes>/2
254,5/8-10<\i{}Michauxia\i0{}> 255,1 258,3<commonly>/1<e.g. \i{}
Jasione\i0{}> 259,1/2 265,3 266<often>,4 267,2/3
268,8<<75%> predominantly>/2/3/5/6/7 278,5/8-10<\i{}Michauxia\i0{}> 
270,1<e.g., in the complexly spurred perianth of \i{}Heterotoma\i0{}>/2 
280,2 282,1/2<then low down on
the corolla> 285,1/2<sometimes forming an elongate column around the style>
287,1 289,1 295,5/8-10<\i{}Michauxia\i0{}> 
296<when epipetalous,>,1 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3/1&3<e.g., being laminate
below the filaments, in \i{}Wahlenbergia\i0{}>
304,1<sometimes, basally, e.g. in \i{}Campanula sulphurea\i0{}>/2
305,3<sometimes terminating an androecial column, e.g \i{}Centropogon\i0{},
\i{}Burmeistera\i0{}>/1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 321,2
322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3-12 330,6/7/8<or colporoidate>/9/10<rarely> 337,1<8
genera>/2<\i{}Cephalostigma\i0{} and \i{}Isotoma\i0{}>/1&2<with both
conditions in \i{}Lobelia\i0{}> 339,2/3/5/8-10<\i{}Michauxia\i0{}> 
342,2/3/5(-10) 343,3 344,5
345,3<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 352,2 353,2/3/5(-10) 354,1<occasionally>/2
361,1 368,2/3/5-10<as many as the carpels> 372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2&4 376,2
379,10-50<i.e. many> 381,2 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1/2<and occasionally with filiform apparatus>
400,1 401,1 402,1&2 403,4 404,1<<10%> rarely>/2<nearly always> 409,1/2
412,1<usually>/6<<10%>> 414,4/5/6/1<i.e. variously dehiscent> 422,1
424,1<rarely starchy>/- 426,2 429,1/2 430,1<rarely>/2 433,2 435,2<4/6>
436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Campanula\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Lobelia\i0{}>
470,1<very commonly> 472,1<<5%> rarely>/2 473,1<with triglochinin> 474,1
475,1<usually <80%>>/2 484,2 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1<rarely <9%>>/2 489<when
present,>,1<\i{}Centropogon\i0{}> 490,1<<12%> rarely>/2 491<when
present,>,1&2/2 492,2<11 species, 7 genera> 494,1/2 495,2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6
520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan, except tropical Africa>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-17> 527,1
528,2 529,19 549,1 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,2000
579<about>,90 580<\i{}Adenophora\i0{}, \i{}Apetahia\i0{},
\i{}Astrocodon\i0{}, \i{}Asyneuma\i0{}, \i{}Azorina\i0{},
\i{}Berenice\i0{}, \i{}Brighamia\i0{}, \i{}Burmeistera\i0{},
\i{}Campanula\i0{}, \i{}Canarina\i0{}, \i{}Centropogon\i0{},
\i{}Cephalostigma\i0{}, \i{}Clermontia\i0{}, \i{}Codonopsis\i0{},
\i{}Craterocapsa\i0{}, \i{}Cryptocodon\i0{}, \i{}Cyananthus\i0{},
\i{}Cyanea\i0{}, \i{}Cylindrocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Cyphia\i0{},
\i{}Cyphocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Delissea\i0{}, \i{}Diastatea\i0{},
\i{}Dielsantha\i0{}, \i{}Downingia\i0{}, \i{}Echinocodon\i0{},
\i{}Edraianthus\i0{}, \i{}Feeria\i0{}, \i{}Githopsis\i0{},
\i{}Grammatotheca\i0{}, \i{}Gunillaea\i0{}, \i{}Hanabusaya\i0{},
\i{}Heterochaenia\i0{}, \i{}Heterocodon\i0{}, \i{}Heterotoma\i0{},
\i{}Hippobroma\i0{}, \i{}Homocodon\i0{}, \i{}Howellia\i0{},
\i{}Hypsela\i0{}, \i{}Isotoma\i0{}, \i{}Jasione\i0{}, \i{}Legenere\i0{},
\i{}Legousia\i0{}, \i{}Leptocodon\i0{}, \i{}Lightfootia\i0{},
\i{}Lobelia\i0{}, \i{}Lysipomia\i0{}, \i{}Merciera\i0{},
\i{}Michauxia\i0{}, \i{}Microcodon\i0{}, \i{}Monopsis\i0{},
\i{}Musschia\i0{}, \i{}Namacodon\i0{}, \i{}Nemacladus\i0{},
\i{}Nesocodon\i0{}, \i{}Numaeacampa\i0{}, \i{}Ostrowskia\i0{},
\i{}Palmerella\i0{}, \i{}Parishella\i0{}, \i{}Peracarpa\i0{},
\i{}Petromarula\i0{}, \i{}Physoplexis\i0{}, \i{}Phyteuma\i0{},
\i{}Platycodon\i0{}, \i{}Popoviocodonia\i0{}, \i{}Porterella\i0{},
\i{}Pratia\i0{}, \i{}Prismatocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Peudonemacladus\i0{},
\i{}Rhigiophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Roella\i0{}, \i{}Rollandia\i0{},
\i{}Ruthiella\i0{}, \i{}Sclerotheca\i0{}, \i{}Sergia\i0{},
\i{}Siphocampylus\i0{}, \i{}Siphocodon\i0{}, \i{}Solenopsis\i0{},
\i{}Symphyandra\i0{}, \i{}Theilera\i0{}, \i{}Trachelium\i0{},
\i{}Treichelia\i0{}, \i{}Trematolobelia\i0{}, \i{}Trimeris\i0{},
\i{}Triodanis\i0{}, \i{}Unigenes\i0{}, \i{}Wahlenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Zeugandra\i0{}> 582<Numerous ornamentals from \i{}Lobelia\i0{},
\i{}Wahlenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Codonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Jasione\i0{}, etc., and
more than 120 species of \i{}Campanula\i0{}.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And there with hispid leaves and blooms \line{}Of
darkend sapphire, richly swinging, \line{}The Bell-flower nettle-leaved
illumes \line{}With azure light the woods; while bringing \line{}Around it
troops of insect things, \line{}With merry song and dancing wings
\line{}(Quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857), unattributed -
\i{}Campanula trachelium\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When glowworm found
in lanes remote, \line{}Is murderd for its shining coat, \line{}And put in
flowers that Nature weaves \line{}With hollow shapes and silken leaves,
\line{}Such as the Canterbury Bell, \line{}Serving for lamp or lantern well
\line{}(John Clare, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) -
\i{}Campanula\i0{} spp.)> 586<campanul> 
 
# Campynemataceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Campynemaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5<small>,5 21,3 22,1/2 25,3 32,3/4 39,1
40,1<?> 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4 64,4 65,2 76,1 92,1 121,U 123,1 124,1
128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1<?>/2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,5/8 193,1/2 194,1 195<few flowered panicles or pseudo-umbels>
200,1 203,2 206,1 212,6<according to Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985> 213,1
215,1 219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1<inserted near the top of the ovary>
226,2<3+3> 228,2 229,1/2 231<pale, sometimes dotted-striated> 278,6 284,1
285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,2 301,1 306,1/2 309,3 310,1/1&3<in
\i{}Campynemanthe\i0{}> 318,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3
342,1/3 343,3 344,4-6 345,3 352,1/2
353,1<\i{}Campynema\i0{}>/3<\i{}Campynemanthe\i0{}> 360,2
361,1<\i{}Campynemanthe\i0{}>/3<\i{}Campynema\i0{}> 375<when unilocular>,2
376<when trilocular>,2 378<when unilocular>,10-50<?> 379,10-50<?> 386,3
388<weakly>,2 389,2 391,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 421,20-50<many> 422,1
424,1 442,2 443<pale red->,4 447,- 454,U 458,U 487,1 504,2 506,5
521<Tasmania, New Caledonia> 522,10&11 527,2 530,4 558,6 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,15 578,3 579,2 580<\i{}Campynema\i0{}, \i{}Campynemanthe\i0{}>
586<campynem> 
 
# Canellaceae <Mart.>/
3<\i{}Winteranaceae\i0{} Warb.> 5<highly aromatic,
glabrous>,1<mostly>/3<rarely> 7,1 37,1 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 50,1 51,1 53,1
60,2 64,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3<usually>/1 106,2
115,1/2 120<always>,1<these with yellow contents, appearing as transparent
dots in cut leaves> 123,1 124,2 130,2<\i{}Canella\i0{}> 139,1 140,2
141,3/2<with three traces, according to Lammers \i{}et al\i0{}. 1986> 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,1 154,1<usualy,
exclusively>/1&2<in \i{}Warburgia\i0{}> 155,2 156,2 157,2 158,2 159,1 161,1
163,2 164,2 165,1/2/1&2 167,2 169,3 170,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2
188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2 192,1/2 194,1/2 195<cymes
or racemes> 206,1 213,1/2 214<when partially acyclic,>,1<the petals>/-
217,2 218,2 220,2 223,1/2<depending on whether the three thick, leathery,
persistent outer members are interpreted as sepals or bracts> 224,(7-)8-15
225,1/2 226,2-3(-5) 227,2 229,U 236,3<if the outer members are not
interpreted as bracts>/4-5<interpreting the outer whorl of petals as
sepals> 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1 254,(4-)5-12 255<when cyclic,>,1-2(-4)
258,1/2/3 260,2/3<corolla connate at the base in \i{}Canella\i0{}, to the
middle in \i{}Cinnamosma\i0{}> 265,1 274<slender>
278,6-12<mostly>/35-40<\i{}Cinnamosma\i0{}> 279,U 282,1 285,2
286,1<completely connate into a tube, with the anthers attached on its
outside> 289,1 295,6-12/35-40<\i{}Cinnamosma\i0{}> 303,4<these adnate to
the staminal tube> 306,4 308,2 309,5 310,1 312,2<each with two juxtaposed
bisporangiate thecae> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1
330,1<or the aperture V-shaped or trichotomous>/- 337,1 339,2-5(-6) 342,1
343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1 365,1<short and thick> 368,1
370,2-6 375,2 378,6-100<two to many on each placenta> 381,2-3 384<in a
single or double row on each placenta> 386,2 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 397,1 404,1 409,2 412,6 421,2-100<to many> 422<copiously>,1
423,1<in \i{}Cinnamosma\i0{} only>/2 424,1 432,3<small> 433,2
436<slightly>,2/1 444,1 472,1 475,1<<50%> one of the species>/2 487,2 488,2
490,2 492,2<\i{}Canella\i0{}> 495,2 497,1 498,1<c> 504,2&3 506,1&2
512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<West Indies and Florida, tropical South America and
East Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&8&12&14&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 22, 26, 28>
527,1 528,1 529,1 531,1 565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4 577,6 578,16 579,6
580<\i{}Canella\i0{}, \i{}Capiscodendron\i0{}, \i{}Cinnamodendron\i0{},
\i{}Cinnamosma\i0{}, \i{}Pleiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Warburgia\i0{}>
586<canellac> 
 
# Cannabidaceae <Endl.>/
1<\i{}Cannabaceae\i0{} auctt., \i{}Cannabiaceae\i0{} auctt.,
\i{}Cannabinaceae\i0{} auctt.> 3<\i{}Lupulaceae\i0{} Link,
\i{}Strobiliaceae\i0{} Dulac> 4<\i{}Ulmaceae\i0{} p.p.> 5,5/4 6,1/2/3 8,1/2
21,1/3 27,1<\i{}Cannabis\i0{}>/3<\i{}Humulus\i0{}> 28<when climbing,>,1
29<\i{}Humulus\i0{}>,1 32,3 39,1/2 45,1 47,2 50,2 51,1 53,1/2 56<when
compound,>,5 60<when simple,>,1/2 63<when lobed,>,2 64,3 65,1 68,1 69,2
70,1 74,2 81,2 87,1/2<always with unsegmented, unbranched coenocytes, the
contents resinous in \i{}Cannabis\i0{}, colourless in \i{}Humulus\i0{}>
88,1&2&5 90,U 92,1 104,1 106,1<and conspicuous, see illustration>
107,1&2<the eglandular hairs often silicified, usually unicellular,
sometimes 2-armed, less often uniseriate; the glandular ones variously
capitate with unicellular, uniseriate or partiallyt biseriate stalks,
discoid with unicellular stalks, or sunken with crateriform heads> 116,1/2
117<in the phloem \i{}Cannabis\i0{},>,3 119<of various sizes very
commonly>,1<often associated with hair bases> 130,2<\i{}Humulus\i0{}>
137,1<in both genera> 138,2/4 139,1 140,2 143,1-2<the primary xylem groups
in \i{}Humulus\i0{} being more readily distinguished from the later formed,
continuous cylinder than in \i{}Cannabis\i0{}> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 155,1<or no more than slightly oblique> 156,3 157,2 162,1 175,2/3/2&3
176,1 177,5/2<rarely> 179,3 184,1 187,2 192,1 195<generally
condensed-spicate> 200,1 202,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 223,3 224,5
225,1<male>/2<female> 226,1 229,U 236,5 239,1<male>/2<female> 245,3 248,1
251,1 276,1/2<from female flowers> 277,1<male flowers>/2<females> 278,5<in
male flowers> 282,1 284,1 285,1 289,1 295,5 299,2 302,1 306,1 309,3 312,2
317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,3<usually>/2/4/6 330,7 337,1
338,1<female flowers>/2<males> 339,2 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1
360,1/2<the style very short> 361,1 365,1 368,2<long> 372,2 373,1 374,2
375,3 378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397<shortly>,1 400,2 403,1 404,2 409,2 412,8 422,1 424,1 430,1 433,2
436,2<\i{}Cannabis\i0{}>/4<\i{}Humulus\i0{}> 437,2 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Cannabis\i0{}> 472,2 475,1 484,2 487,2
488,1<\i{}Humulus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cannabis\i0{}> 489,1&2<\i{}Humulus\i0{}>
490,1 491,1/1&2&3 492,2<both genera> 497,2<with starch> 520,2 521<North
temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 10>
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,4 565,2 567,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34 578<about,>,170
579,8 580<\i{}Aphananthe\i0{}, \i{}Cannabis\i0{}, \i{}Gironniera\i0{},
\i{}Humulus\i0{}, \i{}Lozanella\i0{}, \i{}Pteroceltis\i0{}, \i{}Trema\i0{}>
581<This compilation has not yet (2017) been updated re more recently
revised family circumscriptions, involving transference of \i{}Celtis\i0{},
\i{}Pteroceltis\i0{}, \i{}Trema\i0{}, \i{}Gironniera\i0{} and
\i{}Lozanella\i0{} from \i{}Ulmaceae\i0{} to \i{}Cannab(id)aceae\i0{}; cf.
Sytsma et al. (2002)> 583<\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Grass is not Grass
\line{}(anon) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Hops and turkies, carps and beer,
\line{}Came into England all in a year. \line{}(Quoted by Isaac Walton in
The Complete Angler, 1653)> 586<cannabid> 
 
# Cannaceae <Juss.>/
5,5 21,3 22,2 24,0.5-5 25,3 32,2/3 38,3-4 39,1 40,1 42,1/3 45<more or
less>,1 47,1 49,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4/5 64,2<with parallel-convergent
laterals> 65,2 66,5 68,- 76,1 77,1 82,6 90,1<these internal, in association
with the vascular bundles> 98,2 102,1 104,3/4<or hexacyclic>/- 105,2 116,2
121,2 123,1 124,2/3<not raphides> 125,1 128,2 130,2<\i{}Canna\i0{}>
131,1<terete> 137,1 138,3 148,1 151,2 173,1&2<mainly simple> 175,1 176,2
177,1 182,1 183,3<from septal nectaries> 184,2 186,1<pollen is shed on the
style in the bud, and later insects alighting on the labellum touch first
the terminal stigma, then the pollen> 187,2 189,3/8<thyrses> 192,1/-
193,1/2 194,1 195<spikes or thyrses, usually composed of 2-flowered
cincinni> 197,1<in that the pairs of homodromous, asymmetric flowers are
mirror images of one another>/- 200,1<the bracts usually green and fairly
inconspicuous, often small> 202,1<with a bracteole to the left of one
flower, and to the right of the other (behind the one or the other of the
two lateral sepals), in each flower pair> 206,3 207,2<obliquely orientated,
with no clearly median organs> 209,1&2 212<fundamentally>,3<but with the
androecium modified>/- 213,2 214,1<the calyx spiral> 219,2<in that the
sepals are free, the tube being derived from corolla and androecium>/-
223,1/5 224,6 228<if considered not resolved into calyx and corolla, more
or less>,2 230,2<or rather, in the two series:the outer members (sepals)
greenish or purplish and subpetaloid, smaller> 236,3 239,1 248,1 254,3
255,1 258,3<into a tube, along with the stamen and staminodes> 267,1<one
member often shorter than the other two> 278,(2-)4(-5)<the member across
the flower from the inner median tepal always lacking> 282,2<to the tube>
284,2 285,2<shortly connate at the base> 287<(theoretically)>,2/- 289,2
290,(1-)3(-4)<with at least one staminodal member of the inner androecial
whorl, wider than the others and sometimes called the labellum, always
being represented> 291,1&2 293,1<more conspicuous than the true perianth>
295,1<the median (posterior) member of the inner whorl> 298,1 301,2<the
single half-anthered stamen being opposite the inner median (posterior)
tepal> 303,2<the single fertile stamen bearing only one half-anther, one
one edge and often far below the apex> 306<(or rather, the half-anther)>,4
309,3 310,3 311,1 312,1 316,1 318,1/2<?> 321,3 322,1/2 324,2 328,2 337,1
339,3 340,1<the style being straight, flat and fleshy-petaloid> 341,2 342,3
343,3 344,6 345,3 352,2 353,3 357,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 372,1 373,1 374,3
376,2 379,20-50<many> 385,1/2<depending on interpretation of funicular
structures> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,2 397,1 399,1
400,1/2<?> 403,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<usually warty> 414<opening by collapse
of the pericarp> 422<thinly>,1<the endosperm consisting of a thin, starchy
layer> 425,1<surrounding the endosperm> 429,2 430,1 432,3 433,1 436,1 439,1
442,2 443,2<?>/4 447,- 448,1<short> 449,2 450,1 451,2 452,2 454,1-2<there
being a somewhat extended cotyledon sheath> 456,2 457,3 458,1 461,1
462<\i{}Canna\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Canna\i0{}> 468,2 472,2 475,2<3 species>
487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 520,3&4 521<West Indies and Central
America> 522,10&12&13&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,2 530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5
575,1 577,19 578,55 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Canna\i0{}> 582<Ornamental
hybrids (\i{}C. generalis\i0{}) are among the most widely grown tropical
bedding plants.> 586<cannacea> 
 
# Canotiaceae <Britton>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3 9,2 10,1<and the green, striate
branches ending in spines> 12,2<represented by minute, deltoid scales,
above each of which is a conspicuous, black, triangular gland field> 32,4
38,1 39,1 43,4 90,U 145,2 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,1 167,2 168,U
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194<lateral> 195<short, 37 flowered
cymes> 200<minutely>,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5<small, minutely glandular-fringed> 238,1 239,3<connate
basally> 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 271<thickish,
carinate within> 272,2 278,5 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2
300,1 303,3<the filaments subulate, persistent> 310<apically>,3 324,U 339,5
341,2 342,5 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,5 360,2 361,1 365,1<thick,
persistent> 368,1 370,5 376,2 379,(3-)6 381,2 384<biseriate> 386,5
404,2<woody> 409,1 412,1 414,4&5<partially loculicidal from the top>
422,1<the endosperm thin, fleshy> 426<ascending, 12 per loculus> 429,1<the
wing basal, membranous> 436,1 471,U 504,1 505,3 520,2-3 521<Southwest
U.S.A.> 522,12 527,1 528,1 529,16<?> 546,1<?> 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,37<as a synonm of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,2
580<\i{}Acanthothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Canotia\i0{}> 581<Differing somewhat
unconvincingly from \i{}Celastraceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the
single stigma and the horizontal, amphitropous ovules.> 586<canotiac> 
 
# Capparidaceae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Capparaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Cruciferae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Cleomaceae\i0{}
Horan. (p.p.)> 4<\i{}Cleomaceae\i0{}, \i{}Koeberliniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Pentadiplandraceae\i0{}, \i{}Physenaceae\i0{},
\i{}Setchellanthaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3/4/5<rarely> 8<non-glandular,>,2 9,1
27,1/3 32,4<commonly>/3 39,1 40,1/2<rarely> 45,1 47,2 50,1/2 53,1/2 56<when
compound,>,5 60<when simple>,1/2 63<when simple/dissected,>,2
68,1/2<stipules small> 73<(when present) often>,3<or represented by glands>
77<often>,3/- 81,2 90,U 92,1-3 100,1/2 102,1 104,1 106<of numerous
kinds>,1<see illustration> 107<mostly>,1<by contrast with
\i{}Cleomaceae\i0{}> 108,1&2 112,1/2 113,1/2/4 115,1/2 122,1/2
130,2<\i{}Capparis\i0{}, \i{}Steriphoma\i0{}> 139,1 140,1/2 141,1 145,2
146<(secondary, pericyclic)>,1/2 147,2 148,2/3 149,1<often>/2 156,3 157,1
161,1/2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 165,2 166,1/2 167,1<often>/2 169,2/3
175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5 184,2 187,2 189<usually>,2/- 192,2 195<usually in
racemes> 200,1 202,2 206,1-2 212<usually>,4/- 216,2/1&2<causing the pistil
to project> 220,1 222,1<a ring> 223,1<usually>/3<\i{}Cadaba\i0{}>
224,(4-)6<rarely>/8 226,2-4<usually more or
less resolvable into K2+2 and C4 with decussate calyx and diagonal petals,
cf. \i{}Cruciferae\i0{}> 229,U 236,4<2+2> 238,2 239<basally>,3/1 241,2/3
245,2/3 251,1 254<when present>,4<diagonal, very rarely 2> 255,1 258,1<the petals equal
or unequal, sometimes hooding> 265,1 277,1/2<female flowers>
278<basically>,4/5-100<i.e. to many, when branched> 279,1<commonly>/2
280,1/2 281<when branched,>,2 282,1 284,1-2 285<basally>,2/1 288<when
detectable>,1 289,1/2<or with staminodal branches> 295,4/6-20(-100)<to
many> 297,3 298,2-3-5 299<basically>,2 303,3/2&3 306,1-2 309,3 310,3
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4)
330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2/10-12<by
\i{}ddoublement\i0{}> 342,1/2/3-12 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2
353,1<usually>/2<by false septa> 354<when present>,1/2 356<when G=2>,3/-
358<generally>,3 360,1/2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,1 368,1 369,1/2<?> 372,2
373,1/2 374,2 375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when bilocular,>,4<usually
without a replum, by contrast with \i{}Cleomaceae\i0{} and \i{}
Cruciferae\i0{}, but see
the 1892 Bot. Mag. illustration of \i{}Capparis arrabidae\i0{}>
378,10-100<many> 379<when bilocular,>,30-50<many> 385,1/2 386,3-4 387,3
388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<usually small, large in
\i{}Maerua\i0{}> 397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1/4
404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1<often>/6<usually>/7/8/10 414<sometimes>,6<resulting
in two valves to which the placentas remain attached  i.e., no replum>
422,1/2 433,2<oily> 436<variously>,2/3 437,1/2 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Cadaba\i0{}, \i{}Capparis\i0{}, \i{}Maerua\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Boscia\i0{}, \i{}Capparis\i0{}> 471,1 472,1/2 475,1<21 species>
484,2 488,2 490,2 492,2<\i{}Euadenia\i0{}> 495,2 497,1/2 498<when
P-type>,1<b> 520,2-4 521<widespread> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10, 11, 17> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,8 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,650 579<about>,26 580<\i{}Apophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Atamisquea\i0{}, \i{}Bachmannia\i0{}, \i{}Belencita\i0{},
\i{}Borthwickia\i0{}, \i{}Boscia\i0{}, \i{}Buchholzia\i0{},
\i{}Cadaba\i0{}, \i{}Capparis\i0{}, \i{}Cladostemon\i0{}, \i{}Crateva\i0{},
\i{}Dactylaena\i0{}, \i{}Dipterygium\i0{} (or Cruciferae?),
\i{}Euadenia\i0{}, \i{}Forchhammeria\i0{}, \i{}Maerua\i0{},
\i{}Morisonia\i0{}, \i{}Neothorelia\i0{}, \i{}Podandrogyne\i0{},
\i{}Poilanedora\i0{}(?), \i{}Puccionia\i0{} (or Cruciferae?),
\i{}Ritchiea\i0{}, \i{}Steriphoma\i0{}, \i{}Stixis\i0{},
\i{}Thilachium\i0{}, \i{}Tirania\i0{}> 581<Separation from
\i{}Cleomaceae\i0{} may be unsustainable, since difficulties are
encountered in assigning the genera. Precise comparative data on gynoecium
and fruit structure are elusive or non-existent.> 582<flower buds of
\i{}Capparis\i0{} spp. constitute culinary capers> 586<capparid> 
 
# Caprifoliaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Diervillaceae\i0{} (Raf.) Pyck., \i{}Linnaeaceae\i0{} (Raf.)
Backlund, \i{}Loniceraceae\i0{} von Vest, \i{}Viburnideae\i0{}
(\i{}Viburnaceae\i0{}) Dum. (p.p.)> 4<\i{}Carlemanniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Morinaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sambucaceae\i0{},
\i{}Valerianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Viburnaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/1<small>/5<rarely>/4
27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,1 29<\i{}Lonicera\i0{}>,1 32,3 37,1/2 38,2-3
39,2<usually>/3 43,1<mostly>/2 45,1 46,1<occasionally>/2 53,1 55,2
60,1<exemplified in \i{}Leycesteria\i0{}>/2 63<when lobed,>,1/- 64,2 65,1
68,1<sometimes large, e.g. \i{}Pentapyxis\i0{}, = \i{}Leycesteria\i0{}>/2
81,2 85,1<known from two genera> 86,1/2/3 89,2 90,U 92<always more or
less>,1<usualy with a single palisade layer> 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1
107,1&2<the former usually simple unicellular, the latter with uniseriate
stalk and multicellular head in most genera, peltate in \i{}Diervilla\i0{}
and \i{}Symphoricarpos\i0{}> 137<as distinct from secretory cells with
unidentified contents,>,2 139,1 140,2 141,1<rarely>/3 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152<typically>,1/2 153<very small to>,1
154<exclusively>,1 156,2/3/2&3 157,2 158<commonly>,1<this faint>/2 159,1
160,2 161,1<usually>/2<sometimes in \i{}Abelia\i0{}> 163,2 164<commonly>,1
165<rather sparse, diffuse>,1<in most genera>/2<but very scanty, in
\i{}Lonicera\i0{}> 167,2 169,3 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/8 184,2
187,1<rarely, \i{}Triostem\i0{}>/2 188<if solitary,>,2 189,1/2/3/4/9
192,1<basically, but the flowers are commonly in axillary pairs, and in
\i{}Lonicera\i0{} the members of each pair are sometimes basally
congenitally fused> 194,1/2 202<usually>,1 205<often>,1/- 206,2-3<nearly
always>/1<or almost so, e.g. in {}Pentapyxis\i0{}, {}Weigela\i0{} and
few species of \i{}Lonicera\i0{}> 207<nearly always at least slightly>,1
209,1<often only the corolla>/1&2 212,4-5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,7-10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(2-)4/5 238,1 239,3<usually>/1<\i{}Weigela\i0{}>
245,1/3 247,2 248,1/2 249,2 251,1/4 252,2 254,4/5 255,1 258,3 265,1
266,4/6/8 267,1/2/3<very rarely> 268,2/3/5/6/7<or various combinations>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(2-)4/5 280,2 282,2<epipetalous> 284,1/2 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,(2-)4/5 296,1/2/3 297,1/3 298,1/2 299,2 306,1 309,3 310,3
311,2 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 321,2 322,1/2 328,1 329<usually>,3
330,6/7/8<or colporoidate>/4<sometimes zonorate in \i{}Abelia\i0{}> 337,2
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2-5-8 341,1/2/3 342,2-5(-8) 343,3 344,6 345,3
352,2 353,2-8 359,1/2 360,2<elongate> 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,1-5
371,3<usually>/1 372,1 373,1 374,3 376,2-3 379,1-50<to many> 381,1 382,1
383,3 384<often>,4/- 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,1/2/3 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 403,2<and other types?> 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1/3/6<the fused pairs of flowers of some \i{}Lonicera\i0{} species
resulting in compound berries>/7<e.g. \i{}Symphoricarpos\i0{},
\i{}Triosteum\i0{}> 414,6<\i{}Weigela\i0{}>/- 415,1 421,5-50<to many>
422,1 423,2 424,1 433,2 435,2<5/16> 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Lonicera\i0{}, \i{}Symphoricarpos\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Symphoricarpos\i0{}> 472,1/2 473,2 475,1<<30%>>/2 483,2 484,1
485,1<normal and seco> 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1
490,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Abelia\i0{}> 491,1&2<mostly>/2 492,2<11 species, 7
genera> 495,2 520,2/3-4<at altitude> 521<widespread, but mostly North
temperate and tropical mountains - missing from most of Africa>
522,1&3&4&5&6&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8 or 9(12)> 527,1
528,2 529,21 551,6 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66
578<about>,330 579,13 580<\i{}Abelia\i0{}, \i{}Diabelia\i0{}, \i{}Diervilla\i0{},
\i{}Dipelta\i0{}, \i{}Heptacodium\i0{}, \i{}Kolkwitzia\i0{},
\i{}Leycesteria\i0{}, \i{}Linnaea\i0{}, \i{}Lonicera\i0{},
\i{}Symphoricarpos\i0{}, \i{}Triosteum\i0{}, \i{}Weigela\i0{},
\i{}Zabelia\i0{}> 581<Analyses of \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequences by Backlund and
Bremer (1997) indicated that \i{}Viburnum\i0{} should be removed from
\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}; that it is closely related to \i{}Adoxa\i0{} and
\i{}Sambucus\i0{}; and that these three genera (i.e., the tribe Sambuceae
of the Bentham and Hooker \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}, 1876) are related to
Apiales or Cornales rather than to Dipsacales. Then Backlund and Pyck
(1998) proposed \i{}Diervillaceae\i0{} (\i{}Diervilla\i0{},
\i{}Weigela\i0{} and \i{}Linnaeaceae\i0{} (\i{}Abelia\i0{},
\i{}Dipelta\i0{}, \i{}Kolkwitzia\i0{}, \i{}Linnaea\i0{}, \i{}Zabelia\i0{})
as families separated from but closely related to \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto, without bothering to revise the family descriptions. Anyway,
comparisons among descriptions in the present package show that while
\i{}Carlemanniaceae\i0{} differ conspicuously from \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}
only in details of the anroecium and pollen morphlogy,
\i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Morinaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sambucaceae\i0{},
\i{}Valerianaceae\i0{}, and \i{}Viburnaceae\i0{} all differ from
\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} sensu stricto, and from one another, in far too
many characters to be sensibly reduced to synonymy.> 582<Cultivated
ornamental shrubs and vines from \i{}Lonicera\i0{},
\i{}Symphoricarpos\i0{}, \i{}Abelia\i0{}, \i{}Leycesteria\i0{},
\i{}Linnaea\i0{}, \i{}Kolkwitzia\i0{}; noxious weeds (\i{}Lonicera
japonica\i0{}).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Sleep thou, and I will wind
thee in my arms, \line{}So doth the woodbine - the sweet honeysuckle -
\line{}Gently entwist \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, iv., 1)>
586<caprifol> 
 
# Cardiopterigaceae <Blume corr. Van Tiegh.>/
1<\i{}Cardiopterideae\i0{} (\i{}Cardiopteridaceae\i0{}) Blume,
\i{}Peripterygiaceae\i0{} F.N. Williams> 3<\i{}Leptaulaceae\i0{}.>
5<scandent>,5/4/1 6,1 27,3 28,1 39,1 40,1/2 43,4 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,1/2
63<when dissected,>,2 64,2/3 65,1 66,2 68,2 81,2 87,1 88,1 90,U 148,2 155,1
156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1/1&2&3<etc.> 176,1/2
177,1/3/4/6/7/8<?  hermaphrodite or polygamous> 187,2 189,1<more or less
scorpioid> 192,1 194,2/5<in \i{}Leptaulus\i0{}> 195<branched, more or less
scorpioid cymes> 200,2 202,2 203<very>,2 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1 215,2 218,2
220,2 223,1 224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,3 245,3 251,1
254,(4-)5 255,1 258,3 265,1 267,3 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,(4-)5
280,2 282,2<epipetalous> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5 296,2/3 298,2 299,2
309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339,2 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,1 353,1 361,2 363<dissimilar,>,1 368,2
375,3 378,2 381,1 404,2 409,2<flat> 412,10<2-winged> 419,3 422,1 432,3<but
tiny> 447,1 495,2 504,2&5 520,2-3 521<Southeast Asia and Australia,
\i{}Leptaulus\i0{} in tropical Africa and Madagascar> 522,4&9&10 527,1
528,2<?  gamopetalous, with adnate androecium> 529,16 546,1<?> 565,5
570,11 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,61 578,9<including \i{}Leptaulus\i0{}>
579,3 580<\i{}Peripterygium\i0{} (\i{}Cardiopteris\i0{}),
\i{}Leptaulus\i0{} (only recently assigned here)> 581<This description does
not yet account for the recently included \i{}Leptaulus\i0{}> 586<cardiopt>
 
# Caricaceae <Dum.>/
1<\i{}Papayaceae\i0{} Blume> 5<small, soft-stemmed,
palmlike>,1/2/3/5<prostrate, \i{}Jarilla\i0{} only> 6,1 14,1<in the stem>/2
31,2<commonly, with unbranched trunk and a terminal cluster of leaves>/1
38,4 39,1 45,1 53,1/2 56<commonly>,5<the leaflets sometimes pinnately
lobed> 60<when simple,>,2<usually, more or less>/1<rarely> 63<when
simple,>,2<usually>/1<rarely> 64,3<usually>/2<rarely, when simple and
entire or pinnately lobed> 65,1 68,2<usually>/1 73<when present,>,3
87,1<articulated, anastomosing> 88,1&2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
106,1 107,1/1&2<? - long, club-shaped glandular hairs with multicellular
heads present along the veins and on the petiole> 123,1 124,2
130,2<\i{}Carica\i0{}> 141,3/5 143,2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1
152,- 156,3 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163<without wood fibres> 166,1 167,2
168,U 175,1/2/3 176,1 177,2/5/3/4/8<?  usually dioecious or monoecious,
but sometimes with some perfect flowers> 179,2/3 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2 195<loose, axillary, cymose> 206,1 212,5 213,1
218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5<small> 238,1 239,1/3 240,3/4
245,3 251<open> 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,2/3 266<with a short tube in female
flowers, a long one in male flowers> 267,3 276,1/2<the female flowers
without staminodes> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in male flowers,>,5/10
282,2<to the corolla tube> 285,1<\i{}Carica\i0{}>/2<basally connate>
286<when joined,>,1<forming a short tube> 287,1/2 289<(male flowers)>,1
295,5/10 296,3 298,2/3 299,2 300,1/3 303,3/4 309,3 310,3 312,2 313,1<via a
shortly prolonged connective>/2<?> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,5 340,1<e.g. with
petaloid stigmas>/2 341,2 342,1/5 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/5 360,2
361,1/5 363,1-2 365,1 368,5 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular,>,2<the
placentas more or less deeply intruded>/4 376<when plurilocular,>,2
378,50-100<or more  many> 379,30-50<or more  many> 380,1<the funicle
more or less enlarged> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397<apically broad, with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403<by irregular
early cleavages> 404,1 409,2 412,6<large, melonlike> 422,1 424,1 432,3
433,2<broad, flat> 435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Carica\i0{}>
471,1<often> 472,2 475,1<carpaine>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,2 490,2
492,2<\i{}Carica\i0{}> 504,2&3 509,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,3&4 521<tropical
America (mainly) and West Africa (\i{}Cylicomorpha\i0{})> 522,6&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,47 578,55 579,5 580<\i{}Carica\i0{}, \i{}Cylicomorpha\i0{},
\i{}Jacaratia\i0{}, \i{}Jarilla\i0{}, \i{}Vasconcellea\i0{}> 582<Commercial
edible fruit (papaw, pawpaw, papaya) from \i{}C. papaya\i0{}.>
586<caricace> 
 
# Carlemanniaceae <Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} (\i{}Silvianthus\i0{}), \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}
\i{}Carlemannia\i0{})> 5<(sub-)>,3/5 21,3 39,2 45,1 53,1 61,1/2 64,2 65,1
68,2<but the opposing petioles connected by a raised line> 76,2/4 89,U 90,U
94,U 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U
148,U 151,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,1<dense> 192,1 194,1/2 205,1 206,2-3<slightly zygomorphic> 207,1<to
subregular> 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4-5
239,1/3<basally, slightly> 241,3 245<somewhat>,1/3 248,1 251,4 254,4-5
255,1 258,3 265,1/3<then induplicate> 268,2/3 278,2 282,2<to the middle of
the corolla tube> 285,1 289,1 295,2 298,1 303<shortly>,3 305,2<around the
style> 306,1 309,3 310<sometimes latrorse> 328,1 329,5-6
330,8<colporoidate, with short furrows> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6
345,2/3 352,2 353,2 359,1<conspicuous, cylindrical or conical> 360,2
361,1<slender, elongate> 365,1 368<bifid, clavate or fusiform> 376,1-2
379,30-100<many> 404,1/2 409,1 412,1 414<45>,6 421,50-100<many>
422,1<the endosperm more or less fleshy> 504,2 506,3 510,2&3 520,4
521<Southeast Asia to Sumatra> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21<?> 551,6<?>
565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66 578,5 579,2 580<only genera,
\i{}Carlemannia\i0{}, \i{}Silvianthus\i0{}> 581<differing from
\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} in the androecium and in pollen morphology.>
586<carleman> 
 
# Carpinaceae <(Spach) Kuprianova>/
2<\i{}Betulaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 31,1 32,3 37,2 38,3 39,1 40,1-2 42,1 45,1
47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2<the laterals straight> 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 74,1 76,3/4
77,1 78,1 81,2 82,2<the folds parallel with the lateral nerves> 85,1<from
two genera> 86,3 90,U 92,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<the former
unicellular and/or uniseriate, the latter variously spherical, ellipsoidal
and disc-shaped> 130,2<\i{}Carpinus\i0{}> 139,1 140<arising in the outer
cortex> 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,1-3 153,1
156,3/2/2&3 157,2 161,1-2 162,1-2<the fibres with rather fer,
small-bordered pits> 163,2 164,2 165,1 166,1 167,2 168,U 169,3 175,2&3
176,1 177,2 179,3 184,1 187,2 189,11<the female catkins terminal, the males
representing short-shoots> 192,1<the female catkins with three-flowered
cymules or with the central member absent, the males uninterpretable in the
absence of bracteoles>/- 195<different in form: the male catkins with
bracts but no bracteoles and the flowers non-involucrate, the female
flowers each with a large, membranous involucre formed of the bract and two
bracteoles> 200,1 202,1<female>/2<male> 203,2 223,3<female>/7<male> 226,1
229,U 276,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers> 277,1<male flowers>/2<female
flowers> 278,4-12 279,1<often split almost to their bases>/2 289,1 295,4-12
309,3 311,2<the locules more or less separate> 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3-5
330,7<without arci, the pores operculate or plugged> 337,1 338,1<female
flowers>/2<male flowers> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4/5 345,3 352,2 353,2 356,3
359,2 360,2 361,2 363,1/2 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2-3 379,1 380,1
381,1<from near the top of the septum> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 400,2 404,2
409,2 412,8<small, 1-seeded, shed with the accrescent, trilobed
involucre> 422,2 432,3 433,2 436,1 444,2 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Ostrya\i0{}>
490,1 491,1&2&3 492,1<\i{}Carpinus\i0{}> 497,2 504,1&3 505,1&2&3
507,2&3&4&5 512,1 520,2 521<North temperate> 522,1&4&12&15 527,1 528,1
529,10 540,3 565,2 567,10 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35<as a synonym of
\i{}Betulaceae\i0{}> 578,47 579,3 580<\i{}Carpinus\i0{}, \i{}Ostrya\i0{},
\i{}Ostryopsis\i0{}> 581<Seemingly differing from \i{}Betulaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in the stratified secondary phloem, as well as in the
superior ovary and other details of the gynoecium and ovules.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}In time it waxeth so hard that the toughnesse and
hardnesse of it may be rather compared to horn than unto wood \line{}(Hence
Hornbeam. Gerardes Herball, 1597) > 586<carpinac> 
 
# Cartonemataceae <Pichon>/
2<\i{}Commelinaceae-Cartonematoideae\i0{}.> 5,5 14,2<without the succulent
nodes of many \i{}Commelinaceae\i0{}> 21,3 25,3/4 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 43,1
45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 65,2 68,- 81,1 90,1/2 121,U 123,2
128,1<\i{}Triceratella\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cartonema\i0{}> 129,2 148,1
151,1<\i{}Triceratella\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cartonema\i0{}> 156,2 173,1 174,1 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,2<nectaries lacking> 184,2<but without nectar> 186,U 187,2
189,2&3 192,2 194,1/2/3 195<simple or branched spikes or racemes> 206,1
212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 223,1 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 230,2 231,4 236,3
238,1 239,3 254,3 255,1 258,1 268,3 272,1<marcescent> 278,6 282,1 284,1
285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,1 328,1 329,1 330,1
337,1 339,3 342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3
376,2 379,2 384,2 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 400,2 403,2 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,5 422,1 424,2<mealy> 432,2 433,1 439,1<with an embryostega,
covering the embryo> 442,2 447,- 448,2 449,1<at least in
\i{}Cartonema\i0{}> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,1 456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1 520,4
521<Australia> 522,10 527,2 530,6 560,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,18<as a
synonym of \i{}Commelinaceae\i0{}?> 578,8 579,2 580<\i{}Cartonema\i0{},
\i{}Triceratella\i0{}> 581<Comparing these compiled descriptions offers
differences from \i{}Commelinaceae\i0{} involving 14 characters
representing vegetative morphology and anatomy, inflorescence and ovule
details, and seedling form.> 586<cartonem> 
 
# Caryocaraceae <Szyszyl.>/
1<\i{}Rhizobolaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Simabaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.).>
5,1<mostly>/3<or undershrubs> 37,1
39,1<\i{}Anthodiscus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Caryocar\i0{}> 43,2 45,1 53,2
56<digitately>,3/6<to 5-foliolate> 64,3 65,1 68,1/2 74<when present,>,1
76<sub>,1/3-4 85,1 86,3 90,U 92,1/3 95,1<on the young leaf margins and
stipules> 96<commonly>,1 101,1/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1/2/3
106,1<infrequent>/2 115,1/2 122,1 123,2 132,1 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,5 143,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153,1/2/3 154,1&2&3 155,2 156,3/2&3 157,2
158,2 159,1 160,2 161,1/2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165,1/2 166,2 167,2
169,3 170,1/2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,4<in \i{}Caryocar\i0{}>/- 187,2
189,2<these sometimes condensed> 192,2 194,1 200,2 203,4
204,1<\i{}Anthodiscus\i0{}>/2 206,1 218,1-2<the stamens subperigynous>
223,1 224,10<usually>/12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5(-6) 238,1 239,3 245,3
251,1/4 254,5(-6) 255,1 258,1/3<basally> 260,3 264,1<in
\i{}Anthodiscus\i0{}>/2 265,1 267,3 278,50-200<very many> 279,1<?> 280,1
281,2 282,1 285,2 286,1/5<shortly connate basally, into a ring or five
bundles alternating with the corolla members> 288<when bundled,>,1
289,1/2<the inner filaments sometimes without anthers> 291,3
295,50-200<very many> 298,5 299,2/- 306,1 308<sub>,1 309,3 328,1
329,(2-)3(-6) 330<(syn)>,8/10 339,4-20 341,2-3 342,4-20 343,3 344,4 345,1
352,2 353,4-20<equalling G> 360,2 361,4-20 363,1 365,1 368,4-20 376,2 379,1
381,3<Hutchinson, Thonner> 386,1-3 387,3 404,1/2 409,2/3<then leathery>
410,4-20<?> 412<usually>,7<the fleshy mesocarp sometimes poisonous,
sometimes edible> 415,1<mericarps> 422<thinly>,1/2 432,3 433,2<small>
436<with an enlarged, oily and proteinaceous, spirally twisted hypocotyl,
and inflexed cotyledons> 472,2 483,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical
America> 522,12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1<?> 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,39 578,25 579,2 580<\i{}Anthodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Caryocar\i0{}> 586<caryocar> 
 
# Caryophyllaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Alsinaceae\i0{}, \i{}Circumaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Corrigiolaceae\i0{}
Dum., \i{}Dianthaceae\i0{} von Vest, \i{}Gracilicaulaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Illecebraceae\i0{} R. Br., \i{}Onychiaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Paronychieae\i0{} (\i{}Paronychiaceae\i0{}) A. St.-Hil.,
\i{}Scleranthaceae\i0{} Bartl., \i{}Sileneae\i0{} (\i{}Silenaceae\i0{})
Bartl., \i{}Stellariaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5<small>,1<a few>/3<a few>/5<<80%>
mainly> 14,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 15,1<mostly, although numerous species have
sticky hairs that trap insects>/3<? - possibly, since some
\i{}Cerastium\i0{},\i{} Silene\i0{}, \i{}Stellaria\i0{} species are claimed
to secrete proteases> 19<if operative,>,2 20<if applicable,>,5/6 
21,1/2/3 32,2-4 39,2<<90%>
usually>/3<rarely>/1<rarely spiral> 45,1/2/3/4 46,1/2 53,1 55,2
60,2<entire> 68,1<often>/2 89,1<e.g., in \i{}Gymnocarpos\i0{}>/2 90,U
92,1<with abaxial palisade in some Arctic species>/3 102,1 103,1/2
104,5<mostly>/2&5 106,1 107,1/1&2 108,1/2<mostly simple, uniseriate or
unicellular, but branched hairs are common in some genera> 123<usually>,1
124<commonly>,2 130,2<10 genera> 139,1/2 140,1<usually>/2<e.g., in
\i{}Paronychia\i0{}> 141,1 143<variously>,1/2/3 145,2 148,2/3
149<sometimes>,1<e.g. \i{}Spergularia\i0{}, and sometimes (e.g.
\i{}Acanthophyllum\i0{}) producing a second series of bundles internally>/2
150<often>,1/- 156,3 161,1/2 162,1/2 165<often constituting much of the
wood> 167,1/2 169,3 175,1/1&2/1/3 176,1/2 177,1/3/5/7 184,2
187,2<usually>/1<<15%>> 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194<usually>,1
195<typically dichasial cymes going over into cincinni> 206,1 212<generally
more or less>,5 213,1 215,2/3 216,2<often>/3 220,1 223,1/3<occasionally
apetalous> 224,(8-)10/5 226,2<usually>/1 227,1/- 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1
239,1/3 245,3 251,1 252,2 254<when present,>,(4-)5 255,1 257,1<often, with
an appendiculate scale above each petal claw>/2 258,1 267,3 274,1<often>/2
275,1-2<often>/3/4 277,1/2<in female plants> 278,(1-)5/8/10
282,1/2<sometimes adnate to the base of the corolla or the calyx> 284,1/2
285,1 287,1/2 289,1 295,(1-)5/8/10 298,1<<10%> rarely>/2/3
299,2<usually>/1<<2%> \i{}Colobanthus\i0{}> 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2
319,1/3 320,1 321,2/3<?> 322,2 328,1 329,3-12 330,6<and sometimes
rupate>/7/9/10 333,4 337,2<10 genera> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2-5
342,1-5 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,1 353,1<at least distally, but often more
or less partitioned below or when immature> 361,2-5 363,1-2 365,1 368,2-5
372,2 373,1 374,2 375,1/5<generally, but the placenta sometimes reaching
the apex> 378,(1-)100<i.e. occasionally few, usually many> 381,3 385,2
386,2 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei
degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396,1 397,1/2<e.g.
\i{}Spergula\i0{}> 400,2 403,3/4 404,2 409,1/2<<10%>>
412,1<usually>/8<<10%> occasionally> 414<usually>,2/6 422,1/2 424,2 425,1
430,1 433,2 435,2<14/18> 436,2<usually>/4/1<or almost so> 437,2<<95%>
nearly always>/1<very rarely> 447,1 461,1/2 462<\i{}Arenaria\i0{},
\i{}Cerastium\i0{}, \i{}Dianthus\i0{}, \i{}Gymnocarpos\i0{},
\i{}Lychnis\i0{}, \i{}Polycarpon\i0{}, \i{}Silene\i0{},
\i{}Spergularia\i0{}, \i{}Stellaria\i0{}, \i{}Tunica\i0{}>
463<\i{}Polycarpaea\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Acanthophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Arenaria\i0{},
\i{}Cerastium\i0{}, \i{}Dianthus\i0{}, \i{}Drymaria\i0{},
\i{}Gymnocarpos\i0{}, \i{}Lychnis\i0{}, \i{}Polycarpon\i0{},
\i{}Pollichia\i0{}, \i{}Sagina\i0{}, \i{}Silene\i0{}, \i{}Spergula\i0{},
\i{}Spegularia\i0{}, \i{}Stellaria\i0{},
\i{}Uebelina\i0{}>/1<\i{}Polycarpaea\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<25%>>/2 484,2
486,2<where sought> 487,1<commonly>/2 488<nearly always>,2<or a trace of
cyanidin in \i{}Arenaria\i0{}> 490,1/2 491<when present,>,1/1&2 492,2<14
species, 11 genera> 497,1 498,3<b> 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-19> 527,1
528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,1750 579,88
580<\i{}Acanthophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Achyronychia\i0{}, \i{}Agrostemma\i0{},
\i{}Allochrusa\i0{}, \i{}Alsinidendron\i0{}, \i{}Ankyropetalum\i0{},
\i{}Arenaria\i0{}, \i{}Bolanthus\i0{}, \i{}Bolbosaponaria\i0{},
\i{}Brachystemma\i0{}, \i{}Bufonia\i0{}, \i{}Cardionema\i0{},
\i{}Cerastium\i0{}, \i{}Cerdia\i0{}, \i{}Colobanthus\i0{},
\i{}Cometes\i0{}, \i{}Cucubalus\i0{}, \i{}Cyathophylla\i0{},
\i{}Dianthus\i0{}, \i{}Diaphanoptera\i0{}, \i{}Dicheranthus\i0{},
\i{}Drymaria\i0{}, \i{}Drypis\i0{}, \i{}Geocarpon\i0{},
\i{}Gymnocarpos\i0{}, \i{}Gypsophilla\i0{}, \i{}Habrosia\i0{},
\i{}Haya\i0{}, \i{}Herniaria\i0{}, \i{}Holosteum\i0{}, \i{}Honckenya\i0{},
\i{}Illecebrum\i0{}, \i{}Kabulia\i0{}, \i{}Krauseola\i0{},
\i{}Kuhitangia\i0{}, \i{}Lepyrodiclis\i0{}, \i{}Lochia\i0{},
\i{}Loeflingia\i0{}, \i{}Lychnis\i0{}, \i{}Mesostemma\i0{},
\i{}Microphyes\i0{}, \i{}Minuartia\i0{}, \i{}Moehringia\i0{},
\i{}Moenchia\i0{}, \i{}Myosoton\i0{}, \i{}Ochotonophila\i0{},
\i{}Ortegia\i0{}, \i{}Paronychia\i0{}, \i{}Pentastemonodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Petrocoptis\i0{}, \i{}Petrorhagia\i0{}, \i{}Philippiella\i0{},
\i{}Phrynella\i0{}, \i{}Pinosia\i0{}, \i{}Pirinia\i0{},
\i{}Pleioneura\i0{}, \i{}Plettkia\i0{}, \i{}Pollichia\i0{},
\i{}Polycarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Polycarpon\i0{}, \i{}Polytepalum\i0{},
\i{}Pseudostellaria\i0{}, \i{}Pteranthus\i0{}, \i{}Pycnophyllopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pycnophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Reicheella\i0{}, \i{}Sagina\i0{},
\i{}Sanctambrosia\i0{}, \i{}Saponaria\i0{}, \i{}Schiedea\i0{},
\i{}Scleranthopsis\i0{}, \i{}Scleranthus\i0{}, \i{}Sclerocephalus\i0{},
\i{}Scopulophila\i0{}, \i{}Selleola\i0{}, \i{}Silene\i0{},
\i{}Spergula\i0{}, \i{}Spergularia\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerocoma\i0{},
\i{}Stellaria\i0{}, \i{}Stipulicida\i0{}, \i{}Thurya\i0{},
\i{}Thylacospermum\i0{}, \i{}Uebelinia\i0{}, \i{}Vaccaria\i0{},
\i{}Velezia\i0{}, \i{}Viscaria\i0{}, \i{}Wilhelmsia\i0{}, \i{}Xerotia\i0{}> 582<Numerous
ornamentals, e.g. 70 or more species of \i{}Dianthus\i0{} (including
carnation), \i{}Gypsophila\i0{}, \i{}Silene\i0{}, \i{}Lychnis\i0{}, and
some widespread weeds (\i{}Cerastium\i0{}, \i{}Arenaria\i0{}).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Quaffd off the muscadel, \line{}And threw the sops
all in the sextons face \line{}(Taming of the Shrew, iii., 2 - sops
(sops-in-wine) = carnations, used for flavouring the sweet wine presented
to brides after medieval wedding ceremonies)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ragged-robbins once so pink \line{}Now are turned
as black as ink, \line{}And their leaves being scorchd so much \line{}Even
crumble to the touch \line{}(John Clare 1820, Noon)> 586<caryophy> 
 
# Cassythaceae <Bartl. ex Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Lauraceae\i0{}> 5,4-5<large and robust to small and herbaceous,
parasitic twiners> 7,1<the crushed shoots being faintly aromatic> 9,2 10,1
12,2 15,2 16<dodder-like>,2 17,2 18,2<with haustoria> 21,3 27,3 28,1 32,3
38,1-2 39,1 40,1 43,4 47,2 50,1/2<?> 51,- 53,1 54,1/2 68,2 116,U 120,1/2<?>
121,1/2<?> 139,2<?> 141,1 143,1<with strands of phloem situated in furrows
on the oter periphery of the xylem> 145,2 148,2<?> 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/3/4/5/8 194,2 195<sessile or
pedunculate heads, panicles, spikes, umbels and racemes> 196,2 203,1-2
206,1 212,3 213,1 215,4 218,1<this at first short, but later accrescent>
223,1 224,6 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,3 238,1 247,2<scale-like> 248,1 249,2
254,3 255,1 258,1 267,3 268,2/3 271,1 273,2 274,2 278,12 282,1/1&2<with
outer staminodes adnate to the corolla> 285,1 287,4<whorls of 3> 289,2
290,3-6 291,3<in 12 whorls> 295,(6-)9 298,3-4 303<somewhat>,1-2<by
expansion of the filament and connective>/3 304,U 306,2 308,2 309,5<cf
\i{}Lauraceae\i0{}, opening from the base upwards?> 310,1 311,2
312,1/2/1&2<?> 315,1 317,1 318,1 320,2 321,1 322,2 328,2 337,1
339,1<ostensibly>/3<theoretically> 342,1 343<ostensibly>,1 344,1<or at
least, ostensibly so> 345,1 347,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,2
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 390,2 391,1 392,1 393,1/2 395,2 399,2 400,1 401,2
404,1 407,2 408,8 413,2 421,1 422,2 432,3 435,2 436,1 472,2 483,2 484,2
487,2 492,2 504,2&5&6 506,1&3 520,2-4 521<Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea,
Australia, New Zealand> 522,6&7&9&10 525,12 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1
566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9<as a synonym of \i{}Lauraceae\i0{}> 578,17 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Cassytha\i0{}> 581<Usually treated as an inconveniently
aberrant subfamily of \i{}Lauraceae\i0{}, which seems unnecessary even
under cladistic dogma. In addition to comprising partially parasitic,
twining switch plants having stems without secondary thickening or cork and
with reduced, membranous leaves, \i{}Cassytha\i0{} differs in conspicuous
perianth details, ovules with the outer integument contributing to the
micropyle, and and perhaps in the absence of inulin.> 586<cassytha> 
 
# Casuarinaceae <R. Br.>/
5,1&3<with equisetiform shoots, having primary assimilatory branches
whorled on larger branches which are themselves whorled on still more
mature shoots> 9,2 10,1 12,2 31,1 32,2-4 38,1<having been interpreted as
the tips of leaves congenitally fused to the stems and represented by the
characteristic ribs of the latter - see illustration> 39,3 41,4-12 43,4
45,3 46,1 51,1<or the shoots so, in \i{}Allocasuarina\i0{}>/2 53,1 68,2
90,U 130,2 139,1 141,1 143,3<comprising an outer ring of vascular bundles
iterpretable as leaf traces that in some species alternate with a ring of
cauline vascular bundles, or in others lie outside a continuous cauline
vascular ring: see illustration> 144,1 145,2 146,1<if the outer ring be so
interpreted>/- 148,2 152,3 153,1-2 156,2/2&3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1
160,1<commonly>/2 161,1 163,2 164,2 167,2 169,3 175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5
184,1 187,2 189,3&4&10&11 190,1 195<catkins, with males in simple or
compound spikes, females in spherical or ovoid heads maturing into woody
cones> 200,1<the bracts becoming woody in the female> 202,1<the
bracteoles becoming woody in the female> 203,2 220,2 223,6<male
flowers>/7<females> 224<when present (male flowers),>,1/2<small> 229,U
277,1<in male flowers>/2<in females> 278,1 279,2<but tending to split>
282,2 289,1 295,1 306,2 309,3 315,1 319,1 320,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-5) 330,7
337,1 338,1<female flowers>/2<males> 339,2 342,1-2 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2
353,2<one of them abortive> 361,1 365,1 368,2 379,2<in the fertile locule>
384,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 400,2 404,2 409,2 412,8&10<single seeded, terminally winged>
417,1<cones> 422,2 430,2<oil and protein only> 432,3 433,2<oily> 436,1
447,1 460,1<commonly>/2 461,1 462<\i{}Casuarina\i0{}> 468,1 472,2 475,2<11
species> 484,2 487,2<?> 488,1 489,1/2 490,1/2 491<when present,>,1&2
492,1/2<2 species listed> 495,2 497,2 520,2-4 521<Australia, Malaysia, New
Caledonia, Fiji, Mascarene Is.> 522,9&10&11&12&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8-14>
525,9<?> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,7 565,2 567,11 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,35 578,65 579,4 580<\i{}Allocasuarina\i0{}, \i{}Casuarina\i0{},
\i{}Ceuthostoma\i0{}, \i{}Gymnostoma\i0{}> 582<Timber trees (she-oak)
where indigenous, and cultivated as ornamentals in warm regions elsewhere.>
586<casuarin> 
 
# Cecropiaceae <C. Berg>/
2<\i{}Urticaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3/4<with stilt- or aerial roots, and often
myrmecophilous> 6,1<rarely, the laticifer system restricted to the bark>/3
27,1/2/3 39,1 53,1/2<or almost so> 60<deeply>,1-2 63<when dissected,>,1/2
64,2/3 65,1 68,1 90,U 102,1 104,2<\i{}Poikilospermum\i0{}> 115<commonly>,1
116,U 119,1<e.g. \i{}Poikilospermum\i0{}>/2<?> 121,U 123,1 124<often>,2
137,U 141,2/4<?> 148,2 150,2 156,3 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2
168,U 175,2&3 176,1 177,2 184,1/2 203,2 206,1 212,2-4 213,1 218,2 223,3
224,2-4 226,1 229,U 236,2-4 238,1 239,1/3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,2-4
280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,2-4 298,2 302,1<the filaments straight>
309,3 312,2 328,1 329,2 330,7 338,1/2<male flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1 341,1
342,1 343,1<ostensibly>/3<supposedly pseudomonomerous>
344,1<ostensibly>/6<if presumed to be pseudomonomerous> 345,1 347,2 348,2
350,1 351<of the single carpel, if so interpreted,>,3<or almost so> 352<if
regarded as syncarpous,>,1 353,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 375,1 378,1 381,3
386<more or less>,1 387,3 388,2 404,1-2 407,2 408,6/7 409<if viewed as
syncarpous,>,2 412,7/8 417<commonly>,1<cf. \i{}Moraceae\i0{}> 432,3 433,2
436,1 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,2 492,2<\i{}Cecropia\i0{}> 504,3 512,1&2&3&4
520,3-4 521<tropical America> 522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7> 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,4 565,2 567,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34<as a synonym
of \i{}Urticaceae\i0{}> 578,275 579,6 580<\i{}Cecropia\i0{},
\i{}Coussapoa\i0{}, \i{}Myrianthus\i0{}, \i{}Musanga\i0{},
\i{}Poikilospermum\i0{}, \i{}Pourouma\i0{}> 581<Dubiously differing from
\i{}Urticaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in nodal anatomy, the stamens erect rather than
inflexed in bud, and the usually multiple fruits. See Berg 1978.>
586<cecropia> 
 
# Celastraceae <R. Br.>/
1<\i{}Hippocrateaceae\i0{} Juss.> 3<\i{}Chingithamnaceae\i0{} Hand.-Mazz.,
\i{}Leptolobaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Pottingeriaceae\i0{} (A. Engler)
Takhtajan (doubtfully), \i{}Salaciaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tripterygiaceae\i0{}>
4<\i{}Canotiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Goupiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lepuropetalaceae\i0{},
\i{}Lophopyxidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Parnassiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Siphonodontaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3&4 6,1/2/3 9,1<usually>/2
12,1<mostly>/2<e.g. \i{}Psammomoya\i0{}, with leaves represented by
cataphylls> 27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,1<e.g. \i{}Hippocratea\i0{}> 39,1/2
43,1/2/4<?> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1<stipules small>/2 74<when
present,>,1 81,2 85,1<recorded in one genus> 86,1 87,1/2 88<when
present,>,2/1&2 90,U 92,1<mostly>/2<then isobilateral> 101,1/2
103,1<usually, abaxial>/2<occasionally> 104<usually>,1/1-2/3<recorded only
in \i{}Bhesa\i0{}>/6<\i{}Mortonia\i0{}> 106,1-2<seemingly infrequent>
107<when present,>,1 108,1/2 109,1<rarely, two armed>/2 110<if present,>,1
112,2 115,1/2 116,1/2 122,1/2 130,2<\i{}Euonymus\i0{}, \i{}Maytenus\i0{}>
133,1/2 137,1/2<?> 139,1 140,1/2 141,1 143,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Maytenus\i0{}
spp.> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2<usually>/3 149<when present,>,1<e.g.
\i{}Salacia\i0{}> 150<usually>,3/- 152,1-3 153,1<typically very small,
sometimes extremely so> 154<exclusively>,1<in some genera>/2-3<in others>
156,2/3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,1<rarely>/2 161,1<usually>/2 162,1/2
163<often>,1<these rather short and thin walled with parenchyma-like
distribution>/2 164,1/2 165,1/2<or absent>/- 167,1/2 169,3
175,1<usually>/2/3/2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2/5 184,2 187,2 189,1/7
192,1<usually>/2<rarely> 194,1/2/5<\i{}Polycardia\i0{}> 195<mostly cymes or
fascicles> 203<usually>,2 206,1 212,4-5 213,1 215<nearly always>,2
220<usually>,1 221,2 222,2 223,1 224,(4-)8-10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(2-)4-5
238,1 239,1/3<basally> 245,3 251,1/3<<10%> rarely> 254,(2-)4-5 255,1 258,1
265,1/3 267,3 277,1<usually>/2<in functionally female flowers>
278,(2-)3/(4-)5 282,1 285,1/2<sometimes connate at the base> 286<when
joined>,1 287,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 289,1<usually>/2<<10%>>
290<sometimes>,(2-)3-5<alternating with the stamens> 291,3 295,(2-)3-5
298,2 299,2 309,3 310,1/3 311,1-2 312,1/2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,2
322,2 324,1<often>/2 327<when in aggregates>,3/4 328,1 329,3 330,8
337,1<\i{}Celastrus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Hippocratea\i0{}, \i{}Maytenus\i0{},
\i{}Salacia\i0{}> 338,1<usually>/2<in functionally male flowers>
339,2-5<usually with all but one abortive> 342,1-5 343,3 344,4-6
345,1/2<<10%> rarely> 352,2 353,2-5 360,2/1 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,2-5<same
number as G> 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,(1-)2<<80%> usually>/3-50<rarely
many> 381,1/3 382,1 383,1/3<when pendulous> 385<often>,1 386,3 387,3
388,1/2 389,1/2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<usually>,1
397,1/2<with filiform apparatus in (e.g.) \i{}Hippocratea\i0{}> 400,2
403,3/4 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/2/6/7/10/3 414,5 422,1<usually>/2 424<when
present, more or less>,1 429,1/2 432,3 433,2 434,1<large, foliaceous>
435,1<3/19> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1<?>/3 464<\i{}Gymnosporia\i0{}
(non-succulent, and dubious)> 469,2/3 472,2 475,1<commonly <45%>>/2 483,2
484,2 487,1/2 488,1<usually>/2 489<when present,>,1&2
490,1/2<\i{}Salacia\i0{}> 491,1&2<mostly>/3<\i{}Catha\i0{}> 492,2<9
species, 5 genera> 495,1<rarely> 520,3&4<most>/2<fewer> 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,1 565,5
570,11 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,37 578,850 579<about>,85
580<\i{}Allocassine\i0{}, \i{}Anthodon\i0{}, \i{}Apatophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Apodostigma\i0{}, \i{}Arnicratea\i0{}, \i{}Baequaertia\i0{},
\i{}Bhesa\i0{}, \i{}Brassiantha\i0{}, \i{}Brexiella\i0{},
\i{}Campylostemon\i0{}, \i{}Cassine\i0{}, \i{}Catha\i0{},
\i{}Celastrus\i0{}, \i{}Cheiloclinium\i0{}, \i{}Crossopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Cuervea\i0{}, \i{}Denhamia\i0{}, \i{}Dicarpellum\i0{},
\i{}Elachyptera\i0{}, \i{}Elaeodendron\i0{}, \i{}Empleuridium\i0{},
\i{}Euonymus\i0{}, \i{}Evonymopsis\i0{}, \i{}Fraunhofera\i0{},
\i{}Glyptopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Goniodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Gyminda\i0{},
\i{}Gymnosporia\i0{}, \i{}Hartogiella\i0{}, \i{}Hartogiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Hedraianthera\i0{}, \i{}Helictonema\i0{}, \i{}Herya\i0{},
\i{}Hexaspora\i0{}, \i{}Hippocratea\i0{}, \i{}Hylenaea\i0{},
\i{}Hypsophila\i0{}, \i{}Kokoona\i0{}, \i{}Loeseneriella\i0{},
\i{}Lophopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Maurocenia\i0{}, \i{}Maytenus\i0{},
\i{}Menepetalum\i0{}, \i{}Microtropis\i0{}, \i{}Monimopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Mortonia\i0{}, \i{}Moya\i0{}, \i{}Myginda\i0{},
\i{}Nicobariodendron\i0{}, \i{}Orthodphenia\i0{}, \i{}Paxistima\i0{},
\i{}Peripterygia\i0{}, \i{}Peritassa\i0{}, \i{}Perrottetia\i0{}
(but cf. \i{}Dipentodontaceae\i0{}),
\i{}Platypterocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Plenckia\i0{}, \i{}Pleurostylia\i0{},
\i{}Polycardia\i0{}, \i{}Pottingeria\i0{}(?), \i{}Prionostemma\i0{},
\i{}Pristimera\i0{}, \i{}Psammomoya\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosalacia\i0{},
\i{}Ptelidium\i0{}, \i{}Pterocelastrus\i0{}, \i{}Putterlickia\i0{},
\i{}Quetzalia\i0{}, \i{}Reissantia\i0{}, \i{}Rzedowskia\i0{},
\i{}Salacia\i0{}, \i{}Salacighia\i0{}, \i{}Salaciopsis\i0{},
\i{}Salvadoropsis\i0{}, \i{}Sarawakodendron\i0{}, \i{}Schaefferia\i0{},
\i{}Semialarium\i0{}, \i{}Simicratea\i0{}, \i{}Simirestis\i0{},
\i{}Tetrasiphon\i0{}, \i{}Thyrsosalacia\i0{}, \i{}Tontelea\i0{},
\i{}Torralbasia\i0{}, \i{}Tripterygium\i0{}, \i{}Tristemonanthus\i0{},
\i{}Viposia\i0{}, \i{}Wimmeria\i0{}, \i{}Xylonymus\i0{},
\i{}Zinowiewia\i0{}> 581<Intkey comparisons of the descriptions compiled in
this package offer enough character differences to defend maintaining
\i{}Lepuropetalaceae\i0{}, \i{}Parnassiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Siphonodontaceae\i0{} and perhaps \i{}Lophopyxidaceae\i0{} as separate
families, but \i{}Canotiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Goupiaceae\i0{} seem poorly
distinguished. This treatment does not account for recent re-assignment of
\i{}Perrottetia\i0{} to \i{}Dipentodontaceae\i0{}> 582<A few genera 
cultivated as ornamentals (e.g. \i{}Catha\i0{}, \i{}Celastrus\i0{}, \i{}
Elaeodendron\i0{}, \i{}Euonymus\i0{}). The toxic alkaloid maytansine (from
\i{}Maytenus\i0{}), when delivered by antibodies, may have application in
treating colon cancers (\i{}New Scientist\i0{} 31 August 1996)>
586<celastra>
 
# Centrolepidaceae <Desv.>/
2<\i{}Restionaceae\i0{}-Anarthrioideae> 3<\i{}Devauxiaceae\i0{} Dum.>
4<\i{}Hydatellaceae\i0{}.> 5<grass- or mosslike>,5 21,1/3 22,1<when
annual>/2 39,1 40,1 45,3 47,1 49,1 52,1<rarely>/2 53,1 60,2 62,1/3 64,4
67,1/2 68,- 81,1 90,1<?>/2 91,2 97,2 98,1<?  \i{}Gaimardia\i0{}>/2 102,1
104,3 105,1<according to the text of Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}. (1985),
though their illustration of \i{}Pseudalepyrum\i0{} depicts them otherwise>
121,U 123,2 128,1 129,2 148,1 156,2 173,1<sought only in
\i{}Pseudalepyrum\i0{}> 174,2 175,2&3/1&2/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/3/8 179,1
182,2<nectaries absent> 184,1 187,2 191,1<each pseudanthium being borne
within two or more glumelike bracts> 192,1 197,1<as currently interpreted,
the bisexual and female heads of \i{}Centrolepis\i0{} and
\i{}Gaimardia\i0{} being seen as unisexual and bisexual aggregations of
flowers, each of the latter being reduced to either one stamen or one
carpel> 200,1 202,1<the flowers sometimes with thin subtending
bractlets>/2 203,2 223,7 276,1<male flower>/2<female flower> 277,1/2<from
female flowers> 278,1<constituting the male flower, as here interpreted>
289,1 295,1 306,1 308,1 309,3 312,1 318,1 328,1 329,1 330,5 331,2<and with
no vestiges of an operculum> 332,2 335,1 336,2 337,1 338,1<female
flower>/2<male flower> 339,1<constituting the female flower> 342,1 343,1
344,1 345,1 350,1 351,1 358,3 381,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1<the
\i{}Poaceae\i0{} variant> 393,1 394,3 395,2 398,2 399,1 400,3 403,1 404,2
407,1 408,3<tiny> 417,1<the collective fruits capsule-like> 419,1
422<copiously>,1 424,2<starchy> 425,2 430,1 432,1<minute, obconical> 442,2
443<thin> 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 456,2 457,2 458,2 468,2
472,2 495,1<\i{}Centrolepis\i0{}> 497,1 498,2 520,2-4 521<Southeast Asia
and Australasia> 522,4&9&10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10-13> 527,2 530,6 560,4 572,1
574,5 575,1 577,21 578,40 579,3/5 580<\i{}Aphelia\i0{} (including
\i{}Brizula\i0{}), \i{}Centrolepis\i0{} (including \i{}Pseudalepyrum\i0{}),
\i{}Gaimardia\i0{}> 586<centrole> 
 
# Cephalotaceae <Neger>/
5,5 15,3 19,2 20,2<cf. \i{}Nepenthaceae\i0{}> 21,3<rhizomatous> 22,1
32,2-3<in the drier parts of peaty swamps> 36<conspicuously>,1<the inner
leaves flat and simple, the outer at ground level with blades modified as
pitchers> 38,3 39,1 40,1 45,1<both types> 47,2 53<those not modified as
pitchers>,1/- 55,2 60,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 143<of the rhizome>,1 156,2
159,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 192,1 193,1 194,1 195<each consisting of a
raceme of cymules> 203,2 206,1 212,6 213,1 215,2 218,1
220,1<setose-glandular> 223,3 224,6 226,1 229,U 236,6 238,1 239,3<basally>
241,3 245,3 248,1 249,1 251,3 254<absent> 278,12 282<perigynous> 284,2<the
six alternating with the sepals longer> 285,1 287,2<the alternisepalous
members being slightly forward> 289,1 295,12 298,3 306,1 308,1 309,3
310<strongly>,3 313,1<in that the connective is apically swollen and
glandular> 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,6 343,2 344,2-3<carpels free to basally
united> 345,1 348,2 350,1(-2) 351,3 381,3 382,2 383,3 385,2 386,3 387,3
388,2 390,1 404,2 405,1 407,1 408,3 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,2
434<plano-convex> 436,1 472,2 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,2&3 492,1 495,2 520,2-3
521<South Western Australia> 522,10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,1 529,10
540,10 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38 578,1 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Cephalotus\i0{}> 586<cephalot> 
 
# Ceratophyllaceae <S.F. Gray>/
5<submerged, brittle, rootless aquatic>,5<the plant decaying behind as it
grows in front> 13,2 21,- 22,2 27,- 32,1 34,1 35,1 38,2-3 39,3 41,3-10
43<becoming brittle with age> 45,1 53<ambiguously interpretable as>,1/2
60,1 63<once or twice>,5 68,2 90,U 92,3<elliptical or circular in section,
with a single vascular bundle devoid of vessels and surrounded by a
parenchymatous sheath, the epidermis containing more chloroplasts than the
mesophyll and the latter traversed longitudinally by large air canals>
102,2 106,1 107,1&2<the apices of the segments bearing long, multiseriate
shaggy glands, filled when young with oily, rose-coloured myriophyllin
and later with tannin; each gland accompanied on either side by a long,
pointed unicellular hair> 130,2 139,2 141,- 143<consisting of a single
vascular strand occupied by an axile air canal surrounded by elongated
amyliferous cells representing xylem, this in turn surrounded by two rings
of wide sieve tubes and companion cells embedded in parenchyma: see
illustration> 148,1 151,2 175,2&3 176,1 177,2 178,2 184,5 187,1/2<one per
leaf axil, in whorls!>/- 188,2 200,2 202,2 203,1 206,1
213,1<female>/2<male> 214,2 220,2 223,3<bractlike> 224,9-10 225,2<basally>
226,1 229,U 277,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers> 278,(5-)10-20(-27)<in
male flowers> 282,1 284,1 285,1 289,1 295,(5-)10-20(-27)
303,3-4<subsessile> 306,4 308,2 309,6/3 310,1 313,1<via the often
coloured, apically projecting connective> 314,1 318,1/2 322,1/2 324,2 328,2
337,1 338,1<female flowers>/2<male flowers> 339<in female flowers>,1 342,1
343,1 344,1 345,1 347,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 381,1 385,2 386,1 387,2 388,2
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<small> 399,1 400,1 403,2 404,2 407,2
408,4 422,2 432,3<but without a functional radicle> 433,2 435,1<fleshy>
436,1 447,1 458,U 472,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,2 492,2<\i{}C. demersum\i0{}>
495,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,1 529,2 532,2 565,1 566,6 572,1 573,1<but
not overtly assigned as such> 574,6 577,22 578,10 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Ceratophyllum\i0{}> 581<See Les (1993), who suggested that
\i{}Ceratophyllum\i0{} may have arisen from angiosperms pre-dating the
divergence of Monocots and Dicots. It was subsequently proposed (Chase
\i{}et al.\i0{}, 1993) as \ldblquote{}sister to all other flowering
plants\rdblquote{}, consequent on phylogenetic analyses of RuBisCO large
subunit DNA sequences. It should be remembered, however, that RuBisCOs of
all the submerged aquatics assayed for KmCO\sub{}2\nosupersub{} (Yeoh
\i{}et al.\i0{} 1981: sample including algae, bryophytes, Monocots, and
both tenuinucellate and crassinucellate Dicots, but not
\i{}Ceratophyllum\i0{}) exhibit peculiarly high values, implying peculiar
nucleotide sequences in the RuBisCO genes.> 586<ceratoph> 
 
# Cercidiphyllaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
5,1<with long- and short-shoots> 37,2 39,1<on the short-shoots>/2<on the
long-shoots> 53,1 64<pinnipalmately or>,3 65,1 66<mostly more or less>,2/-
68,1 69,2<adnate to the petiole> 74,1 76,2-3 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial>
104,1 123,1 124,2/3 130,2 132,1 135,1<comprising thick-walled cells which
are smaller around the periphery> 139,1 140,1-2<in the outer cortex> 141,3
143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153<very>,1<and angular> 154,1&2&3
156,2<with numerous cross bars> 158,1 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1 167,2 169,3
170,1/2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 182,2 184,1 187,2 189<condensed>,2<short,
male>/4<female> 194,1<on the short shoots, appearing with or before the
leaves> 196<those of female flowers>,1<these sepal-like>/2 197,1<female,
under the current interpretation>/2<male> 200,1<in female infloresences,
and the lower flowers of male inflorescences> 201,2 206,- 220,2
223,7<unless the female infloresence as described here (cf. Cronquist) is
interpreted as a flower (cf. Hutchinson)> 229,U 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,8-13 279,U 285,1 289,1 295,8-13 303<long>,3<with elongate filament and
anther> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 313,1 314,1<representing the shortly
prolonged connective> 318,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330<weakly>,6 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 347,2 348,2<narrowing
into a slender style with a decurrent, two ridged stigma>
350,30-100<many> 351,2<laminar-lateral, the suture abaxial, facing the
subtending bract> 358,2-3 381,1 384<in two rows> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<small> 397,1 400,1 403,3 404,2 407,1
408,3 417,1<each of these comprising a cluster of follicles>
422<copiously>,1 424,1 429,1<and flattened, nearly square> 432,3 433,2
435,2<1/1> 447,1 472,2 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,1
495,2 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Eastern Asia> 522,4 524<2\i{}n\i0{}
= 28> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,1 565,2 567,2 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30
578,1<\i{}Cercidiphyllum japonicum\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Cercidiphyllum\i0{}> 582<An important Asian timber, and widely grown
elsewhere as an ornamental.> 586<cercidip> 
 
# Chenopodiaceae <Vent.>/
2<\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}-Chenopodioideae.> 3<\i{}Atriplicaceae\i0{} Juss.,
\i{}Corispermaceae\i0{} Link, \i{}Farinaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Salicornieae\i0{} (\i{}Salicorniaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Salsolaceae\i0{} Moq.-Tandon> 4<\i{}Dysphaniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Halophytaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sarcobataceae\i0{}.> 5,5<<75%> mostly
halophytic>/3<some>/1<few, small>/4<few> 9,1&2 10<sometimes more or
less>,3<e.g. \i{}Salicornia\i0{}> 12,1/2/3 14,1/2 21,1/2/3<often glaucous>
22,1/2 27,1<usually>/3<<5%> few> 32,2-4<nearly all halophytic> 38,1-4
39,1/2 40<when alternate,>,1/2<<10%> rarely> 43,1/3/4 45,1-3 46<when
opposite,>,1<not uncommonly, e.g. represented by lobed cupules at the
internodes of succulent stems>/2 47,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,1/2 64,1<?>/2
66,3/4/5/6 68,2 81,2 89,1/2 90,U 92<when not much reduced,>,1<rather
uncommonly>/2-3 96,1<sometimes>/2 103<universally>,2<or in all parts of the
epidermes> 104,1<usually>/3<in a few species and genera> 106<of numerous
kinds>,1<see illustration> 107,1&2 108<mostly>,2 110,1<eclusively?>
111,1&2<commonly 2-armed, sometimes candelabra type> 112,1/2
113<sometimes>,2 115,1/2 123,1 124<mainly>,2<and sand> 130,2<6 genera>
139,1/2 140<when present,>,1/2 141,1 143,2 144,1<?> 145,2 146,2
147,1/2<ostensibly common, but supposedly representing leaf traces laid
down before the onset of secondary thickening>/2 148,2<rarely?>/3<nearly
always> 149<usually>,1<these comprising rings or arcs, generating numerous
vascular bundles in spirals, in rings or distributed irregularly>
152,2<occasionally>/3 153,1<sometimes extremely so> 154,3/4/5<typically in
groups or clusters internal to the phloem strands> 156,3 158,1<commonly>/2
159,1/2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<and conjunctive> 167,1<very commonly,
typically of the concentric type but occasionally foraminate>/2 169,3<VP,
in all those with secondary growth>/- 175,1<mostly>/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1<usually>/2<sometimes>/3<rarely>/4/5<rarely>/8 187,1<then
axillary>/2<or sometimes paired> 188<when solitary or paired,>,2 189<when
flowers aggregated,>,1<the cymes mostly in racemose arrangements> 192,1
194,1/2 195<mostly racemes of cymes> 203,1/2 206,1 213,1 215<when
hermaphrodite, usually>,1<sometimes 2-cyclic>/- 218,1<the stamens then
inserted on a disk on the calyx>/2 220<often>,1<but not always?>
223,3/6-7 224,(1-)5(-6) 225,2<imbricate> 226,1 229,U 232,1/2 233,1 234,1/2
236<(interpreting the perianth as such)>,(1-)3-5(-6) 239,3<<95%> nearly
always>/1<in \i{}Salsola\i0{}?> 246<commonly becoming appendaged with
spines, tubercles or wings> 247,1<commonly>/2<then usually herbaceous or
membranous> 248,1<in the fruit> 249,1<usually, enclosing the fruit and
often appendaged with wings, tubercles or spines>/2 251,1 277,1/2<from
female flowers> 278,3-5 280,2 282,1/2<to the base of the perianth> 284,1<by
contrast with most \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}> 285,1<usually, by contrast with
most \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{} <90%>>/2 286<when coherent>,1<connate at the
base> 287,1 289<nearly always>,1<by contrast with many
\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}> 295,3-5 298<usually>,2 299,2<when ascertainable>/-
308<bent inwards in bud> 309,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 321,3
322,2<usually>/1 328,1 329,8-90 330<(oligo-to poly-)>,9 333,4 337,2<7
genera> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,(2-)5 342,1 343,3 344,4-5
345,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 352,1 353,1 361,(1-)2-3(-4) 363<usually>,2
372,2 373,1 374,2 375,1 378,1 381,1/3 385,2 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1
392<usually>,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<a little, e.g. \i{}Beta
vulgaris\i0{}>/2<usually> 396<usually>,1 397,1/2 400,2 401,1/2 402<when
developed,>,1 403,5 404,2 409,2/1 412,8<<75%> usually>/2<commonly a
utricle> 413,2/3<commonly>/4 417,1/2 422<more or less>,2 425,1/2<the
variation of classificatory interest> 430,1 433,2 435,1<5/11>/2<3/5
(\i{}Atriplex\i0{}, \i{}Chenopodium\i0{}, \i{}Beta\i0{})>
436,4<usually>/2/3 447,1 461,1/2 462<\i{}Agriophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Allenrolfia\i0{}, \i{}Anthochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Arthrocnemum\i0{},
\i{}Atriplex\i0{}, \i{}Bassia\i0{}, \i{}Beta\i0{}, \i{}Blitum\i0{},
\i{}Ceratocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chenopodium\i0{}, \i{}Eurotia\i0{},
\i{}Halimione\i0{}, \i{}Halisarcia\i0{}, \i{}Halocnemum\i0{},
\i{}Halosarcia\i0{}, \i{}Haplopeplis\i0{}, \i{}Halostachya\i0{},
\i{}Kalidium\i0{}, \i{}Micronemum\i0{}, \i{}Pachycornia\i0{},
\i{}Salicornia\i0{}, \i{}Salsola\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostegia\i0{},
\i{}Spinacia\i0{}, \i{}Suaeda\i0{}, \i{}Tecticornia\i0{}>
463<\i{}Aellinia\i0{}, \i{}Agathophora\i0{}, \i{}Anabasis\i0{},
\i{}Arthrophytum\i0{}, \i{}Atriplex\i0{}, \i{}Bassia\i0{},
\i{}Camphorosma\i0{}, \i{}Climacoptera\i0{}, \i{}Cornulaca\i0{},
\i{}Gamanthus\i0{}, \i{}Girgensohnia\i0{}, \i{}Halanthium\i0{},
\i{}Halarchon\i0{}, \i{}Halimocnemis\i0{}, \i{}Halocharis\i0{},
\i{}Halogeton\i0{}, \i{}Halosarcia\i0{}, \i{}Halotis\i0{},
\i{}Haloxylon\i0{}, \i{}Hammada\i0{}, \i{}Horaninovia\i0{},
\i{}Hypocyclix\i0{}, \i{}Kochia\i0{}, \i{}Noaea\i0{}, \i{}Panderia\i0{},
\i{}Petrosimonia\i0{}, \i{}Salsola\i0{}, \i{}Suaeda\i0{},
\i{}Theleophyton\i0{}, \i{}Traganum\i0{}> 466,1<\i{}Aellenia\i0{},
\i{}Anabasis\i0{}, \i{}Arthrophytum\i0{}, \i{}Atriplex\i0{} (see
illustration), \i{}Bassia\i0{} (see illustration), \i{}Camphorosma\i0{},
\i{}Chenolea\i0{}, \i{}Girgensohnia\i0{}, \i{}Halanthium\i0{},
\i{}Halosarcia\i0{}, \i{}Kochia\i0{}, \i{}Panderia\i0{},
\i{}Petrosimonia\i0{}, \i{}Salsola\i0{}, \i{}Suaeda\i0{},
\i{}etc.\i0{}>/2<\i{}Allenrolfea\i0{}, \i{}Arthrocnemum\i0{},
\i{}Atriplex\i0{}, \i{}Bassia\i0{}, \i{}Ceratocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Chenolea\i0{}, \i{}Chenopodium\i0{}, \i{}Halimione\i0{},
\i{}Halocnemum\i0{}, \i{}Halopeplis\i0{}, \i{}Halosarcia\i0{},
\i{}Kochia\i0{}, \i{}Maireana\i0{}, \i{}Pachycornia\i0{},
\i{}Salicornia\i0{}, \i{}Salsola\i0{} (see illustration),
\i{}Sarcocornia\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostegia\i0{}, \i{}Suaeda\i0{},
\i{}Tecticornia\i0{} etc.> 470,1<?  \i{}Beta\i0{}> 472,1/2 475,1<<50%>>/2
479,1<\i{}Salsola\i0{}> 480,2 483,2 484,2 486,1<where sought> 487,1/2 488,2
490,1 491,1/1&2 492,2<7 species, 7 genera> 495,2 496<often>,1 497,1
498,3<c> 520,2-3 521<widespread, but missing from Central America, Asia,
Malaysia and most of Africa> 522,1&2&3&5&7&10&12&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
(6)9> 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50<under
\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}!> 578,1400 579<about>,105 580<\i{}Acroglochin\i0{},
\i{}Aellenia\i0{} (= \i{}Halothamnus\i0{}), \i{}Agathophora\i0{},
\i{}Agriophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Alexandra\i0{}, \i{}Allenrolfea\i0{},
\i{}Anabasis\i0{}, \i{}Anthochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Aphanisma\i0{},
\i{}Archiatriplex\i0{}, \i{}Arthocnemum\i0{}, \i{}Arthrophytum\i0{},
\i{}Atriplex\i0{}, \i{}Axyris\i0{}, \i{}Baolia\i0{}, \i{}Bassia\i0{},
\i{}Beta\i0{}, \i{}Bienertia\i0{}, \i{}Blitum\i0{}, \i{}Borsczowia\i0{},
\i{}Camphorosma\i0{}, \i{}Ceratocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chenopodium\i0{},
\i{}Climacoptera\i0{}, \i{}Corispermum\i0{}, \i{}Cornulaca\i0{},
\i{}Cremnophyton\i0{}, \i{}Cyathobasis\i0{}, \i{}Cycloloma\i0{},
\i{}Didymanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dissocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Einadia\i0{},
\i{}Enchylaena\i0{}, \i{}Eremophea\i0{}, \i{}Eriochiton\i0{},
\i{}Exomis\i0{}, \i{}Fadenia\i0{}, \i{}Fredolia\i0{}, \i{}Gamanthus\i0{},
\i{}Girgensohnia\i0{}, \i{}Grayia\i0{}, \i{}Hablitzea\i0{},
\i{}Halanthium\i0{}, \i{}Halarchon\i0{}, \i{}Halimione\i0{},
\i{}Halimocnemis\i0{}, \i{}Halocharis\i0{}, \i{}Halocnemum\i0{},
\i{}Halogeton\i0{}, \i{}Halopeplis\i0{}, \i{}Halosarcia\i0{},
\i{}Halostachys\i0{}, \i{}Halothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Haloxylon\i0{},
\i{}Hammada\i0{}, \i{}Hemichroa\i0{} (~ \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}),
\i{}Heterostachys\i0{}, \i{}Holmbergia\i0{}, \i{}Horaninovia\i0{},
\i{}Iljinia\i0{}, \i{}Kalidium\i0{}, \i{}Kirilowia\i0{}, \i{}Kochia\i0{},
\i{}Krascheninnikovia\i0{}, \i{}Lagenantha\i0{}, \i{}Maireana\i0{},
\i{}Malacocera\i0{}, \i{}Manochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Microcnemum\i0{},
\i{}Microgynoecium\i0{}, \i{}Monolepis\i0{}, \i{}Nanophyton\i0{},
\i{}Neobassia\i0{}, \i{}Nitrophila\i0{}, \i{}Noaea\i0{},
\i{}Nucularia\i0{}, \i{}Ofaiston\i0{}, \i{}Oreobliton\i0{},
\i{}Osteocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Pachycornia\i0{}, \i{}Panderia\i0{},
\i{}Petrosimonia\i0{}, \i{}Physandra\i0{}, \i{}Piptoptera\i0{},
\i{}Polycnemum\i0{}, \i{}Rhagodia\i0{}, \i{}Raphidophyton\i0{},
\i{}Roycea\i0{}, \i{}Salicornia\i0{}, \i{}Salsola\i0{},
\i{}Sarcocornia\i0{}, \i{}Scleroblitum\i0{}, \i{}Sclerochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Sclerolaena\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostegia\i0{}, \i{}Seidlitzia\i0{},
\i{}Sevada\i0{}, \i{}Spinacia\i0{}, \i{}Stelligera\i0{}, \i{}Suaeda\i0{},
\i{}Suckleya\i0{}, \i{}Sympegma\i0{}, \i{}Tecticornia\i0{},
\i{}Tegicornia\i0{}, \i{}Teloxys\i0{}, \i{}Threlkeldia\i0{},
\i{}Traganopsis\i0{}, \i{}Traganum\i0{}, \i{}Zuckia\i0{}> 581<Comparison of
this description with that of \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{} (q.v.) shows markedly
differing tendencies in some overlapping characters, especially in habitat
preferences and in details of the androecium (equal, free stamens and no
staminodes in most chenopods); but there seem to be no convincing absolute
differences, and it seems legitimate to regard the chenopods as mainly
halophytic \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}.> 582<Contributes sugarbeet and Swiss
chard (\i{}Beta vulgaris\i0{}), spinach (\i{}Spinacia oleracea\i0{}), and
saltbush pastures.> 586<chenopod> 
 
# Chloranthaceae <R. Br.>/
5,1&3&5 7,1 21,1/3 39,2 45,1 46,1 50,U 51,1 53,1 55,2 68,1 69,1 76,3 81,2
90,U 92,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<surrounded by variousy arranged
subsidiaries> 115<commonly>,1 116,1/2 117<when present,>,2 120,1 123,2
130,2<\i{}Chloranthus\i0{}> 131<usually>,1 132,1 137,1/2 138<when
present,>,3 141,1<clearly, in \i{}Ascarina\i0{} and
\i{}Hedyosmum\i0{}>/3<or interpretable as a modification of such, in other
genera> 142,1<e.g., in \i{}Chloranthus\i0{} and \i{}Sarcandra\i0{}>/2 143,1
144,1 148,2 151,1/2 153,1 154,1<often exclusively so>/1&2/1&3 155<very>,2
156,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1/2 164,2 165,1/2 169,3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5
187,2 189,3/4/8 192,1 194,1/2 195<spikes or cymes> 202<two>,1 203,2
206<reduced> 223,3<female and hermaphrodite flowers>/7<male flowers>
224<when present,>,3 225<when present,>,2 226<when present,>,1 229,U
277,1/2<when flowers female> 278,1-5 282,1 283,1 285<usually more than
one,>,2 286,1<more or less connate> 289,1/2<or at least the laterals
sometimes with only half-anthers> 295,1-3(-5) 303,1/3 309,3/5 311,1-2
312,2/1&2<in \i{}Chloranthus\i0{}> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2 328,1/2
329,1-6 330,1/6/7 337,1 338,1/2<when flowers male> 339<when present,>,1
342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1/2 350,1 351,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 381,1 386,3 387,3
388,2 389,1/2 391,1 393,1 394<initially>,3 395,1<sometimes, up to 40
cells>/2 397,1 400,1 403,1/5 404,1 407,2 408,7 422,1 424,1<and starchy>
425,1 430,1 432,1-3<very small> 433<when differentiated,>,2 468,2 488,2
490,2 492,2<\i{}Chloranthus\i0{}> 495,2 497,2 520,3-4 521<South and Central
America, Southeast Asia and Malaysia> 522,4&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
8, 14, 15> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,3 565,1 566,3 572,1 574,16 577,5 578,65
579,4 580<\i{}Ascarina\i0{}, (\i{}Ascarinopsis\i0{}), \i{}Chloranthus\i0{},
\i{}Hedyosmum\i0{}, \i{}Sarcandra\i0{}> 581<See Leroy 1983.> 586<chlorant> 
 
# Chrysobalanaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Hirtellaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Hirtellaceae\i0{} Horan (p.p.).> 5,1&3
31,1 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 90,1/2 92,1/2<the whole
mesophyll usually comprising palisade> 98,1<often>/2 101,1<often>/2 104,3
115<often>,1 116,1/2 122,1<sometimes, in the form of fibre-like spicular
cells>/2 130,2<\i{}Moquilea\i0{} (= \i{}Licanea\i0{})> 139,1 140,2 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<exclusively or predominantly
uniseriate> 156,3 159,1 165,1 167,2 175,1/1&2/1&3 176,1/2 177,1/3/4 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1/2 192,1/2 194,1/2 195<simple or compound racemes,
or (e.g. \i{}Parinari\i0{}) cymes> 203,2 206,2/3<usually> 209,1&2 213,1/2 214,2
218,1<tubular> 223,1/3<rarely, the corolla absent> 224,(5-)6-10
226,1<rarely>/2 227,1/2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 245,1<sometimes saccate at
the base> 251,1 252,2 254<when present,>,1-5 255,1 258,1<inserted at the
mouth of the hypanthium tube> 265,1 267<more or less>,1 274<shortly>,1
277,1/2<when flower female> 278,(2-)8-20(-300) 279,1<from trunk bundles?>/2
282,1<but inserted with the corolla at the mouth of the hypanthium>
284<often>,2<those on the side opposite the larger calyx segments often
larger> 285,1/2 286<when coherent>,1/3-20<?  connate, or joined into
groups> 289,1/2 295,(2-)8-30(-300) 298,2-5 306,1<below the midline> 308,1
309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,6/8 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1-3<two
members usually more or less reduced, the developed member then simulating
G1 and excentrically situated in the hypanthium> 342,1-3 343,1/3 344,1<at
least ostensibly>/5-6 345,1 347,2 348,4 350,2<but the one locule is
occasionally subdivided, to look like two one-ovulate locules> 351,3 352<if
detectably syncarpous,>,1/2 353,1(-3) 354,1<sometimes>/2 360,2 361,1 365,3
370,1/3 376,1 379,2<sometimes one per locellus> 381,3 384,1/3<?> 404,1
407,2 408,7<with bony endocarp> 421,1 422,2 432,3 433,2<commonly thickened>
447,2 469,1<in \i{}Licania\i0{} and \i{}Parinari\i0{}> 472,2 475,2 484,2
487,2 488,1 489,1/2 490,1 491,1&2&3/2&3/1&2 492,2<3 genera> 520<mostly>,4/3
521<widespread-tropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10,
11> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,12 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,400 579,17 580<\i{}Acioa\i0{}, \i{}Atuna\i0{}, \i{}Bafodeya\i0{},
\i{}Chrysobalanus\i0{}, \i{}Coupeia\i0{}, \i{}Dactyladenia\i0{},
\i{}Exellodendron\i0{}, \i{}Grangeria\i0{}, \i{}Hirtella\i0{},
\i{}Hunga\i0{}, \i{}Kostermanthus\i0{}, \i{}Licania\i0{},
\i{}Magnistipula\i0{}, \i{}Maranthes\i0{}, \i{}Neocarya\i0{},
\i{}Parastemon\i0{}, \i{}Parinari\i0{}> 586<chrysoba> 
 
# Circaeasteraceae <Kuntze ex Hutch.>/
4<\i{}Kingdoniaceae\i0{}.> 5<small, glabrous>,5 9,3 11,5<the cotyledons
persistent, the leaves rosulate-clustered at the tip of the elongated
hypocotyl> 21,1 39<more or less>,2 43,U 45,1 53,1 60,2
62,8<cuneate-spathulate> 64<dichotomously veined, cf. \i{}Kingdonia\i0{}>
65,2 66,5 68,2 76<apically spinulose>,4 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<small,>,1
116,U 121,U 122,U 125,1 127,2 133,U 134,U 137,U 141,1 143<diarch> 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148<almost>,1/2<if detectable, slight, with only a small
amount of secondary xylem and phloem at either side> 156,3 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2 187,2 189,7 206,1 218,2 223,3 224,2(-3)
226,1 229,U 236,2(-3)<the third member, when present, seemingly
representing a reduced stamen> 239,1 248,1 251,3 278,(1-)2 282,1 285,1
289,1<usually>/2 290<when present,>,1 291,2 293<sepaloid> 295,(1-)2 298,1/2
299,1 302,1 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 312,1 317,1 318,2 320,1 321,2 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,6 337,1 339,(1-)3 341,1-2 342<when monomerous,>,1 343,1-2
344,1-2 345,1 347,1<with an oblique, sessile stigma> 350,1
351,1-2<subapical> 381,1 386,1 387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,2/3 395,2
397,1 400,1 403,5 404,2 405,2<when monomeric>/1 407,2 408,4<covered with
fine, uncinate setae> 422<copiously>,1 432,3 433,2<persistent> 436,1 472,2
504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Northwest Himalayas to Northwestern China>
522,4 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 30> 527,1 528,2 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1
574,9 577,23 578,1<\i{}Circaeaster agrestis\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Circaeaster\i0{}> 581<Continued assignment of this to Ranunculales
(Crassinucelli) seems remarkable, in the face of morphological and
embryological features characteristic of Tenuinucelli: corolla absent,
initially one middle layer in the anther wall, ovules unitegmic and
tenuinucellate.> 586<circaeas> 
 
# Cistaceae <Juss.>/
5,5&3<and sub-shrubs> 7,1/2 8,1<commonly>/2<?> 9,1/2 12,1/2<sometimes to
scales> 32,3/4<especially in sunny places on chalk or sand>
39,2<usually>/3<sometimes>/1<rarely> 42,1/3<often ericoid> 43,1/2/4
45,1-3 47,2 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2/3 68,1/2<when the leaf amplexicaul>
69,2 70,1 73,2 77,1/2 90,1<recorded in leaves of \i{}Cistus\i0{},
resembling cystoliths>/2 92,1/3 98<sometimes>,1<in \i{}Cistus\i0{}>/2
101,1/2 102,1 103,1/2 104,1 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family: see
illustration> 107,1&2 108,1&2 109,2<characteristically represented by a
peculiar double form which, when mature, appears to have a second hair
within its base, cf. \i{}Combretaceae\i0{}> 112<commonly>,1<apparently
representing tufts of the peculiar double type with their associated
bases sunken in the epidermis>/2 113<commonly>,1/2/4 115,2 123,1
124<commonly>,2 130,1<\i{}Helianthemum\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cistus\i0{}> 131,1/3
132,1 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150<when
present,>,3/- 152,2-3 153<extremely to very>,1 154,1/1&2/3<Hudsonia>/5
155,2 156,3 158,1 159,U 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165<absent or rare>
167,2 168,U 169,3 170,1<but rare, save in \i{}Hudsonia\i0{}>/2 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,1/2 195<various forms of
cymes> 202,1<the two bracteoles not to be confused with the two outer
sepals, which may be smaller than the other three> 203,3-4<showy> 206,1
213,1<sometimes>/2 214<usually>,2 216,1/2<the stamens borne on or outside
the well developed hypogynous disk> 218,2 220,1 221,1-2 223,1<ignoring
cleistogamous flowers> 224,(6-)10 226,2/3 229,U 236,3/5<the two outer
members often smaller and narrower> 238,1/2 239,1/2<the two outer members
sometimes adnate to the inner members> 248<usually>,1 251<with at least the
three inner members>,2 254,5<usually>/3<in \i{}Lechea\i0{}, missing from
cleistogamous flowers> 255,1 258,1 265,2<nearly always, in the opposite
direction to the sepals>/1<in \i{}Lechea\i0{}> 267,3 268,2/3/5
272,2<usually caducous> 274<scarcely>,1/2 278,(3-)15-100<usually many>
279,1/2<?> 280,1/2 281<when many,>,2 282,1 285,1
289,1<usually>/2<\i{}Fumana\i0{}> 291<of \i{}Fumana\i0{}>,1
295,(3-)15-100<usually many> 298,2-5 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,1 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-5) 330,8 337,1 339,3/5-10 341,1-3
342,1-10 343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,1 353,1<but sometimes incompletely 310
locular, by intrusion and fusion of the placentas, e.g. in \i{}Cistus\i0{}>
357,2 358,1 360,1-2 361,1 365,1 368,1<usually, minute to large and
capitate, or discoid and lobed>/3 372,2 373,1 374,2 375,2
378,15-100<usually many  two to many on each placenta> 380,1 381,3 385,2
386,1<usually>/3<e.g. \i{}Fumana\i0{}> 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1/2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,4 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,5/6<opening from the top downwards> 422,1 424,2 426<usually>,2
429,2 430,1 432,3 433,2 435,1<1/1> 436,2<almost straight in
\i{}Lechea\i0{}>/3/4 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Helianthemum\i0{},
\i{}Hudsonia\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Helianthemum\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<5 species>
484,2 487,1/2 488,1 489,1&2/2 490,1 491,1&2&3 492,2<2 genera> 495,2 504,1&3
505,1&2&3 512,1&2&5&6 520,2<mainly>/3-4<a few> 521<mostly North temperate,
especially Mediterranean, but a few in Central and South America>
522,1&2&3&5&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-11> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3
565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46 578,200 579,9
580<\i{}Atlanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Cistus\i0{}, (\i{}Crocanthemum\i0{}),
\i{}Fumana\i0{}, \i{}Halimimum\i0{}, \i{}Helianthemum\i0{},
\i{}Hudsonia\i0{}, \i{}Lechea\i0{}, \i{}Therocistus\i0{},
\i{}Turberaria\i0{}> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Midst Alpine clefts, or
in rare grassy spots \line{}Of mountain ridges, where the wild bee dwells,
\line{}The Rock Rose with her yellow blossoms dots \line{}Its dark and
hoary leaves \line{}(Calder Campbell, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers
(1857), - \i{}Helianthemum chamaecistus\i0{})> 586<cistacea> 
 
# Cleomaceae <(Pax) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Cleomaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.)>
5,5<mostly>/3<a few>/1<a few>/4<a few> 8<glandular,>,1 21,1<mostly>/3
27,1/3<a few> 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 51,1/2<?>/3 53,2 56,1<rarely, the leaves
simple>/3/5<(1)37 foliolate> 68,1 73,1/2/3 90,U 92,1-3 100,1/2 102,1
104,1 106,1/2 107<commonly>,2<by contrast with \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}>
130,2<\i{}Cleome\i0{}, \i{}Isomeris\i0{}> 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 165,2 168,U 175,1/1&2 176,1/2 177,1/3 206,2-3 216,2/1&2 220,1 223,1
224,(4-)8(-12) 226,2-3<more or less resolvable into K2+2 C4 with decussate
calyx and diagonal petals, cf. \i{}Cruciferae\i0{}, or only theoretically
so> 229,U 236,(2-)4(-6) 238,1/2 239,1/3 248,1/2 251,1/4 254,(2-)4(-6) 255,1
258,1/3<connate or not> 274,1 278,4-100<the four primordia often branching
to give many stamens> 279,1<from 4 primordia>/2 280,1/2 281<when
many/branched,>,2 282,1 283,1<fused to the gynophore>/2 284,1/2 289,1/2
295,4-50 297,2<rarely>/3 299<basically>,2<i.e. considering the primordia>
309,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers, when andromonoecious> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,1/2 353,1/2<with a replum> 354,1<the replum>/2 356,3 360,2/1-2 361,1
365,1 368,1 369,- 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,4<the two placentas longitudinally
divided by a replum, cf. \i{}Cruciferae\i0{}> 378,10-100<to many>
379,10-50<many> 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,1<with diverging tips>/2 400,2 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,4/5
414,6<the two valves separating from the persistent replum, by contrast
with capsular \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}> 422<scarcely>,1/2 433,2 435,1<1/1>
436,2/3 437,1/2 461,1/2 462<\i{}Cleome\i0{}> 463<\i{}Gynandropsis\i0{}>
466,1<\i{}Gynandropsis\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cleome\i0{}> 471,1 472,1/2 475,2 488,2
490,1 491,1&2/2 492,1<\i{}Cleome gigantea\i0{}>/2<\i{}C. spinosa\i0{},
\i{}Polanisia\i0{}> 495,2 520,3&4 521<widespread tropical and subtropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,8 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,275 579<about>,8 580<\i{}Buhsia\i0{},
\i{}Cleome\i0{}, \i{}Cleomella\i0{}, \i{}Gynandropsis\i0{},
\i{}Haptocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Physostemon\i0{}, \i{}Polanisia\i0{},
\i{}Wislizenia\i0{}> 581<The descriptions compiled here depict
\i{}Cleomaceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{} (q.v.) mainly in
having leaves with resinous glandular hairs, the cruciferous ovary and
fruit (placentation with a replum, and silicula or siliqua), and in being
positive for flavonols but lacking alkaloids. However, the separation may
be unsustainable, since precise comparative data on gynoecium and fruit
structure are elusive or non-existent, and difficulties are encountered in
assigning genera to one family or the other.> 586<cleomace> 
 
# Clethraceae <Klotzsch.>/
5<small>,1/3 31,1 37,1/2 39,1 40,1 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1
68,2 76,3/4/1 85,1 86,3 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1&2&3<mixed, but
mostly paracytic> 106,1 112<usually>,1 113,2 116,2 119,1/2 123,1
124<mostly>,2 130,2 135<very>,2 137,2 139,1 140,1 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3/2 152,3 153<moderately>,1 154<exclusively>,1 155,2
156,2 157,2 158,1/2 159,1 160,2 161,1 162,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 167,2 169,3
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/8 192,1/2 194,1 195<racemes or panicles>
202,2 203,2 205<sometimes>,1/- 206,1 212,5(-6) 213,1 215,3 218,2 220,2
223,1 224,10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5(-6) 238,1 239,3 240<deeply>,3
241,2/3 245,3 248,1 249,2 251,1 254,5(-6) 255,1 258,1<or nearly so> 265,1
267,3 268,2/6 272,2 274,2 278,10/2 282,1<or no more than barely adnate to
the petal bases> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,10/2 298,3 299,1 300,3 306,1 307,1
308,1 309,1<the anthers becoming inverted during ontogeny and the pores
ostensibly apical, cf. \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}> 311,2<sagittate> 312,2
313,1<tailed>/2<pointed> 314<ostensibly>,1 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2
322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,5/6 345,1
352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 367,1 368,1<trilobed>/3 372,2
373,1 374,2 376,2 379,2-50<many> 380,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1&2<weak> 403,2 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,5 422,1 424,1 428,1<this very thin> 429,1/2 432,3 433,2 436,1
447,1 469,2 472,2 475,2<4 species> 484,2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,2
492,2<2 species> 495,2<but sometimes accumulating cobalt> 504,1&2&3
505,1&2&3 506,3&4 508,1 510,2&3 511,1&2&3 512,1&2&3&4 520,2-4 521<Eastern
Asia, Malaysia, Central America, southeastern U.S.A., one species in
Madeira> 522,4&9&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,2
565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,120 579,1 580<\i{}Clethra\i0{}>
582<A few cultivated ornamentals.> 586<clethrac> 
 
# Cneoraceae <Link>/
2<\i{}Rutaceae\i0{}-Cneoroideae p.p.> 5<small>,3 7,1 37,1 38,2 39,1 43,2
45<shortly>,1 47,2 50<rather inconspicuously>,1 51,1/2<? - the mesophyll
cavities with oily or resinous contents> 53,1 60,2 62,4-5/7-8 64,1/2<?>
68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1&2<fewer adaxially> 104,1 106,1<often
2-armed, and multicelular glands also present> 107,1&2 108,1/2<? - often T
or Y shaped> 121<with secretory cells having oily or resinous contents>
130,2<\i{}Cneorum\i0{}> 132,2 135,1<consisting of spongy parenchyma>
137,2<but with secretory cells in the cortex> 143,1<traversed by narrow
rays> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3/1-2 153,1 154,2-3/4/5 156,3
159,1<dubiously>/2 160,2 161,2 162,1 164,2 165<predominantly>,2 166,2 167,2
169,2<VP>/3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/6 192,1 194,2<the peduncle sometimes adnate to the petiole>
195<small, few flowered axillary corymbs> 203,2 206,1
212,3<\i{}Cneorum\i0{}>/4<\i{}Neochamaelea\i0{}> 216,1<this nectariferous,
shortly columnar> 218,2 223,1 224,6/8<\i{}Neochamaelea\i0{}> 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,3/4 238,1 239,1/3<basally> 241<when gamosepalous,>,3 245,3
248,1<small> 258,1<the petals elongate> 265,1 278,3/4 280,2 282,1 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3/4 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments seated in
pits in the androgynophore> 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3/4-6
330,8 337,2 339,3/4 341,2 342,3/4/6/8 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3/4
354<partially>,1/2 360,2 361,1 365,1 376,3 379,(1-)2 381,1 382,2 383,1
384,1/2<the two commonly more or less separated by an intrusion from the
carpellary midrib> 386,3-5 387,3<the outer integument scarcely developed on
the raphal side> 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,1 400,2
403,2 404,1/2 409,3 410,3/4/6/8 411,7<the 12 seeded mericarps separating,
and the fruit wall assuming the protective functions of the reduced testa>
422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 435,2<1/1> 436<strongly>,2<in the curved
seed> 447,1 472,2 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<\i{}Cneorum\i0{}> 504,1&3
505,2 508,1&2 512,1 520,2<warm>/3-4 521<Cuba, Canaries, Mediterranean>
522,3&5&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Rutaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,2
580<\i{}Cneorum\i0{}, \i{}Neochamaelea\i0{}> 581<Seemingly differing from
\i{}Rutaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the elongated torus
(androphore?), apical placentation of the ovary, and obscure embryological
details.> 586<cneorace> 
 
# Cobaeaceae <D. Don>/
2<\i{}Polemoniaceae\i0{}.> 5,4 27,3 28,3<the tendrils much branched, with
terminal hooks, representing modified terminal leaflets> 39,1 45,1 53,2
56,4 57,2<terminally tendrillate> 64,2 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 73<large,>,2
90,U 130,2 137,1<in the phloem, with yellow secretion> 148,2 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185,4<at first>/2<bees, later>
186,1<flowers very protandrous, with movement of the stamens and styles: at
first functionally male, then greenish and malodorous, subsequently female,
then purple and honey-scented> 187,1-2 194,2 195<13 flowered on long,
common pedumcles> 203,4 205,2<at first>/1<later> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2
218,2 220,1 222<large, fleshy, lobed> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239<slightly>,3<at the base>/1 241<when gamosepalous,>,3 254,5 255,1
258,3 260,1/2 265,2 266,4<the lobes linear to rounded> 278,5 280,2 282,2<to
the base of the corolla> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1 298,2
303,3<the filaments bearded below> 306,1 308,1 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1
322,1 328,1 329,13-40<?> 330<(poly-)>,9 337,1 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3
344,4-5<the style shortly trifid> 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 363,2 365,1
368,3 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2 379,2-50<to many> 384<biseriate, medifixed>
386,3 387,2 388,3 391,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4 422,2 429,1<and
compressed> 432,3<large> 433,2<large, cordate> 435,2<2/2> 447,2 472,2 484,2
487,1 488,1/2 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 504,3 520,3-4 521<tropical America>
522,12&13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,1 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15
577,52<as a synonym of \i{}Polemoniaceae\i0{}> 578,18 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Cobaea\i0{}> 581<Conspicuousy differing from \i{}Polemoniaceae\i0{}
(q.v.) not only in the climbing habit, but also in characters involving
leaf, inforescence, fruit and seed morphology, as well as in the records of
pseudocrassinucelate ovules and cryptocotylar seedling germination.>
586<cobaeace> 
 
# Cochlospermaceae <Planch.>/
2<\i{}Bixaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 6,2 32,3/4 39,1 45,1 47,2 50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1
60,1 63,2 64,3 65,1 68,1 76,3 81,2 90,U 101<often>,1 103,1<adaxial>/2
106,1<mostly long, simple and multicellular, sometimes also peltate>
121<commonly with yellow or reddish resinous contents> 123,1 124,2
130,2<\i{}Cochlosperma\i0{}> 137,1<in the cortex and pith>/2 138,3
143,1-2<with the phloem traversed by the widening ends of the medullary
rays> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153,2-3 154,1&2&3 156,2 157,2
158,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165<predominantly>,1 166,1 167,2 169,2<VPI>/3
170,1<often common> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8&2 195<paniculate or
racemose> 203,4 206,1-2 218,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5
238,1 239,1 248,2<deciduous> 251,1 254,4/5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 268,3
278,15-100<many> 279,1<with trunk bundles> 281,2 282,1 284,1-2 285,1
289,1 295,15-60 298,5 309,1<these apical, often confluent> 328,1 329,3
330,8 337,1 339,3-5 342,1/3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/3 361,1 364,1
365,1 368,1<minute> 375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when trilocular,>,2
378<when unilocular,>,20-100<i.e. many> 379<when trilocular,>,20-50<i.e.
many> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414<three to
five>,6 422,1 424,1 433,2 436,1/2/4 444,1 447,1 487,1 488,1 489,1 490,1
491,1&2&3 492,1<\i{}Cochlospermum\i0{}> 495,2 520,4
521<widespread-tropical, except Malaysia> 522,4&6&10&12&13&14&15 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a synonym
of \i{}Bixaceae\i0{}?> 578,20-25 579,2 580<\i{}Amoreuxia\i0{},
\i{}Cochlospermum\i0{}> 581<Intkey comparisons of these compiled
descriptions depict 10 differences from \i{}Bixaceae\i0{} (q.v.), involving
leaf form and anatomy, wood anatomy, floral, fruit and seed details, and
phytochemistry.> 586<cochlosp> 
 
# Colchicaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae - Colchiceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Bulbocodeae\i0{}
(\i{}Bulbocodiaceae\i0{}) Salisb., \i{}Burchardiaceae\i0{}> 5,5 21,3 22,1/2
25,2/3<\i{}Gloriosa\i0{}> 27,1/3 28<climbers>,1&3 32,3 39,1 40,1<usually>/2
45,1<rarely>/3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4 64,4 65,2 68,- 76,1 89,1 92,1 102,1
104,1 121,U 123,1 124<represented by crystal sand> 128,2 148,1 151,2
173,1<in the fibrous roots only> 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,1<usually>/4<e.g. \i{}Colchicum\i0{}> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/5 192,1/2 193,1/2 194,1/2/3 203,2-4 206,1 212,3 213,1
215,3 219,1/2 223,5 224,6(-8) 225,1/2 226,1<commonly in Australian genera,
e.g. \i{}Wurmbea\i0{}>/2<usually 3+3?> 227,1/- 228,2 229,1/2 230,1<in size
and form> 231,2/8/4/6<or yellow at first, becoming bright red> 278,6 
282,1<usually>/2<to the tepals> 284,1
285,1<usually>/2<<5%> e.g. \i{}Sandersonia\i0{}, \i{}Wurmbea\i0{}>
286<rarely>,1 287,1<e.g. \i{}Wurmbea\i0{}>/2<usually, 3+3> 289,1 295,6
298,3 301,1 306,1/2 308,1/2 309,3 310,1<usually>/2<very rarely almost
introrse> 312,2 316,1 318,1 322,2 328,1 329,1/2-4 330,1<mostly>/9/11 337,1
339,3(-4) 341,2 342,3(-4) 343,3 344,4-5<with free stylodia, or the single
style tribrachiate> 345,1 352,2 353,3(-4) 361,1/3 363,1-2 365,1 368,3
372,1/2 376,2 379,5-50 386,3-4 387,3 388,3 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,1<\i{}Iphigenia\i0{}, up to 11 cells>/2 400,2 403,1/2 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,4<usually>/5/4&5<e.g. \i{}Wurmbea\i0{}> 422,1 424,1 433,1<conspicuously
coleoptile-like> 436,1<rarely subglobose>/- 442,2 443,4<mostly>/7 447,-
448,2 449,2 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,1 457,3 458,1-2<with abundant laterals,
but soon destroyed> 462<\i{}Gloriosa\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Gloriosa\i0{}>
470,1<Gibbs 1974> 472,2 475<typically>,1<colchicine and related compounds,
the plants very poisonous to humans and animals>
487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2 504,1&2&4 505,1&2 506,1&2 507,2 508,1&2&3
509,1&2&3&4 520,2 521<Europe, 429,1 430,2/4/6/8 Mediterranean, to Central
Asia and North India, centred on the summer rainfall regions of southern
Africa> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&9&10&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-12(19)> 525,11 527,2
530,4 558,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15 578<about>,200 579<about>,20
580<\i{}Androcymbium\i0{}, \i{}Anguillaria\i0{}, \i{}Baeometra\i0{},
\i{}Burchardia\i0{} (?  lacking colchicine and related compounds),
\i{}Colchicum\i0{}, \i{}Gloriosa\i0{}, \i{}Hexacyrtis\i0{},
\i{}Iphigenia\i0{}, \i{}Littonia\i0{}, \i{}Neodregea\i0{},
\i{}Onixotis\i0{}, \i{}Ornithoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Sandersonia\i0{},
\i{}Wurmbea\i0{}, etc. (Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}. 1985)> 
582<Including plants poisonous enough to cause human and animal fatalities
if ingested, having been been used to commit murder, to achieve suicide and
to kill animals.> 586<colchica> 
 
# Columelliaceae <D. Don>/
4<\i{}Desfontainiaceae\i0{}.> 5<bitter>,1/3 37,1 38,2-3 39,2 53,1 60,2 61,1
65,1 68,2 76,1/4 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<on the lower
surface> 107<exclusively>,1 108,1 109,2<adpressed> 112,2 115,1 116,U 120,U
121,U 123,1 124,2 134,U 137,U 139,1 140,1<with a succcession of phellogens
outside the phloem> 141<with one trace> 144<probably>,1 148<probably>,2
150,3<uniseriate> 153,1 155,2 156,2 159,1 161,1 165<scantily developed>
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1<these few flowered> 192,1
194,1 202<two>,1 206,2 207<somewhat>,1 213,1 215,2 218,1 223,1
224,(8-)10(-16) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-8) 238,1 239<somewhat>,3/1
248,1 251<slightly>,1/3 252,1 254,(4-)5(-8) 255,1 258,3 260,3<the tube very
short> 265,1 266<almost>,1 267<sub-irregular> 268,3 278,2 280,2
282,2<attached near the base of the corolla> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,2
298,1 299,2<alternate with the posterior and lateral lobes> 300,1
303,3<with short, stout filaments> 305,2 306<with a broad connective> 309,3
311,2<large, the pollen sacs undulately plicate and twisted> 328,1 329,3
330,8 339,2 341,1 342,1(-2) 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,1 353,1<incompletely
partitioned> 356,1 359,2 360,2 361,1<short, thick> 365,1 370,2/4<broad>
375,2<the the intruded placentas almost meeting, constituting partial
partitions> 378,20-50<many> 381,3 386,3 387,2 388,1 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,4&6 422<copiously>,1 432,3<though small> 433,2 436,1 472,2 484,2 488,2
495,2 504,3 512,1&3&6 520,4 521<Northwestern South America> 522,15 527,1
528,2 529,21 551,6<re-assigned> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,64
578,8 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Columellia\i0{}> 586<columell> 
 
# Combretaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Myrobalanaceae\i0{} Juss. \i{}ex\i0{} Martinov, \i{}Shaeae\i0{}
(\i{}Shaeaceae\i0{}) Bertol. f., \i{}Strephonemataceae\i0{} (Benth. & Hook.
f.) Venkat. & Prak. Rao, \i{}Terminaliaceae\i0{} Jaume St.-Hil.>
5,1/3/4<including some mangroves> 27,1/3<commonly> 28<when
climbing,>,1/6<via hooks representing persistent petiole bases>
29<\i{}Combretum\i0{}>,2 32,3-4<often in savanna>/2 39,1/2/3<rarely>
40,1/2/3 47,2 50,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68<minutely>,1/2 76,1 81,2
85,1<seen in 11 genera and numerous species> 86,1/2/3<mostly> 90,U
92,1<usually>/3<rarely> 96,1<occasionally>/2 103,1<usually, abaxial>/2
104,1 106,1<of various kinds> 107,1/2<commonly, of various forms>
108<commonly>,1 109,1<commonly 2-armed>/2 115,1/2 116,1/2 117,2 122,1<as
fibres extending from the veins>/2 123,1 124<almost exclusively>,2
130,2<\i{}Combretum\i0{}> 137,1<e.g., canals in
\i{}\i{}Terminalia\i0{}\i0{}>/2 138,3 139,1 140,1/2 141,1 143,1 144,1/2
145,1/2 148,2/3 149,2 150,3 152,1-3 153,1-3 154,1<sometimes exclusivey
so>/1&2&3 155,1-2 156,3 157,1<usually>/2 158,2 159,1 160,1<rarely>/2
161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at least sometimes>,1/2<?> 164,2
165<predominantly>,2<typically aliform to confluent, only occasionally
scanty> 167,1<commonly>/2 169,3 175,1/1&2 176,1/2 177,1/3 180,1<in the
mangroves>/2 187,2 189,2&3&4 192<usually>,2 195<usually racemose>
203<usually>,2 206,1 212,3-8 213,1 215,2/3 218,1 223,1/3<the corolla
sometimes absent> 224,4-5/9-10(-16) 226,1/2 227,1/- 229,U 236,4-5(-8) 238,1
239,3<as lobes from the hypanthium> 245,3 248,1 251,1/3<or very small>/-
254<when present,>,4-5(-8) 255,1 258,1 265<when present,>,1/3 267,3
278,4-8/10/11-16(-100)<often 10 and rarely 'many': commonly twice the 
K, but sometimes the outer whorl is missing>
282,1 284,1 285,1<usually>/2<rarely grouped>
287,2<usually>/1<sometimes the outer missing>/3<rarely> 289,1
295,4/5/8/10/11-16(-30) 298,2/3<commonly>/5
299,2 306,1 308,1 309,3 312,2 315,1
318,2 319,1/2 320,1<<5%> \i{}Guiera\i0{}>/2<usually>
321<usually>,1<\i{}Guiera\i0{}> 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,2-5 342,1 343,3 344,5/6 345,3 352,1 353,1 359,1
360,2<mainly>/1<e.g. sometimes in male flowers of \i{}Terminalia\i0{}>
361,1 372,1 373,2 374,4 375,3 378,2-5(-6) 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2
389,1 391,1/4 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<somewhat, in \i{}Guiera\i0{}>/2
397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,2 404,1/2
409,2<usually>/1 412,7<usually, often samaroid>/1<rarely>/10/2<?>
415,1<sometimes with the endocarp split longitudinally into unequal halves,
e.g. \i{}Terminalia\i0{}>/2<usually> 420<often by water, by animals or by
wind (the wind-dispersed forms winged)> 421<usually>,1<by abortion>/- 422,2
432,3<the cotyledons usually convolute, sometimes folded, sometimes massive
and hemispherical> 433,1<by concrescence>/2/3 434,2/3/4<rarely
planoconvex>/- 435,1<2/2>/2<1/1> 447,1/2 466,2<\i{}Lumnitzera\i0{},
\i{}Terminalia\i0{}> 469,2 472,1<?>/2 475,1<<20%>>/2<mostly>
479,1<\i{}Terminalia\i0{}> 480,2 484,2 487,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1
490,1/2 491,1/1&2/1&2&3 492,1<3 genera, 4 species> 495,2 500,1/2 520,3&4
521<widespread> 522,2&4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 11-13>
527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41
578,600 579<about>,20 580<\i{}Anogeissus\i0{}, \i{}Buchenavia\i0{},
\i{}Bucida\i0{}, \i{}Calopyxis\i0{}, \i{}Calycopteris\i0{},
\i{}Combretum\i0{}, \i{}Conocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Dansiea\i0{}, \i{}Guiera\i0{},
\i{}Laguncularia\i0{}, \i{}Lumnitzera\i0{}, \i{}Macropteranthes\i0{},
\i{}Melostemon\i0{}, \i{}Pteleopsis\i0{}, \i{}Quisqualis\i0{},
\i{}Strephonema\i0{}, \i{}Terminalia\i0{}, \i{}Terminaliopsis\i0{},
\i{}Thiloa\i0{}> 586<combreta> 
 
# Commelinaceae <R. Br.>/
4<\i{}Cartonemataceae\i0{}.> 5,5 14<somewhat>,1<often with fleshy stems>/2
21,1/3 22,1/2 23<often>,1 27,1/2/3 28,1/5 32,3/2 37,1 39,1 40,1/2 43<more
or less>,3<often>/1 45,1/3 47,1 49,2 53,1 60,2 64,4 67,2 68,- 76,1
82,3/2<rarely> 90,1/2 97,2 98,1<in several genera>/2 105,2 121,1<or
mucilage canals, with raphides> 123,1 124,1 128,1 129,3
130,2<\i{}Tradescantia\i0{}> 131,1/2 143,4 146,2 148,1 156,3 173,1 174,3
175,1/1&2/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/3/5 182,2<nectaries lacking> 184<autogamous
or>,2<but without nectar> 185,2&4<bees and syrphid flies> 
186,1<with dimorphic stamens comprising
concolourous fertilizing members, and specialised, bright yellow food
stamens attractive to pollinators but producing little pollen. Moniliform
hairs on the filaments may further delude visitors by simulating pollen>/2
187,1<rarely>/2 189,1 192,1 195<often a cincinnus> 196,1/2 206,1/2-3
209<when present,>,1/2/1&2 213,1 219,2 223,1 224,6 225,1/2<then the inner
tepals basally connate> 226,2 227,1 230,2 231,10/9/8/2/4<rarely> 236,3
238,1 239,1/3<the sepals rarely connate basally> 241<when gamosepalous,>,3
245,3 254,3 255,1 258,1<usually>/3<rarely> 267,3/1<sometimes with one petal
different in colour and more or less reduced> 268,8/7/2/3<rarely> 274,1/2
277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,6<usually  3+3>/3/1<rarely> 282,1 285,1
287<usually>,2 289,1/2 290,1-3 295,(1-)3/6 298,1/2/3 306,1/2 308,1/2
309,1/3 313,1/2 314<when present, representing expanded connective> 315,1
316,2 317,1 318,1 319,2/3 328,1 329,1<usually>/2-4 330<mostly>,1 337,1<7
genera> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3 342,(1-)3 343,3 344,5/6 345,1
352,1-2 353,3<usually>/1-3<sometimes apically one-locular, or 1-2 locules
undeveloped> 357<(where ascertainable)>,2 361,1 365,1 372,1/2 373,1/2
374,2&3&4 376,2 379,1-50<i.e. to many> 381,3 385,1 386,1-2 387,3
388,2<mostly>/3 389,1/2 391,1/2/3 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2 400,2
403,2 404,1<rarely>/2 409,1/2<rarely> 412<usually>,1 414,5 422<copiously>,1
424,2<mealy> 430,1 433,1/2<the second sometimes present, vestigial>
435,2<1/1> 439,1<in the form of a characteristic callosity, the
embryostega, covering the embryo> 442,2 447,- 448,1<sometimes
long>/2<e.g. \i{}Cyanotis\i0{}> 449,2 450,1<in the form of the periblast>/2
451,1<then downwardly directed>/2 454,1<often>/2 457,3 458,2 461,1/3
462<\i{}Commelina\i0{}, \i{}Cyanotis\i0{}, \i{}Tradescantia\i0{},
\i{}Zebrina\i0{}> 464<\i{}Tradescantia\i0{}, \i{}Tripogandra\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Commelina\i0{}, \i{}Cyanotis\i0{}, \i{}Tradescantia\i0{},
\i{}Zebrina\i0{}> 468,2 472,1<<10%> rarely>/2 473,1 475,1<occasionally
<20%>>/2 487,1<\i{}Cyanotis\i0{}>/2<usually?> 488,1<<30%>>/2 489<when
present,>,1 492,2 495,2 497,1 498,2 520<mostly>,3&4 521<widespread, mostly
tropical and subtropical> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = (4)6-16(29)> 527,2 530,6 560,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,18
578,500 579,38 580<\i{}Aetheolirion\i0{}, \i{}Amischotolype\i0{},
\i{}Aneilema\i0{}, \i{}Anthericopsis\i0{}, \i{}Belosynapsis\i0{},
\i{}Buforrestia\i0{}, \i{}Callisia\i0{}, \i{}Cochliostema\i0{},
\i{}Coleotrype\i0{}, \i{}Commelina\i0{}, \i{}Cyanotis\i0{},
\i{}Dichorisandra\i0{}, \i{}Dictyospermum\i0{}, \i{}Elasis\i0{},
\i{}Floscopa\i0{}, \i{}Geogenanthus\i0{}, \i{}Gibasis\i0{},
\i{}Gibasoides\i0{}, \i{}Matudanthus\i0{}, \i{}Murdannia\i0{},
\i{}Palisota\i0{}, \i{}Pollia\i0{}, \i{}Polyspatha\i0{}, \i{}Porandra\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoparis\i0{}, \i{}Rhoeo\i0{}, \i{}Rhopalephora\i0{},
\i{}Sauvallea\i0{}, \i{}Siderasis\i0{}, \i{}Spatholirion\i0{},
\i{}Stanfieldiella\i0{}, \i{}Streptolirion\i0{}, \i{}Thyrsanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Tinantia\i0{}, \i{}Tradescantia\i0{}, \i{}Tricarpelema\i0{},
\i{}Tripogandra\i0{}, \i{}Weldenia\i0{}> 582<Includes a few well known
garden ornamentals and houseplants.> 586<commelin> 
 
# Compositae <Giseke>/
1<\i{}Asteraceae\i0{} Dum. (nom. altern.).> 3<\i{}Acarnaceae\i0{} Link,
\i{}Ambrosiaceae\i0{} Dum. & Link (reduced, anemophilous Heliantheae),
\i{}Anthemideae\i0{} (\i{}Anthemidaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Arctotidaceae\i0{}
Bessey, \i{}Calendulaceae\i0{} Link, \i{}Carduaceae\i0{} Dum.,
\i{}Cassiniaceae\i0{} Sch. Bip., \i{}Cichoraceae\i0{}
(\i{}Cichoriaceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Coreopsideae\i0{}
(\i{}Coreopsidaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Cynaraceae\i0{} Juss.,
\i{}Echinopaceae\i0{} Dum., \i{}Echinopiaceae\i0{} Link corr. Bullock,
\i{}Echinopsidaceae\i0{} Link, \i{}Eupatoriaceae\i0{} Link,
\i{}Heleniaceae\i0{} Bessey, \i{}Helianthaceae\i0{} Bessey,
\i{}Helichrysaceae\i0{} Link corr. Bullock, \i{}Inulaceae\i0{} Bessey,
\i{}Lactucaceae\i0{} Bessey, \i{}Mutisiaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Nucamentaceae\i0{} Hoffmgg., \i{}Partheniaceae\i0{} Link,
\i{}Perdicieae\i0{} (\i{}Perdiciaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Ritroneae\i0{}
(\i{}Ritronaceae\i0{}) Hoffmgg. & Link, \i{}Senecionidaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Senecionaceae\i0{}) Bessey, \i{}Spurionucaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Vernoniaceae\i0{} Bessey> 5,5<<75%>
mostly>/1<rarely>/2/3<rarely>/4<rarely> 6,1<nearly all Lactucoideae
(Liguliflorae)>/3<nearly all Asteroideae (Tubuliflorae)> 7,1/2 8,1/2 9,1/2
12,1/2<sometimes> 14,2/1<<5%> a few> 21,1/2/3 22,1/2 27,1<usually>/3<<5%>
rarely> 28<the climbers>,1/6 29<\i{}Mikania\i0{}>,2 32,1<<5%> very rarely,
e.g. species of \i{}Bidens\i0{}, \i{}Cotula\i0{}>/2/3/4 34<the
hydrophytes>,2 35<of hydrophytes>,1&2 39,1<<75%> usually>/2<less
often>/3<rarely> 40<when alternate,>,1 43,1/2/3/4/5 45,1-3 47,1/2 49,1
50,1/2 51,1/3/2 53,1/2 54,1<<2%> occasionally>/2 60,1/2 63,1/2/3/4
68,2<nearly always>/1<<10%> rarely> 76,1/2/3/4 77,1/2/3 81,2 84,3
85,1<known only from a \i{}Vernonia\i0{} species> 86,1 87,1<articulated,
mainly in the Cichorieae>/2 88,1/2/3/4/5<in all or different combinations
of these> 90,U 92<variously>,1/2/3<but generaly dorsiventral>
96,1<occasionally>/2 103,1/2 104<usually>,1/2 106<usually>,1<the family
exhibiting numerous kinds> 107,1&2<the former represented by diverse types
- shaggy, candelabra-like, bladder-like, peltate scales, etc.; the glanduar
hairs with uniseriate or multiseriate stalks and unicellular or
multicellular heads, sometimes depressed below the leaf surface resulting
in pellucid dots, sometimes laticiferous> 108<seemingly exclusively>,2
110,1/2 111,1/2 112,1/2 115<occasionally>,1/2 116,1<commonly>/2 117<when
present, generally>,3/4 123,1/2 124<when present, variously>,1/2/3 130,1<58
genera>/2<<5%> \i{}Barnadesia\i0{} and \i{}Eupatorium\i0{} only> 132,1/2/3
134,1/2 137,1<commonly>/2 138<when present, generally>,2/4 139,1/2<with
interxylary cork recorded, e.g. in \i{}Artemisia\i0{}> 141,1/3/5
142,1<rarely - e.g., in \i{}Argyroxiphium\i0{}>/2 143,1<in woody
forms>/2<generally, in the familiar herbaceous forms>/3 144<generally>,1
145,1<very rarely, but recorded in \i{}Lactuca\i0{} and \i{}Launea\i0{}>/2
146,1<commonly, in various configurations>/2 147,1<not uncommonly, these
usually collateral but occasionally centric or incomplete>/2 148,1<?>/2/3
149<when present,>,1/2 150,1/2/3 151,1 152,1-3 153<typically very small
to>,1 154<variously>,1/2/3/4/5 155<typically only slightly oblique>
156,3<usually>/2&3/1&3 157,2 158,1<commoner in temperate species>/2
159,1<usually>/2<?> 160,1<sometimes>/2 161,1<but rarely recorded>/2
162<usually>,1 163,1<rarely>/2 164,1<very rarely>/2 165<typically rather
sparse and>,2 166,1<very rarely>/2 167,1<e.g. \i{}Chrysanthemoides\i0{},
\i{}Stoebe\i0{}>/2 169,1/2/3 175,1&3<commonly>/1/2/3/1&2&3<etc.> 176,1/2
177,4<commonly, with hermaphrodite disk florets and female ray
florets>/1/2/5/6<rarely>/7<rarely>/8 184,2<mostly>/1<in the Anthemideae,
which include significant hayfever plants> 186,1<via stylar modification,
with active presentation, and the \i{}Cynareae\i0{} also with irritable
stamens>/2<anemophilous forms> 187,2 189,4 192,2<but the primary capitula
sometimes in cymose secondary heads> 195<nearly always indeterminate heads,
but sometimes primary heads reduced to single florets are grouped into
secondary heads  e.g. \i{}Echinops\i0{}> 196,1 
197<usually more or less, often spectacularly>,1
200,1<the bracts forming an involucre in one to several series> 203,1-2
206,1/1&2/1&3<those in each head all alike and ligulate-zygomorphic
(Lactucoideae), or (in Asteroideae) variously all tubular-actinomorphic, or
combining central actinomorphic and marginal ray florets> 212,(4-)5 213,1
215,1/2 223,1/4<calyx sometimes absent  e.g. \i{}Ambrosia\i0{} and
relatives> 224,(1-)3-35 226,1/2 229,U 236<when present,>,(1-)2-30<of
scales, awns or bristles constituting the pappus> 237,1<<80%> commonly>/2
238,1 248,1/2 249<often>,1<becoming the pappus> 251,4 254,1-3<ligulate
florets>/(4-)5<disk florets> 255,1 258,3 265,3 267,1<ligulate>/3/1&3/2<in
Mutisieae> 277,1/2<when female or sterile> 278,3-5 280,2 282,2 285,2 287,1
295,3-5 299,2<inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes>
303,3<with short filaments> 305,3<nearly always, forming a tube around the
style  with a few exceptions among anemophilous Anthemideae> 306,2 309,3
312,2<usually>/1<occasionally> 313<usually>,1 314,1/1&4 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,1 321,2 322,1/2<rarely> 328,1/2<perhaps, occasionally?>
329<mostly>,3 330,8<commonly>/6/7/4 334,1<notably in most
Lactucoideae>/2<usually spinulose> 337,2<in 46 genera> 338,1/2<in male and
sterile florets> 339,2 342,1 343,3 344,4-5 345,3 352,1 353,1 356,1
359<usually>,1<around the base of the style> 361,2 363,2 364,1 368,2 372,2
373,1 374,2 375,1 378,1 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1/11<or
unspecified> 392,1/4<when apomictic> 393,1 394,2/3<sometimes becoming
multinucleate> 395,1<rarely, with up to 60 cells>/2 403,2 404,2 409,2
412,9<almost invariably>/7<<5%> occasionally> 415,2 419<the remains
of>,4<i.e. the cypsella> 420<commonly by wind, via the hairy pappus>
422,2<or endosperm very thin> 433,2<expanded> 434<occasionally>,3<but
usually planoconvex>/- 435,2<17/21> 436,1<oily> 447,1 461,1/2/3/4
462<\i{}Acanthospermum\i0{}, \i{}Achillea\i0{}, \i{}Ambrosia\i0{},
\i{}Arctium\i0{}, \i{}Artemisia\i0{}, \i{}Aster\i0{}, \i{}Baccharis\i0{},
\i{}Bahia\i0{}, \i{}Bebbia\i0{}, \i{}Bidens\i0{}, \i{}Blainvillea\i0{},
\i{}Caputia\i0{}, \i{}Centaurea\i0{}, 
\i{}Ceruana\i0{}, \i{}Chrysactinea\i0{}, \i{}Chrysostemma\i0{}, 
\i{}Chrysanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Cirsium\i0{}, \i{}Clappia\i0{},
\i{}Coreocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Coreopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cosmos\i0{}, \i{}Dicoma\i0{},
\i{}Dyssodia\i0{}, \i{}Echinops\i0{}, \i{}Encelia\i0{},
\i{}Erodiophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Eupatorium\i0{}, \i{}Flaveria\i0{},
\i{}Franseria\i0{}, \i{}Galinsoga\i0{}, \i{}Goldmanella\i0{},
\i{}Grangea\i0{}, \i{}Grangeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Grindelia\i0{},
\i{}Guizotia\i0{}, \i{}Gymnolaena\i0{}, \i{}Haplopappus\i0{},
\i{}Helianthus\i0{}, \i{}Heterospermum\i0{}, \i{}Hidalgoa\i0{},
\i{}Hofmeisteria\i0{}, \i{}Hymenoclea\i0{}, \i{}Isocoma\i0{}, \i{}Iva\i0{},
\i{}Lactuca\i0{}, \i{}Lagenophora\i0{}, \i{}Leucactinia\i0{}, \i{}Liatris
\i0{}, \i{}Matricaria\i0{}, \i{}Myriactis\i0{}, \i{}Nicolletia\i0{},
\i{}Oligochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Parthenium\i0{}, \i{}Peucephyllum\i0{},
\i{}Plagiocheilus\i0{}, \i{}Pluchia\i0{}, \i{}Pulicaria\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchospermum\i0{}, \i{}Schizotrichia\i0{}, \i{}Solenogyne\i0{},
\i{}Solidago\i0{}, \i{}Sonchus\i0{}, \i{}Stephanomeria\i0{},
\i{}Strotheria\i0{}, \i{}Tagetes\i0{}, \i{}Taraxacum\i0{},
\i{}Thelesperma\i0{}, \i{}Tragopogon\i0{}, \i{}Trichoptilium\i0{},
\i{}Trichospira\i0{}, \i{}Urbinella\i0{}, \i{}Varilla\i0{},
\i{}Vernonia\i0{}, \i{}Xanthium\i0{}, \i{}Zinna\i0{}>
463<\i{}Chrysanthellum\i0{}, \i{}Eryngiophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Flaveria\i0{},
\i{}Glossocardia\i0{}, \i{}Glossogyne\i0{}, \i{}Isostigma\i0{},
\i{}Pectis\i0{}> 464<\i{}Aeonium\i0{}, \i{}Aster\i0{}, \i{}Kleinia\i0{},
\i{}Notonia\i0{}, \i{}Othonna\i0{}, \i{}Senecio\i0{}> 465<\i{}Flaveria\i0{}
(10 species) and \i{}Parthenium hysterophorus\i0{}>
466,1<\i{}Chrysanthellum\i0{}, \i{}Flaveria\i0{}, \i{}Parthenium\i0{},
\i{}Pectis\i0{}>/2<numerous genera> 469,1/3 470,1<very widespread>
472,1<<5%> rarely>/2 473,2/4 474,1 475,1<<37%>>/2 479,1<3 genera> 480,2
481,1<\i{}Echinacea\i0{}> 483,1/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,2<with the exception of
\i{}Cosmos bipinnatus\i0{}, with a trace of cyanidin> 490,1<mostly>/2
491,1/2/1&2 492<practically always>,2<absent from 40 species and 28 genera,
with a positive record only for \i{}Tagetes patula\i0{}> 494,1 495,2<but
many accumulate selenium> 497,2 520,1&2&3&4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 2-19(+)> 525,9
527,1 528,2 529,19 549,2 565,6 571,11 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62
578<about>,13000 579<about>,1500 580<\i{}Aaronsohnia\i0{},
\i{}Abrotanella\i0{}, \i{}Acamptopappus\i0{}, \i{}Acanthocephalus\i0{},
\i{}Acanthocladium\i0{}, \i{}Acanthodesmos\i0{}, \i{}Acantholepis\i0{},
\i{}Acanthospermum\i0{}, \i{}Acanthostyles\i0{}, \i{}Achillea\i0{},
\i{}Achnophora\i0{}, \i{}Achnopogon\i0{}, \i{}Achyrachaena\i0{},
\i{}Achyrocline\i0{}, \i{}Achyropappus\i0{}, \i{}Achyrothalamus\i0{},
\i{}Acilepidopsis\i0{}, \i{}Acilepis\i0{}, \i{}Acmella\i0{},
\i{}Acomis\i0{}, \i{}Acourtia\i0{}, \i{}Acrisione\i0{},
\i{}Acritopappus\i0{}, \i{}Acroptilon\i0{}, \i{}Actinobole\i0{},
\i{}Actinoseris\i0{}, \i{}Actites\i0{}, \i{}Adelostigma\i0{},
\i{}Adenanthellum\i0{}, \i{}Adenocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Adenocritonia\i0{},
\i{}Adenoglossa\i0{}, \i{}Adenoon\i0{}, \i{}Adenopappus\i0{},
\i{}Adenophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Adenostemma\i0{}, \i{}Adenothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Aedesia\i0{}, \i{}Aegopordon\i0{}, \i{}Aequatorium\i0{},
\i{}Aetheolaena\i0{}, \i{}Aetheorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Ageratella\i0{},
\i{}Ageratina\i0{}, \i{}Ageratinastrum\i0{}, \i{}Ageratum\i0{},
\i{}Agoseris\i0{}, \i{}Agrianthus\i0{}, \i{}Ainsliaea\i0{},
\i{}Ajania\i0{}, \i{}Ajaniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Alatoseta\i0{},
\i{}Albertinia\i0{}, \i{}Alcantara\i0{}, \i{}Alciope\i0{}, \i{}Aldama\i0{},
\i{}Alepidocline\i0{}, \i{}Alfredia\i0{}, \i{}Aliella\i0{},
\i{}Allagopappus\i0{}, \i{}Allardia\i0{}, \i{}Alloispermum\i0{},
\i{}Allopterigeron\i0{}, \i{}Almutaster\i0{}, \i{}Alomia\i0{},
\i{}Alomiella\i0{}, \i{}Alvordia\i0{}, \i{}Amauria\i0{}, \i{}Amberboa\i0{},
\i{}Amblyocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Amblyolepis\i0{}, \i{}Amblyopappus\i0{},
\i{}Amboroa\i0{}, \i{}Ambrosia\i0{}, \i{}Ameghinoa\i0{}, \i{}Amellus\i0{},
\i{}Ammobium\i0{}, \i{}Amolinia\i0{}, \i{}Ampelaster\i0{},
\i{}Amphiachyris\i0{}, \i{}Amphiglossa\i0{}, \i{}Amphipappus\i0{},
\i{}Amphoricarpos\i0{}, \i{}Anacantha\i0{}, \i{}Anacyclus\i0{},
\i{}Anaphalioides\i0{}, \i{}Anaphalis\i0{}, \i{}Anaxeton\i0{},
\i{}Ancathia\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrocarphus\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrophora\i0{},
\i{}Andryala\i0{}, \i{}Angelphytum\i0{}, \i{}Angianthus\i0{},
\i{}Anisochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Anisocoma\i0{}, \i{}Anisopappus\i0{},
\i{}Anisothrix\i0{}, \i{}Antennaria\i0{}, \i{}Anthemis\i0{},
\i{}Antillia\i0{}, \i{}Antiphiona\i0{}, \i{}Antithrixia\i0{},
\i{}Anura\i0{}, \i{}Anvillea\i0{}, \i{}Apalochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Aphanactis\i0{}, \i{}Aphanostephus\i0{}, \i{}Aphyllocladus\i0{},
\i{}Apodocephala\i0{}, \i{}Apopyros\i0{}, \i{}Aposeris\i0{},
\i{}Apostates\i0{}, \i{}Arbelaezaster\i0{}, \i{}Archibaccharis\i0{},
\i{}Arctanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Arctium\i0{}, \i{}Arctogeron\i0{},
\i{}Arctotheca\i0{}, \i{}Arctotis\i0{}, \i{}Argyranthemum\i0{},
\i{}Argyroglottis\i0{}, \i{}Argyrovernonia\i0{}, \i{}Argyroxiphium\i0{},
\i{}Aristeguietia\i0{}, \i{}Arnaldoa\i0{}, \i{}Arnica\i0{},
\i{}Arnicastrum\i0{}, \i{}Arnoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Arnoseris\i0{},
\i{}Arrhenechthites\i0{}, \i{}Arrojadocharis\i0{}, \i{}Arrowsmithia\i0{},
\i{}Artemisia\i0{}, \i{}Artemisiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Asaemia\i0{},
\i{}Asanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ascidiogyne\i0{}, \i{}Aspilia\i0{},
\i{}Asplundianthus\i0{}, \i{}Aster\i0{}, \i{}Asteridea\i0{},
\i{}Asteriscus\i0{}, \i{}Asteromoea\i0{}, \i{}Asteropsis\i0{},
\i{}Asterothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Astranthium\i0{}, \i{}Athanasia\i0{},
\i{}Athrixia\i0{}, \i{}Athroisma\i0{}, \i{}Atractylis\i0{},
\i{}Atractylodes\i0{}, \i{}Atrichantha\i0{}, \i{}Atrichoseris\i0{},
\i{}Austrobrickellia\i0{}, \i{}Austrocritonia\i0{},
\i{}Austroeupatorium\i0{}, \i{}Austrosynotis\i0{}, \i{}Axiniphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Ayapana\i0{}, \i{}Ayapanopsis\i0{}, \i{}Aylacophora\i0{},
\i{}Aynia\i0{}, \i{}Aztecaster\i0{}, \i{}Baccharidopsis\i0{},
\i{}Baccharis\i0{}, \i{}Baccharoides\i0{}, \i{}Badilloa\i0{},
\i{}Baeriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Bafutia\i0{}, \i{}Bahia\i0{}, \i{}Bahianthus\i0{},
\i{}Baileya\i0{}, \i{}Balduina\i0{}, \i{}Balsamorhiza\i0{},
\i{}Baltimora\i0{}, \i{}Barkleyanthus\i0{}, \i{}Barnadesia\i0{},
\i{}Barroetea\i0{}, \i{}Barrosoa\i0{}, \i{}Bartlettia\i0{},
\i{}Bartlettina\i0{}, \i{}Basedowia\i0{}, \i{}Bebbia\i0{},
\i{}Bedfordia\i0{}, \i{}Bejaranoa\i0{}, \i{}Bellida\i0{}, \i{}Bellis\i0{},
\i{}Bellium\i0{}, \i{}Belloa\i0{}, \i{}Berardia\i0{}, \i{}Berkheya\i0{},
\i{}Berlandiera\i0{}, \i{}Berroa\i0{}, \i{}Berylsimpsonia\i0{},
\i{}Bidens\i0{}, \i{}Bigelowia\i0{}, \i{}Bishopalea\i0{},
\i{}Bishopanthus\i0{}, \i{}Bishopiella\i0{}, \i{}Bishovia\i0{},
\i{}Blainvillea\i0{}, \i{}Blakeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Blakiella\i0{},
\i{}Blanchetia\i0{}, \i{}Blennosperma\i0{}, \i{}Blennospora\i0{},
\i{}Blepharipappus\i0{}, \i{}Blepharispermum\i0{}, \i{}Blepharizonia\i0{},
\i{}Blumea\i0{}, \i{}Blumeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Boeberastrum\i0{},
\i{}Boeberoides\i0{}, \i{}Bolanosa\i0{}, \i{}Bolocephalus\i0{},
\i{}Boltonia\i0{}, \i{}Bombycilaena\i0{}, \i{}Borkonstia\i0{},
\i{}Borrichia\i0{}, \i{}Bothriocline\i0{}, \i{}Brachanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Brachionostylum\i0{}, \i{}Brachyactis\i0{}, \i{}Brachyclados\i0{},
\i{}Brachyglottis\i0{}, \i{}Brachylaena\i0{}, \i{}Brachyscome\i0{},
\i{}Brachythrix\i0{}, \i{}Bracteantha\i0{}, \i{}Brickellia\i0{},
\i{}Brickelliastrum\i0{}, \i{}Bryomorphe\i0{}, \i{}Buphthalmum\i0{},
\i{}Burkartia\i0{}, \i{}Cabreriella\i0{}, \i{}Cacalia\i0{},
\i{}Cacaliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cacosmia\i0{}, \i{}Cadiscus\i0{},
\i{}Caesulia\i0{}, \i{}Calea\i0{}, \i{}Calendula\i0{},
\i{}Callicephalus\i0{}, \i{}Callilepis\i0{}, \i{}Callistephus\i0{},
\i{}Calocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Calomeria\i0{}, \i{}Calostephane\i0{},
\i{}Calotesta\i0{}, \i{}Calotis\i0{}, \i{}Calycadenia\i0{},
\i{}Calycoseris\i0{}, \i{}Calyptocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Camchaya\i0{},
\i{}Campovassouria\i0{}, \i{}Camptacra\i0{}, \i{}Campuloclinium\i0{},
\i{}Canadanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cancrinia\i0{}, \i{}Cancriniella\i0{}, \i{}Caputia\i0{},
\i{}Cardopatium\i0{}, \i{}Carduncellus\i0{}, \i{}Carduus\i0{},
\i{}Carlina\i0{}, \i{}Carminatia\i0{}, \i{}Carpesium\i0{},
\i{}Carphephorus\i0{}, \i{}Carphochaete\i0{}, \i{}Carramboa\i0{},
\i{}Carterothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Carthamus\i0{}, \i{}Cassinia\i0{},
\i{}Castanedia\i0{}, \i{}Castrilanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Castroviejoa\i0{}, 
\i{}Catamixis\i0{}, \i{}Catananche\i0{}, \i{}Catatia\i0{}, \i{}Cavalcantia\i0{},
\i{}Cavea\i0{}, \i{}Celmisia\i0{}, \i{}Centaurea\i0{},
\i{}Centaurodendron\i0{}, \i{}Centauropsis\i0{}, \i{}Centaurothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Centipeda\i0{}, \i{}Centratherum\i0{}, \i{}Cephalipterum\i0{},
\i{}Cephalopappus\i0{}, \i{}Cephalorrhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Cephalosorus\i0{},
\i{}Ceratogyne\i0{}, \i{}Ceruana\i0{}, \i{}Chacoa\i0{},
\i{}Chaenactis\i0{}, \i{}Chaetadelpha\i0{}, \i{}Chaetanthera\i0{},
\i{}Chaetopappa\i0{}, \i{}Chaetoseris\i0{}, \i{}Chamaechaenactis\i0{},
\i{}Chamaegeron\i0{}, \i{}Chamaemelum\i0{}, \i{}Chamaepus\i0{},
\i{}Chaptalia\i0{}, \i{}Chardinia\i0{}, \i{}Cheirolophus\i0{},
\i{}Chersodoma\i0{}, \i{}Chevreulia\i0{}, \i{}Chiliadenus\i0{},
\i{}Chiliocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Chiliophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Chiliotrichiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Chiliotrichum\i0{}, \i{}Chimantaea\i0{},
\i{}Chionolaena\i0{}, \i{}Chionopappus\i0{}, \i{}Chlamydophora\i0{},
\i{}Chloracantha\i0{}, \i{}Chondrilla\i0{}, \i{}Chondropyxis\i0{},
\i{}Chresta\i0{}, \i{}Chromolaena\i0{}, \i{}Chromolepis\i0{},
\i{}Chronopappus\i0{}, \i{}Chrysactinia\i0{}, \i{}Chrysactinium\i0{},
\i{}Chrysanthellum\i0{}, \i{}Chrysanthemoides\i0{}, \i{}Chrysanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Chrysanthoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Chrysocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Chrysocoma\i0{},
\i{}Chrysogonum\i0{}, \i{}Chrysolaena\i0{}, \i{}Chrysoma\i0{},
\i{}Chrysophthalmum\i0{}, \i{}Chrysopsis\i0{}, \i{}Chrysothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Chthonocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Chucoa\i0{}, \i{}Chuquiraga\i0{},
\i{}Cicerbita\i0{}, \i{}Ciceronia\i0{}, \i{}Cichorium\i0{},
\i{}Cineraria\i0{}, \i{}Cirsium\i0{}, \i{}Cissampelopsis\i0{},
\i{}Cladanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cladochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Clappia\i0{},
\i{}Clibadium\i0{}, \i{}Cnicothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Cnicus\i0{},
\i{}Coespeletia\i0{}, \i{}Coleocoma\i0{}, \i{}Coleostephus\i0{},
\i{}Colobanthera\i0{}, \i{}Columbiadoria\i0{}, \i{}Comaclinium\i0{},
\i{}Comborhiza\i0{}, \i{}Commidendrum\i0{}, \i{}Complaya\i0{},
\i{}Condylidium\i0{}, \i{}Condylopodium\i0{}, \i{}Conocliniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Conoclinium\i0{}, \i{}Conyza\i0{}, \i{}Coreocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Coreopsis\i0{}, \i{}Corethamnium\i0{}, \i{}Correllia\i0{},
\i{}Corymbium\i0{}, \i{}Cosmos\i0{}, \i{}Cotula\i0{}, \i{}Coulterella\i0{},
\i{}Cousinia\i0{}, \i{}Cousiniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Craspedia\i0{},
\i{}Crassocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Cratystylis\i0{}, \i{}Cremanthodium\i0{},
\i{}Crepidiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Crepis\i0{}, \i{}Critonia\i0{},
\i{}Critoniadelphus\i0{}, \i{}Critoniella\i0{}, \i{}Critoniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Crocidium\i0{}, \i{}Cronquistia\i0{}, \i{}Cronquistianthus\i0{},
\i{}Croptilon\i0{}, \i{}Crossostephium\i0{}, \i{}Crossothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Crupina\i0{}, \i{}Cuatrecasanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cuatrecasasiella\i0{},
\i{}Cuchumatanea\i0{}, \i{}Cullumia\i0{}, 
\i{}Curiotalinoides\i0{}, \i{}Cuspidia\i0{},
\i{}Cyanthillium\i0{}, \i{}Cyathocline\i0{}, \i{}Cyathomone\i0{},
\i{}Cyclolepis\i0{}, \i{}Cylindrocline\i0{}, \i{}Cymbolaena\i0{},
\i{}Cymbonotus\i0{}, \i{}Cymbopappus\i0{}, \i{}Cynara\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtocymura\i0{}, \i{}Dacryotrichia\i0{}, \i{}Dahlia\i0{},
\i{}Damnamenia\i0{}, \i{}Damnxanthodium\i0{}, \i{}Dasycondylus\i0{},
\i{}Dasyphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Daveaua\i0{}, \i{}Decachaeta\i0{},
\i{}Decastylocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Decazesia\i0{}, \i{}Delairea\i0{},
\i{}Delamerea\i0{}, \i{}Delilia\i0{}, \i{}Dendranthema\i0{},
\i{}Dendrocacalia\i0{}, \i{}Dendrophorbium\i0{}, \i{}Dendrosenecio\i0{},
\i{}Dendroseris\i0{}, \i{}Denekia\i0{}, \i{}Desmanthodium\i0{},
\i{}Dewildemania\i0{}, \i{}Diacranthera\i0{}, \i{}Dianthoseris\i0{},
\i{}Diaphractanthus\i0{}, \i{}Diaspananthus\i0{}, \i{}Dicercoclados\i0{},
\i{}Dichaetophora\i0{}, \i{}Dichrocephala\i0{}, \i{}Dichromochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Dicoma\i0{}, \i{}Dicoria\i0{}, \i{}Dicranocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Didelta\i0{}, \i{}Dielitzia\i0{}, \i{}Dieteria\i0{}, \i{}Digitacalia\i0{},
\i{}Dimeresia\i0{}, \i{}Dimerostemma\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphocoma\i0{},
\i{}Dimorphotheca\i0{}, \i{}Dinoseris\i0{}, \i{}Diodontium\i0{},
\i{}Diplazoptilon\i0{}, \i{}Diplostephium\i0{}, \i{}Dipterocome\i0{},
\i{}Dipterocypsela\i0{}, \i{}Disparago\i0{}, \i{}Dissothrix\i0{},
\i{}Distephanus\i0{}, \i{}Disynaphia\i0{}, \i{}Dithyrostegia\i0{},
\i{}Dittrichia\i0{}, \i{}Doellingeria\i0{}, \i{}Dolichoglottis\i0{},
\i{}Dolichorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Dolichothrix\i0{}, \i{}Dolomiaea\i0{},
\i{}Doniophyton\i0{}, \i{}Dorobaea\i0{}, \i{}Doronicum\i0{},
\i{}Dracopis\i0{}, \i{}Dresslerothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Dubautia\i0{},
\i{}Dubyaea\i0{}, \i{}Dugesia\i0{}, \i{}Duhaldea\i0{}, \i{}Duidaea\i0{},
\i{}Duseniella\i0{}, \i{}Dymondia\i0{}, \i{}Dyscritogyne\i0{},
\i{}Dyscritothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Dysodiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dyssodia\i0{},
\i{}Eastwoodia\i0{}, \i{}Eatonella\i0{}, \i{}Echinacea\i0{},
\i{}Echinocoryne\i0{}, \i{}Echinops\i0{}, \i{}Eclipta\i0{},
\i{}Edmondia\i0{}, \i{}Egletes\i0{}, \i{}Eirmocephala\i0{},
\i{}Eitenia\i0{}, \i{}Ekmania\i0{}, \i{}Elachanthus\i0{},
\i{}Elaphandra\i0{}, \i{}Elephantopus\i0{}, \i{}Eleutheranthera\i0{},
\i{}Ellenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Elytropappus\i0{}, \i{}Embergeria\i0{},
\i{}Emilia\i0{}, \i{}Emiliella\i0{}, \i{}Encelia\i0{},
\i{}Enceliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Endocellion\i0{}, \i{}Endopappus\i0{},
\i{}Engelmannia\i0{}, \i{}Engleria\i0{}, \i{}Enydra\i0{}, \i{}Epaltes\i0{},
\i{}Epilasia\i0{}, \i{}Episcothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Epitriche\i0{},
\i{}Erato\i0{}, \i{}Erechtites\i0{}, \i{}Eremanthus\i0{},
\i{}Eremosis\i0{}, \i{}Eremothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Eriachaenium\i0{},
\i{}Ericameria\i0{}, \i{}Ericentrodea\i0{}, \i{}Erigeron\i0{},
\i{}Eriocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Eriochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Eriophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Eriothrix\i0{}, \i{}Erlangea\i0{}, \i{}Erodiophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Erymophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Eryngiophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Erythradenia\i0{},
\i{}Erythrocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Espejoa\i0{}, \i{}Espeletia\i0{},
\i{}Espeletiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Ethulia\i0{}, \i{}Eucephalus\i0{},
\i{}Euchiton\i0{}, \i{}Eumorphia\i0{}, \i{}Eupatoriastrum\i0{},
\i{}Eupatorina\i0{}, \i{}Eupatoriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eupatorium\i0{},
\i{}Euphrosyne\i0{}, \i{}Eurybiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eurydochus\i0{},
\i{}Euryops\i0{}, \i{}Eutetras\i0{}, \i{}Euthamia\i0{}, \i{}Evacidium\i0{},
\i{}Ewartia\i0{}, \i{}Ewartiothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Exomiocarpon\i0{},
\i{}Facelis\i0{}, \i{}Farfugium\i0{}, \i{}Faujasia\i0{}, \i{}Faxonia\i0{},
\i{}Feddea\i0{}, \i{}Feldstonia\i0{}, \i{}Felicia\i0{},
\i{}Femeniasia\i0{}, \i{}Fenixia\i0{}, \i{}Ferreyranthus\i0{},
\i{}Ferreyrella\i0{}, \i{}Filago\i0{}, \i{}Filifolium\i0{},
\i{}Fitchia\i0{}, \i{}Fitzwillia\i0{}, \i{}Flaveria\i0{},
\i{}Fleischmannia\i0{}, \i{}Fleischmanniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Florestina\i0{},
\i{}Floscaldasia\i0{}, \i{}Flosmutisia\i0{}, \i{}Flourensia\i0{},
\i{}Flyriella\i0{}, \i{}Formania\i0{}, \i{}Foveolina\i0{}, \i{}Freya\i0{},
\i{}Fulcaldea\i0{}, \i{}Gaillardia\i0{}, \i{}Galactites\i0{},
\i{}Galeana\i0{}, \i{}Galeomma\i0{}, \i{}Galinsoga\i0{},
\i{}Gamochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Gamochaetopsis\i0{}, \i{}Garberia\i0{},
\i{}Garcibarrigoa\i0{}, \i{}Garcilassa\i0{}, \i{}Gardnerina\i0{},
\i{}Garhadiolus\i0{}, \i{}Garuleum\i0{}, \i{}Gazania\i0{},
\i{}Geigeria\i0{}, \i{}Geissolepis\i0{}, \i{}Geraea\i0{}, \i{}Gerbera\i0{},
\i{}Geropogon\i0{}, \i{}Gibbaria\i0{}, \i{}Gilberta\i0{},
\i{}Gilruthia\i0{}, \i{}Gladiopappus\i0{}, \i{}Glaziovianthus\i0{},
\i{}Glossarion\i0{}, \i{}Glossocardia\i0{}, \i{}Glossopappus\i0{},
\i{}Glyptopleura\i0{}, \i{}Gnaphaliothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Gnaphalium\i0{},
\i{}Gnephosis\i0{}, \i{}Gochnatia\i0{}, \i{}Goldmanella\i0{},
\i{}Gongrostylus\i0{}, \i{}Gongylolepis\i0{}, \i{}Goniocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Gonospermum\i0{}, \i{}Gorceixia\i0{}, \i{}Gorteria\i0{},
\i{}Gossweilera\i0{}, \i{}Goyazianthus\i0{}, \i{}Grangea\i0{},
\i{}Grangeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Graphistylis\i0{}, \i{}Gratwickia\i0{},
\i{}Grauanthus\i0{}, \i{}Grazielia\i0{}, \i{}Greenmaniella\i0{},
\i{}Grindelia\i0{}, \i{}Grisebachianthus\i0{}, \i{}Grosvenoria\i0{},
\i{}Guardiola\i0{}, \i{}Guayania\i0{}, \i{}Guevaria\i0{},
\i{}Guizotia\i0{}, \i{}Gundelia\i0{}, \i{}Gundlachia\i0{},
\i{}Gutierrezia\i0{}, \i{}Gymnanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Gymnarrhena\i0{},
\i{}Gymnocondylus\i0{}, \i{}Gymnocoronis\i0{}, \i{}Gymnodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Gymnolaena\i0{}, \i{}Gymnopentzia\i0{}, \i{}Gymnosperma\i0{},
\i{}Gymnostephium\i0{}, \i{}Gynoxys\i0{}, \i{}Gynura\i0{},
\i{}Gypothamnium\i0{}, \i{}Gyptidium\i0{}, \i{}Gyptis\i0{},
\i{}Gyrodoma\i0{}, \i{}Haastia\i0{}, \i{}Haeckeria\i0{}, \i{}Haegiela\i0{},
\i{}Handelia\i0{}, \i{}Haplocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Haploesthes\i0{},
\i{}Haplopappus\i0{}, \i{}Haplostephium\i0{}, \i{}Harleya\i0{},
\i{}Harnackia\i0{}, \i{}Hartwrightia\i0{}, \i{}Hasteola\i0{},
\i{}Hatschbachiella\i0{}, \i{}Hazardia\i0{}, \i{}Hebeclinium\i0{},
\i{}Hecastocleis\i0{}, \i{}Hedypnois\i0{}, \i{}Helenium\i0{},
\i{}Helianthella\i0{}, \i{}Helianthus\i0{}, \i{}Helichrysopsis\i0{},
\i{}Helichrysum\i0{}, \i{}Heliocauta\i0{}, \i{}Heliomeris\i0{},
\i{}Heliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Helipterum\i0{}, \i{}Helminthotheca\i0{},
\i{}Helogyne\i0{}, \i{}Hemisteptia\i0{}, \i{}Hemizonia\i0{},
\i{}Henricksonia\i0{}, \i{}Heptanthus\i0{}, \i{}Herderia\i0{},
\i{}Herodotia\i0{}, \i{}Herrickia\i0{}, \i{}Hesperevax\i0{},
\i{}Hesperodoria\i0{}, \i{}Hesperomannia\i0{}, \i{}Heteracia\i0{},
\i{}Heteranthemis\i0{}, \i{}Heterocoma\i0{}, \i{}Heterocondylus\i0{},
\i{}Heterocypsela\i0{}, \i{}Heteroderis\i0{}, \i{}Heterolepis\i0{},
\i{}Heteromera\i0{}, \i{}Heteromma\i0{}, \i{}Heteropappus\i0{},
\i{}Heteroplexis\i0{}, \i{}Heterorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Heterosperma\i0{},
\i{}Heterothalamus\i0{}, \i{}Heterotheca\i0{}, \i{}Hidalgoa\i0{},
\i{}Hieracium\i0{}, \i{}Hilliardia\i0{}, \i{}Hilliardiella\i0{}, 
\i{}Hinterhubera\i0{}, \i{}Hippia\i0{}, \i{}Hippolytia\i0{}, \i{}Hirpicium\i0{},
\i{}Hispidella\i0{}, \i{}Hochstetteria\i0{}, \i{}Hoehnephytum\i0{},
\i{}Hoffmanniella\i0{}, \i{}Hofmeisteria\i0{}, \i{}Holocarpha\i0{},
\i{}Holocheilus\i0{}, \i{}Hololeion\i0{}, \i{}Hololepis\i0{},
\i{}Holozonia\i0{}, \i{}Homognaphalium\i0{}, \i{}Homogyne\i0{},
\i{}Hoplophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Huarpea\i0{}, \i{}Hubertia\i0{},
\i{}Hughesia\i0{}, \i{}Hulsea\i0{}, \i{}Humeocline\i0{}, \i{}Hyalis\i0{},
\i{}Hyalochaete\i0{}, \i{}Hyalochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Hyaloseris\i0{},
\i{}Hyalosperma\i0{}, \i{}Hybridella\i0{}, \i{}Hydroidea\i0{},
\i{}Hydropectis\i0{}, \i{}Hymenocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Hymenoclea\i0{},
\i{}Hymenolepis\i0{}, \i{}Hymenonema\i0{}, \i{}Hymenopappus\i0{},
\i{}Hymenostemma\i0{}, \i{}Hymenothrix\i0{}, \i{}Hymenoxys\i0{},
\i{}Hyoseris\i0{}, \i{}Hypacanthium\i0{}, \i{}Hypericophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Hypochaeris\i0{}, \i{}Hysterionica\i0{}, \i{}Hystrichophora\i0{},
\i{}Ichthyothere\i0{}, \i{}Idiothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Ifloga\i0{},
\i{}Ighermia\i0{}, \i{}Iltisia\i0{}, \i{}Imeria\i0{}, \i{}Inezia\i0{},
\i{}Inula\i0{}, \i{}Inulanthera\i0{}, \i{}Inulopsis\i0{}, \i{}Iocenes\i0{},
\i{}Iodocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Iogeton\i0{}, \i{}Ionactis\i0{},
\i{}Iostephane\i0{}, \i{}Iotasperma\i0{}, \i{}Iphiona\i0{},
\i{}Iphionopsis\i0{}, \i{}Iranecio\i0{}, \i{}Irwinia\i0{},
\i{}Ischnea\i0{}, \i{}Ismelia\i0{}, \i{}Isocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Isocoma\i0{},
\i{}Isoetopsis\i0{}, \i{}Isostigma\i0{}, \i{}Iva\i0{}, \i{}Ixeridium\i0{},
\i{}Ixeris\i0{}, \i{}Ixiochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Ixiolaena\i0{}, \i{}Ixodia\i0{},
\i{}Jacmaia\i0{}, \i{}Jaegeria\i0{}, \i{}Jalcophila\i0{},
\i{}Jaliscoa\i0{}, \i{}Jamesianthus\i0{}, \i{}Jaramilloa\i0{},
\i{}Jasonia\i0{}, \i{}Jaumea\i0{}, \i{}Jefea\i0{}, \i{}Jeffreya\i0{},
\i{}Jessea\i0{}, \i{}Joseanthus\i0{}, \i{}Jungia\i0{}, \i{}Jurinea\i0{},
\i{}Jurinella\i0{}, \i{}Kalimeris\i0{}, \i{}Karelinia\i0{},
\i{}Karvandarina\i0{}, \i{}Kaschgaria\i0{}, \i{}Kaunia\i0{},
\i{}Keysseria\i0{}, \i{}Kinghamia\i0{}, \i{}Kingianthus\i0{},
\i{}Kippistia\i0{}, \i{}Kirkianella\i0{}, \i{}Kleinia\i0{},
\i{}Koanophyllon\i0{}, \i{}Koehneola\i0{}, \i{}Koelpinia\i0{},
\i{}Krigia\i0{}, \i{}Kyrsteniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Lachanodes\i0{},
\i{}Lachnophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Lachnorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Lachnospermum\i0{},
\i{}Lactacella\i0{}, \i{}Lactuca\i0{}, \i{}Lactucella\i0{},
\i{}Lactucosonchus\i0{}, \i{}Laennecia\i0{}, \i{}Laestadia\i0{},
\i{}Lagascea\i0{}, \i{}Lagedium\i0{}, \i{}Lagenithrix\i0{},
\i{}Lagenophora\i0{}, \i{}Laggera\i0{}, \i{}Lagophylla\i0{},
\i{}Lamprachaenium\i0{}, \i{}Lamprocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Lamyropappus\i0{},
\i{}Lamyropsis\i0{}, \i{}Langebergia\i0{}, \i{}Lantanopsis\i0{},
\i{}Lapsana\i0{}, \i{}Lapsanastrum\i0{}, \i{}Lasianthaea\i0{},
\i{}Lasiocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Lasiolaena\i0{}, \i{}Lasiopogon\i0{},
\i{}Lasiospermum\i0{}, \i{}Lasthenia\i0{}, \i{}Launaea\i0{},
\i{}Lawrencella\i0{}, \i{}Layia\i0{}, \i{}Lecocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Leibnitzia\i0{}, \i{}Leiboldia\i0{}, \i{}Lembertia\i0{},
\i{}Lemoorea\i0{}, \i{}Leontodon\i0{}, \i{}Leontopodium\i0{},
\i{}Lepidaploa\i0{}, \i{}Lepidesmia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidolopha\i0{},
\i{}Lepidolopsis\i0{}, \i{}Lepidonia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidophorum\i0{},
\i{}Lepidophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Lepidospartum\i0{}, \i{}Lepidostephium\i0{},
\i{}Leptinella\i0{}, \i{}Leptocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Leptoclinium\i0{},
\i{}Leptorhynchos\i0{}, \i{}Leptostelma\i0{}, \i{}Lescaillea\i0{},
\i{}Lessingia\i0{}, \i{}Lessingianthus\i0{}, \i{}Leucactinia\i0{},
\i{}Leucanthemella\i0{}, \i{}Leucanthemopsis\i0{}, \i{}Leucanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Leucheria\i0{}, \i{}Leucoblepharis\i0{}, \i{}Leucocyclus\i0{},
\i{}Leucogenes\i0{}, \i{}Leucomeris\i0{}, \i{}Leucophyta\i0{},
\i{}Leucoptera\i0{}, \i{}Leunisia\i0{}, \i{}Leuzea\i0{}, \i{}Leysera\i0{},
\i{}Liabellum\i0{}, \i{}Liabum\i0{}, \i{}Liatris\i0{},
\i{}Libanothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Lidbeckia\i0{}, \i{}Lifago\i0{},
\i{}Ligularia\i0{}, \i{}Limbarda\i0{}, \i{}Lindheimera\i0{},
\i{}Lipochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Litogyne\i0{}, \i{}Litothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Litrisa\i0{}, \i{}Llerasia\i0{}, \i{}Logfia\i0{}, \i{}Lomatozona\i0{},
\i{}Lonas\i0{}, \i{}Lopholaena\i0{}, \i{}Lophopappus\i0{},
\i{}Lordhowea\i0{}, \i{}Lorentzianthus\i0{}, \i{}Loricaria\i0{},
\i{}Lourteigia\i0{}, \i{}Loxothysanus\i0{}, \i{}Lucilia\i0{},
\i{}Luciliocline\i0{}, \i{}Lugoa\i0{}, \i{}Luina\i0{}, \i{}Lulia\i0{},
\i{}Lundellianthus\i0{}, \i{}Lycapsus\i0{}, \i{}Lychnophora\i0{},
\i{}Lycoseris\i0{}, \i{}Lygodesmia\i0{}, \i{}Machaeranthera\i0{},
\i{}Macowania\i0{}, \i{}Macrachaenium\i0{}, \i{}Macraea\i0{},
\i{}Macroclinidium\i0{}, \i{}Macropodina\i0{}, \i{}Macvaughiella\i0{},
\i{}Madagaster\i0{}, \i{}Madia\i0{}, \i{}Mairia\i0{}, \i{}Malacothrix\i0{},
\i{}Mallotopus\i0{}, \i{}Malmeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Malperia\i0{},
\i{}Mantisalca\i0{}, \i{}Marasmodes\i0{}, \i{}Marshallia\i0{},
\i{}Marshalljohnstonia\i0{}, \i{}Marticorenia\i0{}, \i{}Matricaria\i0{},
\i{}Mattfeldanthus\i0{}, \i{}Mattfeldia\i0{}, \i{}Matudina\i0{},
\i{}Mauranthemum\i0{}, \i{}Mausolea\i0{}, \i{}Mecomischus\i0{},
\i{}Megalodonta\i0{}, \i{}Melampodium\i0{}, \i{}Melanodendron\i0{},
\i{}Melanthera\i0{}, \i{}Merrittia\i0{}, \i{}Metalasia\i0{},
\i{}Metastevia\i0{}, \i{}Mexerion\i0{}, \i{}Mexianthus\i0{},
\i{}Micractis\i0{}, \i{}Microcephala\i0{}, \i{}Microglossa\i0{},
\i{}Microgynella\i0{}, \i{}Microliabum\i0{}, \i{}Micropsis\i0{},
\i{}Micropus\i0{}, \i{}Microseris\i0{}, \i{}Microspermum\i0{},
\i{}Mikania\i0{}, \i{}Mikaniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Milleria\i0{},
\i{}Millotia\i0{}, \i{}Minuria\i0{}, \i{}Miricacalia\i0{},
\i{}Miyamayomena\i0{}, \i{}Mniodes\i0{}, \i{}Monactis\i0{},
\i{}Monarrhenus\i0{}, \i{}Monogereion\i0{}, \i{}Monolopia\i0{},
\i{}Monoptilon\i0{}, \i{}Montanoa\i0{}, \i{}Monticalia\i0{},
\i{}Moonia\i0{}, \i{}Moquinia\i0{}, \i{}Morithamnus\i0{},
\i{}Moscharia\i0{}, \i{}Msuata\i0{}, \i{}Mulgedium\i0{}, \i{}Munnozia\i0{},
\i{}Munzothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Muschleria\i0{}, \i{}Mutisia\i0{},
\i{}Mycelis\i0{}, \i{}Myopordon\i0{}, \i{}Myriactis\i0{},
\i{}Myriocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Myripnois\i0{}, \i{}Myxopappus\i0{},
\i{}Nabalus\i0{}, \i{}Nananthea\i0{}, \i{}Nannoglottis\i0{},
\i{}Nanothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Nardophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Narvalina\i0{},
\i{}Nassauvia\i0{}, \i{}Nauplius\i0{}, \i{}Neblinaea\i0{}, \i{}Neja\i0{},
\i{}Nelsonianthus\i0{}, \i{}Nemosenecio\i0{}, \i{}Neocabreria\i0{},
\i{}Neocuatrecasia\i0{}, \i{}Neohintonia\i0{}, \i{}Neojeffreya\i0{},
\i{}Neomirandea\i0{}, \i{}Neomolina\i0{}, \i{}Neopallasia\i0{},
\i{}Neotysonia\i0{}, \i{}Nesomia\i0{}, \i{}Nestlera\i0{},
\i{}Neurolaena\i0{}, \i{}Neurolakis\i0{}, \i{}Nicolasia\i0{},
\i{}Nicolletia\i0{}, \i{}Nidorella\i0{}, \i{}Nikitinia\i0{},
\i{}Nipponanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Nivellea\i0{}, \i{}Nolletia\i0{},
\i{}Nothobaccharis\i0{}, \i{}Nothocalais\i0{}, \i{}Noticastrum\i0{},
\i{}Notobasis\i0{}, \i{}Notoseris\i0{}, \i{}Nouelia\i0{}, \i{}Novenia\i0{},
\i{}Oaxacania\i0{}, \i{}Oblivia\i0{}, \i{}Ochrocephala\i0{},
\i{}Oclemena\i0{}, \i{}Odixia\i0{}, \i{}Odontocline\i0{}, \i{}Oedera\i0{},
\i{}Oiospermum\i0{}, \i{}Oldenburgia\i0{}, \i{}Olearia\i0{},
\i{}Olgaea\i0{}, \i{}Oligactis\i0{}, \i{}Oliganthes\i0{},
\i{}Oligocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Oligochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Oligoneuron\i0{},
\i{}Oligothrix\i0{}, \i{}Olivaea\i0{}, \i{}Omalotheca\i0{},
\i{}Omphalopappus\i0{}, \i{}Oncosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Ondetia\i0{},
\i{}Onopordum\i0{}, \i{}Onoseris\i0{}, \i{}Oonopsis\i0{},
\i{}Oparanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ophryosporus\i0{}, \i{}Opisthopappus\i0{},
\i{}Oreochrysum\i0{}, \i{}Oreoleysera\i0{}, \i{}Oreostemma\i0{},
\i{}Oritrophium\i0{}, \i{}Orochaenactis\i0{}, \i{}Osbertia\i0{},
\i{}Osmadenia\i0{}, \i{}Osmiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Osmitopsis\i0{},
\i{}Osteospermum\i0{}, \i{}Otanthus\i0{}, \i{}Oteiza\i0{},
\i{}Othonna\i0{}, \i{}Otopappus\i0{}, \i{}Otospermum\i0{},
\i{}Outreya\i0{}, \i{}Oxycarpha\i0{}, \i{}Oxylaena\i0{}, \i{}Oxylobus\i0{},
\i{}Oxypappus\i0{}, \i{}Oxyphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Oyedaea\i0{},
\i{}Ozothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Pachylaena\i0{}, \i{}Pachystegia\i0{},
\i{}Pachythamnus\i0{}, \i{}Pacifigeron\i0{}, \i{}Packera\i0{},
\i{}Pacourina\i0{}, \i{}Palafoxia\i0{}, \i{}Paleaepappus\i0{},
\i{}Pamphalea\i0{}, \i{}Panaetia\i0{}, \i{}Pappobolus\i0{}, \i{}Pappochroma\i0{},
\i{}Paracalia\i0{}, \i{}Parachionolaena\i0{}, \i{}Paragynoxys\i0{},
\i{}Paralychnophora\i0{}, \i{}Paranephelius\i0{}, \i{}Parantennaria\i0{},
\i{}Parapiqueria\i0{}, \i{}Paraprenanthes\i0{}, \i{}Parasenecio\i0{},
\i{}Parastrephia\i0{}, \i{}Parthenice\i0{}, \i{}Parthenium\i0{},
\i{}Pasaccardoa\i0{}, \i{}Pechuel-Loeschea\i0{}, \i{}Pectis\i0{},
\i{}Pegolettia\i0{}, \i{}Pelucha\i0{}, \i{}Pentacalia\i0{},
\i{}Pentachaeta\i0{}, \i{}Pentanema\i0{}, \i{}Pentatrichia\i0{},
\i{}Pentzia\i0{}, \i{}Perdicium\i0{}, \i{}Perezia\i0{},
\i{}Pericallis\i0{}, \i{}Pericome\i0{}, \i{}Peripleura\i0{},
\i{}Perityle\i0{}, \i{}Perralderia\i0{}, \i{}Pertya\i0{},
\i{}Perymeniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Perymenium\i0{}, \i{}Petalacte\i0{},
\i{}Petasites\i0{}, \i{}Peteravenia\i0{}, \i{}Petradoria\i0{},
\i{}Petrobium\i0{}, \i{}Peucephyllum\i0{}, \i{}Phacellothrix\i0{},
\i{}Phaenocoma\i0{}, \i{}Phaeostigma\i0{}, \i{}Phagnalon\i0{},
\i{}Phalacrachena\i0{}, \i{}Phalacraea\i0{}, \i{}Phalacrocarpum\i0{},
\i{}Phalacroseris\i0{}, \i{}Phaneroglossa\i0{}, \i{}Phanerostylis\i0{},
\i{}Phania\i0{}, \i{}Philactis\i0{}, \i{}Philoglossa\i0{},
\i{}Philyrophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Phoebanthus\i0{}, \i{}Phyllocephalum\i0{},
\i{}Phymaspermum\i0{}, \i{}Picnomon\i0{}, \i{}Picradeniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Picris\i0{}, \i{}Picrosia\i0{}, \i{}Picrothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Pilosella\i0{}, \i{}Pilostemon\i0{}, \i{}Pinaropappus\i0{},
\i{}Pingraea\i0{}, \i{}Pinillosia\i0{}, \i{}Piora\i0{},
\i{}Pippenalia\i0{}, \i{}Piptocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Piptocoma\i0{},
\i{}Piptolepis\i0{}, \i{}Piptothrix\i0{}, \i{}Piqueria\i0{},
\i{}Piqueriella\i0{}, \i{}Piqueriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pithecoseris\i0{},
\i{}Pithocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Pittocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Pityopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pladaroxylon\i0{}, \i{}Plagiobasis\i0{}, \i{}Plagiocheilus\i0{},
\i{}Plagiolophus\i0{}, \i{}Plagius\i0{}, \i{}Planaltoa\i0{},
\i{}Planea\i0{}, \i{}Plateilema\i0{}, \i{}Platycarpha\i0{},
\i{}Platypodanthera\i0{}, \i{}Platyschkuhria\i0{}, \i{}Plazia\i0{},
\i{}Plecostachys\i0{}, \i{}Plectocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Pleiotaxis\i0{},
\i{}Pleocarphus\i0{}, \i{}Pleurocarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Pleurocoronis\i0{},
\i{}Pleurophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Pluchea\i0{}, \i{}Podachaenium\i0{},
\i{}Podanthus\i0{}, \i{}Podocoma\i0{}, \i{}Podolepis\i0{},
\i{}Podotheca\i0{}, \i{}Poecilolepis\i0{}, \i{}Pogonolepis\i0{},
\i{}Pojarkovia\i0{}, \i{}Pollalesta\i0{}, \i{}Polyachyrus\i0{},
\i{}Polyanthina\i0{}, \i{}Polyarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Polycalymma\i0{},
\i{}Polychrysum\i0{}, \i{}Polymnia\i0{}, \i{}Polytaxis\i0{},
\i{}Porophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Porphyrostemma\i0{}, \i{}Praxeliopsis\i0{},
\i{}Praxelis\i0{}, \i{}Prenanthella\i0{}, \i{}Prenanthes\i0{},
\i{}Printzia\i0{}, \i{}Prionopsis\i0{}, \i{}Prolobus\i0{},
\i{}Prolongoa\i0{}, \i{}Proteopsis\i0{}, \i{}Proustia\i0{},
\i{}Psacaliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Psacalium\i0{}, \i{}Psathyrotes\i0{},
\i{}Psathyrotopsis\i0{}, \i{}Psednotrichia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudelephantopus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobahia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoblepharisper\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobrickellia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudocadiscus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoclappia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoconyza\i0{},
\i{}Pseudognaphalium\i0{}, \i{}Pseudogynoxys\i0{}, \i{}Pseudohandelia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudojacobaea\i0{}, \i{}Pseudokyrsteniopsi\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoligandra\i0{}, \i{}Pseudopodospermum\i0{}, 
\i{}Pseudonoseris\i0{}, \i{}Pseudostifftia\i0{},
\i{}Psiadia\i0{}, \i{}Psiadiella\i0{}, \i{}Psilactis\i0{},
\i{}Psilocarphus\i0{}, \i{}Psilostrophe\i0{}, \i{}Psychrogeton\i0{},
\i{}Psychrophyton\i0{}, \i{}Pterachaenia\i0{}, \i{}Pterocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Pterocypsela\i0{}, \i{}Pteronia\i0{}, \i{}Pterothrix\i0{},
\i{}Pterygopappus\i0{}, \i{}Ptilostemon\i0{}, \i{}Pulicaria\i0{},
\i{}Pycnocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Pyrrhopappus\i0{}, \i{}Pyrrocoma\i0{},
\i{}Pytinicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Quelchia\i0{}, \i{}Quinetia\i0{},
\i{}Quinqueremulus\i0{}, \i{}Radlkoferotoma\i0{}, \i{}Rafinesquia\i0{},
\i{}Raillardella\i0{}, \i{}Raillardiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Rainiera\i0{},
\i{}Raoulia\i0{}, \i{}Raouliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Rastrophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Ratibida\i0{}, \i{}Raulinoreitzia\i0{}, \i{}Rayjacksonia\i0{},
\i{}Reichardia\i0{}, \i{}Relhania\i0{}, \i{}Remya\i0{}, \i{}Rennera\i0{},
\i{}Rensonia\i0{}, \i{}Revealia\i0{}, \i{}Rhagadiolus\i0{},
\i{}Rhamphogyne\i0{}, \i{}Rhanteriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Rhanterium\i0{},
\i{}Rhetinolepis\i0{}, \i{}Rhodanthe\i0{}, \i{}Rhodanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Rhodanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchopsidium\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchospermum\i0{},
\i{}Rhysolepis\i0{}, \i{}Richteria\i0{}, \i{}Riencourtia\i0{},
\i{}Rigiopappus\i0{}, \i{}Robinsonecio\i0{}, \i{}Robinsonia\i0{},
\i{}Rochonia\i0{}, \i{}Rojasianthe\i0{}, \i{}Rolandra\i0{},
\i{}Roldana\i0{}, \i{}Rosenia\i0{}, \i{}Rothmaleria\i0{},
\i{}Rudbeckia\i0{}, \i{}Rugelia\i0{}, \i{}Ruilopezia\i0{},
\i{}Rumfordia\i0{}, \i{}Russowia\i0{}, \i{}Rutidosis\i0{},
\i{}Sabazia\i0{}, \i{}Sachsia\i0{}, \i{}Salmea\i0{}, \i{}Santolina\i0{},
\i{}Santosia\i0{}, \i{}Sanvitalia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Sartorina\i0{}, \i{}Sartwellia\i0{}, \i{}Saussurea\i0{},
\i{}Scalesia\i0{}, \i{}Scariola\i0{}, \i{}Scherya\i0{},
\i{}Schischkinia\i0{}, \i{}Schistocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Schistostephium\i0{},
\i{}Schizogyne\i0{}, \i{}Schizoptera\i0{}, \i{}Schizotrichia\i0{},
\i{}Schkuhria\i0{}, \i{}Schlechtendalia\i0{}, \i{}Schmalhausenia\i0{},
\i{}Schoenia\i0{}, \i{}Sciadocephala\i0{}, \i{}Sclerocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Sclerolepis\i0{}, \i{}Sclerorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostephane\i0{},
\i{}Scolymus\i0{}, \i{}Scorzonera\i0{}, \i{}Scrobicaria\i0{},
\i{}Selloa\i0{}, \i{}Senecio\i0{}, \i{}Sericocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Seriphidium\i0{}, \i{}Serratula\i0{}, \i{}Shafera\i0{},
\i{}Sheareria\i0{}, \i{}Shinnersia\i0{}, \i{}Shinnersoseris\i0{},
\i{}Siapaea\i0{}, \i{}Siebera\i0{}, \i{}Sigesbeckia\i0{},
\i{}Siloxerus\i0{}, \i{}Silphium\i0{}, \i{}Silybum\i0{}, \i{}Simsia\i0{},
\i{}Sinacalia\i0{}, \i{}Sinclairia\i0{}, \i{}Sinoleontopodium\i0{},
\i{}Sinosenecio\i0{}, \i{}Sipolisia\i0{}, \i{}Smallanthus\i0{},
\i{}Soaresia\i0{}, \i{}Solanecio\i0{}, \i{}Solenogyne\i0{},
\i{}Solidago\i0{}, \i{}Soliva\i0{}, \i{}Sommerfeltia\i0{},
\i{}Sonchus\i0{}, \i{}Sondottia\i0{}, \i{}Soroseris\i0{},
\i{}Spaniopappus\i0{}, \i{}Sparganophorus\i0{}, \i{}Sphaeranthus\i0{},
\i{}Sphaereupatorium\i0{}, \i{}Sphaeromeria\i0{}, \i{}Sphagneticola\i0{},
\i{}Spilanthes\i0{}, \i{}Spiracantha\i0{}, \i{}Spiroseris\i0{},
\i{}Squamopappus\i0{}, \i{}Stachycephalum\i0{}, \i{}Staehelina\i0{},
\i{}Standleyanthus\i0{}, \i{}Staurochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Stebbinsoseris\i0{},
\i{}Steiractinia\i0{}, \i{}Steirodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Stemmacantha\i0{},
\i{}Stenachaenium\i0{}, \i{}Stenocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Stenocline\i0{},
\i{}Stenopadus\i0{}, \i{}Stenophalium\i0{}, \i{}Stenops\i0{},
\i{}Stenoseris\i0{}, \i{}Stenotus\i0{}, \i{}Stephanochilus\i0{},
\i{}Stephanodoria\i0{}, \i{}Stephanomeria\i0{}, \i{}Steptorhamphus\i0{},
\i{}Stevia\i0{}, \i{}Steviopsis\i0{}, \i{}Steyermarkina\i0{},
\i{}Stifftia\i0{}, \i{}Stilpnogyne\i0{}, \i{}Stilpnolepis\i0{},
\i{}Stilpnopappus\i0{}, \i{}Stoebe\i0{}, \i{}Stokesia\i0{},
\i{}Stomatanthes\i0{}, \i{}Stomatochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Stramentopappus\i0{},
\i{}Streptoglossa\i0{}, \i{}Strotheria\i0{}, \i{}Stuartina\i0{},
\i{}Stuckertiella\i0{}, \i{}Stuessya\i0{}, \i{}Stylocline\i0{},
\i{}Stylotrichium\i0{}, \i{}Sventenia\i0{}, \i{}Symphyllocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Symphyopappus\i0{}, \i{}Symphyotrichum\i0{}, \i{}Syncalathium\i0{},
\i{}Syncarpha\i0{}, \i{}Syncephalum\i0{}, \i{}Syncretocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Synedrella\i0{}, \i{}Synedrellopsis\i0{}, \i{}Syneilesis\i0{},
\i{}Synotis\i0{}, \i{}Syntrichopappus\i0{}, \i{}Synurus\i0{},
\i{}Syreitschikovia\i0{}, \i{}Taeckholmia\i0{}, \i{}Tagetes\i0{},
\i{}Takeikadzuchia\i0{}, \i{}Takhtajaniantha\i0{}, \i{}Talamancalia\i0{},
\i{}Tamananthus\i0{}, \i{}Tamania\i0{}, \i{}Tamaulipa\i0{},
\i{}Tanacetopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tanacetum\i0{}, \i{}Taplinia\i0{},
\i{}Taraxacum\i0{}, \i{}Tarchonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tehuana\i0{},
\i{}Teixeiranthus\i0{}, \i{}Telanthophora\i0{}, \i{}Telekia\i0{},
\i{}Telmatophila\i0{}, \i{}Tenrhynea\i0{}, \i{}Tephroseris\i0{},
\i{}Tessaria\i0{}, \i{}Tetrachyron\i0{}, \i{}Tetradymia\i0{},
\i{}Tetragonotheca\i0{}, \i{}Tetramolopium\i0{}, \i{}Tetraneuris\i0{},
\i{}Tetranthus\i0{}, \i{}Tetraperone\i0{}, \i{}Thaminophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Thamnoseris\i0{}, \i{}Thelesperma\i0{}, \i{}Thespidium\i0{},
\i{}Thespis\i0{}, \i{}Thevenotia\i0{}, \i{}Thiseltonia\i0{},
\i{}Thurovia\i0{}, \i{}Thymophylla\i0{}, \i{}Thymopsis\i0{},
\i{}Tiarocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Tietkensia\i0{}, \i{}Tithonia\i0{},
\i{}Tolbonia\i0{}, \i{}Tolpis\i0{}, \i{}Tomentaurum\i0{},
\i{}Tonestus\i0{}, \i{}Tourneuxia\i0{}, \i{}Townsendia\i0{},
\i{}Tracyina\i0{}, \i{}Tragopogon\i0{}, \i{}Traversia\i0{},
\i{}Trichanthemis\i0{}, \i{}Trichanthodium\i0{}, \i{}Trichocline\i0{},
\i{}Trichocoronis\i0{}, \i{}Trichocoryne\i0{}, \i{}Trichogonia\i0{},
\i{}Trichogoniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Trichogyne\i0{}, \i{}Tricholepis\i0{},
\i{}Trichoptilium\i0{}, \i{}Trichospira\i0{}, \i{}Tridactylina\i0{},
\i{}Tridax\i0{}, \i{}Trigonospermum\i0{}, \i{}Trilisa\i0{},
\i{}Trimorpha\i0{}, \i{}Trioncinia\i0{}, \i{}Tripleurospermum\i0{},
\i{}Triplocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Tripteris\i0{}, \i{}Triptilion\i0{},
\i{}Triptilodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Trixis\i0{}, \i{}Troglophyton\i0{},
\i{}Tuberostylis\i0{}, \i{}Tugarinovia\i0{}, \i{}Turaniphytum\i0{},
\i{}Tussilago\i0{}, \i{}Tuxtla\i0{}, \i{}Tyleropappus\i0{},
\i{}Tyrimnus\i0{}, \i{}Uechtritzia\i0{}, \i{}Ugamia\i0{},
\i{}Uleophytum\i0{}, \i{}Unxia\i0{}, \i{}Urbananthus\i0{},
\i{}Urbinella\i0{}, \i{}Urmenetea\i0{}, \i{}Urolepis\i0{},
\i{}Uropappus\i0{}, \i{}Urospermum\i0{}, \i{}Ursinia\i0{},
\i{}Vanclevea\i0{}, \i{}Varilla\i0{}, \i{}Varthemia\i0{},
\i{}Vellereophyton\i0{}, \i{}Venegasia\i0{}, \i{}Verbesina\i0{},
\i{}Vernonia\i0{}, \i{}Vernoniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Viereckia\i0{},
\i{}Vieria\i0{}, \i{}Vigethia\i0{}, \i{}Viguiera\i0{}, \i{}Villanova\i0{},
\i{}Vilobia\i0{}, \i{}Vittadinia\i0{}, \i{}Vittetia\i0{},
\i{}Volutaria\i0{}, \i{}Waitzia\i0{}, \i{}Wamalchitamia\i0{},
\i{}Warionia\i0{}, \i{}Wedelia\i0{}, \i{}Welwitschiella\i0{},
\i{}Wendelboa\i0{}, \i{}Werneria\i0{}, \i{}Westoniella\i0{},
\i{}Whitneya\i0{}, \i{}Wilkesia\i0{}, \i{}Willemetia\i0{},
\i{}Wollastonia\i0{}, \i{}Wulffia\i0{}, \i{}Wunderlichia\i0{},
\i{}Wyethia\i0{}, \i{}Xanthisma\i0{}, \i{}Xanthium\i0{},
\i{}Xanthocephalum\i0{}, \i{}Xanthopappus\i0{}, \i{}Xeranthemum\i0{},
\i{}Xerolekia\i0{}, \i{}Xylanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Xylorhiza\i0{},
\i{}Xylothamia\i0{}, \i{}Yermo\i0{}, \i{}Youngia\i0{}, \i{}Zaluzania\i0{},
\i{}Zandera\i0{}, \i{}Zexmenia\i0{}, \i{}Zinnia\i0{}, \i{}Zoegea\i0{},
\i{}Zyrphelis\i0{}, \i{}Zyzyxia\i0{}> 581<See Heywood, Harborne and Turner
1977.> 582<Sources of foodstuffs include \i{}Lactuca\i0{} (lettuce),
\i{}Cynara\i0{} (globe artichoke), \i{}Cichorium\i0{} (chicory and endive),
\i{}Tragopogon\i0{} (salsify). Insecticides from \i{}Pyrethrum\i0{},
safflower dye from \i{}Carthamus\i0{}. At least 200 genera are widely
planted as ornamentals, and ragweed (\i{}Ambrosia\i0{}), etc., are
notorious hayfever plants.).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Wele by reason
men it call may \line{}The dayeseye or ellis the eye of day
\line{}(Chaucer, Legend of Good Women, Prologue (c. 1385))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Without the bed her other fair hand was \line{}On
the green coverlet, whose perfect white \line{}Showed like an April daisy
on the grass \line{}(Rape of Lucrece) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Your
pleasures spring like daisies in the grass, \line{}Cut down, and up again
as blithe as ever \line{}(Walter Savage Landor, Ianthe)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The marigold, that goes to bed wi the sun,
\line{}And with him rises weeping. \line{}(The Winters Tale -
\i{}Calendula officinalis\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Her eyes, like
marigolds, had sheathed their light, \line{}And canopied in darkness
sweetly lay, \line{}Til they might open to adorn the day \line{}(Rape of
Lucrece - \i{}Calendula officinalis\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And
winking marybuds begin \line{}To ope their golden eyes \line{}(Cymbeline,
ii. 3 - \i{}Calendula officinalis\i0{} (marigold) buds)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Nay, friar, I am a kind of bur, I stick
\line{}(Measure for Measure, iv. 3 - \i{}Arctium\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ragwort thou humble flower with tattered leaves
\line{}I love to see thee come and litter gold \line{}(John Clare c.1835,
The Ragwort  \i{}Senecio jacobaea\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And
iron-weed, content to share \line{}The meanest spot that spring can spare:
\line{}Een roads where danger hourly comes \line{}Are not without its
purple blooms; \line{}(John Clare, quoted by Ann Pratt 1857  of
\i{}Centaurea scabiosa\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Then did we question
of the down-balls, blowing \line{}To know if some slight wish would come to
pass \line{}(Quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857), unattributed -
\i{}Taraxacum\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}If the down flyeth off
Coltsfoot, Dandelion, and Thistle, when there is no winde, it is a signe of
rain \line{}(Coles, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}-The remaining quotations contributed by N.S.
Lander: \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\ldblquote{}They are nice
flowers\rdblquote{}, he said, her emotional tones putting a constraint on
him. \line{}\ldblquote{}You know that a daisy is a company of florets, a
concourse, become individual. Dont the botanists put it highest in the
line of development? I believe they do.\rdblquote{} \line{}\ldblquote{}The
compositae, yes, I think so\rdblquote{}, said Ursula . . .
\line{}\ldblquote{}Explain it so, then\rdblquote{}, he said.
\ldblquote{}The daisy is a perfect little democracy, so its the highest of
flowers, hence its charm.\rdblquote{} \line{}\ldblquote{}No,\rdblquote{}
she cried, \ldblquote{}no - never. It isnt democratic.\rdblquote{}
\line{}\ldblquote{}No\rdblquote{}, he admitted. \ldblquote{}Its the golden
mob of the proletariat surrounded by a showy white fence of the idle
rich.\rdblquote{} \line{}\ldblquote{}How hateful - your hateful social
orders!\rdblquote{} she cried. \line{}\ldblquote{}Quite! Its a daisy -
well leave it alone.\rdblquote{} \line{}(David H. Lawrence, Women in
Love (1920) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The word is Days eye (O.E. daeges
eage), and the flower is so called because it closes its pinky lashes and
goes to sleep when the sun sets, but in the morning expands its petals to
the light. \line{}(Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, revised by Ivor H. Evans,
Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Centenary Edn (1970))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Daisy. An emblem of deceit. Greene (Quip for an
Upstart Courtier) speaks of the \ldblquote{}dissembling
daisie\rdblquote{}. \ldblquote{}Light of love wenches\rdblquote{} are
warned by it \ldblquote{}not to trust every fair promise that such amorous
bachelors make them\rdblquote{}. Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet gives
the queen a daisy to signify, \ldblquote{}that her light and fickle love
ought not to expect constancy in her husband\rdblquote{}.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Daisies, those pearled Arcturi of the earth,
\line{}The constellated flower that never sets. \line{}(Percy Bysshe
Shelley, The Question) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ennewed your colour
\line{}Is like the daisy flower \line{}After the April shower. \line{}(John
Skelton 1460?-1529, To Mistress Isabell Pennell)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When you can tread on nine daisies at once, spring
has come. \line{}(Proverb, 19th century) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When you
can put your foot on seven daisies summer is come. \line{}(Proverb, quoted
in M. Grieve, A Modern Herbal (1931) 247) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Of all
the floures in the meade, \line{}Thanne love I most those floures white and
rede, \line{}Such as men callen daysyes. \line{}Chaucer, Legend of Good
Women, Prol. 43 (c. 1385)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Depeinted wonderly,
\line{}With many a thousand daisies, red as rose, \line{}And white also.
\line{}(Chaucer, The Court of Love, xv (c.1450))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Let us Finde out the prettiest Daisied Plot we can.
\line{}(Cymbeline IV. ii. 398 (1611)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Pushing up
daisies is their creed, you know. \line{}(Wilfred Owen, Poems 65 (1963))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I think shes drinking herself under the daisies,
so to speak. \line{}(S. Vines, Humours Unreconciled xxi, 268 (1928))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Where is the wife now? . . . \line{}Pushing up
daisies . . . \line{}(G. Heyer, Blunt Instrument xiii. 252 (1938))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Daisy roots. \line{}Rhyming slang, boots.
\line{}(Oxford English Dictionary, Supplement)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}While waiting for my pal I had my daisies cleaned.
\line{}(Macm. Magazine XL, 503/1 (1879)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The
umpires called play, Grange being again on the defensive to the under-hand
daisy cutters of Sadler. \line{}(Bells Life I, Nov. 7/1 (1858))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The ball that kept low had to be a daisy-cutter
although a first-class cricket pitch has surely been sufficiently mown to
lose all likeness to a flowery meadow. \line{}(Times, 13 June 13/3
(1963)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}So courteous, so kind, \line{}As Merry
Margaret, the midsummer flower, \line{}Gentle as falcon or hawk of the
tower. \line{}(John Skelton (1460?-1529, To Mistress Margaret Hussey -
Margaret = marguerite) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Kiss-me-and-Ill-tell-you
replied an attractive native of the Southern States when asked the name of
that plant which people of colder climes know as the daisy fleabane.
\line{}(W.N Clute, Common Names of Plants 131 (1931))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Wormwood. It is said to have been so called because
this plant, according to legend, sprang up in the track of the serpent as
it writhed along the ground when driven out of Paradise. The word is also
used figuratively to denote bitterness or its cause. \line{}(Ebenezer
Cobham Brewer, revised by Ivor H. Evans, Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and
Fable, Centenary Edn (1970) - \i{}Artemesia\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And the third angel sounded and there fell a great
star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third
part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters.
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and
the third part of the waters became wormwood: and many men died of the
waters, because they were made bitter. \line{}(Bible, Revelation, ch. 8,
vv. 10-11 - Artemisia \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}This riddle, Cuddy, if thou
canst explain . . . \line{}What flower is that which bears the Virgins
name, \line{}The richest metal joined with the same? \line{}(John Gay, The
Shepherds Week, Monday - Calendula officinalis; 17th-century Marygold
(marigold) = a sovereign.) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ill . . . presently go
put five hundred Marygolds in a Purse for you. \line{}(Cowley, Cutter of
Coleman-st iII. iii (1663) - Calendula officinalis; 17th-century
Marygold (marigold) = a sovereign.) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Thistle. The
heraldic emblem of Scotland which seems to have been adopted by James II
(1451, 1460-1488), possibly as a symbol of defence. The motto Nemo me
impune lacessit, \ldblquote{}Nobody touiches (or provokes) me with
impunity\rdblquote{}, first appeared on the coinage of James VI (1566,
1567-1603). \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Thistles, especially \ldblquote{}Our
Ladys Thistle\rdblquote{}, are said to be a cure for stich in the side.
According to the doctrine of signatures, Nature has labelled every plant,
and the prickles of the thistle tell us that the plant is efficacious for
prickles or the stich. The species called Silybum marianum, we are told,
owes the white markings on its leaves to milk from Our Ladys breast, some
of which fell thereon and left a white mark behind. \line{}(Ebenezer Cobham
Brewer, revised by Ivor H. Evans, Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and
Fable, Centenary Edn (1970)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}You can keep you
litter and your hay and your oats. Long live the \line{}thistles of the
field, for there you can play the stallion to your \line{}hearts content.
\line{}(Franois Rabelais (1494?-1553?), Pantagruel, IV. 7)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}He that hath a good harvest may be content with
some thistles. \line{}(Proverb, J. Clarke, Paroemiologia Anglo-Latina
(1639)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Doubts are like the thistle, a bad weed,
but growing in good ground. \line{}Baxter, Saints R., L. vii. (1650))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}If the brain sows not corn, it plants thistles.
\line{}(Proverb, G. Herbert, Outlandish Proverbs (1640), 2nd edn entitled
Jacula Prudentum (1651)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Get you some of this
distilled Carduus Benedictus and lay it to your heart; it is the only thing
for a qualm. . . . I mean plain Holy Thistle. \line{}(Much Ado about
Nothing - \i{}Cnicus benedictus\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Like a yonge
artichocke that always carries pepper and salt, in itselfe. \line{}(Ben
Jonson, Ev. blan. in Humm. iv. ii. (1598)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ah,
Sun-flower! weary of time, \line{}Who counteth the steps of the Sun,
\line{}Seeking after that sweet golden clime, \line{}Where the travellers
journey is done; \line{}(William Blake (1757-1827), Ah, Sun-Flower! -
\i{}Helianthus\i0{})> 586<composit> 
 
# Connaraceae <R. Br.>/
5,1/2<being occasionally palm-like>/3/4<mostly twining shrubs>
27,1/3<mostly> 28<mostly>,1 39,1 40,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,1/3/4 57<when
pinnate,>,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 92,1 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial>
104,3<commonly>/6/5<rarely> 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family,
variously unicellular with one or two arms, sympodially branched, or
tufted> 107<mostly>,1<with glandular forms mostly confined to floral parts>
115,1/2 116,1/2 117<when present,>,2/3 123,1/2 124<where recorded,>,3
137,1/2 138,3 139,1 140,2 141,3-5 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2<usually>/3 149<when present,>,1<\i{}Rourea\i0{}> 150,3 152,2/3
153,2/3 154<in various combinations of>,1&2&3&4 156,3 159,1/2<?>
160<commonly>,1 161,2 162,1 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 164,1/2
165<scanty>,2<typically, or absent>/- 167,1<\i{}Rourea\i0{}>/2 169,3
170,1/2 175,1<usually>/2/3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/5 187,2 189,8&2
192,1/2<?> 194,1/2 203,2 206,1/2 212,5 218,2 220,1<small>/2 223,1
224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1/3 248,1 251,1/3 252,1<?>
254,(4-)5 255,1 258,1/3 265,1<usually>/3<rarely> 267,3 277,1/2<female
plants> 278,10<usually>/5 282,1 284<often>,2<the antesepalous members
longer> 285,1/2<below> 286<when coherent>,1 287<usually>,2 289,1/2 290<when
present,>,1-5 291,3/2&3<from the inner whorl> 295,5-10 298,2/3 306,1 308,1
309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,6/8 338,1/2<male plants>
339,1/3/5/7/8<often 5 with 4 abortive> 342<when monomerous or
semicarpous,>,1/3/5/7/8 343,1/2 344,1/2/3<carpels sometimes more or less
connate basally> 345,1 348,2 350,2 351,2-3<marginal, cf.
\i{}Leguminosae\i0{}> 381,3 384,1<but one usually abortive> 385,1<often>/2
386,1<always?> 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 400,2 404,2
405,1/2<often a single follicle> 406,1-2 407,1/2 408,3/6 422,1/2 424<when
present,>,1 447,2 475,2<one species> 487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3
492,2<\i{}Connarus\i0{}> 520,4 521<pantropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13 or 14> 527,1 528,1 529,15
545,1/2<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38 578,300-350
579<about>,18 580<\i{}Agelaea\i0{}, \i{}Burttia\i0{}, \i{}Cnestidium\i0{},
\i{}Cnestis\i0{}, \i{}Connarus\i0{}, \i{}Ellipanthus\i0{},
\i{}Hemandradenia\i0{}, \i{}Jollydora\i0{}, \i{}Manotes\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoconnarus\i0{}, \i{}Rourea\i0{}, \i{}Roureopsis\i0{},
\i{}Taeniochlaena\i0{}, \i{}Vismianthus\i0{}> 581<\i{}Rbc\i0{}L sequencing
(Chase \i{}et al\i0{}, 1993) was in accord with comparative morphology,
etc., in requiring removal of \i{}Connaraceae\i0{} from
Sapindales/Rutales.> 586<connarac> 
 
# Convallariaceae <Horan.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}-Convallarieae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Aspidistreae\i0{}
(\i{}Aspidistraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Ophiopogonaceae\i0{} Endlicher,
\i{}Phlebaceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.), \i{}Platymetreae\i0{}
(\i{}Platymetraceae\i0{}) Salisb., \i{}Polygonataceae\i0{} Salisb.> 5,5
21,3 22,1/2 25,3/4 32,3 39,1 40,1/2 43,1/2 45,1-3 47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2
62,4/6/7<etc.>/- 64,3/4/2<convergent-pinnate> 65,1/2 66,2/5/6/7 68,2 76,1
77,1 102,1 104,1 105,2 121,1<with raphides> 123,1 124,1 128,2 148,1
151,1/2<usually> 156,2 171,1<commonly, in \i{}Aspidistra\i0{},
\i{}Polygonatum\i0{} etc.>/2 173,1 174,2/1&2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,3<via septal nectaries> 184,2/6<supposedly by slugs  malacophilous 
in \i{}Aspidistra\i0{}> 187,1/2<usually> 188<when solitary,>,2 192<when
aggregated,>,1/2 193,1/2 194,1/2 195<various> 203,2-3 206,1 212,3(-4)
213,1 215,3 219,1<usually, campanulate or urceolate>/2<<10%>
\i{}Liriope\i0{}> 220,2 223,5 224,6<usually>/8 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 228,2
230,1 231,1/2/1&2/7-8<rarely, and rarely other colours>/-
235,1<\i{}Convallaria\i0{}, \i{}Polygonatum\i0{}>
278,6<usually>/8<rarely>/4<rarely> 282,1-2<often inserted high in the tube>
284,1/2 285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,1<\i{}Peliosanthes\i0{}> 287,2 289,1
295,4/6<usually>/8 298,1/2<usually>/3 306,2<usually>/1<\i{}Reinbeckea\i0{}>
309,3 310,3 312,2 318,1 324,2 328,1/2<\i{}Aspidistra\i0{}> 329<when
aperturate,>,1 330,1 337,1/2 339,3<always?>/4<rarely?> 341,2<usually?>
342,3/4 343,3 344,6 345,1-3 352,2 353,3/4<?> 360,1-2 361,1 365,1 367,1
368,1 371,3<or lobate>/- 372,2 373,1 376,1/2/3 379,2-4 386,3-4/1<almost>
388,2<mostly>/3 391,2<usually>/5/6 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,2
404,1<usually>/2 409,2<usually>/1 412,1<\i{}Liriope\i0{},
\i{}Ophiopogon\i0{}>/6 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,1 435,2<4/5> 442,2 443<pallid,
brown, or sometimes bright blue> 447,- 448,1<short> 449,2 450,2 451,2 452,2
454,1<Ophiopogoneae>/2 456,1<mostly>/2<Ophiopogoneae> 457,3
458,1<commonly>/2<Ophiopogoneae> 472,2 475,2<?> 487,1<steroidal, in
abundance> 488,2 490,1/2<e.g. \i{}Aspidistra\i0{}> 491,1&2 492,2 504,1&2&3
505,1&2&3 506,3 507,2&3&4 508,2&3 510,1&2 512,1 521<mainly northern
hemisphere> 522,1&3&4&12&13 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Nolinoideae> 578<about>,65 579<about>,11
580<\i{}Aspidistra\i0{}, \i{}Convallaria\i0{}, \i{}Heteropolygonatum\i0{},
\i{}Liriope\i0{}, \i{}Lourya\i0{}, \i{}Maianthemum\i0{},
\i{}Ophiopogon\i0{}, \i{}Peliosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Polygonatum\i0{},
\i{}Reineckea\i0{}, \i{}Rhodea\i0{}(?), \i{}Smilacina\i0{},
\i{}Theropogon\i0{}, \i{}Tupistra\i0{}> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And
stooping Lilies of the Valley, \line{}That love with shades and dews to
dally, \line{}And bending droop on slender threads \line{}With broad
hood-leaves above their heads \line{}Like white robed maids in summer
hours, \line{}Beneath umbrellas shunning showers. \line{}(John Clare,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Convallaria majalis\i0{})>
586<convalla> 
 
# Convolvulaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Dichondraceae\i0{} Dum., \i{}Erycibeae\i0{} (\i{}Erycibaceae\i0{})
Endl., \i{}Poranaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 4<\i{}Cuscutaceae\i0{},
\i{}Humbertiaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<mostly, climbing or trailing <70%>>/3/4/1<a
few <3%>> 6,1<usually>/3 14,1/2 22,2 27<trailing or>,3<nearly
always>/1<<5%>> 28,1<characteristically>/6 29<\i{}Convolvulus\i0{},
\i{}Ipomoea\i0{}, \i{}Rivea\i0{}>,2 32,2&3&4 39,1 40,1 43,1/3
45,1<mostly>/2/3 47,2 53,1 60,1/2<entire or lobed> 63<when dissected,>,1/2
64,2/3 65,1 66,2/3/4 68,2 81,2 87,1<usually, these articulated and
non-anastomosing>/2 90,U 92,1/2<commonly isobilateral>/3<rarely, e.g. some
Wilsonia spp.> 103,1/2 104,3<mostly>/1/1&3 106,1<commonly represented by
2-armed trichomes, Y- or T-shaped forms, and forms with one to several
short stalk cells and a long terminal one: see illustration> 107,1&2
115,1<but incomplete>/2<usually> 122,1/2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2<\i{}Convolvulus\i0{}, \i{}Ipomaea\i0{}> 134,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,1
143<at least usually>,1 144,2 145,1 146,2 147,1<by development of xylem
associated with the intraxylary phloem, resulting in inversely orientated
bundles>/2 148,3<often>/2 149<often asymmetric,>,1<commonly>/2 150,3 152,3
153,1-3 156,3 159,1 161,1<in addition to tracheids>/2 167,1/2
175,1<<98%>>/2/3 176,1<<2%>>/2 177,1<usually>/5<<2%>
\i{}Hildebrandtia\i0{}> 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 195<nearly
always simple or compound dichasia, or a cincinnus> 196,1<often>/2 200,1
202,1<usually?>/2<e.g. \i{}Wilsonia\i0{}> 203,3/4 206,1-2 209<(when
noticeable)>,1<K only> 212<usually>,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 222,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<rarely> 248,1 251,1 252,2
254,5 255,1 258,3 265,3&5/2&5 266,8<mostly, more or less>/4/5 267<nearly
always>,3 277,1/2<female \i{}Hildebrandtia\i0{}> 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the
base of the corolla> 284,1/2<often> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1<mostly>/2
299,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2 319,1/3 320,1 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3/4-20<to
polyforaminate> 330,6<including rupate>/7/8<?>/9/10 337,1<7
genera>/1&2<with both conditions in \i{}Ipomoea\i0{}> 338,1/2<male
\i{}Hildebrandtia\i0{}> 339,2(-5) 342,1/2(-5) 343,3 344,4-6/7<i.e. the
carpels sometimes joined only by the common style> 345,1 350<when the
ovaries are free,>,(1-)2 351,3 352,1/2 353,(1-)2(-5)<sometimes bilocular
above with the septum incomplete below, and occasionally the locules free
of oneanother> 356,1 361,1-5 363,1-2 365,1/3 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,1
379,(1-)2 381,3 382,1 383,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,1/2 391,1 392,2/3<?>
393,1 394,3 395,2 396<usually>,1 397<usually slender and elongated, rarely
small and ephemeral> 400,2 403,3 404,1/2 405<when synstylous,>,1/2 406,1-2
407<when synstylous,>,1/2 408,6/8 409,1/2 412,1/6/8 414,5/7/1 422,1 424,1
427,1/2 433,2<plicate, often bifid> 434,2/5 435,1<5/11> 436,1/2 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Convolvulus\i0{}, \i{}Cressa\i0{}, \i{}Dichondra\i0{},
\i{}Evolvulus\i0{}, \i{}Ipomea\i0{}, \i{}Jacquemontia\i0{},
\i{}Merremia\i0{}, \i{}Seddera\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Astripomoea\i0{},
\i{}Convolvulus\i0{}, \i{}Cressa\i0{}, \i{}Falkia\i0{}, \i{}Ipomoea\i0{},
\i{}Lepistemonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Merremia\i0{}, \i{}Seddera\i0{}> 472,1/2
473,2<?>/4<?> 475,1<<45%> commonly>/2 483,2 484,2 487,2<usually>/1 488,2
490,1/2<\i{}Ipomoea\i0{}> 491,1&2 492,2<4 species, 3 genera> 495,2 497,2
520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-15(+)> 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,1 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,59 578,1650 579<about>,55 580<\i{}Aniseia\i0{},
\i{}Argyreia\i0{}, \i{}Astripomoea\i0{}, \i{}Blinkworthia\i0{},
\i{}Bonamia\i0{}, \i{}Breweria\i0{}, \i{}Calycobolus\i0{},
\i{}Calystegia\i0{}, \i{}Cardiochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Cladistigma\i0{},
\i{}Convolvulus\i0{}, \i{}Cordisepalum\i0{}, \i{}Cressa\i0{},
\i{}Decalobanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dichondra\i0{}, \i{}Dicranostyles\i0{},
\i{}Dinetus\i0{}, \i{}Dipteropeltis\i0{}, \i{}Erycibe\i0{},
\i{}Evolvulus\i0{}, \i{}Falckia\i0{}, \i{}Hewittia\i0{},
\i{}Hildebrandtia\i0{}, \i{}Hyalocystis\i0{}, \i{}Ipomoea\i0{},
\i{}Iseia\i0{}, \i{}Itzaea\i0{}, \i{}Jacquemontia\i0{},
\i{}Lepistemon\i0{}, \i{}Lepistemonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Lysiostyles\i0{},
\i{}Maripa\i0{}, \i{}Merremia\i0{}, \i{}Metaporana\i0{},
\i{}Nephrophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Neuropeltis\i0{}, \i{}Neuropeltopsis\i0{},
\i{}Odonellia\i0{}, \i{}Operculina\i0{}, \i{}Paralepistemon\i0{},
\i{}Pentacrostigma\i0{}, \i{}Pharbitis\i0{}, \i{}Polymeria\i0{},
\i{}Porana\i0{}, \i{}Poranopsis\i0{}, \i{}Rapona\i0{}, \i{}Rivea\i0{},
\i{}Sabaudiella\i0{}, \i{}Seddera\i0{}, \i{}Poranopsis\i0{},
\i{}Rapona\i0{}, \i{}Rivea\i0{}, \i{}Sabaudiella\i0{}, \i{}Seddera\i0{},
\i{}Stictocardia\i0{}, \i{}Stylisma\i0{}, \i{}Tetralocularia\i0{},
\i{}Tridynamia\i0{}, \i{}Turbina\i0{}, \i{}Wilsonia\i0{},
\i{}Xenostegia\i0{}> 581<See Austin 1973. Intkey comparisons of the
descriptions compiled for the present package offer enough differences in
character correlations to defend retaining \i{}Cuscutaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Humbertiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) as separate families.> 586<convolvu> 
 
# Corbichoniaceae <Thulin.>/
2<\i{}Molluginaceae\i0{}> 5<sub->,3/5 14<somewhat>,1-2 21<glabrous to
papillose,>,1/3 22<prostrate to erect,>,2 32,3-4 39,1 40,1 43<mucronate,
somewhat>,3/1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62<sub->,9/7 64,2 66,5 68,2 76,1 81,2
90,U 92,1 102,1 131,3 145,2 156,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 189,1<lax> 192,1 194,1/2 195<in terminal or ostensibly axillary
lax cymes> 206,1 213,1 218,2 223,1<assuming that the "petals" are not
interpreted as petaloid stamens>/3<if the "petals" are interpreted as
staminodes> 224<depending on interpretation,>,5/20-50<'many'> 236,5 238,1
239,1 245,3 247<with membranous margins,>,2 251,1 254<if so
interpreted,>,20-25 256,- 258,3 265,1 267,3 268<pale reddish-brownish,
pink, mauve or magenta> 274<if interpreted a such, rather than staminodes,
more or less>,1 278,15-25<"about 20">/20-50<or more, if "petals" are
interpreted as staminodes> 279,U 280,U 282,1 285,1/2<? - basally>
289,1<according to Thulin \i{}et al\i0{}.>/2<? - if the "petals" be so
intepreted> 290<if so interpreted,>,20-25 291,1 293,1 295,15-25<"about 20">
303,3 309,3 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,6 339,5 342,5 343,3 344,4 345,1
352,2 353,5 358,1 360,2 361,5 363,1 365,1 376,2 379<"many"> 385,1 388,2<?>
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,2 425,1 430,1 433,2 436,2 437,2
440<sub-reniform to sub-orbicular, with concentric ridges> 486,1 497,1
498,3<a> 504,2&4 506,1&3 520,3&4 521<One species in drier parts of tropical
and southern Africa and tropical Asia, the other endemic to Namibia>
522,4&5&6&7 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1
573,2 574,13 577,50 578,2 579,1 580<\i{}Corbichonia\i0{}> 581<Cf. e.g.,
Thulin \i{}et al\i0{}. (2016), \i{}Taxon\i0{} 65,775-793; Flora of
Zimbabwe, https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata> 586<corbicho> 
 
# Coriariaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Sarcoccaceae\i0{} Dulac> 5,3<mostly, or subshrubs>/1<a few> 8,2
39,2/3<rarely spiral> 43,2 53,1 60,2 62,4-7 64,3-4 65,1 68,1 74,1<minute>
76,1/4<obscurely> 78,1 90,U 92,1<with two-layered palisade> 102,1 103,2<but
mostly abaxial> 104,3 130,2 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,1 152,1-3 153,1 154,1/2-3/4/5 156,3 157,2 158,2 162,1 163,2
164,2 165,2 166,2<with no sclerosed elements> 169,2<VP, VPI>/3
175,1/2&3/1&2/1&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/3/4/8<?  polygamous> 187,2 189,2
192,2 194,1 203,1/2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals
keeled within> 265,3 267,3 271,1 272,1 273,1 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,10 282,1/1&2<then the filaments of the antepetalous stamens adnate to
the keels of the petals> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,10 298,3 299,2 300,3
306<slightly>,1/2 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330<shortly>,6/8 337,1
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,5(-10) 343,2 344,2/3<sometimes basally
united> 345,1 350,1 351,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<uninucleate> 397,1
400,2 404,2<when divested of the fleshy perianth> 405,1 406,2 407,2 408,4
413,3<i.e. enclosed by the accrescent corolla, and the head of fruits
forming a pseudo-drupe> 422<scantily>,1/2 424,1 433,2<oily>
434<plano-convex> 436,1 447,1 460,1 461,1 462<\i{}Coriaria\i0{}> 472,2
475,1<one species> 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,1 495,2
520,2<warm>/3-4 521<Mediterranean, mid-Eastern Eurasia, New Guinea, New
Zealand, Central and western South America> 522,1&3&4&5&9&10&13&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,1 529,7<reassigned> 537,1<?  Gadek \i{}et
al\i0{} 1996> 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,36 578,15 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Coriaria\i0{}> 582<A few cultivated ornamentals.
Foliage and fruits very poisonous.> 586<coriaria> 
 
# Coridaceae <(Reichb.) J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Primulaceae\i0{}.> 5<small, thyme-like sub->,3<with red-tinged stems>
37,1 39,1 43,2 44,1 50,1<with two rows of black, immersed marginal or
submarginal glands> 53,1 60,2 62,3 68,1 76,1/4<the upper leaves often
spinulose-margined> 90,U 92,1 116,1 117,3<bright red, crystalline> 118,1
123,2 130,2 137,1/2<? - cf. the leaves> 138<if present,>,2 143,1/2 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1 195<crowded racemes> 206,2-3 207<more or less>,1
212,5 213,1 215,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3
240<five>,4<the teeth short, deltoid, each bearing a large, black, dorsal
gland> 241,1 244,3-4 248,1 251,3 252,1 253,1<comprising a ring of 1015
spreading aculei, below the calyx teeth> 254,5 255,1 258,3 266,4/8
267<sub->,2<the three upper lobes longer> 268,2/5/6/7<bright magenta to
rose or white> 275<(the corolla lobes)>,1 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla>
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2 303,3<the filaments filiform,
glandular at the base> 306<small, globose> 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8
339,5 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,5/6<?> 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1
365,1<filiform> 375,5 378,5 386,2 388<embryology not recorded> 404,2 409,1
412,1<globular, enclosed by the persistent calyx> 414<five>,6 422,1 432,3
433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 504,1&2 505,2 506,1 509,1 520,2<warm>/3
521<Mediterranean and Northeast Africa> 522,2&3&5 527,1 528,2 529,9 539,2
565,4 569,13 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Primulaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Coris monspeliensis\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Coris\i0{}> 581<Differences from \i{}Primulaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in ten characters of habit, foliar, inflorescence and floral
morphology, supported by seed phytochemistry, provide reasonable grounds
for retaining \i{}Coris\i0{} as a separate family.> 586<coridace> 
 
# Cornaceae <Dum.>/
4<\i{}Aucubaceae\i0{}, \i{}Curtisiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Davidiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Griseliniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Helwingiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Mastixiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Melanophyllaceae\i0{}, \i{}Nyssaceae\i0{}, \i{}Toricelliaceae\i0{}.>
5,1&3/5<rarely> 21<the herbs>,3 25,3 31,1 32,3 37,1/2 39,2<nearly
always>/1<rarely spiral, e.g. \i{}C. alternifolia\i0{}> 43,1/2
45<usually>,1 46<almost>,1/2 47,2 50,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,2<usually>/1<rarely>
64,2 65,1 68,2 78,1/2 81,2 85,1<known from 4 of the segregate genera>
86,2<mostly>/3 89,1/2 90,U 92,1 102,1 104<usually>,1 106,1<commonly
unicellular and equally 2armed, usually lime-encrusted> 109,1 115,2 130,2
137,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 148,2 156,2 157,2 159,1 161,1 162,1 165,1
175,1<usually>/2/3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/5<e.g. \i{}C. volkensii\i0{}>
187,2 189,1&4&6&5 192,1 194,1/2 195<usually in cymes, cymose corymbs,
panicles or umbels, in racemes of panicles, or even in heads>
196,1<sometimes>/2 197,1<sometimes>/2 200,1 203,2-3 206,1 212,4-5 213,1
215,1/2 218,2 223,1/3 224,4-5/8-10 226,1/2 227,1<usually>/2 229,U 236<when
resolvable>,4-5(-7)/- 238,1 239,3<sepals free as no more than small teeth>
240,1/2/3/4 245,3 251,3/4 254<when present,>,4-5 255,1 258<when present,>,1
265,3 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4-5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1
289,1 295,4/5 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2
324,1<occasionally>/2 327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2(-4) 341,1 342,1-4 343,3<but occasionally
pseudomonomerous> 344,4-6 345,3 352,1/2 353,1<occasionally,
pseudomonomerous>/2-3(-4) 359,1 360,2 361,1/2-4 363,1/2 365,1 372,2 373,2
374,2 375<when unilocular>,2 376<usually>,2/3 378<when unilocular,>,1 379,1
381,1 382,1 383,3/2<subsequently> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1-2 390,1 391,1/7
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 399,1/2 400,1 404,1-2 409,2
412,7<usually>/6<less often> 415,1<with two stones>/2<four-locular> 422,1
424,1 433,2 435,1<3/4> 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Cornus\i0{}> 470,1 472,2
475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 481,2 482,1 483,2 484,1<often aucubin> 485,1<normal
and seco> 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1/2<mostly> 489<when present,>,1 490,1
491,2/1&2 492,1<\i{}Cornus\i0{}, \i{}Macrocarpium\i0{}> 494,1 495,1
520,2<mainly>/3-4<in mountains> 521<North and South temperate, and tropical
mountains, few in Australia> 522,1&2&3&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2
574,15 577,51 578<about>,60<?> 579,1-6<depending on recognition of
segregate genera> 580<\i{}Cornus\i0{} (including \i{}Afrocrania\i0{},
\i{}Benthamidia\i0{}, \i{}Chamaepericlymenum\i0{}, \i{}Cynoxylon\i0{},
\i{}Swida\i0{}, \i{}Yinquania\i0{} etc.). \i{}Diplopanax\i0{} (removed from
\i{}Cornaceae\i0{} sensu lato) has yet to be referred to a segregate genus>
581<See Eyde (1988) for a wide-ranging taxonomic discussion. The various
\i{}sensu lato\i0{} versions of \i{}Cornaceae\i0{} exemplify the well known
difficulties in distributing certain families between Dahlgrens
Araliiflorae and Corniflorae; and it is equally hard to assign them with
confidence to the higher level groupings Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli.
This is interesting, given that the latter evidently represent a major
divergence in the Dicot line of descent (cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase
\i{}et al.\i0{} 1993). Assuming that this attempt at a \i{}sensu
stricto\i0{} version of \i{}Cornaceae\i0{} is error free and does not
under-estimate significant variation, comparisons of the descriptions
compiled here provide reasonable grounds for retaining the numerous small
segregates (see above) as separate families.> 582<Good edible berries from
several species, especially \i{}Cornus mas\i0{}.> 586<cornacea> 
 
# Corsiaceae <Becc.>/
2<\i{}Burmanniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Orchidaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Achratinitaceae\i0{}
Barkley> 5<reduced>,5 12,2<to scales> 15,2 16,1 17,2 21,3 25,3/4 32,3 38,2
39,1 40,1 43,4 45,3 47,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,4 65,2 68,- 90,2 104,1 121,U
123,U 139,2 148,1 151,U 175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1<\i{}Corsia\i0{}>/2 187,1
188,1 200,2 206,3 207,1 209,1 212,3 213,1 219,1 223,5 224,6 225,2
226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2 229,U 230,2<in that the posterior member of the
outer whorl is large and coloured, and encloses the other five, which are
linear-spathulate> 277,1/2<when flower female> 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2
289,1 295,6 298,3 309,3 310,1 318,1 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1/5 338,1/2<when
flower male> 339,3 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1
365,1 368,3<thick> 375,2<the three placentae more or less intruded,
two-lobed> 378,25-100<i.e. many> 386,3 387,3 388,1 391,1 400,3 404,2
409,1 412,1 414,6 421,25-100<many> 422,1 424,1/2 426,1/2 429,1 432,1
442,2 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,5&6 513,1 514,2 520,3-4 521<New Guinea,
Australia, Solomon Is., Chile> 522,9&10&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,2 530,4
558,4 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15 578,10 579,2 580<\i{}Corsia\i0{},
\i{}Arachnitis\i0{}> 586<corsiace> 
 
# Corylaceae <Mirbel>/
2<\i{}Betulaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 31,1 32,3 37,2 39,1 40,1-2 42,1 45,1 47,2
53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 74,1 76,3&4 77,1 78,1 81,2 82,1
85,1<recorded in \i{}Corylus\i0{}> 86,3 90,U 92,1 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial>
104,1 106,1 107,1&2<the former unicellular and uniseriate, striated; the
latter clavate> 112,2 121<probably>,1/- 130,2<\i{}Corylus\i0{}> 139,1 140,2
141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,1-2/3<?>
153,1<sometimes very small> 156,2/2&3<but then predominantly scalariform>
157,2 161,1/2 162,1/2<the fibre pits rather few, with very small borders>
163,1 164,2 165<rather sparse>,1 166,1 167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,2
184,1 187,2 189,11<the male catkins long and pendulous, the females short
and erect> 192,2<i.e. the male flower solitary in the bract axil, though
supposed to represent the central member of a former cymule>/1<the paired
female flowers representing cymules with the central flower missing> 200,1
202,1<the bracteoles united with the bract> 203,2 223,7<male
flowers>/3<female flowers> 226,1 229,U 276,1<male flowers>/2<female
flowers> 277,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers> 278,4-8<each member split
almost to the base> 279,1<or split> 282<borne on the bract> 289,1 295,4-8
309,3 311,2<the locules separated> 312,2 318,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,7
337,1 338,1<female flowers>/2<male flowers> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4/5 345,3
352,2 353,2 356,1 359,2 360,2 361,2 363,1 365,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2-3
379,1 380,1 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,2 391,1 400,2 404,2 409,2 412,8<samaroid,
shed with the accrescent involucre of bract plus bracteoles> 421,1 422,2
432,3 433,2 435,2<1/1> 436,1 444,2 447,2 461,1 462<\i{}Corylus\i0{}> 469,2
490,1 491,1&2&3 497,2 504,1 505,1&2&3 507,2&3&4&5 520,2 521<widespread
North temperate> 522,1&3&4&12 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,3 565,2 567,10 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35<as a synonym of \i{}Betulaceae\i0{}> 578,15 579,1
580<\i{}Corylus\i0{}> 581<Readily distinguishable from \i{}Betulaceae\i0{}
(q.v.) by the branched androecial members and inferior ovary, but otherwise
apparently differing clearly only in the stratified secondary phloem.>
582<Sources of hazelnuts and filberts.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Kate,
like the hazel twig, \line{}Is straight and slender, and as brown in hue
\line{}As hazel nuts, and sweeter than the kernels \line{}(Taming of the
Shrew, ii., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Well gae down by Clouden side,
\line{}Through the hazels spreading wide \line{}(Robert Burns, Hark, the
Mavis) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Where the hazel bank is steepest,
\line{}Where the shadow falls the deepest, \line{}Where the clustering nuts
fall free \line{}(James Hogg, A Boys Song) > 586<corylace> 
 
# Corynocarpaceae <Engl.>/
5,1<to about 10 m high>/3 39,1 40,1 43,2 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,1/2 69,2 74,1
76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3 106,1<at least in \i{}C.
laevigatus\i0{}> 107,1 108,2<globular multicellular, deciduous> 115,1 116,2
123,1 124,2 130,2 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,2<with broad lignified rays between
the xylem strands> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1 152,3
153<moderately>,1 154<mostly>,2&3&4 155,1 156,3 157,2 158,1<but this faint>
161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165<probably>,1 169,2<VP> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,8&2 192,2 194,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 218,1<short, the petals fused
to the base of the sepals> 220,1 222,1<these 5> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251<much>,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3
278,10 282,2<to the base of the corolla> 285,1 289,2 290,5 291,1/2
293,1<alternating with the fertile members> 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2 309,3
328,1 329,2 330,8 339,2 342,1-2 343,3<but one carpel more or less reduced,
so that the ovary becomes pseudomonomerous> 344,4 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/2
360,2 361,1/2 363<(when two)>,1 365,1 375<when unilocular,>,3 376<when
bilocular,>,3 378<when unilocular,>,1 379<when bilocular,>,1 381,1 385,2
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 392,1 393,1 395,1<with up to 8 cells> 400,2
403<probably>,3 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2 421,1 422,2 432,3 433,2<large,
thickened> 436,1 447,1 472,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1 492,1 520,3-4
521<Malaysia, Northern Australia, North Island New Zealand> 522,9&10&11
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 44> 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,1<?> 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,36 578,5 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Corynocarpus\i0{}>
586<corynoca> 
 
# Costaceae <(K. Schum.) Nak.>/
2<\i{}Zingiberaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 7,2 14,1-2 21,3 25,3 27,1/2 32,3 39,1 40,1/3
43,1/3 45,1/3 47,1 49,2 51,2<i.e., unlike \i{}Zingiberaceae\i0{}> 53,1 55,2
60,2 62,4-7 64,2<pinnate-parallel> 65,2 67<conspicuously>,1 68,- 76,1
82,6 90,1<internal, stellate or druselike> 97,2 98,2 102,1 104,3/4 105,2
120,2 121,2 123,1 124,2/3<?  no raphides> 125,1/2 128,2
130,2<\i{}Costus\i0{}, \i{}Tarpeinocheilos\i0{}> 139,2 148,1 151,1/2 156,2
173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from septal nectaries, often two
well developed and one reduced> 184,2/4 187,1/2 192<when flowers
aggregated,>,1 194,1/2 200,1<the bracts with a linear extrafloral nectary
beneath the tip> 202,1/2 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 212<basically>,3<but much
modified>/- 213,1 219,2 223,1 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 230,2 236,3 238,1
239,3 240,3 245,1<spathelike, or constituting a tube split to the base on
one side> 251,1 252,1 254,3 255,1 258,3 267,1<the median lobe larger and
often upcurved> 278,1<ostensibly>/6<theoretically, but scarcely
recognisable as such> 282,1 283,1<in that the thin style is fused to a
groove along the length of the single anther> 284,2 285,1&2/2<depending on
interpretation> 287<supposedly>,2/- 289,2 290<supposedly>,5 293,1 295,1<the
median, posterior member of the theoretical inner whorl> 298,1 303,2 306,4
308,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 317,1 318,1 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,1/5-16 330,1/9/11
337,1 339,3 342,(1-)3 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,1-2 353,(1-)3 359<often>,1
361,1 365,1 368,1 372,1 373,1 374,3 375<when unilocular>,2 376<usually,
when trilocular>,2 379,15-50<i.e. many> 385,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2
391,3 392,1 393,2<the nuclei ephemeral> 397,2 399,1 400,3 403,3 404,1/2
409,1/2 412,1/8/2/3<? a capsule, or dry and indehiscent> 422,1
424,2<starchy> 425,1 430,1 433,1 436,1 442,1 443,2 447,- 448,1<long> 450,2
451,2<small> 452,2<but borne atop the large, leaflike, assimilatory sheath>
454,2 457,3 458,2 472,1<\i{}Costus\i0{}> 487,1<\i{}Costus\i0{}> 520,4
521<widespread tropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 9>
527,2 530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,19 578,200 579,5
580<\i{}Chamaecostus\i0{}, \i{}Costus\i0{}, \i{}Dimerocostus\i0{}, 
\i{}Monocostus\i0{}, \i{}Tapeinocheilos\i0{}> 582<Commonly grown as garden 
ornamentals in warm regions.> 586<costacea> 
 
# Crassulaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Isocarpellaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Sempervivaceae\i0{} Juss.> 5,5<mainly
succulent>/2<with a rosette of leaves borne on a trunk>/3<i.e., 
including some subshrubs> 9,1/2<occasionally leafless> 10<when leafless,>,3
12,1/2/3 14,1 21,3 22,1/2 32,4<mostly>/3/1<rarely> 37,1
39,1/2/3 40<when alternate,>,1 42,1<more or less>/4 43,3 45,1-2 47,2 53,1
54,1<sometimes>/2 60,2<usually>/1<e.g. sometimes in \i{}Bryophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Kalanchoe\i0{}> 63<when dissected,>,1 64,1/2 65,1/2 66<occasionally basally 
spurred> 68,2 76,1/2/3 81,2
89,1/2 90,U 92,1<sometimes>/2-3<usually, and all leaf surfaces commonly
covered with a bluish-white wax coating secreted from the epidermis>
96<commonly>,1 101,1/2 103<generally on all leaf surfaces> 104<more or
less>,2<surrounded by 3 subsidiaries> 106,1/2<generally infrequent, but
assorted forms occur> 107,1&2 116,2 123,1 124,2/3 130,1<\i{}Cotyledon\i0{},
\i{}Crassula\i0{}, \i{}Sedum\i0{}>/2<\i{}Crassula\i0{}, \i{}Sedum\i0{}>
139,1 140,1<rarely>/2 141,1/3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,1<commonly,
representing leaf traces, sometimes centric>/2 147,1<commonly, sometimes
developing later than the rest of the vascular system>/2 148,1-2<usually
with little cambial activity>/3<very rarely> 150,1/2/3 156,3 157,2 162,1
167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1<usually> 182,1 183<seemingly>,3<each carpel with a
nectariferous appendage abaxially near the base, these usually in the form
of scales, but large and petaloid in \i{}Monanthes\i0{}> 184,2 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1/6 192,1 195<cincinni or corymbs> 203,2-3
206<very>,1<the formula being K\i{}n\i0{}, C\i{}n\i0{},
A\i{}n\i0{}+\i{}n\i0{}, G\i{}n\i0{}  where \i{}n\i0{}=330> 212,(3-)5(-30)
213,1 215,3 217,2 218,1<the flower usually weakly perigynous>
220<seemingly>,2<i.e. the nectariferous appendages being interpreted as
gynoecial> 223,1 224,(6-)10(-60) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5(-30) 238,1
239,1<usually>/3<the sepals sometimes united almost to their tips, e.g. in
\i{}Bryophyllum\i0{}> 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,(3-)5(-30) 255,1
258,1<commonly>/3<the petals joined basally, or almost to the tip in
\i{}Bryophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cotyledon\i0{}, \i{}Kalanche\i0{}> 260,3 265,1
267,3 268,2/3/6/7 278,(3-)5(-30) 282,1/2<to the corolla tube/hypanthium>
285,1<usually>/2<basally> 286<when connate,>,1 287,2<usually>/1
289,1<usually>/2<e.g. some \i{}Sempervivum\i0{} species> 295,(3-)5(-30)
298,3<usually>/2<occasionally> 299,1<when 2 whorled>/2<when one whorled>
300,3 306<more or less>,2 308,2 309,3 310,2<to slightly
introrse>/3<\i{}Crassula\i0{}> 311,2 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2
322,2 328,1 329<usually>,3 330<usually>,8 337,1 339,(3-)5(-30) 341,2 343,2
344,2-3<the carpels often slightly united at the base> 345,1 348,2<the
style short or long> 350,(1-)5-50<usually many> 351<(sub)>,2 372,1 373,1
374,3 381,1-2 384,4 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389<sometimes>,1/- 391,1/2
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<small> 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1 403,3 404,2
405,1 406,2<usually>/1<this a capsule, in \i{}Diamorpha\i0{}> 407,1 408,3
422,1 424,1 433,2 435,2<2/4> 436,1 447,1 461,3 464<\i{}Adromischus\i0{},
\i{}Aeonium\i0{}, \i{}Bryophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cotyledon\i0{},
\i{}Crassula\i0{} (including species with aquatic CAM),
\i{}Cremnophila\i0{}, \i{}Diamorpha\i0{}, \i{}Dudleya\i0{},
\i{}Echeveria\i0{}, \i{}Grammanthes\i0{}, \i{}Graptopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Greenovia\i0{},
\i{}Hasseanthus\i0{}, \i{}Hylotelephium\i0{}, \i{}Kalanchoe\i0{},
\i{}Lenophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Monanthes\i0{}, \i{}Nanathus\i0{},
\i{}Pachyphytum\i0{}, \i{}Parvisedum\i0{}, \i{}Rochea\i0{}, \i{}Sedum\i0{},
\i{}Sempervivum\i0{}, \i{}Tylecodon\i0{}, \i{}Umbilicus\i0{},
\i{}Villadia\i0{}> 472,1<<30%>>/2 475,1<often <40%>>/2 484,2 487,1/2
488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/2/1&2 490,1/2 491<when present,>,1/1&2/1&2&3
492,2<5 species, 3 genera> 495,2 520,1-4 521<very widespread, but mainly in
warm dry regions - especially in Southern Africa>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&10&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,10 565,5 570,1
572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,1500 579<about>,40 580<\i{}Adromischus\i0{},
\i{}Aeonium\i0{}, \i{}Aichryson\i0{}, \i{}Bryophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Chiastophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cotyledon\i0{}, \i{}Crassula\i0{},
\i{}Cremnophila\i0{}, \i{}Diamorpha\i0{}, \i{}Dudleya\i0{},
\i{}Echeveria\i0{}, \i{}Graptopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Greenovia\i0{},
\i{}Hylotelephium\i0{}, \i{}Hypagophytum\i0{}, \i{}Jovibarba\i0{},
\i{}Kalancho\i0{}, \i{}Lenophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Meterostachys\i0{},
\i{}Monanthes\i0{}, \i{}Mucizonia\i0{}, \i{}Orostachys\i0{},
\i{}Pachyphytum\i0{}, \i{}Pagella\i0{}, \i{}Parvisedum\i0{},
\i{}Perrierosedum\i0{}, \i{}Pistorinia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosedum\i0{},
\i{}Rhodiola\i0{}, \i{}Rochea\i0{}, \i{}Rosularia\i0{}, \i{}Sedum\i0{},
\i{}Sempervivum\i0{}, \i{}Sinocrassula\i0{}, \i{}Telmissa\i0{},
\i{}Thompsonella\i0{}, \i{}Tylecodon\i0{}, \i{}Umbilicus\i0{},
\i{}Villadia\i0{}> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}There from his rocky
pulpit, I heard cry \line{}The stonecrop: See how loose to earth I grow,
\line{}And draw my juicy nurture from the sky \line{}(Rev. R.W. Evans,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857)> 586<crassula> 
 
# Crossosomataceae <Endl.>/
5<glabrous, sometimes spinescent>,3 32,4 37,2 38,2
39,1/2<\i{}Apacheria\i0{}> 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68<minutely>,1/2 76<apically
tri->,4/1 90,U 92,2 102,1 104,1 123,1 124,1<minute, yellow> 132,1/3
135,1<comprising abundantly pitted parenchymatous cells> 139,1 140,2
141,1/3 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,3 152,1 154,4/5 155,1 156,3
159,1<vasicentric> 165<mostly scanty>,1 167,2 169,3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2
177,1/3/4/8<?> 187,1 188,1/2 203,3 206,1 213,1 215,4 218,1<short> 220,1
221,1-2 222,2/- 223,1 224,(6-)8/10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4-5(-6)
238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,(3-)4-5(-6) 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2
269,1 272,2 274,1<spathulate or orbicular> 275,4 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,20-50(-100)<many> 279,1<associated with trunk bundles> 280,1
281,1/2<?  conflicting reports from Eames 1953, Thorne 1978> 282,1<on the
hypanthium> 285,1 287,1<by suppression of the antepetalous cycle>/2/3-4
289,1 295,20-50(-100)<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments slender> 306,2<to
slightly ventrifixed> 308,1 309,3 310,1-2<slightly extrorse> 312,2 328,1
329,(2-)3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1-5(-9) 341,1/2/3 342<when
monomerous,>,1-5(-9) 343,1/2 344,1/2 345,1 347,2<the style short, stout>
348,2<the stigma terminal and expanded, or vertically decurrent on the
style> 350,(1-)2-100<to many> 351,2 385,1 386,4/5 387,3 388,2 400,2<?>
404,2 405,1<when apocarpous>/2<when monomeric> 407,1 408,3 422<thinly to
copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 447,1 466<Kranz, according to Cronquist
1981!> 472,2 484,2 487,2 488,1/2 492,1 504,3 512,1 520,2-3 521<arid
Southwest U.S.A. and Mexico> 522,12&13 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,12 565,5
570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42 578,8-10 579,3
580<\i{}Apacheria\i0{}, \i{}Crossosoma\i0{}, \i{}Glossopetalon\i0{}
(\i{}Forsellesia\i0{})> 586<crossoso> 
 
# Cruciferae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Brassicaceae\i0{} Burnett (nom. altern.).> 3<\i{}Raphanaceae\i0{}
Horan., \i{}Stanleae\i0{} (\i{}Stanleyaceae\i0{}) Nutt.> 5,5<mostly>/3<<5%>
rarely>/4<<5%> rarely> 9,1<mostly>/2<e.g. \i{}Caulanthus\i0{}, sometimes
spiny, e.g. \i{}Vella\i0{}> 14,2<mainly>/1<<10%> a few, e.g.
\i{}Cakile\i0{}> 15<mostly>,1<?>/4<in that mucilage secreted by
\i{}Capsella bursa-pastoris\i0{} seeds contains compounds that attract soil
organisms, toxins which kill them, and digestive enzymes> 19,2 20,- 22,1/2/3<rarely>
27,1<usually>/3<<5%> rarely> 31<when shrubby, often>,2 32,1&2&3&4 34<when
hydrophytic,>,2 35<of hydrophytes>,1&2 36,1/2 38,1-5 39,1/2-3<rarely>
40,1<usually>/2<<5%> rarely> 43,3<<5%> occasionally>/1 45,1/2/3 47,1-2
51,3<sometimes>/2 53,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 55,2 56<when
compound,>,4<with articulated leaflets> 60<when simple,>,1-2 63<when
simple-dissected,>,1/3 64,1<<10%> rarely>/2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4 81,2 90,U
92,1/2/3 101,1<commonly>/2 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family; mostly
unicellular but these variously simple, forked, Y- or T- shaped, sometimes
stellate: see illustration> 107,1<mostly>/2<found in only a few genera, e.g
\i{}Hesperis\i0{}, \i{}Matthiola\i0{}> 130,2<4 genera> 132,1/3<commonly>
134<mostly>,2 135<mostly>,1 139,1<at least in woody forms>/2 140<when
present,>,1 141,1/3/5 143<variously>,1<with a continuous ring of cambium,
and recognisable medullary rays much reduced or absent>/2<with or without
subsequent interfascicular cambial activity> 144,1 146,1<rarely>/2
147,1<rarely>/2 148,1/2<the lignified interfascicular tissue usually
lacking vessels>/3<occasionally> 149<when present>,1/2 154,1/1&3&4 156,3
157,1 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<scarce> 167,1<e.g.\i{}Brassica\i0{},
\i{}Cochlearia\i0{}>/2 169,2/3<?> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1<nearly always>/2
183,1&2&4 184,1<e.g.\i{}Pringlea\i0{}>/2<mostly> 187,2<usually>/1<<10%>
rarely> 189,6<commonly>/2/3/7 192,2 194,1/2/3<e.g. \i{}Coronopus\i0{}>
197<sometimes more or less>,1/2 200,2<usually>/1 202,2<mostly>/1 203,1-3
205,1/3 206<more or less>,1<usually>/2<<20%>> 209<(when noticeable)>,1<the
outer petals of pseudanthia sometimes radiate and larger> 212,2/- 213,1
215,4<usually 6>/2-3<when C or A whorls lacking> 216<nearly always>,3<by
contrast with \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}  the long, slender gynophore of
Stanleyeae being exceptional> 218,2 220,1<nearly always>/2
221,1/2/1&2<usually between and/or external to the filaments, sometimes
surrounding their bases> 222,1<usually, in variable configurations which
are of taxonomic interest>/2<in that the members are sometimes confluent>
223,1/3<<10%> the corolla occasionally lacking> 224,8<usually>/4<<10%>>
226<characteristically>,3<K 2+2 decussate with the outer pair median, C4,
the corolla diagonal>/2<when corolla lacking> 229,U 238,2<generally,
supposedly  usually obviously so in bud> 239,1 245,3 246<members sometimes
dimorphic, with the lateral (inner) pair often basally saccate for nectar
storage> 251<decussate> 254,4<diagonal> 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 267,3<usually>
268,2/3/4/7/8 274,1<<90%> usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Cuphonotus\i0{},
\i{}Geococcus\i0{}> 278,6<<75%> usually>/2-4/8-16<<5%> rarely>
279,1<usually, in that the inner whorl of 4 is derived from only 2
primordia>/2 282,1 284,2<usually, the outer pair shorter>/1 285,1/2<the
inner four sometimes basally connate in pairs> 287,2<usually, 2+4>/1 289,1
295,6<<75%> usually>/2-4/8-16<<5%> rarely> 297,2<nearly always>/3<when the
outer pair missing> 299,2 304,1/2 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 311,1-2 312,2
313<variously>,1/2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 321,3 322,2 324,2
328,1/2<occasionally> 329,3(-10) 330,6 337,2<in 16 genera> 339,2 342,1-2
343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1-2 353,1-2 354,1<usually, as evidenced by the
longitudinal splitting of the parietal placentas by the replum>/2<e.g.
\i{}Menkea\i0{}> 356,3 358,1<usually>/3<<5%> rarely, cf.
\i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}> 360,1/1-2 361,1<more or less reduced> 365,1 368,1-2
369,2<mostly, when detectably two or bilobed>/1<e.g. \i{}Matthiola\i0{},
\i{}Moricandia\i0{}>/- 370,1/2 371<more or less>,3 372,2 373,1 374,2
375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when bilocular,>,4<but peculiarly so, the usual
two placentas usually each longitudinally divided by a false septum, the
replum, separating the locules> 378,1-50<to many> 379,(1-)3-50<i.e.
usually several to many per placenta> 381<commonly>,1/2/- 383,1 385,2
386,3 387,3 388,1/2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1 404,2
409,1<usually>/2<\i{}Cakile\i0{}, \i{}Crambe\i0{}, \i{}Coronopus\i0{}
etc>/3<e.g. sometimes in \i{}Coronopus\i0{}>/4<or sometimes partially so>
410<when schizocarpic,>,2 412,4-5<with variations on these themes,
sometimes partially of entirely lomentaceous>/2<i.e. when neither dehiscent
nor lomentaceous> 414<when dehiscent,>,6<the valves usually falling or
spreading upwards to reveal the replum> 422<scantily>,1/2 426,2-3
429,1<e.g. \i{}Matthiola\i0{}, \i{}Isatis\i0{}>/2 432,3 433,2
434,1/2<longitudinally or transversely>/3&4<e.g.in \i{}Heliophila\i0{}> 
435,1<32/52> 436,3<<99%> nearly always folded, cotyledons against
radicle>/1<e.g. \i{}Leavenworthia\i0{}>/5<convolute and contorted in
\i{}Heliophila\i0{}> 437,1/2 447,1/2 461,1<almost exclusively>/4<<1%>>
462<\i{}Barbarea\i0{},
\i{}Berteroa\i0{}, \i{}Brassica\i0{}, \i{}Cakile\i0{}, \i{}Capsella\i0{},
\i{}Cheiranthus\i0{}, \i{}Crambe\i0{}, \i{}Dipterygium\i0{},
\i{}Farsetia\i0{}, \i{}Matthiola\i0{}, \i{}Raphanus\i0{},
\i{}Sisymbrium\i0{}, \i{}Thlaspi\i0{}> 465<\i{}Moricandia\i0{} (3 species)>
466,2<\i{}Aethionema\i0{}, \i{}Alyssum\i0{}, \i{}Arabis\i0{},
\i{}Brassica\i0{}, \i{}Capsella\i0{}, \i{}Cardamine\i0{},
\i{}Descurainia\i0{}, \i{}Diceratella\i0{}, \i{}Draba\i0{},
\i{}Erysimum\i0{}, \i{}Erucastrum\i0{}, \i{}Farsetia\i0{},
\i{}Fortuynia\i0{}, \i{}Leavenworthia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidium\i0{},
\i{}Lesquerella\i0{}, \i{}Matthiola\i0{}, \i{}Morieria\i0{},
\i{}Oreophyton\i0{}, \i{}Rorippa\i0{}, \i{}Sisymbrium\i0{},
\i{}Thlaspi\i0{} etc.> 471,1 472,1/2 475,1<<37%>>/2<more often> 483,2 484,2
488,2<except sometimes in the seedcoat> 490,1/2<<20%>> 491<when
present,>,1&2 492,2<9 species, 7 genera> 495,2 497,1/2 498<when
P-type>,1<b> 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North temperate
and Mediterranean> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-12(+)> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,8 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,47 578,3200 579<about>,350 580<\i{}Acanthocardamum\i0{},
\i{}Aethionema\i0{}, \i{}Agallis\i0{}, \i{}Alliaria\i0{},
\i{}Alyssoides\i0{}, \i{}Alysopsis\i0{}, \i{}Alyssum\i0{},
\i{}Ammosperma\i0{}, \i{}Anastatica\i0{}, \i{}Anchonium\i0{},
\i{}Andrzeiowskia\i0{}, \i{}Anelsonia\i0{}, \i{}Aphragmus\i0{},
\i{}Aplanodes\i0{}, \i{}Arabidella\i0{}, \i{}Arabidopsis\i0{},
\i{}Arabis\i0{}, \i{}Arcyosperma\i0{}, \i{}Armoracia\i0{},
\i{}Aschersoniodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Asperuginoides\i0{}, \i{}Asta\i0{},
\i{}Atelanthera\i0{}, \i{}Athysanus\i0{}, \i{}Aubretia\i0{},
\i{}Aurinia\i0{}, \i{}Ballantinia\i0{}, \i{}Barbarea\i0{},
\i{}Berteroa\i0{}, \i{}Berteroella\i0{}, \i{}Biscutella\i0{},
\i{}Bivonaea\i0{}, \i{}Blennodia\i0{}, \i{}Boleum\i0{}, \i{}Boreava\i0{},
\i{}Bornmuellera\i0{}, \i{}Borodinia\i0{}, \i{}Botscantzevia\i0{},
\i{}Brachycarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Brassica\i0{}, \i{}Braya\i0{},
\i{}Brayopsis\i0{}, \i{}Brossardia\i0{}, \i{}Bunias\i0{}, \i{}Cakile\i0{},
\i{}Calepina\i0{}, \i{}Calymmatium\i0{}, \i{}Camelina\i0{},
\i{}Camelinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Capsella\i0{}, \i{}Cardamine\i0{},
\i{}Cardaminopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cardaria\i0{}, \i{}Carinavalva\i0{},
\i{}Carrichtera\i0{}, \i{}Catadysia\i0{}, \i{}Catenulina\i0{},
\i{}Caulanthus\i0{}, \i{}Caulostramina\i0{}, \i{}Ceratocnemum\i0{},
\i{}Ceriosperma\i0{}, \i{}Chalcanthus\i0{}, \i{}Chamira\i0{},
\i{}Chartoloma\i0{}, \i{}Cheesemania\i0{}, \i{}Cheiranthus\i0{} (=
\i{}Erisymum\i0{}), \i{}Chlorocrambe\i0{}, \i{}Chorispora\i0{},
\i{}Christolea\i0{}, \i{}Chrysobraya\i0{}, \i{}Chrysochamela\i0{},
\i{}Cithareloma\i0{}, \i{}Clastopus\i0{}, \i{}Clausia\i0{},
\i{}Clypeola\i0{}, \i{}Cochlearia\i0{}, \i{}Coelonema\i0{},
\i{}Coincya\i0{}, \i{}Coluteocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Conringia\i0{},
\i{}Cordylocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Coronopus\i0{}, \i{}Crambe\i0{},
\i{}Crambella\i0{}, \i{}Cremolobus\i0{}, \i{}Cryptospora\i0{},
\i{}Cuphonotus\i0{}, \i{}Cusickiella\i0{}, \i{}Cycloptychis\i0{},
\i{}Cymatocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Cyphocardamum\i0{}, \i{}Dactylocardamum\i0{},
\i{}Degenia\i0{}, \i{}Delpinophytum\i0{}, \i{}Descurainia\i0{},
\i{}Diceratella\i0{}, \i{}Dichasianthus\i0{}, \i{}Dictyophragmus\i0{},
\i{}Didesmus\i0{}, \i{}Didymophysa\i0{}, \i{}Dielsiocharis\i0{},
\i{}Dilophia\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Diplotaxis\i0{},
\i{}Dipoma\i0{}, \i{}Diptychocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Dithyrea\i0{},
\i{}Dolichirhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Dontostemon\i0{}, \i{}Douepea\i0{},
\i{}Draba\i0{}, \i{}Drabastrum\i0{}, \i{}Drabopsis\i0{},
\i{}Dryopetalon\i0{}, \i{}Eigia\i0{}, \i{}Elburzia\i0{},
\i{}Enarthrocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Englerocharis\i0{}, \i{}Eremobium\i0{},
\i{}Eremoblastus\i0{}, \i{}Eremodraba\i0{}, \i{}Eremophyton\i0{},
\i{}Ermania\i0{}, \i{}Ermaniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Erophila\i0{},
\i{}Erucaria\i0{}, \i{}Erucastrum\i0{}, \i{}Erysimum\i0{},
\i{}Euclidium\i0{}, \i{}Eudema\i0{}, \i{}Eutrema\i0{},
\i{}Euzomodendron\i0{}, \i{}Farsetia\i0{}, \i{}Fezia\i0{},
\i{}Fibigia\i0{}, \i{}Foleyola\i0{}, \i{}Fortuynia\i0{},
\i{}Galitzkya\i0{}, \i{}Geococcus\i0{}, \i{}Glaribraya\i0{},
\i{}Glastaria\i0{}, \i{}Glaucocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Goldbachia\i0{},
\i{}Gorodkovia\i0{}, \i{}Graellsia\i0{}, \i{}Grammosperma\i0{},
\i{}Guiraoa\i0{}, \i{}Gynophorea\i0{}, \i{}Halimolobos\i0{},
\i{}Harmsiodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Hedinia\i0{}, \i{}Heldreichia\i0{},
\i{}Heliophila\i0{}, \i{}Hemicrambe\i0{}, \i{}Hemilophia\i0{},
\i{}Hesperis\i0{}, \i{}Heterodraba\i0{}, \i{}Hirschfeldia\i0{},
\i{}Hollermayera\i0{}, \i{}Hornungia\i0{}, \i{}Hornwoodia\i0{},
\i{}Hugueninia\i0{}, \i{}Hymenolobus\i0{}, \i{}Iberis\i0{},
\i{}Idahoa\i0{}, \i{}Iodanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ionopsidium\i0{},
\i{}Irenepharsus\i0{}, \i{}Isatis\i0{}, \i{}Ischnocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Iskandera\i0{}, \i{}Iti\i0{}, \i{}Ivania\i0{}, \i{}Kernera\i0{},
\i{}Kremeriella\i0{}, \i{}Lachnocapsa\i0{}, \i{}Lachnoloma\i0{},
\i{}Leavenworthia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidium\i0{}, \i{}Lepidostemon\i0{},
\i{}Leptaleum\i0{}, \i{}Lesquerella\i0{}, \i{}Lignariella\i0{},
\i{}Lithodraba\i0{}, \i{}Lobularia\i0{}, \i{}Lonchophora\i0{},
\i{}Loxostemon\i0{}, \i{}Lunaria\i0{}, \i{}Lyocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Lyrocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Macropodium\i0{}, \i{}Malcolmia\i0{},
\i{}Mancoa\i0{}, \i{}Marcus-kochia\i0{}, \i{}Maresia\i0{}, 
\i{}Mathewsia\i0{}, \i{}Matthiola\i0{},
\i{}Megacarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Megadenia\i0{}, \i{}Menkea\i0{},
\i{}Menonvillea\i0{}, \i{}Microlepidium\i0{}, \i{}Microsysymbrium\i0{},
\i{}Microstigma\i0{}, \i{}Morettia\i0{}, \i{}Moricandia\i0{},
\i{}Moriera\i0{}, \i{}Morisia\i0{}, \i{}Murbeckiella\i0{},
\i{}Muricaria\i0{}, \i{}Myagrum\i0{}, \i{}Nasturtiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Nasturtium\i0{} (= \i{}Rorippa\i0{}), \i{}Neomartinella\i0{},
\i{}Neotchihatchewia\i0{}, \i{}Neotorularia\i0{}, \i{}Nerisyrenia\i0{},
\i{}Neslia\i0{}, \i{}Neuontobotrys\i0{}, \i{}Notoceras\i0{},
\i{}Notothlaspi\i0{}, \i{}Ochthodium\i0{}, \i{}Octoceras\i0{},
\i{}Onuris\i0{}, \i{}Oreoloma\i0{}, \i{}Oreophyton\i0{},
\i{}Ornithocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Orychophragmus\i0{}, \i{}Otocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Oudneya\i0{}, \i{}Pachycladon\i0{}, \i{}Pachymitus\i0{},
\i{}Pachyphragma\i0{}, \i{}Pachypterygium\i0{}, \i{}Parlatoria\i0{},
\i{}Parodiodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Parolinia\i0{}, \i{}Parrya\i0{},
\i{}Parryodes\i0{}, \i{}Paysonia\i0{}, \i{}Pegaeophyton\i0{}, \i{}Peltaria\i0{},
\i{}Peltariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pennellia\i0{}, \i{}Petiniotia\i0{},
\i{}Petrocallis\i0{}, \i{}Phaeonychium\i0{}, \i{}Phlebolobium\i0{},
\i{}Phlegmatospermum\i0{}, \i{}Phoenicaulis\i0{}, \i{}Physaria\i0{},
\i{}Physocardamum\i0{}, \i{}Physoptychis\i0{}, \i{}Physorrhynchus\i0{},
\i{}Platycraspedum\i0{}, \i{}Polyctenium\i0{}, \i{}Polypsecadium\i0{},
\i{}Pringlea\i0{}, \i{}Prionotrichon\i0{}, \i{}Pritzelago\i0{},
\i{}Pseuderucaria\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocamelina\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoclausia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudofortuynia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudovesicaria\i0{}, \i{}Psychine\i0{},
\i{}Pterygiosperma\i0{}, \i{}Pterygostemon\i0{}, \i{}Pugionium\i0{},
\i{}Pycnoplinthopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pycnoplinthus\i0{}, \i{}Pyramidium\i0{},
\i{}Quezeliantha\i0{}, \i{}Quidproquo\i0{}, \i{}Raffenaldia\i0{},
\i{}Raphanorhyncha\i0{}, \i{}Raphanus\i0{}, \i{}Rapistrum\i0{},
\i{}Reboudia\i0{}, \i{}Redowskia\i0{}, \i{}Rhizobotrya\i0{},
\i{}Ricotia\i0{}, \i{}Robeschia\i0{}, \i{}Rollinsia\i0{},
\i{}Romanschulzia\i0{}, \i{}Roripella\i0{}, \i{}Rorippa\i0{},
\i{}Rytidocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Sameraria\i0{}, \i{}Sarcodraba\i0{},
\i{}Savignya\i0{}, \i{}Scambopus\i0{}, \i{}Schimpera\i0{},
\i{}Schivereckia\i0{}, \i{}Schizopetalon\i0{}, \i{}Schlechteria\i0{},
\i{}Schoenocrambe\i0{}, \i{}Schouwia\i0{}, \i{}Scoliaxon\i0{},
\i{}Selenia\i0{}, \i{}Sibara\i0{}, \i{}Silicularia\i0{},
\i{}Sinapidendron\i0{}, \i{}Sinapis\i0{}, \i{}Sisymbrella\i0{},
\i{}sisymbriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Sisymbrium\i0{}, \i{}Smelowskia\i0{},
\i{}Sobolewslia\i0{}, \i{}Sohms-Laubachia\i0{}, \i{}Sophiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Sphaerocardamum\i0{}, \i{}Spirorhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Spryginia\i0{},
\i{}Staintoniella\i0{}, \i{}Stanfordia\i0{}, \i{}Stanleya\i0{},
\i{}Stenopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Sterigmostemum\i0{}, \i{}Stevenia\i0{},
\i{}Straussiella\i0{}, \i{}Streptanthella\i0{}, \i{}Streptanthus\i0{},
\i{}Streptoloma\i0{}, \i{}Stroganowia\i0{}, \i{}Stubebdorffia\i0{},
\i{}Subularia\i0{}, \i{}Succowia\i0{}, \i{}Synstemon\i0{},
\i{}Synthlipsis\i0{}, \i{}Taphrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Tauscheria\i0{},
\i{}Teesdalia\i0{}, \i{}Teesdaliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tetracme\i0{},
\i{}Thelypodiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Thelypodium\i0{}, \i{}Thlaspeocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Thlaspi\i0{}, \i{}Thysanocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Trachystoma\i0{},
\i{}Trichotolinum\i0{}, \i{}Trochiscus\i0{}, \i{}Tropidocarpum\i0{},
\i{}Turritis\i0{}, \i{}Vella\i0{}, \i{}Vesicaria\i0{}, 
\i{}Warea\i0{}, \i{}Weberbauera\i0{},
\i{}Werdermannia\i0{}, \i{}Winklera\i0{}, \i{}Xerodraba\i0{},
\i{}Yinshania\i0{}, \i{}Zerdana\i0{}, \i{}Zilla\i0{}> 581<For family
review, see Vaughan, Macleod and Jones 1976.> 582<Important food crops from
\i{}Brassica\i0{} (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, turnips,
Brussels sprouts); \i{}Raphanus\i0{} (radish); \i{}Rorippa\i0{}
(watercress); condiments from \i{}Brassica\i0{} (mustard),
\i{}Armoracia\i0{} (horse-radish); ornamentals from about 50 genera, e.g.
\i{}Arabis\i0{}, \i{}Erysimum\i0{} (\i{}Cheiranthus\i0{}),
\i{}Hesperis\i0{}, \i{}Iberis\i0{}, \i{}Lobularia\i0{}, \i{}Lunaria\i0{},
\i{}Matthiola\i0{}.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When daisies pied, and
violets blue, \line{}And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, \line{}And Lady-smocks
all silver-white, \line{}Do paint the meadows with delight \line{}(Loves
Labours Lost  \i{}Cardamine pratensis\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Of
paramours ne raught he not a kers \line{}(Chaucer, quoted by Ann Pratt 1857
via Jacobs, Flora of Cornwall. Saxon \i{}kers\i0{} = cress, employed to
denote something worthless (i.e. referring to cruciferous weeds, rather
than watercress); hence not caring a curse for something  with curse
later becoming damn?) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}In the season of the tulip
cup, \line{}When blossoms clothe the trees, \line{}Tis sweet to throw the
lattice up \line{}And scent thee on the breeze \line{}(Moir, quoted by Ann
Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - of Wallflowers) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And
white and purple jiliflowers that stay \line{}Lingering in blossom summer
half away \line{}And single blood walls of a luscious smell \line{}Old
fashioned flowers which huswives love so well \line{}(John Clare 1827, The
Shepherds Calendar, June  \i{}Matthiola\i0{} and \i{}Cheiranthus\i0{}
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Shepheards Purse staieth bleeding in any part of
the bodie, whether the iuice or the decoction thereof be drunke, or whether
it be used pultus wise or in bath or any other wise. \line{}(John Gerarde,
Herball 1597  \i{}Capsella bursa-pastoris\i0{})> 586<crucifer> 
 
# Crypteroniaceae <A. DC.>/
2<\i{}Penaeaceae\i0{}> 3<\i{}Henslowiaceae\i0{} Lindl. corr. Endl.>
4<\i{}Alzateaceae\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchocalycaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 32,2/3 39,2 43,2
45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2<with a continuous submarginal vein>
65,1<brochidodromous> 68,1-2<the stipules rudimentary, lateral> 76,1 90,U
102,1 104,1<\i{}Dactylocladus\i0{}>/3 115,1
122,1<unbranched>/2<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 123,1 124,2 131,3/4 139,1
140,1/2<\i{}Dactylocladus\i0{}> 141,1 143,1 144,2 145,1 148,2/3<?> 150,3
151,1 152,3 153,2 154,1&2&3 156,3 157,1 161,1 163,2 165,2 167,2 169,3
175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/9 187,2 189,2/3/8 194,2 195<racemes, spikes or
panicles of subsessile flowers> 203<numerous, very>,2 206,1 212,4-5(-6)
218,1<this cupular or shortly tubular> 220,2 223,1/3<the corolla absent in
\i{}Crypteronia\i0{}> 224,(8-)10/4-5(-6)<\i{}Crypteronia\i0{}> 226,1/2
227,1/- 229,U 236,4-5(-6) 238,1 239,1<on the hypanthium?>/3<?  the lobes
(or sepals) thin, membranous> 240<45(6)>,3 248,1/2<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}>
251,3 254<when present,>,(4-)5 255,1 258,1/3<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 272,2<as a
coneshaped unit in \i{}Axinandra\i0{}, the individual petals falling in the
other genera> 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,4-5(-6)/10<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 282,1/2<epipetalous and episepalous in
\i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 285,1 287,1/2<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 289,1 295,4-5(-6)/10
298,2/3 299,1/2<?> 303,3<the filaments long or short> 306<small> 312,2<the
sporangia lateral to terminal> 321,2<in \i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 324,2 328,1
329,4-6 330,6&8<bisyncolporate with two indistinct subsidiary colpi
(\i{}Crypteronia\i0{}), or tricolporate with three distinct subsidiary
colpi> 337,1 338,1/2
339,2(-4)<\i{}Crypteronia\i0{}>/(3-)4-5<\i{}Dactylocladus\i0{}>/(2-)3<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}>
341,1-2 342,1(-5) 343,3 344,6 345,1-3 352,1 353,1<but the septa sometimes
joined basally> 359,2 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,3<persistent complete
with the stigma, or (\i{}Axinandra\i0{}) non-persistent> 368,1 371,3<or
punctate> 375,1/1-2 378,6-15 381,2/3 386,3 389,1<in \i{}Axinandra\i0{}>
391,1<\i{}Axinandra\i0{}> 404,2 409,1 412,1<indurated> 414,5&6<25 valved,
the valves usually remaining connected at the style> 421,50-100<many>
422,2 426,2 429,1<at the micropylar or chalazal end>/2 433,2 436<central or
basal> 495,1 504,2 506,3 510,2&3 520,4 521<tropical Asia> 522,4&9 527,1
528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41 578,10 579,3
580<\i{}Crypteronia\i0{}, \i{}Axinandra\i0{}, \i{}Dactylocladus\i0{}>
586<cryptero> 
 
# Ctenolophaceae <(H. Winkl.) Exell & Mendonca>/
2<\i{}Hugoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Linaceae\i0{}.> 5,1<with stellate indumentum>
39,2 43,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2<arcuate-anastomosing> 65,1 68,1 69,1<large>
70,2 74<very>,1 76,1 90,U 92,1 106,1 112,1 113<tufted or>,2<present also on
the stipules, sepals and petals> 143,1 144,1 148,2 150,3 152,3
153<numerous>,2 154,1 156,2 157,2 159,1 160<probably>,1<?> 161,1 162,2
163,2 168,U 170,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 194,1&2 195<cymes or
cymelike racemes> 215,3 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,2<the stamens adnate to its
inner side> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<very shortly
connate> 241,3 248,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals linear-oblong> 265,1
271,1 272,2 274<spoon-shaped at the base> 278,10 282,1 284,2 285,1 287,2
295,10 298,3 300,3 310,3<ovoid> 313<apiculate>,- 328,1 329,7-9
330,6/8<col(por)oidate> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,2
360,2 361,2 363,1/2 365,1 368,2 371,3 376,3 379,2 380<long>,1 381,1 385,1
404,2 409,2 412,8 421,1 426<with fibrous arils> 504,2 506,1&3 520,4
521<tropical Africa, Western Malaysia> 522,4&6&8&9 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5
565,5 570,14 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Ctenolophon\i0{}> 586<ctenolop> 
 
# Cucurbitaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Bryoniaceae\i0{} Adanson ex Post & Kuntze, \i{}Fevilleaceae\i0{}
Pfeiff., \i{}Nandhirobeae\i0{} (\i{}Nandhirobaceae\i0{}) A. St-Hil.,
\i{}Nhandirobeae\i0{} (\i{}Nhandirobaceae\i0{}) A. St-Hil. corr. Endl.,
\i{}Zanoniaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5<mostly more or less scandent, juicy>,5/3<<5%>
rarely> 21,1/3 22,2 25<perennials in temperate regions>,4/- 27,3<mostly, or
more or less trailing>/1<<20%>> 28,3<often, the tendrils representing
modified shoots, usually one per node>/6<the tendrils occasionally reduced
to spines> 32,3-4 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,1/2 56<when compound>,3/5 60,1/2
63<when simple/dissected,>,2 64<usually>,3 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U
92,1<usually>/2<sometimes> 95<often>,1/- 96<very commonly>,1
103,1<abaxial>/2 104,1 106,1<in great diversity> 107,1&2<the latter
sometimes explosive, e.g. in \i{}Cucurbita\i0{} and \i{}Momordica\i0{}>
119<commonly>,1<often visible as whitish areas around the bases of hairs>
123,1/2<but infrequent in or absent from many genera> 124<when seen,
mainly>,2 130,2<\i{}Bryonia\i0{}, \i{}Cucurbita\i0{}> 137,2 139,1<usually,
probably>/2<?> 140,1/2<observed to arise at different levels in assorted
genera> 141,3 143,2/3<often in two more or less distinct circles, those of
the inner ring sometimes almost meeting near the middle of the stem>
144<often>,2/1<some genera exibiting exclusively collateral bundles, and
elsewhere collateral strands are often present through loss of the inner
phloem from initially bicollateral bundles> 145,1<usually>/2
146,1<occasionally>/2 147,2 148,2<usually or always confined to fascicular
cambium, the activity of which often results in the original bundles
becoming dissected by secondary ray tissue>/3 149,1<commonly>/2 156,3 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 167,1<sometimes arising in unlignified xylem tissue>/2
168,U 170,1<commonly, in older stems>/2 175,2&3/2/3/1/1&2&3 176,1/2<<2%>>
177,2<commonly>/5<commonly>/8/1<<2%> rarely> 184,2 187,1/2 194<when flowers
aggregated,>,2 203,2-4 206,1<<75%> usually>/2 209<most noticeably>,2 213,1
215,2 218,1 223,1 224,(6-)10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5(-6) 238,1
239,3 245,3 251,1/4 254,(3-)5(-6) 255,1 258,1/3 265<more or
less>,3<supposedly usually, commonly induplicate>/1 267,3 268,1/2/3/4
277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,5<essentially>/3<ostensibly, by
reduction and displacement> 279,1&2<commonly there are three stamens, two
bifurcated and with two pairs of pollen sacs each, the other unbranched and
conventional with two pollen sacs>/2 280,2 282<usually>,2<to the
hypanthium> 285<variously>,2<by connate filaments, or in \i{}Cucurbita\i0{}
by cohesion of the anthers into a column>/1 286<when coherent,
commonly>,1<i.e. all the stamens joined in a central column>/2<4/1 in
\i{}Thladiantha\i0{}> 287,1 289,1 295,3/5 298,1/2 305,3<commonly>/2/1 306,4
309,3 310,1 311,1/1&2<often one unilocular, the others bilocular>/2
312,1/1&2/2 313,1<via the prolonged connective>/2 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2
322,2 328,1 329,3/4-15<to many> 330<variously>,6/7/8/9/10 337,1<6 genera>
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,1<Cyclanthereae>/(2-)3(-5) 341,1 342,1<when
monomerous>/2-3(-5) 343,1/3 344,1<Cyclanthereae>/4/5/6 345,3 352,1-2
353,1/2-3(-5)<by joining of the usually intruded parietal placentae>
354,1/2 360,2 361,1/2-3(-5) 363<when more than one,>,2 365,1
368,1/2-3(-5)<one per carpel> 369,2 370<each>,2<in association with the
commissural position, suggestive of derivation from adjacent carpels>
372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2&3 375,2<usually> 376<when the ovary plurilocular,>,2
378<when unilocular,>,(1-)3-100<i.e. to many> 379<when
plurilocular>,(1-)3-50<?> 381,1/2/3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1/2
392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 399,1/2 400,2 401,1<usually>/2
402,1 403,1 404,1<<75%> usually>/2<sometimes> 409,1<sometimes explosively
so>/2 412,6<<80%> usually, most commonly in the form of a gourd (pepo) or
an amphisarca>/1/10<rarely> 422,2 426,3-4 429<often flattened,>,1/2
432<very>,3<the plumule often with clear leaves> 433,2 434,1<flat, often
clearly veined> 435,2<9/11> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Citrullus\i0{},
\i{}Cucumis\i0{}, \i{}Cucurbita\i0{}> 464<\i{}Seyrigia\i0{},
\i{}Xerosicyos\i0{}> 472,1<<5%> rarely>/2 475,1<commonly <50%>>/2 484,2
487,1 488,2 490,1/2 491,1&2/2 492,2<4 species, 4 genera> 495,2 497,2
520,2<warm only>/3-4 521<wanting only in colder regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-14> 527,1 528,1
529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,36 578,640 579,120
580<\i{}Abobra\i0{}, \i{}Acanthosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Actinostemma\i0{},
\i{}Alsomitra\i0{}, \i{}Ampelosycios\i0{}, \i{}Anacaona\i0{},
\i{}Apatzingania\i0{}, \i{}Apodanthera\i0{}, \i{}Bambekea\i0{},
\i{}Benincasa\i0{}, \i{}Biswarea\i0{}, \i{}Bolbostemma\i0{},
\i{}Brandegea\i0{}, \i{}Bryonia\i0{}, \i{}Calycophysum\i0{},
\i{}Cayaponia\i0{}, \i{}Cephalopentandra\i0{}, \i{}Ceratosanthes\i0{},
\i{}Chalema\i0{}, \i{}Cionosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Citrullus\i0{},
\i{}Coccinia\i0{}, \i{}Cogniauxia\i0{}, \i{}Corallocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Cremastopus\i0{}, \i{}Ctenolepis\i0{}, \i{}Cucumella\i0{},
\i{}Cucumeropsis\i0{}, \i{}Cucumis\i0{}, \i{}Cucurbita\i0{},
\i{}Cucurbitella\i0{}, \i{}Cyclanthera\i0{}, \i{}Dactyliandra\i0{},
\i{}Dendrosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Dicoelospermum\i0{}, \i{}Dieterlea\i0{},
\i{}Diplocyclos\i0{}, \i{}Doyerea\i0{}, \i{}Ecballium\i0{},
\i{}Echinocystis\i0{}, \i{}Echinopepon\i0{}, \i{}Edgaria\i0{},
\i{}Elateriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eureiandra\i0{}, \i{}Fevillea\i0{},
\i{}Gerrardanthus\i0{}, \i{}Gomphogyne\i0{}, \i{}Gurania\i0{},
\i{}Guraniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Gymnopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Gynostemma\i0{},
\i{}Halosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Hanburia\i0{}, \i{}Helmontia\i0{},
\i{}Hemsleya\i0{}, \i{}Herpetospermum\i0{}, \i{}Hodgsonia\i0{},
\i{}Ibervillea\i0{}, \i{}Indofevillea\i0{}, \i{}Kedrostis\i0{},
\i{}Lagenaria\i0{}, \i{}Lemurosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Luffa\i0{}, \i{}Marah\i0{},
\i{}Melancium\i0{}, \i{}Melothria\i0{}, \i{}Melothrianthus\i0{},
\i{}Microsechium\i0{}, \i{}Momordica\i0{}, \i{}Muellerargia\i0{},
\i{}Mukia\i0{}, \i{}Myrmecosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Neoalsomitra\i0{},
\i{}Nothoalsomitra\i0{}, \i{}Odosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Oreosyce\i0{},
\i{}Parasicyos\i0{}, \i{}Penelopeia\i0{}, \i{}Peponium\i0{},
\i{}Peponopsis\i0{}, \i{}Polyclathra\i0{}, \i{}Posadaea\i0{},
\i{}Praecitrullus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocyclanthera\i0{},
\i{}Pseudosicydium\i0{}, \i{}Psiguria\i0{}, \i{}Pteropepon\i0{},
\i{}Pterosicyos\i0{}, \i{}Raphidiocystis\i0{}, \i{}Ruthalicia\i0{},
\i{}Rytidostylis\i0{}, \i{}Schizocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Schizopepon\i0{},
\i{}Sechiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Sechium\i0{}, \i{}Selysia\i0{}, \i{}
Seyrigia\i0{}, \i{}Sicana\i0{}, \i{}Sicydium\i0{}, \i{}Sicyos\i0{}, \i{}
Sicyosperma\i0{}, \i{}Siolmatra\i0{}, \i{}Siraitia\i0{}, \i{}Solena\i0{},
\i{}Tecunumania\i0{}, \i{}Telfairia\i0{}, \i{}Thladiantha\i0{}, \i{}
Toxanthera\i0{}, \i{}Trichosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Tricyclandra\i0{}, \i{}
Trochomeria\i0{}, \i{}Trochomeriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tumacoca\i0{}, \i{}
Vaseyanthus\i0{}, \i{}Wilbrandia\i0{}, \i{}Xerosicyos\i0{}, \i{}
Zanonia\i0{},
\i{}Zehneria\i0{}, \i{}Zombitsia\i0{}, \i{}Zygosicyos\i0{}> 581<Review of
family: Jeffrey 1980.> 582<Many sources of important edible fruits, e.g.
\i{}Cucurbita\i0{}, \i{}Cucumis\i0{}, \i{}Lagenaria\i0{}, \i{}Sechium\i0{}
(melons, cucumbers, etc.), and some are poisonous.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Well use this unwholesome humidity, this gross
watery pumpion; well teach him to know turtles from jays \line{}(Merry
Wives, iii., 3 - metaphore for empty-headed) > 586<cucurbit> 
 
# Cunoniaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Belangeraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Callicomaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh>
4<\i{}Aphanopetalaceae\i0{}, \i{}Baueraceae\i0{}, \i{}Eucryphiaceae\i0{}.>
5,1&3&4 27,1/3 39,2/3/1<rarely> 40<when alternate,>,1<\i{}Gumillea\i0{}>
43,2 45,1 53<nearly always>,2/1<sometimes> 56<when compound,>,3/4 68<often
conspicuously>,1 69,1<often>/2 81,2 85,1<recorded in 3 genera> 86,1/2/3
90,U 92,1 101,1 103<very small with the guard cells almost circular in
outline in \i{}Cunonia\i0{} and \i{}Platylophus\i0{}> 106,1/2<chiefly
represented by infrequent unicellular types, but tufted ones recorded for
\i{}Callicoma\i0{}> 107,1<mostly>/2<shaggy, in \i{}Ceratopetalum\i0{} and
\i{}Cunonia\i0{}> 115<very commonly>,1<commonly mucilaginous>
121,1<rarely?>/2 122,1/2 123,1/2 124<when recorded,>,2&3
130,2<\i{}Weinmannia\i0{}> 135<sometimes quadrangular, usually>,2 137,2<but
secretory cells sometimes seen in cortex, pith and rays> 139,1 140,2 141,3
143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 151,1
152,2<\i{}Anodopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Platylophus\i0{}>/3 153,1<usually>/1-2
154,1/2/3/4/5 155<somewhat>,2/1 156,3/2/2&3 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,2
161,1<usually>/2 162,1<rarely>/2 163<usually>,2 164,2 165,1<diffuse or
banded> 166,2 167,2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1/2/3/1&2&3<etc.> 176,1/2
177,1<usually>/5/6<rarely>/7<rarely>/8<rarely> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1&2&4 192,1/2 195<usually compound> 203,2 206,1 213,1/2
214<sometimes>,2/- 220,1<commonly>/2<?> 223,1/3 224,(3-)5(-10)/(6-)10(-20)
226,1/2 227,1/- 229,U 236,(3-)4-5(-10) 238,1 239,1/3<basally> 241,3 245,3
251,1/3 254<when present,>,(3-)4-5(-10)<alternating with the calyx> 255,1
258,1/3<basally> 260,3 267,3 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,4-5<in one
whorl opposite the calyx>/8-10<in two whorls>/20-100<often many> 282,1
284,1 285,1 287,1/2 289,1 295,4-5/8-10/11-40 298,2/3/5 299<when in one
whorl,>,2 306,1 308,1<mostly> 309,3 310,3 318,2 324,2 328,1 329,2<often>/3
330,6/8 337,1<in \i{}Caldcluvia\i0{}> 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,2<usually>/3-5<rarely> 342<when other than apocarpous,>,2/3
343,3/2<more or less, rarely> 344,4<usually>/2-3<rarely>
345,1<usually>/2<\i{}Spiraeanthemum\i0{}> 352,2 353<when
syncarpous>,2<usually>/3-5<rarely> 361,2/3-5 363,1 372,2 373,1 374,2
376,2/3 379,2-50<i.e. to many> 385,2 386,3/2 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 399,1<\i{}Ceratopetalum\i0{}>/2 400,2
404,1/2 405,2/1-2 407< when apocarpous/semicarpous (i.e. rarely),>,1 408,3
409<when syncarpous (i.e. usually),>,1/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2/3-5<?>
412,1<usually>/7<rarely>/8<rarely> 422,1 424,1 426,2 429,1/2 433,2
436<usually>,1 444,1 447,1 472,1<rarely>/2 475,1<rarely <20%>>/2 484,2
488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,2/1&2&3 492,2<\i{}Callicoma\i0{},
\i{}Ceratopetalum\i0{}> 495,1<often> 520,2-4 521<Malaysia, Australasia,
South Africa, Central and South America - mostly between 13 degrees North
and 35 South> 522,4&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12, 15, 16> 527,1
528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38 578,250
579<about>,20 580<\i{}Acrophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Acsmithia\i0{},
\i{}Aistopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Anodopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Caldcluvia\i0{},
\i{}Callicoma\i0{}, \i{}Ceratopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Codia\i0{},
\i{}Cunonia\i0{}, \i{}Geissois\i0{}, \i{}Gillbeea\i0{},
\i{}Gumillea\i0{}(?), \i{}Lamanonia\i0{}, \i{}Pancheria\i0{},
\i{}Platylophus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoweinmannia\i0{}, \i{}Pullea\i0{},
\i{}Schizomeria\i0{}, \i{}Spiraeanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Vesselowskya\i0{},
\i{}Weinmannia\i0{}> 581<Comparisons with this attempt at a \i{}sensu
stricto\i0{} description show sufficient character differences to defend
retaining \i{}Aphanopetalaceae\i0{}, \i{}Baueraceae\i0{} and
\i{}Eucryphiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) as distinct families.> 582<The woods of
\i{}Ceratopetalum apetalum\i0{} (coachwood, Australia) and \i{}Cunonia
capensis\i0{} (South Africa) are used for cabinet-work, and those of some
others are used for tool handles, turnery, etc.> 586<cunoniac> 
 
# Curtisiaceae <(Harms) Takht.>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,2 43,2<shining above, rusty-tomentose below>
53,1 60,2 68,2 76<coarsely>,4 89,2 90,U 92,1<with a single palisade layer>
102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<and sometimes forming an abaxial tomentum>
107<exclusively>,2<and no 2-armed hairs present> 116,2 123,1
124<exclusively>,3<these very large, abutting on the upper epidermis> 127,1
137,2 143<probably>,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153,1 156,2 157,2
159,U 161,1 162,2 163,2 164,2 165,1 167,2 168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1 195<many-flowered, dichotomous, tomentose thyrses>
203,1 206,1 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,1 239,3
244,5<turbinate> 251,3 254,4 255,1 258,1 265,3 278,4 280,2 282,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,2 300,1 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,4
341,2 342,4 343,3 344,5/6 345,3 352,2 353,4 359,1<densely barbate> 360,2
361,1 365,1 366<short, subconical, glabrous> 368,1/4 370<if regarded as
single,>,4 376,3 379,1 381,1 382,2<the micropyle turned outwards> 383,1
386,3 387,2 388,2 400,1 404,1 409,2 412,7<small, subglobular>
415,2<4-locular> 421,4 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 472,2 484,1
485,1<+seco> 504,4 520,2/3 521<South Africa> 522,7 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21
551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,51 578,1<\i{}Curtisia
dentata\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Curtisia\i0{}> 581<This family
exemplifies the well known difficulties in distributing certain Dicot
families between Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and Corniflorae. It is equally
hard to assign them with confidence to the higher level groupings
Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli, although the latter evidently represent a
major divergence in the Dicot line of descent (cf.Young and Watson 1970,
Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993).> 586<curtisia> 
 
# Cuscutaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{}.> 5<parasitic>,5 9,3 11,2<with threadlike,
chlorophyll-less twining stems and short-lived root systems> 12,2 13,2<in
that the normal root system is ephemeral>/- 15,2 16,2 17,2 18,2 22,2 27,3
28,1<with haustoria> 38,1 39,1 40,1 43,4 45,3 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 68,2 90,U
106,1/2 108,1/2<mostly simple, of one or two cells> 130,2 143<much
reduced,>,1-2<comprising minute groips of vessels accompanied by phloem
strands, either constituting a closed ring or more widely separated> 144,1
145,2 148,1 156,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 203,2 206,1 212,(3-)5 213,1 215,2 218,2
223,1 224,6/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5 238,1 239,3 251,1 254,(3-)5
255,1 257,1<with lobed or fringed scales alternating with the stamens>
258,3 265,3 267,3 268,2/6 278,5/10<if the scales alternating with the
stamens are interpreted as staminodes> 282,2<to the corolla tube> 285,1
287,1/2<i.e. including the scales> 289,1/2<in the form of lobed or
fimbriate scales> 290,5 291,3<antepetalous> 295,5 296,3 298,2 299,2 309,3
312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3-6 330,6<including
rupate> 337,2 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,2 353,2 361,2 363,1/2
365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,1 379,2 381,3 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1
397<beaked> 398,1<sometimes?>/2 400,2 403,3-4 404,2/1 409,1 412,1 414,1<or
opening by a transverse slit>/- 422,1 424,1 432,1-2<filiform > 433,0<or
scarcely recognisable as such> 435,1<1/4> 436,2/4/5<spiral> 447<type
inapplicable in the absence of cotyledons>,- 472,1<?>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1
489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 523,1 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 15> 527,1
528,2 529,20 550,1 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59<as a synonym
of \i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{}> 578,170 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Cuscuta\i0{}>
581<These compiled descriptions show 12 differences between
\i{}Cuscuta\i0{} and \i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in floral morphology,
embryology, phytochemistry and cytology, additional to characters directly
associated with the parasitic habit.> 586<cuscutac> 
 
# Cyanastraceae <Engl.>/
2<\i{}Tecophilaeaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 7,- 21,3 22,1<the leaves few, the lowest
bractlike, the upper one or more laminate> 25,2<the corms thick,
constricted at intevals> 39,1 45<when laminate,>,1/3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,4/7
64,2/3/4 65,1 66,2/6 68,- 76,1 102,1 104,3 116,1 117,1 118,1 121,U 123,1/2
124<if present,>,1 128,2 130,2 148,1 151,2 173,1<perforation plates
scalariform> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1/2<?  no septal nectaries, according
to Rudall and Cutler (1995), this conflicting with previous claims> 187,2
189,2/8 193,1 194,1 195<panicles, thyrses or racemes> 199,1/2<the scape
subtended basally by a spathelike or bractlike cataphyll> 203,3 206,1 212,3
213,1 215,3 219,1 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,10
278,6 282,2<inserted at the mouth of the perianth tube> 285,1 287,2 289,1
295,6 303,3<the filaments short, often S-shaped> 306,2 308,2
309,1/2<apically, the thecae with a common opening> 318,2 322,2 328,1 329,1
330,1<or trichotomosulcate> 339,3 342,6 343,3 344,5/6<?> 345,2 352,2
353,3<deeply lobed, the locules separated cf. \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 360,2
361,1 364,2 365<more or less>,3 367,1 368,1/3<short> 376,1 379,2<one per
locellus> 380,1 381,3 385<with a funicular obturator> 386,3 387,3
388,2/3<?> 391<probably>,1 400,2/3<?> 404,2<membranous> 409,3 410,3
411<capsular> 421<usually>,1 422,2<but with a well developed, starchy
chalazosperm>/- 430,1 432,3 433,1 442,2 447,U 454,U 458,U 468,2 472,2 488,2
490,2 492,2 504,2 506,1 509,1&2&3 520,4 521<tropical Africa> 522,6
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a
synonym of \i{}Tecophilaeaceae\i0{}> 578,6 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Cyanastrum\i0{}> 581<Comparing descriptions with Intkey shows
\i{}Cyanastrum\i0{} differing from \i{}Tecophilaeaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in
numerous characters involving leaf anatomy, as well as floral, fruit and
seed morphology.> 586<cyanastr> 
 
# Cyclanthaceae <Dum.>/
5,3/4/5 6,1/3 21,3 22,1/2 27,1/2<rarely>/3 28<when climbing,>,5<with short,
climbing roots, sometimes also with long, unbranched rope roots> 39,1
40,1<usually>/2 43,1/2 45,1 47,1 53,1/2 56<when
compound>,5/2<\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}> 60<when simple>,1<usually>/2 63<when
dissected,>,2<or bifid, in \i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}> 64,1/3<with one to three
costae, the central lacking in \i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}> 68,- 81,2 90,2 102,1
104,4 116,1/2<\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}> 117,2<Carludovicoideae> 121,U 123,1
124,1/2/3<including styloids> 128,1/2<then with vessel tracheids> 129,2
137,1<usually>/2<\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}, which has latex canals confined to
the infloresence> 138<when present,>,3
139,1<usually>/2<\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}> 148,1 151,2<Wagner 1977> 173,1/2<then
with vessel tracheids> 174,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,2 178,1<with four
conspicuous staminodia opposite the tepals, these subulate, vermiform or
filiform, (1-)3-5(-10) cm long, white to red or yellow, with or without
rudimentary anthers> 179,3 182,2<nectaries absent> 184,2 185,1 187,2
194,1/2 195<pedunculate, unbranched, long-cylindrical to subspherical
spadices, with rather few to very numerous flowers>
199<conspicuously>,1<each spadix subtended by 24(-8) spathes, which vary
in size, shape and colour  green, white, red or yellow> 203,2<in most
genera arranged in a chess-board mosaic of solitary females each surrounded
by four males, the groups in a shallow spiral along the spadix; or in
\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}, the male and female flowers in alternating cycles and
fused laterally so as to be indistinguishable individually> 223,5/6/7 224,4
225,1/2<symmetric or asymmetric, usually a more or less lobed cupule when
present in male flowers, free or basally connate in females>
226,1<usually>/2<seemingly, in \i{}Evodianthus\i0{}> 228,1 232,1<often, in
female flowers>/2 233,1 234,1<often, in female flowers> 276,1<staminodal in
female flowers> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,4<in female
flowers>/10-20(-150)<in male flowers of most genera, but in
\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{} the male flowers are so reduced as to be represented by
cycles with numerous stamens in four rows> 282,1 285,1 295,10-20(-150)<when
individual flowers distinguishable> 298,4-5 303<often with basally bulbous
filaments> 306,2 308,2 312,2 313,1/2 314<when present,>,1<in the form of a
glandule> 315,1 317,1 318,1 319,2/3 328,1 329,1<usually>/2 330,1<or
sulcoidate, mostly>/5<or ulceroidate, and \i{}Carludovicia\i0{} having a
proximal pore and a distal groove>/9<biforaminate, \i{}Thoracocarpus\i0{}>
337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,4 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,4-5 345,2/3
352,1 353,1<or in \i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}, the female flowers reduced and fused
into pistillate cycles, to the extent that the ovaries form a continuous
cavity> 359,2 360,1/2 361,1/4 363,1-2 368,4 371<laterally compressed, or
flat, broad and fleshy> 372,1 373,1 374,3 375,2<with four placentas, or
numerous parietal ovules in the continous cavity of
\i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}>/3<rarely> 378,50-150<many> 386,3 388,1/2-3<mostly>
391,1 392,1 393,1/2<?  contrast Davis 1966, pp. 21, 102> 394<if formed,>,3
395,2 396,1/2 397,1 400,3 404,1 409,2 412,6<these usually more or less
cohering within the spadix, sometimes coming free> 417<usually>,1
418<usually>,1<to form a fleshy syncarp, the spadix twisting and becoming
screwlike in \i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}> 422<copiously>,1 424,1/2<?> 429,1<with a
long terminal appendage, in \i{}Stelestylis\i0{}>/2
430,1<Cyclanthoideae>/2<Carludovicioideae> 432,3<small to medium sized>
433,1 436,1<usually, linear-cylindric>/2<rarely> 442,2 447,- 448,2 450,2
451,2 452,2 454,2<but with pronounced cotyledon sheath lobes> 457,3 458,2
468,1<Cyclanthoideae>/2<Carludovicioideae> 472,2 475,1<one species> 488,2
490,2 492,2 497,1 498,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<Central and tropical
South America, West Indies> 522,13&14&15 527,2 530,8 562,1 572,1 574,5
575,2 577,14 578,180 579,12 580<\i{}Asplundia\i0{}, \i{}Carludovica\i0{},
\i{}Chorigyne\i0{}, \i{}Cyclanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dianthoveus\i0{},
\i{}Dicranopygium\i0{}, \i{}Evodianthus\i0{}, \i{}Ludovia\i0{},
\i{}Schultesiophytum\i0{}, \i{}Sphaeradenia\i0{}, \i{}Stelestylis\i0{},
\i{}Thoracocarpus\i0{}> 582<\i{}Carludovica\i0{} leaves are made into
Panama hats.> 586<cyclanth> 
 
# Cyclocheilaceae <W. Marais>/
2<\i{}Orobanchaceae\i0{}> 5<low>,3<the flowering stems densely white-hairy>
15,1/2<? - requires investigation in view of the relationship to the mostly
parasitic Orobanchaceae> 16,1<?> 24<to about>,1 31<divaricately
branching,>,1 38,2 39,2 42,1 43<somewhat>,3/1 45<shortly>,1 53,1 55,2 60,2
62<elliptic or>,2/5-6/7/8<narrower in \i{}Asepalum\i0{}> 68,2 76,1 77,1
87<presumably>,2 106,1 107,1/2 119,U 142,U 159,U 160,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1 188,2<on the numerous, leafy short-shoots> 202,1<bibracteolate, the
bracteoles small, in \i{}C. somaliense\i0{} hairy, reniform-orbicular,
appressed to the backs of the much larger, similarly shaped sepals; in
\i{}Asepalum\i0{} filiform or linear and remote from the calyx> 203,3<much
exceeding the leaves> 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 215,2 218,2 223,1/4<depending on
whether a highly peculiar, enlarged pair of structures beneath the corolla
is interpreted as calyx or bracteoles. If the latter, the calyx is either
totally lacking or - in \i{}Cyclocheilon physocalyx\i0{} - reduced to a
disc-like rim> 224<if partly calycine,>,7/5<if reduced to corolla only>
226,1/2<?> 227,2 228,2/1&2 230<interpretable as very>,2 236<when accepted
as such,>,2 238,1 239<only very briefly, basally>,3/1 240,3
241,3<comprising a pair of similar, reniform-orbicular to -ovate sepals
which much exceed the bracteoles that are appressed to their backs below in
\i{}C. somaliense\i0{}, distant in \i{}Asepalum\i0{}> 245,2 249,1 254,5
255,1 256,- 258<much exceeding the calyx,>,3 260<blunt,>,1 263<about>,0.7
266,6-7 267,2<the posterior lip 2-lobed, and overlapped by the anterior
3-lobed one> 268,2/6/7/8 269,1 278,4 280,- 282,2 284,1-2 285,1 287,1
294,2&3 295,4 296,1<included> 298,1 299,2 300,1 303<long>,3<the filaments
hairy> 306,2<the thecae pendulous, diverging> 308,1 309,3 310,3
311,2<didynamous> 312,2 324,U 328,1 329,3-4 330,6 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3
344,6 345,1 352,2 353,1/2<sometimes incompletely> 354,2 356,1 358,1
360<long>,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,3 368,1 370,1 376,2/4<when locules
incompletely separated> 379,1-5 380<often long>,1<the S-shaped> 381,3
384<obliquely>,1 385,2 386,3 404,2 409,1/3 410,2/- 412,1<in
\i{}Cyclocheilon\i0{}: strongly laterally flattened, winged>/3<in
\i{}Asepalum\i0{}> 414,5 419,3 420<fruit apparently falling within the
enlarged calyx (which have been alternatively interpreted as bracteoles)
and wind-dispersed (Sebsebe Demmisew 2004)> 422,2 425,U 440,1<striate>
442,U 443,4 444,U 460,U 470,U 499,U 504,1 505,1&2 508,2&3 520,2&3
521<Tunisia to Tanganyika, Arabia, Iraq> 522,2 527,1 528<presumably>,2
529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 574,15 576,3 577,60<in
\i{}Orobanchaceae\i0{}> 578,4 579,2 580<\i{}Cyclocheilon\i0{} (3 spp.) and
\i{}Asepalum\i0{} (1 sp.)> 581<Long considered a classificatory puzzle,
with special reference to the very peculiar bracteoles and calyx, these
genera have variously been referred previously to \i{}Verbenaceae\i0{},
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Dicrastylidaceae\i0{}. DNA evidence suggests
that they are embedded within \i{}Orobanchaceae\i0{} sensu lato, albeit as
a distinct clade (Morawetz et al. 2010) and the family remains unplaced in
any formal classification. The present description (TDM, 2017) is compiled
from Marais (1981), Olivers account in Hook. Ic. Pl. 25 (1896) of \i{}C.
somaliense\i0{}, and Stapfs of \i{}C. minutibracteolatum\i0{} (=
\i{}Asepalum eriantherum\i0{}) in Hook. Ic. Pl. 27 (1899)> 586<ccheilon> 
 
# Cymodoceaceae <N. Taylor>/
2<\i{}Zanichelliaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,2<herbaceous and monopodial, or
woody and sympodial> 25,3 27,- 32,1 33,1 34,2 35,1 39,1/2<or apparently so>
40<when alternate,>,1/2 45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/10 64,4 67,1<at
junction of sheath and blade> 68,- 75,1 81,1 92,2 106,2 121,U 123,2 128,2
148,1 151,2 173,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 184,5 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1
192,1 203,2 223,7 277,1/2<female plants> 278<in male flowers>,2 285,2<the
two dorsally united, the anthers paired on a common filament> 289,1 295,2
311,1/2 312,2 325,1 328,2 337,2 338,1/2<male plants> 339,2 343,2 344,2
345,1 347,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 381,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 404,1/2<exocarp hard
or fleshy, sometimes enclosed in a fleshy bract> 405,1 407,2 408,6 422,2
433,1 442,2 447,U 454,U 458,U 488,1 520,3-4 521<warm seas>
522,3&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15<?> 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7> 527,2 530,1 555,3
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,16 579,5 580<\i{}Cymodocea\i0{},
\i{}Amphibolis\i0{}, \i{}Halodule\i0{}, \i{}Syringodium\i0{}> 586<cymodoce>
 
# Cynomoriaceae <Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Balanophoraceae\i0{}> 5<red or reddish brown>,5<with thick, simple
flowering stems> 9,3<without chlorophyll, the unbranched stems with reduced
leaves and terminating in crimson, clavate inflorescences>/- 11<more or
less>,3 12,2 14,1 15,2 16,2 17,2 18,1<including \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Cistaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tamaricaceae\i0{}, \i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}> 21,3
25,3<the rhizomes bearing haustoria> 39,1 43,4<reduced to deltoid scales>
90,U 102,1 144,1 148,1 156,3 175,2&3/1&2&3<?> 176,1 177,2/8<?> 179,1<small>
187,2 189,3/4 195<terminal, crimson, clavate (phalloid), composed of
numerous suppressed false capitula (Airy Shaw 1973)> 203,1 223,3<?>
224,1-5(-8)<male flowers>/1-5<female flowers> 225,1/2<?> 229,U 277,1/2<in
female flowers> 278,1 282,1 295,1 308,1 310,3 311,U 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<to
colporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<of female and bisexual
flowers, on the evidence of the style,>,2 342,1 343,3<but pseudomonomerous>
344<supposedly>,5-6<pseudomonomerous> 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2
361,1<flattened, longitudinally grooved, with two stigmatic points> 365,1
375,3 378,1 381,1 387,1/2<?> 388<Embryology not recorded, and not safely
predictable from descriptions of \i{}Balanophoraceae\i0{}.> 404,2
409<small,>,2 412,8 417,U 422,1 428,1 432,1 504,1 505,2 508,2 520,2-3
521<Mediterranean> 522,3 527,1 528,1/2<?> 529,17 547,1 565,5 570,9 572,1
573,2 574,16 577,30 578,1<\i{}Cynomorium coccineum\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Cynomorium\i0{}> 586<cynomori> 
 
# Cyperaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Kobresiaceae\i0{} Gilly, \i{}Lepistichaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Scirpaceae\i0{} Burnett> 5,5 9,1/2<sometimes elaminate> 10<sometimes>,1
21,1/2/3 22,1<usually>/2<<20%>> 23,2 24,(0.005-)0.05-3(-5) 25,3/4
32,1/2/3/4<<5%> rarely, e.g. \i{}Caustis\i0{}> 34<when hydrophytic,>,1/2
35<of aquatics>,1&2 39,1 40,1<<5%> rarely>/2<<20%> often>/4<<75%> usually>
42,1/2<and occasionally plicate>/3/4 43,1/2 45,3/1<<5%> occasionally> 47,1
49,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 52,1/2 53,1 60,2 62,1/2/3-8 64,4 65,1/2
67,1<commonly>/2 68,- 76<usually>,1<but commonly with prickle hairs>
77,1/2/3 79,1 81,1 82,1/2/3/4/6 90,1<usually> 91,1<if lobed cells
(Metcalfe 1971) be so interpreted>/2<if not> 92,1/2/3 97,2
98,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 102,1 104<usually>,3 121,2 123,2<or very rare(?),
and raphides absent> 128,1 129,2/3/2&3 130,2<\i{}Cyperus\i0{},
\i{}Eriophorum\i0{}, \i{}Eleocharis\i0{}> 131,5<commonly>/1/2/4
132,1-2/3<uncommonly> 139,2 148,1<with compound vascular bundles in
\i{}Gahnia\i0{}> 156,2/3/2&3 173,1 174,2/3/2&3 175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2<etc.>
176,1/2 177,1/2/3/4/5/6/7 182,2<nectaries lacking> 184,1<mostly>/2<<5%>
occasionally, associated with white or coloured bracts or upper leaves>
187,2 191,1 192,1/2<the flowers solitary, or 1-50 in spikelets> 193,-
195<with the spikelets often numerous, in branched, paniculate
inflorescences> 196,- 197,- 200,1/2 202,1<each borne in the axil of a
glume> 203<usually>,2/1 219,2 220,2<usually>/1<<10%> in a few genera>
223,5/6<represented by bristles or hairs>/7 224<when present, often>,6
225,1 228<sometimes more or less>,1 277,1/2<when female> 278,1-3/4-6(-22)
282,1 285,1<usually>/2<<2%> connate filaments in some \i{}Carex\i0{}
species> 289,1 295,1-3/4-6(-22) 306,2 310,3/2 312,2 313,1<via prolongation
of the connective into an apiculus>/2 315,1 316,1<consistently so in a
sample of 30 genera, Bruhl 1990> 317,1 318,2<specialised, cyperaceous
type> 319<undergoing degeneration, resulting in a pseudomonad> 320,1 321,3
322,2 324,1<though ostensibly solitary, as pseudomonads> 327,3<with three
members degenerated> 328,1 329,1-4(-15) 330,5/7/5&7/9<usually with a single
ulcoid aperture, but often with a ring of transverse lateral lacunae,
rarely with four ill-defined foramina> 331<when ulcerate,>,2 332,2 336,1
337,1<\i{}Fimbristylis\i0{}, \i{}Scirpus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Carex\i0{},
\i{}Cyperus\i0{}, \i{}Eleocharis\i0{}, Rhynchospora,
\i{}Schoenoplectus\i0{}> 338,1/2<when male> 339,2/3(-4) 342,1 343,3 344,4-5
345,1 352,1 353,1 361,2-3 363,1-2 368,(1-)2/3(-15) 372,2 373,1/2 374,2<IIA
and IIB> 375,1 378,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 397,2 399,1/2 400,2 403,1 404,2 409,2 412,3/7<very rarely>
415,2 421,1 422,1 424,2<mealy or fleshy, usually>/1<rarely> 430<usually>,1
432,3/1<Rhynchosporoideae> 433<when detectable,>,1 435,2<doubtfully  2/2>
442,2 447,- 448,2 449,1<e.g. \i{}Isolepis\i0{}>/2 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,1
456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1/2/4 462<103 genera: see Bruhl database> 463<27
genera: see Bruhl database> 465<\i{}Eleocharis\i0{} spp.> 466,1<27
genera>/2<103 genera> 468,1 472,2 475,1<occasionally, simple indole
<15%>>/2 487,2 488,1<<50%> more commonly, and more abundantly, than in
Gramineae>/2 489<when present,>,1<usually>/1&2<\i{}Isolepis\i0{}>
490,1<<25%> more commonly than in Gramineae>/2 491,2 492,2 495,1 497,1
498,2 504,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan, predominating in moist
habitats> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16&17 523,1 527,2 530,6
560,3 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578<about>,5400 579<about>,110
580<\i{}Abildgaardia\i0{}, \i{}Acriulus\i0{}, \i{}Actinoschoenus\i0{},
\i{}Afrotrilepis\i0{}, \i{}Alinula\i0{}, \i{}Androtrichum\i0{},
\i{}Anosporum\i0{}, \i{}Arthrostylis\i0{}, \i{}Ascolepis\i0{},
\i{}Ascopholis\i0{}, \i{}Baeothryon\i0{}, \i{}Baumea\i0{},
\i{}Becquerelia\i0{}, \i{}Bisboeckelera\i0{}, \i{}Blysmopsis\i0{},
\i{}Blysmus\i0{}, \i{}Bolboschoenus\i0{}, \i{}Bulbostylis\i0{},
\i{}Calyptrocarya\i0{}, \i{}Capitularina\i0{}, \i{}Carex\i0{},
\i{}Carpha\i0{}, \i{}Caustis\i0{}, \i{}Cephalocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Chorizandra\i0{}, \i{}Chrysitrix\i0{}, \i{}Cladium\i0{},
\i{}Coleochloa\i0{}, \i{}Costularia\i0{}, \i{}Courtoisina\i0{},
\i{}Crosslandia\i0{}, \i{}Cyathochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Cyathocoma\i0{},
\i{}Cymophyllus\i0{}, \i{}Cyperus\i0{}, \i{}Desmoschoenus\i0{},
\i{}Didymiandrum\i0{}, \i{}Diplacrum\i0{}, \i{}Diplasia\i0{},
\i{}Dulichium\i0{}, \i{}Egleria\i0{}, \i{}Eleocharis\i0{},
\i{}Eleogiton\i0{}, \i{}Epischoenus\i0{}, \i{}Eriophoropsis\i0{},
\i{}Eriophorum\i0{}, \i{}Erioscirpus\i0{}, \i{}Evandra\i0{},
\i{}Everardia\i0{}, \i{}Exocarya\i0{}, \i{}Exochogyne\i0{},
\i{}Ficinia\i0{}, \i{}Fimbristylis\i0{}, \i{}Fuirena\i0{}, \i{}Gahnia\i0{},
\i{}Gymnoschoenus\i0{}, \i{}Hellmuthia\i0{}, \i{}Hemicarpha\i0{},
\i{}Hymenochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Hypolytrum\i0{}, \i{}Isolepis\i0{},
\i{}Kobresia\i0{}, \i{}Kyllinga\i0{}, \i{}Kyllingiella\i0{},
\i{}Lagenocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Lepidosperma\i0{}, \i{}Lepironia\i0{},
\i{}Lipocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Lophoschoenus\i0{}, \i{}Machaerina\i0{},
\i{}Mapania\i0{}, \i{}Mapaniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Mariscus\i0{},
\i{}Mesomelaena\i0{}, \i{}Microdracoides\i0{}, \i{}Micropapyrus\i0{},
\i{}Monandrus\i0{}, \i{}Morelotia\i0{}, \i{}Neesenbeckia\i0{},
\i{}Nemum\i0{}, \i{}Nelmesia\i0{}, \i{}Oreobolopsis\i0{},
\i{}Oreobolus\i0{}, \i{}Oxycaryum\i0{}, \i{}Paramapania\i0{},
\i{}Phylloscirpus\i0{}, \i{}Pleurostachys\i0{}, \i{}Principina\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoschoenus\i0{}, \i{}Ptilanthelium\i0{}, \i{}Pycreus\i0{},
\i{}Queenslandiella\i0{}, \i{}Reedia\i0{}, \i{}Remirea\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchocladium\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchospora\i0{}, \i{}Rikliella\i0{},
\i{}Schoenoplectus\i0{}, \i{}Schoenoxiphium\i0{}, \i{}Schoenoides\i0{},
\i{}Schoenus\i0{}, \i{}Scirpodendron\i0{}, \i{}Scirpoides\i0{},
\i{}Scirpus\i0{}, \i{}Scleria\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerocyperus\i0{},
\i{}Sumatroscirpus\i0{}, \i{}Syntrinema\i0{}, \i{}Tetraria\i0{},
\i{}Tetrariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Thoracostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Torulinium\i0{},
\i{}Trachystylis\i0{}, \i{}Trianoptiles\i0{}, \i{}Trichoschoenus\i0{},
\i{}Tricostularia\i0{}, \i{}Trilepis\i0{}, \i{}Tylocarya\i0{},
\i{}Uncinia\i0{}, \i{}Vesicarex\i0{}, \i{}Volkiella\i0{},
\i{}Websteria\i0{}> 581<Recent family treatments: Goetghebeur (1986); Bruhl
(1995). For interactive identification and information retrieval, and
comprehensive html generic descriptions, see J.J. Bruhl (1998), Genera of
Cyperaceae, available online at https://www.delta-intkey.com/caes/index.htm>
582<Some noxious weeds, otherwise of little economic importance 
\i{}Cyperus papyrus\i0{} is of historical interest in connection with
papermaking, and that genus furnishes a few watergarden ornamentals;
\i{}Cyperus esculentus\i0{} has edible rhizomes.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Alas, poor hurt fowl; now will he creep into the
sedges \line{}(Much Ado, ii., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The gentle
Severns sedgy bank \line{}(1st Henry the Fourth, i., 3)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}You nymphs, called naiads, of the winding brooks,
\line{}With your sedged crowns, and ever-harmless looks \line{}(Tempest,
iv., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Nut-grass is not Grass \line{}(anon) >
586<cyperace> 
 
# Cypripediaceae <Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Orchidaceae-Cypripedioideae\i0{}> 5,5 14<more or less>,1/2
15<ostensibly>,1-2 16<supposedly always>,1 17,1 21,3 22,1/2 25,3
27,1<mostly terrestrial> 39,1 40,1/2 43,1/3 45,1-3 47,1 48,1 53,1 60,2
62,3-7 64,4 65,2 67,2 76,1 82,1/2 90,1<in idioblasts termed stegmata, in
the leaves> 92,1 98,1/2<?> 102,1 104,1/3 105,2 121,U 123,1 124,1 128,2
148,1 151,2 171,1<commonly>/2<?> 173,1/2 174,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2 192,2 193,1/2 194,1 195<terminal racemes,
or sometimes one-flowered> 203,3/4 206,3 207,1 208,1 209,1&2 213,1
215<basically>,3 219,2 223,1/5<usually, though very zygomorphic and the
inner median very different in form from the rest> 224,5<in that the
lateral sepals are fused into a synsepalum>/6<if the synsepalum is
counted as two> 225<partially>,2<the outer laterals> 226,2 227,1<if the
joined, outer laterals interpreted as two>/2<if not> 228<if not readily
resolvable into calyx and corolla,>,2 229,1/2 230,2<the lateral petals
often much longer than the other tepals, and the median petal  the
labellum  characteristically slipper-shaped> 231<of various colours>
235,2<\i{}Paphiopedilum\i0{}> 236,2/3<i.e. basically three, with the
laterals joined> 238,1 239,2<the anterior member  opposite the labellum 
free> 242,2<the laterals> 252<morphologically>,1<but the flower usually
resupinate, so ostensibly posterior> 254,3 255,1 258,1 278,3 282,1
283,1<the filaments and style forming a thick, inflexed gynostemium>
285,2<via the gynostemium> 287<theoretically>,2<the two fertile members
supposedly representing the inner whorl, the staminodium the median of the
outer whorl> 289,2 290,1<the median member of the outer whorl>
291<theoretically>,1/- 293,2<shieldlike> 295,2<morphologically anterior,
opposite the labellum, supposedly the laterals of the inner whorl> 298,1
301<(at least theoretically)>,2 309,3 310,2 316,1 318,2 322,2
324,2<usually, but more or less viscid>/1<rarely> 327<when
aggregated,>,5<these very rare> 328,1 330,1/5/7 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,1/3
343,3 344,6 345,3 352,1/2 353,1/3 357,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1
370<usually>,3/- 372,1 375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when trilocular,>,2
377,2 378,50-200<or more  many> 379,30-50<or more> 385,2 386,3
387,3<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Paphiopedilum\i0{}> 388,1 391<arrested until
after fertilization> 400,2<arrested early>/- 403,1&2 404,2 409,1 412,1
421,50-200<or more> 422,2 426,1-2 432,1 435,2<\i{}Cypripedium\i0{} sp.>
446,1 447,U 450,2 454,2 458,2 464<\i{}Paphiopedium\i0{}>
472,2 475,1<rarely?>/2 487,2 488,2 490,2
492,2 520,2&3&4 521<north boreal and north temperate, old and new world
tropics except Africa> 522,1&2&3&4&9&11&12&13&14&15 527,2 530,4 558,5 572,1
574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Orchidaceae\i0{}> 578,99 579,5
580<\i{}Cypripedium\i0{}, \i{}Paphiopedilum\i0{}, \i{}Mexipedium\i0{},
\i{}Phragmipedium\i0{}, \i{}Selenipedium\i0{}> 581<The characteristically
orchidaceous seed germination results in an endomycorrhizal 'protocorm',
from which the ectomycorrhizal green plant develops. Supposedly differing
from \i{}Orchidaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the xylem lacking vessels
and the achlorophyllous embryo, as well as the six conspicuous androecium
characters.> 586<cypriped> 
 
# Cyrillaceae <Endl.>/
5<small>,1/3 37,1/2 39,1 43,1/2 45,1-3 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2<but with
red, ligulate, glandular structures in the leaf axils> 76,1 90,U 92,1
101,1/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 123,1 124,2/2&3 139,1 140,1 141,1 148,2
152<occasionally tending to>,2/3<usually> 153<very>,1<and very numerous>
154,1<usually, mostly>/4&5<sometimes, in late wood> 155,2 156,2 157,2 158,2
159,1/2 160,2 161,1 162,2 163,2 164,2 165,1/1&2 166,2 167,2 169,3 173,1
175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,1<from the petals, in
\i{}Cyrilla\i0{}>/2/1&2<?> 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1/2 200,1<the bract
sometimes caducous> 202,1 205,1 206,1 212,5(-7) 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 220,1
221,2 223,1 224,10(-14) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5(-7) 238,1 239,1/3<connate
basally> 241,2/3<?> 245,3 248,1 249,1<often>/2 251,1 254,5(-7) 255,1
258,1/3<then shortly so at the base> 260,3 265,1/2 268,2/5/6/7
278,5<\i{}Cyrilla\i0{}>/10 282,1 284,1/2<those of the outer whorl longer,
in \i{}Cliftonia\i0{}> 285,1 287,1<\i{}Cyrilla\i0{}>/2<5+5> 289,1
295,5<representing the outer whorl, in \i{}Cyrilla\i0{}>/10
298,2<\i{}Cyrilla\i0{}>/3 299,2<alternating with the petals>
302,1<\i{}Purdiaea\i0{}>/2 303,3<the filaments sometimes flattened and
petaloid> 306,1 307,1<in \i{}Purdiaea\i0{}>/2<in the other genera  the
filaments attached dorsally in \i{}Cyrilla\i0{} and \i{}Cliftonia\i0{}, but
ventrally in \i{}Purdiaea\i0{}> 308,1 309,1<these apical, in
\i{}Purdiaea\i0{}>/2/3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2<2 or 3>
322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 337,1 339,2-5 341,1-2 342,2-5 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,2-5 360<shortly>,1/2 361<when detectable,>,1 364,1 365,1
372,2 373,2 374,4 376,2-3 379,1-3 381,1<sometimes from a pendulous,
stalklike placenta> 386,1<\i{}Purdiaea\i0{}>/3<Thomas 1960> 387,2 388,1
390,1 391,1<from normal embryo sacs, but \i{}Hieracium\i0{}-type from the
aposporous embryo sacs in \i{}Cliftonia\i0{}> 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 400,1
401,1 402,1&2 404,1/2 409,2 412,2/10/7 422<copiously>,1 428,2 432,3
433,2<small> 436,1 472,2 475,2<3 species> 483,U 484,2 488,1 489,1 490,1
491,1&2&3 492<faintly>,1<\i{}Cyrilla\i0{}> 495,2 504,3 512,1 520,3-4
521<Southeast U.S.A., Central and tropical South America> 522,12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,2 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2
574,15 577,52 578,13 579,3 580<\i{}Cliftonia\i0{}, \i{}Cyrilla\i0{},
\i{}Purdiaea\i0{}> 581<See Thomas 1960.> 582<Leatherwood (\i{}Cyrilla\i0{})
and buckwheat tree (\i{}Cliftonia\i0{}) are cultivated for fragrant
flowers and showy autumn foliage.> 586<cyrillac> 
 
# Cytinaceae <Brongn.>/
2<\i{}Rafflesiaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 5<very peculiar endoparasitic>,5 9,3
11<the vegetative parts>,2/3 12,2/3<depending on interpretation> 13,2 14,-
15,2<on an assorted range of hosts, including \i{}Burseraceae\i0{},
\i{}Cistaceae\i0{}, \i{}Compositae\i0{}, \i{}Hamamelidaceae\i0{},
\i{}Cochlospermaceae\i0{}, \i{}Moraceae\i0{} - infecting the roots, then
permeating the host tissues, with only the flowering stems becoming
exserted at the bases of flowering stems or beneath the flowers> 16,3 17,2
39<(if the scales beneath the flowers are so interpreted,)>,1/2/3<usually>
43,4<scales> 90,U 102,2 141,- 148,1<the vascular system vestigial or
absent> 151<when present,>,2 175,1<rarely>/2&3/2/3 176,1/2<rarely>
177,2/5<?> 184,2 187,2 195<spicate> 203,2-3 205,2<often>/3 206,1 213,1
216,1/2/3<depending on interpretation of the floral columns>
223,3/4/5<depending on interpretation> 224,4<always?> 225,2<forming a
tube>/1<?> 226,1<preceded by numerous scales> 229,U 232<somewhat>,1/2<?>
277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<of male flowers>,15-100<to many> 282,1
283,1/2<depending on morphological interpretation of the central column>
285,1<the elongate, sessile anthers arranged in a ring around the swollen
head of the central column> 287,1 289,1 295,15-100<to many> 303,4 309,3
310,1 311,1/2<?> 312,2 318,2 324,2 326,U 328,1 329,2-3(-4) 330,6/7
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<(in female flowers)>,4-8<? - several>
342,4-8<?> 343,3 344,5/6<the stout, columnar style clavate> 345,3 352,2
353,4-8<by deep intrusion of the placentas> 360,2 361,1 365,1 371,1
376,4<or with the very minute ovules covering the inner surfaces of the
partitions> 379,25-100<very numerous, and very minute> 385,2 386,1 387,3
388,1 389,2 404,1 409,2 412,6 421<many> 422,2 426,1 432,1 497<when present,
lacking both protein and starch> 520,2<warm>/3-4 521<Mediterranean, Africa
and Madagascar> 522,3&5&6&7&8 527,1 528,2 529,16 546,3<cf.
\i{}Hydnoraceae\i0{}> 565,5 570,10 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46
578<about>,10 579,2 580<\i{}Bdallophytum\i0{}, \i{}Cytinus\i0{}>
581<Differing from \i{}Rafflesiaceae\i0{} in six characters involving
inflorescence, perianth, pollen, ovule and seed.> 586<cytinace> 
 
# Daphniphyllaceae <Muell. Arg.>/
5<small>,1/3 39,1<sometimes crowded and almost whorled at the branch tips>
47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3
116,2 123,1 124,2 130,2 134,1/2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2
153<very to moderately>,1 154,1 156,2 159,1 161,1 165<probably>,1 167,2
170,1 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1/2 179,3 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2 200,1<each
pedicel subtended by a deciduous bract> 203,2<and inconspicuous> 206,1
218,2 223,3<usually>/7<apetalous, occasionally the calyx also lacking>
224,2-6 226,1 229,U 236,2-6 238<when present,>,1 239,1 245,3 251<more or
less>,1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,5-12 282,1 285,1 289,1 295,5-12 298,2-3
303,3<the filaments short> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3
330,8 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2(-4) 341,1 342,2(-4) 343,3 344,4-5
345,3 352,2 353,2(-4) 360,2 361,2(-4) 363,2<but only basally> 365,1 372,2
373,1 374,2 376,2-3 379,2 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,2<no obturator, no
caruncle> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 393,1 394,3<?> 395,2 396,1 397<with
prominent filiform apparatus> 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2 421,1 422,1 424,1<and
proteinaceous> 432,3<small, apical> 436,1 472,2 475,1<unique,
daphniphylline group> 484,1 485,1<?> 488,2 490,1 491,2<trace> 492,2
495,1<often> 504,1&2 505,1 506,3 507,3 510,2&3&4 521<Eastern Asia,
Malaysia> 522,4&9 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 32> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,8 565,2
567,3 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,35 579,1 580<\i{}Daphniphyllum\i0{}>
586<daphniph> 
 
# Dasypogonaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 3<\i{}Baxteriaceae\i0{},
\i{}Kingiaceae\i0{} Endlicher, \i{}Lomandraceae\i0{} Lotsy,
\i{}Xerotaceae\i0{} Endl.> 4<\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{} sensu stricto.>
5,2/3/5<less often> 22,1<more or less acaulescent>/2 25,3 
31,2/- 32,3/4 38,2-4 39,1
40,1<usually>/2 43,2/5/1 45,3 47,1 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,2/3 64,4 65,2
102,1 104,1 121,U 123,1/2<?> 124,1&3<\i{}Lomandra\i0{}>
128,1<\i{}Acanthocarpos\i0{}>/2 129,2 130,2<\i{}Lomandra\i0{}> 143,4
148,1<e.g. \i{}Kingia\i0{}, with a palmlike vascular system>/3<e.g. some
\i{}Lomandra\i0{} spp., sometimes with compound vascular bundles> 149,2
151,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 173,1 174,2/3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5
182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries> 187,2 193,1/2 195<elongate and loosely
branched, or of globose partial inflorescences, or of dense, multiflorous
often globose paniculate or thyrsoid heads> 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,1/2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1
228,1<occasionally>/2<usually> 230,1/2 231,2/3/4/13 232,1/2
235,2<\i{}Acanthocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chamaexeros\i0{}, \i{}Lomandra\i0{},
\i{}Xerolirion\i0{}> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,6 282,1/1&2<the three
inner members sometimes fused to the bases of the inner tepals> 284,1 285,1
287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 306,1-2 309,3 310,3 316,1/2<\i{}Lomandra\i0{}>
324,2 328,1 329,1/2/3-9<to many> 330,1/3/4/2/9 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,6 345,1/3 352,1/2 353,1<\i{}Dasypogon\i0{}>/3
360,2/1-2<\i{}Lomandra\i0{}> 361,1<simple or tribrachiate> 364,1/2 365,1
367,1 368,1/3 370,1/3 372,1 375<when unilocular,>,1 376<when trilocular,>,2
378<when unilocular,>,1 379,1 385,2 386,3-4 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3<large> 395,2 397,1<with filiform apparatus> 404,2 409,1/2 412,1/2
422,1 432,3<but often small> 442,2<always?> 447,- 448,1<e.g.
\i{}Lomandra\i0{}>/2 449,1<\i{}Dasypogon\i0{}>/2<\i{}Lomandra\i0{}> 450,2
454,1 457,3 458,2 472,2 479,1<\i{}Lomandra\i0{}> 480,2 488,2 490,2 492,2
504,2&5 506,3&5 510,4 513,1&2&3 521<Australian, with \i{}Lomandra\i0{}
extending to New Guinea and New Caledonia> 522,9&10&11 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
7,8, 9> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,1<?> 577,20<or unplaced at
ordinal level> 578<about>,65 579,8 580<\i{}Acanthocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Baxteria\i0{}, \i{}Chamaexeros\i0{}, \i{}Dasypogon\i0{},
\i{}Kingia\i0{}, \i{}Lomandra\i0{}, \i{}Romnalda\i0{}, \i{}Xerolirion\i0{}>
581<Comparing descriptions with Intkey shows this one differing from
\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in absence of flavonols,
leaves with anomocytic stomata and lacking secretory cavities, the ovary
unilocular or trilocular with only one ovule per locule, the seed testa
without phytomelan, and the coeoptile-less seedling.> 586<dasypogo> 
 
# Datiscaceae <Lindl.>/
4<\i{}Tetramelaceae\i0{}.> 5<tall, glabrous>,5<with the habit of
\i{}Cannabis\i0{}> 21,3 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,4 57,1 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,4
85,1 86,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1&2<?> 112,1<shaggy,
each with a multicellular stalk of variable length and a spherical or
ellipsoidal, glandular head> 122,2 130,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1/3/1&3 152,3 153,3/2-3 154,1&2&3<of 2-3 cells> 156,3
157,2 158,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165<scarce,>,2/- 166,2<but containing
groups of fibres when mature> 167,2 169,3 170,1<not abundant>
175,2/3/1/1&2&3 176,1 177,5/6/8 179,3 184,1 187,2 189,7 195<crowded
fascicles on long, leafy branches> 223,3 224,3-9 227,- 229,U 230,-
236,3-9<male flowers>/3-8<female and hermaphrodite flowers> 239,1
245<members unequal> 248,1 276,1/2<female flowers> 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,3-5<in hermaphrodite flowers>/8-25<in male flowers> 279,U 281,U 282,1
285,1 289,1<or hermaphrodite flowers sometimes with some imperfect
stamens?> 295,8-25<male flowers>/3-5<hermaphrodite flowers> 303,3<the
filaments short> 306,1 309,3 310,1 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3-5 342,1 343,3 344,4<open at the apex>
345,3<ribbed> 352,1 353,1 359,2 360,2 361,3-5<each deeply bifid> 372,2
373,1 374,2 375,2 378,30-100<many> 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,2 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 400,2 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1<membranous>
414<opening apically between the persistent styles> 421,30-100<many
seeded> 422<more or less>,2 432,3<but small> 433,2<oily> 436,1
440<coarsely reticulate> 447,1 472,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 495,2 504,1
505,1 520,2-4 521<dry Western Eurasia, dry North America> 522,1&12&13
524<\i{}n\i0{} = 11> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,36 578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Datisca\i0{}> 586<datiscac> 
 
# Davidiaceae <Takht.>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}, \i{}Nyssaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 37,2 39,1 53,1 60,2
62<broadly>,7 64,2 65,1 66,2 68,2 76,4 89,2 90,U 92,1 106,1
107<exclusively>,2<and no 2-armed hairs present> 123,1
124<exclusively>,3<only in the spongy mesophyll> 127,2 130,2 139,1 140,2
145,2 148,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,1 167,2 168,U 175,1&2 176,1
177,3 178,1<the female-fertile flowers with few to many small staminodes
inserted halway up the ovary (Airy Shaw 1973)> 179,3 187,2 189,4 194,1
195<dense, terminal, pedunculate, globular capitula, each with many
scarcely distinct male flowers and a single, obliquely terminal
hermaphrodite (or female?) one> 196,1<each capitulum subtended by a pair of
large, unequal, drooping, white, petaloid bracts> 197,1 223,6<perhaps, in
the hermaphrodite flowers>/7<the male flowers consisting of stamens only,
the female more or less limited to an ovary and stamens (plus staminodes?)>
229,U 277,1/2<female flowers?> 278<in male flowers,>,5-6 279,U 285,1
289,1<in male flowers>/2<in the terminal, hermaphrodite flower, according
to Airy Shaw> 295,5-6 303,3<the filaments long> 309,3 312,2 328,1 329,3
330,8 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,6-10 342,6-9 343,3 344,4-5 345,3 352,2
353,6-9 359,2 360,2 361,1<columnar, exceeding the androecium> 368,6-10<the
style with 610 branches> 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,1 381,1 382,2 383,1
386,3 387,2 388<more or less>,2 390,1 400,1 404,1 409,2 412,7<pear-shaped,
about 3.5 cm long, with granular mesocarp> 415,2<endocarp bony,
longitudinally sulcate, 35 locular> 422,1 424,1 432,3<rather large> 433,2
436,1 447,1 472,2 481,2 483,2 484,1 485,1<+seco> 487,1&2 488,2 490,1
491,1&2 492,1 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<China> 522,4 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 21>
527,1 528,2<?> 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,51<as a
synonym of \i{}Cornaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Davidia involucrata\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Davidia\i0{}> 581<See Eyde (1988). Differing from
\i{}Cornaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in numerous characters involving
perianth, gynoecium, ovules and seed, \i{}Davidia\i0{} exemplifies the well
known difficulties in distributing certain Dicot families between
Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and Corniflorae. It is equally hard to assign them
with confidence to the higher level groupings Crassinucelli and
Tenuinucelli, although the latter evidently represent a major divergence in
the Dicot line of descent (cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{}
1993).> 586<davidiac> 
 
# Davidsoniaceae <Bange>/
2<\i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}.> 5<small, slender>,1 31,1 32,3/4 38,4<about 1 m
long> 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,4 64,2 65,1 68,1<the stipules large,
reniform, palmately veined> 76<of the leaflets>,3-4 81,2 89,U 90,U 94,U
106,1 114,1 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 130,2 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U
146,U 147,U 148,2<?> 156,2&3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 194,2 206,1 220,1 222,1<scales, alternating with
the stamens> 223,3 224,4(-5) 225,2 226,1 229,U 236,4(-5) 239,3<connate into
a tube as long as the lobes> 241,2 251,3<thick> 278,8/10 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,8/10 298,3 303,3<the filaments more or less tumid below>
306,1 308,1 309,1-2-3<the initial apical pores becoming slits> 310,3 328,1
329,3 330,8 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,2 361,2<these filiform,
geniculate above> 363,1 365,1 368,2 376,2/3 379,5-7 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3
404,1 409,2 412,7 415,1<two-pyrened> 422,2 433,2<these large> 447,2 472,2
484,2 488<probably>,1 492,2 495,2 520,4 521<Northeast Australia> 522,10
527,1 528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38<as a
synonym of \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}> 578,3<\i{}D. jerseyana\i0{}, \i{}D.
johnsonii\i0{}, \i{}D. pruriens\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Davidsonia\i0{}> 581<Seemingly differing from \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto (q.v.) in the non-endospermic seeds, micropyle not zig-zag,
and cryptocotylar seed germination, as well as in possessing urticating
hairs.> 582<Edible fruit - "Davidson's Plum"> 586<davidson> 
 
# Degeneriaceae <Bailey & Smith>/
5<large>,1 7,1 39,1 43,U 45,1 47,2 50,1 51,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1
90,U 102,1 104,3 116,2 120,1 134,1 141,4<with five traces> 145,2 148,2
155,2 156,2 161,1 165<mainly>,1 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
185<probably>,1 187,1<pendulous, on long peduncles> 188<(supra)>,2/-
203,3-4 206,1 213,1 215,4 217,2<shortly raised> 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,15-21
226,4-6 227,1 229,U 236,3 238,1 239,1 248,1 254,12-18<the petals larger
than the sepals> 255,3-5 258,1 271,1 272,2 274,2 278<about>,30-50 279,2
280,1 281,1 282,1 285,1 287,3-6<?> 289,2 290,3-10<?> 291,3<located between
the stamens and the gynoecium, similar to the stamens but fewer> 293,2
295,20-30<in 34 series> 303,1<flattened, oblong, three nerved> 306,4<the
thecae abaxial> 308,2 309,3/5 310,1 312,2<the four microsporangia paired,
abaxial> 318,2 320,2 321,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,1 342,1
343,1 344,1 345,1 346,2<largely unsealed at anthesis> 347,1<the stigmatic
surfaces running along the apposed margins> 350<about>,20-32 351<more or
less>,2<a single row towards each margin of the carpel> 380<long>,1<in one
series>/2<in the other> 385<with a conspicuous funicular obturator> 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 400,1 404,2<leathery, with a hard exocarp>
407,1/2<?> 421,20-30 422<copiously>,1 423,1 424,1 426<flattened, more or
less sculptured, with an orange-red sarcotesta> 432,3<but very small>
433,3(-4) 447,1 472,1 497,1 504,2 506,4 511,3 520,4 521<Fiji> 522,11
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 24> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,3 565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4 577,8
578,2<\i{}D. vitiensis\i0{}, \i{}D. roseiflora\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Degeneria\i0{}> 586<degeneri> 
 
# Desfontainiaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Columelliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous>,3<with shiny,
dark green, prickly, holly-like leaves>/1<rarely, small> 31,1 37,1 38,2-3
39,2 42,1 43,2 45,1 53,1 55,2 60,1-2<holly-like> 62,6/7 64,2 65,1 68,1-2
69,1-2<the small stipules connected by a transverse line>
76,4<prickly-dentate and holly-like> 81,2 92,1 95,2 102,1 104,1 106,1/2
107<when present,>,1 112,2 122,U 130,2 131,1 139,1 140,1<arising near the
phloem> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150<very>,3<predominantly uniseriate, of
upright cells> 151,1<narrow, hard to distinguish from the other elements in
T.S.> 152,1 155<very>,2 156,2<with many bars> 157,2<intervascular pitting
partly scalariform, partly rounded and bordered> 159,1<readily recognisable
as such only in mac erated material, in radial rows with the vessels> 161,1
162,2 165,1<mainly diffuse> 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1
187<mostly>,1 188,2<in opposite axils> 203,2-3 206,1-2 209<when
detectable>,1<the calyx only> 212,5 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<basally only> 240,3<the oblong lobes ciliate>
245,1/3 247,2 248,1 249,2 251<strongly>,1 254,5 256,1 258,3 260,1
265,1/2<but not twisted> 266,6/7-8 267,3 268,3&5<the tube crimson, the
lobes yellow> 271,1 278,5 280,2 282,2<in the throat of the corolla> 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,3 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments short
and thick> 306,2 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,(3-)5 341,1-2
342,(2-)5<i.e., diminishing from 5 above> 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1-2
353,(3-)5/1<i.e., becoming unilocular above> 358,1 360,2 361,1<the style
persistent> 365,1 368,1 371,3 375<above, where unilocular,>,2<the
mushroom-shaped placentas intruding deeply> 376<below, where
plurilocular,>,2 377,1 379,15-50<many> 386,3<?> 387,2 388,2 390,1 400,1
404,1 409,2 412,6<white or yellow> 419,3 422,1<the endosperm starchy>
432,3<but minute> 433,2 436,1 475,1/2<only weak positives recorded  no
isoquinoline alkaloids> 479,2 481,2 482,1 484,1 485,1 487,2 521<Andes,
Costa Rica to Cape Horn> 522,15 524<2\i{}n\i0{}=14> 525,7 526,2 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,6<re-assigned> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,64<as a
synonym of \i{}Columelliaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Desfontainia spinosa\i0{}>
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Desfontainia\i0{}> 581<See Leeuwenberg (1980);
but \i{}Desfontainea\i0{} seems related to Dipsacales rather than
Gentianales in terms of both the available descriptive data and
\i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence analyses (cf. Bremer \i{}et al\i0{}., 1994). It
differs from our description of \i{}Columelliaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in 16 rather
conspicuous floral morphological characters, as well as in yielding
iridoids. The nearest neighbour as assessed from the present descriptions
is \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}.> 582<A cultivated ornamental.> 586<desfonta> 
 
# Dialypetalanthaceae <Rizz. & Occh.>/
2<\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,2<large,
laterally connate towards the base in pairs: Cronquist 1981> 76,1 90,U
145,2 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165<scanty>,1<or virtually
none>/- 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,2 187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1
195<cymose panicles or thyrses> 200,1<the bracts resembling the stipules,
but smaller> 202<(bi-)>,1 203<showy> 205,1 206,1 213,1 215,4 218,2 223,1
224,8 226,4 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,2<decussately 2+2> 239,1 245,3 248,1
254,4 255,2<2+2> 258,1 267,3 268,2 278,(16-)18(-25) 279,U 282,1 284,1 285,2
286,1<basally connate into a tube> 287,2 289,1 295,(16-)18(-25) 298,5 302,1
303<shortly>,3 306,2 309,1<apically> 310,3 311,2<the locules separated on
the triquetrous connective> 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,2 342,2
343,3 344,5-6 345,3 352,2 353,2 359,1<in the form of a fringe atop the
ovary> 360,2 361,1 365,1 366<elongate> 368,1-2 370<shortly>,2 376,2
379,30-50<many> 386,3 387,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,6<septifragal according
to Cronquist> 421,50-100<many> 422<thinly>,1 424,1 426<slender, fusiform,
somewhat sigmoid> 432,3 433,2<short> 436,1 472,2 484,2 504,3 512,3&4 520,4
521<Eastern Brazil> 522,15 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}>
578,1<\i{}Dialypetalanthus fuscescens\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Dialypetalanthus\i0{}> 581<Differing from the sensu stricto description
compiled for \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in 15 conspicuous floral and fruit
characters.> 586<dialypet> 
 
# Diapensiaceae <Lindl.>/
3<\i{}Diplarchaceae\i0{} Klotsch, \i{}Galacinae\i0{} (\i{}Galacaceae\i0{})
D. Don> 5<small>,3/5 21,3 37,1 38,2/3 39,1 40,1 43,- 44,1/2 45,1-3 47,2
53,1 60,2 64,1/2 65<often>,1/- 68,2 76,1/3/4 90,U 92,1<usually, but the
mesophyll sometimes consisting of isodiametric cells in \i{}Galax\i0{} and
\i{}Shortia\i0{}> 102,1 103,1<usually the abaxial one, sometimes the
adaxial>/2 104,1/1&2<in \i{}Galax\i0{} and \i{}Shortia\i0{}> 106<very
scarce or>,2/1<and conspicuous, only in \i{}Pyxidanthera\i0{}> 107<in
\i{}Pyxidanthera\i0{}, exclusively>,1 108,1 112,2 116,2 123,1
124,2<mostly>/1<in \i{}Galax\i0{}> 130,2<\i{}Diapensia\i0{}> 135<often>,2
139,1<but sometimes scarcely developed> 140,1<usually?>/2<in
\i{}Galax\i0{}> 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,3 152,1-3 156,3/2&3 159,U
161,1 162,1<in addition to fibre tracheids>/2 163,U 167,2 168,U 169,3 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2 192,2 202,1<with two
bracteoles> 203,2/3 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3 240<when gamosepalous, five>,3 245,3
248,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<\i{}Galax\i0{}>/3 265,1/2 267,3
268,2/6/7<anthocyanic> 272,2 275,1/2/3/4 278,5/10 282<(at least the outer
series)>,2<to the corolla tube> 284,1/2<when staminodes present>
285,1-2<then the stamens, or those of the inner cycle, or the staminodes
and stamens together connivent basally to form an androecial tube, which in
\i{}Galax\i0{} falls with the corolla> 286<when coherent,>,1 
287,1<\i{}Diapensia\i0{},
\i{}Pyxidanthera\i0{}>/2 289,1<\i{}Diapensia\i0{}, \i{}Pyxidanthera\i0{}>/2
290<when present,>,5 291,2/3<?antepetalous> 293,2<scalelike or spathulate>
295,5/10 298,2<usually>/3 299,2 300,1/3 303,3/4 306,2<or transverse>/-
307,1 308,2 309,3<usually>/4<\i{}Pyxidanthera\i0{}> 311,1<\i{}Galax\i0{}>/2
312,1<\i{}Galax\i0{}>/2 313,1<awned>/2 314<when present,>,4 315,1 317,1
320,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3/6 330,6/8/10 337,1 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3
344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 367,1 368,1 370,3
371,3 372,1 373,2 374,4 376,2 379,5-50<many> 380,1 386,2/3/4 387,2 388,1
390,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<to 40 cells, in \i{}Shortia\i0{}>/2
396,2 397<of \i{}Diapensia\i0{} with filiform apparatus> 400,1
403<probably>,4 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422<copiously>,1 426,2 432,3 433,2
436,1-2 472,2 475,2<one species> 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,2/1&2<and sometimes
with gossypetin> 492,2<\i{}Galax\i0{}> 494,2 495<widely>,1<seemingly
occurring in all the species> 504,1 505,1 507,1&2&3&4&5 520,1-2 521<North
America and Eurasia - chiefly alpine> 522,1&4&12&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6>
527,1 528,2 529,21 551,2 565,4 569,11 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,20
579,6 580<\i{}Berneuxia\i0{}, \i{}Diapensia\i0{}, \i{}Galax\i0{},
\i{}Pyxidanthera\i0{}, \i{}Schizocodon\i0{}, \i{}Shortia\i0{}>
586<diapensi> 
 
# Dichapetalaceae <Baill.>/
3<\i{}Chailletiaceae\i0{} R.Br., \i{}Hirtellaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.)>
5<small>,1&3&4 27,1/3 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1
68,1 69,2 74,1 76,1 81,2 85,1 86,1 90,U 92<usually>,1 101<usually>,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,3<see illustration> 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108,1
109,2<with wartlike papillae: see illustration> 115,1<sometimes with
mucilage cells>/2 121,1<often>/2 123,1 124,2&3 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2 152,3 154,1&2/2&3/4 156,3/2&3 157,1 158,2
159,1/2<depending on interpretation?> 160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2
165,1/2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2 187,2 189,1&7 192,1
194,2<to petiolar>/5 195<dichotomous cymes or fascicles> 203,2 206,1/2
213,1 218,2 220,1 222,1/2<when a corolla tube present> 223,1 224,8/10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 251,1
254,(4-)5<the petals usually two-lobed or bifid> 255,1
258,1<usually>/3<rarely with a basal tube> 260,3 265,1 267,3/1
274<broadly>,1/2 275,1/2/4<rarely> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(4-)5
282,1/2<sometimes epipetalous> 284,1 285,1/2 287,1 289,1<usually>/2<rarely>
290<when present,>,2<then with three fertile stamens> 291,2 295,3/5 298,1/2
299,2 303,3/4 309,3<the connective often dorsally thickened> 328,1 329,3
330,8 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2/3(-4) 342,2/3(-4) 343,3 344,4/5
345,1-3 352,2 353,2/3(-4) 361,1<usually>/2-3(-4)<rarely> 363,1<rarely>/2
365,1 376,3 379,2 381,1 382,2<micropyle superior> 383,1 385,1<often
carunculate>/2 386,3 404,1<rarely>/2 409,2 412,7 415,2<13 locular> 422,2
432,3 433,2 436,1 447,2 469,2<in \i{}Tapura\i0{}> 475,1/2 487,2 495,2
520,3-4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 20,
24> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,200 579,3 580<\i{}Dichapetalum\i0{}, \i{}Stephanopodium\i0{},
\i{}Tapura\i0{}, (\i{}Gonypetalum\i0{}, \i{}Falya\i0{})> 582<The poisonous
seeds of \i{}Dichapetalum toxicarium\i0{} have been used in West Africa to
kill rats.> 586<dichapet> 
 
# Dicrastylidaceae <J. Drumm. ex Harv.>/
1<\i{}Chloanthaceae\i0{} Hutch.> 2<\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} or
\i{}Labiatae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Cyclocheilaceae\i0{}> 5,3<often tomentose>
9,1-2<\i{}Spartothamnella\i0{}>/1 10,- 12,1<though sparse and contributing
to the broomlike habit of \i{}Spartothamnella\i0{}> 32,3/4 37,1
39,2/3<rarely alternate> 43,1/2 45,2-3 51,1<?>/2<Physopsideae> 53,1 60,2
62,3/4/6/7 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 106,1 112,1 113,1/2 145,2 148,3
149,1<all the genera> 161,1 163,1<at least sometimes>/2<?> 167,1 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/8/4/6/3 194,1/2 195<spicate,
capitate or compound> 200,1 206,1/2/3 207<when irregular,>,1 209<(when
manifest)>,1/1&2 212,4-8 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,8-16 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,4-8 238,1 239,3 245,3 248,1 249,1<rarely, enlarging in the
fruit>/2 254,4-8<or almost truncate>/- 255,1 258,3 265,1 267<more or
less>,1-2<usually>/3 278,4-8/3-7 282,2<epipetalous> 285,1 287,1
289,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Hemiphora\i0{}> 290<in \i{}Hemiphora\i0{}>,2 291,2
292<in \i{}Hemiphora\i0{},>,2 294,1&2&3/2&3/3
295,4-8/3-7/2<\i{}Hemiphora\i0{}> 296,1/2/3 298,1/2<usually as many as the
corolla lobes or one fewer> 299,2 300,1 306,1
309,3<mostly>/5<\i{}Hemiphora\i0{}> 313,1<in \i{}Pityrodia\i0{}>/2 314<of
\i{}Pityrodia\i0{}>,4 328,1 329,3 330,6 339,2 341,1 342,2/4 343,3 344,5-6
345,1 352,2 353,2<morphologically>/4<sometimes, ostensibly, by intrusion
from the walls of false septa> 354,1/2 356,1 361,1 365,1 368,1<e.g.
\i{}Newcastelia\i0{}, \i{}Physopsis\i0{}>/2<mostly> 376,2 379,2/1<when
false cells are interpreted as locules> 385,2 386,2 387,2 388,1
392,2/3<?> 393,1 395,2 396,1 397,2 404,2<usually>/1<rarely> 409,2 412,7/8
415,1<these two, representing the true locules>/2 421,1-2
422,1<mostly>/2<<2%> \i{}Spartothamnella\i0{}> 436,1 472,2 484,1 488,2
520,2-4 521<tropical East Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes, Australasia,
Pacific> 522,6&8&9&10&11 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 578,90 579,11
580<\i{}Chloanthes\i0{}, \i{}Cyanostegia\i0{}, \i{}Denisonia\i0{},
\i{}Dicrastylis\i0{}, \i{}Hemiphora\i0{}, \i{}Lachnostachys\i0{},
\i{}Mallophora\i0{}, \i{}Newcastelia\i0{}, \i{}Physopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pityrodia\i0{}, \i{}Spartothamnella\i0{}> 581<These genera are part of
the \i{}Labiatae\i0{}/\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} imbroglio: see remarks under
\i{}Labiatae\i0{}. Comparing the descriptions compiled here shows this
family differing from \i{}Labiatae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the
anomalous secondary thickening of stems, details of xylem anatomy, ovary
placentation and fruit morphology. The attempted description of
\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} (q.v.) differs from this one only in stem anatomy and
xylem details.> 586<dicrasty> 
 
# Didiereaceae <Radlk. ex Drake>/
5,1/3<with spiny short-shoots in the leaf axils of the long-shoots> 9,2
10,1&3<or euphorbioid> 12,1<but small>/2 14,1<the younger long-shoots
succulent, becoming woody with age, the short-shoots spiny> 38,2 39,1 53,1
60,2 68,2 90,U 92<more or less>,1/2<sometimes exhibiting a weak palisade>
121,1 130,2<\i{}Alluaudia\i0{}> 137,1<in the cortex> 138,3 143<more or
less>,2<comprising an almost closed arc or 7-9 bundles> 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,1 152,3 154,1&3&4<with irregular clusters and groups of
mutiples> 156,3 157,2 158,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<scanty and terminal>
167,2 169,3 175,2/3/1&3 176,1/2 177,5/4 178,1/2 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,1<on
the long- and short-shoots> 195<more or less dichasial cymes> 213,1 220,1
221,2 222,2 223,1<though the petaline calyx could be interpreted as
bracteoles, the corolla as sepals> 224,6 226,3 227,1 229,U 236,2 238,1
239,1<petaloid, decussate> 248,1 254,4 255,2<2+2, decussate> 258,1 274,2
276,1/2 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,8(-10) 280,1 281,U 282,1
285,1<weakly adnate to the outside of the nectary> 287,2 289,1 295,8(-10)
303,3<the filaments woolly> 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,(4-)5-7
330,6<but occasionally with one or two pores near the poles in addition to
the furrows> 333,4 337,2 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-4) 341,2/3
342,(2-)3(-4) 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)3(-4)<but only the
medial-adaxial one fertile, the others empty> 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1
368,(2-)3(-4) 376,1 379,1 381,3 382,1 383,1 385,1 386,4 387,3 388,2 400,2
404,2 409,2 412,2<three-angled> 421,1<the seed with a small funicular aril>
422<nearly>,2 432,3 433,2<these fleshy> 436,2/3 447,1 461,3
464<\i{}Alluaudia\i0{}, \i{}Alluaudiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Decaryia\i0{},
\i{}Didieria\i0{}> 472,2 484,2 486,1<where sought> 488,1 497,1 498,3<a>
504,2 506,2 520,4 521<in semi-desert parts of Madagascar and continental
Africa> 522,8 526<seemingly high  2n=150, 190200> 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1
565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,11 579,4 580<\i{}Didierea\i0{},
\i{}Alluaudia\i0{}, \i{}Alluaudiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Decaryia\i0{}>
586<didierea> 
 
# Didymelaceae <Leandri>/
2<\i{}Buxaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 37,1 39,1 40,1 43,2<or chartaceous, drying
yellowish green>/- 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 89,U 90,U 94,U 102,1
104,6 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,1 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U
156,2 159,1 165<replaced by lignified cells> 166,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5
187,2 189,3<female>/8<short, male> 194,2<or supra-axillary>/- 195<shortly
panuculate (male), or simply spicate with thickened rachis (female)> 218,2
220,2 223,3/7<the male flowers subtended by 02 scales, the female by 04,
interpretable as bracts or sepals> 224<if so interpreted,>,1-4 229,U 236<if
so interpreted,>,1-2<male>/1-4<female> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in male
flowers,>,2 280,2 285,2<very shortly connate> 286,1 287,1 289,1 295,2
303<very shortly>,3<the short filaments connate, according to
Cronquist>/4<according to Airy Shaw> 309<cuneate,>,3 310,1 324,2 328,1
329,3 330,8<but the colpi peculiarly 2-orate> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339<at
least ostensibly>,1 342,1 343<seemingly>,1<i.e. with no evidence of
pseudomonomery> 344<seemingly>,1 345,1 347,1/2 348<having a large, oblique,
decurrent stigma with a median groove, sometimes recurved at the tip> 350,1
351,U 381,1 382,2 386,2 387,3<the integuments prolonged into an elongate
collar> 388,U 404,1<large> 407,2 408,7<with a lateral groove> 421,1 422,2
432,3 433,2<these thick> 504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1
528,1 529,6<or \i{}Rosiflorae?\i0{}> 536,9<or \i{}Buxales\i0{}?> 565,2
567,4 572,1 573,1/2<?> 574,7/11<?> 577,68<as a synonym of
\i{}Buxaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Didymeles\i0{}> 581<This
description is inadequate for reliable classification; but it differs from
that of \i{}Buxaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in 12 characters representing leaf
anatomy, androecium, gynoecium, and details of the ovule and seed.>
586<didymela> 
 
# Diegodendraceae <Capuron>/
2<\i{}Bixaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3 39,1 47,2 50<densely, minutely>,1
51,1<smelling of camphor when crushed> 53,1 60,2 62,4 68,1 69,2 74,1<fairly
large, convolute, leaving annular scars> 76,1 89,U 90,U 94,U 116,U 119,U
120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 157,1 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 194,1
195<few-flowered terminal panicles with alternate branches> 200,1 202,1
203,4 205,1 206,1 218,2 220,2<?> 223,1 224,10<usually>/12 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5(-6) 238,1 239,1<the sepals unequal> 248,1 254,5(-6) 255,1 258,1<the
petals large, slightly unequal> 265,1 272,2 278,30-100<many> 279,U 282,1
285,1 289,1 295,30-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments filiform>
306,2<ovate-oblong> 308,2 309,3 310,2 324,U 339,1-4 341,1 342,(1-)2-4 343,3
344,7<deeply lobed, the bodies of the carpels free, with a common, central,
gynobasic style  cf. \i{}Ochnaceae\i0{}> 345,1 350,2 351,3 352,2
353,(1-)2-4<but the locules separated> 360,2 361,1 365,3<central> 368,1
371<punctiform> 376,1 379,2 381,3 382,1 383,1<with the micropyles facing
outwards> 384,1 386,3 404<unknown> 504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a
synonym of \i{}Bixaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Diegodendron humbertii\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Diegodendron\i0{}> 581<\i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence analyses
indicate close affinity with \i{}Bixa\i0{} (Fay \i{}et al\i0{}, 1998).
However, comparing this description with that of \i{}Bixaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
indicates differences in ten characters, involving phytochemistry as well
as floral morphology (the latter mostly concerning androecium and
gynoecium).> 586<diegoden> 
 
# Dilleniaceae <Salisb.>/
3<\i{}Hibbertiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 5,1&3&4/5<a few> 9,1/2<occasionally>
10<switch plants>,1 12,1<usually>/2 22,1<sometimes>/2 27,1/3
28<sometimes>,1 29<\i{}Hibbertia\i0{} recorded as reversibly>,1/2
31<sometimes>,1/- 32,3/4 37<usually>,2 39,1<usually>/2<rarely>
40<usually>,1 43,2<often>/1/4 45,1 47,1/2 50,1/2 53,1 55,2
60,2<usually>/1<occasionally lobed> 64,1/2/3 68,1<the stipules winglike,
adnate to the petiole>/2 76,1/3 81,2 85,1<known from two genera> 86,2/3
89,1/2 90,U 104,1<usually>/3<\i{}Tetracera\i0{}> 122,1/2
130,2<\i{}Dillenia\i0{}> 132,1 134,1<occasionally>/2 139,1 140,1<usually>/2
141,1/3/4-5<?> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2/3<rarely?> 149<when
present,>,1<\i{}Doliocarpus\i0{}> 152,1-3 153,2<usually>/3<in the lianes>
154,1<except for ostensible tangential pairs due to overlapping ends>
156,2/2&3 157,2 159,1 161,1 165<predominantly>,1/1&2<sometimes with a few
cells around the vessels> 167,1<in \i{}Doliocarpus\i0{}>/2 169,3 170,1/2
175,1 176,2 177,1 184<when heterantherous,>,2 185,2&4 187,1/2 
192<when flowers aggregated,>,1/2
203,2-3<usually>/4 206,1-2 209<when noticeable,>,2 213,2 214,1/2/1&2 217,2
218,2 220,2 223,1 224,(5-)10(-25) 226,- 227,- 229,U 236,(3-)5(-20) 239,1
247,1/2 248,1 251<spirally>,1 254,(2-)5 258,1 265,1/6<often> 268,2/3
272,2<often conspicuously caducous> 275,2/4
278,15-150<usually>/1-10<rarely> 279,1<usually  in that the numerous
stamens often arise from 515 trunks>/2 280,1/2 281<when numerous,>,2<as
a whole, or those within each cluster> 282,1 284,1-2 285,1/2<often united
basally> 286<when clustered>,1/5-15 287,- 289,1/2
295,1-10<rarely>/15-150<usually many> 298,1-3-5 306<usually>,2/4
309,1-2<apically>/3 310,3/2 312,2 315,1/2 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/5 320,2
322,1/2 328,1 329,2(-4) 330,6/8/10/11 337,1 339,(1-)2-7(-20) 342<when
syncarpous,>,(2-)5(-7) 343,2-3 344,2-3<usually>/4<rarely> 345,1 346,1/2
347,2 348,2 350,1-100<i.e. to many> 351<when apocarpous>,2/3 352,2
353<when syncarpous>,(2-)5(-7) 361<as many as G> 363<when carpels
connate,>,1 372,1 373,2 374,4 376<when syncarpous>,2/1 379<when
syncarpous,>,1-20 381,3 382,1 383,1 385<usually>,1 386,3-5<with zigzag
micropyle> 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397,1/2<\i{}Hibbertia\i0{}> 400,2 403,1 404,2 405,1/2 408<when
apocarpous>,3/4/8<?> 409<when syncarpous>,1/2<and then enclosed in the
fleshy calyx> 412,1/2 413,1/2/4 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3<very small>
433,2 435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1 466,2<\i{}Dillenia\i0{}> 469,1/2<in
\i{}Dillenia\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<usually>/1<<2%> then not benzyl
isoquinoline> 484,2 486,2<where sought> 487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1
491,2/1&2&3 492,2<3 species, 2 genera> 495,2 497,2 520,2<warm>/3-4
521<pantropical and subtropical, and all Australia>
522,4&6&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13> 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,2 565,4 569,1 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,29 578,400 579,11
580<\i{}Acrotrema\i0{}, \i{}Curatella\i0{}, \i{}Davilla\i0{},
\i{}Didesmandra\i0{}, \i{}Dillenia\i0{}, \i{}Doliocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Hibbertia\i0{}, \i{}Pachynema\i0{}, \i{}Pinzona\i0{},
\i{}Schumacheria\i0{}, \i{}Tetracera\i0{}> 582<Some edible fruits.>
586<dillenia> 
 
# Dioncophyllaceae <Airy Shaw>/
3<\i{}Triphyophyllaceae\i0{} Emberger> 5<soft-wooded>,4 15,3<at least
\i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{} being insectivorous>/1<the other genera?> 19<of
\i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{}>,1/2<?> 20,5&6<on young stems and leaves, constituted
by multicellular, stalked or sessile secretory glands, recalling those of
\i{}Droseraceae\i0{} and \i{}Ancistrocladaceae\i0{}, which secrete sticky,
acid mucilage> 27,3 28<climbing by pairs of hooks or tendrils representing
the forked tips of the leaf midribs> 36,1<\i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{}, which in
addition to the hook-tipped climbing leaves has normal leaves without
hooks, and others which are wholly reduced to the midrib, circinnate and
beset with numerous stalked and sessile glands>/2 39,1 43,1/2 53,1 60,2
64,2<mostly>/4<the midrib-leaves of \i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{}> 68,2 76,1-2<to
crenulate, often undulate> 83,1<the midrib-leaves of
\i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{}>/2 90,U 102,1 104,6/7
143,1/4<\i{}Dioncophyllum\i0{}> 144,- 145,2 146,- 147,- 148,2/3 149<when
present,>,1<\i{}Dioncophyllum\i0{}> 152,3 153<very>,3 154,1&2&3 156,3 157,2
159,1 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1&2 167,1/2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1
192,1 194<more or less supra->,2/- 195<lax, more or less supra-axillary
cymes> 200,1<the bracts large or small> 203,3 206,1 215,3 218,2 220,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239<small,>,1/3<then shortly connate
basally> 241,3 245,3 248,1 251,3/4 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,2 268,2 271,1/2
272,2<caducous> 278,10(-30) 282,1 284,1/2 285<slightly>,2/1 287,2 289,1
295,10(-30) 298,2/3/4 299<in \i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{},>,1 300,3 306,2<ovoid
or oblong> 309,3 310,3 313,1 314,1<by elongation of the connective> 324,2
328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 339,2/5 341,1/2 342,1 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,1 353,1
360,2 361,2/5 363,1/2 365,1 368,2/5 371<variously capitate, feathery or
punctiform> 372,2 373,2 374,2<IIA> 375,2 378,30-100<many> 380<long>,1
386,3 387,3 388,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5<opening well before maturity, the
seeds borne peltately on very long, thickened, rigid funicles>
422<copiously>,1 424,2 426,4<discoid> 429,1<the wing thin and broad or
narrow and thicker, surrounding the seed> 430,1 432,3<large, axile> 433,2
447,2 486,2 504,2 506,1 509,3 520,4 521<West Africa> 522,6 524<2\i{}n\i0{}
= 36> 527,1 528,1 529,8<?> 538,1<?> 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50
578,3 579,3 580<\i{}Dioncophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Triphyophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Habropetalum\i0{}> 581<See Airy Shaw 1951. Not seen: Schmid, R. (1964),
\i{}Bot. Jahrb\i0{}. (Engl.) \b{}83\b0{}, 154.> 586<dioncoph> 
 
# Dioscoreaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Cladophyllaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Stenomeridaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Tamaceae\i0{} S.F. Gray> 4<\i{}Trichopodaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/5/4 25,3/4<the
tubers giving rise to annual stems> 27,3<usully>/1<rarely>
28<mostly>,1/6<or trailing> 29<\i{}Tamus\i0{}>,1 32,3/4
39,1<usually>/2<rarely> 40<usually>,1 45,1 47,1-2 53,1<usually>/2 56<when
compound,>,5<with three to six or more leaflets>
60,2<usually>/1<occasionally> 63<when incised,>,2 64<basically>,3 65,1
66<often>,2/4/- 68,1/2 95,1<often>/2 102,1 104,1 121,U 123<usually>,1
124,1<in mucilaginous idioblasts> 130,2<\i{}Dioscorea\i0{}> 148,1/3<e.g.
\i{}Dioscorea\i0{}, the vascular bundles arranged in two concentric
circles> 149<when present,>,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
171,1<single layered>/2 173,1 174,2 175,2/3/2&3/1 176,1/2
177,5<usually>/2/1<\i{}Stenomeris\i0{}> 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries>
184,2 187,2 189,8&2&3 192,2 194,2 200,1 202,1<one bracteole, rarely two>
203,2<generally inconspicuous> 206,1 212,3 219<usually>,1<short> 223,5
224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228,1/2 230,1/2 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,6<usually>/3<the inner whorl sometimes missing> 282,2<to the perianth>
285,1/2 286<when cohering>,1<the filaments connate into a tube>
287,2<usually>/1<by reduction> 289,1/2<the inner whorl sometimes staminodal
or obsolete> 290<when present,>,3 291,3 295,6/3 298,2/3 306,1/4 309,3
310,1/3 313,1/2 315,1 316,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,1/2-5
330,1/9/3 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3 342,3 343,3 344,4-5 345,3 352,2
353,3 357,1 360,2 361,1/3 363,1/2 365,1 367,1 372,2 373,2 374,4 376,2
379,2<usually>/3-50<i.e., rarely many> 381,1 384,2 385,2 386,3 387,3
388,2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,2 399,1 400,2 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1<usually>/6<\i{}Tamus\i0{}>/10<\i{}Rajania\i0{}> 414,5 422,1 424,1
429,1<e.g. \i{}Dioscorea\i0{}>/2 430,2 432,3<small> 433,1<usually, more or
less lateral, broad and flat>/2<the second rudimentary> 435,2<1/1> 442,2
443<with red to yellowish brown phlobaphene> 447,- 448,1/2<sometimes
developing into a storage organ> 450,2 451,1<\i{}Dioscorea\i0{}>/2 452,2
453<of \i{}Dioscorea\i0{}>,2<but anatomically unifacial>/- 454,2 456,2
457,3 458,2 468,2 472,2 475,1<<12%>>/2<mostly> 487<commonly>,1 488,1<<60%>
commonly in \i{}Dioscorea\i0{}, often abundant>/2<e.g. \i{}Tamus\i0{}>
489<when present,>,1 490,1<commonly and abundantly, in
\i{}Dioscorea\i0{}>/2<\i{}Tamus\i0{}> 491,1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2
504,1&2&3&4&5&6 505,1&2 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,2&3&4 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4
510,1&2&3&4 511,2&3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6 513,1 514,2 520,2<warm>/3-4
521<widespread, but mainly tropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 10, 12, 14> 527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,13
578,750 579,6 580<\i{}Borderea\i0{}, \i{}Dioscorea\i0{},
\i{}Epipetrum\i0{}, \i{}Rajania\i0{}, \i{}Stenomeris\i0{}, \i{}Tamus\i0{}>
582<Several important food plants, notably yams (\i{}Dioscorea\i0{}).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Now climbing high with random maze, \line{}Oer
elm, and ash, and alder strays; \line{}And round each trunk a network
weaves \line{}Fantastic \line{}(Of \i{}Tamus communis\i0{}, quoted by Ann
Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857), unattributed)> 586<dioscore> 
 
# Dipentodontaceae <Merr.>/
5<small>,1/3 37,2 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,7 64,2 65,1 68,1 69,2
74,1<lanceolate> 76,4<denticulate> 90,U 102,1 104,1 148,2 155,2 156,2<with
many cross bars> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165<absent> 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 189,5 194,2 195<long pedunculate, globose, 2530 flowered
umbels, the pedicels jointed in the middle> 196<initially>,1<the involucre
of 45 small, deciduous members> 197<more or less>,1 203,2 206,1 212,5-7
213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,1<57 glands, opposite the corolla
members  alternatively interpretable as staminodes> 223,1 224,10-14 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5-7 238,1 239,3<the linear, pubescent sepals shortly united
at the base> 241,3 248,1 251,3 254,5-7 255,1 258,1/3<?  the petals linear,
indistinguishable from the sepals or slightly narrower> 265,3 267,3 272,1
278,5-7/10-14<if the nectaries are interpreted as staminodes> 282,1 285,1
287,1/2<if taken to include the nectary glands> 289,1/2<if the nectary
glands are seen as staminodal> 290,5-7 291,2/3<antepetalous>
295,5-7<persistent> 298,2 299,2 302,1 309,3 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 339,3 341,1 342,1/3<at the base> 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,1 353,1<though with partial partitions at the base> 360,2 361,1 364,1
365,1 368,1 371<small,>,3 375,5 378,6<borne atop the columnar, free central
placenta> 381,3 404,2 409<tardily>,1 412,1<tomentose> 421,1<small, oblong,
with a persistent style, surrounded by the persistent calyx, corolla and
androecium> 504,2 506,3 510,2 520,3/4 521<northeast India, southern China
and Burma> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,45 578,1 579,1 580<\i{}Dipentodon\i0{} (\i{}D. sinicus\i0{})> 
586<dipentod> 581<The above description applies to the monospecific
\i{}Dipentodon\i0{}, and does not account for recent proposals based on
molecular evidence to transfer \i{}Perrottetia\i0{} here from 
\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}>
 
# Dipsacaceae <Juss.>/
2<\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} sensu lato> 4<\i{}Morinaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,1/2/3
22,1/2 25<sometimes>,4 36,1/2 39,2<usually>/3<rarely> 43,1/2 45,1/2/3
46,1/2 53,1/2 56<when compound,>,4 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple>,1/2
63<when dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,2 90,U 92<in different species
variously>,1/2/3<sometimes dorsiventral at the bases of the stems and
isobilateral on the upper parts> 102,1 103,1<sometimes>/2<more often>
104,1<usually>/2 106,1 107,1&2<the former usually lignified, unicellular
and sometimes raised on multicellular emergencies, the latter short- to
long-stalked with multicellular heads> 116,2 123,1/2 124<when present,
usually>,2 127<not accompanied by sclerenchyma,>,1<sometimes, via
thin-walled tissue>/2 130,1<\i{}Cephalaria\i0{}, \i{}Dipsacus\i0{},
\i{}Knautia\i0{}, \i{}Pterocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Scabiosa\i0{},
\i{}Succisella\i0{}> 131,1/3 132<often>,3 137,2 139,1 140,1<usually>/2
141,3/5 143,1<or the initial bundles soon linking> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2<resulting in early linking of the initial vascular bundles by phloem
and prosenchymatous elements> 156,3<usually>/2&3 157,2 158,1<oftem>/2 159,1
167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,2 189,4<these dense, the receptacle
usually hairy or scaly> 192,1 193,1 195<dense, involucrate heads> 196,1
197,1 202,1<the two bracteoles supposedly joined to form the involucel>
203,2 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1<the calyx small,
variously constituted> 224,8/10/- 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4<by fusion of two
members, cf. \i{}Veronica\i0{}>/5<but often represented by five or up to
ten pappus-like bristles> 237,1<often>/2 238,1 239,1<of teeth or
bristles>/2<cupular, entire or variously divided> 240,1/2/3/4 241,1-3 245,3
248<usually>,1 253,1<usually, supposedly formed from two fused
bracteoles>/2 254,4<by fusion of two members>/5 255,1 258,3 265,1 266,6/8
267,1/2 268,2/7/8 278,4/2-3<rarely> 280,2 282,2 284,1/2 285,1/2 286<when
united,>,2 287,1 289,1/2 290<if present,>,1-2<?> 291,2 295,4/2-3 296,3
297,1<sometimes>/3/- 298,1/2 299,2 300,1 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1
318,2 319,1 320,1 321,2 322,1 328,1 329,3/4 330,6/7 337,2 339,2 341,1 342,1
343,3<but pseudomonomerous> 344,5-6 345,3 352,1 353,1 356,1 359,1 360,1
361,1 365,1 368,1-2 370<simple, or unequally>,2/- 372,2 373,2 374,2 375,3
378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
397,1 399,1 400,1 403,6<where known> 404,2 409,2 412,3 417,- 419<the
remains of>,4<with the achene enclosed in the epicalyx and the persistent
calyx limb> 421,1 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 435,1<4/16> 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Dipsacus\i0{}, \i{}Scabiosa\i0{}> 470,1<\i{}Cephalaria\i0{}, Gibbs
1974> 472,2 475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 481,2 484,1 485,1<normal and seco>
487,1<rarely>/2 488,2 490,2 492,2<3 species, 3 genera> 495,2 504,1 520,2&3
521<Old World, chiefly North temperate Eurasia and tropical and southern
Africa> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-10> 525,9 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,6 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66<as a synonym of
\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}> 578,150 579,14 580<\i{}Cephalaria\i0{},
\i{}Dipsacus\i0{}, \i{}Knautia\i0{}, \i{}Lomelosia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoscabiosa\i0{}, \i{}Pterocephalidium\i0{}, \i{}Pterocephalus\i0{},
\i{}Pycnocomon\i0{}, \i{}Scabiosa\i0{}, \i{}Scabiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Sixalix\i0{}, \i{}Succisa\i0{}, \i{}Succisella\i0{},
\i{}Tremastelma\i0{}> 581<Comparison of this description with our
compilation for \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) offers
differences in 14 characters involving leaf anatomy, inflorescence and
floral morphology, as well as in embryology and phytochemistry.> 582<Some
ornamentals (\i{}Scabiosa\i0{}, \i{}Cephalaria\i0{}); teasels
(\i{}Dipsacus\i0{}) are sometimes noxious weeds, and the heads are used for
fulling cloth.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Een the dew is parched up
\line{}From the teazles jointed cup. \line{}(John Clare 1820, Noon 
connate leaf bases of \i{}Dipsacus\i0{} > 586<dipsacac> 
 
# Dipterocarpaceae <Bl.>/
3<\i{}Monotaceae\i0{} (E. Gilg) Maury ex Takhtajan> 5,1<often tall with
buttressed bases, constituting the mixed Dipterocarp forests dominant in
Asian lowland rainforests> 8,1<Dipterocarpoideae>/2 31,1 32,3 37,1 39,1
43,2 45,1<the petiole often geniculate or sinuate> 53,1 60,2 64<usually
prominently>,2 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 74,1/2 76,1 85,1<from 4 genera and
numerous species> 86,1<all> 90,U 92,1 99,1/2 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial>
104<surrounded by more or less distinct subsidiaries, sometimes>,3/-
106,1<glandular and eglandular, of diverse forms> 116,1<often with canals
in the vascular system>/2 117<when present,>,3 121,1/2 123<usually>,1
124,2<mostly>/1<less common> 137<always>,1<as canals, in the pith>
138,2/2&3 139,1 140,2 141,3/4 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,1<very commonly,
concentric or moon-shaped, each with a resin canal in the xylem>/2 147,2
148,2 152,3 153,1-3 154,1/2/3/4/5 155,1/1-2 156,3 157<consistently>,1 158,2
159,1 160<commonly>,1/2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1/2/1&2 166,1 167,2 169,3
175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,2 189,1<rarely>/2/8<usually> 194,1/2 200,1<the
bracts caducous> 203,4<showy> 205<often>,1 206,1 212,5 213,1/2
214<sometimes>,2<the stamens then somewhat irregularly disposed>
216,1<Monotoideae>/3<Dipterocarpoideae> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,1/3<frequently with a short or long tube> 240,3 241,1-3
245,3 248,1 249,1<some or all of the sepals becoming enlarged to constitute
a winged fruit> 251,1/3 254,5 255,1 258,1/3<the petals often connate at the
base> 260,3 265,2<spirally twisted in bud> 278,(5-)15(-100) 279,1<typically
with 10 trunk bundles> 280,1/2 281<when many,>,2 282,2<often, to the base
of the corolla>/1 285,1/2<usually, the filaments connate below> 287,1-3<or
irregularly disposed>/- 289,1 295,(5-)15(-100) 298,2-5
306,1<Monotoideae>/2<Dipterocarpoideae> 309,3 312,2 313<usually>,1
314,1<the connective extended into a sterile tip to the anther> 315,2 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,2 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,6/8 337,1 339,2-3(-5) 341,1-2
342,2-3(-5) 343,3 344,4/5 345,1/2<\i{}Anisoptera\i0{}> 352,2 353,2-3(-5)
360,2 361,1/3 363<when 3,>,1-2 365,1 370,3/6 376,2-3 379,2-4 381,1<or
laterally attached> 382<more or less>,2 383,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2 403,2<or by irregular cleavage>/- 404,2
409<tardily>,1/2<usually> 412<commonly conspicuously winged by the
accrescent calyx,>,2/1/8<usually> 414<when capsular/dehiscent,>,1/6<then
the pericarp splitting into three valves> 421,1 433,2 435,1<5/6> 447,1/2
472,2 475,2<?> 479,1<\i{}Vatica\i0{}> 480,2 484,2 487,2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1&2 490,1/2 491,1/3/2&3/1&2&3 492,1<<73%> 6 genera, 8
species>/2<3 genera, 3 species> 494,1 495,2
504,2<mostly>/3<\i{}Pakaraimaea\i0{}> 506,1&2&3&4 512,2 520,4
521<palaeotropical, chiefly Indomalayan> 522,4&6&9&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6,
7, 10, 11> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2
577,46 578,580 579,17 580<\i{}Marquesia\i0{} and \i{}Monotes\i0{} (Africa);
\i{}Anisoptera\i0{}, \i{}Balanocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Cotylelobium\i0{},
\i{}Dipterocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Dryobalanops\i0{}, \i{}Hopea\i0{},
\i{}Neobalanocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Parashorea\i0{}, \i{}Shorea\i0{},
\i{}Stemonoporus\i0{}, \i{}Upuna\i0{}, \i{}Vateria\i0{},
\i{}Vateriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Vatica\i0{} (Indomalayan); \i{}Pakaraimaea\i0{}
(Guayana)> 586<dipteroc> 
 
# Dirachmaceae <(Reiche) Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<with long- and short-shoots> 31,1 37,2
39,1<and clustered on the short-shoots> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,4/6 64,2
68,1 69,2 70,1 73,3<subulate> 74,2 76,3 77,1 89,U 90,U 94,U 102,1 104,1/6
116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U
157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1
188,2<axillary> 202,1<the four bracteoles constituting an epicalyx> 206,1
212,8 213,1 215,2 218,1 223,1 224,16 226<seemingly>,2 227,1 229,U 236,8
238<seemingly>,1 239,1<the sepals subulate> 245,3 251,3 253,1<of four
bracteoles> 254,8 255<seemingly>,1 258,1 265,2 267,3 278,8 282,1 284,1
285,1 287<seemingly>,1 289,1 295,8 298,2 299,1 300,2 309<large,
oblong-ellipsoidal,>,3 310,3 311,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,8 341,2 342,8
343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,8<and laterally deeply 8-lobed> 358,1 360,2
361,1 364,1 365,1 366,2 368,8 371<linear> 376,1-2 379,1 381,3<from the
inner angle> 386,3 387,3<?> 388,2<?> 404,2 409<more or less>,3<without a
persistent central column> 410,8 411,3<ventrally dehiscent, woolly inside>
422<scantily>,1-2 426<compressed> 440,1<shiny> 504,2 506,1 509,2 520,4
521<Socotra> 522,2 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,34 578,1<\i{}Dirachma socotrana\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Dirachma\i0{}> 581<Comparison of this description with that for
\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{} (q.v.) using Intkey shows differences in 16 floral
morphological characters, in addition to the entire leaves. See \i{}Trans.
Roy. Soc Edinb.\i0{} \b{}31\b0{}, 45, t. 8 (1888) (not yet consulted).>
586<dirachma> 
 
# Donatiaceae <(Mildbr.) Skottsb.>/
2<\i{}Stylidiaceae\i0{}.> 5<cushion-forming, mosslike subalpine>,5 21,3
22,2 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 44,1 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3 68,2 81,2 90,U 92,2<but
with palisade only towards the apex> 102,1 103,1 104,1 121,1 125,1 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,1<?>/2 155,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
168,U 175,1/2/3 176,1<in South American plants, according to Hooker>/2
177<variously>,1/2/5<?> 187,1 188,1<sessile, sunken among the leaves a the
ends of thje branches> 206,1<in New zealand>/2-3 207<when irregular,>,2
209,1<the calyx> 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,1-20 226,2 227,1/2 229,U
236,5-7 238,1 239,3 244,5-6 251,1/4<?> 254,5-10 255,1 258,1 265,1
268<fleshy,>,2 271<more or less>,1 278,2/3<within the low annular disk>
280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1/1-2<then more or less cohering around the styles>
287,1 289,1 295,2/3 298,1 310<ovoid,>,1 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 339,2/3
342,2/3 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,2 353,2/3 359,1 360,2 361,2/3<one per carpel>
363<basally>,2/1 365,1 368,2/3 371,3 376,2-3 379,15-100<many> 385,2 404,2
409,2 412,2 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3<but minute> 433,2 470,1 484,2<S.R.
Jensen, unpublished> 520,1&2 521<Tasmania, New Zealand, subantarctic South
America> 522,10&17 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2 574,15
576,4 577,62<as a synonym of \i{}Stylidiaceae\i0{}?> 578,2 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Donatia\i0{}> 581<Comparison using Intkey shows this rather
inadequate description differing from that of \i{}Stylidiaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
in 12 characters, invoving vegetative, floral and fruit morphology, and
biochemistry.> 586<donatiac> 
 
# Doryanthaceae <Dahlgren & Clifford>/
2<\i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}.> 5<giant rosette>,5 21,3 22,1 25,4<and with a
short basal stem> 32,3/4 38,4 39,1 40,1 43,2 45,3 47,1 49,1 52,2<and not
laterally compressed basally> 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 65,2 76,1 81<probably>,1
92,1 102,1 104,3 121,U 123,1 124,3 148,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,3<via septal nectaries> 184,3 187,2 192,1 193,2<up to 5 m long, with
numerous short leaves> 194,1 195<elongate or sometimes globose thyrses, the
flowers sometimes substituted by bulbils> 196,1/2 197<more or less>,1/2
203,4<1015 cm long> 206,1-2 207<when somewhat irregular, more or less>,1
209,1/1&2 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1
231,2/6<maroon> 235,1 278,6 282,1 284,1-2 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3
306<(pseudo-)>,2<the apex of the filament enclosed in a tube from the back
of the connective>/- 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1
337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1<deeply
grooved> 364,1 365,1 367,1 370<minutely>,3 376,2 379,5-50<several to
many> 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 395,1<up to 5 cells> 397,1
399,1 400,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,1 424,1 429,1/2 433,1 442,2 447,-
450,2 454,2 458,2 472,2 488,1 489,1 490,2 492,2 504,5 513,1 521<Queensland
and New South Wales> 522,10 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16
578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Doryanthes\i0{}> 586<doryanth> 
 
# Dracaenaceae <R.A. Salisbury>/
2<\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Nolinoideae p.p., former \i{}Agavaceae\i0{}>
3<\i{}Sansevieriaceae\i0{} Nak.> 5,1/3/5/2 14,1/2 22,1/3<often with apical
rosettes>/2 27,1/3 31<often>,2/- 32,3/4 38,2-5 39,1 40,1 43,1/2/3 45,1-3
47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/7 64,3/4 65,2 102,1 104,1 121,1<with raphides>
123,1 124,1&3 128,1 129,2 148,3 149,2 151,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
173,1 174,3<?> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries> 187,2
189,2/5/8 192,2 193<pedunculate> 194,2 195<racemes or panicles, elongated
or umbellate> 203,1-4 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2
227,1 228,2 230,1 235,1<\i{}Dracaena\i0{}, \i{}Sanseviera\i0{}> 278,6
282,2<at the bases of the tepal lobes> 284,1 285,1 287,1/2<?> 289,1 295,6
298,3 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 316,1 318,1 328,1 329,1 330,5 337,1 339,3
341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1
371<trilobate or capitate> 372,1 376,2 379,1 386,3 388,3 391,1
400<probably>,2 404,1<usually>/2 409,2 412,6<usually, typically red or
orange>/1/2<sometimes woody> 422,1 424,1 433,1 436,1 442,2 447,-
448,1<short> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,1
458,1<\i{}Dracaena\i0{}>/2<\i{}Sanseviera\i0{}> 461,1/3
464<\i{}Sansevieria\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Dracaena\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<?> 487,1
488,2 490,1<\i{}Dracaena\i0{}>/2<\i{}Sanseviera\i0{}> 491,1 492,2
504,1&2&3&4&5 505,1&2 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,3 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4 510,1&2&3&4
511,1&2&3 512,1 513,1 520,3&4 521<subtropical/tropical old world,
rainforest and savanna> 522,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&14 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1
574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578<about>,160
579,2 580<\i{}Dracaena\i0{}, \i{}Sanseviera\i0{}> 581<In addition to
features consequent on their not being switch plants, these plants differ
from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in exhibiting anomalous
secondary thickening of stems and xylem without vessels, as well as in
inflorescence, pollen and ovule characters.> 586<dracaena> 
 
# Droseraceae <Salisb.>/
3<\i{}Adenaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Aldrovandraceae\i0{} Nak.,
\i{}Dionaeeae\i0{} (\i{}Dionaeaceae\i0{}) Van Tiegh.>
4<\i{}Drosophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 13,1/2<\i{}Aldrovandra\i0{}> 15,3 19,1
20,3<\i{}Drosera\i0{}>/4<\i{}Aldrovanda\i0{}, \i{}Dionaea\i0{}>
22,1<often>/2 25,3/4 32,1<\i{}Aldrovanda\i0{}>/2-3<usually in acid bogs>
34<sometimes>,1<\i{}Aldrovanda\i0{}> 35<of \i{}Aldrovanda\i0{}>,1 38,2-3
39,1<mostly>/3<\i{}Aldrovandra\i0{}> 40,1/3 45,1 47,2 53,1/2<occasionally 
forked> 56<occasionally>,2<when forked!> 60,2 68,1/2 81,2
82<often>,7/- 83,1<inwardly so, unlike the outwardly circinate leaves of
\i{}Drosophyllum\i0{}>/2 90,U 130,2<\i{}Dionaea\i0{}, \i{}Drosera\i0{}>
143<of the scape>,1<in \i{}Aldrovanda\i0{}, reduced to a ring of phloem and
a litte xylem parenchyma>/2<e.g., in \i{}Drosera\i0{}, where they tend to
be centric>/3<that of \i{}Drosophyllum \i0{} having an exterior circle of
small, widely spaced bundles, and a ring of three located more deeply>
148,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1
192,1<usually> 195<usually cincinni> 206,1 212<usually>,4-5 213,1 215,2/3
218,1<slight>/2 220,2 223,1 224,8-10(-20) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4-5(-8)
238,1 239<scarcely>,3/1 241,3 245,3 248,1<marcescent> 251,1 254,4-5(-12)
255,1 258,1 265,1/2 267,3 274<shortly>,1 278,(4-)5<usually>/10-20<rarely>
279,1/2 282,1 284,1 285,1/2 286<when cohering,>,1<basally connate in
\i{}Dionaea\i0{}> 287,1/2 289,1 295,(4-)5/(10-)20 298,2-4 306,1/2 309,3
310,1 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 321,3 322,2/1 324,1 327,3 328,1
329,3-50<?> 330,6/7/9 337,1<\i{}Dionaea\i0{}>/1&2<with both conditions in
\i{}Drosera\i0{}> 339,3(-5) 342,1 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,1 353,1 357<when
G3>,1/- 360,2 361,1/3(-6)<if styles cleft to their bases be thus interpreted 
- cf. \i{}Drosera cistiflora\i0{}> 363,1/2 365,1 370<often deeply>,2<and in \i{}D.
cistiflora\i0{} the lobes themselves deeply lacerate> 366,3 
372,2 373,1 374,2
375,2/1 378,3-100<i.e. to many> 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,1/2 389,2
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2
403,3-4/1-2 404,2 409,1<nearly always>/2<\i{}Aldrovandra\i0{}>
412,1<usually>/2<\i{}Aldrovandra\i0{}> 414,5/6 422<copiously>,1 424,1
429,1/2 430,1 432,3<small> 433,2 436,1 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Dionaea\i0{}>
470,1<Gibbs 1974> 472,1<mostly>/2 475,2<one species> 484,2 486,2 487,2
488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,1<\i{}Drosera\i0{}, 2 species> 495,2
520,1-4 521<widespread> 522,1&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
6-17(+)> 527,1 528,2 529,8 538,2 565,4 569,5 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50
578<about>,110 579,3 580<\i{}Dionaea\i0{}, \i{}Aldrovanda\i0{},
\i{}Drosera\i0{}> 586<droserac> 
 
# Drosophyllaceae <Chrtek, Slavikov & Studnicka>/
5,3/5<somewhat woody> 15,3 19,1 20,3<with stalked and sessile glands
secreting digestive ferment, cf. those of \i{}Drosera\i0{}, but in this
plant the stalked ones have no power of movement> 21,3 22,1 25,3
32,3-4<growing in dry, alkaline soils> 37<marcescent> 38,2-3 39<crowded,>,1
40,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,3<linear-elongate, basally and apically attenuate>
68,U 81,2 82,7 83<outwardly>,1<seemingly a unique condition, and
contrasting with the inwardly circinate leaves of \i{}Drosera\i0{} spp.>
90,U 148,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,2 189,6 192,2 195<wide corymbs>
203,3-4<to 4 cm in diameter> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2/3<? - depending
whether there are two whorls of stamens> 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239<shortly>,3 241,3<acute> 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,5
255,1 258,1 265,U 267,3 268,3 278,10-20 280,U 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1/2<?>
289,1 295,10-20 298,2/3 303,3<the filaments basally compressed> 309,3 310,1
312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 321,3 324,2 328,1 337,2 339,5 341,2 342,1
343,3 344,4 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,5 363,1 365,1 368,5 371<large,>,3
375,1 378,10-100<i.e., many> 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,U 389,2 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 404,2
409,1 412,1 414<papery,>,6 419,1 421,10-50<i.e., many-seeded>
422<copiously>,1 426<quite large, obovate, compressed and angled>
432,3<small> 433,2 436,1<?> 461,1 470,1<Gibbs 1974> 486,2 504,1 505,1&2
508,2 520,3 521<Spain, Portugal and Morocco> 522,3&5 527,1 528,2 529,8
538,2 565,4 569,5 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,1 579,1
580<\i{}Drosophyllum\i0{} (\i{}D. lustitanicum\i0{})> 581<This curious,
ostensibly \i{}Drosera\i0{}-like carnivorous monotypic is now regarded as a
caryophylloid relative of \i{}Ancistrocladaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Dioncophyllaceae\i0{}.> 586<drosophy> 
 
# Duckeodendraceae <Kuhlmann>/
2<\i{}Solanaceae\i0{}.> 5<large>,1 39,1 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1 89,U 90,U 94,U
116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,1 145,U 146,U 147,U
148,2/3<<??>> 155<slightly>,2 156,3 161,1 166,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,1 192,1 194,1 195<few-flowered, terminal or subterminal cymes> 206,1
212,5 213,1 215,2 220,1 221,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,3 240<terminally>,4 241,1 244,6 245,3 248,1 254,5 255,1 258,3
265<lobes>,1 266,6<with a long tube, the lobes short> 267,3 268,1-2 278,5
280,2 282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1
303,3<exserted> 306,1-2<medifixed, basally bilobed> 309<oblong,>,3 310,3
324,U 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5-6 345,1<more or less immersed in the
disk> 352,2 353,2<but only one locule fertile> 356,2 360,2 
361,1 365,1 368,1-2
370,2 376,U 379,1 386,3<?> 404,1 409,2 412,7<large, shining, red, the
mesocarp fibrous, the bony endocarp bilocular, the fertile locule U-shaped,
the sterile locule straight> 415,2 421,1 422<scantily>,1 424,1
426<U-shaped> 436,2<U-shaped> 504,3 512,3 520,4 521<Brazil> 522,15 527,1
528,2 529,23 553,3<cf. \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15
576,3 577,59<as a synonym of \i{}Solanaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Duckeodendron
cestroides\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Duckeodendron\i0{}> 581<Not
effectively distinguishable from \i{}Solanaceae\i0{} in terms of this
inadequate description.For wood details, see Record (1933), in
\i{}Trop. Woods\i0{} \b{}33\b0{}, 610.> 586<duckeode> 
 
# Dulongiaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
1<\i{}Phyllonomaceae\i0{} Rusby, \i{}Phyllonomataceae\i0{} J.K Small>
2<\i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 39,1 53,1 60,2 62<acuminate> 68,1
74,1<small, fringed> 76,1/3 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 148,2 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,7 192,1 194,5 195<cymose
false umbels> 203,2<green> 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,4 254,(4-)5 255,1 258,1 265,3 267,3
268,1 278,(4-)5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5 298,2 300,1
303<shortly>,3 306<small, bilobed> 328,1 329,2-3 330,6/8<colporoidate>
339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,1 353,1 359,1<intrastaminal, large,
pulvinate> 360,2 361,2 363,1 365,1 366,1<very short, divaricate> 368,2
375,2 378,50-100<many> 384,4 404,1 409,2 412,6<incompletely bilocular>
421,3-6 422,1 440<rugose> 495,1 504,3 520,4 521<Mexico to Peru> 522,13&15
527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,61
578,8 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Phyllonoma\i0{} (\i{}Dulongia\i0{} Kunth)>
581<Description very inadequate.> 586<dulongia> 
 
# Dysphaniaceae <(Pax) Pax>/
2<\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small, prostrate>,5
21,1-3 22,2 32,3/4 38,2 39,1 45,1 47,2 51,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 68,2 76,1/2 81,2
90,U 102,1 104,5<?> 106,1 107,2/1&2 148,2/3 149<when present,>,1 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,4/2/8<?> 187,2 189,7&3
194,1/2 195<fasciculate, or crowded and spicate> 203,1 220,2 223,3
224,(1-)3-4 225,1/2<basally> 226,1 229,U 234,1 236<(if perianth so
interpreted)>,(1-)3-4 239,1/3<basally> 248,1 249,1<surrounding the fruit,
becoming winged> 251,3 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,1(-2) 280,2 282,1
285,1<exserted> 287,1 289,1 295,1/2 298,1-2 299,2 310,3 328,1 329,13-50<?>
330<(poly)>,9 339,(2-)3 342,1 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,1 353,1 361,1/2 365,1
378,1 385,2 386,2<?> 404,2 409,2 412,8<surrounded by the broadly winged
perianth> 422,2<?> 425,1<?> 432,3 436,2<circular, surrounding the
endosperm> 447,1 466,2<\i{}Dysphania\i0{}> 497,1 498,3<without a crystal,
cf. \i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}> 521<Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1
565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50<as a synonym of
\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Dysphania\i0{}>
581<In terms of the data compiled here, \i{}Dysphania\i0{} differ from
\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in being aromatic, without
betalains, and lack of crystal sand in the tissues, as well as in the
valvate calyx, free androecial members, and hemianatropous ovules.>
586<dysphani> 
 
# Ebenaceae <Gurke>/
3<\i{}Diospyraceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Guaiacanae\i0{}
(\i{}Guaiacanaceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Styraceae\i0{} (\i{}Styracaceae\i0{})
Spreng. (p.p.)> 4<\i{}Lissocarpaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3<or rarely subshrubs>
32,3 39,1<usually>/2/3 40<usually>,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1
68,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2 103<usually>,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<mostly
unicellular, occasionally 2-armed, occasionally in tufts> 107,1&2<the
latter comprising a curved, uniseriate stalk and a few-celled head>
115,1<rarely>/2 116,2<but secretory cells with probably tanniniferous
contents common> 122,1<especially in \i{}Diospyros\i0{}>/2 123<usually>,1
124,2/3<but mostly solitary> 130,2<\i{}Diospyros\i0{}> 139,1 140,1/2
141,1/3 143,1 144,1 148,2 150,3 152,2<rarely>/3 153<typically>,2
154,1&2/3/5 156,3 157,2 158,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165,1 169,1<some
\i{}Diospyros\i0{} spp.>/2<?>/3<?> 170,1/2 175,2/3/1<rarely> 176,1/2
177,5<mostly>/1<rarely> 178,1/2<less often> 179,1/2/3 187,1<especially when
female>/2 189,1 192,1 194,2 195<small cymes> 202,1 203,2 206,1
212,(2-)3-5(-7) 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 223,1 224,6-14 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,3-7 238,1 239,3 240,3 245,3 248,1 249<often>,1<around the fruit>/2
251,1/3 254,3-7 255,1 258,3 265<lobes>,2 266,8/4/5/10 267,3 268,2/3<or
cream>/6 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,3-28<or more?> 279,1/2
282,1/2<epipetalous at the base of the tube>/1&2 285,1/2<often paired, by
branching> 287,1/2/3/4 289,1/2 295,3-28<or more?> 296<when epipetalous,>,1
298,1-2<rarely>/3-5<one to four times the number of C lobes> 299,2
309,1<apical>/3 310,3 312,2 315,2<in \i{}Diospyros kali\i0{}> 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,2-5(-16) 342,4-30 343,3 344,4-5 345,1<\i{}Lissocarpa\i0{} being
referred to a separate family> 352,2 353,2-5(-16)<each locule partially
divided by a false septum> 354<partially>,1/- 361,2-5(-8) 363,1/2 365,1
368,2-8 370,1-2 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,3 379,2<the false septa separating
the members of each pair> 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2
390,1 391,1 392,1<?>/4 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,2
404,1<usually>/2<occasionally leathery> 409,2<usually>/1<rarely tardily so>
412,6/7/1<rarely> 414,6 422,1 423,1/2 424,1 426,4 433,2 435,2<1/3> 436,1/2
447,1/2 461,1<?>/3 464<\i{}Maba\i0{} (non-succulent, and dubious)>
469,1/3<in different species of \i{}Diospyros\i0{}> 472,1<?>/2 475,1<rarely
<15%>>/2 483,2 484,2 487,1 488,1/2 489,2/1&2 490,1 491,1/1&2/1&2&3
492,1/2<variable in \i{}Diospyros\i0{}> 495,2 520,2<a few>/3-4<mainly>
521<pantropical, especially Indomalayan, with a few temperate outliers>
522,1&2&3&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15> 527,1 528,2
529,9 539,1 565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,500 579,2
580<\i{}Diospyros\i0{}, \i{}Euclea\i0{}> 582<Important sources of timber
(ebony) and fruits (mabolo, persimmon).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Is
ebony like her? O wood divine! \line{}(Loves Labours Lost, iv., 3) >
586<ebenacea> 
 
# Ecdeiocoleaceae <Cutler & Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Restionaceae\i0{}.> 5<rush-like>,5 9,2 10,1 12,2 21,3 22,1 25,3 32,4
39,1 40,2 43,4<reduced to scales> 45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,4 65,2
67,2 68,- 90,1<as silica sand, in the culm mesophyll> 91,1 97,2 98,2 104,3
105,1 116,2 121,2 123,2<?  no raphides> 128,2 131,1<grooved, wiry> 137,2
148,1 156,2&3 173,1 174,2&3 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<male and female flowers in
the one spikelet> 178,1<three> 179,1 182,2<nectaries absent> 184,1 187,2
189,3 191<in effect,>,1 192,2 193,- 194,1 195<small, solitary, terminal
spikes  constituting spikelets> 199,2<i.e. no basal sheathing bract, by
contrast with \i{}Restionaceae\i0{}> 200,1<with basal glumes> 202,2 203,1
212,3 213,1 219,2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1<somewhat unequal> 226,2<3+3>
227,1 228,1<glumaceous> 230,2<two members of the outer whorl being
laterally compressed and ciliate towards their tips> 276,1<the female
flowers with staminodes> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278<of male flowers,>,6
282,1 284,1 285,1 289<of male flowers>,1 295,6 298,2/3 301,2 306,2 308,2
309,3 312,2 328,1 329,1 330,5 331,1 332,1 335,2 336,1 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,2 361,2 363,1 364,1 365,1
368,2<the styles stigmatic to near the base> 376,3 377,1 379,1 381,1 385,2
386,1 389,1 398,2 442,2<?> 454,U 458,U 521<Western Australia> 522,10 527,2
530,6 560,4 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,3 579,2 580<\i{}Ecdeiocolea\i0{},
\i{}Georgeantha\i0{}> 586<ecdeioco> 
 
# Ehretiaceae <Lindl.>/
2<\i{}Boraginaceae-Ehretioideae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Cordiaceae\i0{} R.Br., \i{}Sebestanae\i0{}
(\i{}Sebestenaceae\i0{}) Vent.> 5,1/3/5<rarely> 8,U 32,3 39,1<rarely
sub-opposite> 40,1 47,2 53,1 60,1<sometimes, in \i{}Cordia\i0{}>/2<usually>
64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/2/3/4 81,2 85,1<found in \i{}Cordia\i0{} and
\i{}Ehretia\i0{}> 86,1/3 89,1/2 90,U 92,1/2/3 102,1 104,1/2 115,2 119,1<at
least sometimes, in \i{}Cordia\i0{}>/2 122,1/2 123,1 124,2/3<and sometimes
with crystal-sand> 130,2<\i{}Ehretia\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 148,2
150,3 152,1-3 159,1<at least sometimes>/2<?> 160,1<often, in
\i{}Ehretia\i0{}>/2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1<at least sometimes>/2 164,1/2
165,1/2 166,1<at least in \i{}Cordia\i0{} and \i{}Ehretia\i0{}> 168,U
175,1/3 176,1<sometimes, in \i{}Cordia\i0{}>/2 177,1<usually>/3<sometimes,
in \i{}Cordia\i0{}> 187,1<in \i{}Cordia\i0{}, \i{}Halgania\i0{}>/2
189,1&3&4&6&8 192,1 194,1/2/3 195<cymose, sometimes spiciform or capitate>
206,1 212,(4-)5(-8) 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 223,1 224,(9-)10(-13) 226,2
227,1/2 229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,3 240,2/3/4 244,3/6 245,1/3 248,1
249,1<sometimes, inflated and enclosing the fruit>/2 254,(4-)5(-8)<lobed>
255,1 258,3 265,1<usually>/3<sometimes> 267,3 268,6/7/8 278,5/10<in \i{}Cordia
decandra\i0{}> 280,2 284,1<usually>/2<alternating, in \i{}Cordia decandra\i0{}>
282,2<epipetalous> 285,1<usually>/2<joined by
the anthers in \i{}Halgania\i0{}> 287,1 289,1 295,5/10<\i{}Cordia decandra\i0{}>
298,2/3<in \i{}Cordia decandra\i0{}> 299<usually>,2/- 
300,1/2<\i{}Cordia decandra\i0{}>
305,1<usually>/3<forming a tube enclosing the style, in
\i{}Halgania\i0{}> 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,2
322,2 328,1 329,3 337,1 339,2 341,1 342,2-4 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,2
353,2<morphologically, but the locules sometimes with incomplete false
septa> 354,1/2 356,1 361,1/2/4 363,2 365,1 368,1/2/4 370<if entire,>,2-4 
376,2-1 379,(1-)2
381,3<usually>/1<rarely> 385,2 386,2 387,2 388,1/2 391,1/2 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,1 401,1
402,1&2 403,2/5 404,1/2 409,2<usually>/3<\i{}Coldenia\i0{}> 410<in
\i{}Coldenia\i0{},>,4 411,4 412,7<often enclosed in the persistent calyx>
421,(1-)2-4 422,1/2 435,2<1/2> 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Ehretia\i0{}> 469,1<in 9
\i{}Cordia\i0{} and \i{}Gerascanthus\i0{} species, and one
\i{}Ehretia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1 484,2 487,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical, centring
on Central and South America> 522,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1
528,2 529,20 550,2 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,55<as a synonym
of \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 578,400 579<about>,13 580<\i{}Bourreria\i0{},
\i{}Coldenia\i0{}, \i{}Cordia\i0{} (including \i{}Gerascanthus\i0{}),
\i{}Cortesia\i0{}, \i{}Ehretia\i0{}, \i{}Halgania\i0{}, \i{}Menais\i0{}(?),
\i{}Rhabdia\i0{}> 581<Exhibiting stratified secondary phloem (i.e., a
character relying on limited sampling), otherwise poorly distinguished in
terms of these compiled descriptions from \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{} (q.v.).>
586<ehretiac> 
 
# Elaeagnaceae <Juss.>/
5<small>,1/3 9,1-2<often with shoots reduced to spines> 31,1 32,3/4<often
on steppes or coastal> 39,1<usually>/2<rarely> 40<usually>,1 43,1/2 45,1
47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2 68,2 76,1 81,2 89,1<commonly>/2 90,U
92<typically>,1<but the abaxial mesophyll may tend to palisade-like>
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<in abundance, covering leaves and shoots> 107,2
108,2 112,1 113<usually short- but sometimes long-stalked>,1/2<the plants
scaly> 123,1 124,1&3<with various types of acicular crystals and sand
predominating, and no druses> 130,2<\i{}Elaeagnus\i0{}, \i{}Hippopha\i0{}>
139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,1
153,1<usualy extremely so in the late wood> 154<almost exclusively>,1 156,3
157,1 158,1 159,1 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1/2 164,1/2 165,1<diffuse, sometimes
very sparse> 166,1<commonly>/2 167,2 169,1<\i{}Hippopha\i0{}>/2<VPI>
175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/3/5/6/7 178,2 179,3<rudiments generally absent>
184,1/2 187,1/2 192<when flowers aggregated,>,2 194,2 195<short,
fasciculate, spicate or racemose> 205,1<often>/3 218,1<constricted above
the gynoecium though free from it in female and hermaphrodite flowers,
often flat in males> 220,1/2 222<when present,>,1 223,3<apetalous>
224,(2-)4(-6) 225,2<into a hypanthium tube> 226,1 227,- 228,2<often,
somewhat>/1 229,U 231,2/3/4 236<(the perianth being so
interpreted)>,(2-)4(-6) 239,3<basally> 240,3/1<rarely> 241,1-3 245,3
251,3<usually>/4<rarely> 277,1/2<in female flower> 278,(2-)4/8(-12) 280,2
282,2<to the perianth> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(2-)4/8(-12) 298,2/3
299,1/1&2 302,1 306,1/2 308,2 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8 337,1
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344<seemingly>,1
345,1<i.e. free, though flower perigynous> 347,2 348,2 350,1 351,3 372,2
373,2 374,2 380<shortly>,1/2 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 400,2
404,2<within the fleshy hypanthium> 407,2 408,4 413,2<the latter often
drupelike  fleshy outside, bony within> 422,1<scantily>/2 433,2<expanded,
fleshy> 435,2<2/5> 436,1 447,1 460,1<commonly>/2 461,1
462<\i{}Elaeagnus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Elaeagnus\i0{}> 469,1<\i{}Elaeagnus\i0{}>
472,2 475,1<commonly <40%>>/2 483,2 484,2<?  Gibbs reported a doubtfully
positive Ehrlich test for \i{}Shepherdia\i0{}> 487,1<commonly>/2 488,1/2
489<when present,>,1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,1<5 species, 3 genera> 495,2
520,2<mostly>/3-4 521<mostly North temperate, but some in Eastern
Australia> 522,1&2&3&4&10&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 10, 11, 13> 527,1 528,1
529,6 536,6 565,5 570,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34 578,50 579,3
580<\i{}Elaeagnus\i0{}, \i{}Hippopha\i0{}, \i{}Shepherdia\i0{}> 582<The
fruit of \i{}H. rhamnoides\i0{} is edible and rich in vitamin C; that of
\i{}Elaeagnus\i0{} spp. constitutes Russian or wild olive, goumi,
trebizond date; and \i{}Shepherdia argentea\i0{} is buffalo- (rabbit-)
berry or Nebraska currant.> 586<elaeagna> 
 
# Elaeocarpaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Aristoteliaceae\i0{} Dum.,
\i{}Petenaeaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Muntingiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tremandraceae\i0{}.>
5,1&3 32,3/4 39,1 40<usually>,1<i.e., by contrast with \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}>
45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 74,1/2 81,2 85,1<found in numerous
\i{}Elaeocarpus\i0{} and \i{}Sloanea\i0{} species> 86,1/2/3<but mostly
pockets in \i{}Elaeocarpus\i0{}, hair tufts in \i{}Sloanea\i0{}> 90,U
92<usually>,1 96,1<occasionally>/2 101<commonly>,1 103<usually>,1<the
lower> 116,2 130,2<\i{}Tricuspidaria\i0{}> 135<usually somewhat>,2/-
137,2<?  at least, without mucilage canals or cavities, by contrast with
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1<traversed by narrow rays, which
do not expand to become triangular through the phloem> 148,2 152,2/3
153<usually very to moderately>,1/2 154<commonly>,3 156,3/2&3 157,2 158,1/2
159,1/2 160,2 161,1/2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165,2 166,2 169,3
175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5<\i{}Elaeocarpus\i0{} p.p.> 187,2 189,1&8&2
192,1/2 195<racemes, panicles and dichasia> 206,1 213,1/2<?> 214,2
216,1<often>/3 218,2 220,1<usually> 223,1 224,4-5/8-10 226,1/2 227,1/-
229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 251<usually>,3 253,2 254<when
present,>,4/5 255,1 258,1<usually>/3<rarely> 265,3<or valvate-induplicate,
never contorted> 267,3 275<often>,3/- 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,12-100<i.e., to many> 279,1 281,2 282,1 285,1/2<often in 4 or 5
antesepalous groups> 289,1 295,12-100<to many> 298,4/5 309,1<usually, these
apical>/2 312,2 313,1<the connective often conspicuously prolonged>/2
315,2<with stone cells, in \i{}Elaeocarpus\i0{}> 317,1 318,2 319,1 322,2
328,1 329<commonly>,3 330<commonly>,8<or colporoidate> 333,1 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(1-)2-10 342,1-50<to many> 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,1/2 353,(1-)2-10<but sometimes ostensibly plurilocular by false septa>
354,1/2 358,1 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1-10<as many as G> 370<when
joined>,1-10 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,4 379,2/15-50<i.e. 2 or many>
381,1/1&3 382,1/1&2 383,1 385,1<often>/2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 390,1
391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 399,1 400,2 403,2 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1/7/6 422,1 424,2 432,3 435,1<1/1> 436,2<U or J shaped> 444,1 447,1
472,1/2<mostly> 473,2<?> 475,1<<30%>>/2 484,2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,1&2
492,1<\i{}Aristotelia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Tricuspidaria\i0{}> 495<normally>,2
520,2<some>/3-4<mostly> 521<Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Eastern Australia,
New Zealand, West Indies, Chile> 522,4&9&10&11&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12,
14, 15> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38
578,350 579,9 580<\i{}Aceratium\i0{}, \i{}Aristotelia\i0{},
\i{}Crinodendron\i0{}, \i{}Dubouzetia\i0{}, \i{}Elaeocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Peripentadenia\i0{}, \i{}Sericolea\i0{}, \i{}Sloanea\i0{},
\i{}Valea\i0{}> 581<Differing in numerous characters from our compilation
for \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{} sensu stricto. (q.v.).> 586<elaeocar> 
 
# Elatinaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Isomeraceae\i0{} Dulac> 5<(sub-)>,3/5 21,1/3 32,1&2<mostly tolerant
of changing water levels> 34,2 35,1&2 39,2<and decussate>/3<rarely> 45,1-3
53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3-7/8 64,2 66,5 68,1 69,1 76,1/2/3 81,2 89,U 90,U 92,1/2
94,U 101,1/2 102,1 103,2 104,1/4 106<often entirely>,2/1 107<when
present,>,1/2<sometimes exclusively so>/1&2 116,1/2 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U
130,2<\i{}Elatine\i0{}> 132<often>,3<then with pith lacking>/- 133,U 134,U
143,1/2<?> 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,1<?>/2 152<exhibiting growth rings in old
stems of \i{}Bergia\i0{}> 153<somewhat quadrangular> 154,3 156,3 157,2
159,1 166,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when
aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2 203,2 206,1 212,2-5(-6) 213,1 215,2/3 218,2
223,1 224,4-10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,2-5(-6) 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 251,1
254,2-5(-6)<the same number as K> 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 272,1
278,2-5(-6)/4-10(-12)<i.e. the same number as or twice C> 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,2/1<the inner whorl sometimes aborted> 289,1 295,2-5(-6)/4-10(-12)
298,2/3 299<when 1-whorled>,2/- 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2
319,1/2 320,2<2> 321,1 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8
337,1<\i{}Bergia\i0{}>/2<Elatine> 339,2-5(-6) 341,2 342,2-5(-6) 343,3 344,4
345,1 352,2 353,2-5(-6)<but the septa sometimes not reaching the ovary
apex> 357<(when G3)>,2 360,2 361,2-5(-6)<same number as locules> 363,1
365,1 371,3 376,2 379,15-50<i.e. many> 381,2-3 383<with lateral or
superior raphe> 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,1<?>/2<\i{}Bergia\i0{}> 400,2 403,4 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,6<septifragal> 422,2 433,2<relatively short> 436,1-2/3
444,1<sometimes>/2 447,1 475,2<one species> 484,2 487,2 488,1 492<at least
sometimes>,1 495,2 520,2-4 521<widespread>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 9> 527,1
528,1<probably, despite nuclear endosperm> 529,8<?> 538,1<?> 565,4 569,2
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,40 579,2 580<\i{}Bergia\i0{},
\i{}Elatine\i0{}> 581<Better anatomical information required.>
586<elatinac> 
 
# Ellisiophyllaceae <Honda>/
2<\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}.> 5<prostrate>,5 39,1 45<long>,1 53,1 60,1 63,1
89,U 90,U 94,U 102,1 104,1 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U
145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 151,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,1<long pedicellate> 188,2 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,2
218,2 220,1 222,2<large, cupular> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,3 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,1 267<obscurely>,1 278,4 280,2
282,2<to the corolla> 284,U 285,1 287,1 289,1<?> 295,4 297,U 298,1 299,2
300,1 303,3<exserted> 305,U 309,3 310,3 324,U 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3
344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,2 360,2 361,1<shortly bifid> 365,1 376,2 379,3-4
385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 400,1 404,2 409,1/2<?> 412,1/2<globular, more
or less membranous, on a spirally retracting peduncle> 422<copiously>,1
426,4<large, peltate, pelviform> 427<minutely>,1<mucilaginous when wetted>
432,3<small, very excentric> 433,2 436,1 504,2 506,3 510,1&2&3&4 520,3/4
521<India to Formosa, Philippines, New Guinea> 522,4&9&11 527,1 528,2<?>
529,24<?> 554,4 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Ellisiophyllim pinnatum\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Ellisiophyllum\i0{}> 581<See Yamazaki 1957. Seemingly
distinguishable from \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} only by the spectacularly
hairy seeds.> 586<ellisiop> 
 
# Emblingiaceae <(Pax) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Polygalaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<prostrate subshrub>/- 21,3 22,2 32,3/4
39<subopposite to>,2 43<with cartilaginous margins> 45,1 53,1 55,2 60,2
62<subrhomboid> 68<minutely>,1 81,2 87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U 116,U 119,U 120,U
121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 151,U 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,2 206,3 209,1&2 213,1
215,3 216,1<inserted in a slit in the calyx> 218,2 223,1 224,7 226,2 227,2
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 245,1<posticously dimidiate> 254,2<anticous>
255,1 258,3<the petals laterally connate into a slipper-like structure,
hooded at the apex, externally sericeous> 267,1 278,8/9 282,1 285,1 289,2
290,4-5<posticous> 295,4<anticous> 298,3 300,3 324,U 339,1 342,1 343,1
344,1 345,1<apically two-winged> 404,2 407,2 408<pendulous within the calyx
from the apex of the gynophore, with the thin pericarp adherent to the
seed> 422<scantily>,1 432,3 436,3<conduplicate> 471,U 484,2<S.R. Jensen,
unpublished> 521<Western Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,7<re-assigned
from Rutiflorae> 537,1<?> 565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47
578,1<\i{}Emblingia calceoliflora\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Emblingia\i0{}> 586<emblingi> 
 
# Empetraceae <S.F. Gray>/
2<\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,3 32,4 37,1 38,2 39<more or less>,3/1 40,1
42,3<ericoid> 43,2 45<shortly>,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,2/3 64,1/2<?> 68,2
77,2 81,2 90,U 92,1 101,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<confined to the
entrance to central leaf cavity, see illustration> 107,1&2<the former
unicellular, simple-elongate and forming a tangled mass confined to and
obstructing the leaf cavity; the latter comprising uni- or pluricellular,
ellipsoidal heads on short, unicellular or unisetiate stalks> 112,2
123,1/2<absent or rare in \i{}E. nigrum\i0{}> 124<when seen,>,2
130,2<\i{}Empetrum\i0{}> 131,1 139,1 140,1 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,3 152,1-2 153<extremely>,1 154<almost exclusively>,1
156,2<in \i{}Empetrum\i0{}, with up to 10 bars>/2&3<in \i{}Ceratiola\i0{}
and \i{}Corema\i0{}> 157,2 158,2 159,1 161,1-2 162,1-2<the fibres with
numerous small bordered pits> 163,2 164,2 165<very scanty>,2 167,2 169,3
175,2/3/1<rarely> 176,1/2 177,5<usually>/2<sometimes>/8<occasionally with a
few perfect flowers, very rarely all or most perfect> 179,2/3 187,1/2
192<when aggregated,>,2 194,1/2 195<few-flowered terminal heads, or 13
flowered in leaf axils> 202<(one to several)>,1 203,2<and inconspicuous>
206,1 212,3 213,1 215<when hermaphrodite,>,1-2 218,2 220,2 223,1/4/3<but
then mostly somewhat petaloid> 224,3-4<\i{}Corema\i0{}>/(5-)6
226,1<\i{}Corema\i0{}>/2 227,1 229,U 230,1-2 236,(2-)3 238,1 239,1 245,3
251,1 254<when present,>,(2-)3 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 274<shortly>,1-2
276<in female flowers>,1<rudimentary>/2 277,1<in male and hermaphrodite
flowers>/2<female flowers> 278,2<\i{}Ceratiola\i0{}>/3(-4) 280,2 282,1
285,1 287,1 289<of male flowers,>,1 295,2<\i{}Ceratiola\i0{}>/3(-4) 298,1/2
299,2 300,1<alternating with the petals, when these are distinguishable>/-
307,1 309,3 310,1/2 311,2 312,2 313,2 315,2 324,1 327,3 328,1 329,3 330,8
337,1 338,1<female-fertile flowers>/2<male flowers> 339,2-9 341,1-3 342,2-9
343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,2-9 358,1 360<shortly>,2 361,1<variously
cleft> 364,2 365,1 367,1 368,1<then lobed>/2-9 376,1-2 379,1 380,1 381,3
382,1 383,1 385,2<non-carunculate> 386,3-4 387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1&2 403,4 404,1-2 409,2 412,7
415,1<29> 421,2-9 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 447,1
472,1<doubtfully>/2<mostly> 475,2<one species> 483,2 484,2 488,1 489,1
490,1 491,1&2<plus gossypetin> 492,1<a trace, in \i{}Empetrum\i0{}> 494,1
495,2 504,1&3&6 505,1&3 507,1&2&3&4&5 512,1&6 520,1&2 521<North temperate,
Andes, Falklands> 522,1&2&3&12&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13> 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,2 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}> 578,10-20 579,3 580<\i{}Ceratiola\i0{},
\i{}Corema\i0{}, \i{}Empetrum\i0{}> 581<See comments under our \i{}sensu
stricto\i0{} description of \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}, from which this small
family differs in numerous characters.> 586<empetrac> 
 
# Epacridaceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}-Styphelioideae.> 3<\i{}Prionotidaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Prionotaceae\i0{}) Hutch., \i{}Stypheliaceae\i0{} Horan.>
4<\i{}Wittsteinia\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<often ericoid> 31,1/2 32,2-4<mostly
on acid substrates> 37,1 38,1-3 39,1<usually>/3<at least, with distant very 
tight spirals in \i{}Leucopogon 
verticillatus\i0{}> 40,1<usually>/3 42,1/3 43,1/2 44,1/2 45,1-3
47,1<\i{}Cosmelia\i0{}, \i{}Andersonia\i0{}, \i{}Sprengelia\i0{},
\i{}Dracophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Richea\i0{} \i{}Sphenotoma\i0{}  in the first
three, associated with a very peculiar mode of leaf abscission, resulting
in sloughing away of the outer parts of the stem>/2 49<when present,>,1
53,1 55,2 60,2 64,1/3<commonly>/4<genuinely so in Richeoideae, but only
ostensibly so in Cosmelieae where the parallel veins in the lamina
originate palmately from a single leaf trace> 65,1/2 68,2 77,1/2 90,U 92,1
103,1<then usually abaxial, but sometimes adaxial only in
\i{}Leucopogon\i0{}>/2<commonly so in \i{}Andersonia\i0{} and
\i{}Dracophyllum\i0{}> 104,1<most Epacridodeae>/3<Richeodeae>/6<some
Epacridoideae-Cosmelieae> 106,2/1<but then inconspicuous, infrequent, and
uniform, by contrast with the diversity exhibited by the
\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}> 107<if present,exclusively>,1 108,1 109,2 112,2 115,1/2
116,2 123,1 124,2&3 125<usually>,2 127,1/2 130,2<\i{}Leucopogon\i0{}> 137,2
139,1-2<in that a distinct phellogen is not always clearly defined> 140,1
141,1<mostly>/3-5<<9%> \i{}Dracophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Richea\i0{}> 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3/2 152,3 156,2&3/3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1
161,1<typically>/2<?> 162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2 164,1/2 165,1<sometimes
sparse> 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1<nearly always> 184,2/3 186,1<with
\i{}Acrotriche serrulata\i0{} exhibiting passive pollen presentation via
corolla hairs>/2 187,1/2 194<when flowers aggregated,>,1/2 200,1 202,1
203,2-3/1<rarely> 205,1/3 206,1 212<mostly>,(4-)5 213,1 215,2 218,2
220,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Sprengelia\i0{}> 221,2 222,1/2 223,1
224,8<\i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}>/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4<\i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}
only <2%>>/5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,4<\i{}Oligarrhena\i0{} only
<2%>>/5 255,1 258,1/3 260,1-3 265,1/3<or induplicate-valvate in
\i{}Needhamiella\i0{} only>/2<\i{}Lysinema\i0{}> 267,3
268,1/2/5/6/7/8/3<rarely, but exemplified in the peculiar monotypic,
\i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}> 272,1/2 278,(4-)5/2<<1%> \i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}>
282,1<\i{}Andersonia\i0{}, \i{}Sprengelia\i0{}, \i{}Lysinema\i0{},
\i{}Prionotes\i0{}, \i{}Lebetanthus\i0{}>/2<to the corolla> 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5<usually>/2<<1%> \i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}> 296<when
epipetalous,>,2/3 298,1-2 299,2<hypogynous or epipetalous> 300,1 303,1/3/4
304,1<or auricled, in \i{}Andersonia auriculata\i0{}>/2
306,1<usually>/2<rarely>/3<ostensibly, when basifixed but 
inverted>/4<rarely, e.g. in \i{}Andersonia\i0{} spp.>
307,1<sometimes? - requiring investigation>/2<usually> 308,2 
309,2<rarely - e.g. \i{}Rupicola\i0{}>/3<usually by a 
single median slit, but rarely by two 
e.g. \i{}Conostephium\i0{}> 310,3 311,1<usually>/2 312,1 313,2<but their apices
sometimes sterile> 315,2 317,1 318,2 322,2 324,1<usually>/2 326,2 327<when
aggregated,>,1/2/3<in Styphelioideae often shed as tetrads with 1-3
abortive members> 328,1 329,3/4-10 330,7<commonly>/8<commonly>/9/10 334,2
337,2 339,(2-)5(-10)<consistently 2 only in \i{}Oligarrhena\i0{} and
\i{}Needhamiella\i0{}> 342,(1-)5(-10) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2
353,(1-)5(-10) 360,2 361,1 364,1<Styphelieae, \i{}Oligarrhena\i0{},
\i{}Needhamiella\i0{}>/2<Cosmelieae, Epacrideae, Richeoideae>
365,1<usually>/3<\i{}Archeria\i0{}> 368,1 371,1/2/3 376,2/2-3<e.g.
\i{}Leucopogon\i0{}>/1-2<\i{}Archeria\i0{}> 379,1-50<i.e. to many>
381,1<usually>/3<\i{}Archeria\i0{}> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<e.g. in \i{}Leucopogon\i0{}>/2 397<with filiform
apparatus> 400,1 401,1 402,1&2<usually, but the former rudimentary in
\i{}Brachyloma\i0{}>/2<no chalazal haustorium in \i{}Styphelia\i0{}>
403,3-4 404,1/2 409,1<Cosmelieae, Epacrideae, Richeoideae>/2<Styphelieae,
\i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Needhamiella\i0{}> 412,1<when dehiscent>/7 414,5
415,1/2 422,1 424,1 429,2 432,3 433,2 436,1 447,1 461,1 466,2<widely
examined by L.W.> 472,1<<25%>>/2 475,1<rarely <10%>>/2 483,2 484,1
485,1<normal> 487,2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,2<3 genera> 494,1
495,2 520,2-4 521<Indonesia to New Zealand, Hawaii to southern South
America, but mainly Australia> 522,4&9&10&11&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-14>
527,1 528,2 529,21 551,2 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a
subfamily of \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}> 578<about>,400 579<about>,35
580<\i{}Acrothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Acrotriche\i0{}, \i{}Andersonia\i0{},
\i{}Androstoma\i0{}, \i{}Archeria\i0{}, \i{}Astroloma\i0{},
\i{}Brachyloma\i0{}, \i{}Choristemon\i0{}, \i{}Coleanthera\i0{},
\i{}Conostephium\i0{}, \i{}Cosmelia\i0{}, \i{}Cyathodes\i0{},
\i{}Cyathopsis\i0{}, \i{}Decatoca\i0{}, \i{}Dracophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Epacris\i0{}, \i{}Lebetanthus\i0{}, \i{}Leptecophylla\i0{},
\i{}Leucopogon\i0{}, \i{}Lissanthe\i0{}, \i{}Lysinema\i0{},
\i{}Melichrus\i0{}, \i{}Monotoca\i0{}, \i{}Needhamiella\i0{},
\i{}Oligarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Pentachondra\i0{}, \i{}Planocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Prionotes\i0{}, \i{}Richea\i0{}, \i{}Rupicola\i0{},
\i{}Sphenotoma\i0{}, \i{}Sprengelia\i0{}, \i{}Styphelia\i0{},
\i{}Trochocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Woolsia\i0{}> 581<Submerged of late in the
\i{}Ericaceae\i0{} by pedantic nomenclatural interpretation of cladistic
theories, this exclusively southern hemisphere assemblage differs from the
traditional, \i{}sensu stricto\i0{} version of that family almost
absolutely in the tetracyclic flowers and non-versatile, bisporangiate
stamens; the general glabrosity of this, the most glabrous of families
(tienne, 1919) stands in remarkable contrast to the spectacular range of
hair types found in abundance in \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}; particular states of
78 characters included in the present compilation (including very
conspicuous vegetative, floral and pollen-morphological features) are
either confined to or are very rare in the one family or the other; and
arbutin, andromedotoxin and inulin seem not to have been found in
\i{}Epacridaceae\i0{}. For classificatory analyses, see Watson 1967;
Watson, Williams and Lance 1967.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Squarrosely
cushioning the rocks \line{}About the King George Sound \line{}(anon - of
\i{}Andersonia sprengelioides\i0{})> 586<epacrida> 
 
# Eremolepidaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Loranthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Santalaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Lepidocerataceae\i0{}
Van Tiegh.> 5,3 9,1/2<\i{}Eubrachion\i0{}> 10<switch forms>,1<?> 12,1/2
13,1<often, epicortical and ephemeral>/2<with haustoria> 14,U 15,2 16,2
17,1 18,2<on tree branches, the haustoria at least in \i{}Antidaphne\i0{}
anatomically more complex than in \i{}Santalaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Viscaceae\i0{}> 39,1 43,2/4<\i{}Eubrachion\i0{}> 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1
90,U 102,1 104,3<\i{}Antidaphne\i0{}> 115,1<in \i{}Antidaphne\i0{} and
\i{}Eremolepis\i0{}>/2 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 143,1<in
\i{}Lepidoceras\i0{}> 146,U 147,U 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
175,2/3/2&3 176,1 177,2/5 187,2 189,3/11 195<bracteate spikes or catkins of
mostly sessile flowers> 200,1<the bracts imbricate, often deciduous> 218,2
223,3/5/7<sometimes in male flowers of \i{}Antidaphne\i0{}> 224,2-4<or
none, in male flowers>/2-3<in female flowers> 225,1 226,1 228,1 229,U
276,1/2<?> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,3-4 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1
289<in male flowers,>,1 295,3-4 298,2 299<opposite the tepals, when these
present> 309,2<these terminal> 311,2 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3/5 341,2/3 342,1 343,3 344,4/5/6<???>
345,2/3<flowers epigynous or (\i{}Antidaphne\i0{}) semi-epigynous> 352,1
353,1 375,1<the ovules embedded in the basal placenta> 377<more or
less>,2<consisting of a bisporic, 8-nucleate embryo-sac, without clearly
defined nucellus and integument> 378,2 387,1 403<complex and unusual, the
embryo with short or no suspensor> 404,1 409,2 412,6<with viscid tissue,
without staminodial bristles> 421,1 422,1<the endosperm chlorophyllous>
428,2<surrounded or capped by viscid tissue> 432,3<rather large> 433,2
435,1 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical South America, West Indies>
522,13&14&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 10, 13> 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9
572,1 573,2 574,14 577,49<as a synonym of \i{}Santalaceae\i0{}> 578,12
579,4 580<\i{}Antidaphne\i0{}, \i{}Eremolepis\i0{}, \i{}Eubrachion\i0{},
\i{}Lepidoceras\i0{}> 581<See Kuijt 1968, Wiens and Barlow 1971. Our
description of this segregate lacks anatomical data, and differs from that
of \i{}Santalaceae\i0{} (q.v.) only in the fleshier fruit, the
chlorophyllous embryo and (in terms of data relying on limited sampling)
the assumed absence of polyacetylenes.> 586<eremolep> 
 
# Eremosynaceae <Takht.>/
2<\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 5<small,
densely glandular-hairy>,5 14,- 21,1 22,1 32,3 36,- 39,1 40,1
43<somewhat>,3<at least the cauline members>/1 45,1-3<the petioles
shortening acropetally> 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2-1<the basal members>/1<the
cauline members  becoming smaller and increasingly dissected acropetally>
63<when dissected, basically>,2<the upper members stagshornlike>
64<basically>,3<the three main veins parallel in the leaf base/petiole,
dichotomising above> 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 106,1 107,1&2 109,2 112,2 116,U
120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,1 195<dichotomous
cymes> 200,1-2<small bracts with the infloresence branches, not with
individual flowers> 202,2 203,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239<very slightly>,3/1<there being
only the merest rim external to the corolla> 240<deeply>,3 245,3 248,1
251,3 254,5 255,1 258,1 267,3 272,2 274,1-2 278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments subulate, the
anthers small> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3-2 324,U 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3
344,5 345,2<about a quarter to half inferior> 352,2 353,2 359,2 360,2 361,2
363,1-2<at the base> 364<abruptly>,1 365,1 368,2 369,1 376,1/2-1<on the
basal angle> 379,1 380,1 381,3 385,1 386,3 404,2 409,1 412,1<subdidymous>
414,5 422,1 436,1 520,2 521<Southwest Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,2 529,21
551,5<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,63<as a synonym of
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}?> 578,1<\i{}Eremosyne pectinata\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Eremosyne\i0{}> 581<Differing from
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the herbceous habit,
palmately veined leaves, absence of a hypogynous disk, and the one-ovuled
ovary locules.> 586<eremosyn> 
 
# Ericaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Arbuteae\i0{} (\i{}Arbutaceae\i0{}) J.G Agardh,
\i{}Arctostaphyleae\i0{} (\i{}Arctostaphylaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Cerantheraceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Menziesiaceae\i0{} Klotzsch,
\i{}Rhododendra\i0{} (\i{}Rhododendraceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Rhodoraceae\i0{}
Ventenat, \i{}Siphonandraceae\i0{} Klotzsch, \i{}Vacciniaceae\i0{} S.F.
Gray> 4<\i{}Empetraceae\i0{}, \i{}Epacridaceae\i0{},
\i{}Monotropaceae\i0{}, \i{}Pyrolaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<often
ericoid>/4<a few> 7,1<<2%> e.g., Gaultheria spp.>/2<usually>
27,1/2<sometimes>/3<a few> 32<on acid substrates,>,2-4 37,1/2 38,1-5 
39,1<usually>/3<e.g., in \i{}Erica australis\i0{}>  
41<in \i{}E. australis\i0{},>,4
40,1/2/3/4 43,1/2 45,1/2/3 47,2 50,1<e.g., \i{}Gaultheria\i0{}>/2
51,1<rarely>/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,2/3/4-7 64,1/2/3 65,1/2 68,2 77,1/2 78,1/2
81,2 90,U 92,1<mostly, usually abaxial>/2/3 101,1/2
104,1/3/6<\i{}Epigaea\i0{} and \i{}Bejaria\i0{} only> 106,1<in great
variety, including branched, stellate and shaggy: see illustration> 107,1&2
108,1&2 109,1&2 110,1&2 112,1/2 113<when present,>,1/2/3/4 115,1/2
116,1/2<usually> 117<when present,>,1 123,1 124,2&3 130,2<5 genera> 135,1/2
139,1<though not always well defined> 140,1<usually>/2<<2%> e.g.
\i{}Agapetes\i0{}> 141,1<usually>/3<<5%>> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2<often
developing very slowly> 150<generally>,3/2&3 152,1/2<commonly>/3
153<typically very>,1 154,1<often, more or less exclusively>/2/3/4/5
156,2/2&3/3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,2 161,1<commonly>/2 162,1<often
additional to fibre tracheids> 163,1<rarely>/2 164,1/2 165<more or
less>,1<when recordable, but typically very sparse or absent>/- 167,2 169,3
170,1<seen only in \i{}Oxydendrum\i0{}>/2 175,1<<95%>>/2/3 176,1<<2%>>/2
177,1<nearly always>/5<<2%> \i{}Epigaea\i0{}> 184<(usually?)>,2/-
186,1<occasionally - e.g. \i{}Kalmia\i0{}, with explosively springing
stamens>/2 187,2<usually>/1 189,2&3&4&6&8 192,2 194,1/2 200,1
202<usually>,1<bracteoles usually 2 or 3> 203,2-4
206,1/2-3<Rhododendroideae> 209<(when apparent)>,1&2 212,(4-)5(-7) 213,1
215<nearly always>,3 218,2 220<usually>,1 221,2 223,1 224,(7-)10(-14) 226,2
229,U 236,(4-)5(-7) 238,1 239,1/3 244,1<usually>/2 247,1<<5%>
occasionally>/2 248,1 254,(3-)5(-7) 255,1 258,3<usually>/1<<5%>
occasionally> 265,1/3<less often> 266,4/5/7/6/8 267,3<<80%> usually>/2
268,2/5/6/7 272,1/2 277,1<nearly always>/2<<2%> female \i{}Epigaea\i0{}>
278,8-10<usually>/5<<2%> \i{}Loiseleuria\i0{}> 282<more or
less>,1<usually>/2<e.g., inserted high on the tube in \i{}Notopora\i0{}>
284,1/2 285,1<nearly always>/2<<1%> the filaments basally forming a tube in
\i{}Eurygania ovata\i0{} and \i{}Agapetes\i0{}> 287,1<<10%> occasionally>/2<usually> 
289,1 295,5<<10%> rarely>/8-15 298,2<<10%> rarely, when the antepetalous cycle is
absent>/3<usually> 299,1<usually obdiplostemonous>/2<<10%> rarely, when the
antepetalous cycle is wanting> 300,1/3 306<ambiguously>,1-2/3 
307,1 308,1 309,1-2<nearly
always>/3<<1%> \i{}Epigaea\i0{}, \i{}Loiseleuria\i0{},
\i{}Leiophyllum\i0{}> 310<finally>,3/2 311,2 312,2 313,1<commonly>/2<most
Rhododendroideae> 314<when present, ostensibly>,1/2 315,1/2 317,1 318,2
321,2/4<\i{}Gaultheria\i0{}> 324,1<typically>/2<<5%> e.g.
\i{}Enkianthus\i0{}> 326,1<especially Rhododendroideae>/2 327<usually>,3
328,1 329,3 330,8 334,2 337,1<in 7 genera>/2<<2%> \i{}Enkianthus\i0{} only>
338,1<nearly always>/2<<2%> male \i{}Epigaea\i0{}> 339,(2-)4-5(-10)<7 in
\i{}Bejaria\i0{}, sometimes more in \i{}Rhododendron\i0{}> 
341,2/1 342,(1-)4-5(-10) 343,3 344,6 345,1-3 352,1/2
353,(1-)4-5(-10)<usually with the locules opposite the corolla lobes> 360,2
361,1 364,1/2 365,1 368,1 371<usually>,3<greatly expanded in
\i{}Epigaea\i0{}>/5<or sometimes cupular, in \i{}Erica\i0{}> 
376,2/3 379,1-50<i.e. to many> 381,1-3 382<epitropous
in \i{}Arctostaphylos\i0{}> 385,2 386,3/4/2 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1/2
392,1/2/3<?  sometimes only in association with a male gamete in
\i{}Vaccinium\i0{}> 393,1 394,3 395,1<e.g. in \i{}Leucotho\i0{}>/2
397,1/2<often> 400<usually>,1 401,1 402,1&2 403,4 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1/6/7/8<<5%> rarely> 413<when superior or
perigynous,>,3<occasionally>/4 414,4/5 415,1/2<?> 419,1/3 422<copiously>,1
424,1 426,1/2 429,1<commonly>/2 432,3 433,2 435,2<4/8> 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Arctostaphylos\i0{}, \i{}Rhodendrodendron\i0{}> 466,2<widely
examined by L.W.> 469,1<\i{}Arbutus\i0{}>/2<\i{}Rhododendron\i0{}>
470,1<possibly, in \i{}Calluna\i0{}, Gibbs 1974> 472,1<<10%> rarely>/2
475,1<rarely <10%>>/2 481,2 483,1<in many genera> 484,1
485,1<?>/2<+decarb.> 487,2 488<nearly always>,1 489,1/1&2 490,1
491,1/2/1&2/2&3/1&2&3<and sometimes with gossypetin> 492,1<<18%> only in
the 3 species of \i{}Arbutus\i0{} screened>/2<14 species, 13 genera,
including \i{}Arctostaphylos\i0{}> 493,1 494,1 495,2 520,1&2/3-4<then
usually at high altitude> 521<almost cosmopolitan, but tropical
representation mostly at high altitude, and poorly represented in
Australasia> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
(8)12 or 13(23)> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,2 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15
577,52 578,1350 579<about>,100 580<\i{}Acrostemon\i0{}, \i{}Agapetes\i0{},
\i{}Agarista\i0{}, \i{}Andromeda\i0{}, \i{}Aniserica\i0{}, \i{}Anomalanthus\i0{},
\i{}Anthopteropsis\i0{}, \i{}Anthopterus\i0{}, \i{}Arachnocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Arbutus\i0{}, \i{}Arctostaphylos\i0{}, \i{}Bejaria\i0{},
\i{}Bruckenthalia\i0{}, \i{}Bryanthus\i0{}, \i{}Calluna\i0{},
\i{}Calopteryx\i0{}, \i{}Cassiope\i0{}, \i{}Cavendishia\i0{},
\i{}Ceratostema\i0{}, \i{}Chamaedaphne\i0{}, \i{}Coccosperma\i0{},
\i{}Coilostigma\i0{}, \i{}Comarostaphylis\i0{}, \i{}Costera\i0{},
\i{}Craibiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Daboecia\i0{}, \i{}Demosthenesia\i0{},
\i{}Didonica\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphanthera\i0{}, \i{}Diogenesia\i0{},
\i{}Diplarche\i0{}, \i{}Diplycosia\i0{}, \i{}Disterigma\i0{}, \i{}Elliottia\i0{},
\i{}Enkianthus\i0{}, \i{}Eremia\i0{}, \i{}Eremiella\i0{}, \i{}Erica\i0{},
\i{}Eurygania\i0{}, \i{}Findlaya\i0{}, \i{}Gaultheria\i0{}, \i{}Gaylussacia\i0{},
\i{}Gonocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Grisebachia\i0{}, \i{}Harrimanella\i0{},
\i{}Kalmia\i0{}, \i{}Kalmiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Killipiella\i0{},
\i{}Lateropora\i0{}, \i{}Ledothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Ledum\i0{},
\i{}Leiophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Leucotho\i0{}, \i{}Loiseleuria\i0{},
\i{}Lyonia\i0{}, \i{}Macleania\i0{}, \i{}Macnabia\i0{}, \i{}Malea\i0{},
\i{}Menziesia\i0{}, \i{}Mitrastylus\i0{}, \i{}Mycerinus\i0{},
\i{}Nagelocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Notopora\i0{}, \i{}Oreanthes\i0{},
\i{}Ornithostaphylos\i0{}, \i{}Orthaea\i0{}, \i{}Oxydendrum\i0{},
\i{}Pellegrinia\i0{}, \i{}Pernettya\i0{}, \i{}Pernettyopsis\i0{},
\i{}Phyllodoce\i0{}, \i{}Pieris\i0{}, \i{}Platycalyx\i0{},
\i{}Plutarchia\i0{}, \i{}Polyclita\i0{}, \i{}Psammisia\i0{},
\i{}Rhododendron\i0{}, \i{}Rhodothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Rigiolepis\i0{}, 
\i{}Rusbya\i0{}, \i{}Salaxis\i0{}, \i{}Satyria\i0{}, \i{}Scyphogyne\i0{},
\i{}Semiramisia\i0{}, \i{}Simocheilus\i0{}, \i{}Siphonandra\i0{},
\i{}Sphyrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Stokoeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Sympieza\i0{},
\i{}Syndsmanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tepuia\i0{}, \i{}Thamnus\i0{},
\i{}Themistoclesia\i0{}, \i{}Therorhodion\i0{}, \i{}Thibaudia\i0{},
\i{}Thoracosperma\i0{}, \i{}Tsusiophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Utleya\i0{},
\i{}Vaccinium\i0{}, \i{}Xylococcus\i0{}, \i{}Zenobia\i0{}.> 581<Pedantic
nomenclatural interpretation of cladistic theories has resulted of late in
submerging \i{}Empetraceae\i0{}, \i{}Epacridaceae\i0{},
\i{}Monotropaceae\i0{} and \i{}Pyrolaceae\i0{} in the \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}.
Comparisons among our compiled descriptions using Intkey provide ample
evidence to justify retaining the segregate ericalean families for
practical purposes. For example, the exclusively southern hemisphere
\i{}Epacridaceae\i0{} differ from the traditional, \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}
version of \i{}Ericaceae\i0{} almost absolutely in the tetracyclic flowers
and non-versatile, bisporangiate stamens; the remarkable diversity of hair
types found in abundance in \i{}Ericaceae\i0{} contrasts spectacularly with
the general glabrosity of \i{}Epacridaceae\i0{}; particular states of 78
characters included in the present compilation (including very conspicuous
vegetative, floral and pollen-morphological features) are either confined
to or are very rare in one family or the other; and arbutin, andromedotoxin
and inulin seem not to have been found in \i{}Epacridaceae\i0{}. See Watson
1965; Watson, Williams and Lance 1967; Stevens 1971.> 582<Edible berries
from \i{}Arctostaphylos\i0{}, \i{}Gaylussacia\i0{}, \i{}Vaccinium\i0{} etc.
(bearberry, bilberry, blueberry, whortleberry, buckleberry, cranberry etc).
Many species and genera are cultivated as ornamentals (e.g. \i{}Erica\i0{},
\i{}Rhododendron\i0{}, \i{}Arbutus\i0{}, \i{}Pieris\i0{}). Briar pipes
are made from \i{}Erica\i0{} spp.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}How oft,
though moss and grass are seen, \line{}Tannd bright for want of flowers,
\line{}Still keeps the Ling its darksome green, \line{}Thickset with little
flowers \line{}(John Clare, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) -
\i{}Calluna\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}There pinch the maids as blue as
bilberry: \line{}Our radiant queen hates sluts and sluttery \line{}(Merry
Wives, v., 5 - \i{}Vaccinium myrtillus\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . .
blocks of granite \line{}Rise in beauty all around, \line{}Lichen grown,
and moss enamelled, \line{}Ivy wreathed, and bilberry crowned.
\line{}(George Heath, Rudyard, c. 1865) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Rhodora!
if the sages ask thee why \line{}This charm is wasted on the earth and sky,
\line{}Tell them, dear, that if eyes were made for seeing, \line{}Then
beauty is its own excuse for being \line{}(R.W. Emerson, The Rhodora -
Rhodora = \i{}Rhododendron\i0{}) > 586<ericacea> 
 
# Eriocaulaceae <Desv.>/
3<\i{}Dichrolepideas\i0{} (\i{}Dichrolepidaceae\i0{}) Welw.> 5,5
21,3<usually small> 22,1 32,2 39,1 40,1<usually>/2<rarely> 42,1/2/4<or
canaliculate> 43,1/2/4 45,3 47,1<but at the base only> 49,1 53,1 55,2 60,2
62,3<grasslike> 64,4 65,2 67,2 68,- 76,1 90,1<in the subepidermal cells in
\i{}Paepalanthus\i0{}>/2<mostly> 91,2 98,2 102,1 104,3 105,1 121,2 123,1
124,2/3<or styloids  no raphides> 128,1 129,2/1&2
130,2<\i{}Eriocaulon\i0{}> 148,1 156,2&3<mostly simple> 173,1
174,2&3<mostly simple> 175,2&3<usually>/1/2 176,1 177,2<usually>/5<rarely>
178,2 179,1-2 182,1<\i{}Eriocaulon\i0{}>/2<the rest> 183<in
\i{}Eriocaulon\i0{},>,1<from the mouth or the inside of the perigone tube>
184,1/2 187,2 189,4 191,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 196,1 197,1 200,1 203,1/2
206,1-3 207<when irregular,>,1 209<when present,>,1&2<not K> 212,2/3 213,1
216,1/3 219,1 220,2 223,1/3<the corolla sometimes small, vestigial or
missing in female flowers> 224,4-6 225,2 226,2<usually>/1 227,1/- 230,2
236,2/3 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes with a basal tube or spathaceous>
245,1<sometimes forming a spathe>/2/3 254,2/3 255,1 258,1<often, in female
flowers>/3<male flowers with a corolla tube> 267,1<the anterior petal
sometimes larger than the lateral pair>/2/3 277,1/2<female flowers,
whichted also lack staminodes> 278,2-6<2 or 4 when 2-merous, 3 or 6 when
3-merous> 282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1/2 289,1 295,2/4/3/6 298,2/3
299,1<when reduced to one whorl>/1&2 306,2 309,3 310,3 312,1/2 315,1 316,2
318,1<probably always>/2<sometimes?> 320,1 322,2 328,1 329,5-9<?> 330,11
337,2 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2/3 342,2/3 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,2/3
358,1-3 361,1-3 363,1-2 365,1 368,2/3 369,1/2<then with stylodium-like
appendages inserted between the true stigmas> 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,3 379,1
381,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,1 389,1<\i{}Syngonanthus\i0{}>/2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2/3 403,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5
422<copiously>,1 424,2 430,1 432,1 436<lenticular> 442,2<?> 447,- 448,2
451,2 452,2 454,2 457,3 458,2<virtually absent> 466,2<\i{}Eriocaulon\i0{}>
468,2 472,2 475,2<one species> 488,2 490,2 492,2 497,1 498,2
520,3&4<mostly>/2<a few> 521<mainly tropical/subtropical, concentrated in
South America> 522,1&4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 10> 527,2
530,6 560,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,1150 579,11
580<\i{}Actinocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Blastocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Eriocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Llachnocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Leiothrix\i0{}, \i{}Mesanthemum\i0{},
\i{}Paepalanthus\i0{}, \i{}Philodice\i0{}, \i{}Rhodonanthus\i0{},
\i{}Syngonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tonina\i0{}> 582<Furnishes a few species sold as
decorative everlastings.> 586<eriocaul> 
 
# Eriospermaceae <Endl.>/
2<formerly \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}-Asphodeleae-Eriosperminae;
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Nolinoideae according to APG> 5,5 9,1/3<in that the
leaves are confined to a few basal scales, plus one or 23 (rarely more)
basally concentrated laminate leaves> 11<when very peculiar, more or
less>,5 21,3 22,- 25,4<with a single plump tuber, or a complex of tubers
and stolons, the tubers containing white, yellow, pink or red mucilage>
26,- 32,4 38,2-3 39,1 40,1 45,1-3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/6-7 64,4 65,1
66,2/5 67,2<but frequently curiously appendaged at the base of the blade,
the appendage variously of filiform threads, bottlebrush shaped or like a
bunch of feathers, or sometmes much-branched with thick, linear, fleshy
segments, and the blade often relatively small in proportion> 68,- 76,1
81<presumably>,1 106,1/2 121,U 123,1 124,1 148,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,2/8 193,1<the scape with or without scales> 195<racemes or
panicles, often sparse, developing in summer after the assimilatory leaves
have withered> 200,1<often long pedicelled> 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2
220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,2/3/4/7 233,1<the outer
members upright or spreading> 278,6 282,2<to the bases of the tepals> 285,1
287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 306,1 309,3 310,3 316,1 318,1 322,2 328,1 329,1
330<probably>,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2
361,1 365,1 368,1<small, subcapitate or minutely trilobed> 376,2
379,2-4(-6)<the cells few-ovuled> 380,1 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388<weakly>,2
391,1 400,2<?> 403,4<the embryology unusual, with nucellar tissue
enveloping the chalazal parts of the embryo> 404,2 409,1 412,1<thin walled>
414,5/4&5 422,2 427,1<uniquely among monocots  the hairs to 8 mm long,
silky, white or reddish brown, bent back to the chalaza>
432,3<conical-cylindrical> 433,1 440,4 442,2 447,U 454,U 458,U 504,2&4
506,1 509,2&4 517,1&2&3&4 521<Africa, especially southern Africa> 522,5&6&7
527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578,80 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Eriospermum\i0{}>
581<Differing from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} in habit, inflorescence, fruit and
seed characters.> 586<eriosper> 
 
# Erythropalaceae <(Hassk.) Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Olacaceae\i0{}.> 5<slender>,3/4 7,1<in the wood>/2<?the leaves> 27,3
28,3<with axillary tendrils representing modified peduncles> 39,1
45<long>,1 53,1 60,2 64,2<35 nerved at the base> 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 116,U
120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2 195<loose, axillary
dichotomous cymes> 200,1<the bracts subulate> 203<very>,2 206,1 212,5 213,1
215,2 218,1<the tube becoming enlarged, enclosing the fruit> 223,1 224,10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 240,3<the lobes short and broad> 245,3
248,1 249,1 251<(sub-)>,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,3 272,2 278,5 280,2
282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2
303<shortly>,3 304,1<with two lateral, bearded scales at the base>
310<ovate,>,3 328,1 329,3 330,6 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,5-6 345,3
352,1<finally>/2<primarily> 353,3<at first>/1<later, by disappearance of
thin septa> 359,1<shortly cupular, pentagonal> 360<shortly>,2 361,1 365,1
368,1/3<stigma shortly trifid> 376,3 379,1 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396<small> 404,1 409,1 412,7<with crustaceous endocarp,
completely enclosed in the subpyriform, thin, red-brown, long-stipitate
hypanthium-plus-calyx, which finally splits into 35 reflexed valves> 415,2
421,1 422,1 432<minute> 443<blue> 504,2 506,3 520,4 521<Indomalayan>
522,4&9 527,1 528<dubiously>,1 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2 574,14
577,49<as a synonym of \i{}Olacaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Erythropalum
scandens\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Erythropalum\i0{}> 581<Apparently
differing from \i{}Olacaceae\i0{} sensu stricto only in the appendiculate
stamens, the fully inferior ovary and the dehiscent fruit.> 586<erythrop> 
 
# Erythroxylaceae <Kunth>/
2<\i{}Linaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Nectaropetalaceae\i0{} (Winkler) Exell &
Mondonca> 5,1&3 12,1<sometimes accompanied by scale leaves> 32,3
39,1/2<rarely> 40<usually>,1 42<often persistently twice>,2<longitudinally>
43,1/1&4<the branches often covered with rudimentary leaves in the form of
distichous scales> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,1 69,1<rarely>/2
74<often>,1/- 76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1-3 101,1/2 103,1<the lower> 104,3
122,1<commonly>/2 123,1 124,3 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,1<in
young stems> 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,1-2 154,1/2/3<in most species,
often of four or more cells>/5 156,3 157,2 158,2 159,1 161,1/2 162,1/2
163,2 164,2 165<predominantly>,2 166,1/2 167,2 169,3 170,1
175,1<usually>/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5<rarely> 181<usually>,2 187,1/2 188<when
solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,7 194,2 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3
218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 248,1
251,1<quincuncial>/3 254,5 255,1 257,1<the petals usually internally
ligulate>/2 258,1/2 265,1/2 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,10 282,1
284<variously depicted as>,1/2<then alternating long and short, the 
longer stamens opposite the petals> 
285,2<united into a tube at their bases> 286,1 287,1 289,1 295,10 298,3
300,3 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1&3 320,1/2 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,8<almost zonorate> 337,2 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3 341,1
342,(2-)3 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)3<usually only one fertile>
360,2 361,(2-)3 363,1-2 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2/3 379,1 380,1 381,1
382,2<Engler> 385,2 386,3/2 387,3 388,2 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 397<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,4 404,1 409,2 412,7
415,2<one-loculed> 421,1 422,1/2<rarely> 424,2<starchy> 430,1 433,2 434,1
435,1<1/1> 436,1 447,1 472,2 475,1 484,2 487,1/2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2
492,2<\i{}Erythroxylum\i0{}> 495,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5
565,5 570,14 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,250 579,4
580<\i{}Aneulophus\i0{}, \i{}Erythroxylum\i0{}, \i{}Nectaropetalum\i0{},
\i{}Pinacopodium\i0{}> 582<Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of coca
(\i{}Erythroxylum coca\i0{}).> 586<erythrox> 
 
# Escalloniaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{}, or \i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{} in many older works.>
3<\i{}Polyosmaceae\i0{} Blume> 4<\i{}Abrophyllaceae\i0{} T. Nakai,,
\i{}Argophyllaceae\i0{}, \i{}Carpodetaceae\i0{}, \i{}Eremosynaceae\i0{},
\i{}Ixerbaceae\i0{}, \i{}Rousseaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tribelaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<or
subshrubs> 32,3 39,1/2/3 43,1/2/3 45,1 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2
76,2/3/4<the teeth mostly gland-tipped> 78,1/2 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1<at
least sometimes very small with guard-cells almost circular in outline, cf.
some \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}> 106,1 107,1&2<at least in \i{}Escallonia\i0{}>
108,1&2 109,2<pointed, and rather thick walled> 112,1<in
\i{}Escallonia\i0{}> 113,1&4 115,1<commonly>/2 116,2
130,2<\i{}Escallonia\i0{}> 135<somewhat spongy or becoming hollow> 137,2
139,1 140,1/2 141,1/3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150<tending to
be>,2 152,2/3 153,1<typically>/2-3<in \i{}Polyosma\i0{}>
156,2<typically>/1&2 157,2 158,1<rarely>/2 159,1 160,2 161,1 163,1 164,2
165,1<diffuse> 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 192,1/2 206,1
212,(4-)5(-6) 213,1 218,1/2 220,1 223,1 224,(8-)10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,(4-)5(-6) 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 248,1 251,1/3 252,2 254,(4-)5(-6) 255,1
258,1<nearly always>/3<<5%> rarely, with a short tube> 260,3 265,1/3 267,3
274,1/2 278,(4-)5(-6)/(8-)10(-12) 282,1<perigynous> 285,1 287,1/2
289,1<when only one whorl>/2<when two whorls> 290<when present,>,(4-)5(-6)
295,(4-)5(-6) 298,2 299<(fertile)>,2 300,1 306,1 309,3 310,3 324,2 328,1
329,3 330,8 339,1-6 341,1<usually>/2 342<when syncarpous,>,1/2-6
343,2<rarely>/3 344,2<rarely>/3-6 345,1-3 350<(when
apocarpous)>,15-100<many> 351<when apocarpous>,2 352,1/2 353<when
syncarpous>,1/2-6 356<in \i{}Escallonia\i0{}>,1/- 360,2 361,1-6 365,1 372,1
373,2 374,4 375<when unilocular>,2 376<when plurilocular>,2 378<when
unilocular,>,15-100<many> 379<when plurilocular,>,15-50<many> 386,3
387,2<\i{}Escallonia\i0{}> 388,1<in \i{}Escallonia\i0{} and
\i{}Polyosma\i0{}> 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<elongated>
400,2 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6 422<copiously>,1 469,3<in
\i{}Escallonia\i0{}, but depauperate in oligosaccharides> 472,2 484,1
485,1<normal and seco> 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/2 490,1
491,1/2/1&2<mostly both> 492,2<6 species, 3 genera> 495,1<rarely>/2 520,2-4
521<tropical and South temperate, mostly South America and Australasia>
522,4&6&9&10&11&13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,63 578<about>,140 579,7 580<\i{}Anopterus\i0{},
\i{}Cuttsia\i0{}, \i{}Escallonia\i0{}, \i{}Forgesia\i0{},
\i{}Polyosma\i0{}, \i{}Valdivia\i0{}> 581<\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} are one
of a few families that have long posed major difficulties of assignment,
not only between (for example) Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and Corniflorae, but
also in terms of the higher level groupings Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli,
which evidently represent a major divergence in the Dicot line of descent
(cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993). Molecular
sequencing studies place most of them firmly in the Tenuinucelli, but
different components appear in association with three of the major linages
perceived therein (Backlund and Bremer, 1997). Adjustments to the present
package await comprehensive reassignments, along with preparation of the
requisite revised family descriptions; and if this attempt to compile a
\i{}sensu stricto\i0{} description of \i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}
under-estimates variation, the taxonomic worth of segregate families (see
above) will need to be re-assessed.> 586<escallon> 
 
# Eucommiaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
5,1 6,1 37,2 39,1 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,3/4 87,1<articulated, in
the phloem and cortex> 88,1&2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 132,1
135<more or less>,1<the peripheral cells being thicker walled>/- 139,1
140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 148,2 152,2 153<very to extremely>,1 154,1&2<but
mostly solitary> 155,2 156,3 158,1 159,1 165,1 169,3 170,1<rare>/2 175,2/3
176,1 177,5 184,1 187,2 194,4 195<consisting of shortly pedicellate flowers
solitary in the axils of bracts, these crowded at the bases of distally
leafy shoots (cf. \i{}Euptelea\i0{})> 200,1 202,2 203,2 206,1 220,2 223,7
229,U 276,1/2<from female flowers> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<in the
male flowers,>,(5-)6-10(-12) 279,U 285,1 289,1 295,(5-)6-10(-12) 303<very
shortly>,3 306<linear>,2 308,2 309,3 312,2 313,1 314,1<by apical
prolongation of the connective> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2 322,2 324,2
328,1 329,3 330,8<with poorly developed pores> 337,1 338,1/2<from male
flowers> 339,2 342,1 343,3<but pseudomonomerous> 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1<by
abortion> 358,1 360<very shortly>,2<within the V-shaped ovary apex> 361,1
366,1<very short> 368,2<unequal> 375,3 378,2 381,1 382,1 383,3 384,1 386,3
387,2 388<weakly>,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,1 400,1 403,4 404,2
409,2 412,10<somewhat elm-like> 421,1 422,1 432,3<large> 433,2 436,1 447,1
472,2 475,2 481,2 483,2 484,1<aucubin> 485,2 487,1 488,1 489,1
490,1 491,1&2 492,2 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<China> 522,4
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 34> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,2 567,5 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,57 578,1<\i{}Eucommia ulmoides\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Eucommia\i0{}> 582<Yields medicinal bark and rubber.> 586<eucommia> 
 
# Eucryphiaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}.> 5<Southern hemisphere>,1&3 32,3 37,1 39,2 43,2
45,1 53,1/2 56<when compound>,4/3 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple>,1/2
64,2 65,1 68,1 69,1 74,1 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<where
recorded,>,3 106,1<infrequent> 107,1 108<short, thick-walled,>,1 109,2
112,2 116,2 123,1 124,2&3 130,2 135<characteristically quadrangular,>,2
137,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,2-3
153<very to moderately>,1 154,1&2&3&4<but mostly solitary> 156,2/2&3 157,2
158,1/2 159,1/2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165<diffuse>,1 166,2 167,2
168,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,1 188,2 202,2 203,4 204,1 206,1
213,2 214,2 216,1 218,2 220,1 223,1 224,8(-10) 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,4<rarely 5> 238,1 239,1<basally>/3<in the sense of cohering apically>
245,3 248,2<the members apically cohering> 250,1 251,1<leathery>
254,4<rarely 5> 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2 278,20-100<i.e. many>
279,1<originating from a limited number of trunk bundles on the
receptacle> 281,1 282,1 284,1 285,1 287<multiseriate> 289,1 295,20-100
298,5 306,1<orbicular> 308,1 309,3 310,2 328,1 329,2 330<(syn)>,6 337,1
339,4-14(-18) 342,4-14(-18) 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,4-14(-18)
361,4-14(-18) 363,1-2 365,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,15-50<i.e. many,
biseriate in each loculus> 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 404,2<woody or
leathery> 409,1 412,1 414,4&6 422<copiously>,1 429,1 432,3 433,2<leafy>
447,1 472,2 484,2 488,1 489,1 490,2 492,2 495,2 497,1 498,1<b> 520,2
521<Chile and Southeast Australia> 522,10&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15, 16> 527,1
528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38<as a synonym
of \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Eucryphia\i0{}>
581<This description differs from that of \i{}Cunoniaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in nine morphological characters, as well as a phytochemical
one (flavonols).> 582<The endemic Tasmanian rainforest species, \i{}E.
lucida\i0{} (Leatherwood), is well known as a source of superb honey.>
586<eucryphi> 
 
# Euphorbiaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Acalypheae\i0{} (\i{}Acalyphaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Bertyaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Columellaceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.),
\i{}Crotonaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Hippomaneae\i0{}
(\i{}Hippomanaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Micrantheae\i0{}
(\i{}Micrantheaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Oldfieldiaceae\i0{} auctt.,
\i{}Picrodendraceae\i0{} s. lat., \i{}Phyllantheae\i0{}
(\i{}Phyllanthaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Putranjiveae\i0{}
(\i{}Putranjivaceae\i0{}) Endl., \i{}Porantheraceae\i0{} (Pax) Hurusawa,
\i{}Pseudanthaceae\i0{} Endl., \i{}Ricinaceae\i0{} Barkley,
\i{}Ricinocarpaceae\i0{} (Pax) Hurusawa, \i{}Scepaceae\i0{} Lindl.,
\i{}Tithymaloideae\i0{} (\i{}Tithymalaceae\i0{}) Vent., \i{}Treviaceae\i0{}
Bullock, \i{}Trewiaceae\i0{} Lindl.> 4<\i{}Androstachydaceae\i0{},
\i{}Bischofiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hymenocardiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Peraceae p.p.\i0{},
\i{}Picrodendraceae\i0{} s. str., \i{}Stilaginaceae\i0{},
\i{}Uapacaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/2/3/5/4 6,1<Euphorbioideae>/3<e.g.
Phyllanthoideae>/2<<5%> rarely> 9,1/2 10<often>,1/2/3<often, e.g. the
widely grown \i{}Euphorbia canariensis\i0{}> 12,1/2 14,1/2
27,1/3 32,3/4 38,1-4 39,1<<90%> usually>/2-3<rarely> 40,1/2 43,1/2/3/4/5
45,1-3 47,2 50,1/2 53,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 56<when compound,>,5 60,2 64,2/3
68,1<nearly always, but the stipules sometimes reduced to branched hairlike
structures, or to glands> 73,1/2/3/4 74,1/2 81,2 85,1<known from 7 genera>
86,1/2/3<rarely> 87,1<commonly, articulated or non-articulated>/2<absent
notably from the Phyllanthoideae> 90,U 92,1/2/3 101,1/2 103,1/2 104,1/2/3
106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family: see illustrations> 107,1&2 114,1<in
a few lianes>/2 122,1/2 130,2<\i{}Euphorbia\i0{}> 139,1 140,1<rarely>/2
141,1/3 143,1<commonly>/2<e.g., in succulent Euphorbias> 144,1/2 145,1<in
numerous genera>/2 146,1<occasionally>/2 147,1<occasionally>/2
148,2<mostly, even in lianes>/3 149,1/2 150,1/2/3 156,2/3<usually>
157,1<rarely>/2 162,1 163,1<e.g., in some Phyllanthoideae>/2 165,1/2<or
very sparse, or absent>/- 166,1<very rarely. e.g. in \i{}Bridelia\i0{}>/2
167,1<occasionally, e.g. \i{}Dalechampia\i0{}>/2 175,2&3/2/3/1<<2%>>
176,1/2<<2%>> 177,2/5/1<<2%> very rarely: species of \i{}Drypetes\i0{},
\i{}Aporosa\i0{}> 184,2 187,2 192<nearly always>,1<commonly the first
branching racemose, with all the subsequent branching cymose> 194,1/2
196,1/2 197,1/2 200,1/2<?> 203,1/2/3 206,1 218,2 220,1<commonly>/2 222,1/2
223,3/6/7/4<occasionally> 224<when present,>,(3-)5-6(-12) 225,1/2
226,1<usually>/2<<10%> sometimes  e.g. \i{}Jatropha\i0{}> 227<when
two-whorled,>,1 229,U 236,5 239,1/3 245,3 254<when present,>,5 258,1 267,3
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,1-1000<i.e. to many> 279,1<e.g.
\i{}Ricinus\i0{}>/2 282,1 285,1/2<may be free or united in a variety of
ways> 289,1 295,1-1000 298,1-5 302,1/2 309,3/1<<10%> rarely with apical
pores> 310,1/3 311,2-3 312,1/2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 321,2/3
322,1/2 328,1/2<rarely> 329,3<commonly>/4-30<?> 330,6/8/9/10 337,1<13
genera>/2<4 genera>/1&2<with both states in \i{}Euphorbia\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3/4-30<<10%> rarely>
342,(2-)3<<90%>>/4-30<rarely> 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,2
353,(2-)3/4-30<<10%> rarely> 361,3<usually>/6(-12)<or more> 363,1/2<to
almost completely joined, in the Phyllantheae> 365,1
368,3<usually>/6(-12)<or more> 372,2 373,1/2 374,2 376,2/3 379,1/2 381,1
382<mostly>,2 383,1<<95%> usually>/3 384<when two,>,1 385,1<often
carunculate, the caruncle often covering the micropyle, the caruncle often
covering the micropyle>/2 386,1/3/2 387,3 388,2 389<usually>,1
391,1/2/6/7/4 393,1 394<initially>,3 395,1<to 5 cells, in
\i{}Jatropha\i0{}>/2 397,1/2<rarely with filiform apparatus> 399,1 400,2
403,1<usually>/4/6 404,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 409,1/2/3<usually <80%>>
410<when schizocarpic,>,(2-)3<usually, usually dehiscent>/4-30<? <10%>>
412<when non-schizocarpic,>,1/7 416,1<schizocarpic capsules often splitting
elastically>/2 422,1<nearly always> 424,1 433,2<usually wider than the
radicle> 434,1/2 435,1<4/6>/2<8/10  \i{}Euphorbia\i0{} being variable>
436,1/2 447,1/2 461,1/2/3 462<\i{}Argythamnia\i0{}, \i{}Euphorbia\i0{},
\i{}Phyllanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ricinus\i0{}> 463<\i{}Chamaesyce\i0{},
\i{}Euphorbia\i0{}> 464<\i{}Euphorbia\i0{}, \i{}Monadenium\i0{},
\i{}Pedilanthus\i0{}, \i{}Synadenium\i0{}>
466,1<\i{}Euphorbia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Acalypha\i0{}, \i{}Dalechampia\i0{},
\i{}Croton\i0{}, \i{}Euphorbia\i0{}, \i{}Hevea\i0{}, \i{}Jatropha\i0{},
\i{}Manihot\i0{}, \i{}Meineckia\i0{}, \i{}Micrococca\i0{},
\i{}Phyllanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ricinus\i0{}, \i{}Tragia\i0{},
\i{}Tragiella\i0{}> 469,1<e.g. in \i{}Aleurites\i0{},
\i{}Sapium\i0{}>/3<e.g. \i{}Phyllanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ricinus\i0{}>
470,1<\i{}Aleurites\i0{}, Gibbs 1974> 471,1<\i{}Drypetes\i0{},
\i{}Putranjiva\i0{}>/2 472,1<<25%>>/2 473,1/2<?>/4 475,1<commonly <40%>>/2
479,1<\i{}Clutia\i0{}> 480,2 483,2 484,2 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1<rarely>/2
489<when present,>,1&2<in one \i{}Phyllanthus\i0{} species> 490,1/2
491,1/1&2 492,1<4 species, 3 genera>/2<8 species, 5 genera> 495,1<<5%> but
in relatively few genera>/2 520,2&3&4 521<cosmopolitan, except Arctic>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-14 (or more)>
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,5000 579<about>,300 580<\i{}Acalypha\i0{}, \i{}Acidocroton\i0{},
\i{}Acidoton\i0{}, \i{}Actephila\i0{}, \i{}Adelia\i0{},
\i{}Adenochlaena\i0{}, \i{}Adenocline\i0{}, \i{}Adenopeltis\i0{},
\i{}Adenophaedra\i0{}, \i{}Adriana\i0{}, \i{}Aerisilvaea\i0{},
\i{}Afrotrewia\i0{}, \i{}Agrostistachys\i0{}, \i{}Alchornea\i0{},
\i{}Alchorneopsis\i0{}, \i{}Aleurites\i0{}, \i{}Algernonia\i0{},
\i{}Alphandia\i0{}, \i{}Amanoa\i0{}, \i{}Amperea\i0{}, \i{}Amyrea\i0{},
\i{}Andrachne\i0{}, \i{}Angostyles\i0{}, \i{}Annesijoa\i0{},
\i{}Anomalocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Anthostema\i0{}, \i{}Aparisthium\i0{},
\i{}Apodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Aporusa\i0{}, \i{}Argomuellera\i0{},
\i{}Argythamnia\i0{}, \i{}Aristogeitonia\i0{}, \i{}Ashtonia\i0{},
\i{}Astrocasia\i0{}, \i{}Astrococcus\i0{}, \i{}Austrobuxus\i0{},
\i{}Avellanita\i0{}, \i{}Baccaurea\i0{}, \i{}Baliospermum\i0{},
\i{}Baloghia\i0{}, \i{}Benoistia\i0{}, \i{}Bernardia\i0{}, \i{}Bertya\i0{},
\i{}Beyeria\i0{}, \i{}Blachia\i0{}, \i{}Blotia\i0{},
\i{}Blumeodendron\i0{}, \i{}Bocquillonia\i0{}, \i{}Bonania\i0{},
\i{}Borneodendron\i0{}, \i{}Bossera\i0{}, \i{}Botryophora\i0{},
\i{}Breynia\i0{}, \i{}Bridelia\i0{}, \i{}Calycopeplus\i0{},
\i{}Canaca\i0{}, \i{}Caperonia\i0{}, \i{}Caryodendron\i0{},
\i{}Casabitoa\i0{}, \i{}Calvacoa\i0{}, \i{}Celaenodendron\i0{},
\i{}Celianella\i0{}, \i{}Cephalocroton\i0{}, \i{}Cephalomappa\i0{},
\i{}Chaetocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chascotheca\i0{}, \i{}Cheilosa\i0{},
\i{}Chiropetalum\i0{}, \i{}Chlamydojatropha\i0{}, \i{}Chondrostylis\i0{},
\i{}Chonocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Choriceras\i0{}, \i{}Chrozophora\i0{},
\i{}Cladogelonium\i0{}, \i{}Cladogynos\i0{}, \i{}Claoxylon\i0{},
\i{}Claoxylopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cleidiocarpon\i0{}, \i{}Cleidion\i0{},
\i{}Cleistanthus\i0{}, \i{}Clutia\i0{}, \i{}Cnesmone\i0{},
\i{}Cnidoscolus\i0{}, \i{}Cocconerion\i0{}, \i{}Codiaeum\i0{},
\i{}Colliguaja\i0{}, \i{}Conceveiba\i0{}, \i{}Cordemoya\i0{},
\i{}Croizatia\i0{}, \i{}Croton\i0{}, \i{}Crotonogyne\i0{},
\i{}Crotonogynopsis\i0{}, \i{}Crotonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Ctenomeria\i0{},
\i{}Cubanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtogonone\i0{}, \i{}Cyttaranthus\i0{},
\i{}Dalechampia\i0{}, \i{}Dalembertia\i0{}, \i{}Deuteromallotus\i0{},
\i{}Deutzianthus\i0{}, \i{}Dichostemma\i0{}, \i{}Dicoelia\i0{},
\i{}Didymocistus\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Discocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Discoclaoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Dicocleidion\i0{}, \i{}Discoglypremna\i0{},
\i{}Dissiliaria\i0{}, \i{}Ditaxis\i0{}, \i{}Ditta\i0{},
\i{}Dodecastigma\i0{}, \i{}Domohinea\i0{}, \i{}Doryxylon\i0{},
\i{}Droceloncia\i0{}, \i{}Drypetes\i0{}, \i{}Duvigneaudia\i0{},
\i{}Dysopsis\i0{}, \i{}Elaeophorbia\i0{}, \i{}Elateriospermum\i0{},
\i{}Eleutherostigma\i0{}, \i{}Endadenium\i0{}, \i{}Endospermum\i0{},
\i{}Enriquebeltrania\i0{}, \i{}Epiprinus\i0{}, \i{}Eremocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Erismanthus\i0{}, \i{}Erythrococca\i0{}, \i{}Euphorbia\i0{},
\i{}Excoecaria\i0{}, \i{}Fahrenheitia\i0{}, \i{}Flueggea\i0{},
\i{}Fontainea\i0{}, \i{}Garcia\i0{}, \i{}Gavarretia\i0{}, \i{}Givotia\i0{},
\i{}Glochidion\i0{}, \i{}Glycydendron\i0{}, \i{}Glyphostylus\i0{},
\i{}Grimmeodendron\i0{}, \i{}Grossera\i0{}, \i{}Gymnanthes\i0{},
\i{}Haematostemon\i0{}, \i{}Hamilcoa\i0{}, \i{}Hevea\i0{},
\i{}Heywoodia\i0{}, \i{}Hippomane\i0{}, \i{}Homonoia\i0{}, \i{}Hura\i0{},
\i{}Hyaenanche\i0{}, \i{}Hieronima\i0{}, \i{}Hylandia\i0{},
\i{}Jablonskia\i0{}, \i{}Jatropha\i0{}, \i{}Joannesia\i0{},
\i{}Kairothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Keayodendron\i0{}, \i{}Klaineanthus\i0{},
\i{}Koilodepas\i0{}, \i{}Lachnostylis\i0{}, \i{}Lasiococca\i0{},
\i{}Lasiocroton\i0{}, \i{}Lautembergia\i0{}, \i{}Leeuwenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Leidesia\i0{}, \i{}Leptonema\i0{}, \i{}Leptopus\i0{},
\i{}Leucocroton\i0{}, \i{}Lingelsheimia\i0{}, \i{}Lobanilia\i0{},
\i{}Loerzingia\i0{}, \i{}Longetia\i0{}, \i{}Mabea\i0{}, \i{}Macaranga\i0{},
\i{}Maesobotrya\i0{}, \i{}Mallotus\i0{}, \i{}Manihot\i0{},
\i{}Manihotoides\i0{}, \i{}Manniophyton\i0{}, \i{}Maprounea\i0{},
\i{}Mareya\i0{}, \i{}Mareyopsis\i0{}, \i{}Margaritaria\i0{},
\i{}Martretia\i0{}, \i{}Megistostigma\i0{}, \i{}Meineckia\i0{},
\i{}Melanolepis\i0{}, \i{}Mercurialis\i0{}, \i{}Micrandra\i0{},
\i{}Micrandropsis\i0{}, \i{}Micrantheum\i0{}, \i{}Micrococca\i0{},
\i{}Microstachys\i0{}, \i{}Mildbraedia\i0{}, \i{}Mischodon\i0{},
\i{}Moacroton\i0{}, \i{}Monadenium\i0{}, \i{}Monotaxis\i0{},
\i{}Moultonianthus\i0{}, \i{}Myladenia\i0{}, \i{}Myricanthe\i0{},
\i{}Nealchornea\i0{}, \i{}Necepsia\i0{}, \i{}Neoboutonia\i0{},
\i{}Neoguillauminia\i0{}, \i{}Neoholstia\i0{}, \i{}Neoroepera\i0{},
\i{}Neoscortechinia\i0{}, \i{}Neotrewia\i0{}, \i{}Octospermum\i0{},
\i{}Oldfieldia\i0{}, \i{}Oligoceras\i0{}, \i{}Omalanthus\i0{},
\i{}Omphalea\i0{}, \i{}Omphellantha\i0{}, \i{}Ophthalmoblapton\i0{},
\i{}Oreoporanthera\i0{}, \i{}Ostodes\i0{}, \i{}Pachystroma\i0{},
\i{}Pachystylidium\i0{}, \i{}Pantadenia\i0{}, \i{}Paradrypetes\i0{},
\i{}Paranecepsia\i0{}, \i{}Parapantadenia\i0{}, \i{}Parodiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Pausandra\i0{}, \i{}Pedilanthus\i0{}, \i{}Pentabrachion\i0{},
\i{}Petalodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Petalostigma\i0{}, \i{}Philyra\i0{},
\i{}Phyllanoa\i0{}, \i{}Phyllanthus\i0{}, \i{}Pimelodendron\i0{},
\i{}Piranhea\i0{}, \i{}Plagiostyles\i0{}, \i{}Platygyna\i0{},
\i{}Plukenetia\i0{}, \i{}Podadenia\i0{}, \i{}Podocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Pogonophora\i0{}, \i{}Poilaniella\i0{}, \i{}Poinsettia\i0{},
\i{}Polyandra\i0{}, \i{}Poranthera\i0{}, \i{}Protomegabaria\i0{},
\i{}Pseudagrostistachys\i0{}, \i{}Pseudanthus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocroton\i0{},
\i{}Pseudolachnostylis\i0{}, \i{}Pterococcus\i0{}, \i{}Ptychopyxis\i0{},
\i{}Putranjiva\i0{}, \i{}Pycnocoma\i0{}, \i{}Reutealis\i0{},
\i{}Reverchonia\i0{}, \i{}Richeria\i0{}, \i{}Richeriella\i0{},
\i{}Ricinocarpos\i0{}, \i{}Ricinodendron\i0{}, \i{}Ricinus\i0{},
\i{}Rockinghamia\i0{}, \i{}Romanoa\i0{}, \i{}Sagotia\i0{},
\i{}Sampantea\i0{}, \i{}Sandwithia\i0{}, \i{}Sapium\i0{},
\i{}Sauropus\i0{}, \i{}Savia\i0{}, \i{}Scagea\i0{},
\i{}Schinziophyton\i0{}, \i{}Sebastiania\i0{}, \i{}Securinega\i0{},
\i{}Seidelia\i0{}, \i{}Senefeldera\i0{}, \i{}Senefelderopsis\i0{},
\i{}Sibangea\i0{}, \i{}Spathiostemon\i0{}, \i{}Speranksia\i0{},
\i{}Sphaerostylis\i0{}, \i{}Sphyranthera\i0{}, \i{}Spirostachys\i0{},
\i{}Spondianthus\i0{}, \i{}Stachyandra\i0{}, \i{}Stachystemon\i0{},
\i{}Stillingia\i0{}, \i{}Strophioblachia\i0{}, \i{}Sumbaviopsis\i0{},
\i{}Suregada\i0{}, \i{}Symphyllia\i0{}, \i{}Synandenium\i0{},
\i{}Syndyophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Tacaruna\i0{}, \i{}Tannodia\i0{},
\i{}Tapoides\i0{}, \i{}Tetracoccus\i0{}, \i{}Tetraplandra\i0{},
\i{}Tetrorchidium\i0{}, \i{}Thecacoris\i0{}, \i{}Thyrsanthera\i0{},
\i{}Tragia\i0{}, \i{}Tragiella\i0{}, \i{}Trevia\i0{},
\i{}Trigonopleura\i0{}, \i{}Trigonostemon\i0{}, \i{}Vaupesia\i0{},
\i{}Vernicia\i0{}, \i{}Vigia\i0{}, \i{}Voatamalo\i0{}, \i{}Wetria\i0{},
\i{}Whyanbeelia\i0{}, \i{}Wielandia\i0{}, \i{}Zimmermannia\i0{},
\i{}Zimmermanniopsis\i0{}> 581<This attempted description of a relatively
\i{}sensu stricto\i0{} version of \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} probably
under-estimates variation, so recognition of segregate families and
synonyms (see above) in this circle of affinity needs to be competently
re-assessed. Comparisons via Intkey of this description with those of the
segregates currently offered in this package imply there is some
justification for recognizing most of them; but cavalier APG
recommendations in this connection are accompanied by hopelessly
inadequate, non-comparative descriptions with no keys and no assignment of
essential 'esoteric characters' (cf. Christenhusz et al (2017).>
582<Commercial products include rubber (\i{}Hevea\i0{}), tung oil
(\i{}Aleurites\i0{}), castor oil (\i{}Ricinus\i0{}), and cassava and
tapioca (\i{}Manihot\i0{}). Many ornamentals, especially from
\i{}Euphorbia\i0{} (poinsettia, etc.), \i{}Codiaeum\i0{} (croton),
\i{}Phyllanthus\i0{} (Otaheite gooseberry).> 586<euphorbi> 
 
# Euphroniaceae <Marcano-Berti>/
39,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,1<small>/2 74<if present,>,1 87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U
116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 157,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 166,U 167,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 206,2-3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1
215,2 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,2 236,5 238,1 245,1 246,2 251,1 254,3 255,1
258,1 265,2 267<somewhat>,1 268,1 270,1-2<the largest petal gibbous at its
base> 278,3-5/6 282,1 285,2 286,2<the filaments of the fertile stamens
basally connate, separate from the single staminodal member> 288,1<?> 289,2
290,1<this across the flower from the spurred sepal> 295,3-5 298,2-3 309,3
310,3 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1
365,1/2<?> 371,1 376,2 379,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4<3-valved> 422,2 427,1
431,U 433,2 436,1 444,U 474,U 486,U 493,U 504,3 512,2&3&4 520,4
521<Northern tropical South America> 522,15 523,U 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,4
565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,3 579,1
580<\i{}Euphronia\i0{}> 581<This inadequate description lacks information
on esoteric characters, including pigments, anther development and
embryology.> 586<euphroni> 
 
# Eupomatiaceae <Endl.>/
5,1&3 7,1 31,1 32,3 39,1 40,2 45,1 47,2 50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2
65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U 92<weakly>,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3 116,2
120,1/2<?> 130,2<1 genus> 132,1 135,2<of large, thin-walled cells and
scattered stone cells> 137,U 141,4/5<with five or more traces>
143,1-2<traversed by relatively broad rays> 144,1 148,2 150,2 152,3 153,1
154,1&2&3 155,2 156,2 158,2 161,1 163,1 164,2 165,1&2 169,3 170,2 175,1
176,2 177,1 184,2 185,1 187,1<usually>/2<sometimes 23 together> 200,1
201,1<each flower covered initially by one calyptrate bract, which falls
entire> 203,3 204,1 213,3 214,2&3 223,7 229,U 278,25-100<i.e. many> 281,1
285,1 287<spiralled> 289,2 290,15-50<many> 291,3<the inner members being
sterile> 293,1 295<about>,5-15<the few outer members> 303,1-2<the outer,
fertile members narrow> 306,2/4 308,2 309,5 310,1<the thecae abaxial>
313,1<with a prolonged connective> 318,2 319,1/2/3/5<occasionally> 328,1
329,2/3 330,3/4 339,13-68 343,2 344,2-3<carpels spiralled> 345,2<sunken in
the top-shaped receptacle> 346,2 350,2-11 351,2<ventral> 385,2 386,3 387,3
404,1 405,1 406,1<and sunken> 407,2 413,1 422,1 423,1 424,1 432,3<very
small> 447,1 472,2 475,2<2 species> 484,2 488,1 489,1 490,2 492,2 497,1
498,1<b> 520,2-4 521<New Guinea and coastal Eastern Australia> 522,9&10
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 20> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,1 565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4 577,8
578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Eupomatia\i0{}> 586<eupomati> 
 
# Eupteleaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
5<rather small>,1/3 31,1<with short- and long-shoots> 37,2 39,1 45,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2 76,3/4 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 122,2 123,1
124,2 132,1 135,1<of relatively thick-walled cells> 139,1 140,1 141,1<with
79 traces> 145,2 148,2 150<1-3 cells wide> 152,3 153,1 154,1 155,2 156,2/1
158,2 159,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<in terminal bands> 167,2 169,3 175,1/1&2
176,1/2 177,1/3 182,2 184,1 187<solitary in the axils of 612 closely
crowded, early season bracts on the short-shoots> 200,1 202,1<the lower
flowers often having one or two tiny prophylls>/2 213,1 217<flattened>
220,2 223,7 229,U 278,7-20(-50)<more or less many> 279,U 280,2 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,7-20(-50) 303,3<the filaments short, slender or slightly
expanded> 306<elongate, red,>,2 308,2 309,3/5 310,2 312,2 313,1 314,1<by
prolongation of the connective> 324,2 328,1 329,3/5-7/8-20<to many>
330,6/10 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,6-18 343,2 344,2 345,1 346,2
347,1<stipitate> 348<with a decurrent stigma, which does not reach the
hooded summit because of asymmetric growth of the carpel after anthesis>
350,1-3(-4) 351,2<or submarginal> 386,3 387,3 388,2 400,1 404,2 405,1 407,2
408<small,>,5<stipitate, with papery pericarp> 422<copiously>,1 424,1<and
proteinaceous> 432,2<and tiny> 433,2<poorly differentiated> 447,1
456,1<two, but poorly differentiated> 472,2 483,2 484,2 487,1<triterpenoid>
488,1 489,1 492,2 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Assam, China, Japan>
522,4 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 28> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,1 565,2 567,2 572,1
573,1 574,9 577,23 578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Euptelea\i0{}>
586<euptelea> 
 
# Euryalaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}.> 5<large, acaulescent, prickly, aquatic>,5 6,1
21,1/3<short lived> 25,3<the rhizome short, thick, erect> 27,- 32,1 34,2
35,3 38,4/5 39,1 45,1 50<ostensibly>,1<in \i{}Victoria\i0{}>/2 53,1 54,1
60,2 64<strongly nerved> 68,1 77<turned up about 617 cm> 87,1<articulated>
90,U 102,1 103,1<the upper> 104,1 122,1<these branched, stellate, girder-
or H-shaped> 128,2 134,1 141,- 143<of the peduncles>,4<or represented by
polysteles in the rhizome>/- 148,1 151,2 159,1<with spiral or annular
thickenings> 173,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1<scapiflorous> 188,2 203,4<but
small in relation to the size of the plant> 205,1 213,2 214,1&2 223,1
224,50-60<many> 229,U 236,4 239,1 248,1 254,40-60<many> 258,1 265,1
268,2/6/5<white at first, colouring later> 274,2 278,100-150<many> 280,1
281,1 282,1 285,1 289,1/2<\i{}Victoria\i0{}> 291<of \i{}Victoria\i0{}>,3
293,U 295,100-150<many> 303<(sub-)>,2 306,4 308,2 309,3 310,3<with
adaxial thecae> 312,2 313,1 318,2 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,1 330,1/4<?>
337,1/2<\i{}Euryale\i0{}> 339,6-50<to many> 342,6-50<to many> 343,3
344,6 345,3 352,2 353,6-50<to many> 359,2 368,1<peltate or campanulate,
radiate> 376,4 379,30-50<many> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396<very>,1 397,1 400,2 403,2 404,1 409,2 412,6<inferior, crowned by
the persistent calyx and stigma> 422,1 425,1<?> 433,2 435,2<\i{}Victoria
amazonica\i0{}> 445,1 458,U 472,2 488,1 504,2&3 506,3 512,2&3&4 520,4
521<eastern Asia, tropical South America> 522,4&9&15 527,1 528,1 529,2
532,2 565,1 566,6 572,2 574,2 577,3<as a synonym of \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}>
578,3-4 579,2 580<only genera, \i{}Euryale\i0{}, \i{}Victoria\i0{}>
581<Seemingly differing from \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{} sensu stricto in the
fully inferior ovary and a few androecial characters, as well as the
reports of nuclear endosperm and an achlorophyllous embryo. The Metcalfe
and Chalk (1965) account of \i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{} sensu lato employed here
does not permit satisfactory anatomical treatment of this sensu stricto
family.> 586<euryalac> 
 
# Fagaceae <Dum.>/
1<\i{}Cupuliferae\i0{} A. Rich. (Is.str.), \i{}Cupulaceae\i0{} Dulac>
3<\i{}Nothofagaceae\i0{} Kuprianova, \i{}Quercineae\i0{}
(\i{}Quercaceae\i0{}) Juss.> 4<\i{}Corylaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 31,1 32,3 37,1/2
38,3 39,1 40,1/2-3<rarely> 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 50,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,1/2 63<when
dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,1 74,1 76,1 77<mostly>,2 78,1 81,2 85,1<from 3
genera> 86,3<consistently> 87,1<rarely>/2 89<mostly in dichasia> 90,U
92,1-2 96,1<occasionally>/2 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<including a
variety of types> 107,1&2<the former simple and unicellular, sometimes
clustered so as to appear stellate; the latter variously uniseriate and
tapered or capitate, or glandular-peltate> 115,1<rarely>/2 116,2 123,1
124,2&3 130,2<\i{}Nothofagus\i0{}, \i{}Quercus\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,2
141,3 143,1<but the xylem sometimes dissected by broad, lignified primary
rays> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1/2/3 152,1/2/3 153,1-2/3<sometimes
more than 200 microns when diffuse porous> 154<variously>,1/2/3/4/5
156,2/2&3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1 160,1<commonly>/2<\i{}Fagus\i0{} and
\i{}Nothofagus\i0{}> 161,1-2 162,1/2 163,1/2 164,2 165,1<diffuse or in fine
lines> 166,1/2 167,2 169,2<VR, \i{}Nothofagus\i0{}>/3 170,1/2
175,2&3<<95%>>/2/3 176,1 177,2<nearly always>/5<rarely> 179,1-3
184,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Castanea\i0{}> 187,1<only in some
\i{}Nothofagus\i0{} spp.>/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when
aggregated,>,11<in Castaneoideae and Quercoideae, at least the
males>/4<axillary clusters, in Fagoideae>/10 192,1 194<when flowers
aggregated,>,2 195<with male flowers usually in more or less reduced
dichasia aggregated into aments or distributed along a branching axis, the
females in 17(15)-flowered clusters at the bases of these or in separate
few-flowered inflorescences> 196,1 198,1<and sometimes cupular, subtending
the fruit or sometimes enclosing it> 200,1 203,1 218,2 223,3/6
224,(4-)6(-7) 225,1-2 226,1 229,U 236<(if the perianth is so
interpreted)>,(4-)6(-7)<in the form of small scales> 239,1/3 240,3 245,3
251<in male flowers>,1/- 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(4-)6-12(-40)<in
male flowers> 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1<or more when numerous?> 289,1
295,(4-)6-12(-40) 298,2-3-5 299,2/1&2 309,3 328,1 329,3/4-7 330,6/8 337,1
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,(2-)3<usually>/6(-12) 342,(2-)3<usally>/6(-12)
343,3 344,4 345,3 352,2 353,(2-)3<usually>/6(-12)<but the septa falling
short of the one-locular apex> 357<when G3>,2 361,(2-)3<usually>/6(-12)<as
many as the locules> 363,1 365,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2/3 379,2 381,1
385,2 386,3 387,3<usually>/2<\i{}Nothofagus\i0{}> 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,1<sometimes>/2 397<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1
404,2 409,2<subtended by the accrescent involucre, which sometimes encloses
it before opening like a pericarp> 412,8<with stony or leathery
pericarp>/10<rarely> 421<usually>,1<by abortion> 422,2 430,1 433,2
435,2<3/8> 447,1<e.g. \i{}Fagus\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}Castanea\i0{}> 461,1
462<\i{}Quercus\i0{}> 469,1/2/3<but sucrose always predominating, in 29
species from 3 genera> 472,2 475,1<very rarely <4%>>/2 483,2 484,2
488,1<mostly>/2 489<when present,>,1/1&2 490,1 491,2/1&2/1&2&3
492,1<mostly>/2<4 genera listed> 495,1<perhaps, in \i{}Quercus\i0{}
spp.>/2<mostly> 520,1&2&3 521<cosmopolitan, except tropical South America
and tropical and South Africa> 522,1&2&3&4&5&9&10&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = (11-)12(-13)> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,3 565,2 567,10 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35 578<about>,900 579,10 580<\i{}Fagus\i0{},
\i{}Nothofagus\i0{}, \i{}Lithocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Castanopsis\i0{},
\i{}Colombobalanus\i0{}, \i{}Castanea\i0{}, \i{}Chrysolepis\i0{},
\i{}Notholithocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Quercus\i0{}, \i{}Trigonobalanus\i0{}> 582<Important sources of
hardwood timber (oak, beech, chestnut), chestnuts (\i{}Castanea\i0{}), and
(from \i{}Quercus\i0{}) cork and tannins.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And
many strokes, though with a little axe, \line{}Hew down and fell the
hardest-timbered oak \line{}(3rd Henry the Sixth, ii., 1)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}He lay along, \line{}Under an oak whose antique
roots peep out \line{}Upon the brook that brawls along this wood
\line{}(As You Like It, ii., 1) ; \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}(An oak . .)
Whose boughs were mossd with age, \line{}And high top bald with dry
antiquity \line{}(As You Like It, iv., 3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I have
seen tempests when the scolding winds \line{}Have rived the knotty oaks
\line{}(Julius Caesar, i., 3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}All the elves for
fear, \line{}Creep into acorn-cups, and hide them there \line{}(Midsummer
Nights Dream, i., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Sweet chestnuts brown, like
soleing leather turn, \line{}(John Clare c.1850, The Winters Come 
\i{}Castanea\i0{}) > 586<fagaceae> 
 
# Flacourtiaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Achariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Salicaceae\i0{} (see comments)>
3<\i{}Bembiciaceae\i0{}, \i{}Blackwelliaceae\i0{} Sch. Bip.,
\i{}Caseariaceae\i0{} F.N. Williams, \i{}Erythrospermaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Homalineae\i0{} (\i{}Homaliaceae\i0{}) R.Br., \i{}Kiggelariaceae\i0{}
Link, \i{}Pangieae\i0{} (\i{}Pangiaceae\i0{}) Bl. ex Endl.,
\i{}Patrisiaceae\i0{} Mart., \i{}Prockiaceae\i0{} Bertuch,
\i{}Samydaceae\i0{} Ventenat, \i{}Soyauxiaceae\i0{} Barkley>
4<\i{}Berberidopsidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Dioncophyllaceae\i0{},
\i{}Gerrardinaceae\i0{}, \i{}Neumanniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plagiopteraceae\i0{}.>
5,1&3 6,3 31,1 32,3 37,1 39,1 40,2<often>/1 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 50,1/2 53,1
60,2 64,2/3<e.g., in \i{}Poliothyrsis\i0{}> 65,1 68,1 74,1/2 
81,2 85,1<known from 5 genera> 86,1/3 90,U
92,1<usually>/3 96,1/2 99,1<very commonly>/2 101,1/2 103,1<usually,
abaxial>/2 104,1/3 106,1<variously simple unicellular, tufted, 2-armed,
stellate, peltate, uniseriate-eglandular or -glandular> 115,1/2
119,1<\i{}Homalium\i0{}>/2 121<sometimes with secretory cavities containing
resin> 122,1/2 130,2<\i{}Azara\i0{}> 135,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<not widening in the phloem> 152,3 153,1/2/3
154,1/2/3/4 155<usually>,2 156,3<usually>/2&3/2<rarely> 157,2
158<commonly>,1 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1<usually>/2 164,2 165<when
present,>,2/- 166,2 167,2 169,3 170,2 175,1/2&3/2/3 176,1/2<<75%>>
177,1<<75%> usually>/2<rarely>/5<rarely> 184,2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/7/2/3/4 190,1/2 192,1<usually> 194,1/2/5<<1%>
\i{}Bembicia\i0{}, \i{}Phyllobotryon\i0{}> 197,1<<1%> or conelike, in
\i{}Bembicia\i0{}>/2 200,1 202,1 203,2<usually>/3-5<less often> 206,1
213,1/2 214<when acyclic,>,1/2/1&2 218,1<narrow>/2 220,1/- 221,1/2
222,1/2<there being a disk, glands or scales between C and A or within A,
and sometimes a corona between C and A> 223,1/2/3<<10%> corolla
occasionally absent> 224,3-8/6-16(-30) 226<when
whorled>,2<usually>/3/1<rarely>/- 227<when non-spiralled>,1/- 229,U
236,3-8(-15) 238<when whorled>,1 239,1/3 245,3 248,1 249,1/2 251,1
254,3-8(-15)<alternating with K, or spiral and intergrading with it>
255,1/2 257,1<sometimes with a corona of scales inside, cf.
\i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}>/2 265,1 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,(4-)15-100<i.e. usually many> 281<when many (i.e. usually),>,2 282,1
285,1/2 286<when united, tending to be>,3-8<in antepetalous groups>
287,1/2<or spiralled> 289,1/2 295,(4-)15-100<usually many> 298,2-3-5
306,2 308,2 309,3<usually>/1<<1%> in \i{}Kiggelaria\i0{}, these terminal>
310<usually>,2 312,2 313<variously>,1/2 314,1<often in the form of a
prolonged connective> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2 328,1 329<mostly>,3
330,8<usually> 337,1<only \i{}Casearia\i0{} recorded> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2-10<with \i{}Aphloia\i0{} excluded> 342,1/2-10 343,3<with
\i{}Aphloia\i0{} excluded> 344,4-5<styles more or less united>
345,1<usually>/2<<1%> \i{}Bembicia\i0{}> 352,1/2 353,1<nearly always, but
with the placentas more or less intruded>/2-10<<15%> effectively so, and
genuinely so in e.g. \i{}Prockia\i0{}> 357<when G3>,1/2/- 363,2 364,1
368,(1-)2-10 372,2 373,2 374,2 375<usually (i.e. when discernably
unilocular),>,2 376<when plurilocular>,2 378<when unilocular,>,20-100<i.e.
many> 379,15-50<many> 381,1 385,1/2 386,1/3/2 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus>
399,1<\i{}Casearia\i0{}>/2 400,2 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6<usually>/7
415,1<\i{}Flacourtia\i0{}> 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 434,1 435,2<1/2>
436,1<usually> 447,1/2 461,1<?>/3 464<\i{}Flacourtia\i0{} (non-succulent,
and dubious)> 469,1/2<but sucrose predominating, in all five genera
sampled> 472,1/2 473,3 475,1<<30%>>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1<\i{}Azara\i0{}>/2
489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491,1/2/1&2 492,2<8 species, 7 genera> 495,1
520,3-4 521<pantropical> 522,2&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
10-12> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,1000 579<about>,90 580<Lately referred to \i{}Salicaceae\i0{} sensu
lato: \i{}Abatia\i0{} (or \i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}), \i{}Ahernia\i0{},
\i{}Aphaerema\i0{} (or \i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}), \i{}Azara\i0{},
\i{}Baileyoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Banara\i0{} (or \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}),
\i{}Barteria,\i0{}, \i{}Bartholomaea\i0{}, \i{}Bembicia\i0{},
\i{}Bennettiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Byrsanthus\i0{}, \i{}Calantica\i0{},
\i{}Carpotriche\i0{}, \i{}Carrierea\i0{}, \i{}Casearia\i0{},
\i{}Chlorocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Dasylepis\i0{}, \i{}Dissomera\i0{},
\i{}Dovyalis\i0{}, \i{}Eleutherandra\i0{}, \i{}Euceraea\i0{},
\i{}Flacourtia\i0{}, \i{}Grandidiera\i0{}, \i{}Hasseltia\i0{} (or
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}), \i{}Hasseltiopsis\i0{} (or \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}),
\i{}Hecatostemon\i0{}, \i{}Hemiscolopia\i0{}, \i{}Homalium\i0{},
\i{}Idesia\i0{}, \i{}Itoa\i0{}, \i{}Laetia\i0{}, \i{}Lasiochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Ludia\i0{}, \i{}Lunania\i0{}, \i{}Macrohasseltia\i0{} (or
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}), \i{}Mayna\i0{}, \i{}Mocquerysia\i0{},
\i{}Neopringlea\i0{}, \i{}Neoptychocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Neosprucea\i0{} (~
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}), \i{}Olmediella\i0{}, \i{}Oncoba\i0{},
\i{}Ophiobotrys\i0{}, \i{}Osmelia\i0{},\i{}Peterodendron\i0{},
\i{}Phyllobotryon\i0{}, \i{}Phylloclinium\i0{}, \i{}Pineda\i0{} (~
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}), \i{}Pleuranthodendron\i0{}, \i{}Poggea\i0{},
\i{}Poliothyrsis\i0{}, \i{}Priamosia\i0{}, \i{}Prockia\i0{} (or
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}), \i{}Prockiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoscolopia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudosmelia\i0{}, \i{}Rawsonia\i0{}, \i{}Ryania\i0{}, \i{}Samyda\i0{},
\i{}Scaphocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Scolopia\i0{}, \i{}Smeathmannia\i0{}, \i{}Soyauxia\i0{},
\i{}Tetrathylacium\i0{}, \i{}Tisonia\i0{}, \i{}Trichostephanus\i0{},
\i{}Trimeria\i0{}, \i{}Xylosma\i0{}, \i{}Zuelania\i0{}; lately referred to
\i{}Achariaceae\i0{} sensu lato: \i{}Buchnerodendron\i0{},
\i{}Caloncoba\i0{}, \i{}Camptostylus\i0{}, \i{}Chiangiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Erythrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Gynocardia\i0{}, \i{}Hydnocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Kiggelaria\i0{}, \i{}Lindackeria\i0{}, \i{}Pangium\i0{},
\i{}Ryparosa\i0{}, \i{}Scottellia\i0{}, \i{}Trichadenia\i0{},
\i{}Xylotheca\i0{}> 581<This family, though universally accepted until
quite recently, was conspicuously heterogeneous, and some of the
constituent genera were referred to other families in earlier editions of
this package. All the remaining genera (see the above lists) are now being
referred to hugely enlarged versions of the formerly small families
\i{}Salicaceae\i0{} and \i{}Achariaceae\i0{}; but it is of course much
easier - but deplorable - to publish major realignments of genera than to
organize functional, properly comparative descriptions of the kind required
by serious scientific researchers .... > 582<Edible fruit (Ceylon
gooseberry) from \i{}Dovyalis\i0{}.> 586<flacourt> 
 
# Flagellariaceae <Dum.>/
5,4<with dichotomous branching from sympodial rhizomes> 21,3 22,2
25,3<these sympodial> 27<high>,3<the stems canelike> 28,3<the tendrils
representing modification of the lamina tips> 30,1<frequently with equal
dichotomies above>/- 32,3 39,1 40,2 45,1 47,1 49,2 53,1 60,2 62,4 64,4 65,2
67,2 68,- 76,1 81,1 82,6<below>/7<at the tips> 83<apically>,1 90,1<globose,
in the fibrous tissue associated with the vascular bundles> 91,2 92,1/2
97,2 98,2 105,1 116,1<in the mesophyll> 121,U 123,2<?  no raphides> 128,1
129,2&3<mostly scalariform> 131,1 132,1 137,2 139,2 148,1 156,2&3<mostly
simple> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2<nectaries lacking> 184<probably>,1 187,2
189,8 191,2 194,1 195<panicles> 200,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 220,2 223,5
224,6 225,1 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2 230,1<equal or subequal> 231,2 278,6
282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1/2 290,1-3<?> 295,(3-)6 298,1-3 306<sagittate>,2
308,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 316,2 318,1 319,2/5 328,1 329,1 330,5 331,2<or this
vestigial, represented by coarse granules or exine fragments> 332,1 335,1
336,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,2
361,3<sometimes connate basally> 363,1/2 365,1 368,3<the styles stigmatic
for almost their entire lengths> 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2 379,1 381,1 385,2
386,1 388,2 389,2<?> 391,2 393,1 394,3 395,2 398,2 403,1/2 404,1 409,2
412,7<red or black> 415,2 422<copiously>,1 424,2<starchy> 430,1
432,1<minute, capping the endosperm> 442,2 443<membranous> 447,- 454,U
458,U 468,2 475,1/2<2 species examined> 488,2 490,1 491,1 492,2 497,1 498,2
520,3-4 521<Africa, southeast Asia and Malaysia, northeast Australia>
522,4&6&8&9&10&11 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 38> 527,2 530,6 560,4 572,1 574,5 575,1
577,21 578,4 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Flagellaria\i0{}> 586<flagella> 
 
# Flindersiaceae <(Engl.) C.T. White & Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Meliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Rutaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 7,1 32,3 39,1/2 45,1 47,2
50,1 51,1 53,2 56,4/3/1 57<when pinnate,>,1/2 68,2 76<of the leaflets>,1
81,2 90,U 101<often>,1 116,1 117,1 120,U 122,U 137,1 138,1 148,2 157,2
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 194,1/2 203,2
206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 220,1 222,2<the disk large, cupular, crenate,
enclosing the ovary> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3
245,3 251,1/3 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals sometimes adaxially hairy> 265,1
267,3 278,10 282,1<sometimes adnate to the disk> 287,2 289,1/2 290<when
present,>,5 291,3<the members of the inner androecial whorl> 295,5/10
298,2/3 299,2 300,3 306,1 309,3 310,3 313<sometimes with a produced
connective> 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,3/5 342,2/5 343,2-3 344,3/5-6 345,1 352,2
353,3/5 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,5 371,5 376,2 379,2-8<biseriate> 383,1 385,2
386,3/2<?> 404,2 405,2/1-2 409,1 412,1<woody> 414,4/5 422,2 426<compressed>
429,1 432,3 433,2 436,2 472,1 487,1/2 488,1 495<possibly>,1 520,3-4
521<South India and Ceylon, East Malaysia, Eastern Australia, New
Caledonia> 522,4&9&10&11 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Rutaceae\i0{}> 578,17 579,2
580<\i{}Flindersia\i0{}, \i{}Chloroxylon\i0{}> 581<This description differs
from our sensu stricto compilation for \i{}Rutaceae\i0{} in the staminodes
internal to the fertile stamens, the capsular fruit, and the winged seeds.>
586<flinders> 
 
# Foetidiaceae <(Niedenzu) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}.> 5<small to medium sized>,1<with malodourous
wood> 39,1<crowded towards the branch tips> 43,2<glabrous> 53,1 60,2 61,1-2
62,7/8 68,2 76,1 82,3 90,1 92,1 103,1<abaxial>/2 104,2 115,1/2 116,2 137,2
139,1 140,2 143,1 145,2 146,1<these inversely orientated> 148,2 152,3
153<moderately>,1 156,3 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,1 163,2 166,U 167,2 168,U
169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1
202<(bi)>,1<at the apices of the pedicels> 212,4 223,3 224,4 226,1 229,U
236,4 238,1 239,1 248,1 251,3 278,50-100<many> 279,1/2<?> 282,1
285<weakly>,2<basally>/1 286<sometimes>,4<then in four oppositisepalous
groups> 289,1 295,50-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments filiform>
306<very small> 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,6/8 339,4 341,2 342,4 343,3 344,5
345,3 352,2 353,4 359,1<the intrastaminal component inconspicuous, but with
a large, quadrate staminal disk> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,4<these short,
slender, divaricate> 376,2<the placentas peltate> 379,15-20 381,2
384<arranged in a vertical ring around the thick, peltate placenta> 386,3
404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2<the endocarp with placenta and dissepiments
hardening completely, 14 locular> 421,1-4<the locules 1-seeded> 422,2<?>
504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Mascarene region> 522,6 527,1 528,2<?> 529,8 538,1
565,4 569,4 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Foetidia\i0{}>
581<Treated by Morton \i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) as a subfamily of their
expanded \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}. Differing in seven morphological
characters from our sensu stricto version of that family (q.v.).>
586<foetidia> 
 
# Fouquieriaceae <DC.>/
5<small>,1/3<with long- and short-shoots, the petioles of the leaves on the
long-shoots hardening and persisting as spines when the blades fall, the
short-shoots axillary to the spines and producing clustered leaves that do
not form spines> 9,2 10<more or less>,3/1 14,1<often with parenchymatized
xylem storing water> 32,4 37,2<often ephemeral, produced after rain> 38,2
39,1 43,3 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2 90,U 92,1/2 101,1 102,1 103,2 104,1
130,2<\i{}Idria\i0{}> 134,1/2 141,1<with one trace> 143,1/2 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 152,1-2 153<very>,1 154<in \i{}Fouqueria\i0{}>,1&2&3&4&5
156,2/3 157,2 158,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 194,1/2 203<showy,>,3 206,1-2 207<sometimes slightly>,1<curved> 213,1
215,2/3 218,2 220,1 222,2<small> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,1 248,1 251<much>,1 254,5 258,3 265,1 266,8 267,1/3
268,3<\i{}Idria\i0{}>/5<\i{}Fouquieria\i0{}> 278,10-15(-23) 282,1 284,1/2
285,1 287,1-2<the antesepalous members sometimes larger and more outwardly
directed, simulating two whorls> 289,1<?> 295,10-15(-23) 298,3/4 300,3
303<long>,3<exserted, the filaments often hairy at the base> 306,1 309,3
312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4-5 345,1
352,1 353,1 360,2 361,3 363,2<the style branched near or above the middle>
365,1 368,3<terminal> 375,2<above, with deeply intruded placentas, axile at
the base> 378,(6-)14-18(-20) 381,3 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2 390,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 403,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5
422,1/2 424<when present,>,1 429,1 432,3 433,2 436,1<spathulate> 447,1
461,1 462<\i{}Fouquieria\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<6 species> 484,1 485,1<normal>
487,1 488,1/2 492,1 504,3 512,1 520,3 521<warm Southeast U.S.A. and Central
America> 522,12&13 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,1 565,4
569,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,11 579,2 580<only genera,
\i{}Fouquieria\i0{}, \i{}Idria\i0{}> 586<fouquier> 
 
# Francoaceae <A. Juss.>/
2<formerly \i{}Melianthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{} sensu lato.>
4<\i{}Greyiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ledocarpaceae\i0{}, \i{}Melianthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Vivianaceae\i0{}> 5<glandular, pilose or tomentose>,5 21,3 22<more or
less>,1 25,3 39,1 45,1 47<more or less>,1 53,1 60,1/2 62<when simple,>,9
63<when dissected,>,1<to sub-pinnate> 64,2/3 65,1 68,2 90,U 116,U 120,U
121,U 122,U 130,2 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/8 192,2 193,1 194,1 195<lax,
elongate racemes or panicles> 200,1 206,1/3 207<sometimes>,1 209,1/2
212<more or less>,4 213,1 218,1-2<the petals inserted at the base of the
calyx> 223,1 224,(6-)8(-10) 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,4(-5) 238,1
239,3<slightly>/1 241,3 248,1 251,3 254,2/(4-)5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2
267,1<with two petals smaller or missing>/3 274,1/2 278,8/16 279,U 282,1
285,1 289,2 290,4/8<alternating with the stamens> 295,4/8 298,2/3 306,2
308,1 309,3 310,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2<<5%> rarely>/4 341,1/2 342,2<<5%>
rarely>/4 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,2<<5%> rarely>/4<with as many lobes>
358,1 360,1<the stigmas sessile, globular or flattened> 368,2<<5%>
rarely>/4 369,2 376,2 379,20-50<many> 381,2 384,4 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<erect>
414,4/6 421<many seeded> 422,1 426<very>,2 432<minute> 488,2 490,2
492,1<strongly  \i{}Francoa\i0{}> 504,3 520,2 521<Chile> 522,15 527,1
528,1 529,10 540,10 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,40<as a synonym of
\i{}Melianthaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,2 580<\i{}Francoa\i0{}, \i{}Tetilla\i0{}>
581<Differing conspicuously from \i{}Melianthaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in numerous
characters representing habit and leaf form, inflorescence and floral
morphology (perianth, androecium, gynoecium and fruit), as well as in
phytochemical records (no flavonols, seeds without amyloid).> 586<francoac>
 
# Frankeniaceae <S.F. Gray>/
5<sub->,3/5<with jointed stems> 21,3 32,4<and halophytic>/- 37,1 38,2
39,2<decussate, often ericoid> 42,3 45,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3
68<dubiously>,1<some \i{}Frankenia\i0{} species>/2<mostly> 77,2 81,2 90,U
92<sub->,3<in some species>/1<generally, more or less, in species with
revolute leaf margins> 93,1<these located in pits or grooves, each
consisting of about six cells derived from division of a single cell, with
the uppermost two resembling a pair of guard-cells in surface view: see
illustration> 102,1 103,1<abaxial, usually sunken> 104,1 106,1 107<(as
distinct from the salt glands)>,1 108,1 109,2<but sometimes tufted> 112,2
115,2 116,2 122,1<around the veins>/2 130,1<\i{}Frankenia\i0{}>
132<eventually>,3 135,1 137,2 139,1 140,2<usually>/1<in
\i{}Anthobryum\i0{}> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148<in some species
presumably>,2<?>/3 149<when present, in \i{}Frankenia\i0{},>,1 150<lacking>
152,3<scattered> 153,1 154,1<?>/- 156,3 158,2 162,1 167,1/2 169,2<VPI>
175,1<usually>/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/8<occasionally unisexual 
\i{}Niederlinia\i0{}> 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2
195<dichasial> 200,1 202<(bi-)>,1 206,1 213,1 215,2/3 223,1 224,8-14 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4-7 238,1 239,3 240<shortly>,3 241,1 245,3 248,1
251<induplicate>,3 254,4-7 255,1 257,1<each petal with a scale at the base
of the limb, continued down the sides of the claw> 258,1 265,1/2 267,3
272,1 274,1 275,2/3 277,1/2<when flowers female> 278,(4-)6(-24) 282,1
284,1/2 285<more or less>,2 286,1<basally connate> 287,2<usually 3+3> 289,1
295,(4-)6(-24) 298,2/3-5 308,1 309,3 310,1 318,2 319,1 322,2 328,1
329,(2-)3(-4)/6 330,6/10 337,2 338,1/2<when flowers male> 339,(2-)3(-4)
342,1 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1 357,1 361,1 365,1 368,(2-)3(-4) 372,2
373,1 374,2 375,2<with (2-)3(-4) placentae> 378,12-100<i.e. many> 381,3
385,2 386,3 387,3 388,3 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<large>
397,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5&6<enclosed by the calyx> 422<copiously>,1
424,2<starchy> 430,1 433,2 436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Frankenia\i0{},
\i{}Hypericopsis\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Frankenia\i0{}, \i{}Hypericopsis\i0{}>
472,2 475,2<2 species> 486,2<where sought> 487,2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,1/2<variable in \i{}Frankenia\i0{}> 495,2
497,2 520<mostly>,2&3<halophytes> 521<widespread arid and maritime>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10, 15> 527,1 528,1
529,7 537,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578<about>,90 579,1
580<\i{}Frankenia\i0{} (including \i{}Anthobryum\i0{} and
\i{}Niederleinia\i0{})> 586<frankeni> 
 
# Fumariaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Papaveraceae\i0{}Fumarioideae> 3<\i{}Chylaceae\i0{} Dulac>
4<\i{}Hypecoaceae\i0{}, \i{}Pteridophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 6,1<the latex
watery> 21,1/3 22,1/2 25,3/4 27,3<sometimes scandent>/1 28<when scandent,
climbing via modified petiolules> 32,3 39,1<to sub-opposite> 40,1 45,1 47,2
53,1/2 56<when compound,>,3/4/6/7 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple,
usually>,1 63<when simple,>,1/2/6 64,2 68,2 81,2 87,1 90,U 106,1/2 108,1
116,U 121,U 130,2<\i{}Corydalis\i0{}, \i{}Dicentra\i0{}, \i{}Fumaria\i0{}>
132<commonly>,3 137,U 141,1<usually>/3 143,2 144,1 146,2 147,2 148,1/1-2<?>
150,1 156,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1<rarely>/2<usually> 188<when
solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,2<i.e. usually> 192,2
194,1<?>/2/3<commonly> 195<usually more or less racemose> 206,3 207,1
212,2 213,1 218,2 223,1 224,6 226,3 227,1 229,U 236,2 238,1 239,1 246,3<the
sepals not lobed> 248,2<caducous, scalelike> 251,4<not enclosing the flower
bud> 254,4 255,2<2+2> 258,1-3<more or less connivent, the two inner members
more or less coherent over the stigmas apically> 265,1 270,1<or at least
saccate, basally, in terms of one or both members of the outer whorl>
278<ostensibly>,6 279,1<in that the two lateral units mostly consist each
of one dithecal and two monothecal units>/- 280,2 282,1 285,2 286,2<i.e. in
two bundles of three, the bundles opposite the outer corolla members> 289,1
295,6 299,- 304,1<with basal nectaries>/2 310,1 311,1<the lateral members
of each triplet>/2<the central member  i.e. the stamens dimorphic within
each triplet> 312,1&2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,3 328,1 329,3/6-12
330,6/10<tricolpate or 612 rugate> 337,1 339,2 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,1 353,1 356,3 360,2 361,1 365,1 369,1/1&2 371,3 375,2<usually
with two placentas> 378,1<sometimes, in \i{}Fumaria\i0{}>/2-100<each
placenta with `one to many> 385,1 386,3-4 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396<very large> 397<at least sometimes with filiform
apparatus> 400,2 403,3 404,2 409,1<usually>/2<rarely>/4 412,1/4/5/8<rarely>
414,5/6<or breaking transversely into 1-seeded segments> 421,1-100<i.e. to
many> 422,1 424,1 432,3<small> 433,1<e.g. some \i{}Corydalis\i0{} spp.>/2
435,2<2/2> 436,1-2 472,2 475,1 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,1/1&2 492,2<2 genera,
2 species> 497,2 520,2-3 521<widespread North temperate, a few in montane
Southern and Eastern Africa> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&10&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
(6-)8> 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,8 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23<as a
synonym of \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{}> 578<about>,450 579,16 580<\i{}Adlumia\i0{},
\i{}Capnoides\i0{}, \i{}Ceratocapnos\i0{}, \i{}Corydalis\i0{},
\i{}Cryptocapnos\i0{}, \i{}Cysticapnos\i0{}, \i{}Dactylicapnos\i0{},
\i{}Dicentra\i0{}, \i{}Discocapnos\i0{}, \i{}Ehrendorferia\i0{}, \i{}Fumaria\i0{},
\i{}Lamprocapnos\i0{}, \i{}Platycapnos\i0{}, \i{}Pseudofumaria\i0{}, \i{}Rupicapnos\i0{},
\i{}Sarcocapnos\i0{}, \i{}Trigonocapnos\i0{}> 581<The data compiled for
this package exhibit conspicuous differences between \i{}Fumariaceae\i0{}
and \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} (q.v.) involving seven morphological characters;
however, the taxonomic justification for retaining the separate families is
reduced if the current descriptions significantly under-estimate
intra-familial variation. The anatomical compilation of Metcalfe and Chalk
for \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} sensu lato and \i{}Fumariaceae\i0{} is not
reliaby interpretable in the present context.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And Fumitory too, a name \line{}Which superstition
holds to fame, \line{}Whose red and purple mottled flowers \line{}Are
dropped by maids in weeding hours, \line{}To boil in water, milk, and whey,
\line{}For washes on a holiday, \line{}To make their beauty fair and sleek,
\line{}And scare the tan from summers cheek \line{}(John Clare, quoted by
Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857)> 586<fumariac> 
 
# Garryaceae <Lindl.>/
4<\i{}Aucubaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 31,1 32,3 37,1 39,2 42,1 43,2 45,1 46,1<with
the petioles united at the base> 53,1 55,2 60<somewhat>,1/2 63<sometimes
somewhat>,1 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 77,1 81,2 89,1<in the pith mesophyll of
young leaves>/2 90,1/2 92,1<with several palisade layers> 102,1
103,1<abaxial, protected by beak-like extensions from guard or subsidiary
cells> 104,3 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108<not 2-armed,>,1<frequently
forming a felt abaxially> 115,1<often>/2 116,2 122,1<supporting the
palisades> 130,2 131,3<the twigs 4-angled> 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1/2
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150<fairly>,1 152,3 153<very>,1
154<exclusively>,1 155,2 156,2<with few bars> 157,2 158,1 159,1 161,1 162,2
164,1/2 165,1<scattered among the fibres, sometimes tending to form short
uniseriate lines> 167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 179,2 184,1 187,2 189,11
194,2 195<pendulous and silky hairy, unisexual aments, the flowers long
stalked in the males and sessile in the females> 200,1<13 in each bract
axil> 202,2 203,2 206<(male)>,1/- 212<(male)>,4/- 213,1 218,2 223,3<of
bractlike tepals, in the male flowers>/6-7<absent or in the form of 24
small appendages at the top of the gynoecium beneath the styles, in female
flowers> 224,2(-4)<when present in female flowers>/4<male flowers> 226,1
229,U 236,2(-4)<when present, in female flowers>/4<in male flowers> 238,1
239,1/3<in the sense of being usually apically connate in the male flowers,
with the stamens protruding from between them below> 245<in male
flowers,>,3 251<in male flowers>,3 276,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers>
277,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers> 278<in male flowers,>,4 280,2 282,1
284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,1<i.e. alternating with the
tepals> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 315<probably>,1 318,2 319,1 320,1
322,1 324,2 328,1 329,2-3(-15) 330,8 337,1 338,1<(female flowers)>/2<(male
flowers)> 339,2(-3) 342,1 343,3 344,4 345<supposedly>,3<though this has
been contentious in the past> 352,1 353,1 359,2 360,2 361,2(-3) 363,1 365,1
372,2 373,2 374,2 375,3 378,2(-3) 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,3<the micropyle
towards the placenta> 385,1<in that an obturator from the placenta occludes
the upper part of the locule> 386,3 387,2 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 395,1
400,2 403,4 404,1-2 409,2 412,6<long persistent, becoming dry and thin
walled, crowned by the persistent styles> 421,1(-2) 422,1 424,1<with
petroselinic acid> 432,3<small> 433,2 436,1 447,1 469,3 472,2 475,1<toxic>
481,2 484,1<notably aucubin> 485,2<normal and decarb.> 487,2 488,2 490,2
492,2<one species> 495,2 504,1&3 505,1&3 507,4 512,1 520,3 521<Southeast
U.S.A., Central America and West Indies> 522,12&13&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11>
527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,57 578,18
579,1 580<only genus: \i{}Garrya\i0{}> 586<garryace> 
 
# Geissolomataceae <Endl.>/
5<small>,3 32,4 37,1 39,2 43,2 45,2-3 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,1 69,2<on the
petiole> 70,1 73<minute, vestigial> 76,1 90,U 92,1 101,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 122,2<by contrast with \i{}Penaeaceae\i0{}> 123,1<in
the mesophyll> 124,2 131<somewhat>,3 139,1 140,1 145,2 148,2 155,2 156,2
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,1<then on
short, axillary branches>/2 200<six>,1<the bracts in three pairs,
persistent> 206,1 212,4 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,3 224,4 226,1 227,-
228,2 229,U 231,6-7<rose> 236,4 238,1 239<shortly>,3 240<four>,3<nearly to
the base> 241,3 248,1 251,1 278,8 282,1-2<inserted at the base of the
calyx> 284,2<the oppositisepalous members longer> 285,1 287,2<4+4> 289,1
295,8 298,3 299,1<i.e. the outer cycle alternating with the sepals>
303,3<with slender filaments> 306,1<ellipsoid> 308,1 309,3 312,2 324,2
328,1 329,3 330,8 339,4 341,2 342,4 343,3 344,4-5<the styles free below,
but coherent above> 345,1 352,2 353,4<with four grooves and ridges, four
lobed> 358,1 360,2 361,4 363,2<being coherent above> 365,1 368,4 376,2-3
379,2 381,1 384,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 389,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 421,4 422,1 432,3<elongate> 433,2 434<linear,
fleshy> 436<central,>,1 443<shining> 495,1 504,4 520,3-4 521<southern
Africa> 522,6&7 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,2 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,42 578,1<\i{}Geissoloma marginata\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Geissoloma\i0{}> 586<geissolo> 
 
# Gelsemiaceae <(G. Don) L. Struwe & V.A. Albert>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato> 5<erect or straggling>,3<or
undershrubs>/4 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1 39,2/3 43,1 45,1 46,1-2 53,1 60,2
64,2<?> 68,1-2<often reduced to an interpetiolar line> 69,1-2<sometimes
reduced to a stipular sheath joining the opposite leaf bases> 72,1
76<obscurely sinuate>,4/1 85,1<in \i{}Coinochlamys\i0{} (=
\i{}Mostuea\i0{})> 86,2 95,2 106,1 107,1 112,2 124<without raphides> 131,1
145,1 148,3 149,2 150<very>,1<\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}>/3<\i{}Mostuea\i0{}> 152,1
156,3<mostly>/1&2&3<but then mostly simple>
157,1<\i{}Mostuea\i0{}>/2<\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}> 161,1 162,2 163,1/2
165,2<\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}, or absent in \i{}Mostuea\i0{}> 167,1 169,3 175,1
176,2 177,1 181<nearly always>,2 187,2 189,1&8 192,1 194,1/2<in one axil>
196,1<two, basally united, in \i{}Coinochlamys\i0{}>/2 200,1<bracts
variously shaped> 202<one to many>,1 203,3-4<larger in \i{}Gelsemium\i0{}>
205,1<at least in \i{}Gelsemium\i0{}>/3<?> 206,1 212,4<occasionally, in
\i{}Mostuea\i0{}>/5<usually> 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,4<ocasionally>/5 238,1
239,1<\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}>/3<\i{}Mostuea\i0{}> 240,3/4 241<when
gamosepalous,>,1-2 245,3 248<\ldblquote{}mostly\rdblquote{}>,1 249,2 251,1
252<when K5,>,1/- 254,4<rarely, in \i{}Mostuea\i0{}>/5 255,1 258,3 265,1
266,6<the tube much longer than the lobes> 267<more or less>,3
268,2/3/4/5/8<or lilac> 278,4<rarely, in \i{}Mostuea\i0{}>/5 280,1/2
282,2<inserted at the middle of the corolla tube or below>
284,1/2<short-styled \i{}Mostuea\i0{} flowers> 285,1 287,1 295,4<rarely>/5
296,1/2 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3/4<?  the filaments very short> 304,2
305,1/2 306,1 309,3 310,2 313,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3
344,4-5<the style bifid, its branches bifid again> 345,1 352,2
353,2<glabrous or hairy> 356,1 358,1 360,2 361,1-2 363,1-2 365,1
368,2/4<each bifurcated> 370,4<twice dichotomously divided> 376,2<the
placentas not bilobed> 377,1 379,2<\i{}Mostuea\i0{}>/2-8<to several:
\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}> 384,1<in 24 series> 386,3/5<?> 387,2 389,1 390,2 399,2
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4&5&6 421,1-6<to several> 422,1<endosperm starchy or
bony> 427,1/2<but no hair tuft> 429<flattened,>,1<\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}>/2
433,2 436,1/2 440,1/4 475,1 481,2 482,U 484,1 485,1<normal and seco, and
complex indole alkaloids in both \i{}Mostuea\i0{} and \i{}Gelsemium\i0{}>
504,1&2&3 505,3 506,1&2&3 507,3&4&5 521<Eastern Asia, North and Central
America, northern South America, Africa, Madagascar> 522,4&5&6&7&8&12&13&15
524<2\i{}n= 8, 16 (\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}) and 20 (\i{}Mostuea\i0{}> 525,4&10
526,2&4 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3
577,58 578,11 579,2 580<\i{}Gelsemium\i0{}, \i{}Mostuea\i0{}> 581<See
Leeuwenberg 1980, under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. Perhaps justifiably removed
from \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato by Struwe \i{}et al\i0{}. (1994). They
made no effort, however, to organize family descriptive data to the
standards required for this package (see comment under
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}). On the basis of the much extended description given
here, these genera are nearer to \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{} than to
\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}. See comments under
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 586<gelsemia> 
 
# Geniostomaceae <L. Struwe & V.A. Albert>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 5<small, glabrous>,1&3 39,2 43,1/2
45,1-3 46,1-2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1/2<then the stipules represented by a
line joining the opposite leaf bases> 69,1/2 72,1<?>/2<recorded on the
calyx> 95,2 106,1/2 107,1 112,2 123<without raphides> 131,1 145,1 148,3
149,2 150,2<uniseriate and multiseriate> 152,3 155,1-2<often short>
156,3<mostly>/1<a few, irregularly, in \i{}Geniostoma\i0{}>/2<a few, in
\i0{}Labordia\i0{}> 157,1 161,2 162,1 163,1<most of them> 165,1&2 167,1
169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,2/5/7<\i{}Geniostoma\i0{} s. str.> 178,1 179,1
181,1/2<sometimes in \i{}Geniostoma\i0{}> 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,1/2/3<?> 200,1<bracts scale- or
sepal-like> 206,1 212,5 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,1<or almost so>/3 240,4 245,1/3 248,1 249,2 251,1 254,5 255,1
258,3<glabrous to densely pubescent within> 265,1/2 266,1/4/7 267,3
268,1-2<\i{}Geniostoma\i0{}>/2-4<or greenish, \i{}Labordia\i0{}> 278,5
280,2 282,2<to the mouth of the corolla> 285,1 287,1 295,5 296,3 298,2
299,2 300,1 303,3 304,2 306,1 309,3 310,3<at least in \i{}Geniostoma\i0{}>
313,1<often, at least in \i{}Geniostoma\i0{}>/2 314,1 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4)
330,7<photos showing slight but detectable annuli> 339,2/3<often, in
\i{}Labordia\i0{}> 341,1 342,2/3 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,2 353,2/3 356,1<?>
358,1<?> 360,2 361,1-3 363,2 365,1 368,1-3 371,2/3 376,2<the placentas not
bilobed> 379,15-50<many> 386,3/5<?> 387,2 388,1 390,2 404,2 409,1
412,1<the pericarp thick and woody> 414,4&6<the 2(3) valves breaking away
to expose the placentas> 421,25-100<many> 422,1 427,2 429,2 432,3 433,2
436,1 475,1<\i{}Geniostoma australianum\i0{}>/2 481,2 482,2 484,1 485,1
504,2&5&6 506,3&4&5 510,2&3 511,1&2&3 513,1 514,1 519,1 520,2-4
521<Malesia, Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Japan, and (\i{}Labordia\i0{})
Hawaii> 522,4&9&10&11 524<2\i{}n\i0{}= 40(\i{}Geniostoma\i0{}, about 80
(\i{}Labordia\i0{}> 525,10 526,4&8 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1
572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}>
578<about>,60 579,1/2 580<\i{}Geniostoma\i0{}, \i{}Labordia\i0{} (=
\i{}Geniostoma\i0{})> 581<See Leeuwenberg 1980, under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.
Removed from \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} and awarded family rank by Struwe and
Albert (1994) in consequence of a cladistic study of Gentianales; but in
customary cladistic style, they provided an inadequate description of the
new family (see comment under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}). The above, much
extended description has \i{}Geniostoma\i0{} differing dubiously from
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto only in recorded details of wood
anatomy, pollen morphology, and the supposed basic chromosome numbers. See
comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 586<geniosto> 
 
# Gentianaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Chironiaceae\i0{} Horan.> 4<\i{}Saccifoliaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<mostly,
often with dichotomous branching>/3<<10%> a few> 12,1/2 15,1/2 16<when
parasitic,>,1<about 6 genera, notably \i{}Exacum\i0{}, Sebaea, Voyria>
17,1/2<when mycoheterotrophic> 18<when mycoheterotrophic,>,1 21,1/2 22,1/2
27,3<<10%> \i{}Crawfurdia\i0{} ~ \i{}Gentiana\i0{} p.p.>/1<usually>
32,2/3<often alpine> 39,2<and decussate, usually>/3<<10%> rarely 
\i{}Swertia\i0{}>/1<<10%> seldom> 40<rarely (i.e. when alternate)>,1
43,1/4<in mycotrophic species> 45,1-3 46,1<often, perfoliate in 
\i{}Phyllocyclus\i0{}!>/2<but then often connected by a transverse 
line> 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2/3 68,2<but the opposing
leaf bases sometimes connected by a transverse line> 76<usually>,1 81,2
89,1<rarely, in \i{}Gentiana\i0{} and \i{}Sabbatia\i0{}> 90,U 92,1/2
100<commonly>,1 101,1/2 102,1 104,1<commonly>/2 106<infrequent, but
sometimes manifest as uniseriate, bicellular or unicellular trichomes or
shaggy hairs> 115,1<sometimes mucilaginous>/2 116,2 121,1<or even
consisting of mucilaginous cells>/2 123,1/2<and rarely with crystal sand>
124,2/3 130,2<4 genera> 131,1/2/3 141,1/3/5 142,1<represented in species of
\i{}Enicostema\i0{}, \i{}Faroa\i0{} and \i{}Lisianthus\i0{}>/2
143,1<usually>/2/3<the vascular systems of mycoheterotrophs variously
represented by open or almost closed rings of centric, collateral or
bicollateral bundles in various combinations> 144<for the most part>,2
145,1<as a continuous ring, or as isolated strands inside the vascular
bundles, sometimes also with medullary phloem strands> 146,2
147,1<commonly, developing from medullary phloem strands>/2 148,1/2/3
149<when present,>,2 150,3<uniseriate, or absent>/- 156,3 162,1 167,1<very
commonly>/2 175,1<<90%>>/1&2&3 176,1<<10%>>/2 177,1<usually>/8<<10%>
rarely> 181,1/2 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1<usually>/2<e.g., in 
\i{}Swertopsis\i0{}> 192,1<usually>/2<e.g., in \i{}Swertopsis\i0{}> 194,1/2
195<usually a simple or compound dichasium> 200,1/2 202,1/2 203,2/3
206,1/2-3 209<(when manifest)>,1<K only>/1&2 212,4-5(-12) 213,1 215,2
216,2/3 218,2 220,1/2 222<when present,>,1/2 223,1 224,8-10(-24) 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4-5(-12) 238,1 239,1<<10%> rarely>/3
240,1<occasionally>/2/3<or polysepalous>/- 245,3/2<<10%> rarely>
251,1<usually>/4<<10%> sometimes> 253,1/2 254,4-5(-12) 255,1 257,1<often
with scales or nectary pits inside>/2 258,3 265,2<commonly>/1 266,4/6/3/1/7
267,3 268,2/6/7/8<often showy> 277,1<<90%> usually>/2<from female flowers>
278,4-5(-12)<as many as C> 280,2 282,2<to the tube> 284,1/2<sometimes
declinate> 285,1<usually>/2<<10%> forming a tube in some 'saprophytic'
genera> 287,1 289,1<nearly always>/2 290<when present,>,1-4 291,2
295,(1-)4-5(-12) 296,1/2/3 298,2<nearly always>/1<very occasionally with
some stamens staminodal or wanting> 299,2 306,1<usually>/2<<10%>>
308,1<when dorsifixed>/2 309,3/1<<10%> rarely via apical pores>
310<usually>,3 312,2 313,1<sometimes, with glands>/2 315,1<usually>/2<<5%>
rarely, e.g. \i{}Cotylanthera\i0{}> 318,2 319,1/2 321,2 322,1/2 323,1/2
324,1<Helieae>/2 327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1 329,(1-)2/3(-4) 330,7<and
sometimes ruporate>/8 337,1<4 genera>/2<4 genera> 338,1<<90%>
usually>/2<from male flowers> 339,2 342,1/2<<10%> rarely> 343,3 344,5-6
345,1 352,1/2 353,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 356,1/3 360,2/1<<4%>
\i{}Lomatogonium\i0{}, with stigmas decurrent along the sides of the ovary>
361<usually>,1 364,1 365,1 368,1/2 370,1/2 372,1 373,1 374,3
375,2<usually>/5<<10%> rarely> 376<rarely, when bilocular>,2 378<when
unilocular,>,15-100<i.e. many> 379<when ovary bilocular,>,15-50<i.e.
many> 381,2 385,2 386,3<usually>/1<<10%> e.g. \i{}Leiphaimos\i0{}> 387,2
388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<e.g. \i{}Swertia\i0{}>/2
396<usually>,1 397,1 400,1/2 403,4 404,1<<10%> rarely>/2
409,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 412,1<usually>/6<<10%> rarely> 414,4
422<usually copiously>,1<but scantily so in mycoheterotrophs> 424,1 429,1/2
432,1-2<in mycoheterotrophs>/3 433<when developed,>,2 435,1<\i{}Swertia
iberica\i0{}>/2<2/2> 436,1 447,1 466,2<\i{}Blackstonia\i0{}> 472,1<<30%>
sometimes>/2 484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 487<doubtfully>,1/2 488,2 492,2<2
genera, 3 species> 495,1<in a few genera> 497,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-13(+)> 527,1
528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58 578,900
579<about>,80 580<\i{}Bartonia\i0{}, \i{}Belmontia\i0{},
\i{}Bisgoeppertia\i0{}, \i{}Blackstonia\i0{}, \i{}Canscora\i0{},
\i{}Celiantha\i0{}, \i{}Centaureum\i0{}, \i{}Chironia\i0{},
\i{}Chorisepalum\i0{}, \i{}Cicendia\i0{}, \i{}Comastoma\i0{},
\i{}Congolanthus\i0{}, \i{}Cotylanthera\i0{}, \i{}Coutoubea\i0{},
\i{}Cracosna\i0{}, \i{}Crawfurdia\i0{}, \i{}Curtia\i0{}, \i{}Deianira\i0{},
\i{}Djaloniella\i0{}, \i{}Enicostema\i0{}, \i{}Erythraea\i0{}, 
\i{}Eustoma\i0{},
\i{}Exaculum\i0{}, \i{}Exacum\i0{}, \i{}Faroa\i0{}, \i{}Frasera\i0{},
\i{}Gentiana\i0{}, \i{}Gentianella\i0{}, \i{}Gentianopsis\i0{},
\i{}Gentianothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Halenia\i0{}, \i{}Hockinia\i0{},
\i{}Hoppea\i0{}, \i{}Irlbachia\i0{}, \i{}Ixanthus\i0{}, \i{}Jaeschkea\i0{},
\i{}Karina\i0{}, \i{}Latouchea\i0{}, \i{}Lehmanniella\i0{},
\i{}Lisianthus\i0{}, \i{}Lomatogoniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Lomatogonium\i0{},
\i{}Macrocarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Megacodon\i0{}, \i{}Microrphium\i0{},
\i{}Monodiella\i0{}, \i{}Neblinantha\i0{}, \i{}Neurotheca\i0{},
\i{}Obolaria\i0{}, \i{}Oreonesion\i0{}, \i{}Ornichia\i0{},
\i{}Orphium\i0{}, \i{}Parajaeschkea\i0{}, \i{}Phyllocyclus\i0{}, \i{}Prepusa\i0{},
\i{}Pterygocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Pycnosphaera\i0{}, \i{}Rogersonanthus\i0{},
\i{}Sabatia\i0{}, \i{}Schinziella\i0{}, \i{}Schultesia\i0{},
\i{}Sebaea\i0{}, \i{}Senaea\i0{}, \i{}Sipapoantha\i0{}, \i{}Swertia\i0{},
\i{}Swertopsis\i0{}, \i{}Symbolanthus\i0{}, \i{}Symphyllophyton\i0{}, \i{}Tachia\i0{},
\i{}Tachiadenus\i0{}, \i{}Tapeinostemon\i0{}, \i{}Tetrapollinia\i0{},
\i{}Tripterospermum\i0{}, \i{}Urogentias\i0{}, \i{}Veratrilla\i0{},
\i{}Voyria\i0{}, \i{}Voyriella\i0{}, \i{}Wurdackanthus\i0{},
\i{}Zonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Zygostigma\i0{}> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Who
bade the sun \line{}Clothe you with rainbows? Who, with living flowers
\line{}Of loveliest blue, spread garlands at your feet? \line{}(Coleridge,
To Chamouni - alluding to gentians)> 586<gentiana> 
 
# Geosiridaceae <Jonker>/
2<\i{}Iridaceae-Geosiridoideae\i0{}.> 5<small, colourless>,5<lacking
rhizomes and corms, the scaly, basal part of the stem with mycorrhizal
roots> 15,2 16,1 17,2 38,2<reduced> 39,1 43,4 53,1 60,2 68,- 76,1 121,U
148<presumably>,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 200,1 203,2
206,1 213,1 215,2 219,1<short> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2<3+3, the outer
imbricate, the inner contorted> 227,1 228,2 229,U 230,1 231,10<-ish> 278,3
280,2 282,2<to the base of the perianth> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3
298,2 301,1<opposite the outer perianth segments> 303<very shortly>,3
306,2<oblong> 308,2 309,3 310,1 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,1<sulcoidate> 339,3
341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5/6<?> 345,3 352,2 353,3 359,2 360,2
361,1<tribrachiate> 365,1 368,3 376,2<the placentas branched, intruding>
404,2 409,1/2<?> 412,1/2<?with an annulus which may be marcescent>
414,7<triangular-obconical> 426,1 442,2<?> 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,2 506,1&2
520,4 521<Madagascar, Comoros Archipelago> 522,8 527,2 530,4 558,3<cf.
\i{}Iridaceae\i0{} and \i{}Burmanniaceae\i0{}?> 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as
a synonym of \i{}Iridaceae\i0{}> 578,2<\i{}Geosiris aphylla\i0{}, \i{}G.
albiflora\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Geosiris\i0{}> 581<This
description is rather inadequate, but differs from that of Iridaceae (q.v.)
in leaf, inflorescence and fruit characters, as well as the
mycoheterotrophic habit.> 586<geosirid> 
 
# Geraniaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Erodiaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Rostraceae\i0{} Dulac>
4<\i{}Biebersteiniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Dirachmaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hypseocharitaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ledocarpaceae\i0{}, \i{}Vivianaceae\i0{}.>
5<mostly hairy>,5/3<less often> 7,1 9,1/2 14,2<mostly>/1<exemplified by the
xeromorphic \i{}Sarcocaulon\i0{}, with fleshy stems and thorns derived from
the petioles, which harden after the laminae fall> 25,2/3/4/- 31<shrubs>,1/2 
32,3/4 39,1<the upper, often>/2<the lower, usually> 45,1 47,2 50,1/2<?>
51,1<often, via capitate glands>/2 53,1/2 56<when
compound,>,5<usually>/4<rarely>/7<rarely> 57<when pinnate, i.e. rarely,>,1 60<when
simple,>,1 63<when simple>,2<usually>/1<rarely> 64,2<rarely>/3<usually>
68<usually>,1 69,1/2<usually twinned at the base of the petiole> 73,1/2/3
81,2 90,U 92,1/2 102,1 103,1/2 104,1 106<usually>,1 107,1/1&2 108,1&2<the
glandular types with uniseriate stalks and spherical, multicellular heads>
116,2 130,1<\i{}Erodium\i0{}, \i{}Geranium\i0{}>/2<\i{}Erodium\i0{},
\i{}Geranium\i0{}, \i{}Pelargonium\i0{}> 135<usually>,1<of thin walled
parenchyma> 139,1 140,2<and in the bizarre \i{}Sarcocaulon\i0{}, giving
rise to several layers of easily detachable cork, the cells resin-filled>
141,3 143,1<e.g., in \i{}Erodium\i0{} and shrubby species of
\i{}Pelargonium\i0{}>/2/3<often exhibiting a pericyclic ring of sclerosed
tissue, the bundles in herbaceous species widely separated and often
arrranged in two rings, those of inner rings sometimes inversely
orientated> 145,- 147,1<the inner ring of bundles tending to be medullary ,
in \i{}Geranium\i0{}spp.>/2 148,1/2<with a normal interfascicular cambium
in shrubby species> 152,1-3 154,1/2-3/4 156,3 157,2 158,1<in
\i{}Balbisia\i0{}>/2 161,2 162,1 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 164,2
165<scanty>,2 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2<usually> 189<when
aggregated,>,1/5 193,1/2 194,1/2/3 195<often pedunculate, usually consisting of
paired flowers or umbels> 196,1<commonly>/2 202,1 203,2/3 206,1-2
209,1&2<\i{}Pelargonium\i0{}> 212<usually>,5 213,1 215,2-4 218,2
220,1<usually>/2<\i{}Pelargonium\i0{}> 222,1<alternating with C, around A>
223,1<usually>/3<corolla sometimes missing> 224,5/(7-)10 226,2<usually>/1
227,1<usually>/2/- 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes basally connate, or
forming a lobed tube> 241,1-3 245,3/1 246,1<\i{}Pelargonium\i0{}, where the
posterior member is prolonged into a tube adnate to the peduncle>/3 248,1
251,1<with valvate tips> 252,2 254,(2-)5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2<rarely>
267,1/3 272,2<caducous> 274,1 278,5/10/15<1, 2 or 3 times C>
279,1<rarely>/2 280,1/2 281<when many,>,1 284,1-2 285,1/2<often> 
286<when coherent,>,1<basally
connate>/5<rarely, with five triandrous bundles> 287,(1-)2(-3) 288<when
bundled,>,2 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1-5 291,1/1&2<some or all of the
outer whorl> 295,5/10/15 298,2/3<usually>/4 299,1<obdiplostemonous when
more than one whorl, or in five antepetalous bundles>/- 300,2/3 306,1
308<usually>,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 320,1 322,1/2 328,1/2
329,(2-)3(-15)<to many> 330,6/8<more often>/9 337,2<in \i{}Erodium\i0{}
and \i{}Pelargonium\i0{}> 339,5 342,5 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,5
361,1<with an elongating, persistent column> 364,1 365,1 368,5 372,2 373,1
374,2 376,2 379,1/2 381,1/3 382<usually>,2 383<usually>,1 384<usually>,2/-
386,3-4<becoming campylotropous after fertilization> 387,3 388,2 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<very>,1 400,2 403,1/2 404,2 409,3 410,5<these
1-seeded, separating acropetally from the central beak, each taking a
strip from the style to acquire a usually hygroscopically active awn,
sometimes dehiscent> 422,2 426<exotegmic> 433,2 434,2 435,1<3/14> 436,1/2-3
437,2 447,1 461,1/3 462<\i{}Erodium\i0{}, \i{}Monsonia\i0{},
\i{}Pelargonium\i0{} including \i{}P. peltatum\i0{} (Krenzer \i{}et
al\i0{}. 1975), \i{}Sarcocaulon\i0{}> 464<\i{}Geranium\i0{},
\i{}Pelargonium peltatum\i0{} (Mooney \i{}et al\i0{} 1977)>
466,2<\i{}Erodium\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 483,2 484,2 487,2
488,2 490,1 491,1&2<mostly, in abundance>/1&2&3 492,1<4 species, 2
genera>/2<2 of the \i{}Geranium\i0{} species and a \i{}Pelargonium\i0{}>
495,2 497,2 500,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-14> 527,1 528,1
529,15 545,5 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,40 578,750 579,5
580<\i{}Geranium\i0{}, \i{}Erodium\i0{}, \i{}Monsonia\i0{},
\i{}Pelargonium\i0{}, \i{}Sarcocaulon\i0{}> 581<The taxonomic worth of
segregate families depends on the soundness of the compiled data, in
particular on the assumption that this attempted \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}
description does not significantly under-estimate variation.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ring aring ogeraniums, \line{}A pocketful of
uranium, \line{}Hiroshima - \line{}All fall down \line{}(anon? - quoted by
Robert Graves, The Crowning Privilege)> 586<geraniac> 
 
# Gerrardinaceae <M.H. Alford>/
2<\i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<sometimes scandent> 27,1/3 28<when
climbing, merely>,6 32,3 39,1 42,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,1 76,3<or double
serrate; teeth cunonioid, i.e. with a branching vein extending to the sinus
and the tooth apex, the apex glandular but non-spherical and
non-torus-shaped> 77,1 99,2 101,1 123,1 124,2 148,2 163,1 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1 183,2 187,2 189,1<raceme-like, few-flowered> 194,2 206,1 212,5 215,2
218,1 220,1 221,2<lobed between the stamens> 222,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
236,5 238,1 239,1 248,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 267,3 272,2 274,2 275,4
276,1 278,5 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2 306,2 309,3
310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1/2<apparently
due to being recessed in the receptacle> 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2 361,1
364,1 365,1 368,1<-2> 370,2<obscurely> 371,3<or subcapitate, obscurely
2-lobed> 375,3 378,4 381,1 386,3 404,1/2 409,2 412,6<sometimes dry>
422,1<?> 440,1 472,2 504,2/4 506,1 520,3/4 521<southern and eastern Africa>
522,6/7 527,1 528,1<? - referred tentatively, cf. Flacourtiaceae> 529,7
537,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,45 578,2 579,1 580<\i{}Gerrardina\i0{}>
581<See Alford 2006, Taxon \b{}55,\b0{} 959-964. Differing from the
generally similar \i{}Flacoutiaceae\i0{}-Homalieae in the apical ovary
placentation, small embryo, cunonioid leaf teeth and introrse anthers.
Unsatisfactory molecular analysis has suggested Eurosids II near
Sapindales. The current description is inadequate, lacking information on
wood anatomy, embryology, cytology and chemistry.> 584<Description encoded
by T.D. Macfarlane, March 2009> 586<gerrardi> 
 
# Gesneriaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Cyrtandracaceae\i0{} N. Jack, \i{}Didymocarpeae\i0{}
(\i{}Didymocarpaceae\i0{}) D. Don, \i{}Ramondiaceae\i0{}
(\i{}Ramondaceae\i0{}) Godr. & Gren. ex Godr., \i{}Replicataceae\i0{}
Dulac> 5,5<<75%> usually, sometimes slightly woody>/3/4<<5%> rarely>
9,1/3<sometimes> 11<sometimes remarkably>,5<with spectacular reduction of
the axis  e.g. in some \i{}Streptocarpus\i0{} spp., where the 
plant has but one leaf
which represents a cotyledon, the other cotyledon having atrophied early>
12<(or leaf!)>,1
22,1/2 27,1/2<commonly>/3 28<climbers>,5 32,3 36,1<members of leaf pairs
often very different in size>/2 39,2<<90%> usually>/1<rarely>/3<rarely>
43,1/2 45,1 53,1 55,2 60,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 63<rarely>,1 64,2 65,1 68,2
76,1/3/4 81,2 85,1<\i{}Mitraria\i0{}> 86,1 90,U 92,1 104,2<often very
large> 106,1 107,1&2<the former simple uniseriate, often containing red or
blue sap, sometimes raised on pedestals; the latter with heads 2-6 or more
celled, on stalks of varying lengths> 115,1<commonly>/2 116,1<accompanying
the xylem, e.g., in \i{}Rhychoglossum\i0{} and
\i{}Monophyllaea\i0{}>/2<usually> 117<when present,>,1/3 118,1 122,1/2
123<usually>,1 124<variable in frequency and form,>,2&3
130,2<\i{}Aeschynanthus\i0{}, \i{}Isoloma\i0{}, \i{}Mitraria\i0{}> 137,1<in
a few genera>/2 138<when present,>,1/2 139,1 140,1/2 141,1/3/4
142,1<exemplified in species of \i{}Alloplectus\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtandra\i0{},
\i{}Didymocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Drymonia\i0{}, \i{}Didissandra\i0{} and
\i{}Hemiboea\i0{}>/2 143<usually ultimately>,1<the bundles generally
becoming united by interfascicular prosenchymatous elements> 144,1 146,1<a
single one, in the stem ridge of \i{}Rhynchoglossum obliquum\i0{}>/2
147,1<e.g. \i{}Monophyllaea\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchoglossum\i0{}>/2 148,2
153<typically>,1<or very small>/2<e.g., in \i{}Drymonia\i0{}> 154,1&3<the
latter often of 4 or more cells> 156,3 157,2 158,2 159,1<vascular
tracheids often present>/2 161,1<<1%> \i{}Coronanthera\i0{}>/2<usually>
162,1<isially>/2<<1%> \i{}Coronanthera\i0{}> 163<seemingly nearly always>,1
164,2 165,2<or very sparse, or absent>/- 169,2<VPI, some \i{}Cyrtandra\i0{}
species>/3<?> 175,1<<90%>>/2&3 176,1<<10%>>/2 177,1/2<<10%> rarely>
184,2/3/4 187,1/2 192<when flowers aggregated,>,1<usually>/2<<10%>>
194,1/2/5 203,3-4 206,3<usually>/2<<10%>> 209,1&2/2 213,1 215,2 218,2
220<often>,1<when ovary superior>/- 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,3<<75%> usually>/1<sometimes> 246,2/3 251<usually>,3 254,5 255,1 258,3
265,1 266,1/4/- 267,2<<75%> usually>/1/3<e.g. \i{}Ramonda\i0{}>
277,1/2<rarely, when monoecious and female> 278,2-5 280,2 282,2<to the
corolla tube> 284,2<often>/1 285,1<<10%> rarely>/2 286,1/2 287,1 289,1/2
290,1-3<replacing fertile members> 291,2 292,1/2/1&2<?> 294,3/2&3
295,2/4(-5)<the posterior member occasionally present  e.g.
\i{}Ramonda\i0{}> 296,1/2/3 297<commonly>,1 298,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 299,2
305,3/2/1<<10%> rarely> 306,1-2/2 309,3 313,1<e.g., the connective with 
two diverging short horns in \i{}Codonoboea\i0{}>/2
315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,1 321,2 322,2
328,1 329,(2-)3(-6) 330,8<usually, or colporoidate>/10 337,1<in 6 genera>
338,1/2<rarely, when monoecious and male> 339,2 342,1/2<<10%> rarely> 343,3
344,5-6 345,1-3 352,1<mostly, by contrast with
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}>/2<e.g., \i{}Streptocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Petrocosmea\i0{}, \i{}Saintpaulia\i0{}> 353,1<usually>/2<<10%> through
meeting of the two placentae> 356,1 359<when ovary inferior, commonly>,1
361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1-2 370,1-2 372,1/2 373,1 374,2/3 375<usually>,2
376<when bilocular,>,2 378<usually (i.e. when unilocular),>,15-100<i.e.
many> 379<when bilocular>,10-50<i.e. many> 380,1/2 385,2 386,3 387,2
388,1 390,1<proximally only> 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<very>,1
397<slender, sometimes with long, tapering tips entering the micropyle and
extending through its length> 400,1 401,1 402,1&2 403,1 404,1/2
409,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 412,1<usually>/6<<10%> infrequently> 414,5<<75%>
usually>/6<sometimes>/4<<5%> rarely> 422,1/2<Cyrtandroideae> 424<when
present,>,1 426,2 433,2/1-2<one being sometimes reduced or absent, and in
some \i{}Streptocarpus\i0{} species, the other enlarging to such an extent
as to constitute virtually the whole plant, bearing flowers on its midrib>
435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1 461,1/3 462<\i{}Saintpaulia\i0{}>
464<\i{}Codonanthe\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Didymocarpus\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<one
species> 479,1<\i{}Streptocarpus\i0{}> 480,1 481,1<many genera>
482,1<several genera> 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2<4 species, 3 genera>
495,2 520,2<a few>/3-4<mostly> 521<pantropical, a few temperate>
522,1&3&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-17(+)> 525,8/9 527,1
528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60 578,2000
579<about>,140 580<\i{}Achanthonema\i0{}, \i{}Achimenes\i0{},
\i{}Aeschynanthus\i0{}, \i{}Agalmyla\i0{}, \i{}Allocheilos\i0{},
\i{}Alloplectus\i0{}, \i{}Allostigma\i0{}, \i{}Alsobia\i0{},
\i{}Ancylostemon\i0{}, \i{}Anetanthus\i0{}, \i{}Anna\i0{}, \i{}Anodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Asteranthera\i0{}, \i{}Beccarinda\i0{}, \i{}Bellonia\i0{},
\i{}Besleria\i0{}, \i{}Boea\i0{}, \i{}Boeicca\i0{}, \i{}Bournea\i0{},
\i{}Briggsia\i0{}, \i{}Briggsiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Bucinellina\i0{},
\i{}Calcareoboea\i0{}, \i{}Capanea\i0{}, \i{}Cathayanthe\i0{},
\i{}Centrosolenia\i0{}, \i{}Championia\i0{}, \i{}Chirita\i0{}, 
\i{}Chiritopsis\i0{}, \i{}Chrysothemis\i0{}, \i{}Cobananthus\i0{}, 
\i{}Codonanthe\i0{}, \i{}Codonanthopsis\i0{}, \i{}Codonoboea\i0{}, 
\i{}Colpogyne\i0{}, \i{}Columnea\i0{},
\i{}Conandron\i0{}, \i{}Corallodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Coronanthera\i0{},
\i{}Corytoplectus\i0{}, \i{}Crantzia\i0{}, 
\i{}Cremosperma\i0{}, \i{}Cubitanthus\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtandra\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtandromoea\i0{}, \i{}Dayaoshania\i0{},
\i{}Deinocheilos\i0{}, \i{}Depanthus\i0{}, \i{}Diastema\i0{},
\i{}Didissandra\i0{}, \i{}Didymocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Didymostigma\i0{},
\i{}Dolicholoma\i0{}, \i{}Drymonia\i0{}, \i{}Dorcoceras\i0{}, \i{}Episcia\i0{},
\i{}Epithema\i0{}, \i{}Eucodonia\i0{}, \i{}Fieldia\i0{},
\i{}Gasteranthus\i0{}, \i{}Gesneria\i0{}, \i{}Gloxinia\i0{}, 
\i{}Gloxinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Goyazia\i0{}, \i{}Gyrocheilos\i0{},
\i{}Gyrogyne\i0{}, 
\i{}Haberlea\i0{}, \i{}Hemiboea\i0{}, \i{}Hemiboeopsis\i0{},
\i{}Henckelia\i0{}, \i{}Heppiella\i0{}, \i{}Hexatheca\i0{},
\i{}Hypocyrta\i0{}, \i{}Isometrum\i0{}, \i{}Jancaea\i0{},
\i{}Koellikeria\i0{}, \i{}Kohleria\i0{}, \i{}Lagarosolen\i0{},
\i{}Lembocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Lenbrassia\i0{}, \i{}Leptobaea\i0{},
\i{}Liebigia\i0{}, \i{}Lietzia\i0{}, \i{}Linnaeopsis\i0{}, 
\i{}Loxocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Loxonia\i0{}, \i{}Loxostigma\i0{}, \i{}Lysionotus\i0{}, 
\i{}Metabriggsia\i0{}, \i{}Metapetrocosmea\i0{}, \i{}
Micraeschynanthus\i0{}, \i{}Microchirita\i0{}, \i{}Mitraria\i0{},
\i{}Monophyllaea\i0{}, \i{}Monopyle\i0{}, \i{}Moussonia\i0{}, \i{}
Napeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Nautilocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Negria\i0{}, \i{}
Nematanthus\i0{}, \i{}Neomortonia\i0{}, \i{}Niphaea\i0{}, \i{}
Nodonema\i0{}, \i{}Oerstedina\i0{}, \i{}Opithandra\i0{}, \i{}
Orchadocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Oreocharis\i0{}, \i{}Ornithoboea\i0{}, \i{}
Oxychlamys\i0{}, \i{}Paliavana\i0{}, \i{}Paraboea\i0{}, \i{}
Paradrymonia\i0{}, \i{}Parakohleria\i0{}, \i{}Pearcea\i0{}, \i{}Pentaraphia\i0{},
\i{}Petrocodon\i0{}, \i{}Petrocosmea\i0{}, \i{}Pheidonocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Phinaea\i0{}, \i{}Phyllobaea\i0{}, \i{}Platyadenia\i0{}, \i{}
Primulina\i0{}, \i{}Pseudochirita\i0{}, \i{}Ramonda\i0{}, \i{}
Reldia\i0{}, \i{}Resia\i0{}, \i{}Rhabdothamnopsis\i0{}, \i{}
Rhabdothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Rhoogeton\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchotechum\i0{}, \i{}Rhytidophyllum\i0{}, \i{}
Ridleyandra\i0{}, \i{}Rufodorsia\i0{}, \i{}Saintpaulia\i0{}, \i{}
Sanango\i0{}, \i{}Sarmienta\i0{}, \i{}Schistolobos\i0{}, \i{}
Schizoboea\i0{}, \i{}Sepikea\i0{}, \i{}Sinningia\i0{}, \i{}
Smithiantha\i0{}, \i{}Solenophora\i0{}, \i{}Stauranthera\i0{},
\i{}Streptocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Tapeinotes\i0{}, \i{}Tengia\i0{}, 
\i{}Tetraphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Thamnocharis\i0{}, \i{}Titanotrichum\i0{}, \i{}
Trachystigma\i0{}, \i{}Tremacron\i0{}, \i{}Trisepalum\i0{}, \i{}
Tylopsacas\i0{}, \i{}Vanhouttea\i0{}, \i{}Whytockia\i0{}>
586<gesneria>
 
# Gisekiaceae <Nak.>/
2<\i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{}, \i{}Molluginaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<often diffuse with
prostrate branches> 14<more or less>,1/2 21,1-3 32,3/4 39<(pseudo-)>,3/2
43,1/3 53,1 60,2 62<spathulate or>,3 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,1
119,1 141,1 148,2 156,3 161,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2
195<loose to dense axillary cymes> 200,1 202,1 203<pedicellate to
sessile,>,2 206,1 216,3 218,2 223,3<corolla absent> 224,5 226,1 236,5 238,1
239,1 245,3<the sepals equal, herbaceous with membranous margins> 251,1
277,1/2<depending on sexuality of the flower> 278<in male flowers,>,5-15
279,1/2<in that the stamens often inserted in pairs or triplets> 280,1/2
282,1 285<basally>,2/1<?> 289,1 295,5-15 298,2-4 303,3<the subulate
filaments basally compressed> 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 321,3
322,2 328,1 337,2 338,1/2<i.e., from male flowers> 339,3-5 341,1-2 343,2
344,2 345,1 347,2 348<with the short, ventrally decurrent style internally
stigmatose> 350,1 351,3 386,4/5<?> 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 397,2<with
filiform apparatus> 400,2 404,2 405,1<5-carpelled> 407,2 408<membranous>
422,2 425,1 436<annular or>,2 461,2 463<all seven accepted species,
including the widespread \i{}Gisekia pharnaceoides\i0{}> 466,1 486,1 488,2
504,1&2&4 505,1&2 506,1&3 510,1&2&3 520,3&4 521<Arabia, tropical and South
Africa to India, Sri Lanka and Indo-china> 522,4&6&7&8 527,1 528,1 529,4
534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,5-7 579,1
580<\i{}Gisekia\i0{}> 586<gisekiac> 
 
# Glaucidiaceae <(Himmelb.) Tamura>/
2<\i{}Paeoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ranunculaceae\i0{}-Glaucidioideae.> 5,5 21,3
25,3<the rhizome short and thick, the stem unbranched, with only two or
three leaves> 32,3 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,1 63,2 64,3 65,1 66,2 68,2 76,3/4
90,U 143,3<two rings> 147,1 148,2<in the rhizome> 156,2/1 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,1 203,4 206,1 213,2 214,2 218,1
220,2 223,3/4/5<usually described as having petaloid sepals and no corolla>
224,4 225,1 228<(if considered of tepals)>,2 229,U 233,1 236,4 239,1
248,1 278,350-500<very numerous> 279,1 281,2 282,1 285,1 287<spiralled>
289,1 295,20-200<very numerous> 298,5 303,3 312,2 328,1 329,3
339<usually>,2<opposite the outer perianth members> 342,2<below> 343,2-3
344,3<the carpels united in the lower third> 345,1 350,15-20<many> 351,2
352,2<below> 353<usually>,2<below> 387,3 388,2 404,2 407,1 408,3<dehiscing
along both dorsal and vental sutures> 422,1 429,1<and compressed> 432,3
433,2 472,2 475,2 477,U 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Japan> 522,4
524<\i{}n\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9
577,23<as a synonym of \i{}Ranunculaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Glaucidium
palmatum\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Glaucidium\i0{}> 581<These
compiled descriptions exhibit 12 differences between this one and that of
\i{}Ranunculaceae\i0{} (q.v.), ten of them general morphological and two
stem-anatomical; and differences from \i{}Paeoniaceae\i0{} in habit, leaf
form, and floral, fruit and seed morphology. See Tamura 1972, \i{}Bot. Mag.
Tokyo\i0{} \b{}85\b0{}, 40 \i{}et seq\i0{}.> 586<glaucidi> 
 
# Globulariaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}, but see comment below.> 3<\i{}Confluaceae\i0{}
Dulac> 5<small, heathlike>,3/5 38,2 39,1 43,U 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1 90,U
92,1/2/3 102,1 103,2 104,1<usually>/3/5 106,1 107,1&2<the glandular hairs
with a short stalk cell, and a head partitioned vertically into 2(4)
cells> 108,2 122,1 130,1<\i{}Globularia\i0{}> 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2
150<lacking> 156,3 162,1 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,3/4 194,1/2
195<spikes or heads> 196,1/2 197,1/2 200,1<the receptacle of
\i{}Globularia\i0{} paleaceous> 203,2-3 206,3 207<median>,1 209,1&2 213,1
215,2 218,2 220,1<usually>/2<<5%>> 221<when present,>,2<at the base of the
ovary> 222,2<or rarely, reduced to an anterior gland> 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 240<5>,3/4 245,1<rarely>/3 248,1 252,2 254,5
255,1 258,3 265,1 267,2/1<the upper, two-petalled lip shorter than the
lower three-petalled one, sometimes obsolete> 278,4 280,2 282,2<to the
corolla tube> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289,1 294<the lateral pairs> 295,4 296,3
297,1 298,1<the posterior member missing> 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments
filiform, the anthers exserted> 305,U 309,2<the confluent thecae dehiscing
via a single distal slit> 311<ultimately>,1<initially bilocular, but the
thecae becoming confluent apically at maturity> 324,2 328,1 329,2-3 330,8
337,1 339<ostensibly>,1 341,2 342,1 343,3<but pseudomonomerous> 344,6 345,1
352,1 353,1<the posterior carpel reduced or suppressed> 356,1 358,1 360,2
361,1 365,1 368,1 370,1/2 371<sometimes>,3/- 375,3 378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3
387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 401,1
402,1&2<aggressive> 403,1 404,2 409,2 412,3/8<enclosed in the persistent
calyx> 421,1 422,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 436,1<in the middle of the endosperm>
447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Globularia\i0{}> 472,2 481,1<\i{}Globularia\i0{},
\i{}Lytanthus\i0{}> 484,1 485,1<normal, dubiously>/2<+decarb.> 488,2 490,2
492,2<\i{}Globularia\i0{}> 504,1&2 505,1&2 506,1 507,2 509,1 520,2-3
521<Western Eurasia and North Africa> 522,1&2&3&5 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,1
528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym
of \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}> 578,30 579,2 580<\i{}Globularia\i0{}
(\i{}Lytanthus\i0{}), \i{}Poskea\i0{} (\i{}Cockburnia\i0{})> 581<According
to these compiled descriptions, this assembage differs from
\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in 18 characters, involving general
morphology, anatomy, pollen form, embryology and cytology.> 586<globular> 
 
# Goetzeaceae <Miers ex Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Solanaceae\i0{}.> 5<much branched, small>,1/3 31,1 39,1 43,2 53,1
60,2 64,2<the laterals closely parallel-ascending, cf. \i{}Sapotaceae\i0{}>
68,2 76,1 90,U 144,2 145,1 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,1<then extra-axillary>/2<these axillary, few-flowered>
189<when aggregated,>,2/7 194,2 195<few-flowered axillary racemes or
fascicles> 206,1-3 207<when irregular,>,1 209<when noticeable,>,1&2 212,4-6
213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1<usually large, fleshy and lobed> 223,1 224,8-12
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4-6 238,1 239,3<the segments rarely almost free>
248,1 251,3 254,4-6 255,1 258,3 265,3 266,4/6 267,1/3<the mostly short
lobes equal to unequal> 278,4-6 280,2 282,2<to the corolla> 284,1/2 285,1
287,1 289,1<?> 295,4-6 297,U 298,2 303<long>,3<the anthers exserted> 305,U
306,1<near the base, sagittate> 308,1 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate>
339,1<ostensibly>/2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3<but \i{}Henonia\i0{}
pseudomonomerous> 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/2 354,2 360,2 361,1 365,1
366<long> 370<capitate or bilobed> 375<when unilocular,>,1<usually>/3<?>
376<when bilocular,>,1<usually>/3<?> 378,2 379,2 384,1 404,1/2<sometimes
leathery> 409,2 412,6 421,1-2 422,2 432,3<and large> 433,2/4<sometimes>
440<plicate> 504,3 512,1 520,2-4 521<Mexico, West Indies> 522,13&14
527,1 528,2 529,20 550,1<?> 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3
577,59<as a synonym of \i{}Solanaceae\i0{}> 578,7 579,4
580<\i{}Coeloneurum\i0{}, \i{}Espadaea\i0{}, \i{}Goetzea\i0{},
\i{}Henonia\i0{}> 581<Seemingly
differing from \i{}Solanaceae\i0{} in the (according to Airy Shaw) 
usually basal placentation and
non-endospermic seeds, but it would be interesting (for example) to know
the orientation of the gynoecium. Accepting this as a family assumes that
the compiled data are essentially correct, and that the description of
\i{}Solanaceae\i0{} (q.v.) does not significantly under-estimate variation
in that large assemblage.> 582<The berry of \i{}Espadaea\i0{} edible, with
the flavour of apricot.> 586<goetzeac> 
 
# Gomortegaceae <Reiche>/
5<large>,1 7,1 37,1 39,2 43<shining,>,2 45,1 50,1 51,1 53,1 60,2
62<narrowly elliptic> 64,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,3 120,1 139,1
140,2 141,1<with two traces> 145,2 148,2 156,2 159,1 165,1 167,2 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1&2 195<racemes> 202<(bi-)>,1
203<rather>,2-3 206,1 213,2 214,1&2<spiralled> 218,2 223,3 224,(5-)7(-9)
225,1 226<spiralled, becoming smaller centripetally> 227,- 229,U 230,-
236<(i.e. the perianth),>,(5-)7(-9) 238<spiralled>,- 239,1 251,-
278,(7-)9(-13) 280,1 281,U 282,1 285,1 287<spiralled> 289<seemingly
usually>,2<the outer, tepaloid members often with undeveloped anthers, and
commonly with (1-)3(-4) reduced, sterile members between the fertile
stamens and the style> 290<when present,>,(1-)2-3(-5) 291,1/3/1&3
293<tepaloid outside, reduced-filantherous inside> 295,5-10<often eight>
298,- 299,- 303<very shortly>,3<i.e., the inner, fertile members>/-
304,1<each with a pair of short glands at the base, cf.
\i{}Monimiaceae\i0{}> 309,5 310,3 324,2 328,2 339,2(-3) 341,- 342,2(-3)
343,3 344,4-6 345,3 352,2 353,2(-3) 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,3 376,3 379,1
381,1 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,7<yellow, edible, with bony endocarp>
421<commonly>,1<and unilocular> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3<rather large>
433,2 497,1 504,3 512,6 520,2 521<Chile> 522,15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 42> 527,1
528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1 566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9 578,1<\i{}Gomortega
keule\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Gomortega\i0{}> 586<gomorteg> 
 
# Gonystylaceae <Van Tiegh>/
2<\i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 50,1<commonly
pellucid-punctate>/2 53,1 60,2 64,2<with numerous nerves> 68,2 76,1 90,U
92,1 101,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,6 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108,1 116,1
123,1 124,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2<with no
intraxylary phloem, by contrast with \i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{} sensu stricto>
150,3<mostly uniseriate> 152,3 153,2 154,1&2&3&4&5<solitary and in
multiples of up to 4 cells, sometimes with irregular clusters locally,
sometimes tending to oblique patterns> 156,3 157,1 159,1 161,1
165,1-2<intermediate> 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1
206,1 218,1 220,2 223,1<unless the corolla of Hutchinson, Cronquist
\i{}et al.\i0{} is interpreted as an extrastaminal disk, as by Airy Shaw
1973> 224,12-45 227,2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<?> 240<five>,3 245,3 251,1
254,7-40 258,1<the petals 740, linear or deltoid, sometimes divided almost
to the base, inserted on the hypanthium> 275,1/4 278,(8-)30-100<usually
many> 279,U 280<presumably>,1 281,U 282,1 285,1 289,1
295,(8-)30-100<usually many> 298,5 299,- 303,3 306,2 308,2 309,3 328,1
329,4-11<?> 330<(oligo-)>,9 339,3-5 341,1-2 342,3-5 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2
353,3-5 360,2 361,1 365,1 366,3<threadlike, bent> 368,1 371<small> 376,3
379,1 381,1 385,1 404,2<thick walled, becoming woody> 409<tardily>,1 412,1
414,5 421,1-3 422,2 426,4 436,1 504,2 506,3 510,3 520,4 521<Malaysia> 522,9
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,8 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a
synonym of \i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{}> 578,30 579,1 580<(?)only genus,
\i{}Gonystylus\i0{}> 581<Seeming to differ from \i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{} in
habit, inflorescence and fruit form, as well as in recorded data on leaf
and wood anatomy.> 582<Timber tree  ramin.> 586<gonystyl> 
 
# Goodeniaceae <R. Br. corr. Dum.>/
3<\i{}Goodenovieae\i0{} (\i{}Goodenoviaceae\i0{}) R. Br.,
\i{}Scaevoleae\i0{} (\i{}Scaevolaceae\i0{}) Lindl.>
4<\i{}Brunoniaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3<or shrublets>/1<a few> 9,1/2
10<sometimes>,1<sometimes with flattened stems, rarely spinescent> 12,1/2
21,1/3 22,1/2 32,3/4 39,1<nearly always>/2-3<rarely> 40<nearly always>,1
43,1/2 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 55,2 64,2 68,2 76,1/3/4 81,2 87,2 90,U
92,1/2/3<sometimes varying within a genus, sometimes fleshy, rush-like in
\i{}Anthotium\i0{}> 102,1 103,1<abaxial>/2 104,1<sometimes sunken> 106<of
numerous kinds>,1 107,1&2 112,1/2 113<when present, often>,2/- 116,2
122<commonly>,1 123,1<but usually relatively few> 124,2&3 127<seldom
accompamied by sclerenchyma> 130,2<\i{}Goodenia\i0{},
\i{}Leschenaultia\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,1/2 141,1/3/4 143,1<in the woodier
forms>/2<most herbaceous species, especially of \i{}Goodenia\i0{}, having
poorly developed vascular bundles, depending for support on a cylinder of
thick-walled sclerenchyma> 144,1 145,2 147,1<sometimes, representing leaf
traces>/2 148,1<in some herbs?>/2/3 149,2<producing secodary medullary
bundles, see illustration> 151,2<reported for \i{}Scaevola
spinescens\i0{}>/1<usually> 156,3 157,2 159,1 161,1 162,U 165<in
\i{}Scaevola frutescens\i0{},>,1&2/- 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
186,1<involving a cupular or bifid stylar modification for active pollen
presentation> 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1&3&4&2 192,1/2 193,1/2 194,1/2
196,1/2 203,2-3 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1/2 223,1
224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,(3-)5<usually small> 238,1 239,3 254,5
255,1 257,1<commonly with the two posterior members auriculate>/2<but the
margins of the lobes nearly always conspicuously winged> 258,3 259,2<nearly
always, often to the base>/1<rarely> 265<lobes>,3 267,1<then adaxially
split to the base>/2<the upper lip bilobed, the lower trilobed>
268,2/3/8/4/6<or brownish> 270,1/2 278,5 280,2 282,1/2<to the corolla tube>
284,1 285,1<then anthers often connivent>/2<the anthers connate> 287,1
289,1 295,5 296,1 298,2 299,2 300,1 305,1<e.g. \i{}Velleia\i0{},
\i{}Scaevola\i0{}>/2-3<usually encircling the style, which presents to
insects by growing up through the the aznthers and carrying pollen in a
cup> 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 322,2
324,1<sometimes>/2 327<that of \i{}Leschenaultia\i0{},>,3 328,1
329,3<usually>/4-8<\i{}Leschenaultia\i0{}> 330,7<\i{}Leschenaultia\i0{}>/8
337,1<in 3 genera> 339,2 342,(1-)2/4 343,3 344,4-5 345,1-3 352,1/2
353,(1-)2<effectively unilocular, with the septum incomplete above in
\i{}Verreauxia\i0{}>/4<rarely> 354,2<usually>/1<rarely?> 361,1<with a
pollen cup close beneath the stigma> 362,1 365,1 368,1-3 372,2 373,1
374,2 375<when more or less unilocular,>,1<or on the basal septum> 376,2
378,1 379,1-50<to many> 381,3 385,2<usually>/1<\i{}Coopernookia\i0{}?>
386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<fairly>,2 400,1
403,4 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/7/8 422<copiously>,1 424,1 429<usually
flat,>,1/2 433,2 436,1 447,1 470,1<very widespread> 472,1/2 475,1<commonly
<40%>>/2 484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 488,2 490,2 492,2<2 genera> 494,1
495,2 520,2-4 521<mainly Australia and Malaysia, but a few species in
coastal South America and Africa, West Indies, New Zealand and Southeast
Asia> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-9> 527,1 528,2
529,23 553,1 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,300 579,12
580<\i{}Anthotium\i0{}, \i{}Catosperma\i0{}, \i{}Coopernookia\i0{},
\i{}Dampiera\i0{}, \i{}Diaspasis\i0{}, \i{}Goodenia\i0{},
\i{}Leschenaultia\i0{}, \i{}Pentaptilon\i0{},
\i{}Scaevola\i0{}, \i{}Selliera\i0{}, \i{}Velleia\i0{},
\i{}Verreauxia\i0{}> 586<goodenia> 
 
# Goupiaceae <Miers>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}.> 5<small to very large>,1/3 37,1 39,1 40,2 
43<shining,>,2
45,1<the petiole with complex and unusual vascularization, cf. Metcalfe and
Chalk> 53,1 60,2 64,2-3<subtriplinerved> 65<transversely>,1 68,1
74,1<narrow and rather long> 76,1/4<in seedlings> 90,U 92,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<sparse> 107,1 108,1 109<short and relatively
thick-walled,>,2 112,2 122,1<these branched> 123,1 124,2 137,2 139,1 140,2
143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153,1 154<exclusively>,1 156,2
157,2 158,2 159,1 160,1 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1&2 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 192,2 194,2 195<pedunculate, umbel-like clusters of very short
racemes> 200,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2<sinuous
cupular> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<small>
240<five>,3 245,3 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals very long,
linear-elongate lanceolate, concave, the upper third sharply inflexed in
the bud and remaining sigmoid or geniculate at anthesis> 265<induplicate>,3
268,3&5<red at the base> 278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5
298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<but the filaments extremely short> 306,2<slmost
sessile, the loculi
short, somewhat separated> 308,2 309,3 310,3 313<having the thickened
connective setose-pilose with deflexed or spreading hairs> 328,1 329,3
330,6/8<col(por)oidate> 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,4 345,1<but partly
enclosed by the disk> 352,2 353,5<depressed-globose> 360,2 361,5 363,1
365,1<divergent, subulate> 366,1 376,1-2<at the inner angle>
379,7-50<several or many> 381,3 387,3 404<small, hard> 409,2 412,7<23
locular, berrylike> 421<many seeded> 422,1 424<fleshy> 432,3 433,2
436,1<axile> 442<slightly reticulate, pitted inside> 495,1 504,3 512,2&3 520,4
521<Guiana, North Brazil> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,1<?> 565,5 570,11
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Goupia\i0{}> 581<Seemingly differing from \i{}Celastraceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) only in the free styles.> 586<goupiace> 
 
# Gramineae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Poaceae\i0{} Barnhart (nom. altern.).> 3<\i{}Agrostidaceae\i0{}
Burnett, \i{}Andropogonaceae\i0{} (J. Presl) Herter,
\i{}Anomochloaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Arundinaceae\i0{} (Dum.) Herter,
\i{}Arundinellaceae\i0{} (Stapf) Herter, \i{}Avenaceae\i0{} (Kunth) Herter,
\i{}Bambusaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Chloridaceae\i0{} (Reichenb.) Herter,
\i{}Eragrostidaceae\i0{} (Benth.) Herter, \i{}Hordeaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Lepturaceae\i0{} (Benth.) Herter, \i{}Miliaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Oryzaceae\i0{} (Kunth) Herter, \i{}Panicaceae\i0{} (R. Br.) Herter,
\i{}Pappophoraceae\i0{} (Kunth) Herter, \i{}Parianaceae\i0{} (Hack.) Nak.,
\i{}Phalaridaceae\i0{} Burnett, \i{}Spartinaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Sporobolaceae\i0{} (Stapf) Herter, \i{}Stipaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Streptochaetaceae\i0{} (C.E. Hubb.) Nak.> 5,5/3/2/4 9,1<usually>/2<<2%>
occasionally, e.g. \i{}Spartochloa\i0{}, \i{}Xerochloa\i0{}> 12,1/2<<1%>
rarely> 21,1/2/3 22,1/2 23,1/2<in bamboos> 24,(0.003-)0.01-30(-40) 25<when
perennial,>,3<or stoloniferous>/4<rarely> 27,1/3<or decumbent>/- 
28<the climbers>,1/5/6
32,1-4 34<when hydrophytic,>,2 35<of hydrophytes>,1&2/1&2&3
36,2<usually>/1<occasionally> 37,1/2 38,1-4 39,1 40<nearly always
initially>,2<very rarely spiral - \i{}Micraira\i0{} and the Orcuttieae>
42,1/2/3/4<rarely> 43,1<usually>/2/4<rarely> 45,3/1 47,1 48,1 49,1/2 50,2
51,2<usually>/1<occasionally> 53,1 60,2 62,1/2/3-8 64,4<usually>/2-3<<2%>
rarely> 65,2/1 67<nearly always>,1<though the ligule is often reduced to a
fringe of hairs or even to papillae, sometimes lacking on upper leaves, as
in \i{}Echinochloa\i0{}, and totally absent from the lilylike leaves of
\i{}Neostapfia\i0{} and the Orcuttieae> 68,- 76<nearly always>,1 77,1/2/3
79,1 81,1 82,1/3/4/6/2<rarely> 90,1 91,2 92<usually>,1 93,1<rarely, these
represented by highly specialised chloridoid type microhairs with complex
partitioning membranes, in some Chloridoideae only>/2<most microhairs -
including chloridoid type - secreting only polysaccharides and/or
proteins> 97<nearly always>,1 98<nearly always>,1 100,1/2 101,2 103,1/2
104,3 105,1<inevitably with an exception  \i{}Neostapfia\i0{}> 106<of some
type nearly always>,1 107,1<with simple macrohairs and prickles represented
in all groups, including Pooideae>/1&2<secretory microhairs lacking only in
Pooideae> 108,1<macrohairs and prickles>/1&2<microhairs universally
two-celled, and some macrohairs septate-uniseriate> 109,2 110,1 111,2 112,2
115<usually>,2 116<usually>,2 119,2 121,2 123<usually>,2<and never with
raphides> 125,1/2 126<with a single bundle, a simple arc, or a complex>
127,1/2 128,1 129,3/2&3 130,2<in an unspecified large sample, including
\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}> 131,1<usually>/2 132,1/2/3<commonly> 137,2 139,2
143,3/4 148,1 156,3<usually>/2&3 173,1 174,3/2&3<then mainly simple>
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3<etc.> 176,1/2 177,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 180,1<occasionally>/2
182,2<nectaries absent> 184<almost exclusively>,1<with possible exceptions
in South American forest-floor Olyreae> 187,2<these consisting of at least
one spikelet> 191,1 192<(the spikelet)>,1<e.g. Panicoideae>/2<e.g.
Pooideae> 193,- 194,1/2 195<with 150 florets and vestiges grouped into
characteristic spikelets in association with specialised bracts termed
glumes, lemmas and paleas, the spikelets variously gathered into
simple or compound panicles, racemes, spikes, heads or fascicles> 196,1/2
199,1/2 200,1<in that the spikelets normally exhibit glumes and lemmas, and
the other inflorescence branches are sometimes spatheate or spatheolate>
202,1<if the palea, when present, is interpreted as a bracteole>/2 203,1-2
219,2 220,2 223,6<if the lodicules are interpreted as perianth>/7<the
lodicules being sometimes absent> 224,0/(1-)2-3(-6) 225<(lodicules)>,1-2
226,1 277,1/2<when female> 278,(1-)2-3/4<<1%> rarely>/6/6-120<<1%>
\i{}Ochlandra\i0{}> 282,1/2 285<usually>,1/2<<2%> occasionally, the
filaments are joined to one another or to the lodicules> 289,1
295,(1-)2-3/4/6-120 303,3 306,2<sagittate> 308,2 309,1/2/3 310,1/3/2 312,2
315,1 316,2 318,1 319,2/4/5 320,1 321,3 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,5 331,1
332,1 335,2 336,1 337,2<recorded in 23 genera> 338,1/2<when male or
sterile> 339<theoretically>,2(-3) 342,1 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,1 353,1
361,1/2(-3) 363,1-2 364,1/2 365,1/2 368,(1-)2-3 372,2 373,1/2
374,1<usually>/2<rarely, IIB> 375,1-2<stachysporous, the ovule fused to the
adaxial wall> 378,1 380,2<usually adnate> 385,2 386<(hemi-)>,4/2<see Anton
de Triquell, 1887> 387<usually>,3 388,1<especially Pooideae>/3<mostly>
389,1<rarely?>/2<and rarely the integuments are variously reduced or
absent> 391,1<the \i{}Poaceae\i0{} variant, i.e. with dividing
antipodals> 393,1 395<characteristically>,1<to 300 or more cells in
\i{}Sasa paniculata\i0{}> 396,1 397<sometimes>,2 398,1<in
danthonioids>/2<generally> 400,2 403,2 404,2<usually>/1<<1%> occasionally>
409,2 412,11<usually>/2<occasionally, a utricle>/3<not infrequently>/8/6
419,3/5 422<nearly always>,1 423,2<very rarely ruminate> 424,2 430,1 432,3
433<(usually identified with the scutellum)>,1 435,2<9/13> 436,1/3 447,-
448,2 449,1<e.g. Panicoideae, Chloridoideae>/2<e.g. Pooideae> 450,1<in the
form of the epiblast>/2 451,2<reduced to the haustorium within the
caryopsis> 452,2 454,1 456,1<in some bambusoid genera>/2<mostly> 457,3
458,2<virtually absent> 461,1/2/4 462<366 genera: see Watson and
Dallwitz database> 463<335 genera: see Watson and Dallwitz database>
465<\i{}Neurachne minor\i0{}, \i{}Steinchisma (Panicum) decipiens\i0{},
\i{}S. hians (= milioides)\i0{}, \i{}S. spathellosum (= schenckii)\i0{}>
466,1<in 328 genera>/2<in 366 genera> 468,2 472,1<<20%>>/2 473,1
475,1<sometimes, isoquinoline, pyrrolizidine and indole <20%>>/2 483,2
487,1<rarely>/2 488,1<<6%> rarely, only in Panicoideae and Chloridoideae,
and there in only trace amounts>/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1<<3%> only in
\i{}Glyceria\i0{} and \i{}Melica\i0{}>/2<60 genera> 491<when
present,>,2/1&2 492,2 496,1<e.g. \i{}Setaria anceps\i0{}>/2 497,1 498,2<b>
504,1&2&3&4&5&6 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3&4&5 520,1&2&3&4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16&17 527,2 530,6<dubiously> 560,4
572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578<about>,12000 579<about>,700
580<\i{}Acamptoclados\i0{}, \i{}Achlaena\i0{}, \i{}Achnatherum\i0{},
\i{}Aciachne\i0{}, \i{}Acidosasa\i0{}, \i{}Acostia\i0{}, \i{}Acrachne\i0{},
\i{}Acritochaete\i0{}, \i{}Acroceras\i0{}, \i{}Actinocladum\i0{},
\i{}Aegilops\i0{}, \i{}Aegopogon\i0{}, \i{}Aeluropus\i0{},
\i{}Afrotrichloris\i0{}, \i{}Agenium\i0{}, \i{}Agnesia\i0{},
\i{}Agropyron\i0{}, \i{}Agropyropsis\i0{}, \i{}Agrostis\i0{},
\i{}Aira\i0{}, \i{}Airopsis\i0{}, \i{}Alexfloydia\i0{},
\i{}Alloeochaete\i0{}, \i{}Allolepis\i0{}, \i{}Alloteropsis\i0{},
\i{}Alopecurus\i0{}, \i{}Alvimia\i0{}, \i{}Amblyopyrum\i0{},
\i{}Ammochloa\i0{}, \i{}Ammophila\i0{}, \i{}Ampelodesmos\i0{},
\i{}Amphibromus\i0{}, \i{}Amphicarpum\i0{}, \i{}Amphipogon\i0{},
\i{}Anadelphia\i0{}, \i{}Anadelphia\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrachne\i0{},
\i{}Ancistragrostis\i0{}, \i{}Andropogon\i0{}, \i{}Andropterum\i0{},
\i{}Anemanthele\i0{}, \i{}Aniselytron\i0{}, \i{}Anisopogon\i0{},
\i{}Anomochloa\i0{}, \i{}Anthaenantiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Anthenantia\i0{},
\i{}Anthephora\i0{}, \i{}Anthochloa\i0{}, \i{}Anthoxanthum\i0{},
\i{}Antinoria\i0{}, \i{}Apera\i0{}, \i{}Aphanelytrum\i0{}, \i{}Apluda\i0{},
\i{}Apochiton\i0{}, \i{}Apoclada\i0{}, \i{}Apocopis\i0{},
\i{}Arberella\i0{}, \i{}Arctagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Arctophila\i0{},
\i{}Aristida\i0{}, \i{}Arrhenatherum\i0{}, \i{}Arthragrostis\i0{},
\i{}Arthraxon\i0{}, \i{}Arthropogon\i0{}, \i{}Arthrostylidium\i0{},
\i{}Arundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Arundinella\i0{}, \i{}Arundo\i0{},
\i{}Arundoclaytonia\i0{}, \i{}Asthenochloa\i0{}, \i{}Astrebla\i0{},
\i{}Athroostachys\i0{}, \i{}Atractantha\i0{}, \i{}Aulonemia\i0{},
\i{}Australopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Austrochloris\i0{}, \i{}Austrodanthonia\i0{},
\i{}Austrofestuca\i0{}, \i{}Austrostipa\i0{}, \i{}Avellinia\i0{},
\i{}Avena\i0{}, \i{}Axonopus\i0{}, \i{}Bambusa\i0{}, \i{}Baptorhachis\i0{},
\i{}Bealia\i0{}, \i{}Beckeropsis\i0{}, \i{}Beckmannia\i0{},
\i{}Bellardiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Bewsia\i0{}, \i{}Bhidea\i0{},
\i{}Blepharidachne\i0{}, \i{}Blepharoneuron\i0{}, \i{}Boissiera\i0{},
\i{}Boivinella\i0{}, \i{}Borinda\i0{}, \i{}Bothriochloa\i0{},
\i{}Bouteloua\i0{}, \i{}Brachiaria\i0{}, \i{}Brachyachne\i0{},
\i{}Brachychloa\i0{}, \i{}Brachyelytrum\i0{}, \i{}Brachypodium\i0{},
\i{}Briza\i0{}, \i{}Bromuniola\i0{}, \i{}Bromus\i0{}, \i{}Brylkinia\i0{},
\i{}Buchlo\i0{}, \i{}Buchlomimus\i0{}, \i{}Buergersiochloa\i0{},
\i{}Calamagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Calamovilfa\i0{}, \i{}Calderonella\i0{},
\i{}Calosteca\i0{}, \i{}Calyptochloa\i0{}, \i{}Camusiella\i0{},
\i{}Capillipedium\i0{}, \i{}Castellia\i0{}, \i{}Catabrosa\i0{},
\i{}Catabrosella\i0{}, \i{}Catalepis\i0{}, \i{}Catapodium\i0{},
\i{}Cathestechum\i0{}, \i{}Cenchrus\i0{}, \i{}Centotheca\i0{},
\i{}Centrochloa\i0{}, \i{}Centropodia\i0{}, \i{}Cephalostachyum\i0{},
\i{}Chaboissaea\i0{}, \i{}Chaetium\i0{}, \i{}Chaetobromus\i0{},
\i{}Chaetopoa\i0{}, \i{}Chaetopogon\i0{}, \i{}Chaetostichium\i0{},
\i{}Chamaeraphis\i0{}, \i{}Chandrasekharania\i0{}, \i{}Chasechloa\i0{},
\i{}Chasmanthium\i0{}, \i{}Chasmopodium\i0{}, \i{}Chevalierella\i0{},
\i{}Chikusichloa\i0{}, \i{}Chimonobambusa\i0{}, \i{}Chionachne\i0{},
\i{}Chionochloa\i0{}, \i{}Chloachne\i0{}, \i{}Chloris\i0{},
\i{}Chlorocalymma\i0{}, \i{}Chrysochloa\i0{}, \i{}Chrysopogon\i0{},
\i{}Chumsriella\i0{}, \i{}Chusquea\i0{}, \i{}Cinna\i0{},
\i{}Cladoraphis\i0{}, \i{}Clausospicula\i0{}, \i{}Cleistachne\i0{},
\i{}Cleistochloa\i0{}, \i{}Cliffordiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Cockaynea\i0{},
\i{}Coelachne\i0{}, \i{}Coelachyropsis\i0{}, \i{}Coelachyrum\i0{},
\i{}Coelorachis\i0{}, \i{}Coix\i0{}, \i{}Colanthelia\i0{},
\i{}Coleanthus\i0{}, \i{}Colpodium\i0{}, \i{}Commelinidium\i0{},
\i{}Cornucopiae\i0{}, \i{}Cortaderia\i0{}, \i{}Corynephorus\i0{},
\i{}Cottea\i0{}, \i{}Craspedorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Crinipes\i0{},
\i{}Crithopsis\i0{}, \i{}Crypsis\i0{}, \i{}Cryptochloa\i0{},
\i{}Ctenium\i0{}, \i{}Ctenopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cutandia\i0{},
\i{}Cyathopus\i0{}, \i{}Cyclostachya\i0{}, \i{}Cymbopogon\i0{},
\i{}Cymbosetaria\i0{}, \i{}Cynodon\i0{}, \i{}Cynosurus\i0{},
\i{}Cyperochloa\i0{}, \i{}Cyphochlaena\i0{}, \i{}Cypholepis\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtococcum\i0{}, \i{}Dactylis\i0{}, \i{}Dactyloctenium\i0{},
\i{}Daknopholis\i0{}, \i{}Dallwatsonia\i0{}, \i{}Danthonia\i0{},
\i{}Danthoniastrum\i0{}, \i{}Danthonidium\i0{}, \i{}Danthoniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Dasyochloa\i0{}, \i{}Dasypoa\i0{}, \i{}Dasypyrum\i0{},
\i{}Davidsea\i0{}, \i{}Decaryella\i0{}, \i{}Decaryochloa\i0{},
\i{}Dendrocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Dendrochloa\i0{}, \i{}Deschampsia\i0{},
\i{}Desmazeria\i0{}, \i{}Desmostachya\i0{}, \i{}Deyeuxia\i0{},
\i{}Diandrochloa\i0{}, \i{}Diandrolyra\i0{}, \i{}Diandrostachya\i0{},
\i{}Diarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Dichaetaria\i0{}, \i{}Dichanthelium\i0{},
\i{}Dichanthium\i0{}, \i{}Dichelachne\i0{}, \i{}Diectomis\i0{},
\i{}Dielsiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Digastrium\i0{}, \i{}Digitaria\i0{},
\i{}Digitariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dignathia\i0{}, \i{}Diheteropogon\i0{},
\i{}Dilophotriche\i0{}, \i{}Dimeria\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphochloa\i0{},
\i{}Dinebra\i0{}, \i{}Dinochloa\i0{}, \i{}Diplachne\i0{},
\i{}Diplopogon\i0{}, \i{}Dissanthelium\i0{}, \i{}Dissochondrus\i0{},
\i{}Distichlis\i0{}, \i{}Drake-Brockmania\i0{}, \i{}Dregeochloa\i0{},
\i{}Dryopoa\i0{}, \i{}Dupontia\i0{}, \i{}Duthiea\i0{}, \i{}Dybowskia\i0{},
\i{}Eccoilopus\i0{}, \i{}Eccoptocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Echinaria\i0{},
\i{}Echinochloa\i0{}, \i{}Echinolaena\i0{}, \i{}Echinopogon\i0{},
\i{}Ectrosia\i0{}, \i{}Ectrosiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Ehrharta\i0{},
\i{}Ekmanochloa\i0{}, \i{}Eleusine\i0{}, \i{}Elionurus\i0{},
\i{}Elymandra\i0{}, \i{}Elymus\i0{}, \i{}Elytrigia\i0{},
\i{}Elytrophorus\i0{}, \i{}Elytrostachys\i0{}, \i{}Enneapogon\i0{},
\i{}Enteropogon\i0{}, \i{}Entolasia\i0{}, \i{}Entoplocamia\i0{},
\i{}Eragrostiella\i0{}, \i{}Eragrostis\i0{}, \i{}Eremium\i0{},
\i{}Eremochloa\i0{}, \i{}Eremopoa\i0{}, \i{}Eremopogon\i0{},
\i{}Eremopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Eriachne\i0{}, \i{}Erianthecium\i0{},
\i{}Erianthus\i0{}, \i{}Eriochloa\i0{}, \i{}Eriochrysis\i0{},
\i{}Erioneuron\i0{}, \i{}Euchlaena\i0{}, \i{}Euclasta\i0{},
\i{}Eulalia\i0{}, \i{}Eulaliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eustachys\i0{},
\i{}Euthryptochloa\i0{}, \i{}Exotheca\i0{}, \i{}Fargesia\i0{},
\i{}Farrago\i0{}, \i{}Fasciculochloa\i0{}, \i{}Festuca\i0{},
\i{}Festucella\i0{}, \i{}Festucopsis\i0{}, \i{}Fingerhuthia\i0{},
\i{}Froesiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Garnotia\i0{}, \i{}Gastridium\i0{},
\i{}Gaudinia\i0{}, \i{}Gaudiniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Germainia\i0{},
\i{}Gerritea\i0{}, \i{}Gigantochloa\i0{}, \i{}Gilgiochloa\i0{},
\i{}Glaziophyton\i0{}, \i{}Glyceria\i0{}, \i{}Glyphochloa\i0{},
\i{}Gouinia\i0{}, \i{}Gouldochloa\i0{}, \i{}Graphephorum\i0{},
\i{}Greslania\i0{}, \i{}Griffithsochloa\i0{}, \i{}Guaduella\i0{},
\i{}Gymnachne\i0{}, \i{}Gymnopogon\i0{}, \i{}Gynerium\i0{},
\i{}Habrochloa\i0{}, \i{}Hackelochloa\i0{}, \i{}Hainardia\i0{},
\i{}Hakonechloa\i0{}, \i{}Halopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Harpachne\i0{},
\i{}Harpochloa\i0{}, \i{}Helictotrichon\i0{}, \i{}Helleria\i0{},
\i{}Hemarthria\i0{}, \i{}Hemisorghum\i0{}, \i{}Henrardia\i0{},
\i{}Hesperostipa\i0{}, \i{}Heterachne\i0{}, \i{}Heteranthelium\i0{},
\i{}Heteranthoecia\i0{}, \i{}Heterocarpha\i0{}, \i{}Heteropholis\i0{},
\i{}Heteropogon\i0{}, \i{}Hickelia\i0{}, \i{}Hierochlo\i0{},
\i{}Hilaria\i0{}, \i{}Hitchcockella\i0{}, \i{}Holcolemma\i0{},
\i{}Holcus\i0{}, \i{}Homolepis\i0{}, \i{}Homopholis\i0{},
\i{}Homozeugos\i0{}, \i{}Hookerochloa\i0{}, \i{}Hordelymus\i0{},
\i{}Hordeum\i0{}, \i{}Hubbardia\i0{}, \i{}Hubbardochloa\i0{},
\i{}Humbertochloa\i0{}, \i{}Hyalopoa\i0{}, \i{}Hydrochloa\i0{},
\i{}Hydrothauma\i0{}, \i{}Hygrochloa\i0{}, \i{}Hygroryza\i0{},
\i{}Hylebates\i0{}, \i{}Hymenachne\i0{}, \i{}Hyparrhenia\i0{},
\i{}Hyperthelia\i0{}, \i{}Hypogynium\i0{}, \i{}Hypseochloa\i0{},
\i{}Hystrix\i0{}, \i{}Ichnanthus\i0{}, \i{}Imperata\i0{},
\i{}Indocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Indopoa\i0{}, \i{}Indosasa\i0{},
\i{}Isachne\i0{}, \i{}Isalus\i0{}, \i{}Ischaemum\i0{},
\i{}Ischnochloa\i0{}, \i{}Ischnurus\i0{}, \i{}Iseilema\i0{},
\i{}Ixophorus\i0{}, \i{}Jansenella\i0{}, \i{}Jardinea\i0{},
\i{}Jouvea\i0{}, \i{}Joycea\i0{}, \i{}Kampochloa\i0{}, \i{}Kaokochloa\i0{},
\i{}Karroochloa\i0{}, \i{}Kengia\i0{}, \i{}Kengyilia\i0{},
\i{}Kerriochloa\i0{}, \i{}Kinabaluchloa\i0{}, 
\i{}Koeleria\i0{}, \i{}Lagurus\i0{},
\i{}Lamarckia\i0{}, \i{}Lamprothyrsus\i0{}, \i{}Lasiacis\i0{},
\i{}Lasiorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Lasiurus\i0{}, \i{}Lecomtella\i0{},
\i{}Leersia\i0{}, \i{}Lepargochloa\i0{}, \i{}Leptagrostis\i0{},
\i{}Leptaspis\i0{}, \i{}Leptocarydion\i0{}, \i{}Leptochloa\i0{},
\i{}Leptochlo\ldblquote{}psis\i0{}, \i{}Leptocoryphium\i0{},
\i{}Leptoloma\i0{}, \i{}Leptosaccharum\i0{}, \i{}Leptothrium\i0{},
\i{}Lepturella\i0{}, \i{}Lepturidium\i0{}, \i{}Lepturopetium\i0{},
\i{}Lepturus\i0{}, \i{}Leucophrys\i0{}, \i{}Leucopoa\i0{}, \i{}Leymus\i0{},
\i{}Libyella\i0{}, \i{}Limnas\i0{}, \i{}Limnodea\i0{}, \i{}Limnopoa\i0{},
\i{}Lindbergella\i0{}, \i{}Linkagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Lintonia\i0{},
\i{}Lithachne\i0{}, \i{}Littledalea\i0{}, \i{}Loliolum\i0{},
\i{}Lolium\i0{}, \i{}Lombardochloa\i0{}, \i{}Lophacme\i0{},
\i{}Lophatherum\i0{}, \i{}Lopholepis\i0{}, \i{}Lophopogon\i0{},
\i{}Lophopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Lorenzochloa\i0{}, \i{}Loudetia\i0{},
\i{}Loudetiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Louisiella\i0{}, \i{}Loxodera\i0{},
\i{}Luziola\i0{}, \i{}Lycochloa\i0{}, \i{}Lycurus\i0{}, \i{}Lygeum\i0{},
\i{}Maclurolyra\i0{}, \i{}Maillea\i0{}, \i{}Malacurus\i0{},
\i{}Maltebrunia\i0{}, \i{}Manisuris\i0{}, \i{}Megalachne\i0{},
\i{}Megaloprotachne\i0{}, \i{}Megastachya\i0{}, \i{}Melanocenchris\i0{},
\i{}Melica\i0{}, \i{}Melinis\i0{}, \i{}Melocalamus\i0{},
\i{}Melocanna\i0{}, \i{}Merostachys\i0{}, \i{}Merxmuellera\i0{},
\i{}Mesosetum\i0{}, \i{}Metasasa\i0{}, \i{}Metcalfia\i0{}, \i{}Mibora\i0{},
\i{}Micraira\i0{}, \i{}Microbriza\i0{}, \i{}Microcalamus\i0{},
\i{}Microchloa\i0{}, \i{}Microlaena\i0{}, \i{}Micropyropsis\i0{},
\i{}Micropyrum\i0{}, \i{}Microstegium\i0{}, \i{}Mildbraediochloa\i0{},
\i{}Milium\i0{}, \i{}Miscanthidium\i0{}, \i{}Miscanthus\i0{},
\i{}Mnesithea\i0{}, \i{}Mniochloa\i0{}, \i{}Molinia\i0{},
\i{}Monachather\i0{}, \i{}Monanthochlo\i0{}, \i{}Monelytrum\i0{},
\i{}Monium\i0{}, \i{}Monocladus\i0{}, \i{}Monocymbium\i0{},
\i{}Monodia\i0{}, \i{}Mosdenia\i0{}, \i{}Muhlenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Munroa\i0{}, \i{}Myriocladus\i0{}, \i{}Myriostachya\i0{},
\i{}Narduroides\i0{}, \i{}Nardus\i0{}, \i{}Narenga\i0{}, \i{}Nassella\i0{},
\i{}Nastus\i0{}, \i{}Neeragrostis\i0{}, \i{}Neesiochloa\i0{},
\i{}Nematopoa\i0{}, \i{}Neobouteloua\i0{}, \i{}Neohouzeaua\i0{},
\i{}Neostapfia\i0{}, \i{}Neostapfiella\i0{}, \i{}Nephelochloa\i0{},
\i{}Neurachne\i0{}, \i{}Neurolepis\i0{}, \i{}Neyraudia\i0{},
\i{}Notochlo\i0{}, \i{}Notodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Ochlandra\i0{},
\i{}Ochthochloa\i0{}, \i{}Odontelytrum\i0{}, \i{}Odyssea\i0{},
\i{}Olmeca\i0{}, \i{}Olyra\i0{}, \i{}Ophiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Ophiuros\i0{},
\i{}Opizia\i0{}, \i{}Oplismenopsis\i0{}, \i{}Oplismenus\i0{},
\i{}Orcuttia\i0{}, \i{}Oreobambos\i0{}, \i{}Oreochloa\i0{},
\i{}Orinus\i0{}, \i{}Oropetium\i0{}, \i{}Ortachne\i0{},
\i{}Orthoclada\i0{}, \i{}Oryza\i0{}, \i{}Oryzidium\i0{},
\i{}Oryzopsis\i0{}, \i{}Otachyrium\i0{}, \i{}Otatea\i0{},
\i{}Ottochloa\i0{}, \i{}Oxychloris\i0{}, \i{}Oxyrhachis\i0{},
\i{}Oxytenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Panicum\i0{}, \i{}Pappophorum\i0{},
\i{}Parafestuca\i0{}, \i{}Parahyparrhenia\i0{}, \i{}Paraneurachne\i0{},
\i{}Parapholis\i0{}, \i{}Paratheria\i0{}, \i{}Parectenium\i0{},
\i{}Pariana\i0{}, \i{}Parodiolyra\i0{}, \i{}Pascopyrum\i0{},
\i{}Paspalidium\i0{}, \i{}Paspalum\i0{}, \i{}Patzkea\i0{}, \i{}Pennisetum\i0{},
\i{}Pentameris\i0{}, \i{}Pentapogon\i0{}, \i{}Pentarrhaphis\i0{},
\i{}Pentaschistis\i0{}, \i{}Pereilema\i0{}, \i{}Periballia\i0{},
\i{}Peridictyon\i0{}, \i{}Perotis\i0{}, \i{}Perrierbambus\i0{},
\i{}Perulifera\i0{}, \i{}Petriella\i0{}, \i{}Peyritschia\i0{},
\i{}Phacelurus\i0{}, \i{}Phaenanthoecium\i0{}, \i{}Phaenosperma\i0{},
\i{}Phalaris\i0{}, \i{}Pharus\i0{}, \i{}Pheidochloa\i0{},
\i{}Phippsia\i0{}, \i{}Phleum\i0{}, \i{}Pholiurus\i0{},
\i{}Phragmites\i0{}, \i{}Phyllorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Phyllostachys\i0{},
\i{}Pilgerochloa\i0{}, \i{}Piptatherum\i0{}, \i{}Piptochaetium\i0{},
\i{}Piptophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Piresia\i0{}, \i{}Piresiella\i0{},
\i{}Plagiantha\i0{}, \i{}Plagiosetum\i0{}, \i{}Planichloa\i0{},
\i{}Plectrachne\i0{}, \i{}Pleiadelphia\i0{}, \i{}Pleuropogon\i0{},
\i{}Plinthanthesis\i0{}, \i{}Poa\i0{}, \i{}Pobeguinea\i0{},
\i{}Podophorus\i0{}, \i{}Poecilostachys\i0{}, \i{}Pogonachne\i0{},
\i{}Pogonarthria\i0{}, \i{}Pogonatherum\i0{}, \i{}Pogoneura\i0{},
\i{}Pogonochloa\i0{}, \i{}Pohlidium\i0{}, \i{}Poidium\i0{},
\i{}Polevansia\i0{}, \i{}Polliniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Polypogon\i0{},
\i{}Polytoca\i0{}, \i{}Polytrias\i0{}, \i{}Pommereulla\i0{},
\i{}Porteresia\i0{}, \i{}Potamophila\i0{}, \i{}Pringleochloa\i0{},
\i{}Prionanthium\i0{}, \i{}Prosphytochloa\i0{}, \i{}Psammagrostis\i0{},
\i{}Psammochloa\i0{}, \i{}Psathyrostachys\i0{}, \i{}Pseudanthistiria\i0{},
\i{}Pseudarrhenatherum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudechinolaena\i0{},
\i{}Pseudobromus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudochaetochloa\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocoix\i0{},
\i{}Pseudodanthonia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudodichanthium\i0{},
\i{}Pseudopentameris\i0{}, \i{}Pseudophleum\i0{},
\i{}Pseudopogonatherum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoraphis\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoroegneria\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosasa\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosorghum\i0{},
\i{}Pseudostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudovossia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoxytenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Pseudozoysia\i0{}, \i{}Psilathera\i0{},
\i{}Psilolemma\i0{}, \i{}Psilurus\i0{}, \i{}Pterochloris\i0{},
\i{}Ptilagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Puccinellia\i0{}, \i{}Puelia\i0{},
\i{}Racemobambos\i0{}, \i{}Raddia\i0{}, \i{}Raddiella\i0{},
\i{}Ratzeburgia\i0{}, \i{}Redfieldia\i0{}, \i{}Reederochloa\i0{},
\i{}Rehia\i0{}, \i{}Reimarochloa\i0{}, \i{}Reitzia\i0{}, \i{}Relchela\i0{},
\i{}Rendlia\i0{}, \i{}Reynaudia\i0{}, \i{}Rhipidocladum\i0{},
\i{}Rhizocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Rhomboelytrum\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchelytrum\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchoryza\i0{}, \i{}Rhytachne\i0{}, \i{}Richardsiella\i0{},
\i{}Robynsiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Rottboellia\i0{}, \i{}Rytidosperma\i0{},
\i{}Saccharum\i0{}, \i{}Sacciolepis\i0{}, \i{}Sartidia\i0{}, \i{}Sasa\i0{},
\i{}Saugetia\i0{}, \i{}Schaffnerella\i0{}, \i{}Schedonnardus\i0{},
\i{}Schenckochloa\i0{}, \i{}Schismus\i0{}, \i{}Schizachne\i0{},
\i{}Schizachyrium\i0{}, \i{}Schizostachyum\i0{}, \i{}Schmidtia\i0{},
\i{}Schoenefeldia\i0{}, \i{}Sclerachne\i0{}, \i{}Sclerochloa\i0{},
\i{}Sclerodactylon\i0{}, \i{}Scleropogon\i0{}, \i{}Sclerostachya\i0{},
\i{}Scolochloa\i0{}, \i{}Scribneria\i0{}, \i{}Scrotochloa\i0{},
\i{}Scutachne\i0{}, \i{}Secale\i0{}, \i{}Sehima\i0{},
\i{}Semiarundinaria\i0{}, \i{}Sesleria\i0{}, \i{}Sesleriella\i0{},
\i{}Setaria\i0{}, \i{}Setariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Shibataea\i0{},
\i{}Silentvalleya\i0{}, \i{}Simplicia\i0{}, \i{}Sinarundinaria\i0{},
\i{}Sinobambusa\i0{}, \i{}Sinochasea\i0{}, \i{}Sitanion\i0{},
\i{}Snowdenia\i0{}, \i{}Soderstromia\i0{}, \i{}Sohnsia\i0{},
\i{}Sorghastrum\i0{}, \i{}Sorghum\i0{}, \i{}Spartina\i0{},
\i{}Spartochloa\i0{}, \i{}Spathia\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerobambos\i0{},
\i{}Sphaerocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Spheneria\i0{}, \i{}Sphenopholis\i0{},
\i{}Sphenopus\i0{}, \i{}Spinifex\i0{}, \i{}Spodiopogon\i0{},
\i{}Sporobolus\i0{}, \i{}Steinchisma\i0{}, \i{}Steirachne\i0{},
\i{}Stenotaphrum\i0{}, \i{}Stephanachne\i0{}, \i{}Stereochlaena\i0{},
\i{}Steyermarkochloa\i0{}, \i{}Stiburus\i0{}, \i{}Stilpnophleum\i0{},
\i{}Stipa\i0{}, \i{}Stipagrostis\i0{}, \i{}Streblochaete\i0{},
\i{}Streptochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Streptogyna\i0{}, \i{}Streptolophus\i0{},
\i{}Streptostachys\i0{}, \i{}Styppeiochloa\i0{}, \i{}Sucrea\i0{},
\i{}Suddia\i0{}, \i{}Swallenia\i0{}, \i{}Swallenochloa\i0{},
\i{}Symplectrodia\i0{}, \i{}Taeniatherum\i0{}, \i{}Taeniorhachis\i0{},
\i{}Tarigidia\i0{}, \i{}Tatianyx\i0{}, \i{}Teinostachyum\i0{},
\i{}Tetrachaete\i0{}, \i{}Tetrachne\i0{}, \i{}Tetrapogon\i0{},
\i{}Tetrarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Thamnocalamus\i0{}, \i{}Thaumastochloa\i0{},
\i{}Thelepogon\i0{}, \i{}Thellungia\i0{}, \i{}Themeda\i0{},
\i{}Thinopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Thrasya\i0{}, \i{}Thrasyopsis\i0{},
\i{}Thuarea\i0{}, \i{}Thyridachne\i0{}, \i{}Thyridolepis\i0{},
\i{}Thyrsia\i0{}, \i{}Thyrsostachys\i0{}, \i{}Thysanolaena\i0{},
\i{}Torreyochloa\i0{}, \i{}Tovarochloa\i0{}, \i{}Trachypogon\i0{},
\i{}Trachys\i0{}, \i{}Tragus\i0{}, \i{}Tribolium\i0{},
\i{}Tricholaena\i0{}, \i{}Trichoneura\i0{}, \i{}Trichopteryx\i0{},
\i{}Tridens\i0{}, \i{}Trikeraia\i0{}, \i{}Trilobachne\i0{},
\i{}Triniochloa\i0{}, \i{}Triodia\i0{}, \i{}Triplachne\i0{},
\i{}Triplasis\i0{}, \i{}Triplopogon\i0{}, \i{}Tripogon\i0{},
\i{}Tripsacum\i0{}, \i{}Triraphis\i0{}, \i{}Triscenia\i0{},
\i{}Trisetum\i0{}, \i{}Tristachya\i0{}, \i{}Triticum\i0{},
\i{}Tsvelevia\i0{}, \i{}Tuctoria\i0{}, \i{}Uniola\i0{},
\i{}Uranthoecium\i0{}, \i{}Urelytrum\i0{}, \i{}Urochloa\i0{},
\i{}Urochondra\i0{}, \i{}Vahlodea\i0{}, \i{}Vaseyochloa\i0{},
\i{}Ventenata\i0{}, \i{}Vetiveria\i0{}, \i{}Vietnamochloa\i0{},
\i{}Vietnamosasa\i0{}, \i{}Viguierella\i0{}, \i{}Vossia\i0{},
\i{}Vulpia\i0{}, \i{}Vulpiella\i0{}, \i{}Wangenheimia\i0{},
\i{}Whiteochloa\i0{}, \i{}Willkommia\i0{}, \i{}Xerochloa\i0{},
\i{}Yakirra\i0{}, \i{}Ystia\i0{}, \i{}Yushania\i0{}, \i{}Yvesia\i0{},
\i{}Zea\i0{}, \i{}Zenkeria\i0{}, \i{}Zeugites\i0{}, \i{}Zingeria\i0{},
\i{}Zizania\i0{}, \i{}Zizaniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Zonotriche\i0{},
\i{}Zoysia\i0{}, \i{}Zygochloa\i0{}.> 581<See Clayton and Renvoize (1986);
Watson and Dallwitz (1994). Clifford (1987) reviewed spikelet and floral
morphology. For interactive identification and information retrieval, 
comprehensive html generic descriptions and better illustrations, see 
Watson and Dallwitz (1998 on),
Grass Genera of the World, at
https://www.delta-intkey.com/grass/index.htm> 582<Economically the
most important of families  cereals, sugarcane, fodder and pasture,
alcohol, thatching, matting, bamboo construction work, etc.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Sea-grass, Eel-grass, Nut-grass and Knot-grass
\line{}Are not Grass. \line{}(anon) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I am no great
Nebuchadnezzar, sir; \line{}I have not much skill in grass \line{}(Alls
Well, iv., 5 - but grass here probably means green herbaceous vegetation
in general) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When Phoebe doth behold \line{}Her
silvery visage in the watery glass, \line{}Decking with liquid pearl the
bladed grass \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, i., 1)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Her foes shake like a field of beaten corn,
\line{}And hang their heads with sorrow \line{}(Henry the Eighth, v., 1)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When shepherds pipe on oaten straws, \line{}And
merry larks are ploughmens clocks \line{}(Loves Labours Lost, end -
these little pipes having been used from ancient times, as mentioned by
Ovid and Virgil) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}His tears run down his beard, like
winters drops \line{}From eaves of reeds \line{}(Tempest, v., 1)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Among the tawny tasseled reed \line{}The ducks and
ducklings float and feed \line{}(John Clare c.1834, The Fens 
\i{}Phragmites\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}On either side the river lie
\line{}Long fields of barley and of rye, \line{}That clothe the wold and
meet the sky \line{}(Tennyson, The Lady of Shalott) > 586<graminea> 
 
# Greyiaceae <(Grke) Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Melianthaceae\i0{}.> 5<small or medium sized>,1/3<with somewhat bare
branches> 37,2 39,1 40,1 42,1 45,1 47,1<the expanded, sheathing bases
congenitally united with the stem, forming pseudo-cortex> 53,1
54<somewhat>,1/- 60,1 63,1<lobulate, somewhat \i{}Pelargonium\i0{}-like>
64,2<subpalmate at the base> 65,1 68,2 76,3/4 90,U 102,1 104,1 123,1
124,1/1&2 130,2 141,5 145,2 148,2 151,1 156,3 162,1 165<scanty>,2<and a few
diffusely scattered cells> 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1
200,1 203,3<conspicuous, protandrous> 206,1-2 207<if irregular, slightly>,1
212,5 213,1 215,3<including the staminodes, the ten stamens seemingly in
one cycle> 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,2<fleshy, cupular, connected by five
interstaminal ridges with the ovary, 10-lobed, the lobes crowned by 10
small glandular staminodes alternating with the stamens, the whole
constituting a nectariferous, more or less persistent corona> 223,1 224,10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239<very shortly>,3/1 241,3 248,1 251,1 254,5
255,1 258,1 265,1 268,5 272,2 274,2<cuneate-obovate> 275<ciliolate>
278,15<including the staminodes on the corona> 282,1 284,2<the staminodes
much shorter> 285,1 287,2 289,2 290,10<on the disk, 5+5 in one whorl> 291,1
295,10<5+5 in one whorl> 298,3 299,1 300,3 303<long>,3<the anthers
exserted> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2-3 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,(4-)5(-6)
341,1-2-3 342,1/5(-6) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/5<deeply five lobed,
the carpellary lobes distinct except for the common, central placental
column, or united by their ventral margins around a central hollow> 358,1
360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 370,5 372,1 373,2 375<when unilocular,
intrusive>,2 376<when 5-locular,>,2 378,50-100<many>
379,30-50<numerous> 384,4 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 404,2 409,3 410,5
411,3<the mature carpels separating from the central column or hollow, and
opening ventrally> 421<many seeded> 422<copiously>,1 426,1 432,3<small>
433,2 436,1 472,2 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,2 492,1 504,4 520,2-3
521<Southeast South Africa> 522,7 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 16, 17> 527,1 528,1
529,10 540,10 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,40<as a synonym of
\i{}Melianthaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Greyia\i0{}>
581<Apparently differing from \i{}Melianthaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in numerous
characters, including general morphology as well as anatomy, seed chemistry
and cytology.> 586<greyiace> 
 
# Griseliniaceae <(Wangerin) Takht.>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous>,1/3/4 27,1/2/3 39,1<the axillary buds
sometimes becoming much displaced> 40,1 43,2<thick, glabrous> 45,1
47,1-2<subvaginate> 53,1 61,1/2 68,2<but the petole base sometimes
prolonged upwards into a short, ligule-like process> 78,1 89,2 90,U
92,1<the palisade 2-layered> 102,1 103,1<the lower> 104,6 106,2<leaves
glabrous> 115,1 116,2 122,1 123,1 124,2<numerous> 130,2 137,2 139,1 140,2
141,3/5 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2/3 152,3 153<moderately to
very>,1 155,1 156,2 159,U 161,1 162,U 163,2 164,2 165,1 168,U 175,2/3 176,1
177,5 179,3 187,2 189,2/8 203,2 206,1 218,1<the petals inserted on the
calyx> 223,1<male, female>/3<female flowers sometimes apetalous> 224,5/10
226,1/2 227,1/- 229,U 236<of both male and female flowers>,5 238,1
239,3<minute in male flowers, with an ovoid tube in females> 245,3 254<in
male flowers, and when present in females,>,5 255,1 258,1 265<(sub)>,1
267,3 276,1/2<from female flowers> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<in male
flowers,>,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 306,1
308,1 309,3 310,3 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3
341,1 342,1 343,3<but pseudomonomerous> 344,5-6 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2
361,3 363,1/2 366<short> 368,3 375,3 381,1 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,6
421,1<ovoid, unilocular> 422<copiously>,1 432<minute> 472,2
484,1<giselinoside> 485,1<normal> 488,2 492,2 504,6 514,1&2 520,2 521<New
Zealand, Chile, Southeast Brazil> 522,10&15 527,1 528,2 529,18<re-assigned
from Corniflorae, as supported by \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence comparisons>
548,2<?> 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,67 578,6 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Griselinia\i0{}> 581<Dawson (1966), \i{}Tuatara\i0{}
\b{}14\b0{}, 121129 (not seen); Philipson (1967).> 586<griselin> 
 
# Grossulariaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Ribesieae\i0{} (\i{}Ribesiaceae\i0{}) A. Rich., \i{}Pulpaceae\i0{}
Dulac> 4<\i{}Brexiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Dulongiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Iteaceae\i0{}, \i{}Montiniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Pterostemonaceae\i0{}.> 5<erect, creeping or scrambling>,3<often 
with simple or ternate spines, = \i{}Grossularia\i0{}> 31,1
32,3 36,1<sometimes>/2 37,2 38,2/3 39,1 
40,1<often fascicled, on short-shoots> 42,1 45,1 47,2
51,1/2 53,1 60<in at least some leaves,>,1<usually lobed>/2<in 
\i{}Ribes viburnifolium\i0{}> 
63<usually>,2 64,2<in \i{}Ribes viburnifolium\i0{}, and some leaves in other 
species which appear to be reduced to the pinnately veined
terminal lobe>/3<usually, basically, in at least some leaves>
65,1 68,1/2 69<when present,>,2<adnate to the
petiole> 76,1-4 77,1 78,1 81,2 82,2/6 85,1<\i{}Ribes\i0{}> 86,2 90,U 92,1
104<small, almost circular in outline, cf. \i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} sensu
lato> 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2 112,1<the hairs mostly unicellular, but shaggy
trichomes with multiseriate stalks of variable lengths and spherical or
peltate heads also occur> 123,1/2<? - druses being common in the petioles>
130,2<1 species> 135<often stellate in outline,>,1/2 137,2 139,1 140,1
141,1/3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,1<at least sometimes>/2-3
153<very numerous, extremely to very>,1 154<mostly>,3/3&5 156,2/2&3/3 157,2
158,2 159,1 160<usually>,1 161,1/2 162,1 163,1 164,2 165<typically very
rare or absent> 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5 184,2 187,2<or
subsolitary> 189,2/- 192,2/- 202<bi->,1 203,2-3 206,1 212,4-5 213,1 215,2
218,1 223<ambiguously>,1/3/4 224,4-5/8/10 226,1/2 227,1 229,U 
230<when 2-whorled,>,2 236,4/5<sometimes petaloid> 238,1
239,3 240,3 244,1/3 245,3 248,1 251<sub->,3/1 254,4/5<alternatively
interpretable as staminodes>/- 255,1/- 258,1<the petals small, inserted 
in the hypanthium and alternating with the calyx lobes and stamens>/- 
265<if interpreted as such,>,4 267,3
272,1 275<if interpreted as such, scalelike, obovate or subulate> 
277,1<nearly always>/2<in the female flowers of \i{}Ribes diacanthum\i0{}>
278,4/5 280,2 282,1<inserted opposite the sepals at the mouth of the
hypanthium> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1<assuming the petals are not regarded
as staminodes> 295,4/5 298,2 299,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2
319,1/2 320,2 328,1 329,(2-)3-11 330,7/8/10 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4/5 345,3 352,1 353,1 356,1 360,2 361,2
363,1-2 365,1 368,2<undivided> 372,1 373,2 374,4 375,2 378,4-100<few to
many> 380,1 381,2 385,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,2/3 395,2
396,1 397,2 400,1/3 403<irregular> 404,1 409,2 412,6<pulpy, crowned by the
persistent perianth> 421,20-100<many> 422,1 424,1 432,3<rather small>
433,2 435,2<2/3> 436,1 461,1 462<\i{}Ribes\i0{}> 472,1/2
473,1<triglochinin?> 484,2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1 491,1&2/1&2&3
492,1/2<variable in \i{}Ribes\i0{}> 495,1 504,1&3&6 505,1&2&3 507,2&3&4&5
508,1&2&3 512,1&2&6 514,2 515,1&2 516,1&2&3 520,1-3 521<temperate Eurasia,
Northwest Africa, North and Central America, Pacific South America to
Fuegia> 522,1&3&4&5&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,16 577,30 578,150 579,2 580<\i{}Grossularia\i0{},
\i{}Ribes\i0{}> 581<The description of leaf morphology is complicated by
an apparent neotenic tendency in \i{}Ribes\i0{} for the usual, basically
tri-lobed leaves with their secondarily pinnately veined lobes to be
reduced in part of the leaf spectrum to the terminal lobe; the exclusively
simple, entire, pinnately veined leaves of \i{}Ribes viburnifolium\i0{}
presumably representing the extreme expression of this tendency>
582<Commercial sources of edible fruits (redcurrants, whitecurrants, and
gooseberries), and cultivated ornamental shrubs (e.g. \i{}Ribes
sanguineum\i0{}, \i{}Ribes aureum\i0{}).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. .
. all the other gifts appertinent to man, as the malice of this age shapes
them, are not worth a gooseberry. \line{}(2nd King Henry the Fourth, i.,
2) > 586<grossula>
 
# Grubbiaceae <Endl.>/
3<\i{}Ophiraceae\i0{} Reichb., \i{}Ophiriaceae\i0{} Arn.> 5<ericoid>,3 32,4
39,2<decussate> 42,3 43,2 53,1 60,2 62,3/4 68,2<but the opposite bases
connected on either side by transverse ridges> 77<strongly>,2 90,U 92,1
102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108,1 109,2<sometimes
with verrucose thickenings> 112,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 148,2 155,2 156,2 159,1
161,1 165<scanty, diffuse> 172,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 190,1 192,1
194,2 195<small, axillary, often villous 3-flowered dichasia, or
many-flowered compound dichasia> 200,1 203<sessile,>,1 206,1 213,1 218,2
223,3<apetalous according to Cronquist, 1981> 224<ostensibly>,4<cf.
Cronquist, but interpreted by Fagerlind (1947) as 2 bracteiform plus 2
vestigial calyx members, and a corolla comprising 2+2 diagonally disposed
and valvate> 226,1/4<depending on interpretation> 227,- 229,U 236,4<by
either interpretation, as applied to the calyx of Cronquist or the corolla
of Fagerlind> 238,1<Cronquist>/2<under Fagerlinds interpretation>
239<small,>,1 251,3 278,8 282,1&2<the antesepalous members slightly adnate
to the base of the sepals> 284,2<the antesepalous members somewhat longer>
285,1 287,2 289,1 295,8 298,3 299,1<if the ostensible calyx is actually
corolla, cf. Fagerlind>/2 303,3<liguliform, laterally compressed> 306,4<to
the distal part of the filament> 307,1 309,3 310<ostensibly>,1<as a result
of ontogenetic inversion> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,2 342,1/2 343,3
344,6 345,3 352,2 353<at least initially,>,2<but with an ephemeral
partition, and subsequently becoming unilocular> 359,1<annular, hairy>
360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,1/2 376,3 379,1 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1
391,1 400,1 401,1 402,1&2 404,2 409,1 412,3/7 417,1<the compact cluster
representing each inflorescence resembling a cupressaceous cone> 418<more
or less>,1 419,5 421<(the true fruit)>,1 422,1 424,1 433,2 436,1<long,
cylindrical> 483,U 484,2 504,4 520,2-3 521<South Africa> 522,7 527,1
528,2<?> 529,10 540,9<?> 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,51 578,5 579,2
580<only genera, \i{}Grubbia\i0{}, \i{}Strobilocarpus\i0{}> 581<See
Fagerlind (1947). \i{}Sv. Bot. Tidskr.\i0{} \b{}41\b0{}, 315320.>
586<grubbiac> 
 
# Guamatelaceae <S.H. Oh & D. Potter>/
2<Rosaceae-Neillieae.> 5,3 39,2 53,1 60,2 62<cordate->,7<white-tomentose
below> 64,3 66,2 68,1 69,2 70,1 73<setaceous> 74,2 87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U
116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 157,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 166,U 167,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1
195<terminal racemes> 200,1<the bracts filiform> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2
218,1<short>/2<the petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx tube> 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 236,5 238,1 239<shortly>,3 240<lobed> 241,3 245,3 251,1
254,5 258,1 268,5/6 278,10 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,10 298,3 300,3
303,3 306<cordate-ovate> 313<apiculate> 339,3<but only one component
maturing, according to Hutchinson> 341,1 342<with the gynoecium interpreted
as transiently syncarpous,>,3 343<ambigously>,3<the pistils being at first
united by the stigmas>/2 344<depending on interpretation,>,2/7 345,1 347,2
348,2 349,1-2<mostly free at anthesis> 350,5-50<? - several> 351,2<the
ovules biseriate on the adaxial suture> 352<if regarded as syncarpous,>,2
353<if treated as syncarpous,>,5-50<?> 360,2 361,3 363,2 365,1 385,1 404,2
405,1<sometimes comprising more than one carpel?>/2 407,1 408,3 421<with
numerous seeds, according to Hutchinson, despite the ovules several per
carpel> 422,2 431,U 433,2 440<shining, bony ,>,1 474,U 486,U 493,U 504,3
512,1/2/3<?> 521<Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico> 522,13 523,U 527,1 528,1
529,10 540,12<in \i{}Rosaceae\i0{}> 565,5 570,1<in \i{}Rosaceae\i0{}> 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42 578,1 579,1 580<\i{}Guamatela\i0{} (\i{}G.
tuerckheimii\i0{})> 584<This draft description by LW (2009) lacks
information on anatomy, anther development, pollen form, embryology, and
phytochemistry. It also needs pursuing further with reference to features
characteristic of \i{}Rosaceae\i0{}.> 586<guamatel> 
 
# Gunneraceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Haloragidaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,1<the leaves all radical>
32,2/3 38<rhubarb-like,>,3-5 39,1 45<strongly>,1 47,1 53,1
54<often>,1/- 55,2 60,1-2 62,7/8/- 63<often more or less>,2/- 64,3
66<often>,2/6 67,1/2<depending on interpretation  there often being
axillary rows of ligular or stipular intravaginal scales> 68,1/2<in
Australia, or always, depending on interpretation of the ligule> 69<if
interpreted as such,>,2 70,1/2 71,1/2 73,1 76,1/3/4 81,2 90,U 104,1 116,2
130,2<1 genus> 137,2 148,1<the stem ostensibly polystelic: see
illustration> 156,3 175,2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/5/8 184,1 
187,2 189,8&2&3 193,1
194<pseudo->,1/2 200,2 202,1 203,1-2 212,2(-3) 213,1 215,1/2 218,2
223,1/3<C sometimes lacking especially in female flowers, K sometimes very
small> 224<when present,>,2-5/- 226,1/2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236,2(-3)<small or
sometimes almost lacking> 238,1 239,1 251,3 254<when present,>,2 255,1
258,1 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(1-)2 280,2 282,2<epipetalous>/1 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,1/2 298,1-2 299,1 300,2<and epipetalous> 309,3 312,2
315,1 318,2 320,1 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,3(-5) 330,6 337,1 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,2 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,1 353,1 361,2 363,1 365,1 372,2
373,1 374,2 375,3 378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,9 392,1
393,1 394,6 395,2 396,1 400,1 404<sometimes brightly coloured,>,1-2 
409,2 412,7/8 415,2 420<perhaps by birds, in at least some species>
422<copiously>,1
424,1 432,3<very small> 433,2 436,2-3<obcordate> 472,2 484,2 488,2 490,1
491,1&2 492,1 497,1 498,1<b> 520,2-4 521<tropical and southern temperate>
522,6&7&8&9&10&11&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11<?>, 12, 17, 18> 527,1 528,1
529,10 540,11 565,5 570,5 572,1 573,2<informal group above Superorder not
specified> 574,10 577,28 578,50 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Gunnera\i0{}>
586<gunnerac> 
 
# Guttiferae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Clusiaceae\i0{} Lindl. (nom. altern.).> 3<\i{}Calophyllaceae\i0{}
J.G. Agardh, \i{}Cambogiaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Garciniaceae\i0{} Dum,
\i{}Hypericaceae\i0{} Juss., \i{}Moronobeaceae\i0{} Miers,
\i{}Polyadelphaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Symphoniaceae\i0{} Presl>
4<\i{}Bonnetiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3&5&4 6,1-2<the resin or oil glands or canals
associated with white, yellow or purple exudates>/3 7,1/2 8,1/2 27,1/2/3
32,3 39,1<\i{}Caraipa\i0{}, \i{}Kielmeyera\i0{} spp.>/2<mostly>/3 40<when
alternate,>,1 43,1/2 45,1-3 50,1<commonly, conspicuously>/2 51,2 53,1 55,2
60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1/2 73<when present,>,4<these paired> 76,1 81,2 90,U
92,1<mostly>/2-3 103<nearly alwys>,1 104,3<commonly>/1/6/7<being especially
variable in \i{}Hypericum\i0{}, sometimes on the same leaf> 106,1<but
seldom numerous>/2 107<when present,>,1 108,1/2 109,1<rarely>/2<see
illustration> 110<when found,>,1 112<rarely>,1 113<when found,>,2
115,1<commonly>/2 116<universally>,1<visisble as opaque or translucent
dots> 117,1/3<yellow or otherwise brightly coloured> 118,1 123<commonly>,1
124,2/3 130,2<\i{}Garcinia\i0{}, \i{}Hypericum\i0{}> 131<of the
herbs>,1/3/2<often ridged>/- 137,1 138,2/1 139,1 140,1/2 141,1 143,2 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2<mostly>/3<?  of the foraminate type, reported in
\i{}Endodesmia\i0{} <1%>> 150,3 152,3<to no more than slightly ring porous
in \i{}Hypericum\i0{}> 153,1-2 154,1/2/3/5 156,3/2&3 157,2
159,1<usually>/2<?> 160<very commonly>,1/2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2
164,2 165<when present,>,1<especially in \i{}Hypericum\i0{}>/2 166,2
167,1<<1%> \i{}Endodesmia\i0{}>/2 169,3 175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3<etc.> 176,1/2
177,1<\i{}Hypericaceae\i0{} s. str.>/2/3/4/5/8 187,1<<10%> rarely>/2
189<when aggregated,>,1/5/8 192,1 194,1 195<cymose, often umbellate or
paniculate> 202,1<the two bracteoles often close up under the calyx and not
clearly distinguishable from it>/2 203,3/4 206,1 213,1/2<often>/3
214<commonly>,1/2/1&2 218,2 220,2/1 222,1 223,1/2 224,4-12(-20)
225,1 226<if whorled,>,2/- 227,1/2 229,U 236<generally>,2-6 238,1
239<basally>,3/1 241,3 245,3 251,1 254,2-6<-14> 255,1 258,1/3<sometimes
basally connate> 260,3 265,1/2 267,3 268,3/2 274,1/2 277,1/2<in female
flowers> 278,3-4<<10%> rarely>/20-100<i.e. usually many> 279,1<usually,
apparently>/2<<10%>> 280,1/2 281<when many (i.e. usually),>,2<the members
individually, those within bundles, and the bundles themselves> 282,1&2/1
285,1/2<often grouped into bundles, sometimes united into a tube or even
united at their apices> 286,2-5<when in separate bundles>/1<when A united
into a tube> 287,1/2/3<or spiralled> 288<when bundled,>,2<and often adnate
to them> 289,1/2 290<when present,>,2-50<i.e. few to many> 291,1<commonly
the outer members staminodal> 295,(3-)5-100<usually many> 298,3<<10%>
rarely>/4-5<usually> 299<when bundled,>,1/- 305,1<usually>/3<<10%>
occasionally> 309,3 310,3<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 312,1 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,1/2 324,1<e.g. \i{}Kielmeyera\i0{}>/2 327<when aggregated,>,3
328,1 329,(2-)3(-5) 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,(1-)3/5(-13)<or more> 342,1/3-13 343,3 344,4/5/6 345,1 352,1/2
353,1(-3)/5(-13)<as many locules as G, or unilocular by intruded placentae
failing to reach the middle> 360,2/1 361<when present,>,1/3/5(-13) 363,2
364,1 365,1 368,1/3/5(-13) 371<sometimes>,5 372,1 373,2 374,4 375<when
ovary unilocular (i.e. rarely),>,2<on intruded placentae> 376<usually>,2
379,(1-)2-50<i.e., to many> 381,2/3 385,1<often>/2<\i{}Hypericaceae\i0{}
s. str.> 386,3/2 387,3 388,1 389,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<up to 7 cells,
in \i{}Hypericum\i0{}>/2 396,1/2 397,1/2<sometimes with filiform apparatus>
400,2 403,4 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6/7 414,4/4&5<\i{}Eliaea\i0{}> 422,2
429,1/2 432,1-3 433,2<sometimes reduced> 435,1<2/6> 436,1-2 447,1/2 461,1/3
464<\i{}Clusia\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Calophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Hypericum\i0{}>
469,1<in \i{}Clusia\i0{}, \i{}Garcinia\i0{}> 472,1/2 475,1<rarely <15%>>/2
479,1<4 genera> 480,2 483,2 484,2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1/2 491,2/1&2/2&3
492,2<6 species, 3 genera> 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 8, 9, 10> 527,1
528,1<?  tenuinucellate, but polypetalous, bitegmic ovules, etc.> 529,8
538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,1000 579<about>,40
580<\i{}Allanblackia\i0{}, \i{}Calophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Caraipa\i0{},
\i{}Chrysochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Clusia\i0{}, \i{}Clusiella\i0{},
\i{}Cratoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Dystovomita\i0{}, \i{}Eliaea\i0{}
(\i{}Eliea\i0{}), \i{}Endodesmia\i0{}, \i{}Garcinia\i0{},
\i{}Haploclathra\i0{}, \i{}Harungana\i0{}, \i{}Havetia\i0{},
\i{}Havetiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Hypericum\i0{}, \i{}Kayea\i0{},
\i{}Kielmeyera\i0{}, \i{}Lebrunia\i0{}, \i{}Lorostemon\i0{},
\i{}Mahurea\i0{}, \i{}Mammea\i0{}, \i{}Marila\i0{}, \i{}Mesua\i0{},
\i{}Montrouziera\i0{}, \i{}Moronobea\i0{}, \i{}Neotatea\i0{},
\i{}Oedematopus\i0{}, \i{}Pentadesma\i0{}, \i{}Pilosperma\i0{},
\i{}Platonia\i0{}, \i{}Poeciloneuron\i0{}, \i{}Psorospermum\i0{},
\i{}Quapoya\i0{}, \i{}Santomasia\i0{}, \i{}Symphonia\i0{},
\i{}Thornea\i0{}, \i{}Thysanostemon\i0{}, \i{}Tovomita\i0{},
\i{}Tovomitidium\i0{}, \i{}Triadenum\i0{}, \i{}Vismia\i0{}> 582<Edible
fruit from \i{}Garcinia\i0{} (mangosteen), \i{}Mammea\i0{} (mammee apple,
mamey).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}So then about her brow \line{}They
bound Hypericum, whose potent leaves \line{}Have sovereign power oer all
the sullen fits \line{}And cheerless fancies that besiege the mind
\line{}(Alfred Lear Huxford, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) -
\i{}Hypericum perforatum\i0{})> 586<guttifer> 
 
# Gyrocarpaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Hernandiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3/4 27,1/3 32,3 39,1 45,1 47,2
51,1<?> 53,1 60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,2 64,3 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 92,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108,1 109,2 112,2 115,1/2
116,2 119,1<spherical in \i{}Gyrocarpus\i0{}, radiately branched in
\i{}Sparattanthelium\i0{}> 120,1 121,2 123,1 124<small, acicular> 137,2
139,1 140,2 141,1<with two traces> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
152,3 153,2 154<mostly>,1/2&3&4 156,3 161,1/2<?> 162,1 165,2 169,3
175,1&2/1&2&3 176,1 177,3/8 187,2 189,1&6&8 192,1 195<dense thyrses> 213,1
218,2 223,3 224,(4-)8<male flowers>/2<bisexual flowers> 225,2 226,1 229,U
236<if the perianth be so interpreted,>,(4-)8<male flowers>/2<or at least,
2-lobed, in bisexual flowers> 239,3 248,1 249<in bisexual flowers>,1<and
winged> 251<in male flowers,>,1/- 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,3-5/6-9<when staminodes present> 282,1 285,1 287,1/2 289,1/2<these
sometimes present in male as well as in bisexual flowers> 290<when
present,>,3-7 295,3-5 306,2 309,5 310,2 328,2 337,1<in both genera>
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,3 350,1 351,2 404,2
407,2<winged via the persistent, accrescent lobes of the perianth> 422,2
433,2<leafy, convolute> 475,1 495,2 497,1 498,1<b> 520,3-4 521<pantropical
and subtropical> 522,4&6&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1
566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9<as a synonym of \i{}Hernandiaceae\i0{}> 578,22
579,2 580<\i{}Gyrocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Sparattanthelium\i0{}> 581<Differing
from \i{}Hernandiaceae\i0{} in the 1-whorled, joined perianth members and
the marginal placentation of the ovary, also in recorded data on leaf and
wood anatomy.> 586<gyrocarp> 
 
# Gyrostemonaceae <Endl.>/
5,1/3<or undershrubs> 32,4 38,2/3 39,1 40,1 43,3<often>/1-2 45,1-3 47,2
53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4/5/5/7 64,1/2 68,1<the stipules minute>/2 81,2 90,U
92,1/2/3 101<commonly>,1 103,1/2 104,1 116,2 123<seemingly>,2 137,2 144,1
145,2 148,2<with no anomalous structure recorded> 156,3 159,U 161,1<rare,
but recorded in \i{}Gyrostemon\i0{}>/2 162<usually>,1 163,U 167,2 168,U
169,2<VPI> 175,2/3/2&3 176,1 177,5<mostly>/2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,2/3 192,2 195<racemose or spicate> 202,1 203,2 206,1 213,1
223,3 224<when segments detectable,>,4-5/- 225,2<discoid or cupular, entire
or more or less lobed> 226,1 229,U 236<when lobed,>,4/5/- 238,1 239,3
240,1/2/3 245,3 248,1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,6-100<i.e., to many,
arising from the edge of the flat or convex receptacle> 280,1/2 281<when in
more than one cycle,>,1 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1-5 289,1 295,6-100<to
many> 298<commonly>,5 303,3<shortly>/4 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<?>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)5-100<i.e. to many> 342<when
syncarpous,>,(2-)5-25 343,2-3 344,3-4<the carpels adnate to the central
column, forming a compound ovary> 345,1 347,1-2 348,2 350<if considered
apocarpous,>,1 351,2 352,2 353<if viewed as syncarpous,>,(2-)5-25<i.e.,
with as many locules as carpels> 360,2/1 361<when present,>,(2-)5-25<but
very short> 365,1 368,(2-)5-25<the ring of stigmas forming a corona> 376,2
379,1 382,1 385,1 386,3 404,1<often, at first>/2<finally> 405<interpretable
as>,1<if seen as resulting from more or less free carpels>/2 406,1-2
409,3<the carpels separating from the central column>/1&3 410,2-25
411,3/6<the carpels dehiscing dorsally, ventrally or both> 422<copiously>,1
424,1 432,3 433,2 434,1 436,2 471,1 472,1/2 484,2 486,2<where sought> 488,2
492,2 495,2 497,2 520,2-4 521<Australia> 522,10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 14, 15>
527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,9 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,16
579,5 580<\i{}Codonocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Cypselocarpus\i0{},
(\i{}Didymotheca\i0{}), \i{}Gyrostemon\i0{}, \i{}Tersonia\i0{},
\i{}Walteranthus\i0{}> 586<gyrostem> 
 
# Haemodoraceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Conostylidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Xiphidiaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5,5 6,2/3 21,3
22,1<leaves all radical> 25,3/4/1 26,1<often, and pigment present
throughout the plant in \i{}Haemodorum\i0{}>/2 32,3/4 38,3-4 39,1 40,2 43,2
45,3 47,1 49,1 52,1<usually>/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3<or ensiform> 64,4 68,-
76,1 81,1 82,1 92,2 102,1 104,3 105,2 121,1<with raphides> 123<usually>,1
124<usually>,1 128,1/2 129,2 130,2<\i{}Anigozanthos\i0{},
\i{}Wachendorfia\i0{}> 143,2/3/4 148,1 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,2/2&3<mainly
simple> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries>
184,2/3/6<occasionally by small mammals> 187,2<usually>/1 189,1&8&2 192,1/2
193,1<usually, the inflorescence and flowers often woolly-hairy> 194,1
195<panicles, thyrses with cymose lateral branches, or racemes> 206,1-3
207<when irregular,>,1 212,3 213,1 215,1/2 219,1<straight or curved>/2
223,5 224,6 225,1/2 226,2<when free, Haemodoroideae>/1<when tubular,
Conostyloideae> 227,1/- 228,2 230,1 231,1/2/3/4/5/6/9/12 278,3/6 282,2<to
the perianth lobes, or to the inner perianth segments> 284,1 285,1 287,1/2
289,1 295,3/6 298,2/3 301,1/2<in three-stamened Haemodoroideae, where the
outer whorl is missing> 304,1<e.g. \i{}Tribonanthes\i0{}>/2 306,1/2 308,1/2
309,3 310,3 313,2/1<apically, from the connective> 318,1 319,1/2 322,1/2
328,1 329,1/2-4(-8)<Conostyloideae> 330,1/9 337,1 339,3 342,3 343,3 344,6
345,1-3 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1/3 363<when 3,>,2/- 364,1/2 365,1
366,3<usually filiform> 368,1/3 371,3 372,1/2 373,1 374,2/3 376,2
379,1-50<i.e. to many> 385,2 386,1-2 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1
400,3 403,2 404,2 409,1/2 412,1/8<Phlebocaryeae>
414,5/6<\i{}Macropidia\i0{}> 422<copiously>,1 424,1
429,1<\i{}Haemodorum\i0{}>/2 430,1 433,1 442,2 447,- 448,1<short to long>
450,2 451,1/2<e.g. \i{}Haemodorum\i0{}>
452,1<\i{}Blancoa\i0{}>/2<\i{}Haemodorum\i0{}> 453<when elongated,>,1<e.g.
\i{}Blancoa\i0{}>/- 454,2<but sometimes with a median cotyledonary sheath
lobe> 457,1 458,2 468,2 472,2 475,1/2<2 species investigated> 487,2 488,1<2
genera> 489,1/1&2<\i{}Anigozanthos\i0{}> 490,1
491,1&2<\i{}Haemodorum\i0{}>/1<\i{}Anigozanthos\i0{}> 492,2 520,2-4
521<South Africa, Australia, New Guinea, Southeast U.S.A., Central America,
tropical South America> 522,7&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-8, or 15
(or more)> 527,2 530,10 564,4 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,18 578,75 579,14
580<\i{}Anigozanthos\i0{}, \i{}Barberetta\i0{}, \i{}Blancoa\i0{},
\i{}Conostylis\i0{}, \i{}Dilatris\i0{}, \i{}Haemodorum\i0{},
\i{}Lachnanthes\i0{}, \i{}Macropidia\i0{}, \i{}Phlebocarya\i0{},
\i{}Pyrrhorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Schiekia\i0{}, \i{}Tribonanthes\i0{},
\i{}Xiphidium\i0{}, \i{}Wachendorfia\i0{}> 586<haemodor> 
 
# Halophytaceae <Soriano>/
2<\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 14,1 21,1 39,1 43,3
53,1 68,2 90,U 145,2 148,2<with normal stem anatomy> 162,1 167,2 175,2/3
176,1 177,2 187,1<female flowers>/2<male flowers> 195<of male flowers in
strobilate, terminal spikes, the female flowers solitary in the 45
uppermost leaf axils> 223,3<male flowers>/7<female flowers> 224<of male
flowers,>,4 226,1 229,U 236<(in the male flowers only)>,4 238,1
239,1<membranous> 276,1/2<from female flowers> 277,1/2 278,4 280,2 282,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,1 303,3<the filaments long, filiform>
308,1 324,2 328,1 329,6 330,9<the apertures operculate> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1 361,1 365,1
368,3<finally exserted> 375,1 378,1 386,4<?> 404,1 417,1<the aggregate
enclosed in the swollen stem apex, forming a berrylike structure> 486,1
497,1 498,3<a> 504,6 514,2 520,2 521<Patagonia> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,4
534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50<as a synonym of
\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}H. ameghinoi\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Halophytum\i0{}> 581<Seemingly exhibiting numerous differences from
\i{}Amaranthaceae\i0{} (q.v.), but the present compilation may
under-estimate variation within that large assemblage.> 586<halophyt> 
 
# Haloragidaceae <R. Br.>/
1<\i{}Haloragaceae\i0{} R. Br.> 3<\i{}Cercodianae\i0{}
(\i{}Cercodiaceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Halorrhageae\i0{}
(\i{}Halorrhagaceae\i0{}) Lindl., \i{}Myriophylleae\i0{}
(\i{}Myriophyllaceae\i0{}) Schultz-Schultzenst.> 4<\i{}Gunneraceae\i0{}.>
5,5<mostly>/3/2<\i{}Haloragodendron\i0{}> 30,2<monopodial> 32,1-2/3 34<the
aquatics>,2 35<of hydrophytes>,1&2 36,1<aquatic members with submerged
leaves dissected and emergent leaves more or less entire>/2<when not
aquatic> 39,1/2/3 40<when alternate,>,1 45,1-3 47,2 53<very varied in
form,>,1/2 55,2 56<when compound,>,4 60,1/2 63<when
simple/dissected,>,1/2<sometimes trifid> 64,1/2 68,2 90,U 103<commonly>,2
104<usually>,1 123,1 124,2 130,2<1 genus> 143<much reduced in aquatics,
being represented in \i{}Myriophyllum\i0{} by an axile fibro-vascular mass
with no pith; otherwise>,1<exemplified in \i{}Haloragis\i0{} and
\i{}Loudonia\i0{}>/4<polystelic in \i{}Gunnera\i0{}, with variously
orientated, separate steles>/- 145,- 146,- 147,- 148,1/3<?> 156,3 159,U
160,U 161,U 162,U 168,U 175,1/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/8 184,1 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,3<commonly>/6<\i{}Loudonia\i0{}>/2 197,1<at least,
some forms sometimes considered so>/2 202,1<often>/2 203,1-2 206,1<usually>
212,(2-)4 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 223,1/2/6-7 224<when present,>,4/8 225,1
226,2/1<C sometimes absent> 227,1 229,U 236,2/4 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1
251,3 254<when present,>,2/4 255,1 258,1 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,8/(3-)4 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1/2 289,1 295,3-4/8 298,2/3 299,1<when
two-whorled>/2 303,3<with rather large anthers> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2
312,2 313,1<apiculate>/2 315,1 318,2 321,3 328,1 330,6<sometimes rupoidate>
337,2<in \i{}Myriophyllum\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3-4 342,1/3-4
343,3 344,4 345,3 352<(pseudo-)>,1/2 353,(1-)3-4<partitions sometimes
incomplete, pseudomonomeric in \i{}Glischrocaryon\i0{}> 359,2 360,2
361,(2-)3-4<feathery> 363,1 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,3
378<(\i{}Glischrocaryon\i0{})>,4 379,1 381,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,2 397<with filiform apparatus> 404,2 409,2/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,2-4 411,4<e.g. \i{}Myriophyllum\i0{}> 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,7/8 415,1/2 422<more or less copiously>,1 424,1 433,2
435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1 466,2<\i{}Myriophyllum\i0{}> 472,1 484,2 487,1<in
\i{}Haloragis\i0{}>/2 488,1/2<\i{}Myriophyllum\i0{}> 490,1 491,2/1&2
492,1<\i{}Haloragis\i0{}, \i{}Myriophyllum\i0{}> 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} often = 7> 527,1
528,1 529,14 544,2 565,5 570,5 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,120 579,8
580<\i{}Glischrocaryon\i0{}, \i{}Gonocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Haloragis\i0{},
\i{}Haloragodendron\i0{}, \i{}Laurembergia\i0{}, (\i{}Loudonia\i0{}),
\i{}Meziella\i0{}, \i{}Myriophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Proserpinaca\i0{}>
582<\i{}Myriophyllym\i0{} is grown in ponds and aquaria, and important in
limnological conservation.> 586<haloragi> 
 
# Hamamelidaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Disanthaceae\i0{} (Harms) Nak., \i{}Fothergilleae\i0{}
(\i{}Fothergillaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Parrotiaceae\i0{} Horan.>
4<\i{}Altingiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Rhodoleiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<often with stellate
indumentum> 31,1 32,3/4 37,1/2 39,1 40,1/2 45,1 47,2 51,1/2 53,1 60,1/2
63<often>,2 64,3/2 65,1 68,1 74<often>,2<sometimes large>/- 81,2 85,1<known
from two genera> 86,2 90,U 92,1 101,1/2 102,1 104,3 106,1 107<amost
exclusively>,1 108,1<occasionally>/2<mostly> 113<commonly>,2<or tufted>/-
115,2 116,2<nearly always>/1<? - cortical secretory canals having been
reported in \i{}Mytilaria\i0{}> 122,1<very commonly>/2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2<\i{}Disanthus\i0{}, \i{}Parrotia\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<uni-or biseriate> 152,3 153,1
154,1<commonly, exclusively>/1&2&3 156,2/1&2 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,2
161,1<usually>/2 163,2 164,1/2 165,1 169,3 170,1/2 175,1/2&3/1&2/1&2&3
176,1/2 177,1/2/3/8 184,1/2 187,2 189,3<usually>/4/2/8 192,2
196,1<sometimes>/2 197,1<sometimes, with coloured involucral bracts>/2
200,1 203,2<sometimes precocious> 206,1<usually> 212<usually>,4-5/- 213,1
215,2 218,1-2 220,1<between A and G>/2 221<when present,>,2 222<when
present,>,1/2 223,1/3<often>/6-7<rarely> 226,1/2 227,1/2 229,U 236,4/5
238,1 239,1/3 245,3 251,1<usually> 254<when present,>,(2-)4/5 255,1 258,3
265,3/4<the petals sometimes long and coiled watchspring-like in bud> 267,3
274,1/2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4-5/10-14/15-32 280,1/2 281<when
numerous>,1/2 282,1 285,1 287,1/2 289,1/2 290<sometimes alternating with
the fertile members> 295,4-32 306<usually>,2 309,1-2/3/5<<80%> mostly>
310,2<e.g., in \i{}Trichocladus\i0{}>/3 312,2 313<usually>,1<via 
extension of the connective>/2<\i{}Disanthus\i0{}> 315,1 318,2
319,1 320,1 322,2 328,1 329,3/4-15 330,6/8/10 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2<usually>/3<rarely> 342,2 343,2-3 344,3-4<the carpels often free at
the apex> 345,1-3 352,2 353,2 356,1 360,2 361,2<usually, often recurved>/3
363,1-2 365,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,1-6(-15) 381,1 382<halfway
between apotropous and epitropous (Endress, 1993)> 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2
389,1/2 391,1 392,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<with woody exocarp and horny
endocarp> 414,4/5 422,1 424,1 429,1/2 432,3 433,2 434,1 436,1 447,1
469,1<\i{}Parrotia\i0{}>/3<\i{}Corylopsis\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<7 species>
484,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1&2/2 490,1<usually>/2<<10%>>
491,2/2&3/1&2&3 492,1<\i{}Corylopsis\i0{}>/2<mostly  6 species, 6 genera>
497,2 520,2-4<mostly subtropical> 521<North and South temperate to
tropical> 522,2&3&4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&15 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,2 565,2
567,2 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,80 579<about>,25 580<\i{}Chunia\i0{},
\i{}Corylopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dicoryphe\i0{}, \i{}Disanthus\i0{},
\i{}Distiliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Distylium\i0{}, \i{}Embolanthera\i0{},
\i{}Eustigma\i0{}, \i{}Exbucklandia\i0{}, \i{}Fortunearia\i0{},
\i{}Fothergilla\i0{}, \i{}Hamamelis\i0{}, \i{}Loropetalum\i0{},
\i{}Maingaya\i0{}, \i{}Matudaea\i0{}, \i{}Molinadendron\i0{},
\i{}Mytilaria\i0{}, \i{}Neostrearia\i0{}, \i{}Noahdendron\i0{},
\i{}Ostrearia\i0{}, \i{}Parrotia\i0{}, \i{}Parrotiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Sinowilsonia\i0{}, \i{}Sycopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tetrathyrium\i0{},
\i{}Trichocladus\i0{}> 586<hamameli> 
 
# Hanguanaceae <Airy Shaw>/
5<somewhat grasslike>,5 21,3 22,1 25,3 32,2/3 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,1 53,1 60,2
62,3/4 64,2<pinnate-parallel> 65,1<with many cross-nervules> 68,- 76,1
81<probably>,1 82,6 90,1<in the endodermis, abaxial hypodermis and
mesophyll> 98,2 102,1 104,4 121,U 128,2 143,4 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1<six, 3 + 3> 179,1 187,2 189,8 194,1 195<much
branched, bracteate panicles> 200,2 202,2 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,1
219,1<short> 220,2<the male axis terminating in a conspicuous cluster of
fleshy bodies> 223,5<the members small, rounded> 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1
228,2 230,1-2<the outer members smaller> 231<pale> 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,6 282,2<to the base of the perianth> 284,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6
298,3 306,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 328,2 333,4 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3 341,2
342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,1 368,1 371<broad, triangular>
376,2 379,1 381,1 386,1-2 404,1 409,2 412,7 421,1-3 422,1 426<bowl-shaped>
442,2 447,- 454,U 458,U 488,1 489,1&2 490,2 504,2&5 506,3 510,2&3&4 513,1
520,4 521<Ceylon, eastern Asia and Australia> 522,4&9&10 527,2 530,4
558,2<?> 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,18 578,10 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Hanguana\i0{}> 581<This description refers only to \i{}H. kassintu\i0{}
and \i{}H. major\i0{}: new species described by Siti Nurfazilah \i{}et
al\i0{} (2010) (\i{}Willdenowia\i0{} 40: 208) are not yet accounted for>
586<hanguana> 
 
# Hectorellaceae <Philipson & Skipworth>/
2<\i{}Portulacaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21<densely caespitose,>,3 38,2 39,1 43,2
44<densely>,1 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 121,U 134,U 146,U 148,1/2<?> 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1&2&3 176,1 177,8<?> 187,1 188,2 202,1<with 23
bracteoles>/2 206,1 218,2 223,1/3<since postulated relationship with
\i{}Portulacaceae\i0{} implies that the sepals represent modified
bracteoles, the corolla a petaloid calyx> 224,6/7 226,1/2<as interpreted
here> 227,2 229,U 236,2<anterior/posterior> 238,1 239,1 248,1 252<median>
254,4-5 258,1/3<then shortly connate> 260,3 276,1/2<?female flowers>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,3-5(-6) 280,2 282,1/2<to the corolla tube, when
this present> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3-5(-6) 298,1/2 299,2<alternating with
the petals, by contrast with \i{}Portulacaceae\i0{}> 308,1 328,1 329,3
330,8 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1
353,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1-2 375,5<the ovules borne near the base>
378,4-7 404,2 409,1 412,1 421,1-5 422,1<unless the endosperm is
perisperm, cf. \i{}Portulacaceae\i0{}> 425,1/2<?> 432,3 436,2 486,1 497,1
498,3<a> 504,6 514,1 520,1<Antarctic>/2 521<New Zealand, Kerguelen Is.>
522,10&17 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50<as
a synonym of \i{}Portulacaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,2 580<\i{}Hectorella\i0{},
\i{}Lyallia\i0{}> 581<See Philipson and Skipworth (1961). The differences
from \i{}Portulacaceae\i0{} in sexuality and floral morphology seem clear
in these descriptions, but as usual in such situations, the present
compilations may under-estimate variation in the larger family.>
586<hectorel> 
 
# Heliconiaceae <(Endl.) Nak.>/
5<large, erect>,5<from 75700cm tall> 21,3 22,1/2 25,2 39,1 40,2 45<long>,1
47,1 48,1 53,1 60,2 62<elliptic or>,6 64,2<with a prominent midrib, from
which diverge obliquely the numerous, parallel secondary veins, which arch
and merge to form a marginal vein> 67,2 68,- 76,1 81,2 82,6 89,1/2
90,1<rectangular, in associaton with the vascular bundles> 98,2 102,1
104,3/4 121,1<with raphides> 123,1 124,1<and/or crystal sand> 128,2 130,2
148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries>
184,3 187,2 189,8 192,1<monochasial> 193,1/2 195<borne on an erect
peduncle, consisting of a large, flattened erect or drooping thyrse, often
with a conspicuously geniculate axis, each lateral branch subtended by a
stiff, usually boat shaped, sometimes quite large and often showy (green,
red, orange) bract, the lateral branches consisting of dense monochasial
cymes which may be almost concealed in the bract axils> 199,1/- 200,1<the
floral bracts smaller and thinner than the cincinnal bracts> 206,3
207<strongly>,1<the symmetry inverted relative to \i{}Costaceae\i0{},
\i{}Musaceae\i0{}, \i{}Strelitziaceae\i0{} and \i{}Zingiberaceae\i0{}, the
the median tepal of the outer whorl being posterior, adaxial> 209,1&2 212,3
213,1 219,1-2<the five joined tepals plus the one one more or less free
tepal forming a tube, which can widen without bursting when visited by
relatively broad-beaked birds> 223,5 224,6 225,2<the median member of the
outer series more or less free from the rest, which are fused to form a
five-dentate or five-lobed, boat shaped upper lip> 226,2 227,1 228,2
230,1-2 278,6 282,1 285,1 289,2 290,1<the odd member of the outer series,
closing the slit in the perianth tube> 293,1<somewhat>/2<then subulate>
295,5 298,1 306,2 312,2 318,1 328,2 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5-6
345,3 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1<often somewhat curved and slightly clavate>
365,1 368,1/3 372,1 373,1 376,1-2 379,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 400,2
404,1 409,3 410,(2-)3 411,7/2<?> 421,3 422<copiously>,1 425,1
426<triangular> 432,2<at least when the seed first matures> 433,1 436,1
439,1<at the micropylar end> 442,2 443<often blue> 447,- 448,1<short> 450,1
451,2 452,2 454,2<but with pronounced cotyledon sheath lobes> 456,1 457,3
458,2 472,2 488,1 504,3 512,2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical America>
522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,2 530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5 575,1
577,19 578,80 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Heliconia\i0{}> 586<heliconi> 
 
# Helwingiaceae <Decaisne>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous>,3 39,1<to subopposite> 40,1 43<very
thinly>,1 45,1 53,1 60,2 62<ovate>,4/7 64,2 65,1 68,1<the stipules often
branched> 69,2<on the petiole> 70,1 74,1 76,3<serrulate> 89,2 90,U 92,1<but
the palisade scarcely differentiated> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
106,2<leaves glabrous> 116,2 123,2 127,2 130,2 137,2 141,1 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 156,2 161,2 162,1 163,1<a few>/2 165,1
167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 187,2 189,5 194,5<from the upper side of
the midrib> 195<small epiphyllous umbels, the male flowers sometimes long
pedicellate, the females shortly so> 203,2 206,1 212,3-4(-5) 213,1 218,2
223,4<as described by Airy Shaw> 224,3-4(-5) 226,1 227,- 229,U 254,3-4(-5)
255,1 258,1 265,3 276,1/2<?> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,3-4(-5) 280,2
282,1 285,1 287,1 289<of male flowers,>,1 295,3-4(-5) 298,2
299<(theoretically)>,2 300,1 303,3<inserted outside the flat angled disk>
309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3-4 341,1-2
342,3-4 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2 353,3-4 359,1<passing into the style> 360,2
361,1 365,1 366,1 368,3-4<recurved> 376,3 379,1 381,1 382,1 383,3 386,3
404,1 409,2 412,7 415,1<34> 421,3-4 422,1 432,3<small> 436,1 484,2 504,1
505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Eastern Himalayas to Japan and Formosa> 522,4
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 19> 527,1 528,2<?> 529,18 548,2 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,61 578,5 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Helwingia\i0{}>
586<helwingi> 
 
# Hemerocallidaceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}-Hemerocallidae,
\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{}-Hemerocallidoideae.> 4<\i{}Phormiaceae\i0{}.>
5<lilylike, glabrous>,5 21,3 22,1 25<shortly>,3<with fibrous
roots>/3&4<with root tubers> 32,3 39,1 40,2 42,1/2 45,3 47,1 48,2 49,1 53,1
60,2 62,3/4 64,4 65,2<?> 68,- 76,1 92,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 123,1/2<?>
124,2<?> 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via
septal nectaries> 187,2 189,1 192,1 193,1<the scape bracteate> 194,1
195<considered to represent one or two double helicoid cymes (Krause 1930)>
203,3-4<not delimited from the pedicel by a joint> 206,2-3 207,1 209,2<the
stamens upcurved>/1&2 212,3 219,1<campanulate or funnelshaped> 220,2 223,5
224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231<brick>,6/4-5<sometimes striped, but
not variegated with a droplike pattern> 235,1<i.e., \i{}Hemerocallis\i0{}>
278,6 282,2<to the perigone tube> 284,2 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3
303<long>,3 306,1<epipeltate, often twisted> 308,1 310,3 318,2 322,2 328,1
329,1/3<?> 330,1<trichotomosulcate?> 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,3<slender, slightly
upcurved> 368,1 371,1/3 372,1 376,2 379,30-50<many> 386,3 388,1 391,1
400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5<opening from the top> 421<many seeded> 422,1
426<subglobose, prismatic or slightly elongate, not flat> 432,3<about the
same length as the endosperm> 433,1 435,2<1/1> 436,1 440,1 442,1 443,2
447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,U 479,1 480,2
487,1<steroidal> 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 504,1 505,1&2 507,2&3 508,2&3
515,1&2 520,2 521<temperate Eurasia, especially Japan> 522,1&4&14
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, the chromosomes not dimorphic, by contrast with
\i{}Hosta\i0{}> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of
\i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{}> 578,16 579,1 580<only genus with
\i{}Phormiaceae\i0{} excluded, \i{}Hemerocallis\i0{}> 581<Differing
conspicuously from the sensu stricto version of \i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{}
(q.v.) in numerous habit and floral morphological characters, as well as in
anatomy and embryology.> 586<hemeroca> 
 
# Henriqueziaceae <(Hook. f.) Bremek.>/
2<\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small or medium>,1 39,1/3 43,U 53,1 60,2 68,1 72,2
76,1 89,1 90,U 92,1 145,2 148,2 150,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
165<mainly>,2<aliform to confluent> 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,8<thyrses> 192,1 194,1 195<terminal thyrses> 203,4 206,3 207,1 213,1
215,2 218,2 223,1 224,9-10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,4-5 238,1 239,1<?> 248,2
254,5 255,1 258,3 265,1 266,4 267,2 278,5 280,2 282,2<epipetalous>
284,2<the filaments curved> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1
303,3<the filaments bent at the base> 306,1<the base sagittate> 309,3 310,3
328,1 329,5-6 330,6 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2 353,2
359,1<annular> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,2 376,2 379,2-4 384,1 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,5<semi-superior or almost superior, transversely ovoid,
subreniform or discoid> 421,2-4 422,2 429,2<but flattened> 504,3 512,3&4
520,4 521<Brazil> 522,15 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,8 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}> 578,13 579,2
580<\i{}Henriquezia\i0{}, \i{}Platycarpum\i0{}> 581<Seemingly differing
from \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{} in the large, very iregular, campanulate flowers
and lack of inulin; but this description is inadequate, and the extent of
intra-taxon within the large family may be under-estimated in the present
compilation.> 586<henrique> 
 
# Hernandiaceae <Blume>/
3<\i{}Illigeraceae\i0{} Bl.> 4<\i{}Gyrocarpaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3/4<i.e., a few
scandent> 7,1 27,1<mostly>/3 39,1 50,U 51,1 53,1/2 54,1<often, in
\i{}Hernandia\i0{}>/2 56<if compound,>,5 60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,2 64,3
65,1 68,2 90,U 92<mostly>,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<mostly>,3 106,1
107,1<usually exclusively, then nearly always unicellular and lignified,
occasionally bracket-shaped>/1&2<at least in \i{}Illigera\i0{}, the glands
having inicellular stalks and bicellular heads> 112,2 115,1/2 116,1/2
117,1/2 119<seemingly>,2<?> 120<always>,1 121,1<in \i{}Hernandia\i0{}>/2
139,1 140<at least in \i{}Hernandia\i0{},>,1<towards the outside of the
primary cortex> 141,1<with three traces> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 152,3 153,1-2 154,1&2&3&4<but mostly solitary>
156,3<typically>/2&3<occasional bars noted in \i{}Hernandia\i0{}> 157,2
161,2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 165,2 167,2<usually aliform to confluent>
175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2 187,2 189,1 206,1 213,1 215,2 223,1/3<?of
tepals> 224,6-10<35 in each whorl> 225,1 226<more or less>,2 227,1 229,U
230,1 276,1<staminodal in female flowers> 277,1/2<in female flowers>
278,3-5 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1/2<these in the form of 12
nectariferous glands outside the stamens, cf. \i{}Lauraceae\i0{}> 291,1
295,3-5 299,2<alternating with the inner perianth whorl> 309,5 321,2 328,2
337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,3 347,2
348,2 350,1 351,1 381,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 400,1 404,2 407,2 408<winged or
enclosed in an inflated envelope derived from connate bracteoles> 421,1
422,2 433,2<fleshy, oily, smooth or ruminate> 436,1 447,1/2
469,1<\i{}Hernandia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1 479,1<\i{}Illigera\i0{}> 480,2 484,2
487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<\i{}Hernandia\i0{}> 495,2 497,1 498,1<b>
520,3-4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&8&9&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1
566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9 578,54 579,3 580<\i{}Hazomalania\i0{},
\i{}Hernandia\i0{}, \i{}Illigera\i0{}> 586<hernandi> 
 
# Herreriaceae <Kunth>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Agavaceae\i0{} or 
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Agavoideae.> 5<scandent (sub-)>,3/4 25,3/4
27,3 28,1/6<sometimes with stem prickles, cf. \i{}Smilax\i0{}> 39,1/2 40,1
43,2<somewhat cladode-like> 45,3<concentrated in lateral clusters> 53,1
60,2 62,3-4 64,4 65,2<?> 68,- 76,1 81<probanly>,1 121,U 123,1 124,1 148,U
156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via
septal nectaries> 187,2 189,8 194,2 195<panicles, with small, scalelike
leaves at the base, the pedicels articulated> 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,2 220,2 223,5 224,6 226,2 227,1 228,1/2<?> 230,1<at least in size and
shape> 233,2 235,1<\i{}Herreria\i0{}> 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6
298,3 306,1/2 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,1 330,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366<short> 368,1 371,3
376,2 379,1-50<to many> 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4<trilobate>
422<copiously>,1 429<helically>,1<and flattened> 442,1 443,2 447,- 454,U
458,U 492,2 504,2&3 506,2 512,2&3&6 520,2-4 521<subtropical South America,
Madagascar> 522,8&15 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 
577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}>
578,9 579,2 580<\i{}Herreria\i0{}, \i{}Herreriopsis\i0{}> 581<Description
very poor.> 586<herreria> 
 
# Heteropyxidaceae <Engler & Gilg>/
2<\i{}Myrtaceae\i0{}-Psiloxyloideae p.p.> 5<small>,1 7,U 39,1 40,1 45,1
47,2 50,1<pellucid punctate> 51,U 53,1 60,2 64,2<without an intramarginal
vein> 65,1 68,1 76,1 85,1 86,2 90,U 116,1 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
137,U 145,1<?> 146,U 147,U 148,2 159,U 161,1 162,2 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 189,8 194,1 195<terminal thyrses> 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2
218,1<the corolla inserted on the calyx tube> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3 240<five>,3 245,3 248,1 251<scarcely>,1/4 254,5
255,1 258,1<the small petals inserted on the hypanthium/calyx tube>
274<shortly>,1<and gland dotted> 278,5 280,2 282,1<inserted on the tube>
284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2 302,2 306,1 309,3 310,3
313,1<with a well developed connective gland> 314,1 328,1 329,3
330<(parasyn-)>,8 339,2-3 341,1 342,2-3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2-3
358,1 360,2 361,1 364,2 365,1 366<short, persistent> 368,1 371,3 376,2<the
ovules over most of the peltate placenta> 379,30-50<many, no ovulodes>
386,2/4<?> 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5<small, 23 locular> 422,2 433,2 434,1
436,1 504,2 506,1 509,2 520,4 521<South Africa> 522,7 527,1 528,1 529,14
544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym of
\i{}Myrtaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Heteropyxis\i0{}>
581<Seemingly differing from \i{}Myrtaceae\i0{} in inflorescence,
androecium and gynoecium characters; but as is often the case in such
situations, the extent of intra-taxon variation within the large family may
have been under-estimated.> 586<heteropy> 
 
# Himantandraceae <Diels>/
5,1<with peltate-scaly indumentum> 7,1 31,1 32,3 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 50,1
51,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1 103,1<characteristically
clustered around the peltate scales on the underside> 106,1 112,1<dense, on
the under-surface> 113,1<fimbriate> 120,1 132,1 134,1-2<with groups of
stone cells tending to form transverse diaphragms> 135,2 139,1 140,2
141,3/2<? - but with three traces, according to Lammers \i{}et al.\i0{}
1986> 143,2<at first>/1<subsequently> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
150<mostly only one cel wide> 152,3 153,2 154,1&2&3&4 156,3/2&3
158,1<indistinctly so>/2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<continuous-banded> 166,1
167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,1<or paired, on axillary
short-shoots>/- 201,1/2 203,4 204,1<calyptra representing either bracts or
an outer perianth whorl> 206,1 213,2 214,1&2&3 215,- 218,2 220,2 223,1
224,9-11 226,- 229,U 236,4/6 238,1 239,3 250,1<i.e the inner whorl of the
bracts/perianth conundrum also calyptrate> 254,7-9<merging acropetally into
the androecium> 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2/5 274<narrow> 278,25-40 281,1 282,1
285,1 287<spiralled> 289,2 290,8-10 291,3 293,2<subulate> 295<about>,15-35
303,1-2 306,4 308,2 309,5 310,1<the thecae abaxial> 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1
339,(6-)7-10(-28) 343,2 344,2-3<at first free, but soon concrescent> 345,1
348,2 350,1(-2) 351,1/2 385,2 386,3 404,1 405<if the original carpels seen
as individual fruits,>,1 406,1<i.e. the carpels of the one gynoecium fusing
to form a fleshy, gall-like syncarp> 422,1 423,2 424,1 447,1 475,1<4
species> 484,2 497,2 520,4 521<Eastern Malaysia and Northern Australia>
522,9&10 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 24> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,3 565,1 566,1 572,1
574,4 577,8 578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Galbulimima\i0{}> 586<himantan>
 
# Hippocastanaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Sapindaceae\i0{}-Hippocastanoideae p.p.> 3<\i{}Aesculaceae\i0{}
Lindl., \i{}Aesculaceae\i0{} Berchtold & Presl, \i{}Castanaceae\i0{} Link,
\i{}Paviaceae\i0{} Horan.> 5,1&3 32,3 37,2 38,3/4 39,2 45,1 53,2 56,5<311
foliolate> 64,3 65,1 68,2 76<(of the leaflets)>,2/3 78,1<and usually
sticky> 85,1 86,3 90,U 92,1 106,1 108,1&2 109,2 110,1 112,2 123,1 124,2&3
127,1/2 130,1<\i{}Aesculus\i0{}> 139,1 141,3/5 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,3<uniseriate only, or some biseriate in \i{}Billia\i0{}>
152,1 153<usually numerous, very to moderately small> 154,1&2&3&4 156,3/2&3
157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,2 161,1/2 162,1 163,1/2 164,2 165,1&2 166,2 167,2
169,1/2<VP, VPR> 170,1/2 175,1&2 176,1/2 177,3<usually, the upper,
first-opening flowers male>/1/8<some flowers effectively female, by
shedding of immature stamens> 179,2 184,2 185,2<bees> 187,2 192,1 194,1
195<large racemes of cincinni> 203,3-4 206,3 207,1 209,1/1&2<and often also
the disk> 213,1 215,2-3 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,2<or unilateral>/- 223,1
224,(9-)10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,5 238,1
239<almost>,1<\i{}Billia\i0{}>/3<\i{}Aesculus\i0{}> 240<when
gamosepalous,>,3/- 244,3/6 245,1/3 251,1 254,(4-)5<the middle of the lower
three members sometimes missing> 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,1 269,2<with yellow
spots, which later turn red> 274,1 277,1/2<from effectively female flowers>
278,(5-)6-8<the inner whorl of five complete, the outer more or less
reduced> 282,1 284,2 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,(5-)6-8 298,1-2 299,1/2
306,1<near the base> 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8
337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-4) 341,1 342,(2-)3(-4) 343,3
344,6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)3(-4) 357,2 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1
370,1/(2-)3(-4) 372,2 373,1 374,2<B(i)> 376,2 379,2 381,1-3<sometimes the
lower ascending, the upper pendulous> 382<when not orthotropous,>,1<Engler>
384,2 385,2 386,3/5/1 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1<?> 400,2 404,2 409,1
412,1<smooth to echinate> 414,5<large, leathery, often one-loculed by
abortion> 421,1<often, by abortion>/2-5 422,2 426,4<with a large hilum
reflecting incorporation of the funicle in the placenta, and adnation of
the placental obturator> 432,3 433,2 434<thick and fleshy, often with one
much larger than the other, often adherent face to face> 435,1<1/1> 436,2
447,2 461,1 462<\i{}Aesculus\i0{}> 469,1 472,2 483,2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1
489,1 490,1 491,1/1&2 492,2<\i{}Aesculus\i0{}> 495,2 504,1&2&3 520,2-4
521<North temperate and Central and South America> 522,1&3&4&12&13&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 20> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Sapindaceae\i0{}> 578,15 579,2
580<\i{}Aesculus\i0{}, \i{}Billia\i0{}> 581<Separable from
\i{}Sapindaceae\i0{} by the opposite, palmate leaves and relatively large
flowers, otherwise differing only in characters relying on limited sampling
(leaf phloem transfer cells and stigma details).> 582<Some cultivated
ornamentals, notably the horse-chestnut (\i{}Aesculus hippocastanum\i0{})
which is widely planted in temperate regions.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Under the spreading chestnut tree \line{}(anon?)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Horse Chestnuts are given to horses . . . to cure
them of coughe, shortnesse of winde, and other such diseases
\line{}(Parkinson, 1640. But the name more likely indicated their
inferiority to Sweet Chestnuts, and by a process only too well known in
early botanical literature, was afterwards taken as proof of their
medicinal value: Edward Step, Wayside and Woodland Trees, 1905)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Then the prickly balls are bursting \line{}On the
bending chestnut trees \line{}(George Heath, September, c. 1865) >
586<hippocas> 
 
# Hippuridaceae <Link.>/
2<\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,2 23,- 25,3 30,1 32,1-2 34,2 35<and
stems>,2 38,2 39,3 41,(4-)6-12(-16) 45,3 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3 64,1 65,2 68,2
76,1 90,U 92,2<isobilateral>/3 102,1 103,2<or all round> 106,1 112,1
113,1<each with a unicellular foot and multicellular head> 139,2 141,-
148,1<the vascular system reduced to an axile strand of thin-walled tissue,
with a narrow zone of phloem outside and a broader region of xylem within,
the vessels with spiral or reticulate thickening> 151,1/2<?> 175,1/2/3
176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2<sometimes, by failure of stamens and pistils to
develop in some flowers, then the pistillate flowers occur above the
staminate ones>/8<?> 184,1<protogynous> 187,2<solitary in the leaf axils>/-
189,9 203,2<and inconspicuous> 206,- 212,- 218,2 223,3/6-7<greatly reduced,
to a more or less entire or 24 lobed rim> 224,0/2-4 229,U 240<when
detectable>,1-3 276,1<usually>/2<sometimes, in some flowers>
277,1/2<sometimes, in some flowers> 278,1 282,1 289,1 295,1<borne on top of
the ovary> 303,3<the filament slender> 306,1 309,3 311,2 312,2 315,1 318,2
320,1 321,3 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,4-6 330,6/8 337,2 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1 342,1 343<pseudo>,1 344<ostensibly>,1 345,3
347,2<the style often carried between the anther lobes> 348,2<the style
stigmatic throughout> 350,1 351,1 359,2 372,2 373,1 374,2<b> 381,1 385,2
386,3 387,2 388,1 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397<with
filiform apparatus> 400,1 403,1 404,2 407,2 408,4/7<the exocarp thin,
fleshy> 422<thinly>,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 475,2<one species>
481,1 484,1 485,2<+decarb.> 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1<trace> 492,2
504,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,1&2 521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&7&10&12&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 16(?)> 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,2 565,6 571,4 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{}> 578,1-3 579,1
580<\i{}Hippuris\i0{}> 581<Differing conspicuously from
\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{} in numerous vegetative and floral morphological
features (whorled leaves, reduced perianth, monomerous, inferior gynoecium,
etc.), also in recorded data on pollen morphology and stigma details.>
586<hippurid> 
 
# Hoplestigmataceae <Gilg>/
2<\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 38,4 39,1 43<chartaceous> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2
62,8 64,2 65,1 66,5 68,2 76,1 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
137,U 146,U 147,U 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,1 192,1 194,1 195<brown-hirsute, terminal subscorpioid cymes>
200,2 203,3-4 206,1 213<irregularly>,1/- 215<irregularly>,4 218,2 223,1
224,13-18 226<irregularly>,3-5 227,2 229,U 238,1 239,3<entire and globose
in bud, splitting irregularly into 24 lobes> 248,1<at the base of the
fruit> 254,11-14 255<irregularly>,2-4 258,3<with a short tube> 260,2/3
265,1 267,3 278,20-35 279,U 282,1 285,1 287<irregularly>,3 289,1 295,20-35
298,3-5 303,3<with filiform filaments> 306,1<near the base> 309,3 310,2
312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<said to resemble \i{}Ehretia\i0{}> 339,2
341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,1 361,2 363,2<near
the base, the pair of branches incurved to form a horseshoe shape> 365,1
368,2 371,3 375,2<the two placentas intruded and forked> 378,4<two per
placenta> 381,1 386,3 387,2 404,1-2<the exocarp leathery> 409,2 412,7<or
drupaceous> 415,2<laterally compressed, chanelled along the narrow sides,
with a bony endocarp> 421,4 422<scantily>,1 432,3<rather large>
433,2<expanded> 436,1-2<nearly straight> 447,1 495,2 504,2 506,1 509,3
520,4 521<West equatorial Africa> 522,6 527,1 528,2<gamopetalous, with
unitegmic ovules> 529,20 550,2/1<?> 565,4 569,6 572,1 574,15 577,55<as a
synonym of \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}?> 578,2 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Hoplestigma\i0{}> 581<This description indicates numerous morphological
differences from \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}, but is inadequate for reliable
classification.> 586<hoplesti> 
 
# Hostaceae <B. Mathew>/
1<\i{}Funkiaceae\i0{} Horan.> 2<\i{}Asparagaceae-Agavoideae\i0{},
\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Agavaceae\i0{} or \i{}Alliaceae\i0{} with fibrous
or tuberous rootstock.> 3<\i{}Hesperocallidaceae\i0{} Traub> 5,5<or basally
woody> 21,3 22,1 25,2/3<the roots often fleshy> 39,1 40,1 45,1/3 47,1 49,1
53,1 60,2 62,3-4/6-7 64,2<parallel-pinnate>/4 68,- 76,1 92,1 102,1 104,1
121,U 123,1 124,1&3 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1<with scalariform perforation
plates> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from septal nectaries> 187,2 189,2
192,2 193,1 195<simple scapigerous racemes> 200,1 203,3 206,1<or nearly so>
212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1<cylindrical, campanulate or funnel-shaped, the
lobes of variable length and sometimes recurved> 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,2
226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,2/7/9/10 235,1 278,6 282,2<to the perianth tube>
285,1 289,1 295,6 306,1/2 309,3 310,3 313,1 314,1<the connective forming a tube
over the filament tip> 318,1 322,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 339,3 341,2 342,3
343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1<filiform> 365,1 368,1 370,1/3
372,1<in \i{}Hosta\i0{}> 376,2 379,25-50<many> 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1
392,1 397,1<with filiform apparatus> 400,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 421<many
seeded> 422,1 426,2<flattened or compressed, often elliptic> 442,1 443,2
447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 488,2 490,1
491,1<abundant, in \i{}Hosta\i0{}> 492,2 504,1 505,1&3 507,2&3&5 521<China,
Japan and North America> 522,4&10&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 24, 30> 527,2 530,4
558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578,12 579,3 580<\i{}Hosta\i0{},
\i{}Leucocrinum\i0{}, \i{}Hesperocallis\i0{}> 586<hostacea> 
 
# Huaceae <A. Chev.>/
5,3/4/5 39,1 43,U 45<short>,1 51,1<garlic-scented> 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1
69,2 70,1 74,1<small in \i{}Hua\i0{}, larger in \i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}> 76,1
90,U 102,1 104,3 116,2 137,2 141,3 145,2 148,2 155,2 156,3/2&3 157,2 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 188<when
solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,7<these few flowered> 194,2 203,2
204,1/2 206,1 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,(9-)10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U
236,5/3-5 238,1 239,1<\i{}Hua\i0{}>/3<the five sepals distinct in
\i{}Hua\i0{}, the calyx of \i{}Afrostyrax\i0{} closed in the bud and
opening by 35 irregular lobes> 250,1<\i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}>/2 251<of
\i{}Hua\i0{}>,3 254,(4-)5<the petals pubescent> 255,1 258,1
265<induplicate>,3 274<long>,1<\i{}Hua\i0{}>/2<more or less, in
\i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}  with a very short, broad base beneath the obovate
blade> 278,(8-)10 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(8-)10 298,2
306,2<peltate> 311,2<\i{}Hua\i0{}>/3<in \i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}, the inner
locules much shorter than the outer> 312,2
313,1<\i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}>/2<\i{}Hua\i0{}> 314<in \i{}Afrostyrax\i0{},>,1
324,2 328,1 329,3 330,7 339,5 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1
360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370<small> 375,1
378,1<\i{}Hua\i0{}>/(4-)6<\i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}> 381,3 386,3 387,3 404,2<dry>
409,1<\i{}Hua\i0{}>/2<\i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}> 412,1/2 414<in \i{}Hua\i0{},>,6
422<copiously>,1<the endosperm smelling of garlic> 423,1 426,4 432,3
433,2<broad, flattened> 488,2 492,2 504,2 506,1 509,2&3 520,4 521<tropical
Africa> 522,6 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,38 578,3 579,2 580<\i{}Afrostyrax\i0{}, \i{}Hua\i0{}> 586<huaceae> 
 
# Hugoniaceae <Arn.>/
2<\i{}Linaceae\i0{}-Hugonioideae.> 4<\i{}Ctenolophonaceae\i0{}.> 5,4 27,3
28,6<the lower inflorescence branches modified into hooks> 39,1 53,1 60,2
68,1 74,1 90,U 92,1 101,1 102,1 104,3 122,1 141,3 143,1 144,1 148,2 150,3
152,3 153,2 154,1&2&3 156,2&3/2/3 157,2 158,2 159,1 160,1 161,1 162,U 163,2
164,2 165,1<confluent> 168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/3/8
194,1/2 203,2-4 206,2/3 209,1<the calyx only>/2 212,5 218,2 220,1 221,1
222,1<represented by 25 glands> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,1<the sepals commonly more or less unequal> 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1
265,2 267,3 272,2<fugacious> 278,10/15 282,1 284<usually>,2 285,2<the
filaments connate for much of their length, forming a tube> 286,1 289,1/2<?
 the extrastaminal glands> 290<(the glands)>,2-5 291,1 295,10/15 298,3/4
300,3 309,3 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2-5 341,1-2 342,2-5 343,3 344,4/5
345,1 352,2<at least below> 353,2-5<sometimes with the partitions not quite
reaching the summit> 354,2 360,2 361,1/2-5 363,1/2 376,2-3 379,2 381,1
382,2<the micropyle directed upwards and outwards> 383,1 385<with a
placental obturator> 386,3 387,3 388,2 404,1 409,2 412,7 422<scantily>,1/2
432,3 433,2 436<slightly>,2/1 487,1 504,2 506,1&2&3&5 520,3-4 521<tropical
Africa, Madagascar, Indomalaysia, New Caledonia> 522,6&7&8&9&11
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12, 13> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,14 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of \i{}Linaceae\i0{}> 578,40
579<perhaps>,5 580<\i{}Hugonia\i0{}, plus \i{}Hebepetalum\i0{},
\i{}Indorouchera\i0{}, \i{}Philbornea\i0{}, \i{}Roucheria\i0{}> 581<This
compiled description offers several fairly obvious differences from
\i{}Linaceae\i0{}.> 586<hugoniac> 
 
# Humbertiaceae <Pichon>/
2<\i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{}.> 5<tall>,1 6,U 39,1 43,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1
90,U 92,1 102,1 104,3 116,2 137,2 145<perhaps>,1<?cf.
\i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{}>/- 148,2/3<?> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,2 202<(bi-)>,1 206,3 207,1 212,5 216,2<this
short and thick> 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,1 248,1 251<much>,1 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,2<and unilaterally
induplicate> 266,4<with short lobes, these and the tube densely
adpressed-ferrugineous-pubescent externally> 267,1 278,5 280,2 282,2 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1 298,2 299,2 300,1 302,2<declinate at anthesis>
303,3<the anthers long exserted> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 324,U 339,2 341,1
342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 358,3 360,2 361,1<deflexed in bud>
365,1 368,1 371<small, truncate> 376,2 379,30-50<many> 386,3 404,2
409,2<crustaceous> 421,4 504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1
528,2 529,20 550,1 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59<as a synonym
of \i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Humbertia madagascariensis\i0{}>
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Humbertia\i0{}> 581<This description is
inadequate, but offers several fairly conspicuous differences from
\i{}Convolvulaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.).> 586<humberti> 
 
# Humiriaceae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Houmiriaceae\i0{} Juss.> 5,1/3 37,1 39,1 40,1/2 43,2 45,1 47,2
51,1<often, with balsamic juice>/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1/2 74<when
present,>,1<tiny> 76,1/2/3 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,1/3 106,1<but scarce>/2
112,2 116,2 122,1/2 123,1 124,2/3 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,2 152,3 153,2 154<almost exclusively>,1 155,2 156,2 157,2
158,2 159,1 160,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1&2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1<rarely>/2 195<axillary or rarely terminal thyrses>
206,1-2 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,1/2<cupular> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5<but the lobes of the two outer members sometimes suppressed> 238,1
239,3<usually connate below into a thickened tube or cup> 240<three or
five>,3 244,1/6 248,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals usually 35
nerved, thick> 265,1/2 272,1/2 278,10-30/40-100<\i{}Vantanea\i0{}>
279,1<fascicled, with trunk bundles, or with clusters and singles> 281,U
282,1 285,2<the filaments connate for much of their length into a tube>
287,1-4/5<one to several series> 288<when present,>,1/- 289,1/2
295,10-100<to many> 298,3-5 299<sometimes in 5 antesepalous clusters of
three, and 5 antepetalous singles> 306,1-2/4<to the base of the fleshy
connective> 308,1 309,3 311,2<the locules often well separated>/3 312,1/2
313<conspicuously>,1 314,1<the connective expanded and prolonged> 324,2
328,1 329,3(-4) 330,7<rarely>/8 339,(4-)5(-7) 341,1-2-3 342,(4-)5(-7) 343,3
344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,(4-)5(-7) 358,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1
370,(4-)5(-7)<or entire>/- 376,2-3 379,1-2 381,1 382,2<the micropyle
directed upwards and outwards> 383,1 384<when paired,>,2/- 386,3 387,3
388,2 390,1 400<probably>,2 404,1<with more or less fleshy exocarp> 409,2
412,7<the endocarp woody, sometimes with resin cavities, then buoyant for
distribution by water> 421<usually>,1/2<germinating by valves or opercula>
422<copiously>,1 424,1 433,2<?> 436<slightly>,2/1 492,1 504,2&3 506,1 509,3
512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical America, and one species in tropical West
Africa> 522,6&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5
570,14 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,50 579,8 580<\i{}Duckesia\i0{},
\i{}Endopleura\i0{}, \i{}Hylocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Humiria\i0{}
(\i{}Houmiria\i0{}), \i{}Humiriastrum\i0{}, \i{}Sacoglottis\i0{},
\i{}Schistostemon\i0{}, \i{}Vantanea\i0{}> 581<See Cuatrecasas 1961.>
586<humiriac> 
 
# Hyacinthaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}-Scilloideae, cf.
\i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Scilloideae of APG III.> 3<\i{}Eucomidaceae\i0{}
Salisb., \i{}Lachenaliaceae\i0{} Salisb., \i{}Scillaceae\i0{} von Vest>
5,5 21,3 22,1/2<when only one or two leaves> 25,1<usually>/3<\i{}Chlorogalum\i0{},
\i{}Schoenolirion\i0{}> 32,3 39,1 40,1<usually>/2<when reduced to two>
45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/7<rarely>/9<rarely> 64,4 65,2 68,- 76,1
81<probably>,1 102,1 104,1 121,1<with raphides>
123<usually>,1 124,1 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2/2&3 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/8 182,1 183,3<from septal nectaries> 187,2 189,2&3&4&5 192,2 193,1
194,1 195<usually simple or branched racemes or spikes, rarely heads>
200,1<at least in lower parts of the inflorescence> 203,2/3
206,1<usually>/2/1&2/1&3<occasionally in heads with large, very irregular
ray florets and smaller, more or less regular disk florets - see
illustration of \i{}Daubenya aurea\i0{}> 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1<usually,
campanulate, urceolate or tubular>/2<e.g. \i{}Ornithogalum\i0{}> 223,5
224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 228,2 229,1/2 230,1/2<but usually of the same texture>
231,2/4/6/9/10/11/12 235,1<\i{}Albuca\i0{}, \i{}Bowiea\i0{},
\i{}Chlorogalum\i0{}, \i{}Hyacinthus\i0{}, \i{}Hyacinthoides\i0{},
\i{}Lachenalia\i0{}, \i{}Muscari\i0{}, \i{}Ornithogalum\i0{},
\i{}Scilla\i0{}> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,6<usually>/3<e.g. in
\i{}Albuca\i0{}, where the outer whorl may be reduced or absent> 282,1/2<to
the tube> 285,1 287,2<usually>/1<sometimes, in \i{}Albuca\i0{}>
289,1<usually>/2<e.g., sometimes in \i{}Albuca\i0{}> 290<when present,>,3
291<when present,>,1 295,6<usually>/3<rarely, e.g. sometimes in
\i{}Albuca\i0{}> 298,3<usually>/2 301,1<usually>/2 303,3<the filaments
often broad and flat> 304,1<sometimes appendaged by lobes on either side of
the anther>/2 306,1<epipeltate> 309,3 310,3 312,2 316,1 318,2 322,2 328,1
329,1 330,1 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2/1-2 364,1/2 365,1 367,1 368,1/3 372,1/2 373,1 376,2
379,2-50 385,1<e.g., \i{}Lachenalia\i0{}>/2 386,3 387,3 388,2/3
391,1<usually>/2/5 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei degenerating early>
394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396,1/2 397,1<with filiform apparatus>
400,3<usually>/2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,1 424,1 433,1 435,2<5/6>
436,1<usually>/2 442<perhaps always>,1 443,2<or sometimes to chestnut in
\i{}Eucomis\i0{}> 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1/2 452,1/2 453<when
elongated,>,1/- 454,2 457,2 458,2 462<\i{}Ornithogalum\i0{},
\i{}Scilla\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Ornithogalum\i0{}, \i{}Scilla\i0{}> 470,1<Gibbs
1974> 472,1<\i{}Albuca\i0{}> 475,2 487,1<often abundantly> 488,2 490,1/2
491<when present,>,1/1&2 492,2 504,1&2&4&6 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3 507,2&3&4&5
508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4 510,1 514,2 521<widely distributed, richest in
southern Africa and from the Mediterranean to southwest Asia>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5
575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578,500-700
579<about>,30 580<\i{}Albuca\i0{}, \i{}Alrawia\i0{}, \i{}Amphisiphon\i0{},
\i{}Androsiphon\i0{}, \i{}Barnardia\i0{}, \i{}Battandiera\i0{},
\i{}Bellevalia\i0{}, \i{}Brimeura\i0{}, \i{}Bowiea\i0{}, \i{}Camassia\i0{},
\i{}Chionodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Chlorogalum\i0{}, \i{}Daubenya\i0{},
\i{}Dipcadi\i0{}, \i{}Drimia\i0{}, \i{}Drimiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eucomis\i0{},
\i{}Fortunatia\i0{},  \i{}Fusifilum\i0{}, \i{}Galtonia\i0{}, \i{}Hyacynthella\i0{},
\i{}Hyacynthoides\i0{} (= \i{}Endymion\i0{}), \i{}Hyacynthus\i0{},
\i{}Lachenalia\i0{}, \i{}Ledebouria\i0{}, \i{}Leopoldia\i0{},
\i{}Litanthus\i0{}, \i{}Massonia\i0{}, \i{}Merwilla\i0{}, \i{}Muscari\i0{},
\i{}Muscarimia\i0{}, \i{}Neobakeria\i0{}, \i{}Neopatersonia\i0{},
\i{}Ornithogalum\i0{}, \i{}Periboea\i0{}, \i{}Paradisea\i0{} (or
\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{}, or \i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}?), \i{}Polyxena\i0{},
\i{}Pseudogaltonia\i0{}, \i{}Puschkinia\i0{}, \i{}Resnova\i0{},
\i{}Rhadamanthus\i0{}, \i{}Rhodocodon\i0{}, \i{}Schizobasis\i0{},
\i{}Schizocarphus\i0{}, \i{}Schoenolirion\i0{}, \i{}Scilla\i0{},
\i{}Tenicroa\i0{}, \i{}Thuranthos\i0{}, \i{}Urginea\i0{},
\i{}Veltheimia\i0{}, \i{}Whiteheadia\i0{}> 581<\i{}Hyacinthaceae\i0{} are
conspicuously different from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in
habit, inflorescence and fruit characters, and the data compiled for this
package suggest further differences in xylem anatomy, microsporogenesis,
seedling morphology, and biochemistry.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The
azurd harebell, like thy veins \line{}(Cymbeline, iv., 2  re.
\i{}Endymion non-scriptus\i0{}, the vulgar names harebell and bluebell
having been transposed in quite recent times. Thus, Shakespeares harebells
flower in early summer, alongside primroses) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}In the
lone copse or shadowy dell, \line{}Wild clusterd knots of harebells blow
\line{}(Matthew Robinsons undated (19th Century) New Family Herbal) >
586<hyacinth> 
 
# Hydatellaceae <Hamann>/
2<\i{}Centrolepidaceae\i0{} (formerly, now far removed).> 5<aquatic or
semi-aquatic>,5<submerged or partly emergent> 21<glabrous>,1 22,1<plants
only 2-5 cm high, the stems very short> 32,1-2<in fresh water> 34,2 35,1&2
38,2-3<5-40 mm long> 39,1 40,1 42<sub->,4/1<filiform, thin> 45,3 47<more or
less>,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62<filiform->,3 64,1 67,2 68,2 81,1/2<? - it would
be interesting to know, given recent suggestions that the family is not
even monocotyledonous, let alone related to Poaceae> 90,2 92<internally>,3
102,1 104,1 121,2 123,2 128,1<Wagner 1977> 129,2 148,1 156,2 173,1 174,2
175,2/3 176,1 177,2<the heads mixed in \i{}Trithuria\i0{}, mostly unisexual
in \i{}Hydatella\i0{}>/5<sometimes, in \i{}Hydatella\i0{}> 182,2<nectaries
lacking> 184<autogamous or>,5/- 187,2 189,4 191<more or less>,1 193<usually
more or less>,1/- 194,1 196,1<the involucral bracts 2-4(-6), translucent>
197,1 198,2 200,2 202,2 203,1-2 206,- 212,1 213,- 220,2 223,7 277,1/2<from
female flowers> 278,1<i.e. the male flower consisting of a single stamen>
280,- 289,1 295,1 306,2<the filament stout> 308,2 309,3 311,2 312,2 318,1
328,1 329,1 330,1 336,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1 342,1
343,1/3<perhaps pseudomonomerous, depending on interpretation> 344,1/6<?>
345,1 347,1/2<? - the styles alternatively interpretable as stigmatic
papillae> 348,2 350,1 351,1 352<(if considered pseudomonomerous)>,1 353,1
358<shortly>,3 360,1<if a tuft of filamentous structures represents
stigmas>/2<if they are stylar> 361,3-10<if considered stylar!> 363,1 365,1
368,3-10<i.e., if the filamentous structures be are so interpreted> 375,3
378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2-3 400,1<sic> 404,2 407<(if considered
monomeric)>,1<sometimes, via 3 slits, in \i{}Trithuria\i0{}>/2
408,3/4<\i{}Hydatella\i0{}> 409<if considered syncarpous>,1/2 412,1/3<? -
small and dry> 414<when dehiscent, three>,6<i.e., in \i{}Trithuria\i0{}>
421,1 422<almost>,2 425,1<starchy> 426,1 430,1 432,1 439,1
442<probably>,2<?> 447,U 450,U 454,U 458,U 521<Western Australia, Tasmania,
New Zealand> 522,10 527,1/2<? - see comments> 529<perhaps>,2<?> 530,6<i.e.,
as assigned Monocot by Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeoh> 532,2<?> 560,2 572,2
574,2 577,3 578,8 579,2 580<\i{}Hydatella\i0{}, \i{}Trithuria\i0{}>
581<long regarded as a Monocot perhaps related to Poaceae, nucleic
acid-sequencing data now (2007) suggest that this family is closer to the
\i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{}> 586<hydatell> 
 
# Hydnoraceae <C.A. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Aristolochiaceae-Hydnoroideae\i0{}> 5<ectoparasitic>,5 9,3 11<more or
less>,3<the vegetative component consisting of a coarse, rhizomelike pilot
root, from which many slender, unbranched haustorial roots emerge and
parasitize the roots of host plants> 12,3 13,1 14,1 15,2 16,2 17,2 18,1
90,U 137,1/2 138<when present,>,3 143,2/3<normal and/or inversely
orientated> 148,1 151,1 173,1<these with simple perforations> 175,1 176,2
177,1 184,2 185,1 187,1<arising endogenously from the pilot-roots>
203,3-4<short stalked, barely emerging above ground, the lower parts often
remaining below ground> 205,2 206,1 213,1 215,1/2 218,1<short> 223,3/4<of
tepals, sometimes described as a calyx> 224,3-4(-5) 225,2<the lobes
valvate> 226,1 227,- 229,U 231,2/6/7/11<brown ouside> 232,1<often bearing
retrorse bristles> 278,3-4(-5)/6-8(-10) 280,2 282,1<but inserted on the
hypanthium> 285,2<united into a thick, sinuose-annular (\i{}Hydnora\i0{})
or ovoid synandrium> 287,1 289,1/2<\i{}Prosopanche\i0{}> 290<of
\i{}Prosopanche\i0{},>,3-4(-5)<small, fleshy, below and alternating with
the stamens> 295,3-4(-5) 298,2 299,2<i.e. opposite the perianth lobes>/-
303,4<in \i{}Hydnora\i0{}>/3<\i{}Prosopanche\i0{}, where the very short
filaments arise from the hypanthium, and the anthers are connate to form a
dome or cap with a small central opening> 305,1/3<\i{}Prosopanche\i0{}>
309,3/4<the thecae longitudinal or transverse> 310,1 311,4<each with
numerous pollen sacs> 324,2 328,1 329,1-2(-3) 330,1/3 337,1
339,3(-4)<wholly or partly buried in the soil> 341,1/2 342,1 343,3 344,5-6
345,3 352,1 353,1<but becoming occluded by ingrowth of the accrescent
placentas> 360,1<the stigma sessile> 368,1/3<mostly 3-lobed in
\i{}Hydnora\i0{}, in \i{}Prosopanche\i0{} constituted by the slightly
protruding tips of the placental lamellae> 369,2<at least, in
\i{}Prosopanche\i0{}>/- 375,2<in \i{}Prosopanche\i0{}, the lamellar
placentas in three parietal groups, covered with ovules, deeply intruded,
but not joined in the middle>/3<in \i{}Hydnora\i0{}, the placental lamellae
numerous, branched, suspended from the top of the ovary> 377,2
378,50-200<very numerous> 386,1 387,2<this recognisable only around the
micropyle> 388,1 391,2/3<bisporic in \i{}Prosopanche\i0{}, tetrasporic in
\i{}Hydnora\i0{}> 392,1 393,2<the nuclei degenerating> 397,1 400,1 403<more
or less>,4<?> 404,1<within, but the pericarp more or less woody>/- 409,1<in
\i{}Prosopanche\i0{}>/2<\i{}Hydnora\i0{}?> 412,1/6 414<in
\i{}Prosopanche\i0{}>,7 421,500-2000<i.e. the seeds very numerous>
422,1<the endosperm with arabinose polysaccharide> 425,1<a thin layer>
426,1 432,1<minute, enclosed in the endosperm> 504,2&3&4 506,1&2 509,1&2&3
512,2&4&5&6 520,3-4 521<South America, Equatorial and South Africa and
Madagascar> 522,6&7&8&15 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3<cf.
\i{}Rafflesiaceae\i0{}> 565,5 570,10 572,1 574,4 577,7 578,18 579,2
580<\i{}Hydnora\i0{}, \i{}Prosopanche\i0{}> 586<hydnorac> 
 
# Hydrangeaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Kirengeshomaceae\i0{} (Engl.) Nak.> 4<\i{}Philadelphaceae\i0{}.>
5,3<or subshrubs>/5/4<in \i{}Decumaria\i0{}> 27,1<usually>/3 37,1/2 39,1/2
45,1 46<when opposite>,1-2 50,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,2<usually>/1 63<when
dissected,>,2<e.g. \i{}Kirengeshoma\i0{}> 64,2/3 65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4 78,1
81,2 85,1<in \i{}Hydrangea\i0{}> 86,3 90,U 92,1 104<at least
sometimes>,3<in \i{}Dichroa\i0{} and \i{}Hydrangea\i0{}>/-
106,1/2<inadequately described> 112,2<?> 115,1/2 116,1<sometimes,
gland-dotted>/2 123,1 124<commonly>,1 130,2<\i{}Hydrangea\i0{}> 137,2 139,1
140,1 143,1 144,1 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,1-3 153<very numerous,>,1
154<mainly>,1 156,2/2&3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2<?> 160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2
163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165<absent or>,1<with a few cells around the
vessels>/- 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1/1&2/1&3 176,1/2 177,1<or sometimes the
outer flowers of the aggregates sterile>/9<\i{}Broussaisia\i0{}> 187,2
189,1/4/6/2<by reduction> 192,1 195<cymose or corymbose, sometimes
capitate, sometimes racemose by abortion> 197,1<with more or less
petal-like outer flowers>/2 203,2/3 206,1/2 212,4-10 213,1 218,1<brief>/2
223,1 224,8-24 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4-5(-10) 238,1
239,1<rarely>/3<usually> 240,3-4 245,3<except in outer,sterile flowers when
these present> 251,1/3 254,4-5(-10) 255,1 258,1 265,1/2/3 267,3
278,4/8/10-200 279,1<when many, from a limited number of trunks>/2
280,1/2 281<when stamens numerous,>,1 282,1 285,1/2<sometimes the filaments
slightly connate basally> 287,(1-)2-15<sometimes in several series> 289,1
295,4-100<i.e. to many> 298,2/3-5<more often> 304,2
306,1<\i{}Kirenghesoma\i0{}>/1-2 308,1 309,3 310,3 324,2 328,1 329,3
330,6/8 339,(2-)3-5 341,1-2 342,1-5 343,3 344,4-5 345,2-3 352,1-2
353,1<incompletely plurilocular>/2-3(-5) 359<usually>,1<atop the ovary>
360,2 361,(1-)3-5 363,1-2 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2<(b)> 375<when unilocular,
intrusive>,2 376<when plurilocular,>,2 378<(when
unilocular)>,20-100<many> 379<(when plurilocular)>,15-50<many> 386,3
387,2 388,1 390,1 392,1 397,2 400,1 404,1<rarely>/2 409,1<usually>/2
412,1<usually>/6 414<when capsular,>,5 421<many seeded> 422,1 429,1/2 432,3
433,2 435,2<1/1> 436,1 472,1/2 473,1<triglochinin?>/2 483,1 484,1
485,1<normal and seco> 488,1/2 489,1/2 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,2<3 genera, 3
species> 495,1 504,1&3 505,1&2&3 512,1&6 520,2-3 521<widespread North
temperate and subtropical, and Andes from Mexico to Chile>
522,1&2&3&4&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13-18(+)> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5
570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,51 578,115 579,10 580<\i{}Broussaisia\i0{},
\i{}Cardiandra\i0{}, \i{}Decumaria\i0{}, \i{}Deinanthe\i0{},
\i{}Dichroa\i0{}, \i{}Hydrangea\i0{}, \i{}Kirengeshoma\i0{},
\i{}Pileostegia\i0{}, \i{}Platycrater\i0{}, \i{}Schizophragma\i0{}>
586<hydrange> 
 
# Hydrastidaceae <Lemesle>/
2<\i{}Ranunculaceae\i0{}-Hydrastidoideae.> 5,5 21,3 25,3 53,1 60,1 63,2
68,2 90,U 102,1 104,1 143,4 147,1 148,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2 187,1 203,2
213,2/3 214,2&3 218,2 220,2 223,3 224,3 228,2 229,U 236,3<of petaloid
sepals> 238,1 239,1 248,2<caducous> 278,30-100<many> 280,1 281,1 282,1
285,1 289,1 295,30-100<many> 298,5 308,2 309,3 328,1 329,3
339,30-100<many> 341,3 343,2 344,2 345,1 350,2 387,3 404,1 405,1
406,1<this bright red> 407,2 408,7 421<(drupelet)>,1 422,1 435,2<1/1> 472,2
477,1 497,2 520,2 521<one species in Japan, the other in Eastern North
America> 522,4&12 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 26> 527,1 528,1 529,3<?> 533,1<?> 565,1
566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23<as a synonym of \i{}Ranunculaceae\i0{}>
578,1<\i{}Hydrastis canadensis\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Hydrastis\i0{}> 581<This description is hopelessly inadequate, but
differs from that of \i{}Ranunculaceae\i0{} (q.v.). in the perianth of 3
petaloid sepals, the drupaceous, red fruiting carpels coalescing to form a
syncarp, and (in so far as stem anatomy has been adequately sampled for the
larger assemblage) the record of stems with medullary vascular bundles.>
586<hydrasti> 
 
# Hydrocharitaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Blyxaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Elodeaceae\i0{} Dum., \i{}Enhalaceae\i0{}
Nak., \i{}Halophilaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Stratioteae\i0{}
(\i{}Stratiotaceae\i0{}) Link, \i{}Thalassiaceae\i0{} (Aschers and Gurke)
Nak., \i{}Vallisneriaceae\i0{} Dum.> 4<\i{}Najadaceae\i0{}> 5<vegetatively
diverse aquatic>,5 21<mostly>,3 22,1/2 25<sometimes multiplying via
conspicuous runners> 32,1/2 33,1<Thalassioideae,
Halophiloideae>/2<Hydrocharitoideae> 34,1/2 35,1/2/3/1&2/1&3
36,1<usually>/2 39,1/2/3 40,1/2 43,4/1 45,1/3/1&3 47,1-2 49,1 53,1 55,2
60,2 62,3/6-9<usually with ribbonlike submerged leaves> 64,1/2/3/4 65,1/2
68,1/2 75<(and sometimes serial axillary buds)>,1 76<often with
thick-walled prickle-hairs> 81,1/2/1&2<then heterophyllous>
102,1/2 104<when present,>,3 106,2 116,2
121,U 123,2 128,2 130,2<5 genera> 148,1 151,2 173,1/2 174,2
175,2&3/2/3/1&2&3<rarely> 176,1 177,2/5/8<rarely> 182,1/2 183<(when
manifest)>,4<from staminodial nectaries> 184,2<some
Hydrocharitoideae>/5<mostly, sometimes from free-floating male flowers>
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 193,1/2 194,2 195<few flowered cymes>
199,1<the spathe formed of (1-)2 connate bracts> 203,2
206,1/2<\i{}Vallisneria\i0{}> 209,1 212,3 213,2 214,3 219,1/2
223,1<usually>/5 224,6/(2-)3 225,1/2 226,2 227,1/- 228<if not resolvable
into calyx and corolla,>,1/2 230,1<then semipetaloid>/2 231,2/4/6/8/10
236,(2-)3 238,1 239,1<sometimes from a hypanthium> 245,3 254<when
present,>,3 255,1 258,1<attached to the gynoecium or to the perigone tube>
274,1/2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,2-3<rarely>/4-100<i.e. to many>
279,2/1<the members opposite the calyx sometimes paired> 280,1/2
281<usually>,1 282,1 285,1 287,1-10<the whorls trimerous, but sometimes
with pairs opposite the calyx> 289,1/2<the innermost or outermost members
often constituting staminodal nectaries> 291,1/3 295,2-25 298,1-5 301,1/2
309,2 310<generally>,1 312,1/2 315,1/2 316,1 317,1 318,1 319,2/3/5 320,1/2
321,3 322,1 324,1<as threadlike chains, in the marine forms>/2 328,2
337,2<in 5 genera> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3-6(-20) 342,1-6(-20)
343,3 344,4-5 345,3 352,1 353,1<but often with deeply intruding partial
partitions> 354<partially>,1/2 361,(2-)3-6(-20)<but often individually
bifurcated, and then seeming to be twice as many as the carpels> 363,2
365,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 375,4/1<e.g. \i{}Elodea\i0{}> 378,12-100<i.e.
many> 381,1-3 385,2 386,1<rarely>/2-3 387,3 388,2 389,1<rarely>/2 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2<into early embryogeny> 397,1<sometimes with
filiform apparatus>/2 400,3 403,3 404,1/2 409,1/2<often opening by decay>
412,1/2 414,1<underwater> 420<by water>
422<scantily>,1<\i{}Otelia\i0{}>/2<usually> 430,1 433,1<bifacial>
435,2<1/1> 436,1 442,2 447,1<if applicable>/- 448,1<well developed> 450,2
451,1<at least, quite large> 452,1 453,2 454,2 455,1 456,2 457,3 458,2<or
even absent altogether, e.g. \i{}Stratiotes\i0{}> 461<disputably>,1&2&3&4
463<\i{}Vallisneria spiralis\i0{} and \i{}Hydrilla verticillata\i0{} (or
interpretable as such: see Sage \i{}et al\i0{} (1998)> 464<\i{}Vallisneria
americana\i0{} (aquatic CAM only)> 465<\i{}Vallisneria spiralis\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Elodea\i0{}, \i{}Hydrilla\i0{}, \i{}Vallisneria\i0{}> 468,2
472,1<seldom>/2 475,2<one species> 484,2 487,2
488,1<\i{}Hydrocharis\i0{}>/2<3 genera> 489<in \i{}Hydrocharis\i0{},>,1
490,2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except frigid zones>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-12> 527,2 530,1
555,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,80 579,16 580<\i{}Apalanthe\i0{},
\i{}Appertiella\i0{}, \i{}Blyxa\i0{}, \i{}Egeria\i0{}, \i{}Elodea\i0{},
\i{}Enhalus\i0{}, \i{}Halophila\i0{}, \i{}Hydrilla\i0{},
\i{}Hydrocharis\i0{}, \i{}Lagarosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Limnobium\i0{},
\i{}Maidenia\i0{}, \i{}Nechamandra\i0{}, \i{}Ottelia\i0{},
\i{}Stratiotes\i0{}, \i{}Thalassia\i0{}, \i{}Vallisneria\i0{}>
582<Including some important aquarium and watergarden ornamentals.>
586<hydrocha> 
 
# Hydrophyllaceae <R. Br. ex Edwards>/
2<\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Hydroleae\i0{} (\i{}Hydroleaceae\i0{})
R.Br.> 5,5<usually>/3<sometimes spiny> 21,1&2&3 22,1/2 32,3 39,1/2 40,1
45,1 47,2 51,2/3 53,1/2 56<when compound,>,4/5<rarely> 57<when pinnate,>,1
60,1/2 63<when simple/dissected,>,1 64,2/3<rarely> 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U
92,1<usually>/2<occasionally dorsiventral> 102,1 103,1<abaxial>/2 104,1
106,1 107,1&2<stalked glandular hairs with heads of different forms
recorded in most genera> 108,1/2<commonly conical, unicellular and
thick-walled, these occasionally becoming bicellular, sometimes
unicellular-arachnoid and forming a dense felt, often encrusted with
calcium carbonate, sometimes seated on multicellular pedicels>
119,1<sometimes, associated with hairs>/2 123,1< but infrequent> 124,2
130,1<5 genera>/2<\i{}Wigandia\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,1 143<variously>,1/2
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,1<sometimes?>/2 152,2/3 156,3 158,2 159,1/2
160,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<diffuse> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185,2
187,2<usually>/1<rarely> 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 195<boraginoid
cincinni> 202<often>,2 206,1 212<usually>,5/- 213,1 215,2 218,2
220,2<usually>/1 223,1 224,(8-)10(-20) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-10)
238,1 239,3/1<sometimes lobes divided to the base> 245,3 246,1/2 251,1 253,1<as
appendages between the calyx lobes>/2 254,(4-)5(-10) 255,1 257,1<often
having scales of dubious morphological interpretation inside the tube,
alternating with the stamens>/2 258,3 265,1/2 266,1/4/6 267,3 268,8/7/2
278,(4-)5(-10)<as many as C> 282,2<to the corolla tube, and usually with
basal appendages also united to the corolla, which in \i{}Hydrophyllum\i0{}
form tubes leading to the nectar> 284,1/2 285,1 287,1 289<(at least
ostensibly)>,1<but see remarks below re interpretation of corolla scales>
295,(4-)5(-10) 296,1 298,2 299,2<alternating with the petals> 300,1
304<variously, basally>,1 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 313,1 318,2 322,2 328,1
329,3/5-6 330,6/8/10 337,1<in 3 genera> 339,2 342,1/2 343,3 344,4-5
345,1<usually>/2<sometimes> 352,1/2 353,1/2 356,1 360,2 361,1/2 363,1/2
364,1 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when
bilocular,>,2 378<when unilocular,>,2-100<i.e. to many> 379<when
bilocular>,2-50<i.e. to many> 380,1/2 381,1<when funicled>/- 382,2<the
micropyle directed upwards and outwards> 385,2 386,3/5 387,2 388,1 390,1
391,1 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei degenerating early 
\i{}Hydrolea\i0{}> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396,1 397<sometimes with
filiform apparatus> 400,1/2/1-2 403,4 404,2 409,1<usually>/2 412,1/2
414<when dehiscent,>,5<usually>/1/4<rarely> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 433,2
435,1<1/1>/2<1/2> 436,1<spathulate or linear> 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Ellisia\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<6 species> 484,2 487,1<rarely>/2 488,2
490,1 491,1&2 492,2<2 genera> 495,2 520,2-4 521<widespread>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-13(+)> 527,1 528,2
529,20 550,2 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59<as a synonym of
\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 578,250 579,18 580<\i{}Codon\i0{},
\i{}Conanthus\i0{}, \i{}Draperia\i0{}, \i{}Ellisia\i0{},
\i{}Emmenanthe\i0{}, \i{}Eriodictyon\i0{}, \i{}Eucrypta\i0{}, \i{}Eutoca\i0{},
\i{}Hesperochiron\i0{}, \i{}Hydrolea\i0{}, \i{}Hydrophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Nama\i0{}, \i{}Nemophila\i0{}, \i{}Phacelia\i0{}, \i{}Pholistoma\i0{},
\i{}Romanzoffia\i0{}, \i{}Tricardia\i0{}, \i{}Turricula\i0{},
\i{}Wigandia\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{} in the
ebracteolate flowers, ovary with attenuate style and pendulous ovules, and
the capsular fruits; also in the record of solanad embryology. Regarding
corolla scales exhibited here, Lindley (1835) remarked: We would take the
present opportunity of suggesting that the 10 scales (exemplified in in
\i{}Phacelia tanacetifolia\i0{}) represent 5 sterile anthers adhering to
the tube of the corolla by their backs, and consisting each of two
membranous lobes. This is chiefly rendered probable by their number and
position; but we are not aquainted with any direct evidence of such being
the true nature of these singular appendages. This exemplifying Lindley's
pre-Darwinian approach to comparative morphology, and giving the lie to the
widely held notion that the later obsession with phylogenetic speculation
led to a revolution in taxonomic descriptive technique. Numerous, parallel
zoological examples can be seen in John Curtis's British Entomology
(1824-1840).> 586<hydrophy> 
 
# Hydrostachydaceae <Engl.>/
1<\i{}Hydrostachyaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5 21,3 22,2 25,4 27,- 32,1
34,2<with a holdfast and fibrous roots> 35,1 53,1<elongate>/2 56<when
divided,>,6/7<variously bi- or tripinnatisect, the segments flattened,
vesicular or filiform, the rachis beset with numerous small, scalelike or
fringed appendages> 60,1/2 63<if considered simple/ dissected,>,6 67,1<if
the stipules be so interpreted>/2 68<inconspicuously>,1/2<if considered
ligulate> 69<if recognised as such,>,2 70,2 90,U 102,2 123,1 124,2 128,2
141,- 148,1<the vascular system much reduced> 151,2 173,2 175,2/3/2&3 176,1
177,5<usually>/2 187<densely>,2 189,3 192,2 193,1 200,1<the bracts
accrescent> 203,2<inconspicuous> 220,2 223,7 229,U 276,1/2<from female
flowers> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<in the male flowers,>,1 289,1
295,1 303<shortly>,3 309,3 310,1 311,2<the locules well separated> 312,2
324,1 327,3 328,2 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2 342,1 343,3
344,4-5 345,1 352,1 353,1 356,1 360,2 361,2<long, slender, persistent>
363,1-2 365,1 375,2 378,30-100<many> 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1
393,2<the three nuclei soon degenerating> 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,2 404,2
409,1 412,1 414,4 421<many seeded> 422,2 447,1 495,2 504,2&4 506,1&2
509,2&3 520,2-4 521<Southern Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&7&8 527,1 528,2
529,24 554,3 565,6 571,4 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,51 578,30 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Hydrostachys\i0{}> 581<For discussion of classificatory problems
posed by \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, impinging on \i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}, and
\i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem genera as \i{}Paulownia\i0{}
and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and Reeves (1995), who provided
preliminary insights from chloroplast gene sequencing.> 586<hydrosta> 
 
# Hymenocardiaceae <Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 6,3 37,2 39,1 40,1 43,U 45<shortly>,1
50<densely red>,1<beneath> 53,1 60,2 64,2/3<sometimes three nerved at the
base> 68,1 76,1 87,2 90,U 145,2 148,2 150,3 156,2&3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
167,2 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 179,1<the pistillode small> 187,2
189,2/3/11 192,2 194,2<more or less precocious> 195<rather short,
catkinlike spikes or racemes> 206,1 212,4-6 213,1 218,2 220,2 223,3 224,4-6
226,1 227,- 229,U 236,4-6 238,1 239,1<the sepals narrow, in the female
flowers>/2-3<sometimes irregularly gamosepalous in the male flowers> 251,1
276,1/2<female flowers?> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,4-6 280,2 282,1
285,1/2 287,1 289<of male flowers>,1 295,4-6 298,2 299,2 303,3<the
filaments short and spreading> 309,3 310,1<and often bearing a dorsal
gland> 324,2 330<resembling those of \i{}Celtis\i0{}> 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,2<compressed at
right angles to the plane of the septum> 360,2 361,2 363<long,>,1 376,3
379,2 381,1 386,3 404,2 409,3 410,2 411,5<in the form of two winged or
winglike cocci, separating from the persistent central axis>
422<sparsely>,1 426<flat> 504,2&4 506,1&3 509,2&3&4 510,2&3 520,3-4
521<tropical and South Africa, Southeast Asia, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra>
522,4&6&7&8&9 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,4 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,39<as a synonym of \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Hymenocardia\i0{}> 581<In terms of this inadequate description,
dubiously disinguishable from \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} only by the leaves red
gland-dotted beneath, racemose inflorescences, bilocular, 2-styled
gynoecium and samaroid mericarps.> 586<hymenoca> 
 
# Hypecoaceae <(Prantl & Kundig) Barkley>/
2<\i{}Fumariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{}.> 5<low, mostly glabrous,
glaucous>,5<branched from the base> 6,3<but with watery juice which becomes
turbid!> 21<rather dwarf>,1 22,1 39,1 53,1/2 56<when compound,>,6/7<then
multiply pinnatipartite> 60<when simple,>,1 63,6 68,2 87,1/2<?> 90,U
106,1/2 108,1 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 143<probably>,2<?> 146,U
147,U 148,1/2<?> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
186,1<the pollen being shed in the bud into pockets in the inner surfaces
of the inner petals, which close before the stigma develops and open when
pressed by insects, dusting them with pollen> 187,2 189,1<dichasial> 192,1
193<more or less>,1<leafless below> 195<loosely cymose> 200,1<the bracts
pinnatifid> 203,2<usually>/3 206,1 212,2<throughout> 213,1 218,2 220,2<?>
223,1 224,6 226,3 227,1 229,U 236,2<antero-posterior> 238,1 239,1 246,3<and
the sepals not lobed> 248,2 251,4<not enclosing the flower bud> 254,4
255,2<the outer pair rhomboid to trilobed, the inner pair deeply trifid
with the central segment more or less spathulate, stipitate and fimbriate>
258,1 268<usually>,3/4 275,- 278,4 279,1/2<depending on interpretation of
the units> 282,1 284,1 285,1<not diadelphous> 289,1 295,4 298,- 303,3
304<winged> 309,3 310,2 311,2/1&2<the median units having been interpreted
each as two monothecal units> 312,2/1&2 313<biapiculate> 324,2 328,1
329,2<sometimes synaperturate> 330,6 337,1 339,2 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,4-5
345,1 352,1 353,1 356,3 360,2 361,2 363,2 364,1 365,1 366<much>,1 368,2
369,1/2<?> 372,2 373,1 374,2 375,2 378,30-100<many> 386,4 387,3 388,2
400,2 404,2 409,1<sometimes>/4<mostly, nodose, divided by late developing
transverse septa and breaking up into 1-seeded sections> 412<when not
lomentaceous,>,5<with a replum> 414<when dehiscent,>,6<bivalved, dehiscing
acroptetally> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3<but small> 433,2 472,2 504,1
505,1 507,2&3 520,2<warm> 521<Mediterranean to central Asia and China>
522,1&3&4 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,4 565,1 566,8 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23<as a
synonym of \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{}> 578,15 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Hypecoum\i0{}> 581<Differing fairly unimpressively from
\i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} in habit and inflorescence form, the extent of
carpellary fusion, and supposedly in the well differentiated seed embryo.
No anatomical information located.> 586<hypecoac> 
 
# Hypoxidaceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,1 25,2/3 32,3
39,1 40<mostly>,4 45,3/1 47,1 49,1 52,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4 64,4/2<then
parallel-pinnate> 65,2 68,- 76,1 81<presumably>,1 82<sometimes>,2/- 92,1
102,1 104,3<usually>/3&4<\i{}Curculigo\i0{}> 106,1/2 107,1 111,1/2 112,1/2
113<often>,2<or scales>/- 115,2 116,1/2 117<when present,>,2 121,U 123,1
124,1 128,2 130,2<\i{}Rhodohypoxis\i0{}> 137,1/2 138<when present,>,3 148,1
151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2<nectaries lacking> 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,2/3/4/5 192,2 193,1 194,1 195<spikes, racemes or
umbellate clusters> 196,1/2 206,1 212,3 213,1 219,1/2 223,5 224,4/6 225,1/2
226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,4/2/6<rarely> 233,1<patent>
235,1<\i{}Hypoxis\i0{}, \i{}Molineria\i0{}, \i{}Pauridia\i0{},
\i{}Rhodohypoxis\i0{}> 278,3<rarely>/4/6 282<usually>,2<to the perianth>
283,1<more or less attached to the base of the style, in
\i{}Curcilago\i0{}>/2 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,3/4/6 298,2<usually>/1
306,1/2 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 316,1 317,1 318,1 322,1 328,1 329,1 330,1
337,1 339,3 342,1/(2-)3<usually> 343,3 344,4-5 345,3 352,1/2
353,(2-)3<usually>/1<\i{}Empodium\i0{}> 361,1/3 363,1-2 365,1 367,1 372,2
373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular (i.e. rarely),>,2 376<usually>,2
385,1<sometimes, carunculate>/2 386,3/2 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1/2 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,1<a little, occasionally, in \i{}Ianthe\i0{}>/2 396,1
397<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2/3 401,1<at least in
\i{}Curcilago\i0{} and \i{}Hypoxis\i0{}> 402,1 403,2 404,1/2
409,1<variously>/2 412,1/6 414<sometimes>,2/3 422<copiously>,1 424,1
442,1<always?> 443,2/4 447,- 448,2 449,2 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,1 456,2
457,3 458,2 468,2 472,2 475,2 487<seemingly>,2 488,2 490,1 491,2 492,2
504,1&2&3&4&5&6 505,1&3 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,3&4&5 509,2&3&4 510,1&2&3&4 511,2
512,1&2&3&4&5&6 513,1&2&3 514,1 520,2-4 521<widespread, but not in Europe
or Northern Asia> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,2 530,4 558,2
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578<about>,150 579,8 580<\i{}Curculigo\i0{},
\i{}Empodium\i0{}, \i{}Hypoxidia\i0{}, \i{}Hypoxis\i0{},
\i{}Molineria\i0{}, \i{}Pauridia\i0{}(?), \i{}Rhodohypoxis\i0{},
\i{}Spiloxene\i0{}> 586<hypoxida> 
 
# Hypseocharitaceae <Weddell>/
2<\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}, rather than \i{}Oxalidaceae\i0{}.> 5<stemless>,5
21<a thick taprooted>,3 22,1 39,1 40,1 53,1 60,1 63,1 68,2 116,U 120,U
121,U 134,U 137,U 143,1<with a ring of pericyclic sclerenchyma> 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,1<?> 159,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 193,-
195<radical, pedunculate or epedunculate 19-flowered cymes> 206,1 212,5
213,1 215,4 216,2<the gynoecium attached to a central column> 218,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251<strongly>,1
254,5 255,1 258,1 265,2 278,15 282,1 285,1 287,3 289,1 295,15 298,4
303,3<the filaments subulate, persistent> 306,1 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3
330,8 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,5<and five lobed> 358,3
360,2<the style filiform> 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,2 379,20-50<many>
384,4 385,2 386,3-4<becoming campylotropous after fertilization, via a
bulge from the inner integument on the raphal side  cf.
\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}> 387,3 388,2 389,1 399,1 400<\i{}ab
initio\i0{}>,2/1<subsequently, commencing around the embryo> 404,2
409<tardily>,1 412,1 414<irregularly>,5<unlike the specialized structure of
typical of \i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}> 422<scantily>,1 432,3 436,4<cochlear>
444,1 497,2 504,3 512,6 521<Andes> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5<?> 565,5
570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,40<as a synonym of
\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}> 578,8 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Hypseocharis\i0{}>
581<Boesewinkel (1988) shows that the embyology and seed structure resemble
\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{} rather than \i{}Oxalidaceae\i0{} or
\i{}Linaceae\i0{}.> 586<hypseoch> 
 
# Icacinaceae <Miers>/
1<\i{}Irvingbaileyaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Emmotaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}\i{}Iodaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Leptaulaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Metteniusaceae\i0{} p.p.,
\i{}Phytocreneae\i0{} (\i{}Phytocrenaceae\i0{}) R.Br.,
\i{}Pleurisanthaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Sarcostigmataceae\i0{} Van
Tiegh.> 4<\i{}Pennantiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Stemoneuraceae\i0{}>
5,1&2&3&4 6,1/3 27,1/3 28,3<the lianes>/6 32,2/3 39,1<nearly
always>/2<somtimes, in climbers> 40,1 43<more or less>,2/4<rarely> 45,1<the
petioles canaliculate> 47,2 53,1 60,1<sometimes being palmately 5-7
lobed>/2<usually> 64,2<mostly>/3 65,1 68,2 76,1-4 77<slightly>,2/1 81,2
85,1<known from 4 genera> 86,1/2<when present> 90,U 96,1<occasionally>/2
101,1/2 104,1/2/3 106<of assorted unicellular and multicellular forms>,1
114,1<e.g., in \i{}Phytocrene\i0{}>/2 116,1/2 117<when present,>,4 122,1/2
130,2<\i{}Cassinopsis\i0{}> 133,1/2 137,1/2 138<when present,>,4 139,1
140,2 141<variously>,1/3 143,1/2/3/4<?> 144,1/2<recorded in medullary
bundles of \i{}Iodes\i0{}> 145,1/2 147,1/2 148,2/3<see illustration>
149<when present,>,1/2 152,3 153<very>,1-2 154,1/2/3/4/5<in various
combinations> 156,2<then usually mostly solitary>/3/2&3 157,2 158,1/2
159,1/2 160,2 161,1<especially in forms with scalariform perforation
plates>/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 167,1<from a single cambial ring, e.g. in
lianoids of the tribe Sarcostigmateae>/2 169,3 175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3<etc.>
176,1/2 177,1<usually>/3/4/5<especially the lianas>/6/7/8<rarely
polygamous to dioecious> 187,2<the pedicels articulated>
189,1/2<usually>/3/8 192,1/2<usually>
194,1/2<usually>/3/5<\i{}Leptaulus\i0{}>/6 200,1<usually>/2 203,2 205,3
206,1/2-3<rarely> 212,(3-)4-5(-7)<but mostly pentamerous> 213,1 215,2 218,2
220,2<usually>/1 221<when present,>,1/2 223,1<<75%> usually>/3<rarely
apetalous>/4<K absent in \i{}Pyrenacantha\i0{}>
224,(3-)4-5(-6)/(6-)8-10(-12) 226,1/2<usually> 227,1/- 229,U 236<when
present (i.e. usually),>,(3-)4-5(-6) 238,1 239<usually glabrous,>,3<usually
shalloly cupular>/1<rarely> 240,2/3/4 245,3 247<usually>,1 249,2
251,1<usually>/3<<10%> rarely> 254<when present (i.e.
usually),>,(3-)4-6(-7) 255,1 258,1<usually>/3<<10%> rarely> 265<usually>,3
267,3 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(3-)4-5(-6) 280,2 282,1/2<to the
corolla tube> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(3-)4-5(-6) 298,2 299,2 300,1
303,1/3<the filaments filiform, or fleshy, or broad and flattened> 306,1/2
309,3 310,3<usually>/1/2 313,1<from the connective>/2 315,1 318,2 319,1
320,1-2<these ephemeral> 322,2 328,1/2<\i{}Stachyanthus\i0{}> 329<when
aperturate, mostly>,3(-7) 330,6/7/8/9 337,2<in \i{}Miquelia\i0{} and
\i{}Phytocrene\i0{}> 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-5) 342,1<<90%>
usually>/3-5 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1<usually, by
abortion>/3-5<<10%> rarely> 360,2<usually shortly> 361,1 364,1 365,1
368,(2-)3(-5) 375<usually>,3 376<when plurilocular (i.e. rarely)>,2/3
378<usually>,2<back to back  rarely only one> 379<when plurilocular (i.e.
rarely)>,1-2 381,1 385,1<with a funicular thickening near the micropyle>/2
386,3 387,2 388,2<e.g., \i{}Icacina\i0{}, \i{}Iodes\i0{},
\i{}Pyrenacantha\i0{}>/1<\i{}Phytocrene\i0{}> 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2
401,1/2 402<when present,>,1<\i{}Nothapodites\i0{}> 404,1/2 409,2
412,7<<75%> usually, in globose clusters in \i{}Phytocrene\i0{}, with a
fleshy lateral appendage in Apodytes>/10<sometimes?> 415,2 421,1 422,1
424,1 433,2 435,1<1/1> 436,1-2 447,1/2 472,1 475,1/2
481,1<\i{}Cassinopsis\i0{}> 484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 487,1/2 488,1/2
489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491,2 492,2< genera> 495,1 520,3-4
521<pantropical, plus South Africa and Eastern Australia>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10, 11> 527,1 528<at least
mostly>,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,53
578<about>,350 579,52 580<\i{}Alsodeiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Apodytes\i0{},
\i{}Calatola\i0{}, \i{}Casimirella\i0{}, \i{}Cassinopsis\i0{},
 \i{}Citronella\i0{}, \i{}Chlamydocarya\i0{}, \i{}Dendrobangia\i0{},
\i{}Desmostachys\i0{}, \i{}Emmotum\i0{}, \i{}Gonocaryum\i0{},
\i{}Hosiea\i0{}, \i{}Icacina\i0{}, \i{}Iodes\i0{}, \i{}Lavigeria\i0{},
\i{}Leretia\i0{}, \i{}Mappia\i0{}, \i{}Mappianthus\i0{},
\i{}Merrilliodendron\i0{}, \i{}Miquelia\i0{}, \i{}Natsiatopsis\i0{},
\i{}Natsiatum\i0{}, \i{}Nothapodytes\i0{}, \i{}Oecopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Ottoschulzia\i0{}, \i{}Phytocrene\i0{}, \i{}Pittosporopsis\i0{},
\i{}Platea\i0{}, \i{}Pleurisanthes\i0{}, \i{}Polycephalium\i0{},
\i{}Polyporandra\i0{}, \i{}Poraqueiba\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobotrys\i0{},
\i{}Pyrenacantha\i0{}, \i{}Rhaphiostylis\i0{}, \i{}Rhyticaryum\i0{},
\i{}Sarcostigma\i0{}, \i{}Stachyanthus\i0{}> 581<This family exemplifies
the well known difficulties in distributing certain Dicot families between
Dahlgrens Araliiflorae and Corniflorae. It had proved equally hard to
assign them with confidence to the higher level groupings Crassinucelli and
Tenuinucelli, although the latter evidently represent a major divergence in
the Dicot line of descent (cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{}
1993). In any case, this 2018 draft compilation requires critical
reappraisal consequent on segregation of \i{}Metteniusaceae\i0{} and 
\i{}Stemonuraceae\i0{} (q.v.),
especially re 'esoteric characters' - anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry>
582<A few cultivated ornamentals (\i{}Citronella\i0{}
(\i{}Villaresia\i0{}).> 586<icacinac> 
 
# Idiospermaceae <S.T.Blake>/
2<\i{}Calycanthaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 7,1 32,3 37,1 39,2 43,2 45,1 50,1 51,1 53,1
60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U 116,U 120,1 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
137,U 141,1<with a single trace> 146,1<when young with four inverted
vascular bundles in the pericycle or cortex> 147,U 148,2<?> 156,2 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2<in 13 flowered
inflorescences> 194,1/2 200,1<the peduncle with several decussate bracts>
206,1 213,3 214,1&2/1&2&3 217,1 218,1 223,2/4 224,30-40<spiralled, the
outer members the largest and deciduous, the other 1518 retained> 225,1
229,U 230,- 231,2<initially>/6<later> 233,1<the inner 1518 members>/2<the
outer members> 278,25-100<many, at the rim of and within the hypanthium>
280,1 281,1 282,1 285,1 287<spiralled> 289,2<the outer 1315 members
fertile, the remainder sterile> 290<about>,20-40<becoming smaller
acropetally> 291,3 293,1-2<more or less tepal-like> 295,13-15 303,1-2<more
or less tepal-like, not obviously filantherous, thick, triangular> 306,4
309,3 310,1<dorsal, more or less basal> 313,1 314,1<in the form of the
inflexed tip of the stamen blade> 324,2 328,1 329,2<bisulcate> 339,1(-3)
342<when monomerous,>,1 343,1/2 344,1/2 345,1<the receptacle/hypanthium
cupular and enclosing the gynoecium, but the latter  and subsequently the
pericarp  remaining free> 347<more or less>,1 348,2<with a subsessile,
obliquely terminal stigma> 350,1(-2) 351,2-3 358,1 385,2 386,3 387,3
404<strictly>,2<but enclosed in the enlarged, almost closed, internally
fleshy receptacle> 405,1<when not monomeric>/2 407,2 413,2<the latter
becoming hard outside, fleshy within> 419,4<ie. the internally fleshy
receptacle/hypanthium plus persistent perianth members and the free but
enclosed fruit> 422,2 432,3<filling the seed> 433,3-4 434<fleshy, peltate>
497,1 520,4 521<Queensland> 522,10 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 22> 527,1 528,1 529,1
531,5 565,1 566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9<as a synonym of
\i{}Calycanthaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Idiospermum australiense\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Idiospermum\i0{}> 581<Apart from the record of
scalariform vessel end-walls, this description of \i{}Idiospermum\i0{}
differs from that of \i{}Calycanthaceae\i0{} (q.v.) only in the fewer,
non-stylate carpels and the embryo with 3-4 cotyledons!> 586<idiosper> 
 
# Illiciaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Schisandraceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous, small>,1/3 7,1 37,1 
39,1/1&3<i.e, sometimes pseudo-verticillate distally>
40,1<sometimes crowded towards the tips of the twigs> 
43,2 45,1 47,2 50,1/2
51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial>
104,1<occasionally>/3<usually> 116,U 120,1 130,2 132,1 135,1<but with the
central cells thinner-walled> 141,1<with one trace> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2
150,3 152,3 153<very to moderately>,1 154,1 156,1&2 159,1 163,1
165<sparse>,2 167,2 169,3 170,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2<these two- or
three-flowered> 194,2<or supra-axillary> 203,2 206,1 213,2 214,1&2<the
perianth and stamens commonly arranged in several series, but spiral within
each> 215,- 218,2 220,2 223,2<the members of the outermost series small and
bractlike or sepaloid, the inner members commonly larger and more
petaloid>/3<the inner members reduced and sometimes transitional with the
stamens> 224,7-33 225,1 226<commonly in several series, spiral within each>
227,- 229,U 230,- 278,(4-)20-50 280,1 281,1<?> 282,1 285,1 287<spirally
arranged, in (1)several series> 289,1/2 291,1<(when present) in the form
of intermediates with the inner perianth members> 295,(4-)15-50 303,3<the
filaments short and thick> 306,4<the thecae lateral> 308,2 309,3 310,3
312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,6<colpoidate>
337,1 339,(5-)7-15(-21) 343,2 344,2<its members attached obliquely to the
receptacle in a single cycle, this ontogenetically resolvable into a tight
helix> 345,1 346,2<being unsealed at the narrowed, stylar tip> 347,2
348<with a decurrent stigma> 350,1 351<ventral and nearly>,3 372,2 373,2
381,3 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,1/2 403,2 404,2
405,1 407,1 408,3<the cycle of follicles often spreading radially in a
stellate pattern> 421,1 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3<very small> 433,2
435,2<1/1> 447,1 472,2 484,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 497,2
504,1&2&3 505,1 506,3 507,3&5 510,2 512,1 520,3-4 521<tropical Southeast
Asia, North America, West Indies> 522,4&9&12&13&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13, 14>
527,1 528,1 529,1 531,4 565,1 566,5 572,2 574,3 577,4<as a synonym of
\i{}Schisandraceae\i0{}?> 578,42 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Illicium\i0{}>
581<Apart from details of leaf and wood anatomy relying on limited
sampling, this compilation shows \i{}Illicium\i0{} differing from
\i{}Schisandraceae\i0{} (q.v.) in habit, sexuality of the flowers, and
details of androecium and gynoecium morphology.> 582<Some cultivated
ornamentals, and commercial volatile oil from \i{}I. verum\i0{}.>
586<illiciac> 
 
# Iridaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Gladiolaceae\i0{} Rafin., \i{}Hewardiaceae\i0{} Nak.,
\i{}Isophysidaceae\i0{} Takhtajan, \i{}Spathaceae\i0{} Dulac>
4<\i{}Geosiridaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3<<10%> rarely> 21,3 22,1/2 25,3/2/1<a few>
32,2-4 37,1/2 39,1 40<usually>,2 42,1/4 43,1/2 45,3/1 47,1
49,1/2<exemplified in \i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{}> 51,3<sometimes>/2
52,1<commonly>/2<<10%> with \i{}Iris\i0{} exhibiting both and intermediate 
conditions> 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4<often ensiform> 64,4 65,2 67,2 68,- 76,1 
81,1 92,1/2/3 102,1 104,1 116,1 117,2 121,2
123,1 124,3 128<mostly>,2 130,2<\i{}Iris\i0{}> 137,1 138,3 148,1/3<<10%> in
\i{}Aristea\i0{}, \i{}Klattia\i0{}, \i{}Nivenia\i0{}, \i{}Witsenia\i0{}>
149<when present,>,2 151,2<<75%> usually>/1<\i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{}> 156<in
\i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{},>,2&3<mostly simple> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
173,1 174,2<mostly>/2&3/3<\i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{}> 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1<mostly>/2<<5%>> 183,1<mostly, from nectaries at the tepal
bases>/3<septal nectaries in Ixioideae> 184,2/3/1<<5%> rarely> 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,8/1/3/5/6 192<when more than one-flowered,>,1/2
193<nearly always>,1<but some with the inflorescence reduced to a single,
almost sessile flower> 194,1 195<panicles, thyrses, cymes, spikes  often
hard to interpret> 199,1<via one or two expanded, bladeless sheaths> 200,1
203,2-4 206,1-3 207<when irregular,>,1 212,3 213,1 215,2<usually>
219,1<usually, long or short>/2<rarely> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 
228,2 229,1/2<commonly>
230,1/2<the inner sometimes much smaller> 231,2/4/6/8/9/10<or blue-green>
235,2<17 genera> 278,(2-)3 282,1/2<to the perianth tube> 285,1/2<the
filaments often united into a basal tube> 286<when united,>,1
287,1<representing the outer whorl> 289,1 295,(2-)3 298,1-2 301,1<opposite
the outer perianth lobes> 305,1<usually>/3<<2%> sometimes, e.g.
\i{}Homeria\i0{} spp> 306,2 309,3 310,1 316,1 318,2 319,1/2
328,1<usually>/2 329,1<usually>/2 330,1<usually>/11/3<\i{}Tia\i0{}>
337,1<in 9 genera> 339,3 340,1<commonly>/2 342,3<nearly
always>/1<\i{}Isophysis\i0{}> 343,3 344,5 345,3<nearly always>/1<<0.05%>
very rarely \i{}Isophysis\i0{}> 352,1/2 353,3/1<<0.05%>
\i{}Isophysis\i0{}> 357,2 360,2 361,1/3/6<depending on interpretation,
being 3-lobed with the lobes sometimes very deeply subdivided and slender
(see \i{}Nemastylis\i0{}), or these expanded and petaloid> 365,1 367,1
372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular (i.e. very rarely),>,2 376<nearly
always>,2 379,(1-)2-50<i.e. to many> 385,1/2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1/2<sometimes with filiform apparatus>
400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,1 424,1 430<usually>,2
433,1<coleoptile-like> 435,2<3/5>/1<\i{}Tritonia crocosmifolia\i0{}>
436,1<small> 442,2 443<membranous or thick> 447,- 448,1<usually short>/2
449,2 450,2 451,1/2 452,1<sometimes when elongated>/2 453<when
elongated,>,1/- 454,1<e.g. \i{}Aristea\i0{}>/2 456,1<e.g.
\i{}Neomarica\i0{}>/2 457,1 458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Iris\i0{},
\i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{}> 468,2 472,1/2<usually>
475,1<commonly <35%>>/2 479,1<\i{}Gladiolus\i0{}, \i{}Libertia\i0{}> 480,2
483,2 487,1/2 488,1<<30%> in 3 genera>/2<more often> 489<when present,>,1&2
490,1<<10%> e.g. \i{}Gladiolus\i0{}>/2<mostly> 491<when present,>,1&2 492,2
497,1 498,2 504,1&2&3&4&5 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3 507,2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3
509,1&2&3&4 510,1&2&3 512,1 513,1 520,2-4 521<almost cosmopolitan, but
lacking from frigid zones and northern Eurasia>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 3-19 (or more)>
527,2 530,4 558,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578,1800 579,92
580<\i{}Ainea\i0{}, \i{}Alophia\i0{}, \i{}Anomatheca\i0{},
\i{}Aristea\i0{}, \i{}Babiana\i0{}, \i{}Barnardiella\i0{},
\i{}Belamcanda\i0{}, \i{}Bobartia\i0{}, \i{}Calydorea\i0{},
\i{}Cardenanthus\i0{}, \i{}Chasmanthe\i0{}, \i{}Cipura\i0{},
\i{}Cobana\i0{}, \i{}Crocosmia\i0{}, \i{}Crocus\i0{}, \i{}Cyanixia\i0{},
\i{}Cypella\i0{}, \i{}Devia\i0{}, \i{}Dierama\i0{}, \i{}Dietes\i0{},
\i{}Diplarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Duthiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Eleutherine\i0{},
\i{}Ennealophus\i0{}, \i{}Ferraria\i0{}, \i{}Fosteria\i0{}, \i{}Freesia\i0{},
\i{}Galaxia\i0{}, \i{}Geissorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Gelasine\i0{}, 
\i{}Gladiolus\i0{}, \i{}Gynandriris\i0{}, \i{}Herbertia\i0{},
\i{}Hermodactylus\i0{}, \i{}Hesperantha\i0{}, \i{}Hesperoxiphion\i0{},
\i{}Hexaglottis\i0{}, \i{}Homeria\i0{}, \i{}Homoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Iris\i0{}, \i{}Isophysis\i0{}, \i{}Ixia\i0{}, \i{}Kelissa\i0{},
\i{}Klattia\i0{}, \i{}Lapeirousia\i0{}, \i{}Lethia\i0{}, \i{}Libertia\i0{},
\i{}Mastigostyla\i0{}, \i{}Melasphaerula\i0{}, \i{}Micranthus\i0{},
\i{}Moraea\i0{}, \i{}Nemastylis\i0{}, \i{}Neomarica\i0{}, \i{}Nivenia\i0{},
\i{}Olsynium\i0{}, \i{}Onira\i0{}, \i{}Orthrosanthus\i0{},
\i{}Pardanthopsis\i0{}, \i{}Patersonia\i0{}, \i{}Pillansia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudotrimezia\i0{}, \i{}Radinosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Rheome\i0{},
\i{}Roggeveldia\i0{}, \i{}Romulea\i0{}, \i{}Savannosiphon\i0{},
\i{}Schizostylis\i0{}, \i{}Sessilanthera\i0{}, \i{}Sisyrinchium\i0{},
\i{}Solenomelus\i0{}, \i{}Sparaxis\i0{}, \i{}Sympa\i0{},
\i{}Syringodea\i0{}, \i{}Tapeina\i0{}, \i{}Thereianthus\i0{},
\i{}Tigridia\i0{}, \i{}Trimezia\i0{}, \i{}Tritonia\i0{},
\i{}Tritoniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tucma\i0{}, \i{}Watsonia\i0{}, \i{}Wisenia\i0{},
\i{}Zygotritonia\i0{}> 582<Numerous ornamentals, plus orris root (from
\i{}Iris\i0{} rhizomes) and saffron dye (from \i{}Crocus\i0{} stigmas).>
583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And with its reeds the wandering stream
\line{}Reflects the flag-flowers golden beam \line{}(Charlotte Smith,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Iris pseud-acorus\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Say, what impels, amidst surrounding snow
\line{}Congeald, the crocus, flamy bud to glow? \line{}Say, what retards,
amidst the summers blaze, \line{}Th autumnal bulb, till pale, declining
days \line{}(Gilbert White, Natural History of Selbourne, 1788 - on
spring versus autumn flowering, in closely related species of
\i{}Crocus\i0{}) > 586<iridacea> 
 
# Irvingiaceae <Pierre>/
2<\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ixonanthaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,1 43,2 53,1 60,2
62,4/6/7 64,2 65,1 68<conspicuously>,1 69,2<large or very long, embracing
the terminal buds> 70,1 74<folded and>,1 92,1 95,2 100,1/2 101,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1/3 115,2 121,1 122,1 123,1 124,3<abundantly>/2 137,1
138,3 139,1 140,1 143,1 144,1 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,2 162,U 163,U 165,1/2
168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 194,1&2 200,1<the bracts very small>
203,2 206,1 212,5 215,3/4 218,2 220,1 221,2 222<conspicuous, fleshy,
cupular> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1 254,5
255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 278,(9-)10 280,1/2<?> 282,1 285,1 287,1/2<?>
295,(9-)10 298,2<usually>/1 303,3 306,1-2<sub-basifixed> 309,3 339,(4-)5/2
341,1/2 342,(4-)5/2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,(4-)5/2 358,1 360,2 361,1
364,1 365,1 368,1 376,2-3 379,1 380,1 386,2/3<?> 388,2 404,1/2 409,2
412,7<one celled, or 45 celled>/10<bilocular> 422<thinly>,1/2 433,2
434,1<face to face> 504,2 506,1&3 520,4 521<tropical Africa, tropical E.
Asia> 522,4&6&9 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,39 578<about>,20 579,3 580<\i{}Desbordesia\i0{},
\i{}Irvingia\i0{}, \i{}Klainedoxa\i0{}> 581<Sound practical taxonomic
applications of recent notions on the dispositions of assorted genera
previously referred to \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} will necessitate thorough
overhaul of family descriptions as compiled in this package (cf.
\i{}Ixonanthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picramniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}, \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}).>
582<Butters (Dika bread, cay-cay etc.) from the seeds  e.g. of
\i{}Irvingia barteri\i0{}.> 586<irvingia> 
 
# Iteaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Pterostemonaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 37,1/2
39,1 43,1/2<sometimes holly-like> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,1 76,3/4<or
spinose> 90,U 130,2<\i{}Itea\i0{}> 145,2 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
167,2 168,U 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/8 187,2 189,2/8 192,1 194,1/2
195<densely elongate-racemiform or shortly cymose> 203,2 205,1 206,1 212,5
213,1 215,2/- 218,1<as a turbinate calyx tube> 220<(or perigynous
disk)>,1 221,2 222,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<on
the hypanthium> 245,3 248,1 251,3/4 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals narrow>
265,3 267,3 268,2 276,1/2<?female flowers> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,5
280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2<?> 303,3<the filaments
subulate> 306,1 308,2 309,3 310,3<oblong or ovate> 328,1 329,2(-3) 330,7
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4/6<the two connate
styles finally becoming free, or remainong united by the capitate stigma>
345,1-2 352,2 353,2 360,2 361,2 363,1/2<initially connate, subsequently
free or remaining joined only by the stigma> 365,1 376,2 379,4-50<few to
many> 384<usually>,4 404,2 409,1 412,1<narrow or ovoid> 414,4
422<sparsely>,1 424<fleshy> 426<flattened, oblong or scobiform>
432,3<large> 472,1 473,1<triglochinin?> 488,1 489,2 490,2
492,2<\i{}Itea\i0{}> 504,1&2&4 505,1 506,1&3 507,3&5 509,2&3&4 520,2-4
521<East and Southeast Asia, eastern North America, tropical and South
Africa> 522,4&6&7&8&12 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,9 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2
574,16 577,30 578,17 579,2 580<\i{}Itea\i0{}, \i{}Choristylis\i0{}>
581<Bohm \i{}et al\i0{}. (1988) provided details of \i{}Itea\i0{}
flavonoids.> 586<iteaceae> 
 
# Ixerbaceae <Griseb. ex Doweld & Reveal>/
2<\i{}Strasburgeriaceae\i0{} (APG), formerly \i{}Brexiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}, etc.> 5<small, glabrous>,1<to about 15 m high>
32,3<in hilly forests> 37,1 38,3<about 6-15 cm long> 39<mostly sub->,2/3
42,1 43<somewhat>,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 62,3-4<glabrous, acute or sub-acute>
64,2 66,5 68,2 76<obtusely>,3-4<the teeth gland-tipped> 81,2 85,U 87,U 89,U
94,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 192,1 194<few-flowered,>,2 203,3
206,1 212,5 215,2 218,1-2 220,1 222,1-2<in the form of a 5-lobed disk
alternating with the stamens> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 236,5 238,1
239<shortly>,3 240<5->,4 241,3 245,3 248,2<the lobes deciduous> 251,1 254,5
258,1<inserted beneath the obscurely 5-lobed perigynous disk> 265,1 267,3
268,2 274<obovate, shortly>,1 275,4 278,5 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 295,5
298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments filiform> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3
339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,5 358,1 360,2 361,1<the style
subulate, twisted and 5-furrowed> 364,1 365,1 368,1 376,2 379,2 380,1 381,2
384,1 385,2 386,3<?> 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5<loculicidally 5 valved, the
valves extending through the style, ultimately recurved, cohering below,
bipartite above> 419,1 421<about>,4-10 422,1-2<i.e., almost exalbuminous>
424,1 426<quite large, oblong, compressed, shining> 431,U 432,3<large>
433,2 436,1 471,U 474,U 486,U 493,U 498,U 504,6 514,1 520,2 521<endemic to
New Zealand, North Island> 522,10 523,U 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,10 565,5
570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42<as a synonym of
\i{}Strasburgeriaceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1 580<\i{}Ixerba\i0{} (\i{}I.
brexioides\i0{})> 582<a valued source of honey> 584<This draft description
by LW (2009) lacks information on embryology, anther development, pollen
and phytochemistry. As it stands, it shows \i{}Ixerba\i0{} (temperate)
differing clearly from \i{}Strasburgeriaceae\i0{} in leaf form, the flowers
aggregated into inflorescences, and details of perianth, androecium,
gynoecium and fruit.> 586<ixerbace> 
 
# Ixioliriaceae <T. Nakai>/
5<erect>,5 21,3 22<more or less>,1 25,2<the corm bulb-shaped, tunicated,
including more than one internode> 39,1 40,1 42,1 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2
62,3/4 64,4 65,2 76,1 81<probably>,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 123,1 124,1 148,1
151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<?> 187,2 189,8 192,1 193,1-2<the scape
leafy at least below> 194,1 195<panicles with varying degrees of branching,
often few-flowered, sometimes umbel-like> 203,3 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1<but the outer members
somewhat narrower> 231<nearly>,2/9/10 235,1<\i{}Ixiolirion\i0{}> 278,6
282,2<to the bases of the tepals> 285,1 289,1 295,6 298,3 303,3<the
filaments long and slender> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2-3 312,2 315,1 316,1
318,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5 345,3
352,2 353,3 359,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 366,3 368,3<the style apically
tribrachiate> 372,2 376,2 379,15-50<rather numerous> 381,3 386,3 388,2
400,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 422,1 432,3<nearly as long as the endosperm> 433,1
436,1<fusiform> 442,1 443,2 447,- 454,U 458,U 475,2<by contrast with
\i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}> 504,1&2 505,1 506,3 507,3 508,3 510,2
521<southwest Asia> 522,2&4 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1
574,5 575,2 577,16 578,1-4 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Ixiolirion\i0{}>
586<ixioliri> 
 
# Ixonanthaceae <Planch. ex Klotzsch>/
2<\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{} (=
\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} p.p.).> 5,1/3 39,1 40,1/2<then asymmetric> 45,1 47,2
53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1<the stipules small>/2 76,1/3/4 81,2 90,U
102,1 104,3 148,2 150,2 156,3 161,1 162,2 165,1 175,1 176,2 177,1<mostly>
187,2 189,1/2/8<thyrses> 194,1/2 203,2 206,1<or nearly so> 212<usually>,5/-
218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2<to cupular, well developed> 223,1 224,(8-)10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1/3<then connate only basally> 241,3 245,3
251,1/2 254,(4-)5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 272,1<often, and becoming
indurated>/2<?> 278,5-10-20 282,1<sometimes adnate to the intrastaminal
disk> 284,1/2 285,1 289,1 295,5/10/20 298,2/3/5 302<with the filaments
sigmoid-folded in bud> 303,3<the filaments expanded at the base> 309,3
312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,2/(4-)5 341,1/2 342,2-10<?> 343,3
344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2/(4-)5<sometimes unilocular towards the top, the
partitions falling short, and sometimes with secondary false septa> 354,1/2
360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,2-3 379,1/2 380,1 381,1 385,1/2 386,3
387,3 388,2<?> 400,2<?> 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4/4&5 422<scantily>,1 429,1/2
488,1 492,1 520,4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&13&14&15 527,1 528,1
529,15 545,5 565,5 570,14 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578<about>,30
579,4/5 580<\i{}Allantospermum\i0{}(?), \i{}Cyrillopsis\i0{},
\i{}Ixonanthes\i0{}, \i{}Ochthocosmus\i0{}, \i{}Phyllocosmus\i0{}> 581<This
is a poor description. In any case, practical taxonomic applications of
recent notions on the dispositions of assorted genera previously referred
to \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} will necessitate thorough overhaul of family
descriptions as compiled in this package (cf. \i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picramniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{},
\i{}Surianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}).> 586<ixonanth> 
 
# Japonolirionaceae/
2<\i{}Tofieldiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Petrosaviaceae\i0{}, \i{}Liliaceae\i0{} ....>
5<glabrous, green>,5 21,3 22,1<the radical leaves sometimes exceeding the
scape> 25<creeping, shortly>,3 32,3<in alpine meadows> 38,3-4<5-15 cm long,
2-4 mm wide> 39,1 40,2 42,1 45<pointed, basally narrowing> 47,1 52,1 53,1
60,2 62,3 64,4 66,5 76<scabrous> 77,1 92,2<?> 125,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,2 192,2 193<solitary,>,1 194,1 195<dense, racemose, simple, erect,
several- to many flowered, sometimes exceeded by the basal leaves>
200,1<the bracts similar to the proximal scales of the scape> 202,2
203,1-2<the perianth 2.5-3 mm long> 206,1 213,1 215,3 219,2<or slight?>/-
220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1<no more than basally contiguous, in Ohwi's
illustration> 226,2 227,1 228<membranous, 1-nerved> 229,1
230<somewhat>,2<the inner three members larger> 231,2&13 233,1 278,6
282,1/2<adnate to the bases of perianth segments?> 284<more or less>,1
285,1 287,2 295,6 298,2 301,2 303,3 306,2 309,3 310,3 311,2 339,3 341,2
342,3 343,3 344,3-4<with only the carpel apices diverging> 345,1 352,2
353,3 358,1 360,2 361,3 363,1 365,1<stigmatic on their inner surfaces>
366<short, recurved>,1 376,1-2<?> 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4 504,1 520,2/3
521<confined to serpentine swamps in Honshu and Hokkaido, Japan> 522,4
527,2 530,4 558,6 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,11 578,1 579,1 580<\i{}Japonolirion
osense\i0{}> 581<Description encoded from Ohwi, \i{}Flora of Japan\i0{}
(1965), cross referenced with Christenhusz et al. (2017); i.e., lacking the
reliable comparative data essential for critical taxonomic evaluation.>
586<japonoli> 
 
# Joinvilleaceae <Tomlinson & A.C. Sm.>/
5<coarse, reedlike, unbranched, erect>,5<to 5 m tall> 21,3 22,2 24<to>,3-5
25,3<the rhizomes congested, sympodial> 38,4<the lamina up to 1 m long>
39,1 40,2 42,1 43,U 45,3 47,1 48,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4<grasslike, not
cirrhose> 64,3-4<most of the veins entering the blade from the sheath, but
a few originating from the base of the midrib> 67,1<and more or less
auriculate> 68,- 76,3 81<probably>,1 82,2 90,1<abundant throughout the
plant, deposited in the epidermal walls and as silica bodies around the
vascular bundles> 91,2 97,1<cf. Gramineae> 98,1 102,1 104,3 105,1 121,2
123,2<?  no raphides> 128,1 129,2/1&2 132,3 148,1 156,2&3<mostly simple>
173,1 174,2&3 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2<?> 184,1 187,2 189,8 191,2 193,-
194,1 195<much branched, terminal panicles> 200,1 203<fairly>,2 206,1 212,3
213,1 215,3 219,1-2<the perianth members free to basally connate> 220,2
223,5 224,6 225,1-2 226,2 227,1 228,1<bractlike> 230,1-2<chaffy, the outer
members much larger> 231,1/3 233,1 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6
298,2 306,2<sagittate> 308,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 316,2 318,1 324,2 328,1
329,1 330,5 331,2<or with a vestigial operculum represented by coarse
granules or exine fragments> 332,1 335,1 336,1 337,2 339,3 341,2 342,3
343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,1<with three more or less sessile
stigmatic areas>/2 361<when developed,>,3 363,1-2 365,1 366,1<persistent>
368,3 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 386,1 389,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 398,2 400,2
403<probably>,2 404,1 409,2 412,7<red, yellow or black> 415,2<with 13
seeds> 421,1-3 422<copiously>,1 424<mealy, starchy> 430,1
432,1/2<undifferentiated, minute, discoid> 442,2 443<thin> 447,- 454,U
458,U 504,2 506,3&4 510,3 511,1&2&3 520,4 521<Western Malaysia, Pacific>
522,9&11 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 18> 527,2 530,6 560,4 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21
578,4 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Joinvillea\i0{}> 581<See Tomlinson and
Smith 1970, Campbell and Kellogg 1987.> 586<joinvill> 
 
# Juglandaceae <A. Rich. ex Kunth>/
3<\i{}Nuculaceae\i0{} Lam. & DC., \i{}Platycaryaceae\i0{} Nakai,
\i{}Pterocaryaceae\i0{} Nak.> 4<\i{}Rhoipteleaceae\i0{}.> 5,1<mostly>/3<a
few> 8<often>,1 31,1 37,2 39,1<mostly>/2<<8%> \i{}Alfaroa\i0{},
\i{}Oreomunnia\i0{}> 45,1/3 47,2 51,1<with aromatic, resinous, peltate
gland scales, and often with other types of glands in addition> 53,2 56,4/3
57<when pinnate,>,1/2 64,2 65,1 68,2 78<brown-hairy,>,1/2<the buds commonly
several, superposed> 81,2 85,1<4 genera> 86,1/2/3 90,U 92,1<mostly, with
one or two palisade layers>/2<tending to bilateral in
\i{}Engelhardtia\i0{}> 102,1 103<(often of two distinct sizes on the same
leaf)>,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<with several different types of each
represented, the latter including short-stalked capitate forms and
glandular peltate scales> 112<usually>,1 113<gladular,>,1 123,1
124<mostly>,2 130,2<\i{}Juglans\i0{}> 134,1/2 137,2<but often with
scattered secretory cells> 139,1 140,2 141,3/5 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3/1-2 153<usually>,2<or slightly largeer> 154<in
various arrangements, but usually mostly solitary> 156,3/2&3 157,2 158,1/2
159,1/2 160,2 161,1/2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2
165<typically>,1/1&2<often with a little paratracheal in addition> 167,2
169,3 170,1/2 175,2/3 176,1 177,2<usually>/5<occasionally> 179,2/3 184,1
187,2<mostly>/1<female flowers sometimes solitary> 189,11<mostly, these
usually drooping, sometimes erect, sometimes grouped into terminal
panicles>/2<female, sometimes>/3<female, sometimes> 195<mostly in the form
of catkins, which may themselves be grouped into terminal panicles; the
catkins unisexual, or bisexual with proximal staminate and distal
pistillate flowers; female flowers rarely solitary, or in spikes or
racemes> 200,1 202<two>,1/2<the bractlets often adnate to the sepals (male)
or to the bract (female), in the latter case often forming a cupulate
involucre maturing to form a husk around the fruit> 203<flowers
individually>,2<and inconspicuous> 223,3/6/7 224<when present,>,(1-)4(-5)
229,U 236<when present,>,(1-)4(-5) 239<more or less adnate with the
bracteoles or obsolete in male flowers, consisting of four calyx teeth or
suppressed in female flowers> 276,1/2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in male
flowers,>,(3-)5-50(-100)<or more  decreasing in number acropetally in the
catkin> 279,U 282,1 285,1 289<in male flowers,>,1 295,(3-)5-50(-100)<or
more> 298,3-5 303<shortly>,3 306,2 309,3 312,2 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2
322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3-9(-16) 330,7<37>/9-10<616, \i{}Juglans\i0{}>
337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2(-3) 342,1-8 343,3 344,4-5 345,3
352,1/2<below> 353,1<above>/2(-3)<below, usually, but the partitioning
falling short of the apex, and sometimes 48 celled below, by false
partitions> 354,1/2 356,1/3 359,2 360<shortly>,2/1 361,1-2 363,1-2 365,1
368,2 372,2 373,2 374,2 375,1<the ovule borne on top of the partition>
378,1 381,3 385,2 386,1 387,2 388,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,2
403,2 404,1/2 409,2 412,7<the softer husk sometimes splitting to release
the bony pericarp>/8/10 415,2 421,1 422,2 432,3<large, oily> 433,2<often
massive, deeply lobed from the false septa, and sculptured> 435,2<2/4>
447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Juglans\i0{}> 469,3<from 9 species and three genera>
472,1/2 475,2<10 species> 483,2 484,2 488,1/2 489,2/1&2
490,1/2<\i{}Pterocarya\i0{}> 491,2&3<\i{}Juglans\i0{}>
492,1<\i{}Pterocarya\i0{}>/2<\i{}Juglans\i0{}> 495,1<rarely>/2<usually>
497,2 504,1&2&3 505,1&2&3 506,3 512,6 520,2-4 521<basically North temperate
and subtropical, extending to India, Indochina, Malaysia and Andean South
America - absent from Africa and Australia> 522,1&2&3&4&9&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 16> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,5 565,2 567,8 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,35 578,50 579,8 580<\i{}Alfaroa\i0{}, \i{}Carya\i0{},
\i{}Cyclocarya\i0{}, \i{}Engelhardtia\i0{}, \i{}Juglans\i0{},
\i{}Oreomunnia\i0{}, \i{}Platycarya\i0{}, \i{}Pterocarya\i0{}> 582<Valuable
sources of edible nuts (walnut, pecan), and many valuable timber species
(walnuts, hickory).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Let them say of me, As
jealous as Ford, that searched a hollow walnut for his wifes leman.
\line{}(Merry Wives, iv., 2  leman = lover) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}(Of
a proffered cap:) Why, tis a cockle or a walnut shell, \line{}A knack, a
toy, a trick, a babys cap: \line{}Away with it! come, let me have a
bigger. \line{}(Taming of the Shrew, iv., 2) > 586<juglanda> 
 
# Julianiaceae <Hemsl.>/
2<\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3 8,1<assuming that milky juice is
not latex> 22<often>,3/- 37,2 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,4 57,1 64,2 65,1
68,2 76<of the leaflets>,3 90,U 92<usually>,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
106,1<often forming a dense covering on both leaf surfaces> 107,1/2<the
latter always present, variously shaped> 108,1&2 115,2 116,1<in the phloem>
117,3<the juice supposedly not latex, though milky> 118,1 123,1
124<exclusively>,2 137,1<in cortex, phloem and pith> 138,2<with thick,
milky juice> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2
152,3 153,1 154,1&2&3&4 156,3/3&1 157,2 161,2 162,1 163<at least
sometimes>,1 164,2 165<scanty>,2 167,2 169,3 170,1<abundant> 175,2/3 176,1
177,5 178,2 179,3 182,2 187,2 189,1<female>/8<male> 192,1 195<of female
plants consisting of small, 34 flowered dichasia, those of male plants in
the form of many-flowered panicles> 196,1<female>/2<male> 197,1<female
plants>/2<male plants> 203,2 206,1 213,1 218,2 220,2 223,3<male
flowers>/7<female flowers> 224<of male flowers,>,3-8 226,1 229,U 236<of
male flowers,>,3-8 238,1 239,3 240<38>,3 245,3 276,1/2<female flowers>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278<of male flowers,>,3-8 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,3-8 298,2 299,1 306,2<to slightly ventrifixed> 308,1 309,3
310,1 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,(3-)5-8
330,8<\i{}Juliania\i0{}>/10<\i{}Orthopterygium\i0{}> 338,1/2<from male
flowers> 339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2
361,3<the style tripartite, with flattened branches> 363,2 365,1 368,3
375,1 378,1 381,3 385<with a placental obturator> 386,2 387,2 388,2<?>
404,2 409,2 412,8 417,1<the accrescent, thickened, subglobose involucre
containing 12 hairy nuts more or less adnate to its wall> 422,2 434,1
436,2/3<?> 437,1 447,1 472,2 475,2<2 species> 487,1 488,1 492,2 504,3
512,1&6 520,3-4 521<central America, Peru> 522,12&13&15 527,1 528,1 529,15
545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of
\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,2 580<\i{}Amphipterygium\i0{}
(\i{}Juliania\i0{}), \i{}Orthopterygium\i0{}> 581<Seemingly separable from
\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) by the serrate lamina, cymose
inflorescence, no hypogynous disk, and alternisepalous stamens with
extrorse anthers, hemianatropous ovules, and nuts in multiple fruits
(floral morphological comparisons being much complicated by dioecism and
monoecism).> 586<julianac> 
 
# Juncaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Prioniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sexglumaceae\i0{} Dulac> 5,5<mostly>/3<a few
with woody trunks, e.g. \i{}Prionium\i0{}> 9,1-2<mostly low herbs of cool,
damp places, with a creeping sympodial rhizome which each year gives off a
single, one-stemmed leafy shoot that elongates into a terminal
inflorescence> 10<often>,1 12,1/2/3<usually narrow with large sheathing
bases> 21,1/3<mostly> 25,3<mostly>/4 31<the few shrubby forms>,2/- 32,1-3
34<the aquatics>,2 35<when hydrophytic>,1&2 39,1 40,4<<95%> nearly
always>/2<e.g. \i{}Distichia\i0{}> 42,2/3/4/1 43<variously>,1/2/4 45,3
47,1<sometimes reduced to membranous sheaths> 49,1/2 52,2<usually>/1<rarely
and atypically in some \i{}Juncus\i0{} species> 53,1 55,2 60,2
62<variously>,2/3/10/1<variously flat and grass-like, needle-like or
centric> 64,4 67,1<often, by coalescent apical auricles>/2 68,1<dubiously,
in the form of hyaline lobes on the sides of sheaths>/2 81,1 90,2 92,1/2/3
102,1 104,3 105,2 121,U 123,2<at least, no raphides> 128,1 129,3/2&3
130,2<\i{}Juncus\i0{}> 131,1 148,1 156,3/2&3 173,1 174,2&3<mainly simple>
175,1<usually>/2/3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/5<rarely> 182,2<nectaries
lacking> 184,1<usually>/2<rarely, or autogamous>/- 187,2 189,1/4/6
192,1<usually monochasial> 193,1<usually, more or less  the one-jointed
stems often extending only in relation to flowering>/2
194<morphologically>,1<but often in \i{}Juncus\i0{} spp. pushed aside by
an erect leafy bract, and giving the appearance of being lateral on a
leaf-like cylindrical stem> 195<dense panicles, corymbs or heads, being
usually crowded masses of cymes of some sort, these usually monochasial and
often fan- or sickle-shaped> 199,1<with one or more spathal bracts>
202,1<usually with two prophylls>/2 203,2 206,1 212,(2-)3 213,1 215,2/3
219,2 220,2 223,5 224,3<rarely>/6 225,1 226,1<rarely, the inner whorl
absent>/2<usually> 227<usually>,1/- 228,1/2 230,1/2<sometimes very
different in size> 231,1/2/11/8/12/13 277,1/2<rarely, when flowers female>
278,6<usually>/2-3<rarely> 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,2<usually>/1<rarely> 289,1
295,2-3/6<usually> 298,1-3 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3/2 313,1<sometimes, via
the connective tip>/2 315,1 316,1 318,2 319,1/2 324,1 327,3 328,1 329,1
330,5 337,2 338,1/2<rarely flowers male> 339,3 342,1/3 343,3 344,4/5 345,1
352,1/2 353,1/3 357,2 360,2<often shortly> 361,1/3 363,1-2 364,1 365,1
368,2<brushlike> 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular>,2/1<rarely 
\i{}Luzula\i0{}> 376,2 378<when
unilocular>,3<\i{}Luzula\i0{}>/7-100<usually many> 379,3-50<i.e. to
many> 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396<small,>,1/2 397<large> 400,3 403,1 404,2 409,1<usually>/2<rarely>
412,1<usually>/2 414<usually>,5 422,1 424,2 430,1 433,1 435,2<2/3>
436,1<small> 442,2 447,- 448,1<\i{}Luzula\i0{}>/2<\i{}Juncus\i0{}> 450,2
451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 456,2 457,2<\i{}Juncus\i0{}>/3<\i{}Luzula\i0{}>
458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Juncus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Juncus\i0{}> 468,1
472,1<frequently>/2 473,1 475,2<6 species> 487,2 488,1<<20%> e.g.
\i{}Luzula\i0{}, in trace amount>/2<usually> 489<when present,>,1
490,1/2<\i{}Luzula\i0{}> 491<when present,>,2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,1-2
521<Arctic, North and South temperate and tropical mountains>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&10&12&13&14&15&16 523,1<\i{}Juncus\i0{},
\i{}Luzula\i0{}> 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (3-)6 or 20(-36)> 527,2 530,6 560,3 572,1
574,5 575,1 577,21 578,400 579,8 580<\i{}Andesia\i0{}, \i{}Distichia\i0{},
\i{}Juncus\i0{}, \i{}Luzula\i0{}, \i{}Marsippospermum\i0{},
\i{}Oxychlo\i0{}, \i{}Prionium\i0{} (or \i{}Thurniaceae\i0{}?), 
\i{}Rostkovia\i0{}> 581<Normal
plants in the sense of exhibiting stems, roots, foliar organs and
inflorescences, but as exemplified above, the vegetative morphology of this
family is very difficult to encode for a satisfactorily worded natural
language description!> 582<A few species used locally for matting, chair
seats, baskets, hats, etc.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And be it moon, or
sun, or what you please, \line{}An if you call it a rush candle,
\line{}Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me \line{}(Taming Of the
Shrew, iv., 5) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Will your answer serve to fit all
questions? \line{}. . . (As fit . . . ) as Tibs rush for Toms forefinger
\line{}(Alls Well, ii., 2 - alluding to a scandalous medieval custom
of pretending to marry with a ring made of rush)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Our gates, \line{}Which yet seem shut, we have but
pinned with rushes; \line{}Theyll open of themselves \line{}(Coriolanus,
i., 4) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}She bids you \line{}Upon the wanton rushes
lay you down, \line{}And rest your gentle head upon her lap \line{}(1st
Henry the Fourth, iii., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Let wantons, light of
heart, \line{}Tickle the senseless rushes with their heels \line{}(Romeo
and Juliet, i., iv - alluding to the rush-covered floor of the
dance-hall)> 586<juncacea> 
 
# Juncaginaceae <Rich.>/
3<\i{}Borboraceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.), \i{}Lilaeaceae\i0{} Dum.,
\i{}Maundiaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Triglochinaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5,5 6,1<rarely 
\i{}Lilaea\i0{}>/3 21,3<usually>/1 22,1 25,3/4/1<very rarely>
32,1/2<sometimes halophytic> 34<of the hydrophytes,>,2 38,2/3 39,1
40,1/1-2<spirodistichous> 42,1 45,3 47,1 49,1 52,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,2
62,3<occasionally reduced to the sheath>/- 64,4 67,1 68,1/2 75,1 81,1 102,1
104<mostly>,3 116,1<elongate canals> 121,U 123,1/2 124,2<?>/3<?  crystals
few, no raphides> 128,2 130,2<\i{}Triglochin\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2
175,2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,5/8 184,1 187,2 189,2&3 192,2 193,1 194,1 195<dense
or sparse spikes and racemes> 200,2 203,2 206,1 212,1<\i{}Lilaea\i0{}>/2/3
213,1 219,2 223,5<there being one member outside each stamen or
staminode>/7<if the tepals are interpreted as staminal appendages  cf.
\i{}Potamogetonaceae\i0{}> 224,6<usually>/3/4/1 225,1 226,2<usually>/1
227,1 228,1 229,1/2<\i{}Tetroncium\i0{}> 230,1 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,6<usually>/3<when the inner whorl missing>/8<rarely>/1<rarely> 282,2<if
the flower is interpreted as having a perianth> 285,1 287,1/2<(4+4) 3+3 or
2+2, rarely only three or one> 289,1/2<alternate members sometimes sterile>
290<when present,>,3/4 295,3/6/8<rarely> 298,2/3 303,3-4 309,3 310,1 312,2
315,1 316,1 317,1 318,1 319,1/2 320,1/2 322,1 328,2 337,2<\i{}Lilaea\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,6/4/1 341,2 342,- 343,2/3/1 344,2-3/4<usually in
two trimerous or dimerous whorls, the carpels usually adnate to the central
axis but separating at maturity> 345,1 347,1/2 348,2 350,1
351,3<usually>/1<\i{}Maundia\i0{}> 352,2 353,- 360,1/2 372,2 373,1 374,2
376,1-2<usually>/3<\i{}Maundia\i0{}> 379,1
381,3<usually>/1<\i{}Maundia\i0{}> 385,2 386,3<usually>/1<\i{}Maundia\i0{}>
387,3 388,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3
395,1<\i{}Triglochin\i0{}>/2<\i{}Lilaea\i0{}> 396,2<if only as vestiges>
397<beaked> 400,2 403,3 404,2 405,1/2 406<if apocarpous, or considered
so,>,1-2 407,1/2 408,3/4 409<if syncarpous,>,3 410,4/6 411,1/3 422,2 430,1
433,1 436,1 442,2 443<thin> 447,1 448,2 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 455,2
456,2 457,2 458,2 468,1 472,1/2 473,1<triglochinin> 475,2 487,2 488,2 490,2
492,2 520,1-3 521<widespread North and South temperate and frigid>
522,1&10&12&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 8, 9> 527,2 530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5
575,2 577,10 578,25 579,4 580<\i{}Triglochin\i0{} (inc.
\i{}Cycnogeton\i0{}), \i{}Lilaea\i0{} (~\i{}Triglochin\i0{}),
\i{}Maundia\i0{}, \i{}Tetroncium\i0{}> 581<\i{}Lilaea\i0{} is retained here
following Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985  but recognition of the family
\i{}Lilaeaceae\i0{} would greatly improve this description> 586<juncagin> 
 
# Kewaceae <Christenh.>/
2<\i{}Molluginaceae\i0{} sensu lato: formerly spp. of \i{}Pharnaceum\i0{}
or \i{}Hypertelis\i0{}> 5,5 14,1 21,1&3<sometimes slightly woody>
22<usually>,3<usually more or less fasciculate at the stem tips> 25,3<?>
39<falsely>,3/1/2 40,1 42<succulent, linear, and>,4 43,3 44,2 45,1-2
47,1-2<sheathing to different degrees via their stipules> 48,2 53,1 60,2
62,3 64<probably>,1 66,5 68,1 69,1<fused at the leaf bases, see
illustrations> 73<plump?> 74,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2 187,2 189<"in false
umbels"> 192,2 194<"long-stalked",>,1/2 195<"long-stalked false umbels">
196,1<in illustrations seen> 198,2 202,1 203,2-3<?> 206,1 215,1 218,2
223,3<with two or three members becoming white or pink and petaloid> 224,5
226,1 228,1&2 231,1&2/1&7 236,5 238,1 239,1 251,1 277,1 278,(3-)5-15(-20)
279,1/2<? - illustrations of \i{}K. acida\i0{} depicting some basally
joined pairs> 282,1 284,1<more or less>/2 285,1/2<"with shortly fused
filaments" ....> 295,5-15(-20)<"rarely fewer" - than what?> 298,1-4 303,3
306,1 309,3 339,3-5 341,1-2 342,3-5 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,3-5 368,3-5
371<with "short, fleshy stigmatic crests> 376<presumably>,2 385,2<?> 404,2
409,1 412,1 414,5 433<presumably>,2 461,1/3<?> 466,2 486,2 488,1/2<?>
504,2&4 506,1&2 520,2-4 521<St. Helena, southern Africa, Madagascar>
522,7&8 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,8
579,1 580<\i{}Kewa\i0{}> 581<this inadequate draft description is taken
from Christenhusz et al. (\i{}Phytotaxa\i0{} 8, 238-242 (2014)), who
segregated the family from \i{}Molluginaceae\i0{} (q.v.), involving breakup
of the genus \i{}Hypertelis\i0{}; supplemented from illustrations and older
literature. It requires pursuit to professional standards of 'esoteric
characters'. Also, floral morphological assignments of perianth members to
calyx/corolla, stamen counts, etc., in this circle of affinity (supposedly
important in distinguishing APG-supported segregate families) are
unconvincing.> 586<kewaceae> 
 
# Kingdoniaceae <(Janchen) A.S. Foster ex Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Circaeasteraceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 25,3<the rhizome slender, branched,
scaly, with a solitary leaf and flower arising from each bud> 45<long>,1
53,1 60,1 63,2<with five major, cuneate segments, these variously lobed and
toothed> 64<with radiating, dichotomous venation, cf. \i{}Circaeaster\i0{}>
65,2<the venation open> 68,2<?> 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
137,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1 183,4<from the staminodes> 187,1 188,2<on long scapes> 191,- 203,2
206,1 218,2 220,2 223,4 224,4-7 225,1 227,- 229,U 278,11-21 279,U 282,1
285,1 289,2 290,8-13 291,1<representing the outer members> 295,3-6 309,3
311,2 312,2 324,U 339,4-9 343,2 344,2 345,1 347,2<the style short,
persistent, deflexed in the fruit> 350,1 351,1-2<ventral, subapical> 381,1
386,1 404,2 405,1 407,2 408,4 422,1 477,U 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<North
and West China> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9
577,23<as a synonym of \i{}Circaeasteraceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}K.
uniflora\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Kingdonia\i0{}> 581<In view of the
peculiar leaf venation recalling that of \i{}Circaeaster\i0{}
(\i{}Circaeasteraceae\i0{}, q.v.), to which \i{}Kingdonia\i0{} seems
closely related, it would be interesting to have information on the
embryology. As this description stands, it differs very conspicuously from
that of \i{}Circaeasteraceae\i0{} (q.v.) in numerous characters involving
habit, leaf form, inflorescence, perianth, anroecium and gynoecium.>
586<kingdoni> 
 
# Kirkiaceae <(Engl.) Takht.>/
2<\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 39,1 40,1<crowded at the branch tips> 53,2
56,4 57,1 68,2 92<(sub)>,3/2 95,2 100,2 101,1<in at least some species>
102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 115,2 116,2 120,2 121,2 122,2 137,2 145,2 148,2
159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2<vasicentric> 167,2 168,U 175,2&3/1&2&3 176,1
177,2/8 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2 195<dichasia> 212,4 213,1 218,2 220,1 221,2
222<quadrangular, fleshy> 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,1
239,3<small> 245,3 254,4 255,1 258,1<much exceeding the calyx>
265<induplicate>,1 267,3 276,1/2<?female flowers> 277,1/2<from female
flowers> 278,4 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,2 303,3<the
filaments slender> 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330<(syn-)>,8 338,1/2<from male
flowers> 339,4 341,2 342,4 343,3 344,4 345,1<partly immersed in the disk>
352,2 353,4 360,2 361,4<each carpel with a short, erect style with a
punctiform stigma> 363,1 365,1 368,4 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 404,2<dry> 409,3
410,4 411,1/4<the fruit splitting longitudinally into four linear-oblong,
dorsally compressed, indehiscent, one-seeded carpels with a leathery
endocarp, attached above to a central carpophore> 422,2 504,2&4 506,1
509,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<tropical and South Africa> 522,6&7 527,1 528,1
529,15 545,1<?> 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,68<but presumably
Sapindales> 578,8 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Kirkia\i0{}> 581<Note that
satisfactory representation of recent notions on the proper dispositions of
several genera previously referred to \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} will
necessitate thorough overhaul of the descriptions presented in this package
(cf. \i{}Ixonanthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picramniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}, \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}).>
586<kirkiace> 
 
# Koeberliniaceae <Engl.>/
2<\i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 9,2 10,1<almost leafless, with stiff,
spine-tipped branches> 12,2 32,4 37<early>,2 38,1 39,1 43,4<scalelike> 53,1
68,2 90,U 137,1<in the phloem> 138,2 139,1<pericyclic> 140,1 143,2<these
separated by the relatively broad medullary rays> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 150,1<with slightly widened distal ends> 152,1 154,1<and small> 156,3
157,2 158<in the late wood>,1 159,1 161,1 162,2 163,2 164,1/2 165,1 166,2
167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2 195<very short
axillary racemes> 200,1<the bracts minute> 206,1 212,4 213,1 216,2<the
ovary shortly stipitate> 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,8 229,U 236,4 238,2<K 2+2
decussate, C 4 diagonal, cf. \i{}Cruciferae\i0{}?> 239,1<the sepals small>
245,3 251,1 254,4 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2 272,2 274,1 278,8 279,U
282,1 285,1 289,1 295,8 298,3 303,3 309,3 310,3 313<apiculate>,U 328,1
329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8 339,2-5 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 360,2
361,1<subulate, persistent> 365,1 376,2 379,5-50<several to many> 386,3
404,1 409,2 412,6 422<scantily>,1 432,3 433,2 436<much>,2 471,2 504,1&3
505,3 512,1 521<Southern U.S.A., Mexico> 522,12&13 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2
565,4 569,8 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,1<\i{}Koeberlinia
spinosa\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Koeberlinia\i0{}> 581<Description
inadequate, e.g. regarding floral morphology> 586<koeberli> 
 
# Krameriaceae <Dum.>/
5,3/2/5 15,2<on an assortment of flowering plants> 16,2 17,2 18,1/2<?>
21<when herbaceous,>,3 39,1 47,2 53<ostensibly usually>,1/2<overtly so in
\i{}K. cystoides\i0{}, perhaps basically so in the rest> 56,1<usually,
rather than simple?>/3<\i{}K. cystoides\i0{}> 60,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U
92<of leaves or leaflets>,1/2/3 102,1 103,2 104,3/1&3 106,1 107,1 108,1
109<thick walled,>,2 122,1 123,1 124,2 139,1 140,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2
156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165<scanty>,2 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
184,2 185,2<oil-collecting bees> 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when
aggregated,>,2 202<bi->,1<the bracteoles leafy> 203,1 206,3 207,1 209,1&2
213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1-2 228<all>,2<including
the calyx> 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1 245<petaloid,>,1<commonly with the
three outer members larger than the two inner and often nearly enclosing
the rest of the flower, rarely all the members reflexed> 251,1 252,1
254,(4-)5 255,1 258,1/2<the three upper members sometimes connate via their
claws> 265,1 267,1<the two lower, abaxial members smaller, very different,
commonly broad and thick, and often modified into lipid-secreting glands>
274,1<the three adaxial members>/2<the abaxial members> 278,(3-)4(-5)
282,2<sometimes adnate to the claws of the upper petals>/1 284,2<declinate>
285,1/2 286<when joined,>,1<the filaments basally connate> 287,1
289,1/2<rarely> 290<when present,>,1<in the form of a fifth, sterile,
anterior stamen> 291,2 292,4 294,2&3 295,(3-)4<posterior> 298,1
299,2<alternating with the upper petals> 300,1 303,3<the filaments thick>
305,- 309<apically>,1/2 312,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8<to ruporate> 339,2
341,1 342,1/2 343,3<but pseudomonomerous> 344<disguisedly>,6<one carpel
developing, the other vestigial> 345,1 352,1-2 353,1(-2) 360,2 361,1
365<obliquely>,1 368,1<discoid or punctiform> 375,3 378,2 381,1 384,1 386,3
387,3 404,2<dry> 409,2 412,3<usually covered with bristles or spines, these
often retrorsely barbed> 421,1 422,2 432,3 433,2<thick> 436,1 484,2<S.R.
Jensen, unpublished> 487,2 495,2 504,1&3 505,3 512,3&4&5&6 520,2-4 521<warm
Central America> 522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6> 527,1 528,1
529,15<probably misplaced> 545,4 565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,32 578,25 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Krameria\i0{}> 581<Linked with
\i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{} s. str. on \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence data by Chase
\i{}et al.\i0{} (1993) and Sheahan and Chase (1996)> 586<krameria> 
 
# Labiatae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Labiaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Labiataceae\i0{} Boerl., \i{}Lamiaceae\i0{}
Lindl. (nom. altern.).> 3<\i{}Menthaceae\i0{} Burnett, \i{}Nepetaceae\i0{}
Horan., \i{}Salazariaceae\i0{} F. Barkley, \i{}Scutellariaceae\i0{} Caruel>
4<\i{}Tetrachondraceae\i0{}.> 5,5<usually>/3<sometimes ericoid>/1<<5%>
rarely>/4<<2%> rarely> 7<characteristically>,1<the crushed foliage either
aromatic or foetid, with taxonomic predictability> 14,1<rarely, e.g. some
\i{}Coleus\i0{} spp.>/2<<95%> mostly> 21<the herbs>,1-3 22,2
27,1<usually>/3<<2%> occasionally> 32,2/3/4 39,2<decussate on the usually
square stem>/3 41<when whorled,>,3-10<e.g. \i{}Dysophylla\i0{}> 42,1/2/3/4
43,1<mostly>/2/3 45,1-3 51,1/3/2<<1%> very rarely> 53,1/2 55,2 56<when
compound,>,4 60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1/2 64,1/2/3 65,1 66,2-6/8 68,2
76,1/2/3 81,2 85,1<found in \i{}Cuminia\i0{}> 86,2 90,U 92,1/2/3
96,1<ocasionally>/2 100,2 104<predominantly>,5/1/2/1&2
106<usually>,1<represented by numerous kinds, see illustrations>
107<usually>,1&2<the latter usually conspicuous> 108,1/2 109,1/2 110,1/2
111,1/2 112,1/2 113<when present,>,2 114,2 115,2 123,1/2 124<when present,
usually>,3<in the form of small rods or octohedra, often many per
cell>/2<rather rarely> 125,1 127,2 130,2<8 genera> 131<usually>,3/-
132,1/2/3 136,1/2 137,2 139,1 140,1/2 141,1<with 1 or 2 traces> 143<at
first>,2<four, one in each corner of the stem>/1<subsequently> 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1/2/3 152,2/3 153,1<sometimes extremely so>
154,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}Hoslundia\i0{}>/2/3/4/5<typically in small multiples
or groups that are arranged in tangential lines> 156,3 157,1<rarely>/2
158,1/2 161,2 162,1 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 164,2 165,2<rather sparse
to very sparse> 167,2 169,3 175,1/2/3/1&2&3<rarely> 176,1/2
177,1/5/7<fairly commonly>/8<<2%> rarely> 184,2/3 185<usually>,2/3/4
187,1/2 189,9<<75%> usually, these usually formed from axillary pairs of
dichasial or circinate cymes>/4/3/1/8 192,1/- 194,1/2 203,1-3 206,2-3 207,1
208,1<by torsion of pedicel or (e.g. in \i{}Teucrium\i0{}, \i{}Ajuga\i0{})
the corolla tube>/2 209,1&2<though sometimes not the calyx> 213,1 215,2
216,2/3 218,2 220<often>,1/2 223,1 224,4-10 226,2 227,1/2<or only dubiously
interpretable>/- 229,U 236,2/3/4/5<basically 5, but often with the
bilabiate condition superimposed, and 2-lobed in e.g.
\i{}Prostanthera\i0{}, 3-lobed in \i{}Melittis\i0{}, 4-lobed in e.g.
\i{}Preslia\i0{}> 238,1 239<variously>,3 240,1<occasionally>/3/4 241,1-3
244,3/5/6 245,1<one-lipped>/2/3 248,1 251,1/4<commonly> 252<(when K 5)>,2/-
254<more or less disguisedly>,5<usually with no clear indication of
individual petals  commonly with five lobes, but usually with the
bilabiate condition superimposed, and the five lobes variously secondarily
lobed, reduced or suppressed>/4<occasionally, ostensibly, e.g.
\i{}Mentha\i0{}>/- 255,1 258,3 265,1 267,2<usually, the lower lip typically
three-lobed, the upper commonly bilobed or emarginate but sometimes entire
or three or four lobed>/1<e.g. \i{}Teucrium\i0{}, where the upper lip is
suppressed>/3<rarely, almost, as in \i{}Mentha\i0{}> 269,1/2
277<usually>,1/2<in female flowers> 278,2/4(-5)<<90%> usually> 280,2 282,2
284,1/2 285<usually>,1/2<<5%> in \i{}Coleus\i0{}> 286<in \i{}Coleus\i0{}>,1
287,1 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1<posterior>/2<the posterior pair, or the
anterior pair> 291,2 292,1/2/3 294,2/3/2&3<commonly> 295,2/4 296,1<rarely,
e.g. \i{}Teucrium\i0{}>/2/3<and sometimes the pairs attached at different
levels> 297,1<usually, with the anterior pair longer>/3 298,1<at least
theoretically> 299,2 305,2<in pairs, commonly>/1 306,1/2 308,1/2 
309,1<rarely>/3<usually> 310,3
311,1-2 312,2 313,1/2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,1 321,2 322,2 323,2
324,2 328,1 329,3/4/6 330,6/8 337,1<in 52 genera>/2<in 70 genera>/1&2<with
both states in 3 genera> 338<usually>,1/2<male flowers> 339,2<but the
carpels deeply lobed to mimic G4> 341,1 342,4 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2
353,2<originally, but usually becoming ostensibly four by intrusions of the
ovary wall constituting false septa> 354,1 356,1 361,1 364<when
apical,>,2<then the ovary usually deeply lobed> 365,3<usually>/1<<10%>>
368,2/1<by reduction> 370,2 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,1 379,2/1<two per
original loculus, but one per locellus> 381,3 382,1 383,1<and the micropyle
directed downwards> 385,2 386,3/2 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 393,1 394,3
395,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}Physostegia\i0{}>/2 396,1/2 397<commonly>,2 400,1
401,1 402<usually>,1&2<the latter aggressive> 403<nearly always>,1<rarely
asterad> 404<usually>,2/1<<5%> rarely> 409<more or less>,3<except perhaps
in \i{}Eichlerago\i0{} (= \i{}Prostanthera\i0{}), where it is said to be
hard, indehiscent and non-schizocarpic> 410,(2-)4 411,4<typically of four
nutlets, distinct or cohering pairwise, enclosed in the persistent
calyx>/7<rarely, e.g. Prasieae> 422,1-2<the scant, fleshy endosperm often
absorbed by the developing embryo> 432,3<with a downward-pointing radicle,
by contrast with Boraginaceae> 433,2 434,1 435,2<16/23> 436,1 447,1/2
461,1/3 462<\i{}Coleus\i0{}, \i{}Hedeoma\i0{}, \i{}Hyptis\i0{},
\i{}Leonurus\i0{}, \i{}Leucas\i0{}, \i{}Lycopus\i0{}, \i{}Marrubium\i0{},
\i{}Mentha\i0{}, \i{}Monarda\i0{}, \i{}Perilla\i0{}, \i{}Prunella\i0{},
\i{}Salvia\i0{}, \i{}Stachys\i0{}, \i{}Teucrium\i0{}, \i{}Thymus\i0{}>
464<\i{}Plectranthus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Hedeoma\i0{}, \i{}Lycopus\i0{},
\i{}Marrubium\i0{}, \i{}Mentha\i0{}, \i{}Perovskia\i0{}, \i{}Phlomis\i0{},
\i{}Salvia\i0{}, \i{}Stachys\i0{}, \i{}Teucrium\i0{}, \i{}Ziziphora\i0{}>
469,3<in \i{}Rosmarinus\i0{}, \i{}Salvia\i0{}> 472,1<<5%> rarely>/2
475,1<commonly <45%>>/2 481,1<in 6 genera, absent from \i{}Lamium
album\i0{}> 482,1<\i{}Teucrium\i0{}> 484,1<commonly> 485,2<normal and
decarb.> 487,2 488,2 490<mostly>,2 492,2<15 species, 14 genera> 494,1 495,2
497,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-11(+)> 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,60 578<about>,3500 579<about>,210
580<\i{}Acanthomintha\i0{}, \i{}Achyrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Acinos\i0{},
\i{}Acrocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Acrotome\i0{}, \i{}Acrymia\i0{},
\i{}Aeollanthus\i0{}, \i{}Agastache\i0{}, \i{}Ajuga\i0{},
\i{}Ajugoides\i0{}, \i{}Alajja\i0{}, \i{}Alvesia\i0{}, \i{}Amethystea\i0{},
\i{}Anisochilus\i0{}, \i{}Anisomeles\i0{}, \i{}Antonina\i0{},
\i{}Asterohyptis\i0{}, \i{}Ballota\i0{}, \i{}Basilicum\i0{},
\i{}Becium\i0{}, \i{}Benguellia\i0{}, \i{}Blephilia\i0{},
\i{}Bostrychanthera\i0{}, \i{}Bovonia\i0{}, \i{}Brazoria\i0{},
\i{}Bystropogon\i0{}, \i{}Calamintha\i0{}, \i{}Capitanopsis\i0{},
\i{}Capitanya\i0{}, \i{}Catoferia\i0{}, \i{}Cedronella\i0{},
\i{}Ceratanthus\i0{}, \i{}Chamaesphacos\i0{}, \i{}Chaunostoma\i0{},
\i{}Chelonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cleonia\i0{}, \i{}Clinopodium\i0{},
\i{}Colebrookia\i0{}, \i{}Coleus(=\i{}Plectranthus\i0{}),\i0{},
\i{}Collinsonia\i0{}, \i{}Colquhounia\i0{}, \i{}Comanthosphace\i0{},
\i{}Conradina\i0{}, \i{}Craniotome\i0{}, \i{}Cuminia\i0{}, \i{}Cunila\i0{},
\i{}Cyclotrichium\i0{}, \i{}Cymaria\i0{}, \i{}Dauphinea\i0{},
\i{}Dicerandra\i0{}, \i{}Dorystaechas\i0{}, \i{}Dracocephalum\i0{},
\i{}Drepanocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Eichlerago\i0{}, \i{}Elsholtzia\i0{},
\i{}Endostemon\i0{}, \i{}Englerastrum\i0{}, \i{}Eremostachys\i0{},
\i{}Eriope\i0{}, \i{}Eriiophyton\i0{}, \i{}Eriopidion\i0{},
\i{}Eriothymus\i0{}, \i{}Erythrochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Eurysolen\i0{},
\i{}Fuerstia\i0{}, \i{}Galeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Geniosporum\i0{},
\i{}Glechoma\i0{}, \i{}Glechon\i0{}, \i{}Gomphostemma\i0{},
\i{}Gontscharovia\i0{}, \i{}Hanceola\i0{}, \i{}Haplostachys\i0{},
\i{}Haumaniastrum\i0{}, \i{}Hedeoma\i0{}, \i{}Hemiandra\i0{},
\i{}Hemigenia\i0{}, \i{}Hemizygia\i0{}, \i{}Hesperozygis\i0{},
\i{}Heterolamium\i0{}, \i{}Hoehnea\i0{}, \i{}Holocheila\i0{},
\i{}Holostylon\i0{}, \i{}Horminium\i0{}, \i{}Hoslundia\i0{},
\i{}Hymenocrater\i0{}, \i{}Hypenia\i0{}, \i{}Hypogomphia\i0{},
\i{}Hyptidendron\i0{}, \i{}Hyptis\i0{}, \i{}Hyssopus\i0{},
\i{}Isodictyophorus\i0{}, \i{}Isodon\i0{}, \i{}Isoleucas\i0{},
\i{}Keiskea\i0{}, \i{}Killickia\i0{}, \i{}Kinostemon\i0{}, 
\i{}Kudrjaschevia\i0{},
\i{}Kurzamra\i0{}, \i{}Lagochilus\i0{}, \i{}Lagopsis\i0{},
\i{}Lallemantia\i0{}, \i{}Lamiophlomis\i0{}, \i{}Lamium\i0{},
\i{}Lavandula\i0{}, \i{}Leocus\i0{}, \i{}Leonotis\i0{}, \i{}Leonurus\i0{},
\i{}Lepechinia\i0{}, \i{}Leucas\i0{}, \i{}Leucosceptrum\i0{},
\i{}Limniboza\i0{}, \i{}Lophanthus\i0{}, \i{}Loxocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Lycopus\i0{}, \i{}Macbridea\i0{}, \i{}Marmoritis\i0{},
\i{}Marrubium\i0{}, \i{}Marsypianthes\i0{}, \i{}Meehania\i0{},
\i{}Melissa\i0{}, \i{}Melittis\i0{}, \i{}Mentha\i0{}, \i{}Meriandra\i0{},
\i{}Mesona\i0{}, \i{}Metastachydium\i0{}, \i{}Microcorys\i0{},
\i{}Micromeria\i0{}, \i{}Microtoena\i0{}, \i{}Minthostachys\i0{},
\i{}Moluccella\i0{}, \i{}Monarda\i0{}, \i{}Monardella\i0{}, \i{}Mosla\i0{},
\i{}Neoeplingia\i0{}, \i{}Neohyptis\i0{}, \i{}Nepeta\i0{},
\i{}Neustruevia\i0{}, \i{}Nosema\i0{}, \i{}Notochaete\i0{},
\i{}Ocimum\i0{}, \i{}Octomeron\i0{}, \i{}Ombrocharis\i0{},
\i{}Origanum\i0{}, \i{}Orthosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Otostegia\i0{},
\i{}Panzerina\i0{}, \i{}Paraeremostachys\i0{}, \i{}Paralamium\i0{},
\i{}Paraphlomis\i0{}, \i{}Peltodon\i0{}, \i{}Pentapleura\i0{},
\i{}Perilla\i0{}, \i{}Periloma\i0{} (\i{}Scutellaria\i0{}),
\i{}Perovskia\i0{}, \i{}Perrierastrum\i0{}, \i{}Phlomis\i0{},
\i{}Phlomoides\i0{}, \i{}Phyllostegia\i0{}, \i{}Physostegia\i0{},
\i{}Piloblephis\i0{}, \i{}Pitardia\i0{}, \i{}Platostoma\i0{},
\i{}Plectranthus\i0{}, \i{}Pogogyne\i0{}, \i{}Pogostemon\i0{},
\i{}Poliomintha\i0{}, \i{}Prasium\i0{}, \i{}Prostanthera\i0{},
\i{}Prunella\i0{}, \i{}Pseuderemostachys\i0{}, \i{}Puntia\i0{},
\i{}Pycnanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Pycnostachys\i0{}, \i{}Renschia\i0{},
\i{}Rhabdocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Raphidion\i0{}, \i{}Rhododon\i0{},
\i{}Rosmarinus\i0{}, \i{}Rostrinucula\i0{}, \i{}Roylea\i0{},
\i{}Rubiteucris\i0{}, \i{}Sabaudia\i0{}, \i{}Saccocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Salvia\i0{}, \i{}Satureja\i0{}, \i{}Schizonepeta\i0{},
\i{}Scutellaria\i0{}, \i{}Sideritis\i0{}, \i{}Siphocranion\i0{},
\i{}Skapanthus\i0{}, \i{}Solenostemon\i0{}, \i{}Stachyopsis\i0{},
\i{}Stachys\i0{}, \i{}Stenogyne\i0{}, \i{}Sulaimania\i0{},
\i{}Suzukia\i0{}, \i{}Symphostemon\i0{}, \i{}Synandra\i0{},
\i{}Syncolostemon\i0{}, \i{}Tetradenia\i0{}, \i{}Teucrium\i0{},
\i{}Thorncroftia\i0{}, \i{}Thuspeinanta\i0{}, \i{}Thymbra\i0{},
\i{}Thymus\i0{}, \i{}Tinnea\i0{}, \i{}Trichostema\i0{},
\i{}Wenchengia\i0{}, \i{}Westringia\i0{}, \i{}Wiedemannia\i0{},
\i{}Wrixonia\i0{}, \i{}Zataria\i0{}, \i{}Zhumeria\i0{}, \i{}Ziziphora\i0{}>
581<Junell (1934), Erdtman (1945), Wunderlich (1967) and El-Gazzar and
Watson (1970), all expressed dissatisfaction with traditional
classifications of \i{}Labiatae\i0{}, and with the circumscription of
\i{}Labiatae\i0{} relative to that of \i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} sensu lato,
based on very extensive comparative anatomical, palynological,
phytochemical, morphological and host/parasite surveys. Their ideas,
extended by assorted morphological-cladistic and molecular studies starting
with Cantino \i{}et al.\i0{} (1992), have now been implemented formally in
the shape of radically revised family circumscriptions. Practical
implementation of these (for example, transference to \i{}Labiatae\i0{} of
\i{}Callicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Congea\i0{}, \i{}Clerodendrum\i0{},
\i{}Vitex\i0{}) awaits the re-organization of the descriptive data into
adequately detailed comparative descriptions .....> 582<The source, \i{}par
excellence\i0{}, of aromatic and antibiotic essential oils for the
pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries (species of \i{}Salvia\i0{},
\i{}Lavandula\i0{}, \i{}Rosmarinus\i0{}, \i{}Mentha\i0{},
\i{}Marrubium\i0{}, \i{}Pogostemon\i0{} etc.), and of aromatic/flavoursome
pot herbs (\i{}Salvia\i0{}, \i{}Origanum\i0{}, \i{}Thymus\i0{},
\i{}Ocimum\i0{}, \i{}Satureia\i0{} etc.). Many are cultivated as
ornamentals (\i{}Salvia\i0{}, \i{}Ajuga\i0{}, \i{}Physostegia\i0{},
\i{}Monarda\i0{}, \i{}Scutellaria\i0{}, \i{}Nepeta\i0{}, \i{}Teucrium\i0{},
\i{}Stachys\i0{}, \i{}Phlomis\i0{} etc.).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I
know a bank wheron the wild thyme blows \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream,
ii., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Rosemarie is for remembrance \line{}Between
us daie and night, \line{}Wishing that I might always have \line{}You
present in my sight \line{}(from the 1566 songbook, A handefull of
Pleasant Delites) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The several chairs of order,
look you, scour \line{}With juice of balm, and every precious flower
\line{}(\i{}Melissa officinalis\i0{} - Merry Wives, v., 2)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And there upon the sod below, \line{}Ground Ivys
purple blossoms show, \line{}Like helmet of crusader knight, \line{}Its
anthers cross-like form of white \line{}(Bishop Mant, quoted by Ann Pratt,
Wild Flowers (1857) - of \i{}Glechoma hederacea\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And there, with whorls encircling graced, \line{}Of
white, and purple-tinted red, \line{}The Harmless Nettles helmet head;
\line{}Less apt with fragrance to delight \line{}The smell, than please the
curious sight \line{}(Bishop Mant, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers
(1857) - of \i{}Lamium album\i0{})> 586<labiatae> 
 
# Lacandoniaceae <E. Martinez & C.H. Ramos>/
2<\i{}Triuridaceae\i0{}.> 5<slender achlorophyllous, leafless>,5<with
simple stems> 9,- 12,3 13,1 15,2 16,1 17,2 21,3 22,- 25,3 148<presumably>,1
151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 192,1<sympodial> 193,- 194,1 195<lax,
racemelike but sympodial, the flowers spiralled, the pedicels long and
ascending> 200,1<the bracts small, trilobed> 202,2 203,2<45 mm in
diameter> 206,1<but with very peculiar organization, the androecium being
inserted internally to the carpels> 210,2 212<more or less>,3
213<probably>,2 214<probably>,3 217<centrally depressed, with the carpels
surrounding the stamens outside the depression> 219,1<short> 223,5
224,(4-)6<the members acuminate to caudate tips> 225,2 229,1 278,(2-)3(-4)
280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(2-)3(-4)<inserted on the side of
the receptacular depression, persistent> 303<very shortly>,3<the anthers
about 0.3 mm long, the filaments about 0.1 mm> 306,1-2<sub-basifixed>
309,3<the locules dehiscing by a single, common slit> 310,3 311,2
312<seemingly>,1 315,1 316<probably>,2 317,1 320,1 328,2<and intectate>
333<verrucate> 337,2 339,(50-)60-80 341,3 343,2 344,2<the carpels densely
papillose> 345,1 347,2 348,3<the styles persistent> 350,1 351,3 386,3 387,3
389,2 400,2 404,2 405,1 407,2 408,4 422,1 426<ellipsoid with reticulate
ornamentation, distally thickened, with a short basal projection> 432,1/2
442,U 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,3 512,1 520,4 521<Mexico> 522,13 527,2 530,2<?>
556,1<?> 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,14<as a synonym of \i{}Triuridaceae\i0{}>
578,1<\i{}Lacandonia schismatica\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Lacandonia\i0{}> 581<Data encoded here from the original, deficient
description and fairly unsatisfactory illustrations: Martinez and Ramos
(1989), Mquez-Gusmn \i{}et al\i0{}. (1989). In addition to the
transposition of androecium and gynoecium (convincingly confirmed
subsequently to the original publication by vertical sections of flowers),
\i{}Lacandonia\i0{} differs from \i{}Triuridaceae\i0{} only in the
conventional, contracted receptacle and the introrse anthers.>
586<lacandon> 
 
# Lacistemataceae <Mart.>/
2<\i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Monandrodendraceae\i0{} Barkley>
5<small>,1/3 39,1 40,2 53,1 60,1<toothed>/2 68,1 74,1<small> 90,U 92,1
102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<these always simple, characterized by
elongated pits at their bases> 107,1 108,1/2 109,2 110,1 111,2 123,1 124,2
139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 153<very to
moderately>,1 154,3<typically with the radial multiples of four or more
cells arranged to form radial lines> 156,2<often with 20 or more bars>
158,2 162,1 163,1 164,2 165,1<diffuse> 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1<mostly>
187,2 189,2/3/11 194,2 195<catkinlike  small, dense, cylindrical,
fascicled axillary spikes or racemes> 200,1<the bracts small and
inconspicuous (\i{}Lozania\i0{}) or conspicuous and imbricate
(\i{}Lacistema\i0{})> 202<bi->,1 203<very>,2/1 217,1<expanded into a
fleshy, concave disk> 223,3/7 224,0/4-6 229,U 236<when present,>,4-6 239,1
245<members unequal> 276,1/2 277,1/2 278,1 282,1 289,1 295,1 309,3
311,2<the locules separate, sometimes stipitate> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8
338,1/2 339,2-3 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1
368,2-3<distinct> 375,2 378,2-6<with 12 ovules on each placenta> 381,1
386,3 387,3 388,2 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414<three>,6 421,1 422,1 424,1
432,3 433,2 434,1<broad, foliar> 436,1 504,3 520,3-4 521<tropical America,
West Indies> 522,12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1<cf.
\i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}> 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,27
579,2 580<\i{}Lacistema\i0{}, \i{}Lozania\i0{}> 586<lacistem> 
 
# Lactoridaceae <Engl.>/
2<\i{}Aristolochiaceae-Lactoroideae\i0{}> 5,3 7,1 38,2 39,1 40,2 45,1 50,1
53,1 60,2 62,8<emarginate> 64,2 68,1 69,2<adnate to the petiole, large,
sheathing> 73<membranous> 74,2 76,1 90,U 100,1 102,1 104,1 120,1 141,1<with
two traces> 143,2<separated by rays 2-3 cells wide> 144,1 145,2 148,2
150,1<and high> 152,3 153,1 154,1&2&3 155,1 156,3 158,2 161,1 162,1 163,2
165<diffuse to>,1 167,2 169,3 175,1&2/1&3 176,1 177,9 187,1/2 188<when
solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2 195<monochasia> 203,2
212,3 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,3 224,3 226,1 227,- 229,U 236,3 238,1
239,1 251,1 276,1/2<female flowers?> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,6 282,1
285,1 287,2 289,1/2<in some flowers> 290<when present,>,3 291,3<the members
of the inner androecial whorl> 293,2 295,6 298,3 299,1<according to
Hutchinsons illustration> 303<narrowly>,1<short> 306,4 308,2 309,3 310,1
311,2<the sporangia well separated, nearly marginal, almost as long as the
blade> 312,2 313<shortly>,1<by a short prolongation of the connective>
314,1 324,1 327,3 328,1 329<obscurely>,1 330,1/5<the aperture poorly
defined> 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3 341,2 342,3<basally> 343,2-3
344,3<the carpels in a single whorl, medially more or less connate at the
base> 345,1 347<shortly>,2 348<with a decurrent stigma> 350,(4-)6(-8)
351,2<the placenta intruded> 352,2<basally> 353<basally>,3 380<long>,1
384,4 386,3 387,3 388<weakly>,2 400,2 404,2 405,1 406,1 407,1 408,3 422,1
424,1 432,3<very small> 433,2 487,2 495,2 497,2 504,3 512,7 521<Juan
Fernandez> 522,11 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 40, 42> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,3 565,1
566,1 572,1 574,4 577,7 578,1<\i{}Lactoris fernandeziana\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Lactoris\i0{}> 586<lactorid> 
 
# Lanariaceae <Huber ex Dahlgren>/
2<\i{}Tecophilaeaceae\i0{} (dubiously)> 5,5 21,3 22,1<the basal rosette
surrounded by fibrous remains> 24,0.2-0.8 25,2-3<with a short, erect, woody
rootstock> 38,3-4<to 30-50 cm long> 39,1 40,1/2<?> 42,1 43,1-2<rigid> 45,3
47,1 48,1<basally closed> 52<probably>,1<? - ambiguous in published
descriptions and illustrations> 53,1 60,2 62,3 64<closely>,4 76,1 77,1
92<probably>,2<?> 106,2 116,2 125,1 151,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,3<septal> 187,2 189,1&8 192,1 193<more or less>,1 194,1 195<comprising
dense panicles of conspicuously plumosely white-hairy, scorpioid cymes
teminating the elongate scape> 206,1 215,2 219,1<short>
223<persistent,>,5<the lobes linear> 224,6 225<basally>,2<tubular>
226,2<the abaxially pilose lobes biseriate above the short tube> 229,1
231,2/7/8/2&7 233,1 235,1 276,1 278,6 282,2<to the throat of the perianth
tube> 284<more or less>,1 285,1 287<apparently>,1 295,6 298,2 303,3
306<epipeltate,>,1 308,1 309<small, ovate-sagittate,>,3 310,3 319,1
342,3<except apically> 343,3 344,4 345,2-3<almost inferior, shortly free
above> 352<initially>,2<becoming unilocular by abortion> 353<initially>,3
360,2 361,1<filiform> 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,1-2 379,2 380,1 384,1 386,3
404,2 409<scarcely>,1-2 412,1<sub-globose> 421,1<one-celled and one-seeded>
422,1 433,1 438<very small> 442,1 443,2 504,4 520,2 521<Southern coastal
South Africa> 522,7 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16
578,1<\i{}Lanaria lanata\i0{}> 579,1 580<\i{}Lanaria\i0{}> 581<This
unsatisfactory draft description - compiled from Bentham & Hooker, Ruddall
et al. (1998), Christenhusz \i{}et al\i0{}. (2017) and regional Floras -
needs checking against specimens> 586<lanariac> 
 
# Lardizabalaceae <Decne.>/
3<\i{}Decaisneaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Sargentodoxaceae\i0{}.> 5,4<with striate
branches>/3<\i{}Decaisnea\i0{}> 27,1/3<mostly> 28<when climbing,>,1
29<\i{}Akebia\i0{}, \i{}Stauntonia\i0{}>,2 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 55,1
56,3/4<only in \i{}Decaisnea\i0{}>/5 58,1 64,2/3<usually> 65,1
68<usually>,2 87,1<\i{}Decaisnea\i0{}>/2 88<of \i{}Decaisnea\i0{} only>,5
90,U 100<usually>,1/2<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}> 102,1 104,1
115,1<usually>/2<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}> 123,1 124,2<rarely>/3<usually>
130,2<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}> 132,1 135,1<the peripheral cells sometimes
thicker-walled> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,2 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,1 152,3
156,3<usually>/2&3<\i{}Decaisnea\i0{}> 158,1/2 159,2 161,1/2 162,1
163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165<very sparse or absent> 167,2 169,2<VP, VPI>
175,1/2/3 176,1 177,2/5/8<\i{}Decaisnea\i0{}, \i{}Holboellia\i0{}>
178,1<six, small>/2 179,1-3 182,1/2 183,1/4<from the honey-leaves, when
these present> 187,2 189,2<these often drooping> 192,2 194,2 195<solitary
or fascicled racemes, often drooping, originating from scaly axillary buds>
202,1/2 203,2 205<often>,1 206,1 212,3 213,1<commonly P3+3, A3+3, G3 or
more> 218,2 223,1/3 224,3/6/9-12/12-50 227,1 229,U
236,3<\i{}Akebia\i0{}>/6<usually, rarely many, commonly petaloid, but
small> 238,1<\i{}Akebia\i0{}>/2<mostly, rarely more?> 239,1 245,3
251,1/1&3<the outer members sometimes valvate> 254<when present,>,6<smaller
than the sepals, in the form of nectariferous honey-leaves between P and
A  cf. Ranunculaceae> 255,2 258,1 267,3 276,1/2<from some female flowers>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,6 282,1 285,1<\i{}Akebia\i0{},
\i{}Holboellia\i0{}>/2<usually, via connate filaments> 286<when joined,>,1
289<of male flowers>,1 295,6 299,1<opposite the petals, when these present>
300,2<when C present> 303,1<the sacs often more or less embedded in a
laminar-thickened connective>/3 306,4<or embedded> 309,3 310,1<or the
thecae tilted upwards in \i{}Sinofranchetia\i0{}> 312,2 313,1<usually
apiculate, by terminal prolongation of the connective>/2<muticous in
\i{}Akebia\i0{}> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3
330,6/8<col(por)oidate> 337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,3/6-15 343,2
344,2<the divergent carpels in 15 whorls of three> 345,1 346,1/2<e.g.in
\i{}Akebia\i0{}> 347<more or less>,1<the stigma sessile or subsessile>
348,2 350,(4-)10-100<usually numerous> 351,2<the ovules biseriate along
the ventral suture, in \i{}Decaisnea\i0{}>/4<usually, the ovules inserted
all over the carpel wall in separate alveolae> 372,1 373,2 386,1-3 387,3
388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}>/2
397,1 400,1 404,1 405,1 407,1/2 408,3<fleshy>/8 422,1 424,1 432,3<small>
433,2 434,1 436,1 447,1 469,3<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<one species>
483,2 484,2 487<commonly>,1 488,1/2 489,1<\i{}Holboellia\i0{}> 490,1
491,1&2 492,2<3 species, 2 genera> 495,2 497,2 504,1&2&3 505,1 506,3 507,3
512,6 520,2-3 521<Himalayas to Japan, Chile> 522,4&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 28,
30, 32> 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23 578,35
579,8 580<\i{}Akebia\i0{}, \i{}Boquila\i0{}, \i{}Decaisnea\i0{},
\i{}Holboellia\i0{}, \i{}Lardizabala\i0{}, \i{}Parvatia\i0{},
\i{}Sinofranchetia\i0{}, \i{}Stauntonia\i0{}> 582<The fleshy follicles of
\i{}Akebia\i0{} spp. are edible.> 586<lardizab> 
 
# Lauraceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Perseaceae\i0{} Horan.> 4<\i{}Cassythaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<frequently
aromatic> 7<commonly>,1/2 9,1 12,1<usually> 27,1 31,1 32,3 37<nearly
always>,1/- 39,1<usually>/2<rarely>/3<rarely> 40<usually>,1 43,2 45,1 47,2
50,1 51,1 53,1 60,2<usually>/1<lobed in e.g. \i{}Sassafras\i0{}> 63<when
lobed,>,1/- 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 85,1<seen in 14 genera> 86,1<mostly>/2/3
90,U 92,1<usally>/2<occasionally with the abaxial palisade developed more
strongly than the adaxial> 103,1<abaxial, often sunken> 104,3 106,1
108<mostly>,1<and mostly thick walled> 112<seemingly>,2 115,1<not
uncommonly>/2 116,2 120<usually>,1 121,2<less common than oil cells>/2
123,1 124<mostly>,3<usually in the form of small needles or spindles>
130,2<\i{}Cinnamomum\i0{}, \i{}Laurus\i0{}, \i{}Persea\i0{}>
139,1<generally becoming ative late> 140,2<usually>/1 141,1<with two or
three traces> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<usually>/2
152,1<rarely, e.g. sometimes in \i{}Sassafras\i0{}>/3 153,1<in a few
species>/2<mostly> 154,1&2&3/5<mostly solitary and in numerous small radial
multiples, but multiples of 4 or more cells and oblique rows also occur in
some genera> 156,2/3/2&3 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,1<rarely>/2
161,1/2<usually> 162,1<usually>/2 163,1<commonly>/2 165,2 166,2 167,2
169,2<VPI>/3 175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/8 187,1<rarely>/2
192,1/2 194,2 195<often umbelliform> 196,1<often>/2 198,1/2 203,2
205<often>,1/- 206,1 212<usually>,3/- 213,1 218,1<well developed, like a
calyx tube, at least after fertilization> 220,1/2 223,1/3/5<the two
similar, more or less sepaloid whorls variously interpreted as tepals or
sepals, hence the clumsy complexity of what follows> 224,6<usually>/4
225,1<but on a well developed hypanthium> 226,(1-)2(-3) 227<when more than
one whorl,>,1 228,1-2 229,U 230,1 231,1/2/3/4 232,1/2 233,1/2 234,1/2
236<if the P so interpreted,>,(4-)6 238<usually>,2 239,1<on the hypanthium>
245,3 251,1 254<if the inner P whorl so interpreted,>,3 255,1 258,1 265,1
267,3 268,1/2/3 271,1 274,2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(3-)9(-26) 282,1<on
the hypanthium> 284,1/2 285,1 287,(1-)3/4 289,1/2<the innermost members
often staminodal, and sometimes there are paired, nectariferous ?staminodal
appendages on the filaments> 291,3<in 12 whorls> 295,(3-)9(-26)
298,3-5<usually>/1-2 303<somewhat>,1-2<by expansion of the filament and
connective>/3 304,1<the appendages paired, nectariferous>/2 306,2 308,2
309,5<usually, opening from base to apex by uplifting valves, when
4-locular the these usually characteristically superposed>/1<in
\i{}Hexapora\i0{}> 310,3<usually>/3&1<with the latter state confined to the
third whorl> 311,2/3<the pairs then commonly superposed> 312,1/2/1&2
315,1<or the cell walls become much thickened> 317,1 318,1 319,1<usually,
predominantly>/2/4/5 320,2<two, plus an endothecium> 321,1
322,1<mostly>/2<in several genera> 328,2 337,1<in 4 genera> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,1<ostensibly>/3<theoretically> 342,1 343<ostensibly>,1
344,1<or at least, ostensibly so> 345,1<usually>/3<\i{}Hypodaphnis\i0{}>
347,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 390<at least usually>,2<dubiously present in
\i{}Beilschmiedia pendula\i0{}> 391,1 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei
degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,1<rarely>/2 397<commonly
exhibiting filiform apparatus> 399,1<in a few genera only>/2 400,2 401,1/2
402,2<where observed, in \i{}Cryprocarya\i0{}> 403,1/2/6<or with no clear
pattern> 404,1<usually>/2<very rarely> 407,2 408,7/8<usually> 413,1/2/4
421,1 422,2 432,3 434<massive, occasionally ruminate> 435,2<5/6> 436,1
447,1/2 469,1<e.g. \i{}Miscanteca\i0{} (= \i{}Licaria\i0{})>/2<e.g.
\i{}Sassafras\i0{}>/3<e.g. \i{}Cinnamomum\i0{}> 470,1 472,2 475,1<commonly
<60%>>/2 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1<usually>/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1
491,1&2 492,2<8 species, 7 genera> 495,1 497,1/2 498<when P-type>,1<b>
520,2-4 521<pantropical and subtropical, extending into the temperate
regions> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1
528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1 566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9 578,2000-2500 579,54
580<\i{}Actinodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Adenodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Aiouea\i0{},
\i{}Alseodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Anaueria\i0{}, \i{}Aniba\i0{},
\i{}Apollonias\i0{}, \i{}Aspidostemon\i0{}, \i{}Beilschmiedia\i0{},
\i{}Brassiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Caryodaphnopsis\i0{}, \i{}Chlorocardium\i0{},
\i{}Cinnadenia\i0{}, \i{}Cinnamomum\i0{}, \i{}Clinostemon\i0{},
\i{}Cryptocarya\i0{}, \i{}Dehaasia\i0{}, \i{}Dicypellium\i0{},
\i{}Dodecadenia\i0{}, \i{}Endiandra\i0{}, \i{}Endlicheria\i0{},
\i{}Eusideroxylon\i0{}, \i{}Gamanthera\i0{}, \i{}Hexapora\i0{},
\i{}Hypodaphnis\i0{}, \i{}Iteadaphne\i0{}, \i{}Kubitzkia\i0{},
\i{}Laurus\i0{}, \i{}Licaria\i0{}, \i{}Lindera\i0{}, \i{}Litsea\i0{},
\i{}Machilus\i0{}, \i{}Mezilaurus\i0{}, \i{}Nectandra\i0{},
\i{}Neocinnamomum\i0{}, \i{}Neolitsea\i0{}, \i{}Nothaphoebe\i0{},
\i{}Ocotea\i0{}, \i{}Paraia\i0{}, \i{}Persea\i0{}, \i{}Phoebe\i0{},
\i{}Phyllostemonodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Pleurothyrium\i0{}, \i{}Potameia\i0{},
\i{}Potoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Povedadaphne\i0{}, \i{}Ravensara\i0{},
\i{}Rhodostemonodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Sassafras\i0{}, \i{}Syndiclis\i0{},
\i{}Triadodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Umbellularia\i0{}, \i{}Urbanodendron\i0{},
\i{}Williamodendron\i0{}> 582<Some important economic plants, including
fruit from \i{}Persea americana\i0{} (Avocado pear), cinnamon and camphor
from \i{}Cinnamomum\i0{} spp., aromatic oils oils from \i{}Lindera\i0{}
(benzoin) and \i{}Sassafras\i0{}, and fragrant woods used in
cabinet-making.> 586<lauracea> 
 
# Lecythidaceae <Poiteau>/
3<\i{}Gustaviaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Asteranthaceae\i0{},
\i{}Barringtoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Foetidiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Napoleonaeaceae\i0{},
\i{}Scytopetalaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 7,2 38,3/4 39,1 40,1<aggregated at the tips
of the twigs> 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2
85,1<\i{}Combretodendron\i0{}> 86,1 90,1 92,1 103,1<abaxial, usually>/2
104<usually>,2 106,1 107,1 108<simple,>,1/2 109,2<occasionally tufted>
115<usually>,2 116,2 123,1 124,2&3 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,1<these usually conventionally orientated> 147,2 148,2 152,3
153<very>,1-2<but mostly medium sized> 154,1&2&3/4 156,3/2&3<rarely> 157,2
159,1<\i{}Allantoma\i0{}>/2<usually> 160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2
165<usually abundant,>,1/1&2<typically mostly in apotracheal bands>
166<usually>,1 167,2 169,3 170<commonly>,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,2
184,2 185,2<bees> 187,1/2 192<when flowers aggregated,>,2 206,1-3 207<when
irregular,>,1<sometimes the androecium spectacularly so> 209,1&2 213,1
215,4 218,2<always with complete fusion of receptacle and ovary> 223,1
224,8-12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236<usually>,4-6 238,1 239,1 248,2<on the fruit>
251,3 254,4-6 255,1 258,1<usually>/3 265,1 267,1-3 272,2<with the stamens>
278,40-1000<many> 279,U 280,1 281,2 282,1 285,2<more or less united
below, the connate parts sometimes produced on one side of the androecium
to form a flat ligule or a hooding structure> 287,3-5<?  in several
whorls> 289,1/2<by abortion of some anthers, in association with one-sided
development of the union> 295,40-1000<many> 298,5 302,2 308<usually>,1
309,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2 321,1 322,1 328,1 329,3
330,8<or colporoidate, not synocolpate> 337,1<in \i{}Gustavia\i0{}>
339,2-6(-10) 341,1-3 342,2-6(-10) 343,3 344,5/6<?> 345,2/3 352,2
353,2-6(-10) 359<(disks)>,1<usually with an intrastaminal disk, as well as
one under C and A: Airy Shaw 1973> 360,2 361,1 365,1
376,1<\i{}Eschweilera\i0{}>/1-2/2-3/3 379,1-50<to many> 381,1/2/3
385,1<often, with a funicular aril>/2 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2 390,1 391,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 404<often large,>,1/2 409,1/2
412<woody,>,1/2/6 414<when dehiscent,>,7<monkey pots> 422,2
432<large,>,1-2<as in \i{}Bertholletia\i0{} (the Brazil nut), where it
consists mainly of the much thickened hypocotyl>/3 433,2 447,1/2
469,1<\i{}Lecythis\i0{}> 472,1/2 475,2<2 species> 484,2 487,1 488,1/2
489<when present,>,1&2 490,1/2 491,1/2 492,1<3 genera, 3 species> 504,3
512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<tropical America> 522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
17> 527,1 528,2 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,4 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,325
579,10 580<\i{}Allontoma\i0{}, \i{}Bertholletia\i0{}, \i{}Cariniana\i0{},
\i{}Corythophora\i0{}, \i{}Couratari\i0{}, \i{}Couroupita\i0{},
\i{}Eschweilera\i0{}, \i{}Grias\i0{}, \i{}Gustavia\i0{}, \i{}Lecythis\i0{}>
581<Morton \i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) interpret these genera as subfamily
Lecythidoideae of their expanded \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}.> 586<lecythid> 
 
# Ledocarpaceae <Meyen>/
2<\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Vivianaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,3<or shrublets>
39<usually>,2 53,1/2 56<ternate in \i{}Ledocarpon pedunculare\i0{}> 60<when
simple>,1/2 68,2<but the opposing leaf bases connected by a transverse
line> 90,U 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,6 192,2 195<few-flowered corymbs> 205,1-2
206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 220,2 223,1<\i{}Rhyncotheca\i0{} being
excluded> 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1 253<of
bracteoles>,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 275,4 278,10 282,1 285,1 287,2
289,1 295,10 298,3 299,1 300,3 309,3 310,1/3 328,2 339,3/5 341,1/2 342,3/5
343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,3/5 360<shortly>,2/1 368,3/5 376,2/3
379,2/5-50<many> 381,1 382,2 383,1 384,1<when two>/4<when many>
386,3/4<?> 404,2 409,1 412,1<sometimes beaked> 414,6<septifragal>/5
422<thinly>,1<the endosperm fleshy> 433,2 434,3 436,2/3 504,3 512,6
521<Andes> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,40<as a synonym of \i{}Vivianaceae\i0{}?> 578,11 579,2
580<\i{}Balbisia (Ledocarpon)\i0{}, \i{}Wendtia\i0{}> 581<Differing from
\i{}Vivianaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the cymose inflorescence, lack of hypogynous
disk, the collateral or biseriate ovules and thinly endospermic seeds, as
well as the record of non-aperturate pollen.> 586<ledocarp> 
 
# Leeaceae <(DC.) Dum.>/
2<\i{}Vitaceae-Leeoideae\i0{}.> 5,5/1/3<the branches sometimes prickly>
27,1<without tendrils, by contrast with \i{}Vitaceae\i0{} s. str.>
39,1<usually>/2 45,1 47,2 53,1<rarely>/2 56,1<rarely>/3<rarely>/4/6-7<to
tripinnate> 57<when pinnate,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,2<but the petioles sometimes
exhibiting auricles or sheathing expansions near the base> 76<usually>,4
90,U 92,1 94,1<commonly, these deciduous: see illustration>/2 102,1
104,1<rarely>/6/7 121,1<with or without raphides> 123,1 124,1&2 130,2 148,2
150,1 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
192,1 194,1<usually, usually erect>/2<rarely> 195<usually large, corymbose
and many-flowered, often rusty-tomentose> 203,2 206,1 212,(3-)5 213,1 215,2
218,2 223,1 224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,3
240<shortly>,4 244,1 245,3 251,3 254,(4-)5 255,1 258,3 265,3 267,3<the
petals often reflexed at anthesis> 278,(4-)5 280,2 282<basally>,2<to the
corolla> 284,1 285,2<the filaments connate above the fusion with the
corolla, forming a tube which sometimes has entire or bifid lobes
alternating with the anthers, and which sometimes proliferates internally
near the middle to form a pendulous, tubular-obconic membrane> 286,1 287,1
289,1 295,(4-)5 298,2 299,1 300,2 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1
320,2<2> 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 333,1 337,1 339,2-3(-4)<with each primary
carpel incompletely divided lengthwise by a false septum from its
midrib>/4-6(-8)<if the same structure be so interpreted>
341,1/2/3<depending on the interpretation> 342,2-8 343,3 344,6 345,1<but
often somewhat embedded in a disk> 352,2 353,4-6(-8) 354,1/2<depending on
interpretation> 360,2 361,1 368,1 371,3 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,1 379,1<i.e.
in each chamber, though the carpels may be interpreted as biovulate>
380,3<often> 381,3 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 400,2 403,2 404,1 409,2
412,6<with sometimes thin flesh> 422,1 423,1 424,1 433,2 447,1 469,1 472,2
484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3 492,2 495,2 497,1 498,1<b> 504,2
506,3 510,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<palaeotropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&14 527,1 528,1
529,16 546,2 565,5 570,13 572,1 574<cf>,11<?> 577,31<as a synonym of
\i{}Vitaceae\i0{}> 578,70 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Leea\i0{}> 581<The
compiled data have \i{}Leea\i0{} differing from \i{}Vitidaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
in the exstipulate leaves without gland-dots, the valvate calyx, the adnate
and cohering stamens, the gynoecium with one basal ovule per locule, and
the outer integument of the ovule contributing to the micropyle; also in
records of papillate stigmas and sugars transported entirely as sucrose.>
586<leeaceae> 
 
# Leguminosae <Adanson>/
1<\i{}Fabaceae\i0{} Lindl. (but ambiguous).> 3<\i{}Caesalpiniaceae\i0{}
R.Br., \i{}Cassiaceae\i0{} Link, \i{}Ceratoniaceae\i0{} Link, ,
\i{}Detariaceae\i0{} (DC.) Hess, \i{}Hedysareae\i0{}
(\i{}Hedysaraceae\i0{}) J.G Agardh, \i{}Lathyraceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Lotaceae\i0{} Burnett, \i{}Mimosaceae\i0{} R. Br.,
\i{}Papilionaceae\i0{} Giseke, \i{}Phaseolaceae\i0{} Ponce de Lon &
Alvares, \i{}Robiniaceas\i0{} (\i{}Robiniaceae\i0{}) Welw.,
\i{}Swartzieae\i0{} (\i{}Swartziaceae\i0{} (DC.) Bartl.> 5,1/3/5/4 8,1/2
9,1/2 10<the switch forms often>,1/2 12,1<usually>/2<not infrequently>
21<the herbs>,1/2/3 22,2 27,1/2/3 28<the climbers>,1/3<via stem or leaf
tendrils>/6<then sometimes via hooks> 29<the twiners>,1/2<in
\i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Wisteria\i0{}> 32,2/3/4 36,1<e.g. Acacias with
bipinnate juvenile and phyllodineous mature foliage>/2 37,1/2 38,1-5
39,1<usually>/2-3<<1%> e.g. some Mirbelieae> 40,1/2 43,1/2/4/5 45,1-3 47,2
50,1/2 51,1/2<usually> 52,1<commonly when phyllodineous, especially in
Australia>/2 53,2<commonly>/1 55,1/2 56<when compound (as is
usual)>,1/3/4<commonly,>/5/6<commonly>/2<or the single organ deeply to
shallowly bilobed, or apically retuse - e.g., Bauhinieae> 57<when
pinnate,>,1/2 58,1/2 68,1<nearly always>/2<<2%> e.g., some Mirbelieae> 69,2
73,1/2/3/4 74,1/2 81,2 90,U 92,1/2/3 94,1<rarely>/2 101,1/2 104,1/3/2/4/6
106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family> 114,2<but present on calyces and
pods of \i{}Mucuna\i0{}> 116,1/2 117,1/2/3 121,1/2 122,1<occasionally>/2
130,1<55 genera, including some from each subfamily>/2<67 genera. Watson
and Gunning (1981) detail Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae. For
Mimosoideae, Pate and Gunning (1969) recorded as positive species of
\i{}Mimosa\i0{}, \i{}Neptunia\i0{} and (dubiously) \i{}Calliandra\i0{};
they recorded negatives for \i{}Acacia\i0{}, \i{}Albizzia\i0{},
\i{}Adenenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Dichrostachys\i0{}, \i{}Enterolobium\i0{},
\i{}Leucaena\i0{}, \i{}Pithecellobium\i0{}, \i{}Prosopis\i0{} and
\i{}Wallaceodendron\i0{}> 137,1/2 139,1<usually>/2 140,1/2 141,3/4 143,1/2
145,2 146,1/2 147,2 148,1/2/3 149<when present,>,1<e.g.
\i{}Koompassia\i0{}, \i{}Derris\i0{}, \i{}Mucuna\i0{}, \i{}Wisteria\i0{}>
156,3 157,1/2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 165,1/2 166,1/2
167,1/2 168,U 169,1/2<VPI> 175,1/2&3/1&2/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1<mostly, in
Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae>/2/3/8<unisexual flowers commoner in
Mimosoideae> 184,2/3<especially common in southern Australia>/4<e.g.
\i{}Mucuna holtoni\i0{}, where the nectar guide is a petal functioning as a
concave mirror for ultrasound> 186,1<with at least two forms of passive
presenter, involving modifications of the style and/or of the keel of the
corolla and/or the staminal filaments, and explosive pollination in (e.g.)
\i{}Medicago\i0{}>/2 187,2<usually>/1 189<when aggregated,>,8/7/2/3/4
192,1/2< often ostensibly racemose, but frequently paniculate or, as in
many Phaseoleae, having pseudoracemes bearing nodal clusters of obscure
constitution> 194,1/2/3<e.g. in some Bossiaeeae> 197,1<e.g. Mimosoideae>/2
203,1-4 206,1<Mimosoideae>/2-3<Papilionoideae, most Caesalpinioideae>
207<commonly>,1 208,1<sometimes, in association with bird pollination or in
pendulous inflorescences>/2 209,1&2 211,1<Papilionoideae>/2<ascending in
most Caesalpinioideae>/3<regular in Mimosoideae> 215,2<mostly>/3-4
216,2<this often adnate to the hypanthium in Caesalpinioideae>/3
217<usually more or less cupular> 218,1/2<more or less replaced by the
calyx tube in most Papilionoideae> 220,1/2 223,1<<98%> nearly
always>/3<corolla at least sometimes absent in 26 genera of
Caesalpinioideae, some Swartzieae, some Amorphieae> 224,(3-)5/(6-)10(-11)
226,1<rarely>/2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236,5/(3-)5(-6) 238,1
239,1/2/3<characteristic of most Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae> 242<in
Caesalpinioideae, sometimes>,2/- 245,1/2/3 248,1<usually>/2<e.g.,
\i{}Lamprolobium\i0{}> 249,1<rarely>/2 251,1/3<or splitting irregularly in
the Swartzieae> 252<when pentamerous,>,1 253,1<e.g.,
\i{}Pultenaea\i0{}>/2<usually> 254,(1-)3-5<commonly reduced below five or
missing in Swartzieae, Amorphieae and Caesalpinioideae, commonly 34 in
Mimosoideae> 255,1 257,1<petals variously auriculate, lobed, etc.>/2
258,1<commonly in Caesalpinioideae>/2<usually, in Papilionoideae>/3<in some
Mimosoideae and \i{}Sympetalandra\i0{}> 261<Papilionoideae commonly
with>,2<the two ventral petals connivent to form the corolla keel>/4<the
wings adnate to the keel> 262<of the papilionate corolla>,1<or anterior and
lateral> 265,1<descending in Papilionoideae, ascending in
Caesalpinioideae>/3<Mimosoideae>/4<<2%> occasionally> 267,-
268,2/3/4/5/6/7/8 272<or some members>,1<e.g. \i{}Trifolium\i0{}>/2 274,1/2
277<usually>,1/2<female flowers> 278,(1-)9-10/10-50<often 910, but
commonly fewer, especially in Caesalpinioideae, and sometimes many in
Mimosoideae, Swartzieae, Sophoreae> 280,1/2 282,1<mostly>/2<e.g. in
Caesalpinioideae-Parkieae, Dalbergieae, Mirbelieae, \i{}Trifolium\i0{},
\i{}Genista\i0{}, etc., where at least some members or the androecial tube
can be attached to corolla components> 284,1/2 285,1<sometimes>/2<in a
variety of configurations> 286<when cohering>,1/2<commonly with the tenth,
posterior stamen free of the rest, whose filaments are united into a tube>
287,1<when five, nine or ten, though the antesepalous, theoretically
outer members develop first, are often longer, and their anthers may
differ from those of the antepetalous members>/2-6<? in some Mimosoideae>
289,1<usually, and nearly always in Papilionoideae <90%>>/2
295,(1-)9-10(-50) 298,1/2/3-5 305,1/2 306,1/2/1&2<alternating>
308,1<commonly>/2 309,1/3 310,3/2 311,2<usually>/1-2<the thecae sometimes
confluent above> 312,2 313,1/2 315,1 318,2 320,1/2 321,2 322<usually>,2
324,1<often in Mimosoideae, infrequently elsewhere, e.g.
\i{}Afzelia\i0{}>/2<usually> 327<when aggregated,>,3/4 328,1<usually>/2
329,(2-)3(-4)/6 330,8<commonly>/7<the pores sometimes operculate>/6/10
337,1<nearly always>/2<rarely, in Mimosoideae> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,1<nearly always>/2-16<<0.5%> in a few Mimosoideae from New Guinea and
tropical Australia (\i{}Archidendron\i0{}) and tropical South America
(\i{}Affonsea\i0{}, \i{}Klugiodendron\i0{}> 340,1<<0.1%>
\i{}Petalostylis\i0{}>/2 341,1<nearly always>/2-3<rarely> 342,1<nearly
always>/2<by a false septum, e.g. \i{}Mirbelia\i0{}>
343,1<usually>/2<<0.5%>> 344,1<usually>/2<<0.5%> rarely> 345,1 348,2
350,(1-)2-100<i.e. to many, usually in alternating rows along the
placenta> 351,2<along the ventral suture> 356,1<the placenta posterior, on
the ventral suture> 358,1-3 381,1-3 384,4 385,1/2 386,3/4-5/2 387,3 388,2
389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<Papilionoideae,
Mimosoideae>/2<most Caesalpinioideae> 397,2<often with filiform apparatus>
400,2 401,1 402,1/3<rarely> 403,1/2/3 404,2/1 407,1/2 408,1<<75%>
usually>/3/4/5/2/7 416,1/2 417,1<rarely, in Mimosoideae>/2 419,1/3
421,(1-)2-100<to many> 422,1/2<endosperm copious only in some
Caesalpinioideae> 426,2-5 429,1<e.g. in some Mimosoideae>/2<usually>
430,1/2 431,1/2 433,2 434<usually>,1 435,1<45/83  representing all three
subfamilies> 436,1/2/3<the radicle straight in Mimosoideae, straight or
oblique in Caesalpinioideae, usually inflexed in Papilionoideae> 437<when
flexed,>,1 444,1/2 447,1/2 460,1<seemingly the norm in Papilionoideae and
Mimosoideae>/2<seemingly, from many Caesalpinioideae> 461,1
462<\i{}Acacia\i0{}, \i{}Alysicarpus\i0{}, \i{}Amorpha\i0{},
\i{}Arachis\i0{}, \i{}Astragalus\i0{}, \i{}Caragana\i0{}, \i{}Cassia\i0{},
\i{}Cercidium\i0{}, \i{}Crotalaria\i0{}, \i{}Dalea\i0{}, \i{}Dolichos\i0{},
\i{}Genista\i0{}, \i{}Gleditsea\i0{}, \i{}Glycine\i0{},
\i{}Hoffmanseggia\i0{}, \i{}Indigofera\i0{}, \i{}Lespedeza\i0{},
\i{}Lotus\i0{}, \i{}Lupinus\i0{}, \i{}Medicago\i0{}, \i{}Mimosa\i0{},
\i{}Olneya\i0{}, \i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Pisum\i0{}, \i{}Prosopis\i0{},
\i{}Pueraria\i0{}, \i{}Robinia\i0{}, \i{}Sesbania\i0{}, \i{}Spartium\i0{},
\i{}Stylosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Tephrosia\i0{}, \i{}Trifolium\i0{},
\i{}Vicia\i0{}, \i{}Vigna\i0{}> 466,2<recorded from numerous genera
representing all three sybfamilies> 469,1<in numerous species and genera
from all three subfamilies> 472,1<<10%> rarely>/2<mostly> 473,1/2/4/5
475,1<commonly <50%>>/2 483,1/2 484,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/2/1&2
490,1<mostly>/2 491,1&2/2&3/1&2&3 492<consistently>,2<from 54 species and
41 genera, representing all three subfamilies> 495,2 497,1<mostly>/2<in a
few Papilionoideae only> 498<when P-type>,4<subtype (a) in Mimosoideae, (b)
elsewhere> 504,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,1&2&3&4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 527,1 528,1 529,12 542,1 565,5
570,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33 578,12000 579<about>,650
580<Mimosoideae: \i{}Albizia\i0{}, \i{}Inga\i0{}, \i{}Pithecellobium\i0{},
\i{}Acacia\i0{}, \i{}Mimosa\i0{}, \i{}Prosopis\i0{}, \i{}Piptadenia\i0{},
\i{}Entada\i0{}, \i{}Parkia\i0{}, etc. Caesalpinioideae:
\i{}Caesalpinia\i0{}, \i{}Parkinsonia\i0{}, \i{}Delonix\i0{},
\i{}Gleditsea\i0{}, \i{}Haematoxylum\i0{}, \i{}Sclerolobium\i0{},
\i{}Melanoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Bauhinia\i0{}, \i{}Cercis\i0{}, \i{}Cassia\i0{},
\i{}Ceratonia\i0{}, \i{}Colophospermum\i0{}, \i{}Copaifera\i0{},
\i{}Brachystegia\i0{}, \i{}Tamarindus\i0{}, \i{}Amherstia\i0{}, etc.
Papilionoideae: \i{}Sophora\i0{}, \i{}Baphia\i0{}, \i{}Podalyria\i0{},
\i{}Glycine\i0{}, \i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Vigna\i0{}, \i{}Crotalaria\i0{},
\i{}Lupinus\i0{}, \i{}Cytisus\i0{}, \i{}Medicago\i0{}, \i{}Trifolium\i0{},
\i{}Lotus\i0{}, \i{}Indigofera\i0{}, \i{}Astragalus\i0{}, \i{}Vicia\i0{},
\i{}Lathyrus\i0{}, \i{}Pisum\i0{}, \i{}Arachis\i0{}, \i{}Aeschynomene\i0{},
etc.> 581<Clearly, the many features which tend distinguish the subfamilies
all involve rather numerous exceptions, are very incompletely documented,
or are not universally applicable.> 582<Economically very important for
food, fodder, fibres, dyes, gums, resins, oils, and green manure; e.g.
peas (\i{}Pisum\i0{}), lentils (\i{}Lens\i0{}), peanuts (\i{}Arachis\i0{}),
beans (\i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Vicia\i0{}), cowpeas (\i{}Vigna\i0{}),
soybean (\i{}Glycine\i0{}), clover (\i{}Trifolium\i0{}), alfalfa (lucerne,
\i{}Medicago\i0{}), lupins (\i{}Lupinus\i0{}), sweet clover
(\i{}Melilotus\i0{}). Numerous cultivated ornamentals, e.g.
\i{}Bauhinia\i0{}, \i{}Wisteria\i0{}, \i{}Acacia\i0{}, \i{}Cassia\i0{},
\i{}Cytisus\i0{}, \i{}Genista\i0{}, \i{}Albizia\i0{}, \i{}Lathyrus\i0{}.
Important tropical timbers from \i{}Acacia\i0{}, \i{}Albizzia\i0{},
\i{}Dalbergia\i0{}, \i{}Robinia\i0{}, \i{}Sophora\i0{}, etc.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}This fellow pecks up wit as pigeons peas
\line{}(Loves Labours Lost, v., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . .
luscious as locusts \line{}(Othello, i., 3 - \i{}Ceratonia\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Like a richly coloured map \line{}Square platts of
clover red and white \line{}Scented wi summers warm delight \line{}(John
Clare c. 1820, A Sunday with Shepherds and Herdboys)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}For Linnaeus \line{}Knelt before it on the sod,
\line{}For its beauty thanking God \line{}(Of \i{}Ulex europaeus\i0{}.
Quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857), unattributed. Seems to derive
from Sir J.E. Smiths (fairy?)tale of Linnaeuss reaction on seeing
flowering furze on Putney Common)> 586<legumino> 
 
# Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae <Kunth>/
1<\i{}Caesalpiniaceae\i0{} R.Br.> 2<\i{}Leguminosae\i0{}.>
3<\i{}Ceratoniaceae\i0{} Link, \i{}Detariaceae\i0{} (DC.) Hess> 5,1/3/5/4
8,1/2 9,1<mostly>/2 10<the switch forms>,1/2 12,1<usually>/2 21<the
herbs>,3 22,2 27,1<mostly>/3 28<the climbers>,1/3<via stem or leaf
tendrils>/6 32,3/4 36,1<rarely>/2 37,1/2 38,1-5 39,1<mostly>/2<e.g., in \i{}Brownea
birschellii\i0{}> 40,1/2 43,1/2/4/5
45,1-2<usually>/3 47,2 50,1/2 53,2<commonly>/1<or ostensibly so>
55,1<usually>/2 56<when compound,>,1/3/4<commonly>/6<commonly>/2<or 
in many Bauhinieae, the single organ deeply bilobed to apically retuse>
57<when pinnate,>,1/2 58,1/2 60<when simple,>,1<i.e., commonly bilobed in
Bauhinieae>/2 64,2/3 68,1<nearly always?>/2<? - depending on interpretation of
'trifoliolate' leaves> 69,2 73,1/2/3 74,1/2 81,2 90,U 92,1
94,1<sometimes>/2 101,1/2<?> 104,3/1&6&7 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the
subfamily> 116,1/2 117,1/2/3<?> 121,1/2<?> 122,1/2 130,1/2<for taxonomic
details, see Watson and Gunning 1981> 137,1/2 139,1 140,1/2<?> 141,3/4<?>
143,1/2<?> 145,2 147,2 148,2/3 149<when present,>,1<e.g.
\i{}Koompassia\i0{}> 156,3 157,1/2<?> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163<at least
sometimes>,1/2<?> 165,1/2<?> 166,1/2<?> 167,1/2<?> 168,U 169,1/2<VPI>
175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/3/8 186,1/2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2/6/7/8
192,2 194,1/2 203,1-4 206,2-3<mostly>/1<not infrequently> 207<commonly more
or less>,1 208,1<?>/2 209,1&2 211,2/3<the corolla absent in over 20 genera,
and when present nearly always ascending, ambiguously papilionaceous only
in \i{}Eligmocarpus\i0{}> 212<pentamerous or not> 215,1/2<usually>/3-4
216,2<often>/3 218,1<e.g. in most Detarieae>/2 223,1<usually>/3<at least
sometimes, in nearly 30 genera>/6-7<in \i{}Icuria\i0{} only>
224,(3-)5/(6-)10(-11) 226,(1-)2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236,5/(3-)5(-6) 238,1
239,1/2/3<mostly> 245,1/2/3 251,1/3 252,1 254<when present,>,(1-)5 255,1
258,1<<99.5%>>/3<in \i{}Sympetalandra\i0{} only> 265<usually>,1<and usually
ascending> 267<usually>,1<commonly with some members small or reduced to
vestiges>/3<or almost so, in over 40 genera> 268,1/2/3/4/5/6/7 274,1/2
277<usually>,1/2<female flowers> 278,(1-)10/10-50<often ten, but commonly
fewer, many in \i{}Maniltoa\i0{}> 282,1 284,1/2 285,1<sometimes>/2<in a
variety of configurations> 286<when cohering>,1/2 287,1 289,1/2
295,(1-)3-10(-50) 298,1/2/3-5 305,1/2 306,1/2 308,1/2 309,1<some
Cassieae>/3 310,2-3 312,2 315,1 318,2 320,1/2<?> 321,2 322<usually>,2
324,1<very rarely  \i{}Afzelia\i0{}, \i{}Diptychandra\i0{}>/2<<95%>>
327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4)/6<?> 330,8<commonly>/7/6/10<?>
337,1<11 genera> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1
348,2 350,1-100<i.e. to many, usually in alternating rows along the
placenta> 351,2<along the ventral suture> 356,1<the placenta posterior, on
the ventral suture> 358,1-3 381,1-3<?> 384,4 385,1/2 386,3/4-5/2<?> 387,3
388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2<mostly> 397,2 400,2
401,1 402,1/3<rarely> 403,1/2/3<?> 404,2/1 407,1/2 408,1<<75%>
usually>/3/4/5/2/7 416,1/2<?> 419,1/3 422,1<sometimes copiously so>/2
426,2-4<?> 430,1/2<?> 431,1/2 433,2 434,1 435,1 436,1<mostly>/2<radicle
usually straight, rarely somewhat oblique> 444,1/2<?> 447,1/2
460,1<seemingly rarely, by contrast with the other subfamilies>/2 461,1
462<\i{}Cassia\i0{}, \i{}Cercidium\i0{}, \i{}Gleditsea\i0{},
\i{}Hoffmanseggia\i0{}> 466,2<all 150 genera examined by L.W., see Watson
and Dallwitz 1983> 469,1<in all 15 genera sampled> 472,1<<10%>>/2<?>
473,1/2/4/5<?> 475,1<commonly <50%>>/2<?> 483,1/2 484,2 488,1/2<?> 489<when
present,>,1/2/1&2<?> 490,1<mostly>/2<?> 491,1&2/2&3/1&2&3<?>
492<consistently>,2 495,2 497,1 498,4<subtype (b) in 18 genera> 504,2&3&4&5
520,2&3&4 521<mostly tropical and subtropical>
522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,12 542,1 565,5 570,2
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33 578<about>,400<?> 579<about>,166
580<\i{}Acrocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Adenolobus\i0{}, \i{}Afzelia\i0{},
\i{}Amherstia\i0{}, \i{}Androcalymma\i0{}, \i{}Anthonotha\i0{},
\i{}Apaloxylon\i0{}, \i{}Aphanocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Aprevalia\i0{},
\i{}Apuleia\i0{}, \i{}Arapatiella\i0{}, \i{}Arcoa\i0{},
\i{}Augouardia\i0{}, \i{}Baikiaea\i0{}, \i{}Barklya\i0{}, \i{}Batesia\i0{},
\i{}Bathiaea\i0{}, \i{}Baudouinia\i0{}, \i{}Bauhinia\i0{},
\i{}Berlinia\i0{}, \i{}Brachycylix\i0{}, \i{}Brachystegia\i0{},
\i{}Bracteolanthus\i0{}, \i{}Brandzeia\i0{}, \i{}Brenierea\i0{},
\i{}Brodriguesia\i0{}, \i{}Brownea\i0{}, \i{}Browneopsis\i0{},
\i{}Burkea\i0{}, \i{}Bussea\i0{}, \i{}Caesalpinia\i0{},
\i{}Campsiandra\i0{}, \i{}Candolleodendron\i0{}, \i{}Cassia\i0{},
\i{}Cenostigma\i0{}, \i{}Ceratonia\i0{}, \i{}Cercidium\i0{},
\i{}Cercis\i0{}, \i{}Chamaecrista\i0{}, \i{}Cheniella\i0{}, \i{}Chidlowia\i0{},
\i{}Colophospermum\i0{}, \i{}Colvillea\i0{}, \i{}Conzattia\i0{}, \i{}Copaifera\i0{},
\i{}Cordeauxia\i0{}, \i{}Crudia\i0{}, \i{}Cryptosepalum\i0{},
\i{}Cynometra\i0{}, \i{}Daniella\i0{}, \i{}Dansera\i0{}, \i{}Delonix\i0{},
\i{}Detarium\i0{}, \i{}Dialium\i0{}, \i{}Dicorynia\i0{}, \i{}Dicymbe\i0{},
\i{}Didelotia\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphandra\i0{}, \i{}Diptychandra\i0{},
\i{}Distemonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Duparquetia\i0{}, \i{}Eligmocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Elizabetha\i0{}, \i{}Endertia\i0{}, \i{}Englerodendron\i0{},
\i{}Eperua\i0{}, \i{}Erythrophleum\i0{}, \i{}Eurypetalum\i0{},
\i{}Gigasiphon\i0{}, \i{}Gilbertiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Gilletiodendron\i0{},
\i{}Gleditsia\i0{}, \i{}Goniorrachis\i0{}, \i{}Gossweilerodendron\i0{},
\i{}Griffonia\i0{}, \i{}Guibourtia\i0{}, \i{}Gymnocladus\i0{},
\i{}Haematoxylum\i0{}, \i{}Hardwickia\i0{}, \i{}Heterostemon\i0{},
\i{}Hoffmannseggia\i0{}, \i{}Holocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Humboldtia\i0{},
\i{}Hylodendron\i0{}, \i{}Hymenaea\i0{}, \i{}Hymenostegia\i0{},
\i{}Intsia\i0{}, \i{}Isoberlinia\i0{}, \i{}Jacqueshuberia\i0{},
\i{}Julbernardia\i0{}, \i{}Kalappia\i0{}, \i{}Kaoue\i0{},
\i{}Kingiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Koompassia\i0{}, \i{}Labichea\i0{},
\i{}Lasiobema\i0{}, \i{}Lebruniodendron\i0{}, \i{}Lemuropisum\i0{},
\i{}Leonardoxa\i0{}, \i{}Leucostegane\i0{}, \i{}Librevillea\i0{},
\i{}Loesenera\i0{}, \i{}Lophocarpinia\i0{}, \i{}Lysidice\i0{},
\i{}Lysiphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Macrolobium\i0{}, \i{}Maniltoa\i0{},
\i{}Martiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Melanoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Mendoravia\i0{},
\i{}Mezoneuron\i0{}, \i{}Michelsonia\i0{}, \i{}Microberlinia\i0{},
\i{}Moldenhauera\i0{}, \i{}Monopetalanthus\i0{}, \i{}Mora\i0{},
\i{}Neochevalierodendron\i0{}, \i{}Oddoniodendron\i0{},
\i{}Orphanodendron\i0{}, \i{}Oxystigma\i0{}, \i{}Pachyelasma\i0{},
\i{}Paloue\i0{}, \i{}Paloveopsis\i0{}, \i{}Paramacrolobium\i0{},
\i{}Parkinsonia\i0{}, \i{}Pellegriniodendron\i0{}, \i{}Peltogyne\i0{},
\i{}Peltophorum\i0{}, \i{}Petalostylis\i0{}, \i{}Phanera\i0{},
\i{}Phyllocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Piliostigma\i0{}, \i{}Plagiosiphon\i0{},
\i{}Poeppigia\i0{}, \i{}Polystemonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Prioria\i0{},
\i{}Pseudomacrolobium\i0{}, \i{}Pterogyne\i0{}, \i{}Pterolobium\i0{},
\i{}Recordoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Saraca\i0{}, \i{}Schizolobium\i0{},
\i{}Schizoscyphus\i0{}, \i{}Schotia\i0{}, \i{}Sclerolobium\i0{},
\i{}Scorodophloeus\i0{}, \i{}Senna\i0{}, \i{}Sindora\i0{}, \i{}Sindoropsis\i0{},
\i{}Stachyothyrsus\i0{}, \i{}Stahlia\i0{}, \i{}Stemonocoleus\i0{},
\i{}Stenodrepanum\i0{}, \i{}Storckiella\i0{}, \i{}Stuhlmannia\i0{},
\i{}Sympetalandra\i0{}, \i{}Tachigalia\i0{}, \i{}Talbotiella\i0{},
\i{}Tamarindus\i0{}, \i{}Tessmannia\i0{}, \i{}Tetraberlinia\i0{},
\i{}Tetrapterocarpon\i0{}, \i{}Thylacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Trachylobium\i0{},
\i{}Uittienia\i0{} (not \i{}Vittienia\i0{}, see P. van Rijckevorsel in
Taxacom, March 2009), \i{}Umtiza\i0{}, \i{}Vouacapoua\i0{},
\i{}Wagatea\i0{}, \i{}Zenia\i0{}, \i{}Zenkerella\i0{}, \i{}Zuccagnia\i0{}>
581<This temporary description reflects incomplete breakdown of esoteric
characters across the subfamilies of \i{}Leguminosae\i0{} sensu lato
(q.v.). However, it is clear that the many features which tend to
distinguish the subfamilies all involve rather numerous exceptions, are
very incompletely documented, or are not universally applicable.>
586<caesalpi> 
 
# Leguminosae-Mimosoideae <Kunth>/
1<\i{}Mimosaceae\i0{} R.Br.> 2<\i{}Leguminosae\i0{}.>
5,1&3<mainly>/5<rarely> 8,1/2 9,1/2<commonly> 10,2<often>/1
12,1<usually>/2<not infrequently> 21<the herbs>,1/2/3 22,2 27,1<mostly>/3
28<the climbers>,6 31,1 32,2/3/4 36,1<e.g. Acacias with bipinnate juvenile
and phyllodineous mature foliage>/2 37,1/2 38,2-5 39,1 40,1/2 43,1/2/3/4/5
45,1/2/3 47,2 50,1/2 52,1/2 53,1<as phyllodes>/2 55,1<usually>/2 56<when
compound,>,2/3<?>/4/6<usually> 58,1/2 64,1/2/4 68,1<usually>/2<or
inconspicuous> 69,2 73,1/2/3/4 74,1/2 81,2 90,U 92,1/2/3 95,1<commonly, on
rachides>/2<?> 101,1/2 104,1/3/2/4/6 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the
subfamily> 116,1/2 117,1/2/3 121,1/2 122,U 130,1<e.g. species of
\i{}Mimosa\i0{}, \i{}Neptunia\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}Acacia\i0{},
\i{}Albizzia\i0{}, \i{}Adenenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Dichrostachys\i0{},
\i{}Enterolobium\i0{}, \i{}Leucaena\i0{}, \i{}Pithecellobium\i0{},
\i{}Prosopis\i0{} and \i{}Wallaceodendron\i0{}> 137,1/2 139,1<usually>/2
140,1/2 141,3/4 143,1/2 145,2 146,1/2 147,2 148,2 156,3 157,1/2<?> 159,U
161,U 162,U 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 165,1/2<?> 166,1/2<?> 167,1/2<?>
168,U 169,1/2<VPI> 175,1/1&2/1&2&3 176,1<rarely>/2 177,1<mostly>/2/3/8
184,1/2/3/4 187,2 189,2/3/4 192,2 194,1/2 197,1/2 203,1/2
206,1<mainly>/2<sometimes, in the Parkieae> 211,3 212,(3-)5(-6) 213,1/2<?>
214<sometimes>,2<?>/- 215,2/3-4 216,2/3 218,1<e.g. \i{}Dinizia\i0{}>/2
223,1 224,6-12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5(-6) 238,1 239,3<usually>/1
240,2/3/4 245,3 251,3<mostly>/1<Parkieae> 252,1/- 254,(3-)5(-6) 255,1
258,1/3 265<nearly always>,3<imbricate only in \i{}Dinizia\i0{}> 267,3
268,2/3/4/5/6/7/8<?> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(3-)5(-12)/12-100<to
many> 282,1/2<to the corolla> 284,1/2 285,1/2 286<often>,1 287,1/2-6
289,1<usually, except in sterile flowers>/2<e.g. \i{}Pentaclethra\i0{}>
295,(3-)5(-12)/12-100<to many> 298,2-5 303,3 305,1/2 306,1 308,1 309,3
310,3 312,2 313,1/2 314<when present>,1<in the form of a deciduous gland>
315,1 318,2 320,1/2<?> 321,2 322<usually>,2 324,1<often>/2 327<when
aggregated,>,3/4 328,1<usually>/2<?> 329,(2-)3(-4)/6<?>
330,8<commonly>/7/10<?> 337,1<recorded in 15 genera>/1&2<both states
recorded in \i{}Calliandra\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,1<usually>/2-16<\i{}Archidendron\i0{} (Australia, New Guinea),
\i{}Affonsea\i0{} and \i{}Klugiodendron\i0{} (South America)> 340,1<the
style of \i{}Petalostylis\i0{} with three petaloid lobes>/2
341,1<mostly>/2-3<rarely> 342,1 343,1<nearly always>/2<rarely> 344,1<nearly
always>/2 345,1 348,2 350,2-100<i.e. to many, usually in alternating rows
along the placenta> 351,2<along the ventral suture> 356,1<the placenta
posterior, on the ventral suture> 358,1-3 381,1-3<?> 384,4 385,1/2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,1/2<?> 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1<rarely>/2<mostly> 397,2<often with filiform apparatus> 400,2 401,1
402,1/3<rarely> 403,1/2/3<?> 404,2<mostly>/1 407,1/2 408,1<<75%>
usually>/3/5/2 416,1/2<?> 419,1/3 422<thinly>,1/2 426,2-3 429,1/2
430,1/2<?> 431,2 433,2 434<usually>,1 435,1 436<usually>,1<the radicle
straight> 444,1/2<?> 447,1<mostly>/2 460,1<very commonly>/2<?> 461,1
469,1<in the 5 genera sampled> 472,2 475,1<commonly <50%>>/2 483,1/2<?>
484,2 488,1/2<?> 489<when present,>,1/2/1&2 490,1<mostly>/2<?>
491,1&2/2&3/1&2&3<?> 492<consistently>,2 495,2 497,1<12 genera>
498,4<subtype (a) in 12 genera> 521<tropical, subtropical and warm
temperate> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,12 542,1
565,5 570,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33 578<about>,3200 579<about>,60
580<\i{}Abarema\i0{}, \i{}Acacia\i0{}, \i{}Albizia\i0{},
\i{}Adenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Adenopodia\i0{}, \i{}Affonsea\i0{},
\i{}Albizia\i0{}, \i{}Amblygonocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Adenanthera\i0{},
\i{}Archidendron\i0{}, \i{}Archidendropsis\i0{}, \i{}Aubrevillea\i0{},
\i{}Calliandra\i0{}, \i{}Calliandropsis\i0{}, \i{}Calpocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Cedrelinga\i0{}, \i{}Cojoba\i0{}, \i{}Cylicodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Desmanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dichrostachys\i0{}, \i{}Elephantorrhiza\i0{},
\i{}Entada\i0{}, \i{}Enterolobium\i0{}, \i{}Faidherbia\i0{},
\i{}Fillaeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Gagnebina\i0{}, \i{}Goldmania\i0{},
\i{}Havardia\i0{}, \i{}Indopiptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Lemurodendron\i0{},
\i{}Leucaena\i0{}, \i{}Lysiloma\i0{}, \i{}Marmaroxylon\i0{},
\i{}Mimosa\i0{}, \i{}Mimozyganthus\i0{}, \i{}Neptunia\i0{},
\i{}Newtonia\i0{}, \i{}Parapiptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Pararchidendron\i0{},
\i{}Paraserianthes\i0{}, \i{}Parkia\i0{}, \i{}Pentaclethra\i0{},
\i{}Piptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Piptadeniastrum\i0{}, \i{}Piptadeniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pithecellobium\i0{}, \i{}Plathymenia\i0{}, \i{}Prosopidastrum\i0{},
\i{}Prosopis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoentada\i0{}, \i{}Pseudopiptadenia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoprosopis\i0{}, \i{}Samanea\i0{}, \i{}Schleinitzia\i0{}, 
\i{}Senegalia\i0{}, \i{}Serianthes\i0{}, \i{}Stryphnodendron\i0{}, 
\i{}Tetrapleura\i0{}, \i{}Vachellia\i0{}, \i{}Wallaceodendron\i0{},
\i{}Xerocladia\i0{}, \i{}Xylia\i0{}, \i{}Zapoteca\i0{}, \i{}Zygia\i0{}>
581<This temporary description reflects incomplete breakdown of esoteric
characters across the subfamilies of \i{}Leguminosae\i0{} sensu lato
(q.v.). However, it is clear that the many features which tend to
distinguish the subfamilies all involve rather numerous exceptions, are
very incompletely documented, or are not universally applicable.>
586<mimosoid> 
 
# Leguminosae-Papilionoideae <DC.>/
1<\i{}Fabaceae\i0{} Lindl. (ambiguous \i{}nom altern.\i0{}),
\i{}Papilionaceae\i0{} Giseke> 2<\i{}Leguminosae\i0{}.>
3<\i{}Hedysareae\i0{} (\i{}Hedysaraceae\i0{}) J.G Agardh,
\i{}Lathyraceae\i0{} Burnett, \i{}Lotaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Phaseolaceae\i0{} Ponce de Lon & Alvares, \i{}Robiniaceas\i0{}
(\i{}Robiniaceae\i0{}) Welw., \i{}Swartzieae\i0{} (\i{}Swartziaceae\i0{})
Bartl.> 5,1/3/5/4 8,1/2 9,1/2 10<the switch forms often>,1/2
12,1<usually>/2<not infrequently> 21<the herbs>,1/2/3 22,2 27,1/2/3 28<the
climbers>,1/3<via stem or leaf tendrils>/6<then sometimes via hooks> 29<the
twiners>,1/2<in \i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Wisteria\i0{}> 32,2/3/4 36,1/2
37,1/2 38,1-5 39,1<usually>/2-3<<2%> e.g. some Mirbelieae> 40,1/2
43,1/2/4/5 45,1-3 47,2 50,1/2 51,1<occasionally, e.g.
\i{}Cajanus\i0{}>/2<mostly> 52,1<commonly when phyllodineous, especially in
Australia>/2 53,2<commonly>/1<or only ostensibly so> 
55,1<e.g, Phaseoleae>/2<e.g., Vicieae, the character states
being indicative of a major taxonomic distinction> 56<when compound, as is
usual,>,1/3/4<commonly>/5/2 57<when pinnate,>,1/2 58,1/2 68,1<nearly
always>/2<<2%> e.g., switch plants and some non-switch Mirbelieae> 69,2
70,1/2<or more often adnate to the petiole> 73,1/2/3/4 74,1/2 81,2 90,U
92,1/2/3 101,1/2 104,1/3/2/4/6 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the subfamily>
114,2<but present on calyces and pods of \i{}Mucuna\i0{}> 116,1/2 117,1/2/3
121,1/2 122,1<occasionally?>/2 130,1/2<Watson and Gunning 1981> 137,1/2
139,1<usually>/2 140,1/2 141,3/4 143,1/2 145,2 146,1/2 147,2 148,1/2/3
149<when present,>,1<e.g. \i{}Derris\i0{}, \i{}Mucuna\i0{},
\i{}Wisteria\i0{}> 156,3 157,1<commonly>/2 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,1<rarely>/2 165,1/2 166,1/2 167,1/2 168,U 169,1/2<VPI> 175,1 176,2
177,1<mostly> 184,2/3<especially common in southern Australia>/4<e.g.
\i{}Mucuna holtoni\i0{}, where the nectar guide is a petal functioning as a
concave mirror for ultrasound> 186,1<with at least two forms of passive
presenter, involving modifications of the style and/or of the keel of the
corolla and/or the staminal filaments, and explosive pollination in (e.g.)
\i{}Medicago\i0{}>/2 187,2<usually>/1 189<when aggregated,>,8/7/2/3/4
192,1/2< often ostensibly racemose, but frequently paniculate or, as in
Phaseoleae, having pseudoracemes bearing nodal clusters of obscure
constitution> 194,1/2/3<e.g., in some Bossiaeeae> 203,1-4 204,1<rarely>/2
206,2-3<mostly>/1<some Sophoreae and Swartzieae> 207<usually>,1
208,1<sometimes, in association with bird pollination or in pendulous
inflorescences>/2 209,1&2 211,1<usually, with the corolla
imbricate-descending, the posterior petal raised to form a flag
(standard), and the lower petals housing the stamens and
gynoecium>/3<occasionally, in Sophoreae, Swartzieae, Amorphieae>
215,1/2<usually> 216,2/3 217<usually more or less cupular> 218,1<e.g.
commonly in Dalbergieae>/2 223,1<usually>/3<corolla sometimes missing in
Swartzieae, Amorphieae> 224,(5-)10(-11)<?> 226,2 227,1/2/- 229,U
236,5/(3-)5(-6)<?> 238,1 239<usually>,3<below> 245,1/2/3
248,1<usually>/2<e.g., \i{}Lamprolobium\i0{}> 249,1<rarely>/2
251<ascending>,1 252<when pentamerous,>,1 253,1<representing adnate
bracteoles, e.g. in \i{}Pultenaea\i0{}>/2 254<when
present,>,5<usually>/1-5<Amorphieae, Swartzieae> 255,1 257,1<petals often
auriculate, etc.>/2 258,1/2/3<rarely, e.g. in \i{}Trifolium\i0{}, where
sometimes all the petals are adnate to the androecial tube> 261<commonly
with>,2<the two ventral petals commonly connivent to form the keel of the
typical papilionate corolla>/4<with the wings adnate to the keel, e.g.
\i{}Lens\i0{}, \i{}Pisum\i0{}, \i{}Vicia\i0{}> 262,1<or anterior and
lateral> 265,1<descending, with the adaxial member outside and forming a
flag (standard)> 267,- 268,2/3/4/5/6/7/8 272<or some members>,1<e.g.
\i{}Trifolium\i0{}>/2 274,1/2 276,1 278,(5-)9-10(-30)<to many only in a
few Swartzieae and Sophoreae> 280,1/2 282,1<mostly>/2<e.g. in Dalbergieae,
Mirbelieae, \i{}Trifolium\i0{}, \i{}Genista\i0{}, etc., where at least some
members or the androecial tube can be attached to corolla components>
284,1/2 285,1<sometimes>/2<in a variety of configurations> 286<when
cohering>,1/2<commonly with the tenth, posterior stamen free of the rest,
whose filaments are united into a tube, or 5 + 5> 287<even when
10,>,1<though the antesepalous, theoretically outer members develop
first, are often longer, and their anthers may differ from those of the
antepetalous members> 289,1<seemingly with very few exceptions  e.g.
\i{}Robynsiophyton\i0{} in the Crotalarieae> 295,(5-)9-10(-30)
298,2<rarely>/3<commonly, more or less>/4-5<rarely> 305,1-2
306,1/2/1&2<alternating> 308,1/2 309,3 310,3/2 311,2<usually>/1-2<the
thecae sometimes confluent above> 312,2 313,1<e.g. gland-tipped in
\i{}Indigofera\i0{}>/2 315,1 318,2 320,1/2 321,2 322<usually>,2 324,2
328,1<usually>/2 329,(2-)3(-4)/6 330,8<commonly>/7/6/10 337,1<in at least
30 genera> 339,1 341,1 342,1<nearly always>/2<by a false septum, e.g.
\i{}Mirbelia\i0{}> 343,1 344,1 345,1 348,2 350,(1-)2-100<i.e. to many,
usually in alternating rows along the placenta> 351,2<along the ventral
suture> 356,1<the placenta posterior, on the ventral suture> 358,1-3
381,1-3 384,4 385,1/2 386,3/4-5/2 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<often with filiform apparatus> 400,2 401,1
402,1/3<rarely> 403,1/2/3 404,2/1 407,1/2 408,1<<75%> usually>/3/4/5/2/7
416,1/2 419,1/3 421,(1-)2-100<to many> 422<thinly>,1/2 426,2-5
429,2<always?> 430,1/2 431,2 433,2 434<usually>,1 435,1 436<nearly
always>,3<the radicle nearly always inflexed, but rarely short and
straight> 444,1/2 447,1/2 460,1<very commonly>/2<?> 461,1
462<\i{}Arachis\i0{}, \i{}Astragalus\i0{}, \i{}Caragana\i0{},
\i{}Crotalaria\i0{}, \i{}Dalea\i0{}, \i{}Dolichos\i0{}, \i{}Genista\i0{},
\i{}Gleditsea\i0{}, \i{}Glycine\i0{}, \i{}Indigofera\i0{},
\i{}Lespedeza\i0{}, \i{}Lotus\i0{}, \i{}Lupinus\i0{}, \i{}Medicago\i0{},
\i{}Olneya\i0{}, \i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Pisum\i0{}, \i{}Prosopis\i0{},
\i{}Pueraria\i0{}, \i{}Robinia\i0{}, \i{}Sesbania\i0{}, \i{}Spartium\i0{},
\i{}Stylosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Tephrosia\i0{}, \i{}Trifolium\i0{},
\i{}Vicia\i0{}, \i{}Vigna\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Arachis\i0{},
\i{}Astragalus\i0{}, \i{}Psophocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Psoralea\i0{},
\i{}Trigonella\i0{} etc.> 469,1<in the 20 genera sampled> 472,1<<10%>
rarely>/2<mostly> 473,1/2/4/5 475,1<commonly <50%>>/2 483,1/2 484,2 488,1/2
489<when present,>,1/2/1&2 490,1<mostly>/2 491,1&2/2&3/1&2&3
492<consistently>,2 495,2 497,1<93 genera>/2<13 genera> 498<when
P-type>,4<seemingly always subtype (b)> 504,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,1&2&3&4
521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 527,1 528,1
529,12 542,1 565,5 570,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33 578<about>,9000
579<about>,430 580<\i{}Abrus\i0{}, \i{}Acmispon\i0{}, \i{}Acosmium\i0{},
\i{}Adenocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Adenodolichos\i0{}, \i{}Adenolobus\i0{},
\i{}Adesmia\i0{}, \i{}Aenictophyton\i0{}, \i{}Aeschynomene\i0{},
\i{}Afgekia\i0{}, \i{}Aganope\i0{}, \i{}Airyantha\i0{}, \i{}Aldina\i0{},
\i{}Alexa\i0{}, \i{}Alhagi\i0{}, \i{}Alistilus\i0{}, \i{}Almaleea\i0{},
\i{}Alysicarpus\i0{}, \i{}Amburana\i0{}, \i{}Amicia\i0{},
\i{}Ammodendron\i0{}, \i{}Ammopiptanthus\i0{}, \i{}Amorpha\i0{},
\i{}Amphicarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Amphimas\i0{}, \i{}Amphithalea\i0{},
\i{}Anagyris\i0{}, \i{}Anarthrophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Andira\i0{},
\i{}Angylocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Antheroporum\i0{}, \i{}Anthyllis\i0{},
\i{}Antopetitia\i0{}, \i{}Aotus\i0{}, \i{}Apios\i0{}, \i{}Apoplanesia\i0{},
\i{}Apurimacia\i0{}, \i{}Arachis\i0{}, \i{}Argyrocytisus\i0{},
\i{}Argyrolobium\i0{}, \i{}Anthrocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Arthroclianthus\i0{},
\i{}Aspalanthus\i0{}, \i{}Astracantha\i0{}, \i{}Astragalus\i0{},
\i{}Ateleia\i0{}, \i{}Austrodolichos\i0{}, \i{}Austrosteenisia\i0{},
\i{}Baphia\i0{}, \i{}Baphiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Baphiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Baptisia\i0{}, \i{}Barbiera\i0{}, \i{}Baukea\i0{}, \i{}Behaimia\i0{},
\i{}Belairia\i0{}, \i{}Bergeronia\i0{}, \i{}Biserrula\i0{},
\i{}Bituminaria\i0{}, \i{}Bocoa\i0{}, \i{}Bolusafra\i0{},
\i{}Bolusanthus\i0{}, \i{}Bolusia\i0{}, \i{}Bossiaea\i0{},
\i{}Bowdichea\i0{}, \i{}Bowringia\i0{}, \i{}Brachysema\i0{},
\i{}Brogniartia\i0{}, \i{}Brya\i0{}, \i{}Bryaspis\i0{}, 
\i{}Burkilliodendron\i0{}, \i{}Butea\i0{}, \i{}Cadia\i0{},
\i{}Cajanus\i0{}, \i{}Calicotome\i0{},  \i{}Callerya\i0{},
\i{}Callistachys\i0{},
\i{}Calophaca\i0{}, \i{}Calopogonium\i0{}, \i{}Calpurnia\i0{},
\i{}Camoensia\i0{}, \i{}Camptosema\i0{}, \i{}Campylotropis\i0{},
\i{}Canavalia\i0{}, \i{}Candolleodendron\i0{}, \i{}Caragana\i0{},
\i{}Carmichaelia\i0{}, \i{}Carrissoa\i0{}, \i{}Cascaronia\i0{},
\i{}Castanospermum\i0{}, \i{}Centrolobium\i0{}, \i{}Centrosema\i0{},
\i{}Chadsia\i0{}, \i{}Chaetocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Chamaecytisus\i0{},
\i{}Chapmannia\i0{}, \i{}Chesneya\i0{}, \i{}Chordospartium\i0{},
\i{}Chorizema\i0{}, \i{}Christia\i0{}, \i{}Chryoscias\i0{}, \i{}Cicer\i0{},
\i{}Cladrastis\i0{}, \i{}Clathrotropis\i0{}, \i{}Cleobulia\i0{},
\i{}Clitoria\i0{}, \i{}Clitoriopsis\i0{},
\i{}Cochlianthus\i0{}, \i{}Codariocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Coelidium\i0{},
\i{}Collaea\i0{}, \i{}Cologania\i0{}, \i{}Colutea\i0{},
\i{}Corallospartium\i0{}, \i{}Cordyla\i0{}, \i{}Coronilla\i0{},
\i{}Corynella\i0{}, \i{}Coursetia\i0{}, \i{}Craiba\i0{},
\i{}Cranocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Craspedolobium\i0{}, \i{}Cratylia\i0{},
\i{}Crotalaria\i0{}, \i{}Cruddasia\i0{}, \i{}Cullen\i0{},
\i{}Cyamopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cyathostegia\i0{}, \i{}Cyclocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Cyclolobium\i0{}, \i{}Cyclopia\i0{}, \i{}Cymbosema\i0{},
\i{}Cytisophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cytisopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cytisus\i0{},
\i{}Dahlstedtia\i0{}, \i{}Dalbergia\i0{}, \i{}Dalbergiella\i0{},
\i{}Dalea\i0{}, \i{}Dalhousiea\i0{}, \i{}Daviesia\i0{}, \i{}Decorsea\i0{},
\i{}Dendrolobium\i0{}, \i{}Derris\i0{}, \i{}Desmodiastrum\i0{},
\i{}Desmodium\i0{}, \i{}Dewevrea\i0{}, \i{}Dicerma\i0{}, \i{}Dichilus\i0{},
\i{}Dicraeopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Dillwynia\i0{}, \i{}Dioclea\i0{},
\i{}Diphyllarium\i0{}, \i{}Diphysa\i0{}, \i{}Diplotropis\i0{},
\i{}Dipogon\i0{}, \i{}Dipteryx\i0{}, \i{}Discolobium\i0{},
\i{}Disynstemon\i0{}, \i{}Dolichopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dolochos\i0{},
\i{}Dorycniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dorycnium\i0{}, \i{}Droogmansia\i0{},
\i{}Dumasia\i0{}, \i{}Dunbaria\i0{}, \i{}Dussia\i0{}, \i{}Dysolobium\i0{},
\i{}Ebenus\i0{}, \i{}Echinospartum\i0{}, \i{}Eleiotis\i0{},
\i{}Eninia\i0{}, \i{}Endosamara\i0{}, \i{}Eremosparton\i0{},
\i{}Erichsenia\i0{}, \i{}Erinacea\i0{}, \i{}Eriosema\i0{},
\i{}Errazurizia\i0{}, \i{}Erythrina\i0{}, \i{}Etaballia\i0{},
\i{}Euchilopsis\i0{}, \i{}Euchresta\i0{}, \i{}Eutaxia\i0{},
\i{}Eversmannia\i0{}, \i{}Exostyles\i0{}, \i{}Eysenhardtia\i0{},
\i{}Fiebrigiella\i0{}, \i{}Fissicalyx\i0{}, \i{}Flemingia\i0{},
\i{}Fordia\i0{}, \i{}Galactia\i0{}, \i{}Galega\i0{}, \i{}Gastrolobium\i0{},
\i{}Geissaspis\i0{}, \i{}Genista\i0{}, \i{}Genistidium\i0{},
\i{}Geoffrea\i0{}, \i{}Gliricidia\i0{}, \i{}Glottidium\i0{},
\i{}Glycine\i0{}, \i{}Glycirrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Gompholobium\i0{},
\i{}Gonocytissus\i0{}, \i{}Goodia\i0{}, \i{}Grazielodendron\i0{},
\i{}Gueldenstaedtia\i0{}, \i{}Halimodendron\i0{}, \i{}Hallia\i0{},
\i{}Hammatolobium\i0{}, \i{}Haplomosia\i0{}, \i{}Hardenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Harleyodendron\i0{}, \i{}Harpalyce\i0{}, \i{}Hebestigma\i0{},
\i{}Hedysarum\i0{}, \i{}Herpyza\i0{}, \i{}Hesperolaburnum\i0{},
\i{}Hesperothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Hippocrepis\i0{}, \i{}Hoitia\i0{},
\i{}Holocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Hovea\i0{}, \i{}Humularia\i0{}, \i{}Hybosema\i0{},
\i{}Hymenocarpos\i0{}, \i{}Hymenolobium\i0{}, \i{}Hypocalyptus\i0{},
\i{}Imbralyx\i0{}, \i{}Indigofera\i0{}, \i{}Inocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Isotropis\i0{}, \i{}Jacksonia\i0{}, \i{}Jansonia\i0{},
\i{}Kennedia\i0{}, \i{}Kotschya\i0{}, \i{}Kummerowia\i0{},
\i{}Kunstleria\i0{}, \i{}Lablab\i0{}, \i{}Laburnum\i0{},
\i{}Lamprolobium\i0{}, \i{}Lathyrus\i0{}, \i{}Latrobea\i0{},
\i{}Lebeckia\i0{}, \i{}Lecointea\i0{}, \i{}Lennea\i0{}, \i{}Lens\i0{},
\i{}Leptoderris\i0{}, \i{}Leptodesmia\i0{}, \i{}Leptosema\i0{}, \i{}Lespedeza\i0{},
\i{}Lessertia\i0{}, \i{}Leucomphalos\i0{}, \i{}Liparia\i0{},
\i{}Lonchocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Lotononis\i0{}, \i{}Lotus\i0{},
\i{}Luetzelbergia\i0{}, \i{}Lupinus\i0{}, \i{}Luzonia\i0{},
\i{}Maackia\i0{}, \i{}Machaerium\i0{}, \i{}Macropsychanthus\i0{},
\i{}Macroptilium\i0{}, \i{}Macrotyloma\i0{}, \i{}Margaritilobium\i0{},
\i{}Marina\i0{}, \i{}Mastersia\i0{}, \i{}Mecopus\i0{}, \i{}Medicago\i0{},
\i{}Meizotropis\i0{}, \i{}Melilotus\i0{}, \i{}Melliniella\i0{},
\i{}Melolobium\i0{}, \i{}Mildbraediodendron\i0{}, \i{}Millettia\i0{},
\i{}Mirbelia\i0{}, \i{}Monopteryx\i0{}, \i{}Mucuna\i0{}, \i{}Muellera\i0{},
\i{}Muelleranthus\i0{}, \i{}Mundulea\i0{}, \i{}Myrocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Myrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Myroxylon\i0{}, \i{}Nemcia\i0{},
\i{}Neocollettia\i0{}, \i{}Neodunnia\i0{}, \i{}Neoharmsia\i0{},
\i{}Neonotonia\i0{}, \i{}Neorautanenia\i0{}, \i{}Neorudolphia\i0{},
\i{}Nephrodesmus\i0{}, \i{}Nephrostylis\i0{}, \i{}Nissolia\i0{},
\i{}Nogra\i0{}, \i{}Notodon\i0{}, \i{}Notospartium\i0{}, \i{}Olneya\i0{},
\i{}Onobrychis\i0{}, \i{}Ononis\i0{}, \i{}Ophrestia\i0{},
\i{}Orbexilum\i0{}, \i{}Oreophysa\i0{}, \i{}Ormocarpopsis\i0{},
\i{}Ormocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Ormosia\i0{}, \i{}Ornithopus\i0{},
\i{}Ostryocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Ortholobium\i0{}, \i{}Otoptera\i0{},
\i{}Oxylobium\i0{}, \i{}Oxyrhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Oxytropis\i0{},
\i{}Pachecoa\i0{}, \i{}Pachyrhizus\i0{}, \i{}Padbruggea\i0{},
\i{}Panurea\i0{}, \i{}Paracalyx\i0{}, \i{}Paraderris\i0{},
\i{}Paramachaerium\i0{}, \i{}Paratephrosia\i0{}, \i{}Parochetus\i0{},
\i{}Parryella\i0{}, \i{}Pearsonia\i0{}, \i{}Pediomelum\i0{},
\i{}Periandra\i0{}, \i{}Pericopsis\i0{}, \i{}Petaladenium\i0{},
\i{}Peteria\i0{}, \i{}Petteria\i0{}, \i{}Phaseolus\i0{},
\i{}Phylacium\i0{}, \i{}Phyllodium\i0{}, \i{}Phyllota\i0{},
\i{}Phylloxylon\i0{}, \i{}Phycostigma\i0{}, \i{}Pickeringia\i0{},
\i{}Pictetia\i0{}, \i{}Piptanthus\i0{}, \i{}Piscidia\i0{}, \i{}Pisum\i0{},
\i{}Plagiocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Platycelyphium\i0{}, \i{}Platycyamus\i0{},
\i{}Platylobium\i0{}, \i{}Platymiscium\i0{}, \i{}Platypodium\i0{},
\i{}Platysepalum\i0{}, \i{}Podalyria\i0{}, \i{}Podocytisus\i0{},
\i{}Poecilanthe\i0{}, \i{}Poiretia\i0{}, \i{}Poitea\i0{},
\i{}Polhillia\i0{}, \i{}Pongamia\i0{}, \i{}Pongamiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Priestleya\i0{}, \i{}Pseudarthria\i0{}, \i{}Pseudeminia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoeriosema\i0{}, \i{}Pseudovigna\i0{}, \i{}Psophocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Psoralea\i0{}, \i{}Psoralidium\i0{}, \i{}Psorothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Pterocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Pterodon\i0{}, \i{}Ptycholobium\i0{},
\i{}Ptychosema\i0{}, \i{}Pueraria\i0{}, \i{}Pultenaea\i0{},
\i{}Pycnospora\i0{}, \i{}Rafnia\i0{}, \i{}Ramorinoa\i0{},
\i{}Requienia\i0{}, \i{}Retama\i0{}, \i{}Rhodopis\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchosia\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchotropis\i0{}, \i{}Reideliella\i0{},
\i{}Robinia\i0{}, \i{}Robinsiophyton\i0{}, \i{}Rothia\i0{},
\i{}Rupertia\i0{}, \i{}Sabinea\i0{}, \i{}Sakoanala\i0{},
\i{}Salweenia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcodum\i0{}, \i{}Sartoria\i0{},
\i{}Sauvallella\i0{}, \i{}Schefflerodendron\i0{}, \i{}Scorpiurus\i0{},
\i{}Securigera\i0{}, \i{}Sellocharis\i0{}, \i{}Sesbania\i0{},
\i{}Shuteria\i0{}, \i{}Sindodolichos\i0{}, \i{}Smirnowia\i0{},
\i{}Smithia\i0{}, \i{}Soemmeringia\i0{}, \i{}Sophora\i0{},
\i{}Spartidium\i0{}, \i{}Spartium\i0{}, \i{}Spathionema\i0{},
\i{}Spatholobus\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerolobium\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerophysa\i0{},
\i{}Sphenostylis\i0{}, \i{}Sphinctospermum\i0{}, \i{}Spirotropis\i0{},
\i{}Spongiocarpella\i0{}, \i{}Stauracanthus\i0{}, \i{}Stracheya\i0{},
\i{}Streblorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Strongylodon\i0{}, \i{}Strophostyles\i0{},
\i{}Stylosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Sutherlandia\i0{}, \i{}Swainsona\i0{},
\i{}Swartzia\i0{}, \i{}Sweetia\i0{}, \i{}Tadehagi\i0{}, \i{}Taralea\i0{},
\i{}Taverniera\i0{}, \i{}Templetonia\i0{}, \i{}Tephrosia\i0{},
\i{}Teramnus\i0{}, \i{}Teyleria\i0{}, \i{}Thermopsis\i0{},
\i{}Tipuana\i0{}, \i{}Trifidacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Trifolium\i0{},
\i{}Trigonella\i0{}, \i{}Tripodion\i0{}, \i{}Uleanthus\i0{}, \i{}Ulex\i0{},
\i{}Uraria\i0{}, \i{}Uribea\i0{}, \i{}Urodon\i0{}, \i{}Vandasina\i0{},
\i{}Vatairea\i0{}, \i{}Vataireopsis\i0{}, \i{}Vatovaea\i0{},
\i{}Vavilovia\i0{}, \i{}Vermifrux\i0{}, \i{}Vicia\i0{}, \i{}Vigna\i0{},
\i{}Viminaria\i0{}, \i{}Virgilia\i0{}, \i{}Weberbaurella\i0{},
\i{}Whitfordiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Wiborgia\i0{}, \i{}Willardia\i0{},
\i{}Wisteria\i0{}, \i{}Xanthocercis\i0{}, \i{}Xeroderris\i0{},
\i{}Xiphotheca\i0{}, \i{}Yucaratonia\i0{}, \i{}Zollernia\i0{}, 
\i{}Zornia\i0{}> 581<This
temporary description reflects incomplete breakdown of esoteric characters
across the subfamilies of \i{}Leguminosae\i0{} sensu lato (q.v.). However,
it is clear that the many features which tend to distinguish the
subfamilies all involve rather numerous exceptions, are very incompletely
documented, or are not universally applicable.> 582<Economically very
important for food, fodder, fibres, dyes, gums, resins, oils, and green
manure; e.g. peas (\i{}Pisum\i0{}), lentils (\i{}Lens\i0{}), peanuts
(\i{}Arachis\i0{}), beans (\i{}Phaseolus\i0{}, \i{}Vicia\i0{}), cowpeas
(\i{}Vigna\i0{}), soybean (\i{}Glycine\i0{}), clover (\i{}Trifolium\i0{}),
alfalfa (lucerne, \i{}Medicago\i0{}), lupins (\i{}Lupinus\i0{}), sweet
clover (\i{}Melilotus\i0{}). Numerous cultivated ornamentals, e.g.
\i{}Wisteria\i0{}, \i{}Cytisus\i0{}, \i{}Genista\i0{}, \i{}Lathyrus\i0{}.
Important tropical timbers from \i{}Dalbergia\i0{}, \i{}Robinia\i0{},
\i{}Sophora\i0{}, etc.> 586<papilion> 
 
# Leitneriaceae <Benth.>/
2<\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<with silky young shoots> 8,1 37,2
39,1 45,1 53,1 60,2 62<elliptic>,6/4 64,2 65,1 66,6 68,2 76,1 78,1 90,U
92,1 102,1 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<the former simple, uniseriate, often with
bulbous bases, sometimes paired with bases sunken; the latter with
biseriate stalks and clavate rather thn capitate> 108,2 109,2 116,1
117,3<in the veins, also in the petioles> 118,1<epithelium-lined> 123,1
124,2 137,1 138,2<in the pith> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,3<uniseriate, or a few biseriate> 152,2-3 153,3 154<mostly
in tangential or oblique rows of up to about 20 members, with a few
solitaries> 155<more or less>,1 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2
165<scanty>,2<to vasicentric and terminal> 166,1 167,2 169,3
175,2/3/1&2/1&3 176,1 177,5<mostly>/9<occasionally having perfect flowers
intermingled with males> 179,3 184,1 187<precocious,>,2 189,11 192,1 194,2
195<erect, complex catkinlike spikes, each of numerous reduced dichasia>
197,1<the staminate flowers interpreted as borne in three-flowered cymules
of 14(5) stamens each, the cymules forming clusters of 312(15) stamens
which could be taken as single flowers>/2<female inflorescences> 200,1
202,2/1<if the female perianth is interpreted as bracteoles>
203,2<inconspicuous> 218,2 220,2 223,3<female flowers>/7<in male flowers,
and in females if the sepals are interpreted as bracts> 224<of the
female flowers>,(3-)4(-8) 225<of female flowers>,2 226,1 229,U 236<(i.e.
the female perianth, alternatively interpretable as bracts or
bracteoles)>,(3-)4(-8) 239,3<of minute, unequal and irregularly disposed,
glandular-fimbriate scales, more or less connate basally> 276,1/2<female
flowers> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,1-4(-5)/3-12(-15)<if the theoretical
cymules are taken as flowers> 285,1 289,1 295,1-4(-5)/3-12(-15)
303<shortly>,3 306,2 309,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 320,1 322,2 324,2 328,1
329,3-6 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,1<ostensibly>/2<theoretically, on the evidence of teratological flowers
with bilocular ovaries and two styles> 342,1 343<(pseudo)>,1/3<depending on
interpretation> 344,1<ostensibly>/6<if considered pseudomonomeric> 345,1
347<(if viewed as monomeric)>,2<with a linear, distally expanded style and
decurrent stigma, the stigmatic groove and the placenta turned away from
the axis and towards the subtending bract> 350,1 352,1 353<if viewed as
pseudomonomeric,>,1 358,1 360,2 361,1<slender, curved, caducous> 365,1
368,1<decurrent> 375,2<the ovule attached to the side of the ovary> 378,1
381,3 386,3-5 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<broadly
triangular> 400,2 403<of no clear type> 404,1-2 407,2 408,7 409<(if
considered syncarpous,>,2 412,7<a slightly asymmetric, somewhat
flattened, dry drupe, with a conspicuously reticulate endocarp> 415,2
421,1 422<thinly>,1 424<starchy> 430,1 432,3 433,2 436,1<linear> 472,2
497,2 504,1&3 505,2 512,1 520,3 521<Southeast U.S.A.> 522,12
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 32> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2 565,2 567,7 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}L.
floridana\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Leitneria\i0{}> 581<In addition
to characters relying on limited sampling (leaf and wood anatomy, anther
wall ontogeny), these compiled descriptions have \i{}Leitneria\i0{}
differing from (most?) \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the unicellular
gynoecium with apical style, as well as in the ascending ovules with long
outer integument, and endospermic seeds.> 586<leitneri> 
 
# Lemnaceae <S.F. Gray>/
2<\i{}Araceae\i0{}> 3<\i{}Wolffiaceae\i0{} (Engl.) Nak.> 5<much reduced,
aquatic>,5/- 9,3 11,1<thallus small to minute, globular, flat or linear,
with one (Wolffioideae) or two (Lemnodeae) budding pouches, raphides
present with mucilage cells in Lemnodeae only, xylem without vesses,
phloem transfer cells lacking at least in \i{}Lemna\i0{}> 12,3
13,1<usually, in Lemnodeae>/2<Wolffiodeae> 21,1 22,- 27,- 32,1 34,1 36,-
148,1 173,2 175,2&3<usually>/2/3 176,1 177,2<usually>/5<rarely> 187,2<in
groups of 23, these developed in one of the budding pouches in Lemnodeae
but from a dorsal cavity in Woffiodeae> 199,1<Lemnodeae>/2<Wolffiodeae>
203,1 223,7 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,1 289,1 295,1
309,4<Lemnodeae>/1-3<Wolffiodeae> 311,1<Wolffiodeae>/2<Lemnodeae>
312,1<\i{}Wolffia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Lemna\i0{}> 315,1 316,1 318,1 319,1/2
320<with no middle layer> 321,4 322,1 328,1 329,1 330,5 337,2 338,1/2<in
male flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1 342,1 343<ostensibly>,1<imaginatively
interpretable as pseudomonomerous?> 344<ostensibly>,1 345,1 350,1-7 351,3
381,3 386,1/3/2 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1/2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1/2<\i{}Spirodela\i0{}> 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1 403,1<or irregular>
404,2 407,2 408<a 14-seeded utricle> 422,1/2 424,1/2 430,1
432,2-3<sometimes lacking a radicle> 433,1 436,1 442,2 443<thick> 447,-
450,2 454,2 456,2 458,2<absent> 461,1 462<\i{}Lemna\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Lemna\i0{}, \i{}Spirodela\i0{}> 468,1 472,2 475,2<one species>
483,2 488,2 490,2 492,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5, 8, 10, 11,
21> 525,5<?> 527,2 530,3 557,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10<as a synonym of
\i{}Araceae\i0{}> 578,30 579,4-6 580<Lemnoodeae: \i{}Lemna\i0{},
\i{}Spirodela\i0{} (including \i{}Landoltia\i0{}); Wolffiodeae:
\i{}Pseudowolffia\i0{}, \i{}Wolffia\i0{}, \i{}Wolffiella\i0{},
\i{}Wolffiopsis\i0{}> 581<The data compiled for the present descriptions
suggest that these genera, comprising two rather distinct subfamilies (see
above) and credibly interpreted as derived from \i{}Araceae\i0{}, are
inappropriately sunk therein by dogmatic application of cladistic
hypotheses.> 582<Besides being a likely future source of clean biofuel,
Duckweeds have an important rle in removing excess nutrients and other
pollutants from artificial and naturally occurring bodies of water.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . the green mantle of the stagnant pool
\line{}(King Lear, iii., 4 - \i{}Lemna minor\i0{})> 586<lemnacea> 
 
# Lennoaceae <Solms-Laubach>/
2<\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 9<more or less>,1<but achlorophyllous>/- 12,2
13,U 14,1 15,2 16,1 17,2 18,1<of shrubby \i{}Compositae\i0{},
\i{}Clematis\i0{}, \i{}Euphorbia\i0{}, etc.> 38,2 39,1 40,1 43,4<reduced to
short scales> 53,1 60,2 68,2 90,U 106,1 107,2<these with a unicellular or
uniseriate stalk and an enlarged, bladder-like terminal cell or
occasionally a 4-celled head>/1&2<?> 143,2 144,1 146,1<leaf traces> 148,1
151,1/2<\i{}Lennoa\i0{}> 156<when present,>,3<circular> 159,1<in the
absence of vessels, in \i{}Lennoa\i0{}> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8/4/3
195<dense compound spikes, thyrses or discoid heads> 196,1/2 197,1/2 200,1
206,1/2 207<if irregular, slightly>,1 212,5-10 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 220,2
223,1 224,10-20 226,2 227<more or less>,1 229,U 236,5-10 238,1 239,3<but
only slightly so, at the most>/1<the sepals narrow> 241,3 245,1-3 248,1
254,5-10 255,1 258,3 265<induplicate>,3/1 266,7/8 272,1 278,5-10 282,2
285,1 287,1-2 289,1 295,5-10 296,3<at the throat of the corolla, below its
mouth> 298,2 299,2 303<shortly>,3 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,2 317,1 320,1 322,2
324,2 328,1 329,3-4(-5)/6-8(-10) 330,8/6&8<often with alternating
aperturate and inaperturate colpi> 337,1 339,6-14 341,1-3 342,12-28<each of
the primary locules being divided into two locelli, by a median false
septum> 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353<primarily>,6-14 354,1 360,2 361,1
365,1 368,1<capitate or lobed> 376,2 379,2<primarily, i.e. with one per
locellus> 381<more or less>,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,2 397,1 400,1 403,3 404,1/2 409<eventually>,1 412,1<drupaceous>
414<irregularly>,7 422<copiously>,1 424,2<starchy> 426,1 430,1 432,1
436<globose> 495,2 504,3 512,1 520,2-3 521<Southwest U.S.A., Mexico,
Colombia> 522,12&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,2/1<?>
565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,68<as a synonym of
\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,3 580<\i{}Ammobroma\i0{}, \i{}Lennoa\i0{},
\i{}Pholisma\i0{}> 581<While credibly regarded as close to
\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{} (q.v.), these achlorophyllous parasitic plants with
reduced leaves, cortical stem bundles and no secondary thickening, modified
embryology, etc., differ further from \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{} sensu stricto
in conspicuous gynoecium and fruit characters.> 586<lennoace> 
 
# Lentibulariaceae <Rich.>/
3<\i{}Pinguiculariaceae\i0{} Dum., \i{}Utriculinae\i0{}
(\i{}Utriculariaceae\i0{}) Hoffmgg. & Link> 5,5 9,1/2/3
11<\i{}Utricularia\i0{} often exhibiting>,4 12,1/3<in some
\i{}Utricularia\i0{} species> 13,1/2<floating \i{}Utricularia\i0{} species>
15,3<mostly>/1<at least occasionally, the epiphytic
\i{}Utricularia alpina\i0{} having only imperfect bladders> 
19,1/2 20,1<\i{}Utricularia\i0{},
\i{}Polypompholyx\i0{}>/3<e.g., in \i{}Pinguicula\i0{}>/2<\i{}Genlisea\i0{}> 
21,3/-
22,1/2 27<when rooted/non-aquatic,>,1/2 32,1/2 34<when aquatic,>,1/2 35<of
hydrophytes>,1/2 36,1<often, with both modified and normal leaves>/2
39,1 40,1 43<when identifiable>,1 45,1/2 47,2 53<when identifiable>,1 60,2
64,2 68,2 81,2 90,U 102,1/2<from foliage leaves of \i{}Genlisea\i0{}>
103,1/2 104,5<mostly, in \i{}Pinguicula\i0{}>/1<at least sometimes, in
\i{}Utricularia\i0{}>/- 106,1 107<mostly capitate and>,2
130,2<\i{}Pinguicula\i0{}, \i{}Lentibularia\i0{}> 141<with one leaf trace>
143,2<in \i{}Pinguicula\i0{} scapes>/1<in that instead of typical vascular
bundles, the axes in other genera either exhibit a network of phloem
strands which is separated by parenchyma from an independent ring of xylem
around the pith, or have alternate strands of xylem and phloem attached to
a ring of sclerenchyma>/- 148,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,1<sometimes>/2
189<when aggregated,>,2&3 192,2 193,1 200,1/2 203,2-3 206,3 207,1 209,1&2
212<basically>,5/- 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,4-10 226,2/3 227,1/2
229,U 236,2/4-5<lobed> 238,1/2<\i{}Polypompholyx\i0{}> 239,3 240,3
245,2<often>/1 248,1 251,1/4 252<at least theoretically>,2 254,5<at least
theoretically>/2<sometimes, ostensibly> 255,1 258,3 265,1 267,2<the upper,
posterior lip of two joined members, the lower of three and commonly
personate> 270,1<or saccate, anteriorly> 278,2/4 280,2 282,2 285,1 287,1
289,1/2 290<if present,>,2<posterior> 291,2 292,2 294,3 295,2<the anterior
pair> 296,1 298,1 299<more or less theoretically>,2 300,1 305,2 306,1 309,3
311,1/1-2<transversely constricted> 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1
322,2 328,1 329,3-16 330,8<sometimes syncolpate, sometimes zonorate>
337,2<in \i{}Utricularia\i0{}> 339,2<the posterior member represented by
its reduced stigma> 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1 356,1<the
stigmas one posterior, the other anterior> 358,1 360,1/2 361,1 365,1
368,1-2<the posterior lobe more or less abortive> 372,1 373,1 374,3 375,5
378,(2-)5-100<i.e. to many> 380,1<?>/2/3<often> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1
390,1 391,1 392,1<usually>/3<\i{}Pinguicula vulgaris\i0{}> 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1/2<small or large, sometimes the upper becoming much enlarged
while the other two degenerate> 400,1 401,1 402,1&2<aggressive> 403,1/2/5
404,2 409,1/2 412,1/2<?> 414,6<24 valves>/7/1 422,2 432,1 435,1<1/1> 436,1
447,1 466,2<\i{}Utricularia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1/2 484,1 485,2<normal and
decarb.> 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2<2 genera, 2 species> 495,1<in
\i{}Utricularia\i0{}> 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 8, 9, 11,
21> 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60
578,245 579,3/4 580<\i{}Genlisea\i0{}, \i{}Pinguicula\i0{},
\i{}Polypompholyx\i0{} (= \i{}Utricularia\i0{}), \i{}Utricularia\i0{}>
581<For discussion of classificatory problems posed by
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, impinging on \i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}, and
\i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem genera as \i{}Paulownia\i0{}
and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and Reeves (1995), who provide
preliminary insights from chloroplast gene sequencing.> 586<lentibul> 
 
# Leonticaceae <(Spach) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Podophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5<glaucous>,5 14,1/2
21,3 22,1 25,3/4 39,1 43,1/3 53,2 56,4/5/6/7<23 pinnate> 57<when pinnate,>,1
64,2 68,1 69,2<on the petiole> 74,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,1<at least in
\i{}Leontice\i0{}> 148,1 156,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,1<the corolla
often nectariform> 184,2 187,2 189,2<or compound racemes> 192,2 195<simply
or compoundly racemose> 206<more or less>,1 212,3 213,1 215,3/4 218,2 220,2
223,1 224,9-15 226,3-5 227,1/2 229,U 236,3-9<the inner members often
petaloid> 238,1-3 239,1 251,1 254,6 255,2 258,1<often nectariform> 268,3
278,6 289,1<unless the nectariferous petals are interpreted as staminodes>
295,6 298,2 299,1 300,2 309,5 310,1 315,1 318,2 328,1 329,3 330,6
339<ostensibly>,1 341,1 342,1 343,1<or pseudomonomerous?> 344<ostensibly>,1
345,1 347<shortly>,2 348,2<the stigma small or plicate-dilated> 350,2-8
351,3 381,3 386,3 387,3 388,3 389,1 391,1 400,2 404<bladdery,>,2 407,1<or
gaping above, or the walls evanescent>/2 422,1 426<drupelike,>,4<often
blue> 436,1 461,1 462<\i{}Leontice\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Leontice\i0{}> 472,1
477,U 504,1 505,1 507,2&3&4&5 520,2 521<North temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&12
527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23<as a synonym
of \i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}> 578,14 579,4 580<\i{}Leontice\i0{},
\i{}Bongardia\i0{}, \i{}Caulophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Gymnospermium\i0{}>
581<Seemingly differing cryptically from \i{}Berberidaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in being cyanogenic, in the colpate pollen and the
pseudocrassinucelate ovules, as well as in the non-fleshy fruit.>
586<leontica> 
 
# Lepidobotryaceae <Lonard>/
2<\i{}Oxalidaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Sarcotheca\i0{} and \i{}Dapania\i0{}.> 5,3
39,1 45,1<and articulate> 53<disguisedly>,2/1<ostensibly> 55,1 56,1 60,2
64,2 65,1 68,1<and stipellate> 74,1 76<(of the leaflet)>,1 90,U 92,1
106<presumably>,1<but neither tufted nor shaggy> 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
143,1/2<?> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148<presumably>,2/- 152,3 153,2
154,1&2&3 156<exclusively or predominantly>,3 157,2 159,2 162,1 163,2 164,2
165<abundant as scattered cells> 166,2 167,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1<ten,
in two whorls> 179,1<resembling that of female flowers, but lacking ovules>
187,2 189,2 192,2 195<short, strobiloid racemes> 200,1 202<(bi-)>,1 206,1
212,5 213,1 215<pseudo-hermaphrodite and pentacyclic> 218,2 220,1<fleshy>
221,2<the stamens inserted on its margin> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3<shortly connate below> 241,3 245,3 248,1<in female
flowers> 251,1<quincuncial> 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1<quincuncial> 267,3
274,2 276,1 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,10 282,1 284,2<the outer members
longer> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,10 298,3 299,2 300,3
306,1<\i{}Lepidobotrys\i0{}>/2<\i{}Ruptiliocarpon\i0{}> 308,1 309,3 328,1
329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3
344,4-5<the styles joined basally only> 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2 361,3
363,2<fused basally> 364,1 365,1 368,3 376,2 379,2 380,1 381,1 382,2 383,1
384,1 385,1<carunculate, the caruncle eventually orange-red> 386,3
404<large, leathery,>,2 409,1 412,1 414,4&6<23 valved> 421,1 422,1 430,2
432,3 433,2 436,1<or oblique> 440,1 504,2 506,1 509,2&3 520,4 521<tropical
Africa> 522,6&8 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,37 578,2 579,2 580<\i{}Lepidobotrys\i0{} (\i{}L. staudtii\i0{})
and \i{}Ruptiliocarpon\i0{} (\i{}R. caracolito\i0{})> 586<lepidobo> 
 
# Lepuropetalaceae <(Engl.) Nak.>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}, \i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{} sensu lato,
\i{}Parnassiaceae\i0{}.> 5<diminutive>,5<with leaves brown-streaked from
tannins> 14<more or less>,1 21,1 39<(sub)>,2/1 53,1 60,2 68,2 90,U 116,U
120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,1<?> 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1 188,1 202,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2/3 223,1/3<the corolla minute or
missing> 224,5-10 226,1/2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 254<when
present,>,1-5 255,1 258<when recognisable,>,1<the petals tiny, round to
spathulate> 278,10 282,1&2 285,1 287,2 289,2 290,5 291,1<constituting an
outer, epipetalous whorl> 295,5 298,2 299,2<very short> 328,1 329,3 330,8
339,3-4 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,3-4 363,1
366,1<very short> 368,3 369,2<along with the styles> 371,3 375,2
378,30-100<many> 404,2 409,1 412,1<globose, thin-walled> 414,5
422<scantily>,1<the endosperm layer one cell thick> 504,1&3 505,3 512,1&6
521<southern U.S.A., Mexico, Chile> 522,12&13&15 527,1 528,1<?  apetalous
or polypetalous> 529,8 538,2 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,37<as
a synonym of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1 580<\i{}Lepuropetalon\i0{}
(\i{}L. spathulatum\i0{})> 581<Differing from \i{}Celstraceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in the succulent, herbaceous habit without secondary
thickening, as well as in conspicuous features of androecium and
gynoecium.> 586<lepurope> 
 
# Liliaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Fritillariaceae\i0{} Salisb., \i{}Medeolaceae\i0{} (S. Watson)
Takhtajan, \i{}Tulipaceae\i0{} Batsch \i{}ex\i0{} Borkkhausen>
4<\i{}Alliaceae\i0{} J.G. Agard, \i{}Alstroemeriaceae\i0{} Dum,
\i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{} Jaume St.-Hil, \i{}Anthericaceae\i0{} J.G. Agard,
\i{}Aphyllanthaceae\i0{} G.T. Burnet, \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} Juss,
\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{} Juss, \i{}Asteliaceae\i0{} Dum,
\i{}Blandfordiaceae\i0{} Dahlgren and Cliffor, \i{}Calochortaceae\i0{} Dum,
\i{}Colchicaceae\i0{} DC, \i{}Convallariaceae\i0{} Horan,
\i{}Eriospermaceae\i0{} Endl, \i{}Hemerocallidaceae\i0{} R. Br,
\i{}Herreriaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hostaceae\i0{} B. Mathew, \i{}Hyacinthaceae\i0{}
J.G. Agard, \i{}Hypoxidaceae\i0{} R. Br, \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{} Batsc,
\i{}Ruscaceae\i0{} Spreng, \i{}Tecophilaeaceae\i0{} Leybol,
\i{}Trilliaceae\i0{} Lindl.> 5,5 9,1/2 10<occasionally>,2
12,1<usually>/2<infrequently> 21,3 22,1/2 25,1/2/3/4 32,2-4 39,1<nearly
always>/2/1&2/3 40<when alternate,>,1<always?> 42,1/2/3/4 45,3/1 47,1/2 49,1
53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3-4/7 64,4 65,2 67,2 68,- 92,1/3 102,1 104,1 121,U
123,2<according to Goldblatt 1995> 128,2 130,2<2 genera> 148,1 151,2
171,1<e.g. in \i{}Lilium\i0{}>/2 173,1 174,2 175,1/2 176,1/2 177,1/3 182,1
183,1<via nectaries at the tepal bases> 184,2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,2/5/8 192,2 193,1/2 194,1/2 200,1/2
202,2<usually>/1<occasionally> 203,2-4 206,1<nearly always>/2 207<sometimes
somewhat>,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 223,5<usually>/1 224,6 225,1 226,2
227,1 228,2/1&2 229,1/2<commonly> 230,1/2<the outer segments often smaller
and less showy> 231<colour variable> 278,3<\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}>/6 
282,1 284,1 285,1 287,2<3+3>
289,1 295,6<usually>/3<\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}> 298,1/3<usually>
301,1 306<(pseudo)>,2<often, the filament tip enclosed by
a tubular outgrowth from the back of the connective>/1 309,3 
310,1<\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}>/3 312,2
315,1 316,1 318,1 320,2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,1 330<usually>,1<in
\i{}Tulipa\i0{} occasionally operculate, or with an irregular aperture>
337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3<usually>/1<but 3-lobed, \i{}Scoliopus\i0{}> 
343,3 344,5<\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}>/6<usually> 345,1 
352,2<usually>/1<\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}> 353,3 360,2 361,1 364,1/2 365,1
368,1/3 372,1/2 373,1 374,2&3&4 375<in \i{}Scoliopus\i0{},>,2 
376<usually>,2 379,5-50<usually many> 385,1/2
386,3 387,3<without a parietal cell> 388,1 389,2 391,7 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 400,3 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,1 424,1 429,1<e.g.,
\i{}Lilium\i0{}>/2 430,2 432,3<small> 433,1<not coleoptile-like> 435,2<two
species, representing \i{}Fritillaria\i0{} and \i{}Tulipa\i0{}> 442,2
443<brown or pallid> 447,- 448,1/2 450,2 451,1<mostly>/2<sometimes in
\i{}Lilium\i0{}> 452,1<mostly>/2<sometimes in \i{}Lilium\i0{}>
453,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Lilium\i0{}> 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1
462<\i{}Zigadenus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Zigadenus\i0{}> 468,2 472,2 475,1/2
487,1/2 488,2 490,1<mostly>/2 491,2/1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2 504,1&2&3
505,1&2&3 506,1&3 507,2&3&4&5 508,2&3 509,1 510,1&2&3 512,1 521<Northern
hemisphere, centred on southwest and Himalayan Asia to China>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,2 530,4 558,3
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15 578<about>,420 579<about>,10
580<\i{}Cardiocrinum\i0{}, \i{}Clintonia\i0{}, \i{}Erythronium\i0{},
\i{}Fritillaria\i0{},
\i{}Gagea\i0{}, \i{}Lilium\i0{}, \i{}Lloydia\i0{}, \i{}Medeola\i0{},
\i{}Nomocharis\i0{}, \i{}Notholirion\i0{}(?), \i{}Prosartes\i0{}, 
\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}(?), \i{}Speirantha\i0{}(?), \i{}Streptopus\i0{},
\i{}Tulipa\i0{}, \i{}Tricyrtis\i0{}> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}To gild refind gold, to paint the lily \line{}. .
. . . . . \line{}Is wasteful, and ridiculous excess \line{}(King John,
iv., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O sweetest, fairest lily! \line{}My brother
wears thee not one half so well \line{}As when thou grewest thyself
\line{}(Cymbeline, iv., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I like the chaliced
lilies, \line{}The heavy Eastern lilies, \line{}The gorgeous tiger-lilies,
\line{}That in our garden grow! \line{}(T.B. Aldrich, Tiger-Lilies) >
586<liliacea> 581<Our compiled data strongly suggest that current taxonomic 
assignment of \i{}Scoliopus\i0{} to Liliaceae \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}
(e.g., Christenhusz et al., 2017) is very unsatisfactory. This North
American genus calls for direct examination of the two species to assess
and perhaps re-interpret the peculiar floral morphology. Descriptions 
in modern floras (three fertile stamens
only, attached to the sepals and alternating with narrow linear petals, and a
unilocular G3 with parietal placentation) conform with J.D. Hooker's treatment 
in \i{}Bot. Mag\i0{}. 123 (1897), from which our illustraton is adapted.>
 
# Limnanthaceae <R. Br.>/
5<small, weak marsh>,5 14<(sub-)>,1 21,1 32,2 39,1 45,1 53,1/2 56<when
compound,>,4/6 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple,>,1 63,1/6 64,2 68,2 90,U
92,1 96<commonly>,1<at the tip of each leaf> 102,1 103,2<but more numerous
below> 104,1 130,2<\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}> 143,2<with no interfascicular
cambium, and lacking the lignified pericyclic ring characteristic of
\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,1 157,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1 183,4<from glands internal and adnate to the antesepalous stamens>
187,1 188,2<on long pedicels> 200,2 202,2 206,1
212,(4-)5<\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}>/3<\i{}Floerkea\i0{}> 213,1 215,2/3 218,1
220,2 223,1 224,6-10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,(4-)5<\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}>/3<\i{}Floerkea\i0{}> 238,1 239,1/3<no more
than slightly so> 241,3 245,3
251<slightly>,1<\i{}Floerkea\i0{}>/3<\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}> 254,(4-)5/3 255,1
258,1 265,2 272,1 278,3<sometimes, in \i{}Floerkea\i0{}>/6/8/10<persistent>
282,1 285,1 287,1<sometimes, in \i{}Floerkea\i0{}>/2 289,1 295,3/6/8/10
298,2<sometimes, in \i{}Floerkea\i0{}>/3<usually> 299,2 303,3<the
antesepalous members with an internal, adnate nectariferous gland> 309,3
310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2> 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,2-4
330,6<syncolpate>/8 337,1 339<opposite the
sepals,>,(4-)5<\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}>/2-3<\i{}Floerkea\i0{}> 341,1-2 342<when
considered syncarpous,>,(2-)3-5 343,2<almost>/3 344,5-6/7<very deeply
lobed, the almost-separate carpels united by the style, becoming free when
ripe> 345,1-2<the petals and stamens slightly perigynous> 350,1 351,3 352,2
353<if treated as syncarpous,>,(2-)3-5<but deeply lobed> 360,2 361,1<but
sometimes more or less deeply cleft> 364,2 365,3 368,(2-)3-5 372,2 373,1
376,1 379,1 381,3 382,1<the micropyle facing outwards and downwards> 383,1
386,3 387,2 388,1 391,6<with unusual ontogeny, tetrasporic, 4-nucleate in
\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}, 6-nucleate in \i{}Floerkea\i0{}> 397,2<large, with or
without filiform apparatus> 400,2 401<at least sometimes>,1 402,3<in
\i{}Floerkea\i0{}> 403,1 404,2 405<more or less>,1/2<if interpreted as
syncarpous> 409<interpreted as syncarpous,>,3 410,(2-)3-5 411,4 419,2 422,2
431,1 432,3 433,2<large> 434<fleshy, cordate> 435,1 436,1 447,1 471,1 472,2
487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3 504,1 505,1&3 507,4&5 520,2
521<temperate North America> 522,12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5> 527,1 528,1 529,7
537,4<re-assigned here, cf. Gadek \i{}et al\i0{}. 1992> 565,5 570,17 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,11 579,2 580<\i{}Floerkea\i0{},
\i{}Limnanthes\i0{}> 586<limnanth> 
 
# Limnocharitaceae <Takht.>/
2<\i{}Alismataceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5 6,1 27,- 32,1 34,1/2 35<of rooted
plants>,1&2 36,1<the submerged leaves linear, the emergent leaves petiolate
with lanceolate or ovate lamina>/2 39,1 40,1-2<spirodistichous> 45<at least
when emergent,>,1 47,1 49,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4/6/8
64,4/2<parallel-pinnate in the mature blade> 65,1 68,- 75,1 76,1 87,2 102,1
104,3 116,1 117,4 121,2 123,2 128,2 130,2<\i{}Hydrocleys\i0{},
\i{}Limnocharis\i0{}> 137,1 138,4 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2&3 175,1 176,2
177,1 182,1 183,3<basally from the bases of the sides of the carpels>
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,5<pseudo-umbels> 192,1 193,1 194,1
195<panicle-derived pseudo-umbels> 196,1 200,1 206,1 212,3 213,1/2
214<sometimes>,2 219,2 223,1 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 230,2
231,2/6<inner>/1<outer> 236,3 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 254,3 255,1 258,1
267,3 268,2/3 272,2 278,3/6/7-100<i.e. to many> 279,1/2 280,1/2 281<when
with trunk bundles,>,2 282,1 285,1/2<then with trunk bundles> 287,-
289,1/2<the outer members often staminodial> 291,1 295,3/6/7-100<to many>
298,2-5 309,3 310,1/2 312,2 315,1 316,2 317,1 318,1 320,1 321,3 322,1
328,1/2 329<when aperturate,>,(3-)4-9 330<tri- to poly->,9 337,2<in all
three genera> 339,3/5-9/12-20<all in one whorl> 341,2 343,2
344,2/3<sometimes basally weakly connate> 345,1 346<distally>,2/1
350,12-100<many> 351,4 384,3 386,3-4 387,3 388,3 389,2 391,2 400,3 403,3
404,2 405,1<in a head> 407,1 408,3 422,2 433,1 436,2<horseshoe shaped>/3
442,2 447,1 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 455,1 457,3 458,2 475,2 487,2
488,2 497,1 498,2 520,4 521<widespread tropical> 522,4&6&9&10&12&13&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 8, 10 (the chromosomes large)> 527,2 530,1 555,1 572,1
574,5 575,2 577,10<as a synonym of \i{}Alismataceae\i0{}?> 578,12 579,3
580<\i{}Butomopsis\i0{}, \i{}Hydrocleys\i0{}, \i{}Limnocharis\i0{}>
581<Supposedly differing from \i{}Alismataceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in
the centrifugally maturing androecium, as well as the gynoecium with
numerous, dispersed, pseudocrassinucellate ovules.> 586<limnocha> 
 
# Linaceae <S.F. Gray>/
4<\i{}Ctenolophacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Erythroxylaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hugoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lepidobotryaceae\i0{}.> 5,5&3<mostly>/1<a few,
small>/4<a few> 27,1<mostly>/3 28<the climbers>,3<with tendrils like coiled
watch springs arising from the secondary branches> 32,3/4 39,1-2
40<usually>,1 45,2-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,1/2 73<small, sometimes>,4 74,1 76,1
81,2 90,U 92,1 101,1/2 102,1 103,1/2 104<commonly>,3 106,1<usually narrow,
unicellular or rarely multicellular, of varying length, but a
glandular-shaggy form found in \i{}Linum\i0{}> 122,1/2
130,1<\i{}Linum\i0{}>/2<\i{}Linum\i0{}, \i{}Radiola\i0{}> 132,1/2 133,1/2
141,3 143,1/2<then the bundles distinct but close together> 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,2 154<usually exclusively>,1
156<exclusively or predominantly>,3 157,2 158,2 159,1 160<commonly>,1 161,1
162,2 163,2 164,2 165,1/2/1&2<often difficult to classify> 169,3
170<usually>,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 195<cincinni or
dichasia, sometimes pseudoracemose> 206,1 212<usually>,5 213,1 218,2
220,1<outside the androecium> 221,1 222,1/2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 241,3 248,1
251,1<quincuncial> 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,1/3 265,1/2 267,3 274,1<often>/2
278,5/10/15<rarely> 282,1 284,1/2 285,2<basally, into a ring> 286,1
289,1/2<often> 290<sometimes>,5<alternating with the fertile stamens>
291,2/3<?> 295,5/10/15 298,2/3-4 299,1/2<mostly> 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1
318,2 319,1 320,1/2 321,3 322,2 328,1/2<e.g. \i{}Reinwardtia\i0{}>
329,3/4-20<?> 330,6/7/10<rarely>/8<variously tricolpate or colporate,
polycolpate, or multiporate> 337,2 339,2-3-5 342,2-10 343,3 344,4-5 345,1
352,1/2 353,1<apically only, when the placentas fall short>/2-3-5<but
sometimes exhibiting extra projections from the carpel midribs which,
however, do not reach the central column> 354<partially>,1/2 360,2
361,1/3-5 363,1-2 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2 379,2 381,1 382,2<Engler>
385,2 386,3 387,3 388,1/2 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1/2<the three nuclei
remaining naked in \i{}Linum\i0{}> 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<sometimes with
filiform apparatus> 400,2/3 401,1 402,1 403,4 404,1/2 409,1/2/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,2<in \i{}Anisadenia\i0{}> 411<one-seeded> 412<when
non-schizocarpic>,1/7/8 414,4 422,1/2 431,1/2 433,2 434,1 435,1<11 species
of \i{}Linum\i0{}> 436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Linum\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Linum\i0{}> 469,1/2/3<?> 472,1/2 473,4 475,2<4 species> 484,2
487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2<2 genera, 3 species> 495,2 520,1-4
521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= 6-11(+)> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,14 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,39 578,90 579,8 580<\i{}Anisadenia\i0{}, \i{}Cliococca\i0{},
\i{}Hesperolinon\i0{}, \i{}Linum\i0{}, \i{}Radiola\i0{},
\i{}Reinwardtia\i0{}, \i{}Sclerolinon\i0{}, \i{}Tirpitzia\i0{}>
586<linaceae> 
 
# Linderniaceae <Borsch \i{}et al\i0{}.>/
2<\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}> 5,5<usually repent or prostrate, mostly
glabrous>/3<some subshrubs> 14,1/2 15,1<mostly>/3<? - perhaps in the
Australian, glandular-hairy \i{}Vandellia\i0{}, cf. \i{}Byblidaceae\i0{},
but genuine carnivory has yet to be demonstrated> 21,1/2/3<mostly annual>
25,3 32,2/3/4<including some resurrection plants, e.g.
\i{}Craterostigma\i0{}> 39,2<the petioles sometimes basally fused>
45,1-3<sometimes with winged petioles> 53,1<usually>/2<sometimes pinnate in
\i{}Scolophyllum\i0{}> 55,2 60,1<then dentate or crenate>/2 64,2/3 68,2
76,1/2/3 81,2 87,2 90,U 106,1 107,1/2 108,1/2 109,1/2 131<often>,3/- 137,2
139,U 140,U 141,U 142,U 143,1 144,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 149,U 150,U
151,U 152,U 153,U 154<in radial rows> 155,U 156,U 157,U 158,U 159,U 160,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 164,U 165,U 166,U 167,U 168,U 169,U 170,U 171,U 172,U
173,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,2 184,2 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2
189< when not solitary,>,2/4 192,2 200,2 206,2/3 207,1 208,1<e.g., sometimes
in \i{}Lindernia\i0{}>/2 209,1 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,8-10 226,2
227,1-2 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,3<fused basally> 245,1/3 248,1 254,4-5<with
abaxial glandular hairs, the two posterior lobes sometimes 
united or almost so> 255,1
257,1<\i{}Lindernia\i0{} with flaps covering the anthers>/2 258,3 260,1
266<two-lipped to funnel-shaped> 267<markedly>,2<the posterior one
sometimes much shorter>/3 268,2/7/8 269,1/2<usually>
278,(2-)4(-5)<sometimes the lower pair reduced or missing> 280,2 282,2<to
the corolla tube> 284,2 285,1/2<the posterior pair often connivent> 287,1
289,1/2<the two anterior members reduced to staminodes or lacking in some
\i{}Lindernia\i0{} spp.> 290<when present,>,2 291,2 292,3 294,2/2&3 295,2/4
297,1 298,1/2 299,2 300,1 304,1<spurred>/2 305,1/2 306,1 310,3 339,2<?> 341,1
342,2 343,3 344,5<the long style with a two-lobed, lamellate stigma> 345,1
352,2 353,2 356,1 360<long>,2 361,1 365,1 368,1/2 370,1/2 
371<if single, bilobed> 372,1
373,1 374,U 376,1-2 379,10-50<'many'> 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,3<occasionally>/4 422,1 423,1 431,U 433,2 461,1<?> 504,1&2&3&4
520,2&3&4 521<more or less worldwide in warmer regions, especially Orient,
neotropics and southern United States> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&9&12&13&14&15
527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60
578<almost>,200 579,16 580<\i{}Amphiolanthus\i0{}, \i{}Artanemia\i0{},
\i{}Bampsia\i0{}, \i{}Craterostigma\i0{}, \i{}Crepidorhopalon\i0{},
\i{}Hartliella\i0{}, \i{}Hemiarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Ilysanthes\i0{},
\i{}Lagaspia\i0{}, \i{}Lindernia\i0{}, \i{}Picria\i0{},
\i{}Pierranthus\i0{}, \i{}Schizotorenia\i0{}, \i{}Scolophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Torenia\i0{}, \i{}Vandellia\i0{}> 581<This very inadequate description
(mostly compiled from Christenhusz \i{}et al\i0{}. (2017)) represents one 
of numerous dubiously worthwhile APG segregates from \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}.>
586<linderni> 
 
# Lissocarpaceae <Gilg>/
2<\i{}Ebenaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2
76,1 90,U 102,1 104,1/6 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U
147,U 148,2<?> 156,2&3 161,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2
195<small axillary cymes> 202<(bi)>,1 206,1 213,1 215,2 223,1 224,8 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4 238,1 239,3 240<four>,3 244,3 245,3 251,1 254,4 255,1
257,1<in the form of a short, tubular, 8-toothed corona in the throat>
258,3 265,2 278,8 282,2 285,2<the filaments shortly connate> 287,1<in a
single series> 289,1 295,8 296,1/2 298,3 300,3 309<linear,>,3 312,2
313,1<by an apiculate-prolonged connective> 314,1 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,7
339,4 341,2 342,4 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,2 353,4 360,2 361,1 365,1<clavate>
368,1 371<capitate or shallowly four-lobed> 376,2 379,2 381,1
388<embryology not recorded> 404<somewhat>,1 409,2 421,1/2 422<copiously>,1
432,3<rather large> 436,1 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical South
America> 522,15 527,1 528,2 529,9 539,1 565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15
577,52<as a synonym of \i{}Ebenaceae\i0{}> 578,8 579,1
580<\i{}Lissocarpa\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Ebenaceae\i0{} in the
appendiculate corolla, the appendaged anthers, and the inferior,
eu-syncarpous, 1-stylar gynoecium with axile placentation and without
false septa.> 586<lissocar> 
 
# Loasaceae <Spreng.>/
3<\i{}Cevalliaceae\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Gronoviaceae\i0{} Endlicher>
5<small>,1<rarely>/3<sometimes>/5<<90%> mostly, mostly bristly> 21,1/3<more
often> 27,1/3 28<sometimes herbaceous>,1 
29,1<\i{}Scyphanthus\i0{}>/1&2<variable, \i{}Loasa\i0{}> 39,1/2
45<long>,1-3 50,1/2 53,1/2 56<when compound,>,3<e.g., in \i{}Nasa triphylla\i0{}>/4
57,1 60<when simple,>,1/2 63<when simple-dissected, variously>,1/2/6 
64,2/3 65,1 68<falsely>,1/2 90,U 92,2-3<mostly>/1 102,1 104,1 106,1<represented
by diverse kinds, generally coarse, silicified and often calcified> 107,1&2
108,1&2 109,1 110,1 111,2 112,2 114<commonly>,1<these unicellular,
elongated, silicified and brittle, filled with a yellowish irritant causing
serious injuries to animals>/2 119<lime or silica>,1<commonly, at the bases
of hairs>/2 130,2<\i{}Blumenbachia\i0{}> 143,1/2 144,1 146,2 147,2 148,1/2
156,3 161,1 169,2<VI> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1/2<?> 183,4<from staminodes>
187,1/2<more often> 192,1 206,1 213,1 217,1 218,1<the petals inserted on
the calyx> 223,1 224,(8-)10(-14) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-7) 239,1
245,3 248,1 251,1/2 254,(4-)5(-7)<or 10 when supplemented by petaloid
staminodes> 258,1/3 265<induplicate>,3 268,3<usually>/2<rarely>/5<rarely>
274,1/2 278,5<Gronovioideae>/10-100<usually many> 279,1<sometimes, in
antepetalous bundles>/2 280,1/2 281<when
determinable,>,1<Mentzelioideae>/2<Loasoideae> 282,1/2<sometimes with
nearly sessile anthers borne on the corolla tube> 285,1/2<sometimes basally
connate into a short tube, or into antepetalous bundles> 288<when
bundled,>,2 289,1/2<often> 293,1<sometimes>/2/1&2<and sometimes
nectariferous, sometimes as in \i{}Loasa\i0{} and \i{}Blumenbachia\i0{},
three or more of them being united to form a large, coloured nectary whose
mouth is towards the centre of the flower and is partly obstructed by the
other staminodes> 295,5/10-100<to many> 298,1-5 309,3 312,2 324,2 328,1
329,3 330,8 337,1 339,1<<5%> ostensibly, in Grovonoideae>/3-5(-7)
342,1/2/3-7<rarely> 343,3<but with pseudomonomery in the Gronovioideae>
344,5-6 345,2-3<often ribbed, the ribs sometimes spiralled>
352,1<usually>/2 353,1<usually, often with more or less deeply intruded
placentas, and pseudomonomerous in Gronovioideae>/2<rarely, fully
partitioned> 360,2 361,1 365,1 375<when
unilocular,>,2<usually>/3<pseudomonomerous Gronovioideae> 376<when
plurilocular, i.e. rarely,>,2 378,1-100<to many> 379,1-50<to many>
385,2 386,3/2 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2<in a shallow
pouch> 400,1<with chalazal and micropylar haustoria> 401,1 402,1&2 403,4
404,2 409,1<usually>/2 412,1<usually, straight or spirally twisted>/2/3/8
414<usually>,4/5 422<copiously>,1<<95%> usually>/2<endosperm scanty or
wanting in \i{}Gronovioideae\i0{}> 424,1 432,3 433,2 434,1 435,2<1/1>
436,1/2<spathulate> 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Petalonyx\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<3
species> 484<commonly>,1 485,1<normal and seco> 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1/2
492,2<2 genera, 2 species> 495,2 504,1&2&3 505,3 506,1 509,1&3
512,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,2-4 521<mostly tropical or subtropical, southern
U.S.A., Central and South America, with only \i{}Fissenia\i0{}
(\i{}Kissenia\i0{}) in Arabia and Southwest Africa> 522,2&7&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-15(+)> 527,1 528,2 529,22 552,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2
574,15 577,51 578<about>,300 579,15/20<depending on interpretation of
\i{}Loasa\i0{} sensu lato, cf. Weigend 2006> 580<\i{}Aosa\i0{},
\i{}Blumenbachia\i0{}, \i{}Caiophora\i0{}, \i{}Cevallia\i0{},
\i{}Eucnide\i0{}, \i{}Fuertesia\i0{}, \i{}Grausa\i0{}, \i{}Gronovia\i0{},
\i{}Klaprothia\i0{}, \i{}Loasa\i0{} sensu lato (including
\i{}Chichicaste\i0{}, \i{}Huidobria\i0{}, \i{}Kissenia\i0{}, \i{}Nasa\i0{},
\i{}Preslophytum\i0{}, \i{}Xylopodia\i0{}), \i{}Mentzelia\i0{},
\i{}Petalonyx\i0{}, \i{}Plakothira\i0{}, \i{}Schismocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Scyphanthus\i0{}> 581<A major 2006 revision by Weigend (Taxon 55) has
yet to be accounted for here> 586<loasacea> 
 
# Loganiaceae <Mart.>/
2<\i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Antoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{},
\i{}Gelsemiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Geniostomaceae\i0{}, \i{}Mitreolaceae\i0{},
\i{}Plocospermataceae\i0{}, \i{}Potaliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Spigeliaceae\i0{},
\i{}Strychnaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3<or subshrubs> 9,1/2<e.g. \i{}L.
tortuosa\i0{}> 10<the switch forms>,1 12,1/2 21,1<often, sometimes tiny>/3
27,1/3 32,3 39,2 43,1/2/4 45,1-3 46,1<commonly, more or less, via the
stipular sheath, which is conspicuous even in the almost leafless \i{}L.
nuda\i0{}>/2 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/6/7 64,1/2 65,1/2 68<more or less>,1/2<but
then the opposing leaf bases connected by lateral lines> 69,1<usually
represented by a stipular sheath, but each lateral component of the
sheath is sometimes resolvable into a pair of joined stipules. Occasionally
(e.g. \i{}L. serpyllifolia\i0{}) the opposing stipules are completely
concrescent to form conspicuous, free petiole-like structures which
constitute a leaves-plus-stipules whorl at each node  cf.
\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}> 70,1/2 72,1/2 73<often much reduced> 90,U 92,1/2 95,2
101,1/2 106,1/2 107,1 112,2 122,1/2 131,1 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,1<with
1several traces>/3/5 144,2 145,1 148,2/3 149,2 152,1<\i{}L.
albiflora\i0{}> 156,3<usually>/2 157,2 159,1/2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at least
sometimes>,1/2 165,1/2<very variable, sometimes very rare or absent>
167,1/2 169,3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5<sometimes disguisedly so> 178,1/2
179,1<sometimes so conspicuously so that the male flowers appear to be
hermaphrodite, as in \i{}Loganiamitreola vaginalis\i0{}> 181,1
187,2<usually>/1 189,1/8<when not solitary> 192<usually>,1 194,1/2 200,1
202,1 205,1<sometimes>/3<?> 206,1 212,4<<2%> only \i{}L. micrantha\i0{}>/5
213,1 215,2 220<small or>,2 223,1 224,8<<2%>>/10<usually> 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,4<<2%> rarely>/5 238,1 239,3 240,3/4 245,3 251,1 252<when K 5,>,1/-
254,4<<2%> rarely>/5 255,1 258,3<often internally hairy> 265,1
266<(tubular-)>,4/7/1 267,3 268,2/3/6 276<in female flowers,>,1/2<?>
277,1/2 278,4<<2%> rarely>/5 280,2 282,2<epipetalous> 285,1 287,1 289<of
male-fertile flowers,>,1 295,4<<2%> \i{}L. micrantha\i0{}>/5 296,2/3 298,2
299,2 300,1 304,2 306,1 309,3<glabrous> 310,3 313,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2
341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 356,1 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1
365,1 368,1 370,1/2 371,2/3 376,2<the placentas not bilobed> 377,1
379,(1-)3-50<(one to) several to many> 386,3/2 387,2 388,U 400,U 404,2
409,1/3<the carpels becoming more or less free, dehiscing longitudinally to
the inside along the septum> 410<when deemed schizocarpic,>,2 411,3 412<if
not schizocarpic,>,1 414,2&4&5<dehiscing only in the upper half, becoming
mitre-shaped> 421,1-100<several to many> 422,1 429,2<and not flattened>
433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 475,1<mostly <80%>>/2 481,2 482,2 484,1
485,1<normal and seco> 487,1/2 488,2 492,2 495,2 504,2&5&6 506,5 513,1&2
514,1 520,2<a few>/3-4 521<Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand> 522,10
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 32> 525,8 526,4 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1
572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58 578<about>,30 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Logania\i0{}> 581<Leeuwenberg (1980) provided detailed descriptive data
for the genera of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato. Struwe \i{}et al\i0{}.
(1994) applied cladistics to a sample comprising that assemblage plus small
samples from assorted other tenuinucellate families, and published a
classification described by Leeuwenberg (1997) as fraught with pretentious
superficiality. In addition to ignoring intra-taxon variation, as
exemplified by him, their sparse data (presented encoded in almost
unreadable and accident prone form) represent only a very perfunctory
contribution towards preparing functional descriptions of new and
recircumscribed families. They do not approach the standards which are
required for this package, and which are essential for convincing
assessments of relationships. The detailed descriptions attempted here
require further pursuit of available literature, notably re embryological
and anther developmental characters, and various morphological characters
of apparent classificatory importance (e.g. flower and gynoecium
orientation, directions of anther dehiscence, gynoecium and fruit details),
for all the seggregates of the traditional \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} (cf.
\i{}Antoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Gelsemiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Geniostomaceae\i0{}, \i{}Mitreolaceae\i0{}, \i{}Potaliaceae\i0{},
\i{}Spigeliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Strychnaceae\i0{}). Meanwhile, in terms of the
inadequate data compiled for this package, \i{}Logania\i0{} is indeed
incompletely separable from \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{} (cf. Struwe \i{}et
al\i0{}.), and differs from their \i{}Geniostomaceae\i0{} only in its
colporate pollen and wood vessels without vestured pits. It seems to differ
from \i{}Mitreolaceae\i0{} (q.v., the other members of Struwe and Alberts
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}) in the presence of bracteoles, in the consistently
imbricate corolla, and in the consistent absence of synstyly.>
586<loganiac> 
 
# Lophopyxidaceae <(Engl.) H.H. Pfeiff.>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/4 27,1/3 28<the lianes>,3<some of the
inflorescences modified into coiled, watchspring tendrils> 39,1 53,1 60,2
68,1 76,2/3 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U
148,2<?> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,2&3 176,1 177,2 178,1<five,
oppositipetalous, concrescent into a five-lobed disk> 182,1 183,4 187,2
189,8&10 194,2 195<consisting of loose panicles of glomerules> 203,2 206,1
212,5 213,1 218,2 223,1<the corolla much smaller> 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239<very shortly>,3 248,1 251,3 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals
not contiguous> 276,1 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278<of male flowers>,10
282,1<the stamens>/2<the staminodes> 285,1 289,2 290,5<spreading,
oppositipetalous, adnate to the subtending petals> 295,5 298,2
299,2<alternating with the staminodes> 303,3<the filaments filiform> 309,3
310,3 328,1 329,3-4 330,8 338,1/2<male flowers> 339<in female flowers,>,4-5
341,1-2 342,4-5 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,2 353,4-5<ovoid-oblong, shallowly
ribbed, pubescent> 360,1 368,4-5<sessile, subulate> 376,2-3 379,2 381,1
385,1<each surmounted by an obturator-like appendage: Airy Shaw> 386,3
404,2 409,2 412,10<with five broad, stramineous wings> 421,1<and
one-locular> 422,1 504,2 506,3 510,3 520,4 521<Malaysia> 522,9 527,1 528,1
529,16 546,1 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,2 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Lophopyxis\i0{}> 581<Noticeably differing from
\i{}Celastraceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in exhibiting tendrils and
10 androecial members.> 586<lophopyx> 
 
# Loranthaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Dendrophthoaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Dendrophthoraceae\i0{} Dostl,
\i{}Elytranthaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Gaiadendraceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Lepidariaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Nuytsiaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Porosectaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Psittacanthaceae\i0{} Nak.,
\i{}Treubaniaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Treubellaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.>
4<\i{}Eremolepidaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<mostly, or shrublets>/1<e.g., well grown
specimens of \i{}Nuytsia\i0{}>/4<a few> 9,1/2<occasionally> 10<switch
forms>,1 12,1/2<rarely> 13,2<in the normal sense>/1<but with haustoria
rather than root-hairs, e.g. \i{}Nuytsia\i0{}?> 14<more or less>,1<in
\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}>/2 15,2 16,2 17,1<evergreen branch parasites (mistletoes),
parasitic vines and a few parasitic trees and shrubs, with haustoria which
often induce gall-like growth on the host> 18,2<mostly>/1<<10%> a few, with
\i{}Nuytsia\i0{} said to parasitize the roots of grasses> 27,- 30,1 32,3/4
37,1 39<usually>,2 43,2<usually>/3/4<rarely> 52,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2/4 68,2
76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1/2<or the lamina mainly comprising isodiametric cells>
103,1<abaxial, on dorsiventral leaves>/2<or all round, on leaves with
isobilateral or homogeneous structure> 104<often>,3<usually not sunken>
106,1/2<generally infrequent, but when present somewhat complex>
107<seemingly exclusively>,1 108<when present,>,2 111<generally more or
less>,1<ranging from uniseriate with small lateral processes arising at the
distal ends of the cells to candelabra forms> 112,1/2 113<sometimes>,2/-
116,1/2 117<in \i{}Nuytsia\i0{}>,2 122,1/2 123,1 124,2&3 137,1<in
\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}>/2 138,3 139,1<usually>/2 140<when present,>,2 141,1
143,1-2/3 144,1<usually>/2 145,2<usually>/1<in young branches of
\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}> 146,2 147,2 148,2/3 149<when
present,>,1<\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}> 150,1-3 153,1<sometimes extremely so>
154<very variable in arrangement> 156,3 158,1/2 161,1/2 162,1/2
165,1/1&2<typically predominantly apotracheal> 167,2 169,2<VPI>
175,1/2&3<<0.5%>> 176,1<<0.5%>>/2<usually> 177,1<nearly always>/2<<0.5%>
\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}, where the central flower of each triplet is female, the
laterals male> 184,2/3 187,2 189,1&2&3&7&5 192,1<the flowers often in
threes> 195<dichasial, the dichasia sometimes resembling racemes, spikes,
umbels etc.> 202,1<the two bracteoles adnate to form a calyculus external
to the calyx> 206,1-2 209,1 213,1 215,2 217,1 218,2 223,1/4<the calyx much
reduced, often to a mere rim>/7<sometimes, in \i{}Amyema\i0{}?> 224,3-9
226,2/1<with the calyx obsolete> 229,U 238,1 239,3<reduced to a lobed or
toothed cup or rim> 240,1/2/3/4 245,3 248,1 251,4 254,(3-)5-6(-9) 255,1
258,1/3 259,- 265,3 266<often>,8<the tube often bent and split down one
side> 267,1/2/3 268<often>,3/4/5 278,(3-)5-6(-9)<as many as C> 280,2
282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(3-)5-6(-9) 298,2 299,1 300,2
309,3 310,3 312,1/2 315,1<usually>/2<\i{}Lepeostegeres\i0{}> 317,2 318,2
319,1/3 320,1/2 321,3 328,1<usually>/2<\i{}Atkinsonia\i0{}> 329,3(-4) 330,6
337,1 339,3/4 342,1 343,3 344,5/6 345,3 352,1 353,1 375,1 377,2 378,4-12
380,2 385,2 386<not clearly differentiated from the placenta> 387,1
388<without obvious nucellus> 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,2<with
filiform apparatus> 400,1 403,6 404,1<usually>/2<<5%> rarely, e.g.
\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}> 409,2 412<usually>,6/7<the fleshy part being
receptacular>/8<\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 426<covered with
viscous material> 428,2 432,3 433,2/1<often becoming fused> 435,1<2/2>
445,1 447,1/2 472,2 475,1<<50%>>/2 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2
492,1<\i{}Nuytsia\i0{}> 495,2 520,2-4 521<pantropical and warm (especially
South) temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
8-12> 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2 574,14 577,49
578,940 579<about>,70 580<\i{}Actinanthella\i0{}, \i{}Aetanthus\i0{},
\i{}Agelanthus\i0{}, \i{}Alepis\i0{}, \i{}Amyema\i0{}, \i{}Amylotheca\i0{},
\i{}Atkinsonia\i0{}, \i{}Bakerella\i0{}, \i{}Baratranthus\i0{},
\i{}Benthamina\i0{}, \i{}Berhautia\i0{}, \i{}Cecarria\i0{},
\i{}Cladocolea\i0{}, \i{}Cyne\i0{}, \i{}Dactyliophora\i0{},
\i{}Decaisnina\i0{}, \i{}Dendropemon\i0{}, \i{}Dendropthoe\i0{},
\i{}Desmaria\i0{}, \i{}Diplatia\i0{}, \i{}Distrianthes\i0{},
\i{}Elytranthe\i0{}, \i{}Emelianthe\i0{}, \i{}Englerina\i0{},
\i{}Erianthemum\i0{}, \i{}Gaiadendron\i0{}, \i{}Globimetula\i0{},
\i{}Helicanthes\i0{}, \i{}Helixanthera\i0{}, \i{}Ileostylus\i0{},
\i{}Ixocactus\i0{}, \i{}Kingella\i0{}, \i{}Lampas\i0{},
\i{}Lepeostegeres\i0{}, \i{}Lepidaria\i0{}, \i{}Ligaria\i0{},
\i{}Loranthus\i0{}, \i{}Loxanthera\i0{}, \i{}Lysiana\i0{},
\i{}Macrosolen\i0{}, \i{}Moquiniella\i0{}, \i{}Muellerina\i0{},
\i{}Notanthera\i0{}, \i{}Nuytsia\i0{}, \i{}Oliverella\i0{},
\i{}Oncella\i0{}, \i{}Oncocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Oryctanthus\i0{},
\i{}Oryctina\i0{}, \i{}Panamanthus\i0{}, \i{}Papuanthes\i0{},
\i{}Pedistylis\i0{}, \i{}Peraxilla\i0{}, \i{}Phragmanthera\i0{},
\i{}Phthirusa\i0{}, \i{}Plicosepalus\i0{}, \i{}Psittacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Scurrula\i0{}, \i{}Septulina\i0{}, \i{}Socratina\i0{},
\i{}Sogerianthe\i0{}, \i{}Spragueanella\i0{}, \i{}Struthanthus\i0{},
\i{}Tapinanthus\i0{}, \i{}Taxillus\i0{}, \i{}Tetradyas\i0{},
\i{}Thaumasianthes\i0{}, \i{}Tolypanthus\i0{}, \i{}Trilepidea\i0{},
\i{}Tripodanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tristerix\i0{}, \i{}Trithecanthera\i0{},
\i{}Tupeia\i0{}, \i{}Vanwykia\i0{}> 586<lorantha> 
 
# Lowiaceae <Ridl.>/
3<\i{}Orchidanthaceae\i0{} Dostl> 5<acaulescent, glabrous>,5 21,3 25,3<the
rhizome horizontal, sympodial, bearing scales, foliage leaves and
inflorescences> 39,1 40,2 45,1<embracing each other by their sheaths> 47,1
48,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62<broadly>,4 64,2<the laterals arching and apically
convergent> 65<rather>,1 68,- 76,1 82,6 90,1<hat-shaped, in association
with the vascular bundles> 98,2 102,1 104,3<sunken> 106,2 121,1<with
raphides> 123,1 124,1 128,2 130,2<\i{}Orchidantha\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,1
174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries> 184,2
185<presumably>,1/4 187,2 189,1<the flowers held upside down, lasting only
one day> 192,1 194,1<terminating each shoot generation of the rhizome>
195<few-flowered cymes> 200,1 205,2 206,3 207,1<superficially orchid-like>
213,1 219,1<very long and slender, stalklike> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1
228,2 230,2<the outer members subequal, fused into the tube below, the
lobes linear-lanceolate and pointed, the inner whorl consisting of an
enlarged median which forms an elliptic-spathulate or boatshaped and
sometimes patterned labellum, and a pair of smaller, elliptic to filiform
laterals> 278,5<the position opposite the labellum being unoccupied> 280,2
282,1-2<to the bases of the petals> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,3
303<shortly>,3 306,2 308,2 309,3 312,2<elongate> 313,1 314,1<the tip of the
connective shortly subulate> 324,2 328,2 339,3 340,1<in that the stigmatic
lobes are asymmetrically broadened, flattened and marginally
laciniate-fimbriate, cf. some \i{}Iridaceae\i0{}> 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5
345,3 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 365,1 372,1 373,2 376,2 379,30-50<many>
384,4 385,1 386,3 404,2 409,1 412,1<with papery pericarp> 422,1
426<globose, each enclosed by a trilobate aril> 427,1 432,3 433,1
439,1<opposite the radicle> 442,1 443,2<?> 447,- 454,U 458,U 472,2 504,2
506,3&4 510,2&3 520,3-4 521<China and western Malaysia> 522,4&9
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,2 530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,19
578<about>,18 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Orchidantha (Lowia)\i0{}>
586<lowiacea> 
 
# Luzuriagaceae <J. Dostal>/
2<\i{}Alstreomeriaceae\i0{}, \i{}Philesiaceae\i0{}.>
3<\i{}Geitonoplesiaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Behniaceae\i0{}.> 5<slender>,3/4 25,3
27,1/3 32,3/4 39,1 40,2 43,1/2<?> 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 59,1 60,2 62,3/4/7 64,4
65<slightly>,1/2 76,1 121,1 123,1 124,1 128,1<?>/2 148,1 151,1/2 156,2
173,1 174,3/2&3 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1/2<?  no septal nectaries> 187,1/2
192,1 194,1/2 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2<or almost> 223,5 224,6
225,1<or almost>/2 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1/2 231,2/9
235,1<\i{}Geitonoplesium\i0{}, \i{}Eustrephus\i0{}> 278,6 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1 306,1/2 309,3/1 310,1/3 312,2 315,1 316,1
318,1 328,1 329,1 330,1<or trichotomosulcate in \i{}Geitonoplesium\i0{}>
337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 364,1
365,1 367,1 368,1 371<capitate to trilobate> 372,2 376,2 379,3-9<few>
385,1/2 386,3/4 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 404,1 409,1/2 412,1<rather
fleshy>/6 422,1 424,1 433,1 436,1 442,1/2 443,2/4/6 447,- 448,1<short>
450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,1 457,3 458,1 472,2 487,2<\i{}Luzuriaga\i0{}>
488,2 490,2 492,2 504,2&4&5&6 506,1&3&4&5 509,2 510,3&4 511,3 513,1 514,1&2
521<southern South America, southern Africa, Australia and adjacent regions
to Java, New Guinea, New Zealand and New Caledonia, Falklands>
522,7&9&10&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,15<as a synonym of \i{}Alstreomeriaceae\i0{}> 578,7 579,4
580<\i{}Drymophila\i0{} (Conran 1987), \i{}Eustrephus\i0{},
\i{}Geitonoplesium\i0{}, \i{}Luzuriaga\i0{}> 581<Conspicuously differing
from \i{}Alstreomeriaceae\i0{} in habit, phyllotaxy, and the supeior,
eusyncarpous gynoecium with one (dry) stigma and few (crassinucellate)
ovules per loculus. The compiled data imply further differences in basic
chromosome numbers and phytochemistry.> 586<luzuriag> 
 
# Lythraceae <Jaume St.-Hil.>/
3<\i{}Ammanniaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Diplodontaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Lagerstroemiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Lawsoniaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Salicariaceae\i0{} Juss.> 4<\i{}Punicaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchocalycaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sonneratiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Trapaceae\i0{}.>
5,5<mostly>/3/1 32,2-4/1<in \i{}Rotala\i0{}> 34,2 39,2<usually>/1/3 40<when
alternate,>,1 45,1-3 50,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1<the stipules small>/2
76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2<rarely, e.g., in \i{}Pemphis\i0{}> 101,1/2
103,1<abaxial>/2 104,1 106,1<with numerous kinds represented> 107,1&2
108,1&2<someteimes tufted or branched> 115,1/2 122,2 123,1 124,1&3
130,2<\i{}Cuphea\i0{}, \i{}Lythrum\i0{}> 131,1/3 137,2 139,1 140,1
141,1<usually>/3 143,1 144,2 145<seemingly nearly always>,1 148,2 152,1-3
153,1-2 154,1&2&3 156,3 157,1 158,2 161,1<<10%> \i{}Heimia\i0{},
\i{}Woodfordia\i0{}, \i{}Pleurophora\i0{}>/2<mostly> 162,1<mostly> 163<at
least sometimes>,1/2 164,2 165<predominantly>,2 167,2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1
176,2 177,1 181,1<mostly>/2<<20%> several genera, e.g. \i{}Pemphis\i0{},
\i{}Adenaria\i0{}> 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/8/2/9 192,1/2
194,1/2 202<two>,1 203,1-3 206,1-3 209<when apparent,>,1&2
212<usually>,4/6/- 213,1/2 214<when partially non-cyclic,>,2/- 215<when
fully cyclic, usually>,3 216,1/3 218,1<this elongated, sometimes with a
posterior spur> 220<or a unilateral gland (\i{}Cuphea\i0{})>,1<around G>/2
223,1<usually>/3<C rarely absent> 224,(3-)8-16(-32) 226,2<usually>/1
227,1/- 229,U 236,(3-)4/6/8(-16) 238,1 239,1<sometimes?>/3<usually, in that
the floral tube extends beyond the level of insertion of the corolla>
244,6/3/4<rarely> 245,1/3 248,1 251<lobes>,3 253,1<commonly>/2
254,(3-)4/6/8(-16) 255,1 258,1<at the mouth of the hypanthium> 265,5
267,1/3 268<often>,5/7/4 274,1/2 278,(4-)8-16(-100)<rarely fewer than K,
usually twice K or C, sometimes many> 280,1/2 281<when numerous,>,1<or
the outer cycle initiating first> 282,1<but adnate low down on the
hypanthium> 284,1/2 285,1 287,1-3<or several> 289<usually>,1
295,(4-)8-16(-35) 298,1-2-5 299,1/2 302,2<usually>/1 306,1
308,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Crenea\i0{}, \i{}Pleurophora\i0{} <7%>> 309,3 310,3
312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,2 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3<usually>/9
330,6/8/6&8<sometimes with pseudocolpi intervening, sometimes syncolpate>
337,1<in 6 genera> 339,2-4(-6) 342,1/2-4(-6) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2
353,1<rarely>/2-4(-6)<but sometimes with the septa not reaching the top>
358,1-3<stipitate in \i{}Lagerstroemia\i0{}, \i{}Diplusodon\i0{},
\i{}Peplis\i0{} etc.> 360,2<mostly>/1-2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371<usually>,3/-
372,1<known only in \i{}Lagerstroemia\i0{}>/2<recorded in 13 genera> 373,1
374,2 375<rarely (i.e.when unilocular),>,2 376<usually>,2
379,(1-)5-50<usually many> 381,3/2 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 399<usually>,1 400,2 403,1 404,2
409,1/2 412,1/2 414,4/5/7/1 422,2 429,1<<15%> in a few genera, the wing
unilateral in \i{}Lagerstroemia\i0{}, encircling in \i{}Lafoensia\i0{},
\i{}Galpinia\i0{} etc.>/2<in most genera> 433,2
434,1<usually>/2<\i{}Lagerstroemia\i0{}> 435,2<2/3> 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Ammannia\i0{}, \i{}Lythrum\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Decodon\i0{}>
469,2<\i{}Lagerstroemia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<25%>>/2<mostly>
479,1<\i{}Woodfordia\i0{}> 480,2 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1<<25%>
\i{}Cuphea\i0{}>/2 491<when present,>,1&2 492,1<4 species, 4 genera> 495,2
520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except frigid regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-11> 527,1 528,1
529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41 578,580 579,28
580<\i{}Adenaria\i0{}, \i{}Ammannia\i0{}, \i{}Capuronia\i0{},
\i{}Crenea\i0{}, \i{}Cuphea\i0{}, \i{}Decodon\i0{}, \i{}Didiplis\i0{},
\i{}Diplusodon\i0{}, \i{}Galpinia\i0{}, \i{}Ginoria\i0{}, \i{}Haitia\i0{},
\i{}Heimia\i0{}, \i{}Hionanthera\i0{}, \i{}Koehneria\i0{},
\i{}Lafoensia\i0{}, \i{}Lagerstroemia\i0{}, \i{}Lawsonia\i0{},
\i{}Lourtella\i0{}, \i{}Lythrum\i0{}, \i{}Nesaea\i0{}, \i{}Pehria\i0{},
\i{}Pemphis\i0{}, \i{}Peplis\i0{}, \i{}Physocalymma\i0{},
\i{}Pleurophora\i0{}, \i{}Rotala\i0{}, \i{}Tetrataxis\i0{},
\i{}Woodfordia\i0{}> 586<lythrace> 
 
# Macarthuriaceae <Christenhusz>/
2<\i{}Molluginaceae\i0{}> 5<wiry or rush-like sub->,3/1 9<more or
less>,1-2<the leaves sometimes all reduced to scales>
10,1<photosynthesizing mainly via the green stems> 12<few,>,1-2
14<somewhat>,1-2 21<rush-like,>,3<with somewhat succulent stems> 22,1-2<the
leaves when not all scale-like, progressively reduced to scales distally
along the stems> 25<with woody underground stock> 32,4 37,1/2 38,1-3 39,1
40,1 42<not terete> 43<not fleshy,>,1/4 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,3<distally
reducing along the stems> 64<"obscurely veined"> 68,2 76,1 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1<these compound>
192,1 194,1/2 195<comprising "many-flowered, terminal or axillary compound
cymes" with (1-)20 flowers> 200,1 203,1-2 206,1 213,1 215,2/3 223,1/3
224,5/10/15<depending on number of sepals and presence or absence of
corolla> 225,2<the sepals> 226,1/2/3 227,1 236,5/10 238,2<the outer
greener, the inner more scarious> 239<basally>,3 241,3 243<slight> 245,3
251,1 254<in \i{}M. australis\i0{},>,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2/6
269,1 274<in \i{}M. australis\i0{},>,1 275,4 276,1 278,8-10<not always "8",
if illustrations (q.v.) are reliable> 282,1 284,1 285<basally>,2<into a
cup> 286,1 287,1 289,1 295,8-10<cf. illustrations, but 8 according to
Christenhusz et al.> 300<when corolla present,>,3 303,3 306,2 308,2
309,3<?> 310,2<?> 339,3 341,1 342,1/3 343,3 344,4-5<with three stylodes
fused basally into a single style, each with an unlobed stigma> 345,1
352,1<?>/2<in Western Australia> 353<when not unilocular,>,3 358,1 360,2
361,3 363,1-2<i.e., marginally, basally> 364,2 365,1 366,1 368,3 371<on the
stylodes> 376<1-2(cf. illustrations of M. australis)> 378<when
unilocular,>,6-10<?> 379,1-3(-4)<?> 385,1<the small aril becoming white,
cupular> 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 419,1 466<probably>,2<?> 486,2 504,5
513,1&2 518,2 520,2&3 521<SW and SE Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,4
534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,4 579,1
580<\i{}Macarthuria\i0{}> 581<This inadequate draft description reflects
the poor family description of Christenhusz et al. (who segregated it from
\i{}Molluginaceae\i0{}), supplemented from an \i{}Icones Plantarum\i0{}
illustration (q.v.) and Australian Floras. Floral morphological assignments
of perianth members to calyx/corolla, stamen counts etc. in this circle of
affinity (supposedly important in distinguishing APG-supported segregates
from \i{}Molluginaceae\i0{} s. lato) are unconvincing> 586<macarthu> 
 
# Magnoliaceae <Juss.>/
5,1&3 7,1/2 32,3 37,1/2 38,3/4 39,1 40,1 43,1/2 45,1 47,1<via the
stipules>/- 50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1 60,1<\i{}Liriodendron\i0{}>/2 63<(of
\i{}Liriodendron\i0{})>,1/2<with truncate or emarginate apices> 64,2/3 65,1
68,1<the stipules large, sheathing, enclosing the terminal buds>
71,1<often>/2 74,1 81,2 90,U 104,3/1&3 115,1/2 120,1/2<sometimes?> 121,1/2
130,2<\i{}Magnolia\i0{}> 134,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,4/5<with five or more
traces> 143,2<at first>/1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1 152,3 153,1/2
154,1&2&3&4 156,2<mostly, usually>/2&3 157,2 158<commonly>,1 159,1/2
161,1/2 163,1<rarely, obscurely>/2 165,1<terminal> 166,1/2 167,2 169,3
170,1<often>/2 175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2<\i{}Kmeria\i0{}> 184,2
185,1 187<usually>,1 188,1/2 200,1<the bracts spathaceous> 203,4 206,1
213,2/3 214,1&2&3/2&3 217,2<on the contrary, usually markedly elongated>
218,2 220,2 223,1<rarely>/2/4<usually> 224,6-18 225,1 226<when not
spiralled,>,3-4/- 227,- 229,U 230,- 231,2/3/7 233,2 277,1/2<female flowers
of \i{}Kmeria\i0{}> 278,(8-)50-200<usually many> 281,1 282,1 285,1 287<spiralled>
289,1 295,(8-)50-200<usually many> 303<more or less>,3/1<the four paired
microsporangia embedded, the stamens often more or less strap-shaped> 306,4
308,2 309,3/5 310,1<\i{}Liriodendron\i0{}>/2-3<usually, the thecae nearly
lateral> 311,2 312,2 313,1<often, by prolongation of the connective>/2
315,1 317,1 318,2 319,2/3 320,2<up to four> 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1
337,1 338,1<usually>/2<male flowers of \i{}Kmeria\i0{}> 339,(2-)20-200
343,2 344,2 345,1 346,1/2 347,2 348,2 350,2(-20) 351,2 380,1 381,1 384,4<on
the ventral suture> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,1 400,1 403,1 404,1/2 405,1 406,1<woody or fleshy>/2 407,1/2
408,3/5<\i{}Liriodendron\i0{}>/8 422,1 424,1 426<usually>,4 432,3<usually
very small, larger in \i{}Liriodendron\i0{}> 435,2<2/2> 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Magnolia\i0{}> 469,1<\i{}Liriodendron\i0{}>/3<\i{}Magnolia
kobus\i0{}> 472,1 473,1 475,1<often <60%>>/2 483,2 484,2 488,1<rarely>/2
489<when present,>,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<2 genera, 8 species> 495,1
497,2/1&2 498<when P-type,>,1<b> 520,2-4 521<Eastern Asia and America>
522,4&9&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 19> 525,19 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,3
565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4 577,8 578<about>,230 579,2-12<depending on
differing interpretations of \i{}Magnolia\i0{}> 580<\i{}Kmeria\i0{},
\i{}Liriodendron\i0{}, \i{}Magnolia\i0{} sensu lato (including
\i{}Alcimandra\i0{}, \i{}Aromadendron\i0{}, \i{}Elmerrillia\i0{},
\i{}Paramichelia\i0{}, \i{}Talaumia\i0{}, \i{}Tsoongiodendron\i0{}),
\i{}Manglietia\i0{}, \i{}Michelia\i0{}, \i{}Pachylarnax\i0{}> 586<magnolia>
 
# Malesherbiaceae <D. Don>/
2<\i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}-Malesherbioideae.> 5<(half-)>,3/5<often very
hairy> 32<in dry habitats> 39,1 51,3 53,1 60,1/2 63<when
dissected,>,1<sometimes deeply so> 64,2 65,1 68,2 76<when blade
entire,>,2/4 90,U 92,2 106,1 107,1&2<the latter secreting a malodorous
substance> 139,1 140,1/2 145,2 148,2 150,3 156,3 162,1 167,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/8 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2
216,1<this villous and lobed> 218,1<this long, slender, straight or curved,
persistent> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3
248,1<with the hypanthium> 251,1/3<?  valvate according to all the written
descriptions seen, imbricate in the Le Maout & Decaisne diagram> 254,5
255,1 257,1<with a membranous, denticulate corona> 258,1 265,3/4<?  the
petals small> 267,3 278,5 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 309,3
324,2 326,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,3-4 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,1
353,1 358,3 360,2 361,3-4 363,1<filamentous> 365,2<below the apex> 368,3-4
375,2 378,30-100<many> 385,2 386,3 404,2 409,1/2<?> 412,1 413<included in
the persistent hypanthium> 422,1 424,1 426<reticulate-ridged and pitted>
432,3<medium sized> 433,2 436,1 472,1 473,3<?> 495,2 504,3 512,5&6 520,2
521<South Peru, Northern Chile, Western Argentina> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,7
537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of
\i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}?> 578,27 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Malesherbia\i0{}> 581<Close to \i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}, but with foetid
leaves, lateral styles, non-arillate ovules, and differing tendencies in
leaf form and androecial characters.> 586<malesher> 
 
# Malpighiaceae <Juss.>/
5<small>,1/3/4 27,3<mostly>/1 28<often>,1 29<\i{}Thryallis\i0{}>,2 32,3
39,1<e.g., in \i{}Acridocarpus natalitius\i0{}>/2<nearly always> 
45,1/3<rarely> 
50,1<often>/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1/2 69,1/2 70,1/2
73<often rudimentary, sometimes large> 76,1 81,2
85,1<\i{}Acridocarpus\i0{}> 86,3 90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3 101,1/2
103,1<usually>/2 104,3<nearly always>/1<? - \i{}Diacidia\i0{}> 106,1<see
illustration> 107,1&2 108<mostly>,1/2<the glands> 109,1<peculiar, usually
with two more or less horizontal arms on a short or long vertical stalk,
rarely stellate>/1&2<sometimes with bristle hairs as well>
112<usually>,1<in the form of large, sunken or cushion-shaped glands on the
abaxial margins of the lamina and on the petioles> 114,1<occasionally,
modified from 2-celled trichomes in some \i{}Malpighia\i0{} species, from
bristles in \i{}Camarea\i0{}>/2 116,2 123,1 124,2/3/1<rarely>
130,2<\i{}Malpighia\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,1<rarely>/2 141,3/1 143,1 144,1
145,1<\i{}Dicella\i0{}, \i{}Stigmaphyllon\i0{}>/2 148,3<frequently: see
illustration>/2 149<when present,>,1/2<as in \i{}Stigmaphyllon\i0{}, where
cambial layers are laid down in xylem parenchyma and ray tissue, generating
new bundles of xylem and phloem> 152,1-2<rarely>/3 154,3<common
throughout>/1-2/4/5 157,1 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 165,1/2/1&2<predominantly
paratracheal in most genera, but predominantly apotracheal in a few
including \i{}Malpighia\i0{}> 166,1/2 167,1<commonly>/2 169,3
170,1<rarely>/2 175,1/1&2&3<<10%>> 176,1<<10%>>/2 177,1<usually>/8<<10%>
rarely> 184,2 187,2<bees> 189,1&2&5&8 192,1 194,1/2 195<often racemes of cymes>
202<(two)>,1 206,1-3 207,1<bilaterally symmetrical> 209,2/1&2 212,5 213,1
215,3 218,2 220<inconspicuous or>,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 251,1<often with two large glands
at the bases of the outside members> 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 274,1
275,3<often>/4 277,1/2<rarely, when flower female> 278,10<usually>/5<<10%>>
282,1 285,2 286,1<the filaments basally connate> 287,(1-)2(-3) 289,1/2<the
members opposite the petals sometimes staminodal or missing> 290,1-5 291,1
295,10<usually>/5<<10%>> 298,2-3 299,1<usually, the outer whorl opposite
the petals>/2<when only the inner whorl present, or the outer whorl
staminodal> 300,1/2/3 309,3/1<<10%> rarely, with terminal pores> 310,3
312,2 313,1<winged or with the connective prolonged/glandular>/2 315,1
317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,3-5/4-12 330,7/8/9<35
colporate, or oligoforate> 337,1<in 7 genera> 338,1/2<rarely, when flower
male> 339,(2-)3(-5)<often with one or more carpels aborting>
341,2<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 342<when syncarpous,>,(2-)3(-5) 343,2/3
344,2/3/4 345,1 347,2 350<when apocarpous,>,1 351,2 352,2 353<when
syncarpous,>,(2-)3(-5) 357<usually>,3<i.e., when G3>/- 360,2 361,(2-)3(-5)
363,1 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376<when syncarpous,>,2/3 379,1 381,1 382,2
383,1 386,2 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,2/4 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,2
401,1 402,1 403,4<or adventive> 404,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 405,1/2 406<of
apocarpous forms,>,1/2 407,2 408,5/7/6 409<of syncarpous forms,>,2/3
410<when schizocarpic,>,(2-)3(-5) 411,5<often>/7/4 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,7/8 422,2 433,2 436,1/2<or hooked>/4<rarely> 447,1/2
466,2<\i{}Tristellateia\i0{}>
469,1<\i{}Byrsonima\i0{}>/2<\i{}Lophanthera\i0{}> 470,1 472,1<doubtfully>/2
475,1<<30%>>/2 484,1<known only from \i{}Stigmaphyllon\i0{}> 485,1<?>
487,1<rarely>/2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491,1/1&2 492,2<4
species, 4 genera> 495,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical, concentrated in South
America> 522,2&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 9-12(+)>
527,1 528,1 529,15 545,4 565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,1100 579<about>,65 580<\i{}Acmanthera\i0{}, \i{}Acridocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Aspicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Aspidopterys\i0{}, \i{}Banisteriopsis\i0{},
\i{}Barnebya\i0{}, \i{}Blepharandra\i0{}, \i{}Brachylophon\i0{},
\i{}Bunchosia\i0{}, \i{}Burdachia\i0{}, \i{}Byrsonima\i0{},
\i{}Callaeum\i0{}, \i{}Calyptostylis\i0{}, \i{}Camarea\i0{},
\i{}Caucanthus\i0{}, \i{}Clonodia\i0{}, \i{}Coleostachys\i0{},
\i{}Cordobia\i0{}, \i{}Diacidia\i0{}, \i{}Dicella\i0{},
\i{}Digoniopterys\i0{}, \i{}Dinemagonum\i0{}, \i{}Dinemandra\i0{},
\i{}Diplopterys\i0{}, \i{}Echinopterys\i0{}, \i{}Ectopopterys\i0{},
\i{}Flabellaria\i0{}, \i{}Gallardoa\i0{}, \i{}Galphimia\i0{},
\i{}Gaudichaudia\i0{}, \i{}Glandonia\i0{}, \i{}Heladena\i0{},
\i{}Henleophytum\i0{}, \i{}Heteropterys\i0{}, \i{}Hiptage\i0{},
\i{}Hiraea\i0{}, \i{}Janusia\i0{}, \i{}Jubelina\i0{}, \i{}Lasiocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Lophanthera\i0{}, \i{}Lophopterys\i0{}, \i{}Malpighia\i0{},
\i{}Mascagnia\i0{}, \i{}Mcvaughia\i0{}, \i{}Mezia\i0{},
\i{}Microsteira\i0{}, \i{}Mionandra\i0{}, \i{}Peixotoa\i0{},
\i{}Peregrina\i0{}, \i{}Philgamia\i0{}, \i{}Pterandra\i0{},
\i{}Ptilochaeta\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchophora\i0{}, \i{}Rhyssopteris\i0{},
\i{}Spachea\i0{}, \i{}Sphedamnocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Stigmaphyllon\i0{},
\i{}Tetrapteris\i0{}, \i{}Thryallis\i0{}, \i{}Triaspis\i0{},
\i{}Tricomaria\i0{}, \i{}Triopteris\i0{}, \i{}Tristellateia\i0{},
\i{}Verrucularia\i0{}> 582<Edible fruit from \i{}Malphigia glabra\i0{}
(Brasilian cherry, pitanga etc.).> 586<malpighi> 
 
# Malvaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Hibiscaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Philippodendraceae\i0{} Endl.,
\i{}Plagiantheae\i0{} (\i{}Plagianthaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh>
4<\i{}Bombacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Byttneriaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sterculiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}.> 5,5&3/1<<5%> a few> 9<mostly>,1/2<\i{}Lawrencia
helmsii\i0{}> 10<the halophytic \i{}L. helmsii\i0{}>,3<at least, having
cactoid lateral branches> 32<variously>,3/4 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,1
60,1<usually>/2<occasionally heterophyllous <15%>> 
62<when entire, i.e. rarely,>,4<e.g., in 
\i{}Hoheria\i0{}> 63<usually>,2 64,2<when entire>/3 65,1 68,1<usually>/2 81,2
90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3<rarely> 96,1<occasionally>/2 101,1<commonly,
sometimes penetrating into the mesophyll>/2 102,1 103<commonly>,2 104,1
106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family: see illustration> 107,1/1&2
112<commonly>,1 113,2<very commonly, or shaggy>/1 115,1/2 116,1/2
121,1<commonly>/2 122,1/2 123<usually>,1 124<mostly>,2 130,2<4 genera>
132,1 135,1<being usually of thin-walled parenchyma, sometimes
sclerenchymatous adjoining the xylem> 137,1<usually, in cortex and pith>/2
138<when present,>,3<usually exhibiting mucilage cells> 139,1 140,2
141,3/4/5 143,1<usually>/2<when initially traversed by broad rays> 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,1<e.g., in \i{}Abutilon\i0{}>/2 148,2 152,1/2/3
153<extremely>,1-2 154,1/2/3/4/5 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2<?> 160,2
161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165,1/2 166,1 167,2 168,1<\i{}Durio\i0{} and
\i{}Pterospermum\i0{} types> 169,2<nearly always, VP or VPR>/3<only in
very small stems> 170,1<rarely>/2 175,1<<75%>>/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2<<75%>>
177,1<<75%> usually>/5<rarely>/8<rarely> 182,1<these trichomatic> 184,2 185,2&4
187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 
195<compound cymose, composed of
cincinni> 203,2-4 206,1-2 209,1<the petals often asymmetrical>/1&2 213,1
216,1/3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<basally>
245,3 251,3 253,1<often, representing aggregated bracteoles or stipules?>/2
254,5 255,1 258,1<but often seeming gamopetalous at first sight, through
association with the androecial tube> 265,2/1 267<often asymmetrical>
277,1/2<rarely, when flower female> 278,(5-)15-100<i.e., usually many>
279,1<usually, involving an inner whorl of stamens, the androecium
originating from relatively few trunk bundles> 281<when many (i.e.
usually),>,2 282<usually>,2 285,2<usually with a staminal tube attached to the 
bases of the petals>
286,1<i.e., the tube> 287,1-2<a theoretical outer one being sometimes
suppressed>/4-10<e.g., in \i{}Hibiscus aponeurus\i0{} and \i{}Alyogyne\i0{}> 
289,1<or rather, half-stamens, each having only a half
anther> 295,(5-)15-50(-100) 298,2-5 309,3 310,3 311,1 312,1 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/3 320,1 321,2 322,1 323,1 324,2 328,1 329,3-4/5-100<or more, in
\i{}Althea\i0{}> 330,8/9/10 333<usually>,4 337,1<in 5 genera>
338,1/2<rarely, when flower male> 339,(1-)5(-100)<i.e. sometimes many>
342,1-5(-100)< occasionally many> 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,1/2
353,(1-)5(-100)<occasionally many-locular> 354,1<in Malopeae only, these
horizontal, resulting in one-ovuled segments>/2<usually> 355<in
Malopeae>,1/2<usually> 361,(1-)5(-30) 363,1-2 365,1 372,2 373,1/2 374,2
376,2 379,1-50<i.e. to many> 381,3<usually>/1<sometimes> 383,1-3 386,3-4
387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<often, forming up to 20
cells>/2<often> 396,1/2 397,1/2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2
403,2 404,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 409,1/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,(1-)5(-100)
411,3/4 412,1<usually>/6<<2%> \i{}Malvaviscus\i0{}> 414,5 422,1 424,1
427,1/2 433,2 435,1<7/9>/2<2/2> 436<usually>,2 444,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Abutilon\i0{}, \i{}Gossypium\i0{}, \i{}Malva\i0{}, \i{}Sida\i0{},
\i{}Sphaeralcea\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Gossypium\i0{}, \i{}Hibiscus\i0{},
\i{}Malva\i0{}, \i{}Sphaeralcea\i0{}, \i{}Thespesia\i0{}>
469,1<\i{}Abutilon\i0{}, \i{}Hibiscus\i0{}, \i{}Montezuma\i0{}> 472,1/2
475,1<<25%> ?>/2<mostly> 484,2 487,2 488,1/2 489,1<usually>/1&2 490,1/2
491,1/2/1&2 492,2<11 species, 10 genera> 495,2 497,2 520,1-4
521<cosmopolitan tropical and temperate, also Iceland>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-17(+), 20(+)>
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46
578,1000 579<about>,100 580<\i{}Abelmoschus\i0{}, \i{}Abutilon\i0{},
\i{}Abutilothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Acaulimalva\i0{}, \i{}Alcea\i0{},
\i{}Allosidastrum\i0{}, \i{}Allowissadula\i0{}, \i{}Althaea\i0{},
\i{}Alyogyne\i0{}, \i{}Anisodontea\i0{}, \i{}Anoda\i0{}, \i{}Anotea\i0{},
\i{}Asterotrichion\i0{}, \i{}Bakeridesia\i0{}, \i{}Bastardia\i0{},
\i{}Bastardiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Bastardiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Batesimalva\i0{},
\i{}Billieturnera\i0{}, \i{}Briquetia\i0{}, \i{}Callianthe\i0{}, \i{}Callirhoe\i0{},
\i{}Calyculogigas\i0{}, \i{}Calyptraemalva\i0{}, \i{}Cenocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Cephalohibiscus\i0{}, \i{}Cienfuegosia\i0{}, \i{}Codonochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Corynabutilon\i0{}, \i{}Cristaria\i0{}, \i{}Decaschistia\i0{},
\i{}Dendrosida\i0{}, \i{}Dicellostyles\i0{}, \i{}Dirhamphis\i0{},
\i{}Eremalche\i0{}, \i{}Fioria\i0{}, \i{}Fryxellia\i0{}, \i{}Gaya\i0{},
\i{}Goethea\i0{}, \i{}Gossypioides\i0{}, \i{}Gossypium\i0{},
\i{}Gynatrix\i0{}, \i{}Hampea\i0{}, \i{}Helicteropsis\i0{},
\i{}Herissantia\i0{}, \i{}Hibiscadelphus\i0{}, \i{}Hibiscus\i0{},
\i{}Hochreutinera\i0{}, \i{}Hoheria\i0{}, \i{}Horsfordia\i0{},
\i{}Howittia\i0{}, \i{}Humbertianthus\i0{}, \i{}Humbertiella\i0{},
\i{}Iliamna\i0{}, \i{}Julostylis\i0{}, \i{}Jumelleanthus\i0{},
\i{}Kearnemalvastrum\i0{}, \i{}Kitaibela\i0{}, \i{}Kokia\i0{},
\i{}Kosteletzkya\i0{}, \i{}Krapovickasia\i0{}, \i{}Kydia\i0{},
\i{}Lagunaria\i0{}, \i{}Lavatera\i0{}, \i{}Lawrencia\i0{},
\i{}Lebronnecia\i0{}, \i{}Lecanophora\i0{}, \i{}Lopimia\i0{},
\i{}Macrostelia\i0{}, \i{}Malachra\i0{}, \i{}Malacothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Malope\i0{}, \i{}Malva\i0{}, \i{}Malvastrum\i0{}, \i{}Malviscus\i0{},
\i{}Malvella\i0{}, \i{}Megistostegium\i0{}, \i{}Meximalva\i0{},
\i{}Modiola\i0{}, \i{}Modiolastrum\i0{}, \i{}Monteiroa\i0{},
\i{}Napaea\i0{}, \i{}Nayariophyton\i0{}, \i{}Neobaclea\i0{},
\i{}Neobrittonia\i0{}, \i{}Nototriche\i0{}, \i{}Palaua\i0{},
\i{}Pavonia\i0{}, \i{}Peltaea\i0{}, \i{}Periptera\i0{},
\i{}Perrierophytum\i0{}, \i{}Phragmocarpidium\i0{}, \i{}Phymosia\i0{},
\i{}Plagianthus\i0{}, \i{}Radyera\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchosida\i0{},
\i{}Robinsonella\i0{}, \i{}Rojasimalva\i0{}, \i{}Senra\i0{}, \i{}Sida\i0{},
\i{}Sidalcea\i0{}, \i{}Sidastrum\i0{}, \i{}Sphaeralcea\i0{},
\i{}Symphyochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Tarasa\i0{}, \i{}Tetrasida\i0{},
\i{}Thespesia\i0{}, \i{}Urena\i0{}, \i{}Urocarpidium\i0{},
\i{}Wercklea\i0{}, \i{}Wissadula\i0{}> 581<The complex variations in
malvaceous androecia are difficult to interpret morphologically, 
hence publication of unconvincing family descriptions (cf. the one here)!
Bayer \i{}et al\i0{}. (1999) expanded \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} to include
\i{}Bombacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sterculiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{},
consequent on a combined analysis of plastid \i{}atp\i0{}B and
\i{}rbc\i0{}L DNA sequences. Comparisons of this attempted compilation of
data for \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} sensu stricto with descriptions of the
segregate families (q.v.) offer reasonable grounds in terms of character
correlations for retaining them.> 582<\i{}Gossypium\i0{} seed supplies
commercial cotton, pulp and oil. Rosella fruit (Jamaica sorrel) is the
fleshy calyx and bracts of \i{}Hibiscus sabdariffa\i0{}, while ochra
(okra) is the young fruits of \i{}Hibiscus esculentus\i0{}. Some
pot-herbs (\i{}Malva parviflora\i0{}), and many ornamentals.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}\i{}GONZALO:\i0{} Had I plantation of this isle, my
lord  \line{}\i{}ANTONIO:\i0{} Hed sowt with nettle-seed.
\line{}\i{}SEBASTIAN:\i0{} Or docks or mallows. \line{}(Tempest ii, 1 
\i{}Malva sylvestris\i0{} being notoriously untidy) > 586<malvacea>
 
# Marantaceae <Petersen>/
5,5/4<at least, some sublianoid> 22,1/2 25,3<with sympodial rhizomes>
27,1/2/3<occasionally> 32,2/3<usually in forest shade, or emergent-aquatic>
39,1 40,2/1-2 45,1<the petioles often long, sometimes winged> 47,1 49,1
53,1<often colour-patterned> 55,1<between blade and petiole> 60,2
61,1<with the inner half-lamina larger> 62,4/6/7 64,2<or pinnate-parallel>
65,2 66,5/6/7/8 67,2 68,- 76,1 82,6 90,1<these hat-shaped or as druses>
98,2 102,1 104,3/4 121,2 123,1 124,2/3<no raphides> 128,2
130,2<\i{}Marantochloa\i0{}> 148,1 156,3<mainly>/2&3 173,1 174,2/3 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries at the summit of the ovary>
184,2 186,1<usually with an explosive pollination mechanism, with the style
held under tension by the labellum until the latter is moved> 187,2<paired,
the pairs aggregated or not> 189,1 192,1/- 193,1/2 194,1/2 195<consisting
of monochasial cymes or thyrses> 197,1<in the sense that in each pair, each
asymmetric flower complements the other in mirror-image> 200,1<each pair
subtended by a bract> 202,1/2 206,3 207,2 209,1&2 211,- 213,1 215,2/3
219,1/2<the sepals free, the petals more or less joined into a long or
short tube> 223,1 224,6 225,1&2<sepals free, petals joined> 226,2 227,1
230,2 236,3 238,1 239,1 254,3 255,1 258,3<with a basal tube> 267,1<one
petal often hoodlike and larger>/- 268,2/6/- 278,(3-)4-5 282,2<to the
corolla tube> 283,2<but one of the inner staminodes forming a labellum over
the pistil, the other often a landing stage for insects> 285,2<the members
of the outer whorl forming a tube longer than the petals, with which they
are fused basally> 287,2 289,2<only the posterior member of the inner whorl
is fertile, this bearing a fertile half-anther and a larger or smaller
petaloid staminodal appendage> 290,(2-)3/4<petaloid but small, two from the
inner whorl, other (1-)2 the lateral(s) of the outer whorl, the median
outer member always absent> 291,1&2 293,1 295,1 298,1 303,2 306,4<the
single fertile stamen with a pollen sac on one edge> 308,2 309,3 310,3
311,1 316,1 318,1 328,2<without an exine> 337,1<\i{}Maranta\i0{}> 339,3
342,(1-)3 343,3 344,5/6 345,3 352,2 353,3<but two often empty or obsolete>
361,1 363,1 365,1 372,1 373,2 374,4 376,2-1 379,1 385,1<often>/2 386,3<to
anacampylotropous> 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,1<sometimes in \i{}Calathea\i0{}>/2 396,1/2 397,1 400,2 403,5 404,1/2
409,1<usually>/2 412,1<usually>/2/6 414,5 422,1 425,1 430,1 435,2<1/1>
436,2/3 442,1 443,2 447,- 448,2 449,1/2 450,1 451,2 452,2 454,1 457,3 458,2
468,2 472,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1<\i{}Calathea\i0{},
\i{}Thalea\i0{}>/2 491<when present,>,1&2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,3-4
521<pantropical and subtropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-14 (or more)> 527,2 530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,19
578,400 579,30 580<\i{}Afrocalathea\i0{}, \i{}Ataenidia\i0{},
\i{}Calathea\i0{}, \i{}Cominsia\i0{}, \i{}Ctenanthe\i0{}, \i{}Donax\i0{},
\i{}Goeppertia\i0{}, \i{}Halopegia\i0{}, \i{}Haumania\i0{}, \i{}Hylaeanthe\i0{},
\i{}Hypselodelphys\i0{}, \i{}Ischnosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Koernickanthe\i0{},
\i{}Maranta\i0{}, \i{}Marantochloa\i0{}, \i{}Megaphrynium\i0{},
\i{}Monophrynium\i0{}, \i{}Monophyllanthe\i0{}, \i{}Monotagma\i0{},
\i{}Myrosma\i0{}, \i{}Phacelophrynium\i0{}, \i{}Phrynium\i0{},
\i{}Pleiostachya\i0{}, \i{}Sanblasia\i0{}, \i{}Saranthe\i0{},
\i{}Sarcophrynium\i0{}, \i{}Schumannianthus\i0{}, \i{}Stachyphrynium\i0{},
\i{}Stromanthe\i0{}, \i{}Thalia\i0{}, \i{}Thaumatococcus\i0{},
\i{}Trachyphrynium\i0{}> 586<marantac> 
 
# Marcgraviaceae <Choisy>/
5,3&4<mostly>/3/1<small, seldom> 27,1/2/3 28<when climbing,>,5
36<often>,1<the leaves dimorphic, those on juvenile rooting vegetative
shoots sessile and distichous, those on nonrooting shoots petiolate and
spiral> 39,1 40,1&2 43,2 45,1/1&3 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 85,1<recorded in
2 genera> 86,1 90,U 92,1 95,1<often>/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial>
104<staurocytic> 106,2 115,1<aqueous> 116,1 117,3 122,1 123,1 124,1
130,2<\i{}Norantea\i0{}> 132,1 135,1/2<consisting of thin-walled cells,
often often with branched idioblasts interspersed> 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2 152,3 153,1-3 154,1&2&3 156,3/2&3 157,2
158,2 159,1 161,1 162,1 163,1/2 165,1/2 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2
177,1<often with some sterile flowers> 184<often>,3<and pollinated by
humming-birds, but sometimes self-pollinated or even cleistogamous>/- 187,2
189,2/3/5 192,2 194,1 195<racemes, spikes or umbels, often pendulous>
200,1<some of the bracts  usually those associated with sterile flowers 
strongly modified into brightly coloured, pitcherlike, saccate, spurred or
hooded nectariferous organs> 204,1/2 206,1 213,1 218,2 223,1 224,8-10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,1/3<then basally connate> 245,3 251,1 254,4/5
255,1 258,1/3<sometimes basally connate, often (\i{}Marcgravia\i0{})
connate distally> 264,1<\i{}Marcgravia\i0{}>/2<when not distally connate>
278,3-40 279,1/2<?> 280<presumably>,1 282,1/2<sometimes adnate to the base
of the petals> 285,1/2 289,1 295,3-40 298,2-5 309,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2
320,2<3 or 4> 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<or colporoidate> 337,1 339,2-8
341,1-3 342,1<initially>/2-8<when mature> 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2
353,1<initially>/2-8<ultimately becoming plurilocular by intrusion and
fusion of the placental partitions> 360<very shortly>,2/1 361<if
detectable,>,1/- 365,1 368,1<this simple or merely lobed> 376<finally>,2
379,30-50<many> 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1/2<then
the three nuclei degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396,1
400,1<with a micropylar haustorium in \i{}Marcgravia\i0{}> 401,1 402,2
404<thick, rather>,1-2 409,2/1<then only partly so, near the base> 412,1-2
414<basally>,5 421,50-100<many> 422<scantily>,1/2 432,3 433,2
436<slightly>,2/1 447,1 470,1<several records, Gibbs 1974> 472,2 484,2
488,1 492,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical and Central America, West
Indies> 522,13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15
577,52 578,100 579,5 580<\i{}Marcgravia\i0{}, \i{}Norantea\i0{},
\i{}Souroubea\i0{}, \i{}Ruyschia\i0{}, \i{}Caracasia\i0{}> 586<marcgrav> 
 
# Martyniaceae <Stapf>/
2<\i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{}.> 5<glutinous-villous>,5 21,1/3 25<often>,4/- 39,1/2
45,1 47,2 53,1 65,1 68,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,2 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<the
former long-uniseriate, the latter comprising capitate, short-staked
mucilage hairs and/or hairs with unicellular or uniseriate stalks and
spherical or turbinate heads> 123,1 124<small,>,2/3<mainly?>
130,2<\i{}Martynia\i0{}> 143,1 144,1 148,2 150,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1 195<terminal racemes>
206,3 207,1 209,1&2 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,2 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<sometimes nearly free, split down one side
and spathaceous in \i{}Craneolaria\i0{}> 240,3 250,- 252,2 254,5 255,1
258,3 265,1 267,1/2 278,3/5 280,2 282,2<epipetalous> 284,2 285,1 287,1
289,2 290,1/3<the posterior member always reduced> 291,2 292,1/1&2
294,3/2&3 295,2<the shorter pair sometimes sterile, as well as the
posterior, in \i{}Martynia\i0{}>/4 297,1/3 298,1 299,2 300,1 305,2 309,3
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 322,2 328,1/2<synrugoidate?>
329,13-40<? polyaperturate> 330,9/10 337,2<in \i{}Proboscidea\i0{}> 339,2
341,1 342,1/4 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1 353,1<but rendered more or less
4-locular in the fruit, by union of the T-shaped placentae with one another
and with the endocarp> 354,1-2 356,1 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1/2 370,2/-
375,2 378,3-100<few to many> 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1<large> 400,1 401,1 402,1<in \i{}Martynia\i0{}>
403,1 404,1-2 409,1 412,1 414,5<the soft outer pericarp shed, the inner
woody> 420<by animals, associated with usually hooked or curved spurs which
develop from the tip of the midrib of each carpel> 422<scantily>,1/- 433,2
436,1 447,1 472,2 481,1<\i{}Martynia\i0{}> 482,1<\i{}Martynia\i0{}> 484,1
485,2<+decarb.> 487,2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1 492,2<2 genera, 2 species> 504,3
512,1&2&3&4&5 520,3-4 521<tropical and subtropical South America, Mexico>
522,10&12&13&15 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15
576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{}> 578,13 579,4
580<\i{}Craniolaria\i0{}, \i{}Ibicella\i0{}, \i{}Martynia\i0{},
\i{}Proboscidea\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in
conspicuous features of inflorescence and gynoecium morphology, and the
compiled data suggest further differences in characters relying on limited
sampling (leaf anatomy, anther wall and pollen development, embryology).>
586<martynia> 
 
# Mastixiaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 8,1 37,1 39<(sub-)>,2<or decussate>/1-2 43,2
45,1 53,1 60,2 65,1 66,5/6 68,2 76,1 85,1<seen in 3 species> 86,1<by
contrast with those recorded in \i{}Cornaceae\i0{}> 89,2 90,U 92,1<the
palisade of 1 or 2 layers> 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<unicellular, 2armed,
not lime-encrusted> 115,2 116,1<or canals> 122,1 137,1<or canals, in the
cortex and pith> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146<(leaf traces)>,1 147,2 148,2 152,3
155,2 156,2<with numerous fine bars> 159,U 161,1 162,U 163,U 165,1
166,2<but including fibres> 167,2 168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8
192,1 194,1 195<terminal dichotomous thyrses> 200,1 202<(bi-)>,1<the
pedicels articulated> 206,1 212,4-5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4/5(-7) 239,3 245,3 248,1 251,4 254,4/5(-6) 255,1 258,1
265<usually more or less>,3<the petal tips inflexed> 267,3 271,1 275,2/3
278,4/5(-6)/8 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1/2<when 8> 289,1 295,4/5(-6)/8 298,2/3
299,2 302,1 303,3<the filaments subulate, flattened> 306,1 309,3 310,2
313<slightly>,1-2 314<when manifest,>,1<by slight prolongation of the
connective> 328,1 329,3 330,8 339<ostensibly>,1 341,1 342,1
343,1<ostensibly>/3<i.e. considered pseudomonomerous>
344<ostensibly>,1/6<if treated as pseudomonomerous> 345,3 347,2 348,2<the
style short, conical, with a punctiform stigma> 350,1 351,1 352<if
considered syncarpous,>,1 353<if considered syncarpous,>,1 359,1<fleshy,
intrastaminal> 360,2 361,1<stout> 365,1 368,1<punctiform deeply bifid or
lobed> 370,2/4-5 375,3 378,1 381,1 382,2 383,1 386,3 387,2 388,2 404,1
407,2 408,7<ovoid, with the endocarp grooved> 409<treated as a syncarp,>,2
412,7<with purple or blue pericarp> 415,2<the endocarp grooved> 421,1
422<copiously>,1<the endosperm fleshy> 433,2<foliaceous> 436<small> 484,1
485,1 495,1 504,2 506,3 510,3 520,4 521<Indomalayan> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,51<as a synonym of
\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}> 578,25 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Mastixia\i0{}>
581<These compiled descriptions show \i{}Mastixia\i0{} differing from
\i{}Cornaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the latrorse, sometimes
appendaged anthers and the (pseudo)monomerous ovary with apical
placentation and epitropous ovules, as well as in vegetative-anatomical
characters depending on limited sampling. See Matthew 1976.> 586<mastixia> 
 
# Mayacaceae <Kunth>/
5<creeping>,5<with a \i{}Lycopodium\i0{}-like habit> 22,2 30,1 32,1-2 34,2
35,1-2 38,2 39,1 40,1<in high phyllotaxies> 44,1 45,3 47,2 53,1 60,2/1<then
apically bifid only> 62,3<or filiform>/4 64,1 68,- 76,1 90,2 102,1 104,3
106,2<the plants glabrous save for ephemeral hairs in the leaf axils>
116,2<but with longitudinal air channels> 121,2 123,2 128,1<?>/2<with
vessel tracheids> 148,1<typically with three vascular bundles, and an
aerenchymatous cortex separated from the narrow central cylinder by an
endodermis> 156,2/1 173,1 174,1&2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2 187,1 188,1<but
simulating lateral by sympodial growth of the shoots> 200,1<the bracts
membranous> 203,2<aerial> 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,2 219,2 220,2 223,1 224,6
225,1 226,2 227,1 230,2 236,3 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1/3<subvalvate> 254,1
255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268<pale>,6-7<rose>/2 274<shortly>,1 275,4 278,3
280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3 298,2 299,2 300,1
301,1<representing the outer whorl> 303,3<the filaments slender, glabrous>
306,2 308,2 309,1-2<apically> 311,2<occasionally>/3 312,2 313,1<sometimes>
314<when present,>,1<the dehiscence being sometimes at the end of a tubular
appendage> 315,2 318,1 319,2&3 320,2 321,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1
333<finely reticulate> 337,1 339,3<the carpels alternating with the
stamens> 342,1 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1
365,1 367,1 368,1/3 370<when single,>,1/3<capitate to trifid>/- 375,2
378,25-100<many> 381,2/3 384<mainly>,4 386,1 387,3 388<thinly>,2/1 389,1
391,1 397,1 399,1<tanniniferous> 400,2 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1
414<three>,6<dehiscing midway between the placentae, i.e. each valve with a
median placenta> 420<probably by water, floating via the air-filled
exotesta> 422,1 424,2<mealy, starchy and proteinaceous> 430,1 432,1
436<small, discoid-unipapillate, forming an apical cap on the endosperm at
the micropylar end> 439,1<with a dorsal embryostega, cf.
\i{}Commelinaceae\i0{}, according to several sources>/2<Hamann 1961, who
treats other reports as erroneous, suggesting that micropylar tissue merely
disintegrates> 442,2 447,- 454,U 458,U 468,1 472,2 488,2 490,1 491,2 492,2
504,1&2&3 505,2 506,1 509,3 520,3-4 521<Southeast U.S.A., Central and
tropical South America, tropical Southwest Africa> 522,6&7&12&13&14&15
527,2 530,6 560,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,10 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Mayaca\i0{}> 586<mayacace> 
 
# Medusagynaceae <Engl. & Gilg>/
2<\i{}Ochnaceae\i0{}-Medusagynoideae.> 5<small>,1/3 8,2 39,2 43,2 45,1 53,1
60,2 68,2 76<shallowly>,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
115,1<mucilaginous> 116,2<but with mucilage cells> 121,1 122,2 123,1<around
the midrib and main vascular bundles> 124,2 133,2 137,2 139,1
140,2<subepidermally> 141,5 143,1-2 144,1 145,2 146,1 147,2 148,2/3<?>
152,3 153,1 154<mostly>,1 156,3 157,2 158,2 166,1 167,2 175,1/1&2 176,1/2
177,3 187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1 195<small, lax, opposite-flowered, terminal
mixed panicles> 203,2 205,2 206,1 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3<connate basally> 241,3 245,3 248,2<deciduous, according
to Hutchinson and Airy Shaw, though persistent according to Cronquist>
251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2/5/6<white, becoming rose> 272,2
278,50-100<many> 279,U 280<presumably>,1 281,U 282,1 285,1 289,1
295,50-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the very slender filaments shorter than the
petals, subpersistent> 306<small,>,2 309,3 311,2<the pollen sacs often set
at different heights> 324,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,7 339,17-25 341,3
342,17-25 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,2 353,17-25<with as many external
grooves> 360<multi->,2 361,17-25 363,1 365,1-2<in a subapical ring, on the
shoulders of the carpels  fancifully medusoid in appearance> 366,1<stout>
368,17-25 371,3 376,2 379,2 380,1 381,1<the lower>/2<the upper> 384,2 387,3
388,1 404,2 409,1&3 410<if viewed as such,>,17-25 411<ultimately>,3 412<if
interpreted as a syncarp,>,1 414<initially>,4<from below, the carpels
separating but remaining attached distally, the dehisced capsule becoming
umbrella-shaped and the separated carpels ultimately dehiscing ventrally>
429,1 495,2 504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Seychelles> 522,6/8 527,1 528,1 529,8
538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of
\i{}Ochnaceae\i0{}?> 578,1 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Medusagyne\i0{}
(\i{}M. oppositifolia\i0{})> 581<Fay \i{}et al\i0{}. (1996) postulated
relationship with \i{}Ochnaceae\i0{} and \i{}Quiinaceae\i0{}, on evidence
of \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequencing. The morphological description compiled here
differs from that of \i{}Ochnaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the opposite, exstipulate
leaves, andromonoecism, and gynoecium and fruit characters, as well as in
leaf anatomical, stem anatomical and pollen morphological characters
relying on limited sampling. However, contributions by Dickison (1990a and
b) have yet to be accounted for.> 586<medusagy> 
 
# Medusandraceae <Brenan>/
2<\i{}Peridiscaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 6,2<yellow, throughout the plant including
the xylem> 37,2 39,1 45,1 47,2 53<ostensibly>,1/2<on the evidence of
complex vascularization and a pulvinus at the distal end of the petiole>
56<reasonably interpreted as>,1 58,1 60,2 62,7/8 64,2 65,1 66,5/6 68,1
74<small, very>,1 76<distantly, slightly>,2-3 89,U 90,U 94,U 102,1 104,1
106,1<of an unusual, thick-based type, abaxially> 116,1<associated with the
veins> 117<containing yellow juice> 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
145,U 146,U 147,U 148,2/3<<??>> 155,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
165,2<and diffuse> 166,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2
195<paired or solitary, dense, pendent, catkinlike racemes> 200,1<the
bracts tiny, caducous> 203,2 206,1 215,3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<then basally connate> 245,3 248,1 249<more
or less>,1 251,4 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals small> 265,1 267,3 278,10
282,1 284,2 285,1 287,1/2<?> 289,2 290,5 293,2<oppositisepalous, elongate
and much exceeding the petals, serpentine and very densely pubescent above
the base, tipped by vestigial anthers> 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2 302,1
309,5<the outer, abaxial loculi by an outwardly recurved valve, the inner
adaxial locules by inwardly recurved valves> 310,2 311,3 312,2 324,2 328,1
329,3 330,8 339,3(-4) 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2
361,3(-4) 363,1<short> 365,1 366,1<remote, conical divergent> 368,3(-4)
371<small> 375,3<but very peculiar, there being a slender placental column
extending from the base of the ovary to its top, to which the ovules are
attached> 378,6(-8) 381,1<from the top of the placental column> 382,2 386,3
404<leathery,>,2 409,1 412,1<subtended by the reflexed, accrescent calyx>
414<three>,6 421,1 422<copiously>,1 423<slightly>,1 426,4 432,3<small, near
the edge of the endosperm> 433,2 436,1 447,2 504,2 506,1 509,3 520,4
521<West tropical Africa> 522,6 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21<?> 551,5<?> 565,5
570,9 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30<as a synonym of \i{}Peridiscaceae\i0{}>
578,1 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Medusandra\i0{} (\i{}M. richardsiana\i0{})>
581<These compiled descriptions show \i{}Medusandra\i0{} (tropical Africa)
differing from \i{}Peridiscaceae\i0{} (q.v., tropical South America) in
about twenty conspicuous floral, fruit and seed characters, as well as in
the coloured juice and published observations on leaf and wood anatomy.>
586<medusand> 
 
# Melanophyllaceae <Takht.>/
2<\i{}Toricelliaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<the foliage blackening on drying>
39,1 40,1 43,U 45<long>,1 47<more or less>,1 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 68,2
76,1/3/4 89,1 90,U 92,1<with 1-4 poorly developed palisade layers> 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<sometimes forming an abaxial tomentum>
107<sometimes>,2/- 115,2 116,2 137,2 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 195<racemes and
(according to Airy Shaw 1973) panicles> 200<mostly (bi-)>,1 206,1 212,5
213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<minute>
254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 274,2<ovate or oblong, reflexed> 278,5 280,2
282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303<shortly>,3<the
filaments slender> 306,1/2<elongate-oblong> 309,3 324<mostly>,1 327,3 328,1
329,3 330,8 339,2-3 341,1 342,2-3 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,2 353,2-3 359,2<or
obsolete> 360,2 361,2-3<erect or recurved> 363,1 368,2-3<linear or
punctiform> 376,2-3/3<?> 379,1 381,1 382,1<the micropyle turned inwards>
383,3 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,7<(2)3 locular, with one fertile dorsal and
two sterile ventral locules, the septa marked by external grooves> 504,2
506,2 520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1 528,2 529,18<re-assigned from
Corniflorae> 548,2 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,67<as synonym
of \i{}Torricelliaceae\i0{}> 578,8 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Melanophylla\i0{}> 581<Assignment to Araliiflorae is supported by
\i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence data. \i{}Melanophylla\i0{} (a tropical genus)
differs from the temperate \i{}Toricellia\i0{} in conspicuous leaf,
inflorescence and floral characters, a well as in the aggregate pollen.>
586<melanoph> 
 
# Melanthiaceae <Batsch>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Abaminaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Chionographidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Cymbantheae\i0{} (\i{}Cymbanthaceae\i0{})
Salisb.(?), \i{}Heloniadaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Miyoshiaceae\i0{}
Makino, \i{}Protoliriaceae\i0{} Makino, \i{}Veratraceae\i0{} von Vest>
4<\i{}Nartheciaceae\i0{}, \i{}Petrosaviaceae\i0{}>
5,5 12,1 21,1<<5%> rarely>/3 22,1/2 25,3<mainly>/4/2<rarely> 39,1
40,1<usually>/2 42,1 43,1 45,3<usually>/1<<5%> occasionally, almost> 47,1
48,2 52,1/2 53,1 60,2 62,3-4<usually>/7<rarely> 64,4 67,2 92,1
123<commonly>,1 124,1/3 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1/2<in achlorophyllous forms>
174,2 175,1 176,1<rarely>/2<<90%>> 177,1<<90%> nearly always>/5/8 182,1
183,3<\i{}Zigadenus\i0{} etc. with septal nectaries> 187,2 189,2/3/8
193,1/2 195<simple or compound racemes or spikes, rarely panicles> 200,1/2
206,1<nearly always>/3<<5%> only in \i{}Chionographis\i0{}> 207<in
\i{}Chionographis\i0{},>,1 212,3 213,1 215<usually>,3 219,1<in
hemi-epigynous forms>/2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1-2 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,1/2
229,1/2<occasionally> 230,1 231,2/11/8<usually inconspicuous, usually
lacking patterns and spurs> 277,1<mostly>/2<from female flowers>
278,6/9<<0.4%> \i{}Pleea\i0{}>/12<<0.7%> \i{}Pleea\i0{}> 282<more or
less>,1 285,1 287,2<usually 3+3, \i{}Pleea\i0{} with 6+3 or 6+6> 289,1
295,6<usually> 298,3<usually> 301<normally>,1 306,1<hypopeltate>/2 309,3
310,1<usually>/3<<10%> occasionally> 315,1 316,1 318,1<usually>/2<<14%>
\i{}Tofieldia\i0{}> 320,2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,1<usually>/2/4
330,1<usually>/3/9 337,1 338,1<mostly>/2<from male flowers> 339,3 341,2
342,3<with \i{}Petrosaviaceae\i0{} excluded> 343<always more or less>,3
344,3<the carpels often free above>/4<usually, with separate
styles>/5<\i{}Aletris\i0{}, with a tribrachiate style> 345,1/2 350,2-100<to
many> 351,2 352<when syncarpous,>,2 353<when syncarpous,>,3 358,1 360,2
361,1/3 363<when three,>,1<\i{}Helonias\i0{}, \i{}Heloniopsis\i0{}>/2 365,1
368,1/3 372<of \i{}Veratrum\i0{}>,2 376,2 379,2-100<to many> 380,1 385,2
386<at least, usually>,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
395,1<\i{}Veratrum\i0{}> 400,3<by contrast with Liliales> 404,2 405,1/2
407<when semicarpous,>,1 408,3<opening along the inner suture> 409<when
syncarpous,>,1 412,1 414,4/5<or opening ventricidally from apex to base,
when the carpels are distally free, e.g. \i{}Tofieldia\i0{}, Veratrieae>
422,1 424,1 429<usually>,1<or with terminal appendages>/2 432,3<but often
small> 436<ovoid or globose> 442,2<by conrast with most capsular
Asparagales, and also lacking phlobaphene> 447,- 448,1/2 450,2 451,1 452,1
453,1/2<variously unifacial or bifacial> 454,2 456,2 457,1<e.g.
\i{}Tolfieldia\i0{}>/3<e.g. \i{}Zigadenus\i0{}> 458,2 470,1<Gibbs 1974>
472,2 475,1<Veratreae>/2 487<often>,1 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2
491<when present,>,1&2 492,2 504,1<mainly>/2/3 505,1&2&3 507,1&2&3&4&5
510,2&3 512,2&3 520,1/2<mainly>/3/4 521<widespread N. temperate, E. Asia,
Malaya, Borneo, the Americas, Arctic  not Africa, not Australia>
522,1&2&3&4&9&12&13&14&15&16 523,1<\i{}Chionographis\i0{}>/2 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17> 527,2 530,4 558,6 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15
578<about>,140 579<about>,25 580<\i{}Amianthium\i0{}, \i{}Anticlea\i0{},
\i{}Chamaelirium\i0{}, \i{}Chionographis\i0{}, \i{}Helonias\i0{},
\i{}Heloniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Isidrogalvia\i0{}, \i{}Melanthium\i0{},
\i{}Protolirion\i0{}, \i{}Schoenocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Stenanthium\i0{},
\i{}Toxicoscordion\i0{}, \i{}Veratrum\i0{}, \i{}Xerophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Ypsilandra\i0{}, \i{}Zigadenus\i0{}> 581<An excellent treatment of
\i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{} sensu lato by Zomlefer (1997) has yet to be
accounted for here.> 586<melanthi> 
 
# Melanthiaceae sensu lato/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Abaminaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Chionographidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Cymbantheae\i0{} (\i{}Cymbanthaceae\i0{})
Salisb.(?), \i{}Heloniadaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Miyoshiaceae\i0{}
Makino, \i{}Nartheciaceae\i0{} Fr. ex Bjurzon, \i{}Petrosaviaceae\i0{}
Hutch., \i{}Protoliriaceae\i0{} Makino, \i{}Tofieldiaceae\i0{} Takht.,
\i{}Veratraceae\i0{} von Vest> 5,5 12,1/2<<3%> Petrosavieae> 15,1/2<<3%>
Petrosavieae>/4<\i{}Triantha\i0{}, in Tofieldiaceae - via sticky inflorescences>
16<when parasitic,>,1 17,1<\i{}Japonolirion\i0{}>/2 20<if insectivorous,>,6 21,1<<5%>
rarely>/3 22,1/2 25,3<mainly>/4/2<rarely> 39,1 40,1<usually>/2 42,1
43,1/4<<3%> Petrosavieae> 45,3<usually>/1<<5%> occasionally, almost> 47,1
48,2 52,1/2 53,1 60,2 62,3-4<usually>/7<rarely> 64,4 67,1<<0.7%>
\i{}Pleea\i0{}>/2 92,1<e.g. Melanthieae>/2<e.g. Tofieldieae,
\i{}Narthecium\i0{}> 121,1<?  with raphides> 123<commonly>,1 124,1/3 128,2
148,1 151,2 173,1/2<in achlorophyllous forms> 174,2 175,1
176,1<rarely>/2<<90%>> 177,1<<90%> nearly always>/5/8 182,1 183,1<from the
tepal bases in Narthecieae>/3<\i{}Petrosavia\i0{}, \i{}Tofieldia\i0{},
\i{}Zigadenus\i0{} etc. with septal nectaries> 187,2 189,2/3/8 193,1/2
195<simple or compound racemes or spikes, rarely panicles> 200,1/2
206,1<nearly always>/3<<5%> only in \i{}Chionographis\i0{}> 207<in
\i{}Chionographis\i0{},>,1 212,3 213,1 215<usually>,3 219,1<in
hemi-epigynous forms>/2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1-2 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,1/2
229,1/2<occasionally> 230,1 231,2/4/11/8<bright yellow in
\i{}Narthecium\i0{}, but usually inconspicuous, usually lacking patterns
and spurs> 277,1<mostly>/2<from female flowers> 278,6/9<<0.4%>
\i{}Pleea\i0{}>/12<<0.7%> \i{}Pleea\i0{}> 282,1 285,1 287,2<usually 3+3,
\i{}Pleea\i0{} with 6+3 or 6+6> 289,1 295,6<usually>/9<<0.7%>
\i{}Pleea\i0{}>/12<<0.7%> \i{}Pleea\i0{}> 298,3<usually>/4-5<<0.7%>
\i{}Pleea\i0{}> 301<normally>,1 306,1<hypopeltate>/2 309,3
310,1<usually>/3<<10%> occasionally> 315,1 316,1 318,1<usually>/2<<14%>
\i{}Tofieldia\i0{}> 320,2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,1<usually>/2/4
330,1<usually>/3/9 337,1 338,1<mostly>/2<from male flowers> 339,3 341,2
342<when syncarpous,>,3 343,2-3 344,3<the carpels often free above, and in
Petrosavieae and \i{}Harperocallis\i0{} free almost to their
bases>/4<usually, with separate styles>/5<\i{}Aletris\i0{}, with a
tribrachiate style>/6<sometimes, e.g. \i{}Tofieldia\i0{}, with one style
and a capitate stigma> 345,1/2 347<when semicarpous,>,2 350,2-100<to
many> 351,2 352<when syncarpous,>,2 353<when syncarpous,>,3 358,1 360,2
361,1/3 363<when three,>,1<\i{}Helonias\i0{}, \i{}Heloniopsis\i0{}>/2 365,1
368,1/3 372<of \i{}Veratrum\i0{}>,2 376,2 379,2-100<to many> 380,1 385,2
386,3<usually>/4<<2%> \i{}Petrosavia\i0{}> 387,3 388,2 389,2 390,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 395,1<\i{}Veratrum\i0{}> 400,3<by contrast with Liliales> 404,2
407<when semicarpous,>,1 408,3<opening along the inner suture> 409<when
syncarpous,>,1 412,1 414,4/5<or opening ventricidally from apex to base,
when the carpels are distally free, e.g. \i{}Tofieldia\i0{}, Veratrieae>
422,1 424,1 429<usually>,1<or with terminal appendages> 432,3<but often
small> 436<ovoid or globose> 442,2<by conrast with most capsular
Asparagales, and also lacking phlobaphene> 447,- 448,1/2 450,2 451,1 452,1
453,1/2<variously unifacial or bifacial> 454,2 456,2 457,1<e.g.
\i{}Tolfieldia\i0{}>/3<e.g. \i{}Zigadenus\i0{}> 458,2 470,1<Gibbs 1974>
472,2 475,1<Veratreae>/2 487<often>,1 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2
491<when present,>,1&2 492,2 504,1<mainly>/2/3 505,1&2&3 507,1&2&3&4&5
510,2&3 512,2&3 520,1/2<mainly> 521<widespread N. temperate, E. Asia,
Malaya, Borneo, the Americas, Arctic  not Africa, not Australia>
522,1&2&3&4&9&12&13&14&15&16 523,1<\i{}Chionographis\i0{}>/2 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17> 527,2 530,4 558,6 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,9<\i{}Tofieldiaceae\i0{}>/10<\i{}Petrosaviaceae\i0{}>/11<\i{}Nartheciaceae\i0{}>/13<\i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{}
s. str.> 578<about>,140 579<about>,25 580<\i{}Amianthium\i0{},
\i{}Anticlea\i0{}, \i{}Chamaelirium\i0{}, \i{}Chionographis\i0{},
\i{}Helonias\i0{}, \i{}Heloniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Isidrogalvia\i0{},
\i{}Lophiola\i0{}, \i{}Melanthium\i0{}, \i{}Metanarthecium\i0{},
\i{}Nietneria\i0{}, \i{}Protolirion\i0{}, \i{}Schoenocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Stenanthium\i0{}, \i{}Toxicoscordion\i0{}, \i{}Veratrum\i0{},
\i{}Xerophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Ypsilandra\i0{}, \i{}Zigadenus\i0{}
(Melanthiaceae \i{}s. str.\i0{}); \i{}Japanolirion\i0{},
\i{}Petrosavia\i0{} (Petrosaviaceae); \i{}Harperocallis\i0{},
\i{}Pleea\i0{}, \i{}Tofieldia\i0{}, \i{}Triantha\i0{} (Tofieldiaceae);
\i{}Aletris\i0{}, \i{}Lophiola\i0{}, \i{}Narthecium \i0{} (Nartheciaceae)>
581<An excellent treatment of \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{} sensu lato by Zomlefer
(1997) has yet to be accounted for here.> 586<melantsl> 
 
# Melastomataceae <Juss.>/
4<\i{}Memecylaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3/1/4 27,1/2/3 28<the climbers usually>,5
32,1&2&3 34<when hydrophytic,>,2 39,3<<10%> rarely>/2<and decussate, one of
each pair in some tribes commonly larger than the other, the smaller then
sometimes withering early> 43<sometimes somewhat turgescent> 45,1 53,1 60,2
62,4/6/7 64,3&4<no dominant midrib, the several strong veins diverging at
the base, converging at the apex> 65,1 68,2 76,1/3 81,2 85,1<seen in about
10 genera> 86,1/2 89,1/2 90,U 92,1/3 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial>/2
104,1-2/5<often mixed> 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family> 107,1&2
108<mostly>,2/1<less commonly> 110,2 111,1/2 112<usually>,1
113,1/2/3/4<often shaggy> 116,2 122,1<commonly>/2 123,1
124,2<mostly>/1<occasionally> 127,1/2 130,2<\i{}Heterocentron\i0{},
\i{}Medinilla\i0{}, \i{}Tibouchina\i0{}> 131<often>,3/- 133,1<Osbeckieae>/2
137,2<but secretory cells with undetermined contents common> 139,1 140,1/2
141,1 143,1 144,2 145<seemingly universally>,1 146,1<often>/2 147,1<often,
often with central xylem>/2<the family exhibiting medullary and/or cortical
bundles in all combinations> 148,1<?>/2/3 149,2 150,3 152,3 153<usually in
numerous small radial multiples, and commonly with irregular clusters,
occasionally tangential> 156<exclusively>,3 157,1/2 158,2
161,2<usually>/1<some Astronioideae> 162,1/2 163,1/2 165,2<only, in most
genera>/1&2 167,1<some Astronioideae>/2 169,3 175,1/2 176,1/2 177,1/6<some
Astronieae> 182,1<in about a dozen genera>/2 183,1/4 184,2/3/4 
185<often by bumblebees> 187,1<<10%>
rarely>/2 192,1 195<in great variety, usually panicled or contracted cymes>
202<often>,1<the bracteoles often brightly coloured> 204,1/2 206,1/2 209,2
212,3-5(-7) 213,1 218,1<tubular or campanulate> 223,1 224,8-10(-14) 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,4/5(-7) 238,1 239,3<the lobes variously a mere rim on the
hypanthium, sometimes united and forming a calyptra> 240,1/2/3/4 245,3
250,1/2 251,1/3/2/4 254,4/5(-7) 255,1 258<usually>,1 265,2 267,3
278,(3-)4-5/8/10(-96)<usually twice C> 282,1 284,1/2<often with the filaments
twisted, bringing all the anthers to one side of the flower> 285,1
287,1<standing so even when both whorls present>/2 289,1<often
dimorphic>/2 290,4/5<often alternating with the fertile members> 291,2
295,(3-)4-5/6/8/10(-96) 298,2-3-5 302,2 303,3<often geniculate at the base of the
connective> 306,2 308,2 309<usually>,1<<75%> apically, with one, two or
rarely four pores per anther>/2/3 312<initially>,2 313<often>,1<basally or
dorsally by extension of the connective, or with dorsal connective
spurs>/2<<20%>> 315,2<thin and non-fibrous or even ephemeral> 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,1/2<up to 7> 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-6) 330,8/6&8<typically
tricolporate, with three alternating poreless furrows (pseudocolpi>
337,1<Tobe and Raven 1984>/2<see Brewbaker> 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339,(3-)4-5(-14) 342,1/(3-)4-5(-14) 343,3 344,6 345,1-3<the hypanthium
variously quite free, or adhering to the ovary completely or only by its
longitudinal nerves> 352,1/2 353,(3-)4-5(-14)/1<locule number usually
equalling G, but sometimes unilocular through partitions failing to
develop> 359,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 372,1 373,1 374,3 375<when
unilocular, median>,2 376<usually>,2 379,(2-)6-50<usually many>
386,3<usually>/1<<0.3%> \i{}Rhexia\i0{}> 387,3 388,2 389,1<in addition to
the inner one> 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 399,1 400,2
403,1/4 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6 414,5 421,20-100<i.e. many seeded> 422,2
426,2 432,3<but minute> 433,2<often unequal> 435,2<1/1> 444,1 447,1
466,2<\i{}Melastoma\i0{}> 472,1/2 473,2<?> 475<usually>,2 484,2 487,2
488,1/2 489<when present,>,1&2 490,1/2 491,1/1&2/2&3 492,1<5 genera, 5
species> 495,1<very commonly> 520,3-4 521<pantropical and subtropical>
522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-18 (or more)>
527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41
578<about>,4400 579<about>,180 580<\i{}Acanthella\i0{}, \i{}Aciotis\i0{},
\i{}Acisanthera\i0{}, \i{}Adelobotrys\i0{}, \i{}Allomaieta\i0{},
\i{}Allomorpheia\i0{}, \i{}Allomorphia\i0{}, \i{}Amphiblemma\i0{},
\i{}Amphorocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Anaectocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Anerincleistus\i0{},
\i{}Antherotoma\i0{}, \i{}Appendicularia\i0{}, \i{}Argyrella\i0{}, 
\i{}Arthrostemma\i0{},
\i{}Ascistanthera\i0{}, \i{}Astrocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Astronia\i0{},
\i{}Astronidium\i0{}, \i{}Axinaea\i0{}, \i{}Barthea\i0{},
\i{}Beccarianthus\i0{}, \i{}Behuria\i0{}, \i{}Bellucia\i0{},
\i{}Benevidesia\i0{}, \i{}Bertolonia\i0{}, \i{}Bisglaziovia\i0{},
\i{}Blakea\i0{}, \i{}Blastus\i0{}, \i{}Boerlagea\i0{}, \i{}Boyania\i0{},
\i{}Brachyotum\i0{}, \i{}Bredia\i0{}, \i{}Brittenia\i0{},
\i{}Bucquetia\i0{}, \i{}Cailliella\i0{}, \i{}Calvoa\i0{},
\i{}Calycogonium\i0{}, \i{}Cambessedesia\i0{}, \i{}Campimia\i0{},
\i{}Carionia\i0{}, \i{}Castratella\i0{}, \i{}Catanthera\i0{},
\i{}Catocoryne\i0{}, \i{}Centradenia\i0{}, \i{}Centradeniastrum\i0{},
\i{}Centronia\i0{}, \i{}Chaetogastra\i0{}, \i{}Chaetolepis\i0{}, 
\i{}Chaetostoma\i0{},
\i{}Chalybea\i0{}, \i{}Charianthus\i0{}, \i{}Cincinnobotrys\i0{},
\i{}Clidemia\i0{}, \i{}Comolia\i0{}, \i{}Comoliopsis\i0{},
\i{}Conostegia\i0{}, \i{}Creochiton\i0{}, \i{}Cyanandrium\i0{},
\i{}Cyphostyla\i0{}, \i{}Cyphotheca\i0{}, \i{}Dalenia\i0{},
\i{}Desmoscelis\i0{}, \i{}Dicellandra\i0{}, \i{}Dichaetanthera\i0{},
\i{}Dinophora\i0{}, \i{}Dionycha\i0{}, \i{}Dionychastrum\i0{},
\i{}Diplarpea\i0{}, \i{}Diplectria\i0{}, \i{}Dissochaeta\i0{},
\i{}Dissotis\i0{}, \i{}Dolichoura\i0{}, \i{}Driessenia\i0{},
\i{}Enaulophyton\i0{}, \i{}Eriocnema\i0{}, \i{}Ernestia\i0{},
\i{}Feliciadamia\i0{}, \i{}Fordiophyton\i0{}, \i{}Fritzschia\i0{},
\i{}Graffenriedia\i0{}, \i{}Gravesia\i0{}, \i{}Guyonia\i0{},
\i{}Henriettea\i0{}, \i{}Henriettella\i0{}, \i{}Heterocentron\i0{},
\i{}Heterotis\i0{}, \i{}Heterotrichum\i0{}, \i{}Huberia\i0{},
\i{}Huilaea\i0{}, \i{}Hypenanthe\i0{}, \i{}Kendrickia\i0{},
\i{}Kerriothyrsus\i0{}, \i{}Killipia\i0{}, \i{}Kirkbridea\i0{},
\i{}Lavoisiera\i0{}, \i{}Leandra\i0{}, \i{}Lithobium\i0{},
\i{}Llewelynia\i0{}, \i{}Loreya\i0{}, \i{}Loricalepis\i0{},
\i{}Macairea\i0{}, \i{}Macrocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Macrolenes\i0{},
\i{}Maguireanthus\i0{}, \i{}Maieta\i0{}, \i{}Mallophyton\i0{},
\i{}Marcetia\i0{}, \i{}Mecranium\i0{}, \i{}Medinilla\i0{},
\i{}Melastoma\i0{}, \i{}Melastomastrum\i0{}, \i{}Meriania\i0{},
\i{}Merianthera\i0{}, \i{}Miconia\i0{}, \i{}Microlepis\i0{},
\i{}Microlicia\i0{}, \i{}Mommsenia\i0{}, \i{}Monochaetum\i0{},
\i{}Monolena\i0{}, \i{}Myriaspora\i0{}, \i{}Myrmidone\i0{},
\i{}Neblinanthera\i0{}, \i{}Necramium\i0{}, \i{}Neodriessenia\i0{},
\i{}Nepsera\i0{}, \i{}Nerophila\i0{}, \i{}Ochthephilus\i0{},
\i{}Ochthocharis\i0{}, \i{}Omphalopus\i0{}, \i{}Opisthocentra\i0{},
\i{}Oritrephes\i0{}, \i{}Osbeckia\i0{}, \i{}Ossaea\i0{},
\i{}Otanthera\i0{}, \i{}Oxyspora\i0{}, \i{}Pachyanthus\i0{},
\i{}Pachycentria\i0{}, \i{}Pachyloma\i0{}, \i{}Phaiantha\i0{},
\i{}Phyllagathis\i0{}, \i{}Pilocosta\i0{}, \i{}Plagiopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Pleiochiton\i0{}, \i{}Pleroma\i0{}, \i{}Plethiandra\i0{}, 
\i{}Pogonanthera\i0{},
\i{}Poikilogyne\i0{}, \i{}Poilannammia\i0{}, \i{}Pomatostoma\i0{},
\i{}Poteranthera\i0{}, \i{}Preussiella\i0{}, \i{}Pseudodissochaeta\i0{},
\i{}Pseudosbeckia\i0{}, \i{}Pterogastra\i0{}, \i{}Pterolepis\i0{},
\i{}Pyramia\i0{}, \i{}Rhexia\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchanthera\i0{},
\i{}Rousseauxia\i0{}, \i{}Salpinga\i0{}, \i{}Sandemania\i0{},
\i{}Sarcopyramis\i0{}, \i{}Schwackaea\i0{}, \i{}Scorpiothyrsus\i0{},
\i{}Siphanthera\i0{}, \i{}Sonerila\i0{}, \i{}Sporoxeia\i0{},
\i{}Stenodon\i0{}, \i{}Stussenia\i0{}, \i{}Svitramia\i0{},
\i{}Tateanthus\i0{}, \i{}Tayloriophyton\i0{}, \i{}Tessmannianthus\i0{},
\i{}Tetrazygia\i0{}, \i{}Tibouchina\i0{}, \i{}Tibouchinopsis\i0{},
\i{}Tigridiopalma\i0{}, \i{}Tococa\i0{}, \i{}Topobea\i0{},
\i{}Trembleya\i0{}, \i{}Triolema\i0{}, \i{}Tristemma\i0{},
\i{}Tryssophyton\i0{}, \i{}Tylanthera\i0{}, \i{}Vietsenia\i0{}>
581<Description corrected by S.S. Renner (1992).> 586<melastom> 
 
# Meliaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Cedrelaceae\i0{} R. Br.> 4<\i{}Aitoniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Flindersiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3<or suckering shrublets>/5<<2%> rarely, e.g.
\i{}Naregamia\i0{}> 6,1<<2%> rarely, with milky juice exuding from the
bark>/2 7,1 8,1 30,1<<2%> rarely>/2 31<often>,2/- 32,3 39,1<nearly
always>/2<<10%> rarely, decussate> 40<nearly always>,1 45,1 47,2
50<commonly>,1 53,2<usually>/1<<5%>> 56,4<<70%> mostly>/1<<5%>
rarely>/3<<5%> rarely>/2<<2%> very rarely>/6<<2%> very rarely> 57<when
pinnate,>,1/2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1<usually>/2/3/4<or lobed> 78,1/2 81,2
85,1<known from 6 genera> 86,1/2/3 90,U 92,1<often with secretory cells of
various shapes and sizes containing resin, usually located between the
palisade and the spongy mesophyll> 101,1/2 103,1<the lower> 104,1 106<of
numerous kinds>,1<in the family> 107,1&2 108,1&2 109,1&2 110,1&2 111,1&2
112,1/2 113<two-armed or>,2/1 115,1<rarely>/2 116,1<in a few genera, in
addition to secretory cells>/2 117<when present,>,3 122,1/2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2<\i{}Turraea\i0{}> 135,1/2<often with resin cavities>
137,1<sometimes>/2 138<when present,>,2 139,1 140,2 141<mostly>,4 143,1
144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3<usually>/1-2 153<from very>,1-2/3
154,2-3/4/5 156,3 157,2 159,1/2<?> 160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1/2 164,2
165,1/2 166,1/2 167,2 169,1-3 170,2<but deposits of gum common>
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2<<75%>> 177,1<<75%> usually>/2/5/8
179,1/2<present as well developed rudiments, perhaps important in
pollination> 184<usually)>,2 185,2/3 186,1<passive pollen presenters, in at
least three genera>/2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/8/3 192,1<usually,
thyrsoid>/2 194,2<usually>/1/3/5/6 195<usually paniculate with cymose
branchlets (thyrsoid), less often racemose, fasciculate or spicate, or
flowers paired or solitary> 203,1-4 204,1/2 206,1 213,1 215,2-4 218,2
220,1/2 221<when present,>,2 222<variable in form, stipitate, patelliform,
cyathiform or tubular, free from or more or less fused with the bases of
the staminal tube or ovary> 223,1 224,(5-)6-12(-21) 226,2/3<the corolla
sometimes in two whorls> 227,1/2 229,U 236,(2-)3-5(-7)<sometimes
transitional to bracteoles> 238,1 239,3<<90%> usually>/1
240,1<occasionally, truncate or closed and circumcissile>/2-3 245,3
250,1<rarely>/2 251,1/4/3<<5%> rarely, or almost closed when circumcissile>
254,3-7(-14) 255,1/2 258,1/3<<10%> rarely basally united, but often fused
with the staminal tube> 265,1/2/3<less often> 276<in female flowers>,1<as
well developed rudiments, at least sometimes significant in pollination>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(3-)5-10(-23)/10-100<to many, if
appendages on the tube are treated as staminodial> 282,1/2<with the
staminal tube adnate to the corolla> 285,1/2<usually forming a staminal
tube, which may be complete or incomplete, short or up to 14 cm long,
globose, urceolate, campanulate, etc., or cylindrical and then sometimes
curved or inflated distally, and which free or partially united appendages>
286<when joined,>,1 287,1-21<usually haplostemonous, sometimes with two
stamen whorls, and up to many series of appendages> 289,1/2<the staminal
tube being entire, crenate, lobed or bearing appendages> 290<when
present,>,5-100<as many as the stamens, or twice the number, rarely up to
ten times the number> 295,(3-)5-10(-23) 298,2/3 299<usually alternating
with appendages, sometimes opposite them> 303,3/2/2&4<often with the
anthers sessile on the corolla-like staminal tube> 306<more or less>,1
308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2 or 3> 322,2
324,1<<5%> rarely>/2 327<rarely>,3 328,1 329,2-5 330,8<sometimes slightly
ruporate> 337,1<in 4 genera>/2<in \i{}Azadirachta\i0{} only> 338,1/2<in
male flowers> 339,(1-)2-6(-20) 341,1-3 342,(1-)2-6(-20) 343,3 344,5/6 345,1
352,1-2 353,(1-)2-6(-20)<reflecting the carpel number> 360,1-2 361<when
demarcated,>,1 364<when perceptible,>,1/2 365,1 368,1
371<variously>,2/3/4-5<commonly forming a conspicuous \i{}receptaculum
pollinis\i0{}> 372,1 373,1 374,3 375<when unilocular (i.e.
occasionally),>,2 376<usually>,2 378<when unilocular>,1/2/3-100<i.e. one to
many> 379,1-2<Melioideae>/3-50<i.e. one to many, in Swietenioideae>
381<usually>,1 382,2<micropyle superior> 383,1 384,1/2/4
385,1<Melioideae>/2<Swietenioideae> 386,1/3/4 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus>
400,2 403,1 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6/7/8<<5%> rarely> 414,4/5 422,1<<10%>
rarely>/2 429,1<Swietenioideae>/2 432,3 433,2 435,1<5/6>/2<3/4> 436,1/2
447,1/2 469,1<e.g. in \i{}Cedrela\i0{}>/2<in four other genera> 472,1<?>/2
475,1<commonly <40%>>/2 484,1<doubtfully, in \i{}Xylocarpus\i0{}>/2<see
Jensen 1991> 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1/2 489,1 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,2<4 species,
3 genera> 495,2 520,4<mostly>/3<<10%> few> 521<pantropical to subtropical
and warm> 522,2&4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10-14(+)> 527,1
528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44 578,575
579<about>,50 580<\i{}Aglaia\i0{}, \i{}Amoora\i0{}, \i{}Anthocarapa\i0{},
\i{}Aphanamixis\i0{}, \i{}Astrotrichilia\i0{}, \i{}Azadirachta\i0{},
\i{}Cabralea\i0{}, \i{}Calodecarya\i0{}, \i{}Capuronianthus\i0{},
\i{}Carapa\i0{}, \i{}Cedrela\i0{}, \i{}Chisocheton\i0{},
\i{}Chukrasia\i0{}, \i{}Cipadessa\i0{}, \i{}Dysoxylum\i0{},
\i{}Ekebergia\i0{}, \i{}Entandrophragma\i0{}, \i{}Guarea\i0{},
\i{}Heckeldora\i0{}, \i{}Humbertioturraea\i0{}, \i{}Khaya\i0{},
\i{}Lansium\i0{}, \i{}Lepidotrichilia\i0{}, \i{}Lovoa\i0{},
\i{}Malleastrum\i0{}, \i{}Melia\i0{}, \i{}Munronia\i0{},
\i{}Naregamia\i0{}, \i{}Neobeguea\i0{}, \i{}Owenia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudobersama\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocarapa\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocedrela\i0{},
\i{}Pterorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Reinwardtiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Ruagea\i0{},
\i{}Sandoricum\i0{}, \i{}Schmardaea\i0{}, \i{}Soymida\i0{},
\i{}Sphaerosacme\i0{}, \i{}Swietenia\i0{}, \i{}Synoum\i0{}, \i{}Toona\i0{},
\i{}Trichilia\i0{}, \i{}Turraea\i0{}, \i{}Turraeanthus\i0{},
\i{}Vavaea\i0{}, \i{}Walsura\i0{}, \i{}Xylocarpus\i0{}> 581<See Pennington
and Styles 1975.> 582<Edible fruit from \i{}Lansium domesticum\i0{}
(langsat, ayer-ayer); and this family is perhaps of greater importance than
any other as a source of hardwood timbers (\i{}Swietenia\i0{} (Mahogany),
\i{}Kaha\i0{} (African mahogany), \i{}Cedrela\i0{} and \i{}Toona\i0{}
(Cedars), \i{}Lovoa\i0{} (African walnut), etc.> 586<meliacea> 
 
# Melianthaceae <Link>/
2<\i{}Bersamaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Francoaceae\i0{}, \i{}Greyiaceae\i0{}.> 
5<rather small>,1/3<or
half-shrubs> 39,1 53,2 56,4 57,1 64,2 68,1 69,2<connate, often large> 90,U
92,1 101,2 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<at least sometimes>/2<?>
113,2<in \i{}Melianthus\i0{}>/1 123,1 124,3<notably styloids, often on the
boundary between palisade and mesophyll> 130,2<\i{}Bersama\i0{}> 137,2
139,1 140,1 141,5 143,2<at first, these widely separated>/2<later> 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,1<these concentric, each consisting of a central strand of
phloem surrounded by a ring of fibres, rarely with a few isolated vessels:
see illustration> 148,2 150,1 152,3 153<moderately>,1 154,1&2&3 156,3
158,1/2 161,2 162,1<these short or very short> 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165,2
166,2 167,2 169,1-2 170,2 175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/9 182,1 183,2
187,2 189,2 192,2 195<racemes> 203,3-4 206,3 207,1 208,1<by twisting of the
pedicels> 209,1/1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,1/2<unilateral> 223,1
224,8-10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,5/4<by union of two members> 238,1
239,1/2/3 245,1/2 246,1-2<one sepal spurred or saccate-gibbous in
\i{}Melianthus\i0{}>/3 251,1 254,4<by one being abortive>/5 255,1 258,1
265,1 267,1<or one member aborted> 274,1 277,1/2<in male flowers> 278,4/5
280,2 282,1 284,1-2 285,1/2<the filaments sometimes basally united> 287,1
289,1 295,4/5<often declinate> 298,2 299,2 306,1 308<slightly>,1 309,3
310,3 312,2 315,2 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2<3> 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3
330,8 337,2<in both genera> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,4(-5) 341,1-2
342,4(-5) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,4(-5) 360,2 361,1 364,2 365,1 368,1
371<truncate or apically dentate> 376,1-2/2-3
379,1<\i{}Bersama\i0{}>/2-5<\i{}Melianthus\i0{}> 381,1-2/3 382,1
383,1/3<according to whether erect or pendulous> 385,1<\i{}Bersama\i0{}>/2
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2
404,2 409,1 412,1<papery or woody, often longitudinally grooved, sometimes
apically lobed> 414,5<or opening only at the tip> 422<copiously>,1
424,1<and sometimes starchy> 430,1/2 431,1 432,3<small> 433,2 435,1 436,1
447,1 469,1<\i{}Melianthus\i0{}> 472,2 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,2
492,1<2 genera> 495,2 504,2&4 506,1 509,3&4 520,3-4 521<tropical and
southern Africa> 522,6&7&10 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 18 or 19> 527,1 528,1 529,10
540,12<?> 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,40 578,15 579,2
580<\i{}Bersama\i0{}, \i{}Melianthus\i0{}> 581<\i{}Francoaceae\i0{} are
rightly excluded for practical purposes, with reference to differences in
numerous, conspicuous morphological characters.> 582<Some species of
\i{}Melianthus\i0{} (e.g., \i{}M. comosus\i0{} and \i{}M. major\i0{}) are
reputed to be toxic to livestock, and have also been associated with
poisonous honey> 586<melianth> 
 
# Meliosmaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Sabiaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Millingtoniaceae\i0{} Wight & Arn.,
\i{}Wellingtoniaceae\i0{} Meissn.> 5,1&3 37,1 39,1 43,2 45,1 53,1<?>/2
56<when compound,>,4/1<when simple?> 57<when pinnate,>,1<with opposite
leaflets> 60<when compound,>,2 68,2 76<of entire leaves or leaflets>,1/3
90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1/3 123,1 124,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150<rather>,3<tending to be distally triangular in
the phloem> 152,3 154,1&2&3<i.e., both solitary and in radial multiples of
2 or three> 156,3/2&3 157,2 158,2 161,2<the bordered pits very small> 162,1
163,1/2 164,1 165<scanty>,2 167,2 169,3 175,1&2/1&3 176,1/2 177,1/9
184,2&6<the dehisced anthers are held in the closed bud, which is held
under pressure by the staminodes until burst open on contact, e.g. by a
visiting insect; some pollen is explosively released, and some remains in
the connectives whence insects can collect it> 187,2 189,8 195<compound
panicles> 203,2 206,3 207,1 213,1 218,2 220,1 222,2<cupular, 38 dentate,
the teeth sometimes bifid> 223,1 224,8-10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1
239,1 251,1/4 254,4/5 255,1 256,2 258,1<the petals rounded> 265,1<sometimes
subvalvate> 267,1<the two inner members small, sometimes bifid, sometimes
linear-acute and then subvalvate> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,5 280,2
282,1/2<to the bases of the petals> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289<of male and
hermaphrodite flowers>,2 290,3<these smaller, opposite the larger petals>
291,2 295,2 298,2 299,1 300,2<opposite the reduced petals> 303,3<the
filaments flattened> 306<with a much expanded connective> 309<dehiscing by
large openings> 311,2<didymous, large, globular> 313,U 315,1 320,2<two>
328,1 329,3 330,8<or colporoidate> 337,1<in \i{}Meliosma\i0{}> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,2-3 341,1 342,2/3 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,2 353,2/3 360,2
361,1-3 363<if detectably 23,>,2 365,1 368,1-3 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2
379,2 381,1/2 384,2 386,2 387,2 388,2 389,2<and no micropyle formed> 391,1
400,3 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2<usually one locular, rarely bilocular> 421,1
422,2 436<at least sometimes>,4<sometimes more or less spirally
contorted> 472,2 488,1 504,2&3 506,3 512,1&2&3&4<?> 520,3 521<warm Asia,
America> 522,4&9&13&14&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 32 (\i{}Meliosma\i0{})> 527,1
528,1 529,10<tentatively re-assigned from Rutiflorae, cf. Chase \i{}et
al\i0{} 1993> 540<near>,2<?> 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574<cf.>,8 577,24<as a
synonym of \i{}Sabiaceae\i0{}> 578,105 579,2 580<\i{}Meliosma\i0{},
\i{}Ophiocaryon (Phoxanthus)\i0{}> 581<\i{}Meliosmaceae\i0{} are supposed
to be readily distinguishable from \i{}Sabia\i0{} (q.v.) by the zygomorphic
flowers and the androecium comprising 3 staminodes and 2 fertile stamens.>
586<meliosma> 
 
# Memecylaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Melastomataceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Mouririaceae\i0{} G. Gardner> 5,1&3 32,3
39,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 62,4/6/7 64,2<with a single midrib> 65,1 68,2 76,1/3<?>
81,2 90,U 104,3<at least in \i{}Memecylon\i0{}> 116,2 122,1/2 123,1
124,2&3<often with styloids> 131,1/2 137,2 139,1 140,1/2 141,1 143,1
144<often>,2/- 145,1 146,2<always?  2 genera listed by Metacalfe and Chalk
1950> 147,2<at least from the 2 genera listed by Metacalfe and Chalk 1950>
148,2/3 149,2 150,1/2/3 152,3 156,3 161<commonly>,1 162,U 163,U 165,2<only,
mostly?>/1&2<sometimes?> 167<often>,1<foraminate type> 168,U 169,3
175,1/2&3 176,1/2 177,1<mostly>/6<\i{}Lijndenia\i0{}> 184,2 187,2 192,1
194,2 206,1-2 209,2 212,4/5 213,1 218,1<tubular or campanulate above the
ovary> 223,1 224,8-10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,3 245,3 251,3/4
254,4/5 255,1 258,1 265,2 267,3 278,4-5/8/10 282,1 284,1/2 285,1 287,1/2
289,1/2 295,4-5/8/10 298,2/3 308,1 309,1<apically>/2/3 311,2
312<initially>,2<bisporangiate when mature> 313,1<from the connective,
which has a dorsal, concave gland> 315,1 318,2 322,2 328,1 329,3/6
330,8/6&8<cf. \i{}Melastomaceae\i0{}> 337,2 339,(3-)4-5(-14) 342,1-5 343,3
344,6 345,3 352,1/2 353,1(-5) 361,1 365,1 368,1 375<when unilocular,>,5
376<when multilocular,>,2-1 378<when unilocular,>,3-10 379<when
multilocular,>,2-3 381,3 384,1<in the locules, or whorled when
unilocular>/- 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 400,2 404,1 409,2 412,6 421,1-5
422,2 432,3<large> 433,2<equal> 435,1<1/2> 444,U 447,2 472,1/2 484,2 487,2
495,1<very commonly> 520,4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a
synonym of \i{}Melastomataceae\i0{}> 578,430 579,7
580<\i{}Klaineastrum\i0{} (= \i{}Warneckea\i0{}), \i{}Lijndenia\i0{},
\i{}Memecylon\i0{}, \i{}Mouriri\i0{}, \i{}Pternandra\i0{},
\i{}Spathandra\i0{}, \i{}Votomita\i0{}, \i{}Warneckea\i0{}> 581<Description
corrected by S.S. Renner (1992). Differing from \i{}Melastomataceae\i0{}
sensu stricto in the pinnate leaf venation, stems cylindrical or oval in
section, versatile anthers with fibrous endothecium, ovary with free
central placentation and few-seeded fruits; also (relying on limited
sampling) paracytic foliar stomata, and seedlings with cryptocotylar
germination.> 586<memecyla> 
 
# Mendonciaceae <(Lindau) Bremek.>/
2<\i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}-\i{}Thunbergioideae\i0{}.> 5,4<with articulated 
young stems> 39,2 53,1 60,2
68,2 76,1 90,U 102,1 104,5 106,1 107,1&2<cf. \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}> 116,2
119,2 122,2 137,2 145,2 148,3 149,1<centripetal, in the form of an internal
secondary ring of bundles, in \i{}Afromendoncia\i0{}> 156,3 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2<sometimes in terminal
racemes> 188,1/2 196,- 202<(bi)>,1<the bracteoles large, spathaceous> 206,3
207,1 209,2/1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2<large, cupular> 223,1
224<theoretically>,10/- 226,2 227,- 229,U 236<reduced,
theoretically>,5<?>/- 238,1 239,3 240<shortly>,2-3/1<then annular or
truncate> 241,1 251,4<?> 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,2 266<more or
less>,7<not inflated above> 267,1/3 278,4/5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla
tube> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1 291,2 292,1 294,2&3
295,4 297,1 298,1 299,2 300,1 324,2 328,1 329,4-6 330,6<the colpi very
short> 339,2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1<one locule
more or less reduced or suppressed>/2 356<presumed>,1 360,2 361,1 365,1
368,1/2<the stigmatic lobes often more or less unequal> 375<when
unilocular,>,2 376<when bilocular,>,2 378,2 379,2 380,1 384,1 385,2
387<presumed>,2 388<presumed>,1 404,1 409,2 412,7<with a thick, bony
endocarp> 421,1/2<1(2) locular> 422,2 432,3 433,2<the cotyledons twice
folded> 484,2 487,2 499,2 504,2&3 506,1&2 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<Central and
tropical South America, tropical Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&7&8&13&14&15
527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a
synonym of \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}> 578,60 579,2 580<\i{}Anomacanthus\i0{}
(\i{}Gilletiella\i0{}), \i{}Mendoncia\i0{}> 581<Intermediate between
\i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Thunbergiaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Acanthaceae\i0{} (Airy Shaw, 1973). The present compilation of
comparative data has them differing conspicuously from \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto (q.v.) in habit, anomalous secondary thickening of stems,
drupaceous fruits and the unspecialised seed funicles; also in esoteric
characters of questionable taxonomic value in view of limited sampling,
viz., leaf laminae without cystoliths, and absence of iridoids.>
586<mendonci> 
 
# Menispermaceae <Juss.>/
5<scandent>,3/4/5<<10%> rarely>/1<<10%> rarely> 27,3<usually>/1<<20%>>
28<mostly>,1 29<\i{}Stephania\i0{}>,1 32,3 39,1 40,1<usually with serial
axillary buds> 45,1 47,2 53,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 54,1<sometimes>/2
56<when compound,>,3 60<when simple,>,2<usually>/1 63<when
simple/dissected,>,2 64,2/3 65,1 68,2 81,2 85,1<known from 5 genera>
86,1/2/3<rarely> 89,1/2 90,U 92,1<usually>/3<rarely> 96,1<occasionally>/2
106,1 107,1&2<the former uniseriate, of two or more cells, the latter
variously small, unicellular and ellipsoidal or clavate, or long
uniseriate, or shaggy> 112,2 122,1 130,2<\i{}Anamirta\i0{}> 132,1
134,1<sometimes with thin transverse septa>/2 135,1-2 139,1 140,1/2 141,3
143,2<the bundles in young stems distinct in stem sections even to the
unaided eye> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,3<usually>/2 149<when manifest,
mostly>,1<but often eccentric, see illustration> 150,1 151,1 152,3 153,1-2
154,1&2&3<but mostly solitary> 155,1-2<slightly oblique> 156,3 158,2 159,1
163,2 164,2 165,1<diffuse and in short tangential lines, and conjunctive
between the successive layers of bundles> 167<mostly>,1 169,2 175,2/3/2&3
176,1 177,5<mostly>/2<?> 178,1/2 187,1<rarely>/2<sometimes cauliflorous>
189<usually>,1&8&7 192,1 194,2/6 203,2<rarely brightly coloured>
206,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 212<more or less>,3/- 213,1 215<often approximating
to K3+3, C3+3, A3+3, G3  but with many exceptions> 216,2<sometimes>/3
218,2 223,1<usually>/3<<10%> occasionally without petals>
224,(1-)6(-12)/(4-)12(-24) 226,2-6 227,1/2 229,U 236,(1-)6(-12)
238<often>,2/- 239<usually>,1 251,1/3 254<when present (i.e.
usually),>,(3-)6(-12) 255<often>,2 258,1<usually>/3<<10%> rarely>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(1-)6(-40) 279,1/2 282,1 285,1/2<the filaments
often connate or in bundles> 286<when joined>,1/2-5<?> 287<often>,2 289,1
295,(1-)6(-40) 298,1-2-5 299,1<often>/2 309,3/4 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1/2 320,2<two> 321,2 322,2 328,1<usually>/2 329,(2-)3(-4)
330,6/8/10<rug(or)ate> 337,1<in \i{}Cocculus\i0{} and \i{}Hyperbaena\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(1-)3/6-30<in one or more whorls> 342<when
monomerous,>,1 343,1/2 344,1/2 345,1 348,2 350,2<with one abortive>
351,2<ventral> 372,2 373,2 374,2 381,1-2 386,3-5/2 387,2/3 388,2 389,2
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<\i{}Tinospora\i0{}>/2 396,1/2
397,1/2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1 404,1-2
405,1<usually, in a head>/2<where only one of the carpels develops>
406,2<each usually curved> 407,2 408,6/7<usually curved, often horseshoe
shaped> 421,1 422,1/2 423<when present,>,1/2 424,1 433,2 436,1-2 447,1/2
461,1 462<\i{}Menispermum\i0{}> 472,1/2 475,1<nearly always <95%>>/2
477,1<in at least three genera, including \i{}Tinospora\i0{}> 484,2 488,2
490,1/2 491,1 492,2<3 species, 3 genera> 495,2 497,2 520,2<warm>/3-4
521<pantropical and warm> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
11-13, 19, 25> 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23
578,520 579<about>,75 580<\i{}Abuta\i0{}, \i{}Albertisia\i0{},
\i{}Anamirta\i0{}, \i{}Anisocycla\i0{}, \i{}Anomospermum\i0{},
\i{}Antizoma\i0{}, \i{}Arcangelisia\i0{}, \i{}Aspidocarya\i0{},
\i{}Beirnaertia\i0{}, \i{}Borismene\i0{}, \i{}Burasaia\i0{},
\i{}Calycocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Carronia\i0{}, \i{}Caryomene\i0{},
\i{}Chasmanthera\i0{}, \i{}Chlaenandra\i0{}, \i{}Chondrodendron\i0{},
\i{}Cionomene\i0{}, \i{}Cissampelos\i0{}, \i{}Cocculus\i0{},
\i{}Coscinium\i0{}, \i{}Curarea\i0{}, \i{}Cyclea\i0{}, \i{}Dialytheca\i0{},
\i{}Dioscoreophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Diploclisia\i0{}, \i{}Disciphania\i0{},
\i{}Elephantomene\i0{}, \i{}Eleutharrhena\i0{}, \i{}Fibraurea\i0{},
\i{}Haematocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Hyperbaena\i0{}, \i{}Hypserpa\i0{},
\i{}Jateorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Kolobopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Legnephora\i0{},
\i{}Leptoterantha\i0{}, \i{}Limacia\i0{}, \i{}Limaciopsis\i0{},
\i{}Macrococculus\i0{}, \i{}Menispermum\i0{}, \i{}Odontocarya\i0{},
\i{}Orthogynium\i0{}, \i{}Orthomene\i0{}, \i{}Pachygone\i0{},
\i{}Parabaena\i0{}, \i{}Penianthus\i0{}, \i{}Pericampylus\i0{},
\i{}Platytinospora\i0{}, \i{}Pleogyne\i0{}, \i{}Pycnarrhena\i0{},
\i{}Rhaptonema\i0{}, \i{}Rhigiocarya\i0{}, \i{}Sarcolophium\i0{},
\i{}Sarcopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Sciadotenia\i0{}, \i{}Sinomenium\i0{},
\i{}Sphenocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Spirospermum\i0{}, \i{}Stephania\i0{},
\i{}Strychnopsis\i0{}, \i{}Synandropus\i0{}, \i{}Synclisia\i0{},
\i{}Syntriandrum\i0{}, \i{}Syrrheonema\i0{}, \i{}Telitoxicum\i0{},
\i{}Tiliacora\i0{}, \i{}Tinomiscium\i0{}, \i{}Tinospora\i0{},
\i{}Triclisia\i0{}, \i{}Ungulipetalum\i0{}> 582<Including numerous
poisonous plants with bitter, poisonous sesquiterpenoids and alkaloids,
assorted genera being sources of arrowhead poisons (e.g., curare from the
South and Central American \i{}Chondrodendron\i0{}), fish poisons, human
muscle relaxants, parasiticide (picrotoxin, from the Indomalaysian
\i{}Anamirta\i0{}), also yellow dye from \i{}Fibraurea\i0{} in India and
China> 586<menisper> 
 
# Menyanthaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 22,1 32,1/2 34<when hydrophytic,>,2 39,1 40,1
45,1 47,1 53,1/2 54,1<sometimes>/2 56<when compound,>,3 60<when simple,>,2
64,2/3 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 92,1/2<isobilateral> 96,1 102,1
103,2<usually>/1<then adaxial, on floating leaves of \i{}Nymphoides\i0{}>
104,1 122,1<in three of the generA>/2 123,2 141,3/4 143,2 144<except
sometimes in cortical bundles>,1 145,2 146,1<in \i{}Nymphoides\i0{} and
\i{}Villarsia\i0{}, sometimes inversely orientated>/2 147,2 148,1/2
156,3/2&3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
181<commonly>,2/- 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/4/7/8 192,1/2
193,1/2 195<fascicles, many flowered cymes, panicles or involucrate heads>
196,1/2 203,2-3 206,1 212<usually>,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes connate> 245,3 254,5
255,1 257,1<with interstaminal scales>/2 258,3<with a tube> 265,3<or
induplicate-valvate> 267,3 275<often>,3<or crested>/- 278,5/10<if the
scales which sometimes alternate with the stamens are interpreted as
staminodes> 282,2<to the tube> 285,1 289,1/2<depending on interpretation of
the scales> 290<if regarded as such,>,5 295,5 296,1/2/3 298,2 299,2<the
filaments alternating with the C lobes>/- 306<sagittate> 308,1 309,3 310,3
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 320,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,3<usually>/6
330,6<sometimes parasyncolpate>/8/10<exceptionally 6-rugate> 337,2 339,2
341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,1/2 352,1 353,1 356,1 360,2 361,1<shortly
bifid> 365,1 368,2 372,1 373,1 374,3 375,2<two placentas>
378,10-100<many> 381,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1/2<then
the three nuclei degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396,1-2
397,1 399,1/2 400,1 403,2 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6 414,4/5/6 421,4-100<few
to many> 422,1 424,1 429,1/2 433,2 436,1 470,1 472,2 484,1 485,1<normal
and seco> 487,1/2 488,2 492,2<\i{}Menyanthes\i0{}> 520,2 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 17> 527,1 528,2
529,23 553,3 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,40 579,5
580<\i{}Liparophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Menyanthes\i0{}, \i{}Nephrophyllidium\i0{},
\i{}Nymphoides\i0{}, \i{}Villarsia\i0{}> 586<menyanth> 
 
# Misodendraceae <J.G. Agardh>/
1<\i{}Myzodendraceae\i0{} auctt.> 5<chlorophyllous (under-)>,3<or rather,
shrublets> 9<more or less>,1/2 12,1<but small>/2 13,2<in the normal sense>
15,2 16,2 17<pale>,1 18,2<of \i{}Nothofagus\i0{}, the thickened haustoria
promoting overgrowth of the host at the contact zone> 30,1<the apices of
the stout twigs aborting at the end of each season> 37,- 38,2 39,1 43,1/2/4
53,1 60,2 68,2 90,U 92<homogeneous, with the mesophyll of isodiametric
cells> 103,2<lying parallel to the midrib> 106,1 107,1 108,1 109,2 112,2
127,2<veins not accompanied by sclerenchyma> 143,1<Section
Gymnophyton>/2<Section Eumyzodendron> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2/3<subgenus Eumyzodendron> 149<when present,>,1<generating a secondary
ring of bundles internally: see illustration> 150,3<uniseriate, in
Gymnophyton>/1<in Eumyzodendron> 156,3 161,1 162,2 167,2 169,1/2<VPI>
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1<three, situated in longitudinal furrows of the
ovary and lengthening to form long, plumose bristles on the fruit> 179,3
187,2 189,2/3/11 195<catkinlike, compound racemes or spikes> 202,1/2
203<very>,2/1 223,3/6<present, but much reduced, in female flowers>/7<from
male flowers> 224<of female flowers,>,3 226,1 229,U 236<of female
flowers>,3 238,1 239,3<at the base> 240,3<the three members adnate to the
ovary except along their margins, but separate from each other save at the
very base, and projecting beyond the ovary as three short, free lobes>
251,4 276,1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<of male flowers,>,2-3 285,1<seated
around a small, lobed nectary> 289,1 295,2-3 306,2<terminal> 309,2<the slit
terminal, tangential> 311,1 312,1 324,2 328,1 329,4-12 330,9 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,3 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,2<by virtue of the adnate calyx>
352,1 353,1 359,1<annular> 360<very shortly>,2 361,1 365,1 366,1 368,3
375,5 377,2 378,3 381,1<from the top of the placental column> 386<curved>
387,1 388,1 391,1 392,1 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1 403<complex and unusual,
cf. some \i{}Olacaceae\i0{}> 404,2 409,2 412<three-angled or
-winged,>,3/8<crowned by the accrescent, feathery, pappus-like staminodes>
420<by wind> 421,1 422,1 424,1 428,2 435,1<1/1> 436,1 447,1 504,3&6 512,5
514,2 520,2 521<Southwest temperate South America> 522,15 527,1 528,1
529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2 574,14 577,49 578,8 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Mizodendrum\i0{}> 586<misodend> 
 
# Mitrastemonaceae <Mak.>/
1<\i{}Mitrastemmataceae\i0{} Makino> 2<\i{}Rafflesiaceae\i0{} sensu lato in
older treatments.> 5<strange endoparasitic>,5 9,3 11<the vegetative
parts>,2/3 12<beneath the flower,>,2/3<if these foliar organs are regarded
as bracts> 13,2 14,- 15,2 16,3<exclusivey on \i{}Fagaceae\i0{}, ermeating
the host tissues, with only the flowers exserted, often causing 'witches'
brooms'> 17,2 18<initially>,1 39,1/2/3<usually> 43,4<scales> 90,U 102,2
141,- 148,1<the vascular system vestigial or absent> 151<when present,>,2
175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,1 203,2-3 205,2<often>/3 206,1 213,1 218,2
223,3/4/5 224,4<?> 225,2<forming an irregularly undulate or 4-lobed cup>
226,1 229,U 278,10-100<to many?> 282,1 285,2<the androecium comprising a
domed tube with rings of sessile anthers beneath its apex and a terminal
hole, which falls to reveal the gynoecium - cf. \i{}Hydnoraceae\i0{}>
287<several whorled> 295,10-100<to many?> 303,4 309,3 311,1 312,2 318,2
324,2 326,U 328,1 329,2-3(-4) 330,6/7 339,9-15 341,3 342,1 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,1 353,1<with deep intrusion of the placentas> 360,2<the style
fleshy> 361,1 365,1 375,2<the placentas deeply intruded> 378,50-100<very
numerous, and very minute> 385,2 386,2-3 387,2 388,1 391,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,2 397,1 400,1 403,3/4<?> 404,1-2 409,1-2 412,1<tardily
dehiscent>/6 414<when capsular,>,1 422,1 426,1 432,1 497<when present,
lacking both protein and starch> 520<warm>,2-3 521<one species SE asia to
W. Malaysia and Japan, the other Mexico and central America> 522,4&12&13&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,2 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,10 572,1 573,2
574,15 577,52 578,2 579,1 580<\i{}Mitrastemon\i0{}> 586<mitraste> 
 
# Mitreolaceae <Watson, informal>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 5<sub->,3<in \i{}Schizacme\i0{}>/5<mostly> 21,1/3
22,1/2 39,2<mostly>/3 41<in \i{}M. minima\i0{} sometimes>,3<at the lower
nodes> 43,1/2<?>/3 44,1/2 45,1-3/4 46,1<via the stipular sheaths> 53,1 60,2
64,1/2/3 68,1-2 69,1<the opposite petioles connected across the node by
recognisable but small and joined stipules or a stipular membrane>
72,1/2<?> 106,1/2 107<when present,>,1 112,2 131,1/2 145,1 148,3 149,2
156,2/3 167,1 175,1/3 176,1/2 177,1/4 181,1 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1/2/5 192,1 193,1/2 194,1&2/2 196,1<each flower in
\i{}Phyllangium\i0{} enclosed by a bilobed, foliaceous involucre>/2 198<of
\i{}Phyllangium\i0{}>,1 200,1/2 202,2<assuming the involucre of
\i{}Phyllangium\i0{} is not bracteolar> 203,2 206,1 212,5<in
\i{}Mitreola\i0{}>/4<in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} and segregates> 215,2 216,3
218,2 220,2 223,1/4<\i{}Phyllangium\i0{}> 224,4/8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,4/5 238,1/2<two decussate pairs in \i{}Schizacme archeri\i0{}>
239,3<usually>/1<\i{}Schizacme archeri\i0{}>
245,3<usually>/1<\i{}Schizacme\i0{}, with one pair of sepals or lobes
larger> 248,1 254,4<\i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} and
segregates>/5<\i{}Mitreola\i0{}> 255,1 258,3<hairy inside, or bearded in
the throat> 260,1/2 265<nearly always>,3/1<in some \i{}Mitreola\i0{}
species and \i{}Schizacme archeri\i0{}> 266,5<\i{}Mitreola\i0{}>/4/7 267,3
268,2/3/6/7<or mauve> 278,4<\i{}Mitrasacme\i0{}>/5 280,2 282,2<to the
corolla tube> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1-3 291,1
295,4/5 296,1-2 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments long to very short>
306,1-2 309,3 310,1-3<e.g., all states exhibited in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{}>
313,1<sometimes, in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} and \i{}Mitreola\i0{}>/2 314,1<via
a straight or curved prolongation of the connective> 328,1 329,3 330,8
339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,3-4<in \i{}Schizacme\i0{} and some
\i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} and \i{}Phyllangium\i0{} species>/6-7<i.e., the two
styles then separate basally and usually but not always joined above, cf.
\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 345,1<usually>/2<<5%> \i{}Mitreola\i0{},
\i{}Phyllangium\i0{}> 352,2 353,2 356,1 358,1 360,2 361,1<mostly, though
basally split>/2<sometimes, in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} sensu lato> 365,1/2
368,1/1-2 372<of \i{}Mitreola minima\i0{}>,1 373,1 376,2/2-3<the placentas
peltate> 377,1 379,5-50<several to many> 386,2<\i{}Mitrasacme\i0{}>/3<?>
387,2 388,1 390,2 399,2 400,1-2<intermediate, in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{}>
403,4<in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{}> 404,2 407<when semicarpous,>,1 408,3 409<when
syncarpous, i.e. usually,>,1<truncate or bilobed above>/3<sometimes at
least partially, in \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} and \i{}Schizacme\i0{}> 410<when
splitting into carpels,>,2 411<when recognisable,>,3<splitting along the
interior margins of the carpels> 412<when not assignable to
schizocarpic,>,1<compressed at right angles to the septum, apically
truncate or bilobed  i.e., the carpels then constituting partial
mericarps> 414,2/4&5<dehiscing apically along the interior margin
(loculicidally between the horns) of the carpels, which may be free or more
or less connate> 421,20-100<many> 422,1 426,2 429,2<globose or
compressed> 432,3 433,2 436,1 475,2<at least, from screened species of
\i{}Mitrasacme\i0{}> 481,2 482,2 484,1 485,1 520,2&3&4 521<North and
tropical America, tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia
(\i{}Mitreola\i0{}); Indomalesia, eastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand
(\i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} sensu lato)> 522,4&9&10&12&13&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 20
(\i{}Mitreola\i0{}> 525,10 526,2 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1
573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}?>
578<about>,70 579,4 580<\i{}Mitreola\i0{}, \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{},
\i{}Phyllangium\i0{}, \i{}Schizacme\i0{}> 581<See Leeuwenberg 1980, under
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. \i{}Mitreola\i0{} and \i{}Mitrasacme\i0{} (plus the
recent segregates from the latter, \i{}Schizacme\i0{} and
\i{}Phyllangium\i0{}) are long standing and closely related members of the
traditional, manifestly heterogeneous \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} (cf. their
proximity in the \i{}Genera Plantarum\i0{} (1876)). Struwe and Albert
(1994) retained them with \i{}Logania\i0{} in their \i{}sensu stricto\i0{}
version of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. On the basis of the more detailed
descriptions compiled here, however, they are no closer to \i{}Logania\i0{}
than to \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}. The range of gynoecia and fruits is
reminiscent of \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}, which seem distant in other respects.
See comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 586<mitreola> 
 
# Molluginaceae <Hutchinson>/
2<\i{}Aizoaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Adenogrammataceae\i0{} Nak.,
\i{}Kewaceae\i0{}, \i{}Limeaceae\i0{} Shipunov ex Reveal,
\i{}Macarthuriaceae\i0{}, \i{}Polypodaceae\i0{} Nak.>
4<\i{}Corbichoniaceae\i0{}> 5,5/3<or subshrubs> 14,2 21,1-3 32,3/4<?>
39,1/3 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 68,1/2 74,1/2 81,2 90,U 92,1/2/3 102,1 104,1
141,1 145,2 148,3 149,1 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1/2&3
176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 203,2-3
206,1 213,1 218,2 220,1/2 222<when present,>,2 223,1/3<the petals small or
absent, or rarely interpretable as petaloid staminodes> 224,4-10 226,1/2
229,U 236,5<usually>/4<\i{}Polpoda\i0{}> 238,1 239,1<usually>/3<basally
joined in \i{}Coelanthum\i0{}> 241,3 245,3 248,1 251,1 254<when
present,>,5<small> 255,1 258,1<usually>/3<connate below into a tube in
\i{}Orygia\i0{}> 267,3 276,1/2<female flowers> 278,(2-)5-10(-25) 279,1/2
282,1 285,1/2<at the base of the filaments> 
286<when coherent,>,1/5<?> 287,1/2
295,(2-)5-10(-25) 298,1/2/3-5 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3
321,3 328,1 329,3 330,6 333,4 337,2 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,(1-)2-5(-10) 341,1/2/3 342,2-5 343,1<\i{}Adenogramma\i0{}>/3
344,1<\i{}Adenogramma\i0{}>/4/5<\i{}Glinus\i0{}> 345,1 346<in
\i{}Adenogramma\i0{}>,1 348,2 350,1-12<?> 352,2 353,2-5 360,2 361,1/3-5
363,1 365,1 373,1 376,2 379,1-25<?> 385,1/2 386,4<usually>/2<almost> 387,3
388,2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2<\i{}Limeum\i0{}> 400,2 404,2
409,1<usually>/2 412<usually>,1 414,5<or by transverse slits> 422,2 425,1
430,1 432,3 433,2 435,2<1/1> 436,2 437,2 461,1/4 462<\i{}Glinus\i0{},
\i{}Limeum\i0{}, \i{}Mollugo\i0{}, \i{}Orygia\i0{}> 465<\i{}Mullugo
nudicaulis\i0{}, \i{}M. verticillata\i0{}> 466,1<\i{}Glinus\i0{},
\i{}Mollugo\i0{}, \i{}Trianthema\i0{}>/2<\i{}Glinus\i0{}, \i{}Limeum\i0{},
\i{}Mollugo\i0{}, \i{}Pharnaceum\i0{}> 472,1/2 486,1<rarely>/2<mostly,
where pigments sought and detected, but none found in \i{}Limeum\i0{}>
487,1/2 495,2 497,1 498,3<a> 504,1&2&3&4 520,2-4 521<mainly tropical and
subtropical> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1
528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578<about>,100
579,15 580<\i{}Adenogramma\i0{}, \i{}Coelanthum\i0{}, \i{}Corrigiola\i0{},
\i{}Glinus\i0{}, \i{}Glischrothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Hypertelis\i0{},
\i{}Kewa\i0{}(?), \i{}Limeum\i0{}, \i{}Macarthuria\i0{}, \i{}Mollugo\i0{},
\i{}Pharnaceum\i0{}, \i{}Polpoda\i0{}, \i{}Psammotropha\i0{},
\i{}Suessenguthiella\i0{}, \i{}Telephium\i0{}> 581<Apart from the absence
of betalains from most members, and differences in photosynthetic pathways
(with data for both reflecting limited sampling), \i{}Molluginaceae\i0{}
sensu lato seem to differ from the more variable \i{}Aizoaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) only in being non-succulent. Floral morphological
assignments of perianth members to calyx/corolla, stamen counts etc. in
this circle of affinity (supposedly important in distinguishing
APG-supported segregate families) are unconvincing: cf. \i{}Kewaceae\i0{},
\i{}Gisekiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Macarthuriaceae\i0{}> 586<mollugin> 
 
# Monimiaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Hortoniaceae\i0{} A.C. Smith> 4<\i{}Atherospermataceae\i0{},
\i{}Siparunaceae\i0{}.> 5,3&5 7,1 8,1<often>/2 32,3 39,2 43,2 45,1
50,1<often>/2 51,1<often, resiniferous>/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3
81,2 85,1<recorded in \i{}Tetrasynandra\i0{}> 86,2 90,U 92,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104<commonly>,3 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108,1<mostly>/2
109,1<sometimes 2-armed, or tufted>/2 112,1/2<usually> 113<when
present,>,1<in several genera> 115<usually>,1 116<often>,1 117,3
120,1<frequently seen as transparent dots in the leaves> 121,2 123,1
124<chiefly in the form of very numerous, small needles, frequenty
occurring throughout the mesophyll> 130,2<\i{}Peumus\i0{}> 139,1 140,2
141,1<with one to several traces> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
150,3/1<expanded distally in \i{}Peumus\i0{}> 152,3 153,1/1-2
154,1&2&3<mostly solitary, but always with a few small radial multiples>
155<slightly to very>,2 156,2/1/3<rarely> 157,2 158,1/2 159,1 161,1/2
162,1/2 163<seemingly aways>,1 164,2 165,1/2/1&2<very variable> 166,2 167,2
169,3 170,1/2 175,1<?>/2&3/2/3/1&2&3<etc.> 176,1/2<?>
177,1<?>/2/3/4/5/6/6/8/9<?  commonly unisexual> 178,1/2
187,1<sometimes>/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2/1<rarely>
195<helicoid cymes, cymose or racemose> 203,2-3 204,1/2 206,1/2<then
somewhat oblique> 213,1/2 214,3 217,1 218,1 223,1/2/3/6-7 224,4-50<to
many, often shedding the tips from the bud as a calyptra> 225,1/2
226,2-3 227,2 229,U 232,1/2 233,1/2 236<when recognisable>,4
238<sometimes>,2 239,1 245,3 247,1 250,1/2 251,1<decussate> 254,7-20(-30)
258,1 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,10-150<usually many> 282,1 285,1
287,1/2 289,2<possibly staminodal basal nectaries, and staminode(s) between
A and G> 290,1-50<?  to many> 291,3 295,10-150<usually many?>
303,3<the filaments short, often flattened> 304,2<without glands> 306,2
308,2 309,3/5 310,1/3 312,2 318,2 319,1 320,2 322,2 324,1/2 327<when
aggregated,>,3<e.g. \i{}Hedycarya\i0{}> 328,2<mainly>/1<perhaps, in
\i{}Macrotorus\i0{}> 329<when detectable,>,1 330<when
aperturate,>,1<perhaps, in \i{}Macrotorus\i0{}> 337,1<in \i{}Peumus\i0{}>
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,(1-)3-100<to many> 342<when monomerous,>,1
343,1/2 344,1/2 345,1-2<the carpels sometimes partly sunk in the
receptacle> 348,2 350,1 351,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 381,3<usually>/1<rarely>
386,3 387,3 388,2 391,2<seemingly> 392,1 393,1 395,1<to 520 cells, in
\i{}Peumus boldus\i0{}> 400,1 403,2 404<(i.e. the carpel)>,2 405,1<in a
head> 406,1<often often partially embedded in the fleshy receptacle and/
enclosed by the hypanthium>/2 407,2 408,4 413,1-2<often>/4 419,4 421,1
422,1 423,2 424,1 435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1 469,1<in \i{}Peumus\i0{}> 472,2
475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 484,2 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1
490,1 491,1&2 492,2<3 genera, 3 species> 495,1 497,1&2 498,1<a and b>
520,2-4 521<chiefly southern tropical - Central and South America,
Southwest and Southeast tropical africa, tropical and Eastern Australia,
Polynesia, New Zealand> 522,6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,5
565,1 566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9 578,150 579,26 580<\i{}Austromatthaea\i0{},
\i{}Decarydendron\i0{}, \i{}Dryadodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Ephippiandra\i0{},
\i{}Faikea\i0{}, \i{}Hedycarya\i0{}, \i{}Hennecartia\i0{},
\i{}Hortonia\i0{}, \i{}Kairoa\i0{}, \i{}Kibara\i0{}, \i{}Kibaropsis\i0{},
\i{}Lauterbachia\i0{}, \i{}Levieria\i0{}, \i{}Macropeplus\i0{},
\i{}Macrotorus\i0{}, \i{}Matthaea\i0{}, \i{}Mollinedia\i0{},
\i{}Monimia\i0{}, \i{}Palmeria\i0{}, \i{}Parakibara\i0{}, \i{}Peumus\i0{},
\i{}Steganthera\i0{}, \i{}Tambourissa\i0{} (\i{}Ambora\i0{}),
\i{}Tetrasynandra\i0{}, \i{}Wilkiea\i0{}, \i{}Xymalos\i0{}> 582<Some
cultivated as ornamentals (\i{}Hedycarya\i0{}, \i{}Peumus\i0{}), edible
fruits from \i{}Peumus\i0{}, commercial timbers from many members (e.g.
Chilean boldo wood from \i{}Peumus boldus\i0{}).> 586<monimiac> 
 
# Monotropaceae <Nutt.>/
2<\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}, \i{}Pyrolaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Hypopitydaceae\i0{} Link>
5,5 9<more or less>,1/- 12,2 14<more or less>,1-2 15,2 16,1 17,2 18,1 21,3
22,2 25,3 32,3 38,2 39,1 40,1 43,4 45,3 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 64<with greatly
reduced vascular tissue> 68,2 76,1 90,U 102,1/2 103<when
present,>,1<abaxial> 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2<with unicellular non-glandular,
and stalked and shaggy glandular forms recorded> 141,1 143,1/2 144,1
148,1/2<if present, slight: the vascular system always reduced, variously
comprising a ring of closed bundles embedded in prosenchymtous ground
tissue or with or without a sheath of fibres> 151,2 159,1 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2 192,1/2 195<racemes, thyrses or heads>
196,1/2 200,1 203,2-3 206,1 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 220,1 221,2 222<lobed>
223,1<usually>/3<corolla rarely absent> 224,4-12 226,2<usually>/1 227,1
229,U 236,(2-)4-5(-6)<sometimes not clearly distinguishable from bracts>
238,1 239,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 241,3 245,3 251,1 254<when
present,>,(3-)5(-6) 255,1 258,1/3 265,1/2 267,3 278,6-12<often twice C>
282,1 285,1/2<the filaments sometimes basally connate> 286<when connate,>,1
287,1/2 289,1 295,6-12 298,3<often>/2 307,1 309,1-2<often>/3/4
310<finally>,3<inverting during development> 311,1<when transversely
dehiscent>/2 312,2 315,2 317,1 318,2 319,2/3 322,2 324,2 328,1
329,(2-)3-4(-5) 330,6/8<col(por)oidate, occasionally rupate> 337,1<in 5
genera> 339,(4-)5(-6) 342,1/(4-)5(-6) 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2
353,(4-)5(-6)/1 360,2 361,1 365,1 367,1 368,1 371,3 375<when unilocular,>,2
376,2/4<when the placentas fall short of the middle> 378<(when
unilocular)>,12-100<many> 379,12-50<many> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1
391,1/2 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 400,1 401,1 402,1&2 403,3 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1<usually>/6 414,5 421,20-100<many> 422,1 425,2 426,1 432,1
435,2<1/1> 469,2 472,2 483,1 484,1 485,1<normal?> 492,2 493,1 520,2<and
tropical mountains> 521<widespread, temperate and tropical mountains>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,2 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}> 578,15 579,10 580<\i{}Allotropa\i0{},
\i{}Cheilotheca\i0{}, \i{}Hemitomes\i0{}, \i{}Hypopitys\i0{}, \i{}Monotropa\i0{},
\i{}Monotropastrum\i0{}, \i{}Monotropsis\i0{}, \i{}Pityopus\i0{},
\i{}Pleuricospora\i0{}, \i{}Pterospora\i0{}, \i{}Sarcodes\i0{}> 581<Readily
distinguishable, but legitimately interpreted as a herbaceous,
mycoheterotrophic segregate of \i{}Ericaceae\i0{}.> 586<monotrop> 
 
# Montiniaceae <(Engl.) Nak.>/
2<\i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3 39,1-2 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1
90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,2<?> 161,1
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 179,2<minute>/3 187,1<female>/2<male> 188<when solitary
and female,>,1 189<when male,>,1/6 192,1 194,1/2 195<the males in
few-flowered, corymbose terminal or axillary cymes> 206,1 212,4-5 213,1
218,2 223,1 224,6-10<male flowers>/8-10<female flowers> 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,3-5<male flowers>/4-5<female flowers> 238,1 239,3 240<35>,3<male
flowers>/4<minutely, in female flowers>/1<sometimes, in both male and
female flowers> 244,1<and sometimes flattened, in male flowers>/6<shortly,
in female flowers> 251,4<?> 254,3-5<male flowers>/4-5<female flowers> 255,1
258,1 265,1 267,3 271<at least somewhat>,1 272,2 277,1/2<from female
flowers> 278,3-5 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289<in male flowers>,1 295,3-5
298,2 299,2 303,3<the filaments short and thick, the anthers rather large,
ellipsoid> 306,1<despite being extrorse> 308,2 309,3 310,1 328,1 329,3(-4)
330,8<or irregularly 34 aperturate> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2 341,1
342,2 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2 353,2 359,1<in female flowers, fleshy and
four-angled> 360,2 361,1 365,1 366,1<thick, persistent> 368,2<these large>
369,2<in \i{}Kaliphora\i0{}, which may belong here>/1<?> 376,2 379,2-6
381,1-3 384,2/4 386,3 404,2 409,1/2 412,1/2 414<when dehiscent,>,5
422<copiously>,1/2 429,1<and compressed>/2<subglobose> 447,1 484,1
485,1<normal> 488,1 504,2 506,1&2 509,2 520,3-4 521<Southwest and tropical
East Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&7&8 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,1
572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59 578,4 579,2/3 580<\i{}Grevea\i0{},
\i{}Montinia\i0{} (and \i{}Kaliphora\i0{}?)> 581<This compiled description
is very inadequate.> 586<montinia> 
 
# Moraceae <Link>/
3<\i{}Artocarpeae\i0{} (\i{}Artocarpaceae\i0{}) R.Br., \i{}Ficaceae\i0{}
(Dum.) Dum.> 5,1/3/4<including stranglers>/5<<10%> a few, somewhat woody>
6,1<usually>/2<<0.2%> \i{}Malaisia\i0{}, \i{}Fatoua\i0{}> 8,1/2 21,3 22,1/2
27,1/2/3 32,3 36,1/2 37,1 38,3-4 39,1/2 40<when alternate,>,1/2 43,2/1 45,1
47,2 53,1 55,2 60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1/2 64,2/3 65,1 68<variously>,1
69,1/2 70,1/2 71,1/2 73<sometimes minute> 74,1<often>/2 81,2 85,1<known
from 2 genera> 86,2/3 87,1<<98%> usually, these non-articulated and
branched>/2<rarely> 90,U 92,1<usually>/2<the mesophyll occasionally being
entirely palisade> 94,1<sometimes>/2 96,1<occasionally>/2 101,1/2 106,1
107<of numerous forms,>,1&2 115,1/2 116,1/2 117,2 119<very
commonly>,1<especially in epidermes, variable in size and shape>/2<with
silicified and calcified cell walls also common> 122,1/2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2<\i{}Ficus\i0{}, \i{}Maclura\i0{}> 137,1/2 138,3/4 139,1 140,2 141,3/4
143,1/2<usually traversed by wide primary rays, which sometimes broaden in
the phloem as the secondary cylinder develops> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 152,1-3 153,3<usually medium sized> 154<variously arranged, but often
prediminantly solitary> 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 161,1-2 162,1<the fibres
typically with small simple pits, but sometimes the pits exhibit slight
borders> 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 164,2 165<typically>,2 166,1/2 167,2
169,1-2/3 170,1/2 175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5 184,1/2 187<tightly>,2/1<<10%>
rarely> 189<when aggregated,>,3&4&5<etc.> 192,1 194,2 195<mostly with the
small flowers packed into spikes, in heads or hollowed receptacles, on
disks, etc.> 196,1/2 197,1<often spectacularly>/2 203,2<reduced> 206,1 213,1
223,3<usually>/6-7<<10%> rarely> 224,0<<10%> rarely>/(1-)4-5/8<<10%>
rarely> 225<more or less>,2 226,1/2 229,U 236<when present,>,(1-)4-5(-8)
239,3<basally connate> 240,1/2/3 245,3 248,1 251,1/3 277,1/2<female
flowers> 278,1-4(-8)<in male flowers> 282,1 285,1 289,1 295,1-4(-8)
298,2<usually>/1<10%> 299,2<usually isostemonous> 302,1<Moreae>/2 309,3<not
dehiscing explosively> 310,1/3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2 to
5> 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,2-4(-5) 330,7 337,1<in 4 genra> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339<in female flowers>,2(-3)<one or two of these usually abortive>
341,1 342,1/2 343,3 344,4-5 345,1-2 352,1/2 353,1(-2) 360,2 361,2 363,1-2
365,1/2 368,2 372,2 373,1/2 374,2 375,3<usually, the ovule
pendulous>/1<<10%> rarely, the ovule then erect> 378,1
381,1<usually>/3<<10%> rarely, when basal> 386,3-4/2 387,3 388,2 389,2
391,1/2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<\i{}Dorstenia\i0{}>/2
396,1/2<\i{}Dorstenia\i0{}> 397,2 399,1/2 400,2 403,2<or remaining at the
octant stage in \i{}Ficus\i0{}> 404,1/2 409,2 412,7/3 413,1<often, and the
inflorescence axis often constituting a common fleshy receptacle>/4<?>
415,2 417,1<frequently>/2 418,1<often, these sometimes explosively
discharging the seeds>/2 419,1/3/5 421,1 422,1/2 424,1/2 433,1<by
suppression>/2 434,1 435,1<\i{}Streblus asper\i0{}>/2<7/8> 436,1/2 437,2
447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Ficus\i0{}, \i{}Morus\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Artocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Ficus\i0{}> 469,1/3 472,1<<10%>>/2<mostly>
475,1<rarely <10%>>/2 483,2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1<\i{}Ficus\i0{}> 490,1/2 491,2/1&2 492,2<13 species, 6 genera>
495,2 497,2<with or without starch> 520,2<<5%> a few>/2-3<most>
521<widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-many> 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,4 565,2 567,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34 578,1400
579<about>,40 580<\i{}Antiaris\i0{}, \i{}Antiaropsis\i0{},
\i{}Artocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Bagassa\i0{}, \i{}Batocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Bleekrodea\i0{},
\i{}Bosqueiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Brosimum\i0{}, \i{}Broussonetia\i0{},
\i{}Castilla\i0{}, \i{}Clarisia\i0{}, \i{}Craterogyne\i0{},
\i{}Cudrania\i0{} (= \i{}Maclura\i0{}), \i{}Dorstenia\i0{},
\i{}Fatoua\i0{}, \i{}Ficus\i0{}, \i{}Helianthostylis\i0{},
\i{}Helicostylis\i0{}, \i{}Hullettia\i0{}, \i{}Maclura\i0{},
\i{}Maquira\i0{}, \i{}Mesogyne\i0{}, \i{}Metatrophis\i0{},
\i{}Milicia\i0{}, \i{}Morus\i0{}, \i{}Naucleopsis\i0{}, \i{}Olmedia\i0{} (=
\i{}Trophis\i0{}), \i{}Olmediopsis\i0{}, \i{}Parartocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Perebia\i0{}, \i{}Poulsenia\i0{}, \i{}Prainea\i0{},
\i{}Pseudolmedia\i0{}, \i{}Scyphosyce\i0{}, \i{}Sloetia\i0{},\i{}Sorocea\i0{},
\i{}Sparattosyce\i0{}, \i{}Streblus\i0{}, \i{}Treculia\i0{},
\i{}Trilepisium\i0{}, \i{}Trophis\i0{}, \i{}Trymatococcus\i0{},
\i{}Utsetela\i0{}> 582<Economically important for many edible fruits,
e.g. figs (\i{}Ficus\i0{}), mulberry (\i{}Morus\i0{}), breadfruit and
jackfruit (\i{}Artocarpus\i0{}).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And Thisby,
tarrying in mulberry shade, \line{}His dagger drew, and died
\line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, v., i) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Feed him
with apricocks and dewberries, \line{}With purple grapes, green figs and
mulberries \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, iii., 1) > 586<moraceae> 
 
# Morinaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{}.>
5<thistlelike>,5 21,3<with simple stems> 39,2/3 53,1
60,1<usually>/2<rarely> 63,1/1&4<or spinose-dentate> 68,2
76,1<rarely>/3/4<or spinose-dentate> 90,U 92,1 101,1/2 130,2 143,1<the
initial bundles soon becoming linked> 144,1<?> 145,2<?> 148,2 162,1 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,1 183,2 187,2 189,9<cf. \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 196,1<each
flower enclosed in a tubular-campanulate, spinose-margined involucel, cf.
\i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{}> 202,1<if the involucel is interpreted as fused
bracteoles>/2 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,7-9<depending
on interpretation of the calyx> 226,2 227,2 229,U 236,2/4<sometimes four
lobed> 238,1 239,3 240,3 245,2<the lips entire or two-lobed> 248,1 254,5
255,1 258,3 265,1 266,8<tube usually slender and exserted, the throat
gaping> 267,2 268,3/5/6/2 278,4<the posterior member missing> 280,2 282,2
284,2 285,1 287,1 289,2 290,2<the two anterior members> 291,2 292,3 294,2
295,2 296,3 297,- 298,1 299,2 300,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 320,1
321,2 322,1 324,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,7/8<to zonorate> 337,1 339<basically
probably>,2<but one obsolete> 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,1 353,1
359,1 360,2 361,1<slender> 365,1 368,1 371,3 375,3 378,1 381,1 386,3 387,2
388,1 390,1 391,1 393,1 395,1 400,1 404,2 409,2 412,3<the pericarp
thickened, more or less rugose> 421,1 422,1 424,1 433,2 436,1 472,2 475,2
481,2 484,2 488,2 492,2 504,1 505,1&2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 520,2 521<Southeast
Europe to Himalayas and Southwest China> 522,4 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 17> 527,1
528,2 529,21 551,6 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66<as a synonym
of \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}?> 578,17 579,3 580<\i{}Acanthocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Cryptothladia\i0{}, \i{}Morina\i0{}> 581<Comparing this description
with \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} sensu lato (q.v.) shows differences in
numerous characters invoving inflorescence, perianth, androecium, and
gynoecium morphology; also in wood-anatomical and embryological characters
relying on limited sampling.> 586<morinace> 
 
# Moringaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Hyperanthereae\i0{} (\i{}Hyperantheraceae\i0{}) Link> 5,1<of
\i{}Acacia\i0{}-like habit, commonly stout-trunked with gummy bark, and
with a large mucilage canal in the centre of the pith> 8,1 37,2<with
deciduous leaflets> 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,6-7<23 times pinnate, with
opposite leaflets> 65,1 68,1/2 73<when present>,4<and similar structures
present at the bases of the pinnae> 90,U 92,1 101<often>,1/2 102,1 104,1
106,1 107,2 108,1<with blunt tips> 109,1 112,2 123,1<as well as abundant
myrosin cells> 124,2 137,1<in the pith, a large central one sometimes
accompanied by a second, smaller one> 138,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 150,3 152,1 154<medium sized, commonly>,3 156,3 157,1 158,2 161,2
162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<vasicentric or slightly aliform> 166,2 167,2 169,1
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 192,1 194,2 195<many-flowered axillary
panicles> 206,2/3 207,1 209,1&2 212,5 213,1 215,3 216,2 218,1<short>
220,1<lining the hypanthium> 221,2 222,2<with a short free margin>
223,1<but the calyx petaloid> 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5<petaloid>
238,1 239,1<the sepals spreading or reflexed> 245,1<the sepals unequal>
251,1 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,1<with the outer, anterior member
the largest, the two inner (upper, posterior) members reflexed and the
smallest, the lateral pair ascending> 268,2/5 278,(7-)10 282,1<inserted at
the mouth of the hypanthium, around the disk> 284,2<declinate> 285,1 287,2
289,2 290,(3-)5 291,1<the outer, antesepalous whorl> 293,2<setiform or
resembling antherless filaments> 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,3 303,3<the
filaments sometimes slightly petaloid> 305<declinate> 306,1 309,3
311<ultimately>,1 312,1<mostly>/2<rarely> 318,2 319,1/2/3 322,2 324,2 328,1
329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8 337,1 339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1
358,3<curved> 360,2 361,1<recurved> 365,1 367,1 368,1 371,1 375,2
378,40-100<many> 381,1 384,4 385,2 386,3<the radicle superior> 387,3
388,2 389,1 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<very>,1 397,2<with faint
filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<large, woody, 312
angled, unilocular, podlike, torulose, but without a replum>
414<three>,6<the seeds attached medially along the valves>
416,1<explosively> 422,2 426,4 429<three>,1<usually>/2 432,3 433,2
435,1<1/1> 436,1 444,1 469,1 471,1<with myrosin cells abundant in leaves,
stems and roots> 472,2 475,1<<33%>>/2 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2
495,2 504,1&2 505,2 506,1&2 508,1&2&3 509,4 520,2-4 521<Mediterranean and
North Africa to Arabia and India, also Southwest africa and Madagascar>
522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 14> 527,1 528,1 529,7
537,4 565,4 569,8 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,12/13 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Moringa\i0{}> 582<\i{}Moringa oleifera\i0{} (horseradish tree)
is cultivated throughout the tropics as a valuable, multi-purpose source of
food for people and livestock. It has edible fruits, the leaves are rich in
proteins with essential amino acids, the seeds supply oil of ben used in
perfumery and light lubricants, and the roots are a source of edible
condiment. The similar potential of other species has as yet been less
extensively exploited.> 586<moringac> 
 
# Muntingiaceae <C. Bayer, M.W. Chase & M.F. Fay>/
2<\i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}.> 5<small to medium>,1&3 39,1
40,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 61<basally>,1-2 64,3 65,1 66<asymmetrically>,2
68,1<at least in \i{}Muntingia\i0{} and \i{}Dicraspidia\i0{}> 69,2/-
70,1<or one missing>/- 73<on the plagiotropic branches of
\i{}Muntingia\i0{} and \i{}Dicraspidia\i0{} peculiar: in the former, the
upper stipule of each leaf is narrow and the lower is lacking, while in
the latter the upper is large, peltate and leaflike while the lower is
filiform> 76,3 81,2 92,1 106,1 107,1&2<in combination> 108,2 109,1&2<in
combination> 111,1&2 112,1 113,2 116,2 121,2 137,2 139,1 148,2 152,2-3
157,2 161,1 165,1 169,2<VPI, \i{}Muntingia\i0{}> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183<in \i{}Muntingia\i0{}>,2<from behind the filaments at the base of the
ovary> 184,2 185,2<\i{}Muntingia\i0{}, by bees> 187,1/1&2<both solitary
and in few-flowered clusters in \i{}Muntingia\i0{}> 188<displaced>,2
194<displaced>,2<the flower- or inflorescence-subtending leaf subtending a
vegetative bud as well: cf. \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}> 203,3-4<relatively large>
206,1 213,1/2<?> 214,2<?> 216,1/3<?> 218,2 220,1 222,2 223,1
224,(8-)10(-14) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5(-7) 238,1 239<basally>,3
240,3/4 245,3 247,2 248,1/2 249,2 251,3<the tips free in
\i{}Muntingia\i0{}> 254,(4-)5(-7) 255,1 258,1<the petals exceeding the
calyx> 265,1&6 267,3 268,2/6/3<\i{}Dicraspidia\i0{} and
\i{}Neotessmannia\i0{}> 272,2<thin> 275<with irregular margins>
278,(11-)15-100<many> 279,1<many and free or almost so, suggesting
trunk bundles .....> 281,2 282,1 285,1/2<tending to be bundled?>
295,(11-)15-100<many> 298,5 306<more or less>,2/1 308,1/2 309,2<at least
sometimes, in \i{}Neotessmannia\i0{} and \i{}Dicraspidia\i0{}?>/3 318,2
322,2 324,1<\i{}Neotessmannia\i0{}>/2 327<when shed in aggregates,>,3 337,1
339,5/6-7 341,2/3<?> 342,5-35<?  to many-celled via false septa> 343,3
344,6
345,1<\i{}Muntingia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Dicraspidia\i0{}>/3<\i{}Neotessmannia\i0{}>
352,2 353,5-7<at least below> 354,1<commonly>/2 360,1<almost, in
\i{}Muntingia\i0{}>/2 361,1<thick> 365,1 368,1<decurrent or
lobed-sulcate> 370,1/5-7 376,3<the placentas pendulous and free from the
apices of the locules, lobed> 377,1 379,25-50<many> 381,1 382,2 383,1
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 390,1 400,2 403,1 404,1 409,2 412,6
421,25-100<many, the seeds embedded in pulp> 422,1 426,2 427,U 433,2
436,1 444,U 469,1<\i{}Muntingia\i0{}> 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4
521<Neotropical, with \i{}Muntingia\i0{} introduced elsewhere>
522,6&8&9&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,46 578,3 579,3 580<\i{}Dicraspidia\i0{}, \i{}Muntingia\i0{},
\i{}Neotessmannia\i0{}> 581<Cf. the incomplete and fairly unsatisfactory
descriptive data provided by Bayer \i{}et al.\i0{} (1998), here
supplemented for esoteric characters from the usual sources (see
\i{}References\i0{}). \i{}Neotessmannia\i0{} is poorly known, and is now
dubiously associated with the other two genera, which have long been
acknowledged as anomalous members of \i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{} or
\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{} (even referred to \i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{} by Cronquist).
The displaced-axillary flower and inflorescence buds are less peculiar than
Bayer \i{}et al.\i0{} seem to suggest: see Rendle 1930 for discussion and
interpretation of the bud pairs in \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}> 582<Edible fruit
from \i{}Muntingia\i0{}, which is cultivated as an ornamental.>
586<muntingi> 
 
# Musaceae <Juss.>/
5<very large>,5<with pseudo-stems constituted by massive leaf bases> 6,1
14<(or at least, the the leaf bases)>,1/- 21,3 22,- 25,2/3 32,3 38,4-5
39,1 40,1 42,1 45,1 47,1 49,1 53,1<but becoming ragged and pseudo-pinnate
by tearing between the lateral veins> 55,2 60,2 62,4/6/7<large> 64,2<the
laterals parallel to one another> 65,2<i.e. between the laterals> 68,- 82,6
87,1<these articulated, with mucilaginous contents> 88,1&2&4&5
90,1<trough-shaped, mostly associated with the vascular bundles> 98,2
102,1 104,4 106,2 121,1<with raphides> 123,1 124,1&3 128,2 130,2<1 genus>
148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2&3 175,2&3/1&2/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/3/8<?> 182,1
183,3<via septal nectaries> 184,2&3&4 187,2 192,1 193,- 194,2 195<erect or
drooping, thyrses of few flowered cymes> 199,1 200,1 203,3-4 206,3 207,1
213,1 215,3 219,2 223,4/5 224,6 225,2<five members united, the median inner
member posterior and free> 226<rather theoretically>,2<the three outer
members and two of the inner members represented by teeth or lobes on a
perianth tube, the split coinciding with the inner adaxial, free member>
227<rather theoretically>,1/- 228,2 258<if the perianth is interpreted as
such,>,2<five members joined, one free> 262,1<the posterior member free>
267<more or less>,2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,5/6 282,1 285,1 287<at
least theoretically,>,2 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1<the sixth member,
opposite the free perianth member, often staminodal or absent> 295,5/6
298,3 301,1 306,4 309,3 310,3 312,2 313,1<by prolongaton of the
connective>/2 316,1 318,1 328,2 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3 342,3
343,3 344,5/6 345,3 352,2 353,3 357,2 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 372,1 373,1
374,3 376,2 379,10-50<many> 385,1<aril rudimentary>/2 386,3 387,3 388,2
391,1 392,3 393,1/2<then the three nuclei degenerating early> 397,1 400,2
404,1 409,2 412,6 421,20-100<many> 422,1 424,2<starchy and mealy> 425,1
430,1 433,1 436,1/2 442,1<being black>/2<?> 443<thick, hard> 
447,- 448,1<fairly pronounced>
449,2 450,1<in the form of small wings> 451,2 452,2 454,1 456,1 457,3 458,2
461,1 462<\i{}Musa\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Musa\i0{}> 468,2 472,2 475,1<<30%>
indole>/2 487,2<?> 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1/2 491<when detected,>,1&2<traces>
492,2 497,1 498,2 520,4 521<tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar and
Australia> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9-11, 16, 17> 527,2
530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,19 578,42 579,3 580<\i{}Ensete\i0{},
\i{}Musa\i0{}, \i{}Musella\i0{}> 582<In addition to banana and plantain
products (including alcohol, meal), \i{}Musa\i0{} species and varieties are
important sources of fibre (abaca cloth, Manila hemp).> 586<musaceae> 
 
# Myoporaceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Bontiaceae\i0{} Horan.,
\i{}Spielmannieae\i0{} (\i{}Spielmanniaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh> 5<small>,1/3
8,1/2 9,1<mosty>/2<the leaves much reduced in \i{}Pholidia scoparia\i0{}>
32,3/4 37,2 38,1-2<often>/3 39,1/2-3<rarely> 40<usually>,1 43<often more or
less>,2/- 45,1-3 47,2 50,1<often>/2<\i{}Oftia\i0{}> 53,1 55,2 60,2 68,2
76,1/2/3/4 81,2 90,U 92,2<nearly always>/1<\i{}Oftia\i0{}>
103,2<usually>/1<abaxial only in \i{}Oftia\i0{}> 104,2<usually>/1<in
\i{}Eremophila\i0{} p.p. and \i{}Oftia\i0{}> 106,1 107,1&2<the former
either uniseriate or multicellular and branched; the latter occurring
universally, with long to short, several-celled stalk and vertically
partitioned head> 116,1<usually>/2<\i{}Oftia\i0{}> 117,1/3 118,1<epithelium
lined> 123,1 124,2/2&3 130,2<\i{}Myoporum\i0{}> 131,1 137<in primary cortex
or pith>,1<usually, epithelium-lined>/2<\i{}Oftia\i0{}> 138,2/1 139,1 140,2
141,1 143<of \i{}Myoporum\i0{}>,1 144,1<usually>/2<\i{}Oftia\i0{}>
145,1<developing at a late stage as small strands, only in
\i{}Oftia\i0{}>/2<usually> 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,1 154,1<rarely>/2/3/4/5
156,3 157,2 158,2 161,1<\i{}Bontia\i0{}>/2 162,1<usually>/2 163,2 164,2
165,2<varying from a few cells to complete sheaths around the vessels,
rarely confluent or in narrow terminal bands> 169,1/2<VP, VPI> 170,1/2
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2 200,2 203,2/3
206,1-3 207<when irregular, more or less>,1 209,2/1&2<not the calyx>
212,5/- 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,(9-)10 226,2 227,1<usually>/2 229,U
236,(4-)5 238,1 239<more or less>,1<commonly>/3 240<when gamosepalous,>,3/4
245,1<sometimes>/3 248,1<scarious> 249,1/2 251<basally>,1/4 252,2 254<more
or less disguisedly>,5 255,1 258,3 265,1 267,2<often, more or less>/3
278,(3-)4/5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube> 284,1/2<mostly> 285,1 287,1
289,1<the upper, posterior member lacking>/2 290<when present,>,1 291,2
292,1 294,2&3 295,(3-)4(-5) 297<usually>,1 298,1<nearly always>/2<rarely>
299,2 300,1 305,2/1 308,1 309,3/4 310,3 311,1-2<the cells confluent above>
322,2 328,1 329,2-4 330,8<sometimes with two pores per furrow>/10 337,1
339,2 341,1 342,2/3-8 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,2<but sometimes with
secondary segmentation of the locules> 354,1/2 356,1 360,2 361,1 364,2
365,1 368,1 370,1-2 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2/3 379,(1-)2<from near the
summit>/4-8<superposed in pairs>/1<per locellus> 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,2
388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1&2
403,1 404,1-2 409,2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2-10<?  one-seeded> 411,7
412<when non-schizocarpic,>,7 415,1<these one-seeded> 422<scantily>,1/2
433,2 434<semi-cylindric> 436,1 447,1 472,1/2 473,2 475,1<<60%>>/2
481,1<\i{}Eremophila\i0{}> 484,1 485,2<+decarb.> 487,1<rarely>/2 488,2
490,2 492,2<3 species, 2 genera> 495,2 520,2-4 521<mainly Australasia and
the South Pacific islands, a few in South Africa, Mauritius, Eastern Asia,
Hawaii, West Indies> 522,4&7&9&10&11&12&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 27> 525,27
527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a
synonym of \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}> 578,90 579,4-7 580<\i{}Bontia\i0{},
\i{}Eremophila\i0{}, \i{}Myoporum\i0{}, \i{}Oftia\i0{}(?),
\i{}Pholidia\i0{}, \i{}Ranopisoa\i0{}, \i{}Spielmannia\i0{} (or
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}?)> 581<Weakly separable from
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} sensu stricto in terms of these compiled
descriptions only via the drupaceous fruits, but supposedly differing also
in basic chromosome number.> 586<myoporac> 
 
# Myricaceae <Bl. & Dum.>/
3<\i{}Galeaceae\i0{} Bubani> 5,1/3 8,1 37,1/2 39,1<to subopposite>
40,1<often with 2/5 phyllotaxy> 45,1 47,2 51,1 53,1
60,1<\i{}Comptonia\i0{}>/2 63<when dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1
68,1<\i{}Comptonia\i0{} only>/2<usually> 76,1/3/4 81,2 90,U
92,1/1-2<tending to isobilateral in \i{}M. gale\i0{}> 102,1 103,1<abaxial>
104,1 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2 112,1 113,1<mostly with characteristic, peltate
glands secreting aromatic, waxy material> 115,1/2 130,2<\i{}Myrica\i0{}>
139,1 140,2 141,3/1<rarely> 143,2<in the form of a lobed ring of slightly
separated bundles> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153,1<often very
small> 154,1/2&3<typically exclusively solitary, but with few to numerous
radial multiples in \i{}M. gale\i0{}> 156,2/3/2&3 157,2 158,2 161,1/2
162,1/2<fibres typically with numerous distinctly bordered pits, but these
less numerous and small-bordered in \i{}M. gale\i0{}> 163,2 164,2
165,1<diffuse> 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1/2 176,1 177,2/3/5/6<?>
179,1<\i{}Canacomyrica\i0{}>/2-3 184,1 187,2 189,3<simple or compound>
194,2 195<short, catkin-like simple or compound spikes> 200,1 202,1<males
usually with 2 bracteoles, females with 24, these commonly accrescent and
enclosing the fruit> 203,2<and inconspicuous> 213,1 220,1<male
flowers>/2<female flowers> 222,2<sinuate> 223,7<except possibly in the
monotypic \i{}Canacomyrica\i0{}, which has an accrescent structure,
interpretable as disk, bracteoles or perianth, which develops to enclose
the fruit> 229,U 276,1/2 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278<in male or
hermaphrodite flowers,>,(2-)4(-6) 285,1/2<the filaments sometimes connate>
286<when joined,>,1 287,1 289,1 295,(2-)4(-6) 309,3 310,1 312,2 318,2 328,1
329,(2-)3(-6) 330,7 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,2 342,1 343,3
344,4-5<the styles distinct or basally united>
345,1<usually>/2<hermaphrodite flowers of \i{}Canacomyrica\i0{}, with
perigynous stamens> 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2 361,2 363,1-2 365,1 368,2 372,2
373,2 374,2 375,1 378,1 381,3 386,1<but \i{}Canacomyrica\i0{} with a
reflexed prolongation of the integument, resembling a funiculus> 387,2
388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 404,1-2 409,2
412,7<often waxy-warted, sometimes almost a nut> 414<sometimes enveloped by
persistent, accrescent bracteoles which form a burr-like cupule in
\i{}Comptonia\i0{}, and which in \i{}Gale\i0{} develop only late into a
pair of floats which fall with the fruit> 415,2 422<scantily>,1/2 432,3
433,2 434<plano-convex> 436,1 447,1 460,1<usually>/2<\i{}Canacomyrica\i0{}>
472,2 475,2<6 species> 484,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3
492,1<\i{}Myrica\i0{}> 497,2 520,2-4 521<very widespread, but lacking in
North Africa, most of temperate Eurasia and Australasia>
522,1&2&3&4&6&7&9&8&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,1 528,1 529,10
540,6 565,2 567,9 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35 578,40 579,4
580<\i{}Canacomyrica\i0{}(?), \i{}Comptonia\i0{}, \i{}Gale\i0{} and
\i{}Myrica\i0{} (all but the latter mono- or ditypic)> 582<\i{}Myrica\i0{}
species are the source of aromatic wax (from the fruits, used to make
bayberry candles), of edible fruit, and of tannic acid.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I was of late as petty to his ends, \line{}As is
the morn-dew on the myrtle leaf \line{}To his grand sea \line{}(Antony and
Cleopatra, iii., 10) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Merciful heaven, \line{}Thou
rather, with thy sharp and sulphurous bolt, \line{}Splitst the unwedgeable
and gnarled oak, \line{}Than the soft myrtle> 586<myricace> 
 
# Myristicaceae <R. Br.>/
5,1 6,2<typically with red sap> 7,1 32,3 37,1 39,1 40,1-2 43,2 45,1 47,2
50,1<often>/2 51,1<often>/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 82,1 90,U
104<where observed,>,3 106,1<in considerable diversity, but mostly
interpretable as interpretable as uniseriate, sympodially branched
trichomes: see illustration> 107<seemingly all>,1 108,2 110,1 111,1 112,2
116<usually>,1/- 117,1 120,1<at least, usually with spherical secretory
cells having yellow, red or brown, liquid or crystalline contents> 122,1/2
123,1 124,3<typically acicular>/2&3 134,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,1<with three
traces>/2<? - according to Lammers \i{}et al.\i0{} 1986> 143,1 144,1
145,2<at least from vegetative axes, though sometimes found in leaves and
peduncles> 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153<in different genera>,1/2/3
154,1&2&3<of few cells> 156<often mixed>,1&2&3 157,2 158,2 161,2
162,1<sometimes with small borders> 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2
165<mainly>,2<scanty to almost vasicentric> 166,1/2 167,2 169,3 175,2&3/2/3
176,1 177,2/5 178,2 179,3 187,2 189,1&7&2&4 192,1/2 194,2 200,1<the bract
usually solitary, small> 203,2 212<usually>,3/- 213,1 223,3 224,(2-)3(-5)
225,2 226,1 227,- 229,U 236<(the perianth being thus
interpreted)>,(2-)3(-5) 238,1 239,3 240,3 251,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,(2-)3-30 279,1/2<?> 280,2 282,1 285,2 286,1<the filaments united into a
column> 287,1 289,1 295,(2-)3-30 298,2-5 305,3<laterally connate>/1 309,3
310,1 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,2 320,2<2> 322,2 324,2 328,1/2 329<when
aperturate,>,1 330,1/5<?> 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1
343,1 344,1 345,1 346,2 347,1/2<subsessile> 348,2 350,1 351,3 385,1 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 400,2 404,1-2<fleshy to leathery> 407<usually>,1
408,1<i.e. from a single carpel, dehiscing along both suturesor a
dehiscent berry!> 421,1 422,1 423,1 424<usually>,1 432,3<very small>
433,2<sometimes basally connate> 435,2<2/4> 436,1 447,2 472,2 475,1/2 484,2
488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<\i{}Myristica\i0{}> 497,2 520,4
521<pantropical> 522,4&6&8&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 21, 25> 527,1
528,1 529,1 531,1 565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4 577,8 578,300 579,19
580<\i{}Bicuiba\i0{}, \i{}Brochoneura\i0{}, \i{}Cephalosphaera\i0{},
\i{}Coelocaryon\i0{}, \i{}Compsoneura\i0{}, \i{}Endocomia\i0{},
\i{}Gymnacranthera\i0{}, \i{}Haematodendron\i0{}, \i{}Horsfieldia\i0{},
\i{}Iryanthera\i0{}, \i{}Knema\i0{}, \i{}Mauloutchia\i0{},
\i{}Myristica\i0{}, \i{}Osteophloeum\i0{}, \i{}Otoba\i0{},
\i{}Pycnanthus\i0{}, \i{}Scyphocephalium\i0{}, \i{}Staudtia\i0{},
\i{}Virola\i0{}> 582<\i{}Myristica fragrans\i0{} supplies the spices nutmeg
(the seed), and mace (dried arils).> 586<myristic> 
 
# Myrothamnaceae <Niedenzu>/
5<small xeromorphic>,3<with rigid, opposite branches> 8,1<from cells in the
leaf epidermis> 32,4 38,2 39,2 42,1/2<blackening and folding fanlike when
dry, expanding and greening again after rain> 43,U 46<more or less>,1<the
petiole bases of the opposite leaves sheathing> 51,1 53,1 60,2
62,6/8<cuneate-flabellate or narrowly elliptic, toothed across the broadly
rounded apex> 64,3 65,2 68,1 69,2<subulate, on the sheathing petiole bases>
70,1 74,2<with the petioles> 76<apically>,4 82,2 90,U 92,2 102,1 104,1
106,2 123,1 124,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<uniseriate>
152,3 153<very>,1 154,1/1&4<mostly solitary, with a few groups> 155<very>,2
156,2/1&2 157,2 159,1 160,2 161,1 162,1/2 165,1<or absent>/- 169,3 175,2/3
176,1 177,5 179,3 182,2 184,1 187,2 189,3/11 195<erect spikes or catkins>
200,1 206,1 213,1 220,2 223,7 229,U 276,1/2 277,1/2<in female flowers>
278,4/3-8 285,1<and 4>/2<when 3-8, then connate by their filaments> 289<of
male flowers,>,1 295,3-8<with large anthers> 306,2 308,2 309,3<?  not by
valves> 310,2 313<more or less>,1 314,1<representing a small apical
prolongation of the connective> 315,1 324,1 327,3 328,1 329,3 330<weakly>,6
337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3-4 342,3-4 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2
353,3-4 360,2 361,3-4 363,1 366<short, broad, recurved> 368,3-4<ventral,
decurrent> 376,2 379,10-50<rather numerous> 380,1 381,2 384,4 386,3 387,3
388,2 400,2 404,2 409,3 410,3-4 411,3<the carpels separating septicidally
and opening ventrally> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 426,1/2 432,3 433,2 472,2
484,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,1 504,2 506,1&2 509,3 520,4
521<southern tropical Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&7&8 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 20>
527,1 528,1 529,10 540,2 565,2 567,2 572,1 573,2<informal group above
Superorder not specified> 574,10 577,28 578,2 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Myrothamnus\i0{}> 586<myrotham> 
 
# Myrsinaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Ardisiaceae\i0{} Juss., \i{}Embelieae\i0{} (\i{}Embeliaceae\i0{})
J.G. Agardh, \i{}Maesaceae\i0{} (A.DC.) Anderb, Sthl & Kllersj,
\i{}Ophiospermes\i0{} (\i{}Ophiospermae\i0{}) Vent.,
\i{}Ophiospermataceae\i0{} Kuntze> 4<\i{}Aegicerataceae\i0{},
\i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3/4<a few  and a few sub-herbaceous> 6,2/3
8,1 27,3<a few>/1<mostly> 32,3 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 50,1<often>/2<then
glandular-hairy> 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4 81,2
85,1<seen in 3 genera> 86,2/3 90,U 92<generally>,1 101,1/2 106,1 107,1/2
108<mostly>,2<and mostly not simple, being variously forked, branched or
peltate> 116,1<usually>/2 117,3<yellow or reddish brown> 118,1 122<often
with hypodermal fibres> 123,1 124,2/3 130,2<\i{}Ardisia\i0{},
\i{}Suttonia\i0{} (= \i{}Rapanea\i0{})> 137<commonly>,1 138,2<yellow or
reddish-brown> 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
150<generally>,3<?> 152,3<mostly>/2 153<moderately>,1 154,3<commonly, of
3-4 cells>/4<these irregular>/5 156,3<usually,
exclusively>/2&3<occasionally in some genera> 157,2 158,1<rarely>/2 161,2
162,1 163<usually>,1 164,2 165<usually sparse,>,2 169,2/3
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/8/5 178,1<often, large>/2 187,2 192,2
194,2/1 202,1<rarely, then usually bibracteolate, e.g.
\i{}Maesa\i0{}>/2<mostly> 203,2 206,1 212<mostly>,4-5/- 213,1 215,2 218,2
223,1 224,6-12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4-5(-6) 238,1 239,1/3<often
basally connate> 245,3 251,1/2/3 254,(3-)4-5(-6) 255,1
258,3<usually>/1<e.g. \i{}Embelia\i0{}> 265,1/2/3 267,3 277,1<nearly
always>/2<in female flowers, which often have large staminodes>
278,(3-)4-5(-6) 280,2 282,1<rarely>/2<to the corolla tube>
285,1/2<sometimes> 286<when coherent,>,1<the filaments connate> 287,1
289<of male-fertile flowers>,1/2<occasionally> 295,(3-)4-5(-6)
298<usually>,2 299,1 300,2 305,3<\i{}Amblyanthus\i0{}>/1 309,3/1 310,3
312,2 315,2<in \i{}Badula\i0{}> 328,1 329,3(-5) 330,6/8<col(por)oidate,
sometimes 4-rupate> 337,1<in \i{}Ardisia\i0{} and \i{}Wallenia\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3-5(-6) 341,2/1/3 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1<nearly
always>/2<\i{}Maesa\i0{}> 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 372,2
373,1 374,2 375,1/5 378,3-100<few to many> 380,3 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3
388,1 389,2 390,1 391,1 400,2 403,1<?> 404,1 409,2 412,6/7
421,1<usually>/3-100<many only in \i{}Maesa\i0{}> 422,1 424,1 431,1 433,2
435,2<1/3> 436,1-2 445,1<e.g. \i{}Ardisia\i0{}> 447,1/2
466,2<\i{}Ardisia\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Ardisia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<rarely
<15%>>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1<usually>/2 489,1/2/1&2 490,1 491,1/1&2/3
492,2<5 genera, 5 species> 500,2 520,2-4 521<pantropical, subtropical and
extending North to Japan and Florida, and South to New Zealand>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10-13, 23> 527,1 528,2 529,9
539,2 565,4 569,13 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Primulaceae\i0{}> 578,1000 579<about>,35 580<\i{}Amblyanthopsis\i0{},
\i{}Amblyanthus\i0{}, \i{}Antistrophe\i0{}, \i{}Ardisia\i0{},
\i{}Badula\i0{}, \i{}Conandrium\i0{}, \i{}Ctenardisia\i0{},
\i{}Cybianthus\i0{}, \i{}Discocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Elingamita\i0{},
\i{}Embelia\i0{}, \i{}Emblemantha\i0{}, \i{}Fittingia\i0{},
\i{}Geissanthus\i0{}, \i{}Heberdenia\i0{}, \i{}Hymenandra\i0{},
\i{}Labisia\i0{}, \i{}Loheria\i0{}, \i{}Maesa\i0{}, \i{}Monoporus\i0{},
\i{}Myrsine\i0{}, \i{}Oncostemum\i0{}, \i{}Parathesis\i0{},
\i{}Pleiomeris\i0{}, \i{}Rapanea\i0{}, \i{}Sadiria\i0{}, \i{}Solonia\i0{},
\i{}Stylogyne\i0{}, \i{}Tapeinosperma\i0{}, \i{}Tetrardisia\i0{},
\i{}Vegaea\i0{}, \i{}Wallenia\i0{}> 581<After analysing a combination of
nucleic acid sequences from the chloroplast genes \i{}rbc\i0{}L,
\i{}ndh\i0{}F and\i{}atp\i0{}B, Kllersj \i{}et al\i0{} (2000) supported
earlier claims that \i{}Primulaceae\i0{} and \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{} as
traditionally circumscribed are paraphyletic, with (e.g.)
\i{}Anagallis\i0{}, \i{}Ardisiandra\i0{}, \i{}Coris\i0{},
\i{}Lysimachia\i0{} and \i{}Trientalis\i0{} belonging in myrsinaceous
rather than primulaceous clades. Rather than merging all the genera into
one supposedly monophyletc family, Anderberg \i{}et al\i0{} (2000) proposed
raising \i{}Maesa\i0{} to family rank, and adjusting the contents of
\i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{} s. lat. and \i{}Primulaceae\i0{} s. str. In the
absence of any attempts by modern re-classifiers to prepare the requisite
comparative descriptions, the classical family circumscriptions are largely
retained here. See comments under \i{}Primulaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{}.> 586<myrsinac> 
 
# Myrtaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Chamaelauciaceae\i0{} Lindl., \i{}Kaniaceae\i0{} Nakai,
\i{}Leptospermaceae\i0{} Kausel, \i{}Myrrhinieae\i0{}
(\i{}Myrrhiniaceae\i0{}) Arn.> 4<\i{}Heteropyxidaceae\i0{},
\i{}Psiloxylaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<including a monotypic mangrove,
\i{}Osbornia\i0{}> 7,1 31,1 32,2-4 36,1<sometimes very conspicuously so,
depending on maturity of shoots, e.g \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{} spp.>/2
37,1<nearly always <99%>>/2<e.g. some \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{} species> 38,2-4
39,2<commonly>/1/3 43,1/2 45,1/2/3/4 46,1<sometimes, e.g. on immature
shoots of \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}>/2 50,1 51,1 52,1<commonly, comprising the
mature foliage \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}, \i{}Callistemon\i0{}
etc.>/1&2<depending on shoot maturity>/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,3/4/6/7 64,2/4/1
68,2<nearly always>/1<<10%> e.g., in \i{}Calythrix\i0{}> 81,2 90,U
92,1/2/1&2<e.g. in \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}, \i{}Eugenia\i0{} species with both
vertical isobilateral leaves and horizontal dorsiventral leaves>/3 101,1/2
103,1/2<commonly, in edgewise-orientated leaves> 104,1<usually>/3 106,1
107<exclusively>,1 108<sometimes ostensibly>,2<then 2-chambered>/1<usually>
109,1<sometimes tending to be 2-armed>/2 116,1 117,1 130,2<6 genera> 139,1
140,1/2 141<typically>,1 143,1 144<very commonly>,2 145<usually>,1 148,2
150,1/2/3 152,1-3 153,1<typically>/2<less often>/3<rarely>
154,1/2/3/4/5<but typically exclusively solitary> 156,3<usually>/2 157,1
158,1/2 159,1/2 160<commonly>,1 161,1<usually>/2 162,1/2 163,1<rarely,
e.g.in some \i{}Eugenia\i0{} spp.>/2 164,2 165,1/2/1&2
166,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Darwinia\i0{}, \i{}Verticordia\i0{}> 167,2 169,3
170,1<commonly>/2 175,1<<75%>>/1&2&3/2 176,1/2<<75%>> 177,1<<75%>
usually>/8/6<<5%> rarely> 184,2/3 186,1<\i{}Chamelaucium\i0{} and some
relatives, with pollen presentation via a modified part of the
style>/2<mostly> 187,1<<10%> rarely>/2<usually> 189<when
aggregated,>,1&3&6&8/4<the latter notably daisylike in \i{}Actinodium\i0{}>
192<usually>,1 194,1/2/4<conspicuously so in \i{}Beaufortia\i0{},
\i{}Callistemon\i0{} and \i{}Melaleuca\i0{} species> 195<spikes, cymes,
corymbs, panicles, even heads> 196,1/2 197,2<usually>/1<notably in
\i{}Actinodium\i0{}, in which the daisy-like, involucrate capitula comprise
pink, fertile disc flowers and paler, flattened and sterile ray flowers
each with 4 sepals and 4 petals> 202<often 2>,1 204,1<notably in
\i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}>/2 206,1/2 209<(when noticeable)>,2 213,1 218,1<petals
inserted on the calyx> 220,1<lining the hypanthium, when perigynous>/-
223,1<but these sometimes adnate to one another and constituting an
operculum, which is shed at anthesis>/4<in \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}, where the
connate petals sometimes form the operculum alone>/3<e.g.
\i{}Osbornia\i0{}> 224,4-11 226,1/2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236,(3-)4-5(-6)<or
vestigial> 238,1 239,1/3<then sometimes splitting irregularly at anthesis,
or shed entire> 245,3 250,1/2 251,1<usually quincuncial>/3<or splitting
irregularly> 254,4-5 255,1 258,1<the petals often almost circular when
flattened>/3 264,1/2 265,1/- 267,3 268,2/3/5/6/7<not blue> 277,1/2<female
flowers, rare> 278,4-5<<10%> rarely>/8-10<sometimes>/20-150<<75%> i.e.,
usually many> 279,1/2 280,1/2 281<when many,>,1 282,1 284,1/2 285,1/2
286<when united,>,1<connate into a short tube>/4-5 287<when definite,>,2
288<when bundled,>,1/2 289,1/2<sometimes, when A indefinite> 295,(4-)10-150
298,2<<5%> rarely>/3<sometimes>/4-5<<75%> usually> 302,1/2<or twice folded>
304,1<those of \i{}Corynanthera\i0{} having a stipitate appendage around
the level of the anther, perhaps representing the fourth sporangium of the
trisporangiate anther>/2<usually> 306<often ambiguously>,1/2/4
308,1/2 309,3/1<<10%> rarely> 310,3
311,2<mostly>/1<e.g. \i{}Corynanthera\i0{}> 312<mostly>,2<<99%> but
trisporangiate in \i{}Corynanthera\i0{}, and occasionally unisporangiate in
\i{}Malleostemon\i0{}>/- 313,1<often tipped by a gland>/2 315,1 317,2
320,1/2<1 or 2> 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4)
330,6<seldom>/8<commonly>/7<sometimes syncolpate> 337,1<in 6 genera>
338,1/2<male flowers, unusual> 339,2-5(-16) 342,(1-)2-5(-16) 343,3 344,5-6
345,3<usually, more or less>/2<<20%> to varying degrees>/2-3<rarely almost
superior> 352,1<<10%> or becoming so, occasionally>/2 353,(1-)2-5(-16) 359,1/2<when
perigynous> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 375<when unilocular,>,2<on intrusive
placentas, e.g. \i{}Feijoa\i0{}> 376<when bi- or plurilocular,>,2 
378,30-150<many> 379,(1-)2-50<i.e., to
many> 381,3 385,2 386,2-3 387<usually>,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1
392,1<usually>/2<e.g. in \i{}Myrtus\i0{}, \i{}Syzygium\i0{}> 393,1/2<then
the three nuclei degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396<very>,1
397,1/2<commonly, and sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1<or
adventive> 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6/7/8 414,4/5/2/7<then becoming operculate
by removal of the epigynous disk> 422,2 429,1<e.g. in some
\i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}>/2 433,2 435,1<3 \i{}Eugenia\i0{} species>/2<4/4>
436,1/3/5<sometimes spiral> 445<commonly>,1 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}, \i{}Metrosideros\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Eugenia\i0{},
\i{}Leptospermum\i0{}, \i{}Psidium\i0{}> 469,1<in
\i{}Syzygium\i0{}>/2<mostly>/3<occasionally> 470,1<\i{}Eucalyptus\i0{},
Gibbs 1974> 472,1/2<usually> 473,2 475,1<rarely <15%>>/2 484,2
487,1/2<mostly> 488,1 489,1&2<usually>/1 490,1 491,1/1&2/2&3/1&2&3 492,1<9
species, 7 genera>/2<4 species, 4 genera> 494,1 495,2
500,1<\i{}Osbornia\i0{}>/2 520,2&3&4 521<widespread warm, chiefly centred
in Australia and tropical America> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = (6-)11(-12)> 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41 578,3000 579<about>,130 580<\i{}Acca\i0{},
\i{}Accara\i0{}, \i{}Acmena\i0{}, \i{}Acmenosperma\i0{},
\i{}Actinodium\i0{}, \i{}Agonis\i0{}, \i{}Allosyncarpia\i0{},
\i{}Amomyrtella\i0{}, \i{}Amomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Angasomyrtus\i0{},
\i{}Angasomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Angophora\i0{}, \i{}Aphanomyrtus\i0{},
\i{}Archirhodomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Arillastrum\i0{}, \i{}Astartea\i0{},
\i{}Asteromyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Austromyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Backhousia\i0{},
\i{}Baeckea\i0{}, \i{}Balaustion\i0{}, \i{}Barongia\i0{},
\i{}Basisperma\i0{}, \i{}Beaufortia\i0{}, \i{}Blepharocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Callistemon\i0{}, \i{}Calothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Calycolpus\i0{},
\i{}Calycorectes\i0{}, \i{}Calyptranthes\i0{}, \i{}Calyptrogenia\i0{},
\i{}Calytrix\i0{}, \i{}Campomanesia\i0{}, \i{}Carpolepis\i0{},
\i{}Chamelaucium\i0{}, \i{}Chamguava\i0{}, \i{}Choricarpia\i0{},
\i{}Cleistocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Cloezia\i0{}, \i{}Conothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Corynanthera\i0{}, \i{}Corynemyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Cupheanthus\i0{},
\i{}Darwinia\i0{}, \i{}Decaspermum\i0{}, \i{}Eremaea\i0{},
\i{}Eucalyptopsis\i0{}, \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{}, \i{}Eugenia\i0{},
\i{}Gomidesia\i0{}, \i{}Feijoa\i0{} (=\i{}Acca\i0{}), \i{}Hexachlamys\i0{},
\i{}Homalocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Homalospermum\i0{}, \i{}Homoranthus\i0{},
\i{}Hottea\i0{}, \i{}Hypocalymma\i0{}, \i{}Jambosa\i0{}, \i{}Kania\i0{},
\i{}Kjellbergiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Kunzea\i0{}, \i{}Lamarchea\i0{},
\i{}Legrandia\i0{}, \i{}Lencymmoea\i0{}, \i{}Leptospermum\i0{},
\i{}Lindsayomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Lophomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Lophostemon\i0{},
\i{}Luma\i0{}, \i{}Lysicarpus\i0{}, \i{}Malleostemon\i0{},
\i{}Marlieria\i0{}, \i{}Melaleuca\i0{}, \i{}Meteoromyrtus\i0{},
\i{}Metrosideros\i0{}, \i{}Micromyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Mitranthes\i0{},
\i{}Mitrantia\i0{}, \i{}Monimiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Mosiera\i0{},
\i{}Mozartia\i0{}, \i{}Myrceugenia\i0{}, \i{}Myrcia\i0{},
\i{}Myrcianthes\i0{}, \i{}Myrciaria\i0{}, \i{}Myrrhinium\i0{},
\i{}Myrtastrum\i0{}, \i{}Myrtella\i0{}, \i{}Myrteola\i0{}, \i{}Myrtus\i0{},
\i{}Neofabricia\i0{}, \i{}Neomitranthes\i0{}, \i{}Neomyrtus\i0{},
\i{}Ochrosperma\i0{}, \i{}Octamyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Osbornia\i0{},
\i{}Paramyrciaria\i0{}, \i{}Pericalymma\i0{}, \i{}Phymatocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Pileanthus\i0{}, \i{}Pilidiostigma\i0{}, \i{}Piliocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Pimenta\i0{}, \i{}Pleurocalyptus\i0{}, \i{}Plinia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudanamomis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudeugenia\i0{}, \i{}Psidium\i0{},
\i{}Purpureostemon\i0{}, \i{}Pyrenocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Regelia\i0{},
\i{}Rhodamnia\i0{}, \i{}Rhodomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Rinzia\i0{},
\i{}Ristantia\i0{}, \i{}Rylstonea\i0{}, \i{}Scholtzia\i0{},
\i{}Siphoneugenia\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerantia\i0{}, \i{}Stereocaryum\i0{},
\i{}Syncarpia\i0{}, \i{}Syzygium\i0{}, \i{}Taxandria\i0{}, \i{}Tepualia\i0{},
\i{}Thryptomene\i0{}, \i{}Tristania\i0{}, \i{}Tristaniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Ugni\i0{}, \i{}Uromyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Verticordia\i0{},
\i{}Waterhousea\i0{}, \i{}Welchiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Whiteodendron\i0{},
\i{}Xanthomyrtus\i0{}, \i{}Xanthostemon\i0{}> 582<Many sources of essential
oils for perfumery and medicine, and edible fruits from (e.g.)
\i{}Feijoa\i0{} (Brazilian guava, etc.), \i{}Eugenia\i0{} spp. (jambos,
rose-apple, pitanga etc.), \i{}Campomanesia\i0{} (guabiroba).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong,
\line{}Under the shade of a Coolabah tree \line{}(A.B. Paterson, Waltzing
Matilda - \i{}Eucalyptus microtheca\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}A lemon
\line{}Stuck with cloves \line{}(Loves Labours Lost, v., 2 -
\i{}Eugenia\i0{})> 586<myrtacea> 
 
# Najadaceae <Juss.>/
2<\i{}Hydrocharitaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5 21,1/3 22,2 27,- 32,1 33,2 34,2
35,1 39<(sub-)>,2-3/1<subopposite or subverticillate> 41<when in
verticils,>,3 45,3 47,1<more completely so in the lower members of each
sub-pair or verticil> 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,1 65,2 68<somewhat>,1<at
the sides of the sheath>/2 75<often>,1<two, small> 76,3-4<usually
toothed>/1 102,2 106,2 121,U 123,2 128,2 130,2<\i{}Najas\i0{}> 148,1 151,2
173,2 175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5 184,5 187,1 188,2 200<with (male) or
without (female) a spathelike set of scales and a flask-shaped or
two-lipped inner involucre> 203,2 206,- 212,- 213,- 219,1/2<depending on
interpretation> 220,2 223,5/6/7<depending on interpretation of the
involucre, which in female flowers is absent or inconspicuous and adnate
to the gynoecium> 225,1/2 228<if interpreted as such,>,1 277,1/2<female
flowers> 278,1 289,1 295,1 303,4 309,6 311,1/3 312,2 315,2 317,1 318,1
319,1/2/4/5 321,4 322,1 324,1 328,2 337,2 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,1
342,1 343<ostensibly>,1 344<ostensibly>,1 345,1 350,1 351,3 381,3 385,2
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1
400,2 403,3 404,2 407,2 408,4<pericarp thin> 422,2 430,1 432,3 433,1 435,1
436,1 442,2 443<very thin> 447,1 448,1<long> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2
455,1 456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1 466,2<\i{}Najas\i0{}> 468,1 472,2 488,1 489,1
490,2 492,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 7> 527,2 530,1
555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10<as a synonym of \i{}Hydrocharitaceae\i0{}>
578,50 579,1 580<\i{}Najas\i0{}> 581<Differing conspicuously from
\i{}Hydrocharitaceae\i0{} in the androecium (a single stamen with sessile
anther and irregular dehiscence) and the monomerous, superior gynoecium;
and the compiled data also depict differences in anther wall development,
embryology, and seed details.> 586<najadace> 
 
# Nandinaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}-Nandinoideae.> 5,3<with erect, unbranched stems>
37,1 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,2 55<pulvinate with respect to the joints of
the main pinnae and pinnules> 56,4/6<the leaflets acuminate, with
arcuate-anastomosing nerves> 57,1 68,2 76<(i.e. of the leaflets)>,1 90,U
102,1 104,1 130,2 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1 152,2 155<slightly>,2/1
156,3 157,2 159,U 161,2 162,1 163,1 165<absent> 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 182,1 183,4<from nectaries borne subapically on the staminodes> 187,2
189,8 192,1 194,1 195<many-flowered terminal panicles> 200,1<the bracts
subulate, persistent> 202,1<the bracteoles few, small> 203,2 206,1 212<more
or less>,3 213,1-2 214,1<the calyx, being variously described as
multiseriate or spiralled>/- 215<if the outer perianth considered
cyclic,>,4/- 218,2 220,2 223,1-2 224,20-60<many> 226<if considered
cyclic, about>,6-9 228<all>,2 229,U 236,19-50<many> 238<spirally
arranged> 239,1<the sepals white> 251<strobiloidally>,1<the sepals
decreasing in size acropetally> 254,6 258,1<the petals a little larger than
the inner sepals> 278,6 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,2 290,3 291,1
293,1 295,6 298,2 299,1 303,3/4<i.e. the anthers subsessile> 306,2<the
connective broad> 308,2 309,3 310,3 313<shortly>,1 314,1<by short
elongation of the connective> 328,1 329,3 330<fossaperturate>
339<ostensibly>,1 341,1 342,1 343,1<or pseudomonomerous?> 344<ostensibly>,1
345,1 347<shortly>,2<the style persistent> 348<(sub-)>,2 350,1 351,2 381,1
404,1 407,2 408,8<globose, red> 421,1 422<copiously>,1 432<very small>
472,1 473,1 477,U 488,1 489,2 490,2 492,2 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2
521<China, Japan> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1
574,9 577,23<as a synonym of \i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Nandina
domestica\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Nandina\i0{}> 581<This
description is inadequate, especially with regard to the interpretation of
perianth and androecium/nectaries. However, the data compiled here have
\i{}Nandina\i0{} differing absolutely from \i{}Berberidaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in
eight conspicous perianth and androecium characters, as well as in the
pendulous ovules.> 586<nandinac> 
 
# Napoleonaeaceae <P. Beauv.>/
2<\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Belvisieae\i0{} (\i{}Belvisiaceae\i0{})
R.Br.> 5<glabrous>,1/3 39,1 43,U 53,1 60,1/2 63<when dissected, obscurely
toothed> 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4 90,1<?> 116,2 120,2 123,1 124,3
130,2<\i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,2 145,2 146,1<at least in
\i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}> 148,2 150,1 156,3 159,2 161,2 162,1 167,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 187<usually>,1<axillary> 203,3<often brightly coloured and showy>
223,3<the corolla lacking, but the outer androecial members forming a
pseudo-corolla> 224,3/5 226,1 227,- 229,U
236,3<\i{}Crateranthus\i0{}>/5<\i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}> 238,1 239,1<when 3,
\i{}Crateranthus\i0{}>/3<when 5, \i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}> 251,1<when
K3>/3<when K5> 278,50-100<many> 279,U 281,2 282,1 285,2<the
filaments connate below> 287<in \i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}>,4<in several series
in \i{}Crateranthus\i0{}> 289,2<these spectacularly configured, the
outermost whorl forming a pseudocorolla, the inner series a
corona> 290,30-100<?  many> 291,1 293,1&2<those
of the outermost series being joined to form a many-nerved and
many-toothed, plicate pseudo-corolla, those of the second series more or
less linear and free or only slightly united, those of the third series
basally spurred and united to form a 2040-lobed cup, with apically
incurved lobes> 295,5-30<?  to 20 in \i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}, these and
staminodes constituting the innermost of the four androecial whorls> 298,5
299,- 310,1 328,1 329,3 330,8<to colporoidate> 337,2 339,3-5 341,2 342,3-5
343,3 344,5/6<?> 345,3 352,2 353,3/5 359,1<intrastaminal, 10-glanded in
\i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}>/2<?  no intrastaminal disk in \i{}Crateranthus\i0{}>
360,2 361,1 365,1 366<short and apically expanded in \i{}Napoleonaea\i0{},
long-filiform in \i{}Crateranthus\i0{}> 372,1 373,2 374,4 376,2 379,2-50<to
many> 384<24 seriate> 386,3 388<embryology not recorded> 404,1 409,2
412,6<large> 422,2 433,2 434<large, thick> 472,2 484,2 487,1 488,2 504,2
506,1 509,3 520,4 521<West Africa> 522,6&7 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 16> 527,1
528,2<presumed, with reference to \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}> 529,8 538,1 565,4
569,4 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}>
578,18 579,2 580<\i{}Crateranthus\i0{}, \i{}Napoleonaea\i0{}> 581<Morton
\i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) presented this group as subfamily Napoleonaeoideae
of \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}, based on an assessment using both molecular and
morphological data. The present description, which refers mainly to
\i{}Napoleonaea\i0{} and is fairly inadequate, differs conspicuously from
that of \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the one-whorled
perianth and more numerous stamens, but also shows unstratified secondary
phloem, 3-celled pollen grains, and basic chromosme number X = 16.>
586<napoleon> 
 
# Nartheciaceae <Fr. ex Bjurzon>/
2<(formerly) \i{}Liliaceae\i0{} or \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{}, with
\i{}Aletris\i0{} and \i{}Lophiola\i0{} assigned by Bentham & Hooker to
\i{}Haemodoraceae\i0{}> 5,5 12,1 21,3 22,1/2 25,3 39,1 40,1/2 42,1 43,1
45,3 47,1 48,2 52,1<\i{}Narthecium\i0{}>/2<\i{}Aletris\i0{}> 53,1 60,2
62,3-4 64,4 67,2 92,1/2 123<commonly>,1 124,1/3 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1
174,2 175,1 176,1<rarely>/2 177,1 182,1 183,1<from the tepal bases> 187,2
189,2/3/8 193,1/2 195<simple or compound racemes or spikes, rarely
panicles> 200,1 206<nearly always>,1 212,3 213,1 215<usually>,3
219,1<\i{}Aletris\i0{}, \i{}Nietneria\i0{} and \i{}Lophiola\i0{} with a
campanulate tube>/2<\i{}Narthecium\i0{}> 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1-2
226,2<3+3> 227,1 228<more or less>,2 229,1/2<occasionally> 230,1
231,2/4<bright yellow in \i{}Narthecium\i0{}, but usually inconspicuous,
lacking patterns and spurs> 277,1 278,6 282<more or less>,1 285,1 287,2
289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1 306,1<hypopeltate>/2 309,3 310,1<usually>/3<<10%>
occasionally> 315,1 316,1 318,1 320,2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,1/2<?> 330,1<?>
337,1 338,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2
361,1/3 363,1-2 365,1 368,1/3 376,2 379,2-100<to many> 380,1 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 400,3<? - by contrast with
Liliales> 404,2 405,2 409,1 412,1 414,4/5 422,1 424,1 429,1/2<?> 432,3
436<ovoid or globose> 442,2 447,- 448,1/2<?> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1/2<?>
454,2 456,2 458,2 470,1<Gibbs 1974> 472,2 475,2 487<steroidal>,1 488,1/2
489<if present,>,1 490,1/2 491<if present,>,1&2 492,2 504,1 505,1 507,1&2
520,1&2&3&4 521<Temp. northern hemisphere, India to Japan, Malesia, N.
America> 522,1&2&3&4&9&12&13&14&15&16 523,2 527,2 530,4 558,6 572,1 574,5
575,2 577,13 578<about>,35 579,6 580<\i{}Aletris\i0{}, \i{}Lophiola\i0{},
\i{}Metanarthecium\i0{}, \i{}Narthecium\i0{}, \i{}Nietneria\i0{}>
586<nartheci> 
 
# Naucleaceae <(DC.) Wernh.>/
2<\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3/4 27,3<sometimes>/1 32,3 39,2/3 53,1 60,2 68,1
69,1/2<rarely> 72,2 74,1<usually>/2<when intrapetiolar> 76,1 90,U 130,2<1
genus> 145,2 148,2 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 181,1 187,2 189,4 194,1/2 195<in dense, globose heads> 200,1/2 206,1
212,4-5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1
239,3 245,3 248,1/2 251,1/3 254,4/5 255,1<usually>/12 258,3 260,1<the tube
long, the lobes short> 265,1/3 266,6 267,3 278,4/5 280,2 282,2 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,4/5 296,3 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 324,U 339,2 341,1 342,2
343,3 344,5-6 345,3 352,2 353,2 356,3<?> 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,1-2 376,2/3
379,1-50<i.e. to many> 381,1<or attached to the middle of the septum>/-
385,2 404,1/2 409,1<usually>/2 412,1 417<more or less>,1
418,1<fleshy>/2<dry> 422,1 424,1 426,1<usually flattened> 484,1<S.R.
Jensen, unpublished> 485,1 495,1 520,4 521<pantropical?>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,8 572,1
573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}> 578,200
579<about>,10 580<\i{}Adina\i0{}, \i{}Breonia\i0{} (inc.
\i{}Platanocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Anthocephalus\i0{}), \i{}Cephalanthus\i0{},
\i{}Mitragyna\i0{} (inc. \i{}Stephegyne\i0{}), \i{}Nauclea\i0{},
\i{}Neonauclea\i0{}, \i{}Sarcocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Uncaria\i0{}>
581<Seemingly aberrant \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}, differing according to the
present compilation only in the stipules without colleters and the multiple
fruits (and unconvincingly in homostyly and vessels without vestured
pits).> 586<naucleac> 
 
# Nelsoniaceae <Sreem.>/
2<\i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}, cf. \i{}Nelsonioideae\i0{}.> 5,5 
32,1<\i{}Staurogyne\i0{}
spp.>/2/3<?> 39,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 90,U 119,2 122,2 145,1 148,2 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 200,1<the bracts leaflike>
206,3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,3 240,3&4<the lower lobe bifid, the other 4 blunt> 251,2 254,5
255,1 258,3 265,1<descending cochlear> 267,3<the lobes equal  not
bilabiate> 278,2<the posterior and the two anterior members missing> 280,2
282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,2 298,1 299,2 300,1 309,3 312,2
315,1 318,2 320,1 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 339,2
341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,2 356,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1/2
376,2 379,15-50<many> 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 400,1 403,1 404,2 409,1
412,1 422,1-2 423,1 424,1 426,2<and pitted> 436,2 472,2 484,1<in
\i{}Nelsonia\i0{}> 485,2<normal and decarb.> 499,2<the retinacula absent or
reduced to minute papillae> 504,2&5 506,1&2&3&4&5 509,2&3 510,1&2&3&4 513,1
518,1 520<Old World>,4 521<tropical Africa, India to Indochina, Malaya,
Australia> 522,4&6&9&10 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}> 578,90<with
\i{}Staurogyne\i0{} and \i{}Elytraria\i0{} included> 579,3
580<\i{}Elytraria\i0{}, \i{}Nelsonia\i0{}, \i{}Staurogyne\i0{}> 581<Long
supposed to be intermediate between \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}. Other than esoteric characters of doubtful
taxonomic significance in view of limited sampling, viz., leaf lamina with
cystoliths and ovule with undifferentiated endothelium,
\i{}Nelsoniaceae\i0{} seem to differ from \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) only in the regular corolla and unspecialised seed funicles.
Furthermore, this compilation probably fails to cater adequately for
\i{}Elytraria\i0{} and \i{}Staurogyne\i0{}.> 586<nelsonia> 
 
# Nelumbonaceae <Dum.>/
5<aquatic>,5 6,1<with articulated laticifers> 22,2 25,3 27,- 
32,1<with emergent leaves and flowers> 34,2
35,2/3 36,1<in the sense that the leaf primordia arise in threes: one
giving rise to a scale-leaf on the underside of the rhizome, which at first
envelopes the terminal bud, while the second develops into an upper scale
leaf which enwraps the petiole base of the large laminate leaf> 38,3/4
39<with the peculiar arrangement described>,- 45<foliage leaves long>,1
53,1 54,1 60,2 64,3 68,1 69,2 70,2 71,1 81,2 90,U 102,1 104,1 116,1 117,4
122,2 128,2 137,1 138,4 141,- 143,4 148,1 151,2 159<presumably>,1 173,1
175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185,1 187,1 200,1<via an upper scale leaf> 202,2
203,4 206,1 213,3 214,1&2/1&2&3<the gynoecium in more or less distinct
whorls> 218,2 223,1<the outer several members perhaps interpretable as K>/2
224<about>,22-30 225,1 229,U 236<(if so interpreted)>,2-8/- 239,1 248,2
251,1 254<(if the inner members so interpreted)>,18-28 258,1 265,1
268,3/5-6 278<about>,200-400 279,- 281,1 282,1 285,1 287<spiralled> 289,1
295<about>,200-400 303,3 306,4 308,2 309,3 310,3&2 312,2 313,1 314,1<as a
flat or clavate extension of the connective> 315,1 318,2 322,2 324,2 328,1
329,3 330,6 337,2 339,12-40 341,- 343,2 344,2 345,1/3<depending on 
interpretation, the individual carpels being embedded in the spongy 
receptacle> 348,2<the stigma
annular-dilated> 350,1(-2) 351,1-2<ventral> 381,1 382,1 383,3 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<very>,1 397,1 400,1 403,2
404,2<but the individual carpels sunken in the spongy receptacle> 405,1
406,2<ultimately  free within the receptacle, released separately as it
disintegrates>/1<i.e. this structure being not unreasonably described as
such> 407,2 408,6 413<loosely enclosed with its neighbours in the spongy,
swollen receptacle, finally released by decay> 421,1 422,2 425,2
433,2<connate, and sheathing the plumule> 435,1<1/2> 472,2 475,1 484,2
487,2 488,1 492,2 497,2 520,3-4 521<Eastern U.S.A. to Colombia, and warm
Asia to Northeast Australia> 522,4&9&10&12&13&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 16> 527,1
528,1 529,1 531,6 565,1 566,6 572,1 573,1 574,8 577,25 578,2<accounted for here>
579,1<accounted for here> 580<the only
known surviving genus being \i{}Nelumbo\i0{}, with others (e.g., Nelumbites, 
Exnelumbites, Paleonelumbo, Nelumbago, and Notocyamus) known only from fossils.>
582<\i{}N. pentapetala\i0{} rhizomes provided starchy food for American 
Indians.> 586<nelumbon> 
 
# Nepenthaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Pistiaceae\i0{} C.A. Agardh (p.p.).> 5,3/4/5<mostly of boggy places,
usually more or less woody> 15,3/4 19,2 20,2<holding water which houses rich
communities of specialized small animals. The latter devour trapped
insects, and nutritious excretions are absorbed by the plant through the
pitcher walls. Chlorophyll-rich cells lining the pitcher serve to oxgenate
the water, preventing it from becoming foetid> 21,3 22,2 27,2/3/2&3/1
28<mostly>,3<the lamina midrib prolonged into a twining tendril, the
tendril terminated by a pitcher> 32<mostly>,2 36,1<sometimes with
pitcher-bearing and non-pitcher-bearing leaves>/2 39,1 40,1 45,1<the
petiole winged> 47,1 48,1 49,1 53,1<at least, not compound in the normal
sense>/- 60,2 62<more or less>,3<or strap-shaped>/- 64<basically>,4 65,1
68,2 76,1 90,U 115,1<aqueous> 130,2<\i{}Nepenthes\i0{}> 139,1 140,1<the
outer tissues being shed> 143,1-2<comprising a ring of numerous, closely
packed bundles> 144,1 145,2 146,1<in the fibrous zones of young stems>/2
147,1<in some species>/2 148,2 155,1 156,3 159,1 161,1 167,2 175,2/3 176,1
177,5 182,1 183,1<from the tepals> 184,2 187,2 189,1&2&8 192,1/2 194,1<but
later overtopped by the branch from the uppermost leaf axil> 195<racemes
and thyrses> 200,2 202,2 203,2 205,1/- 206,1 212,- 213,1 220,2 223,3
224,(3-)4 225,1 226,2<2+2, according to Airy Shaw> 227<usually>,1 229,U
236<(if the perianth regarded as such)>,(3-)4 238,2
239<usually>,1/3<sometimes?> 243,2 245,3 251,1 277,1/2<in female flowers>
278,(2-)8-25 282,1 285,2 286,1<the filaments united into a column> 289,1
295,(2-)8-25 298,2-5 309,3 310,1 312,2 324,1 327,3 328<indistinctly>,1-2
337,1 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,(3-)4 342,(3-)4 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,2 353,(3-)4 360,1-2 361,1<very short the stigma almost sessile>
366<very much>,1 368,1 371,3-4 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2<with many rows>
379,9-50<many> 381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 397,1 404,2<leathery> 409,1 412,1<elongated> 414,5
421,20-100<many> 422,1 424,1<and starchy> 426<filiform> 429,1<usually,
with a narrow or hairlike wing at either end>/2<\i{}Anurosperma\i0{}>
430,1 432,3<very short> 433,2 434<linear, plano-convex> 436,1<cylindrical>
447,1 472,2 484,2 486,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<2 species of
\i{}Nepenthes\i0{}> 495,2 520,4 521<Seychelles, Indomalayan region,
Madagascar, Ceylon, tropical Australia, New Caledonia> 522,4&8&9&10&11
527,1 528,1 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,5 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,68 579,2
580<\i{}Nepenthes\i0{}, \i{}Anurosperma\i0{}> 586<nepentha> 
 
# Neumanniaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
1<\i{}Aphloiaceae\i0{} Takht.> 2<\i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}.> 5<evergreen>,1&3
37,1 39,1<sometimes turning blue on drying> 40,2 43,2 45,1-2 47,2 53,1 60,2
64,2 66,5 68,1 74<small,>,1 76<usually>,3 90,U 102,1 104,2 148,2 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/7 194,2 195<in
few-flowered fascicles or racemes> 200,1<the bracts minute scales> 206,1
213,2<the perianth> 220,1 221,2 223,2/3<the inner members more or less
petaloid> 224<spirally arranged,>,4-5(-6) 227,- 228,1-2 229,U 231,1<-ish>/-
233,1 236,4-5(-6) 239,1 251<much>,1 278,30-100<many> 279,2 280,1 281,2
282,1 285,1 289,1 295,30-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments filiform,
persistent> 306<small,>,2 309,3 310,2 324,U 328,1 329,3 330,6<?>
339<seemingly>,1 342,1 343<seemingly>,1 344<seemingly>,1 345,1 347,1<with a
sessile stigma> 348,2<the large stigma peltate or bilobed-capitate>
350,2-10<?  few> 351,2 384,4 386<more or less>,4 404,1 407,2
408,8<white> 422<sparsely>,1 432,3 436,2<horseshoe-shaped> 504,2 506,1&2
509,2 520,4 521<tropical East Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene Is.> 522,6&7&8
527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42
578,1-2<\i{}Aphloia theiformis\i0{}, \i{}A. minima\i0{} - polymorphic>
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Aphloia\i0{}> 581<A very incomplete description.
APG (1998) employ the name \i{}Aphloiaceae\i0{}> 586<neumanni> 
 
# Neuradaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
5<densely pubescent prostrate>,5<with sympodial stems> 21,1 30,U 39,1 45,1
47,2 53,1 60,1/2 63<when deeply dissected,>,1<or pinnately lobed> 64,2/3
66,5 68,1<with minute stipules>/2 76,3/4 90,U 102,1 104,1 137,1 138,3 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2/1<?> 156,3 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,1<upturned, on horizontally spreading, seemingly axillary
peduncles> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 218,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3 240,4 241,1-3 244<with the tube broad and flattened>
245,3 248,1<the sepals sometimes spine-tipped> 251<more or less>,3
253,1<sometimes, of five bracteoles>/2 254,5 255,1 258,1<inserted in the
throat of the calyx> 265,1/2 278,10 282,1<borne on the slightly prolonged
hypanthium> 285,1 287,2<5+5> 289,1 295,10 298,3 300,3 303,3<the filaments
subulate, persistent> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,(6-)8
330<uniquely aperturate, being bipolar with (34 pores at each end> 337,1
339,10<by \i{}dedoublement\i0{} from five?> 341,3 342<if other than
apocarpous,>,(6-)10 343,1-3 344,3/4<the carpels dorsally adnate to the
hypanthium, but ventrally free> 345,2-3 352,2 353<if regarded as
syncarpous,>,(6-)10<with 24 of the locules on the side towards the
peduncle more or less reduced, or their ovules abortive> 360,2 361,(3-)6-10
363,1<becoming indurated> 368,(3-)6-10 371,3 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 382,1
385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 404,2 407<(if the individual carpels are viewed as
separate units)>,1 408,3<one-seeded> 409<(viewing it as a syncarp)>,1
412,1<with ventrally dehiscent carpels  i.e., representing one-seeded
follicles sunk in the hardened receptacle and associated structures> 422,2
432,3 433,2 447,1 504,1&2 505,2 506,1 508,2&3 509,1 520,2-3
521<Mediterranean to India> 522,1&2&3&4 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 6> 527,1 528,1
529,10 540,12 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46 578,10 579,3
580<\i{}Grielum\i0{}, \i{}Neurada\i0{}, \i{}Neuradopsis\i0{}> 586<neuradac>
 
# Nitrariaceae <Bercht & J. Presl>/
4<\i{}Peganiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tetradiclidaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<sometimes spiny>
14,1 32,4<in salt deserts> 37,2 39,1 40,1<or fasciculate> 43,3 45,1/2 47,2
53,1 55,2 60,1<apically trifid>/2 63<if dissected,>,2 64,1/3 68,1 69,2 70,1
73<small> 74,1<often>/2 92,1/2<?>/3 101,2<?> 102,1 104,1<mainly>/3/7 106,1
107,1 108,1 109,2 112,2 121,1 122,1/2<?> 123,1 124,2&3 137,1 138,3 143,1
148,2/3<?> 155,1-2 156,3 161,2 162,1 165,2 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1<these scorpioid> 192,1 195<once or twice forked
scorpioid cymes> 200,1<the bracts caducous> 202,2 203,2<less than 1 cm
long> 206,1 212<more or less>,5 213,1 215,4 218,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<?>/3<connate below> 245,3 247,1 248,1 249,2 251,1
254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals concave, with inflexed apices>
265<(induplicate-)>,3 267,3 268,2 278,(10-)15 280,1/2<?> 282,1<on the
hypanthium> 285,1 287,3<?> 295,(10-)15<usually three times the number of
petals> 298,4 300,3 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 328,1 339,2-6
341,1/2/3 342,2-6 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2-6 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1
365,1 368<or stigmatic lines as many as the locules> 376,2-3 377,1 379,1
380<long>,1 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 404,1 409,2 412,7<often
edible, purple, red or yellow> 415,2<by abortion> 421,1 422,2 433,2 435,1
436,1<the radicle next to the hilum> 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Nitraria\i0{}>
466,2 471,1/2<not specified, in descriptions seen, though it would seem
important to know> 472,2 484,2 488,2 490,1 495,2 504,1&2&5 505,1&2 506,1
507,2&3 509,1 513,1&2 521<Sahara and southern Russia to Afghanistan and E.
Siberia, one in southern Australia> 522,2&3&5&10 527,1 528,1 529,15
545,2<re-assigned> 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44 578,9 579,1
580<\i{}Nitraria\i0{}> 581<Sheahan and Chase (1996) recommended recognising
this family as belonging to the order Sapindales, and not closely related
to \i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{} s. str. (q.v.). The descriptions compiled for
the present package depict 15 conspicuous differences from
\i{}Peganaceae\i0{} (q.v.), involving habit, leaf form, floral, fruit and
seed characters. Based on limited sampling, they also suggest several
differences in leaf anatomy.> 586<nitraria> 
 
# Nolanaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Solanaceae\i0{}.> 5<low>,3/5 14,1<commonly, more or less>/2 22,2
32<mainly strand plants> 39,1-2<alternate below, those towards the
inflorescence sometimes in alternate pairs of unequal members towards the
same side of the stem, cf. many \i{}Solanaceae\i0{}> 43,1/2<sometimes small
and ericoid>/3 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 89,1 90,U 92,1/3 102,1 103,1/2
104<tending to>,2 106,1 107,1&2<the latter always multicellular and
iniseriate, either simple or branched; the latter with stalks comprising
one or two cells and uni- or multi-cellular, ellipsoidal heads> 144,2
145<always>,1 148,2 150,3<uniseriate> 156,3 161,1/2 162,1/2 167,2 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,1 183,2 187,1 188,2 206,2-3 207<at least somewhat>,1
209,2/1&2 212,5 213,1 215<basically>,2 218,2 220<commonly>,1 221,2<around
the base of the ovary> 222,2<crenate or lobulate> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 240,3 244,3&6 245,1-3<?  the lobes often
unequal> 248,1<ultimately enclosing the fruit> 251,1<slightly,
usually>/3<seldom> 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,5<between the lobes> 266,4/6
267<obscurely>,2/3/1 268,2/6/8 278,5 280,2 282,2 284,2<three longer than
the other two> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1 298,2 299,2 300,1 305,U 309,3
310,3 318,2 319,1/3 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,(3-)5 341,1-2
342<if syncarpous,>,5 343,2<often, ostensibly>/3 344,6/7<the carpels of
\i{}Alona\i0{} are united to form a conventional 5-locular, superior ovary
with a terminal style, but in \i{}Nolana\i0{} they are (a) 5, largely
distinct by transverse constrictions and united only by the gynobasic
style, (b) presented in a cycle of 10 portions by further transverse
constrictions, or (c) presented in 1030 portions in two or three rows, by
both longitudinal and transverse constrictions> 345,1 352,2
353<unconventionally divided into mericarps or>,5/- 355,1/2
356,1/3<presumably without the obliquity characteristic of
\i{}Solanaceae\i0{}?> 360,2 361,1 365,1<<7%> \i{}Alona\i0{}>/3<usually, in
an extreme form> 368,1 371,3/5 372,1 373,1 374,3 381,3<or appendiculate>/-
386,2 387,2 388,1<with an integumentary tapetum> 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 401,2 403,4 404,2 405,1/2 409<fundamentally,
ontogenetically(?)>,3 410,5/10-30<in 13 rows> 411,4<these 17 seeded>
422,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 436,2/4 447,1 472,2 484,2 488,2<\i{}Nolana\i0{}>
490,1 491,1&2 492,2 504,3 512,6 520,2-4 521<West coastal South America,
Peru to Patagonia> 522,15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,1
565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59<as a synonym of
\i{}Solanaceae\i0{}> 578,85 579,2 580<\i{}Alona\i0{}, \i{}Nolana\i0{}>
581<Differing clearly from \i{}Solanaceae\i0{} only in the medianly or
transversely orientated, 5-locular ovary and schizocarpic fruit, also (on
the evidence of limited sampling) in the lack of endosperm haustoria.>
586<nolanace> 
 
# Nolinaceae <T. Nakai>/
2< APG \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Nolinoideae p.p., formerly
\i{}Agavaceae\i0{}.> 5<generally>,2<to a few metres tall, with simple or
sparingly branched trunks> 14,U 22,3 31,2 32,4 39,1<in terminal rosettes>
43<tough and hard or>,2/- 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 102<with
guard-cells rich in oil> 121,U 123,1 124,1&3 128,1 129,2 148,3 149,2<cf.
\i{}Dracaenaceae\i0{}> 151,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 173,1 174,3<?>
175,2/3/1&2/1&3 176,1 177,5/9 182,1 183,3<from septal nectaries> 187,2
189,8 195<panicles, often large and many-flowered, the flowers on
articulated pedicels> 206,1 212,3 213,1 219,2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1
226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2<?> 230,1<?> 276,1/2<?> 277,1/2<in female flowers>
278,6 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3 306,1<epipeltate>
309,3 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,3 341,2
342,1/3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1<\i{}Dasylirion\i0{}>/3 360,2 361,1
365,1 366,1/2<relatively short> 375<when
unilocular,>,1<\i{}Dasylirion\i0{}> 376<when
trilocular,>,2<\i{}Nolina\i0{}> 378<in \i{}Dasylirion\i0{},>,3-6 379<in
\i{}Nolina\i0{},>,2 386,3 388,1 400,2 404,2<more or less dry, by contrast
with \i{}Dracaenaceae\i0{}> 409,2 412,2/10 442,2 443<thin> 447,-
448,1<short> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,1 458,2 472,2 475,2<?>
487,1<\i{}Nolina\i0{}> 488,2 490,1 491,2 492,2 504,1&3 505,3 512,1 521<warm
America> 522,12&13&15 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a
synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578,45-50 579,3-4
580<\i{}Beaucarnea\i0{}, \i{}Nolina\i0{}, \i{}Dasylirion\i0{}>
581<Differing from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in habit,
leaf form and anatomy, stem anatomy, free stamens and non-fleshy fruits.>
586<nolinace> 
 
# Nyctaginaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Allioniaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Bougainvilleeae\i0{}
(\i{}Bougainvilleaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Mirabilidaceae\i0{} W.R.B.
Oliv., \i{}Pisoniaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 5,1&3&5/4<sometimes, e.g.
\i{}Bougainvillea\i0{}, \i{}Pisonia\i0{}> 27,1<mostly>/3<sometimes, in
\i{}Pisonia\i0{}> 32,3 39,1<sometimes>/2<usually, members of the pair often
unequal> 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 89,1/2 90,U 92,1/2 106,1
107,1&2 108<mostly>,2 110,1 111,1<e.g., in \i{}Pisonia\i0{}>/2 112,1<in
\i{}Leucaster\i0{}>/2 113,2 123<usually>,1 124,1/2/3<but usually raphides
or these mixed with styloids, druses seemingly rare>
130,2<\i{}Bougainvillea\i0{}, \i{}Oxybaphus\i0{}, \i{}Pisonia\i0{}> 139,1
140<nearly always>,2 141,1 143,2/3 144,1 145,2 148<mostly>,3
149<mostly>,1<resulting in successive, sometimes irregular rings of
collateral vascular bundles, which in woody species are sometimes embedded
in prosenchymatous and lignified ground tissue> 151,1 153,1<sometimes very
small>/1-2 154<typically>,3&4<in groups of radial multiples and clusters
internal to te phloem strands> 156,3<usually exclusively so>/1&3<with rare
horizontal, reticulate plates occurring in \i{}Boerhaavia\i0{} and
\i{}Bougainvillea\i0{}> 162,1 165,1/2<usually very sparse> 167,1<of the
foraminate type, recorded in several genera>/2 169,2<VP>
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3<?> 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2/3/4/8<?> 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/8/3/5 192<usually>,1 194,1/2 196,1<frequently, these often
brightly coloured>/2 197,1<sometimes, especially when reduced to a single
flower  the involucre then calyx-like, the calyx corolla-like>/2
200,1<usually with several bracts> 203,2/3 206,1 213<usually>,1 215,1 218,2
220<often>,1<around G> 222,2 223,3<but often very corolla-like>
224,(3-)5(-10) 225,2 226,1 227,- 229,U 236<(i.e. the perianth)>,(3-)5(-10)
238,1 239,3 244,3/4<rarely>/5/6 245,3 248<base>,1<and usually remaining
around the fruit> 251,3/5 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(1-)5(-30) 280,1/2
281<when numerous,>,2 282,2<to the perianth tube, occasionally>/1<usually>
284,1/2 285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,1<the filaments basally connate> 287,1
289,1 295,(1-)5(-30) 299<typically>,1<i.e, alternating with the perianth>/-
302,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2<2> 321,1 322,2
328,1 329,3(-4)/6-15 330,6<34>/9/10<6-polyrugate> 333,4 337,2<in 4 genera>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 347,2 348,2/3
350,1 351,3 372,2 373,1 374,2 381,3 385,2 386,4/2 387,2/3 388,2 389,2
391<usually>,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<sometimes, to a limited extent>/2
396,2 397,2 400,2 403,2 404,2 407,2 408,4/6 413<usually enclosed in the
persistent base of the perianth> 421,1 422,1<the endosperm forming a cap
over the radicle>/2 425,1 430,1 432<large,>,3 433,2 435,1<2/2>
436,2<usually>/1/3 447,1 461,1/2 462<\i{}Bougainvillea\i0{},
\i{}Mirabilis\i0{}> 463<\i{}Allionia\i0{}, \i{}Boerhaavia\i0{}>
466,1<\i{}Allionia\i0{}, \i{}Boerhaavia\i0{},
\i{}Okenia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Boerhaavia\i0{}, \i{}Bougainvillea\i0{},
\i{}Commicarpus\i0{}, \i{}Mirabilis\i0{}> 469,1<\i{}Bougainvillea\i0{}>
472,2 475,1<<35%>>/2 484,2 486,1<where sought> 487,1/2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1 490,1 491,1/1&2<usually both, abundant> 492,2<5 species, 4
genera> 496<often>,1 497,1 498,3<a> 520,2<a few>/3-4 521<pantropical and
subtropical> 522,2&4&5&6&7&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10, 13, 17,
29, 33 (or more)> 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13
577,50 578,290 579,33 580<\i{}Abronia\i0{}, \i{}Acleisanthes\i0{},
\i{}Allionia\i0{}, \i{}Ammocodon\i0{}, \i{}Andradea\i0{},
\i{}Anulocaulis\i0{}, \i{}Belemia\i0{}, \i{}Boerhavia\i0{},
\i{}Bougainvillea\i0{}, \i{}Caribea\i0{}, \i{}Cephalotomandra\i0{},
\i{}Colignonia\i0{}, \i{}Commicarpus\i0{}, \i{}Cryptocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Cuscatlania\i0{}, \i{}Cyphomeris\i0{}, \i{}Guapira\i0{},
\i{}Grajalesia\i0{}, \i{}Izabalaea\i0{}, \i{}Leucaster\i0{},
\i{}Mirabilis\i0{}, \i{}Neea\i0{}, \i{}Neeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Nyctaginia\i0{},
\i{}Okenia\i0{}, \i{}Phaeoptilum\i0{}, \i{}Pisonia\i0{},
\i{}Pisoniella\i0{}, \i{}Ramisia\i0{}, \i{}Reichenbachia\i0{},
\i{}Salpianthus\i0{}, \i{}Selinocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Tripterocalyx\i0{}> 582<A
few popular ornamentals, e.g. the annual \i{}Mirabilis\i0{} and the
subtropical vine \i{}Bougainvillea\i0{}.> 586<nyctagin> 
 
# Nymphaeaceae <Salisb.>/
3<\i{}Nupharaceae\i0{} Nak.> 4<\i{}Barclayaceae\i0{}, \i{}Cabombaceae\i0{},
\i{}Euryalaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5 6,1 21,3 25,3 27,- 32,1 34,2 35,3
38,3-4 39,1 40,1 45,1 53,1 54<usually more or less>,1/- 60,2 62<usually
more or less>,9 64<basically>,3 65,1 66<usually>,2 68,1<the stipules
median-axillary>/2 81,2 87,1<these articulated> 88,1&2&3&4&5 90,U 92,1
102,1 103,1<the upper surface> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<the latter mucilaginous,
with an enlarged terminal cell> 108,2 110,1 111,2 122,1<these branched>
128,2 130,2<\i{}Nymphaea\i0{}> 134,1/2 141,- 143,4 148,1<the scattered
vascular bundles closed, monocotyledon-like, lacking sclerenchyma> 151,2
159,1<with spiral or annular thickenings> 173,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
187,1 203,4 205<often>,1/- 206,1 213,2 214,1&2 218,2 223,1<e.g.
\i{}Nymphaea\i0{}, according to the usual
interpretation>/4<\i{}Nuphar\i0{}> 224,5/20-50<many> 225,1 226,- 227,-
229,U 236<as commonly interpreted>,4/5 239,1 251,1
254,5<\i{}Nuphar\i0{}>/15-50<many, showy> 258,1 265,1 278,40-80 279,-
281,1 282,1 285,1 287<spiralled> 289,2<with transition from petals to
stamens> 290,11-20<in the form of nectariferous scales, in \i{}Nuphar\i0{}>
291,1 293<in \i{}Nuphar\i0{},>,1 295,40-80 303,2/1/3<in sequence> 306,4
308,2 309,3 310,3 311<locule number?> 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2
322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1/4 337,1 339,5-35 342,5-35 343,3 344,6 345,1-2
352,2 353,5-35 376<more or less>,4<or ovules more or less scattered>/-
379,10-100<i.e. many> 385,1/2 386,1/3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396<very>,1 397,1 400,1 403,2 404,1 409,1/2/3<irregularly so,
\i{}Nuphar\i0{}> 410<in \i{}Nuphar\i0{},>,5-35<?> 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,6 413,1 422,1 425,1 433,1/2 435,1<2/2> 436,1 447,2 458,U
461,1 462<\i{}Nuphar\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Brasenia\i0{}, \i{}Nuphar\i0{},
\i{}Nymphaea\i0{}> 468,2 472,2 475,1<usually <80%>>/2 484,2 487,2 488,1/2
489,1/2 490,1/2<\i{}Nuphar\i0{}> 491<in \i{}Nymphaea\i0{},>,1&2/3 492,1<one
\i{}Nymphaea\i0{} sample>/2<\i{}Nymphaea capensis\i0{}, \i{}Nuphar
lutea\i0{}> 495,2 497,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except in frigid zones>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,2 532,2 565,1 566,6
572,2 574,2 577,3 578,75 579,3 580<\i{}Nymphaea\i0{}, \i{}Nuphar\i0{},
\i{}Ondinea\i0{} (= \i{}Nymphaea\i0{}?)> 581<The Metcalfe and Chalk 
(1965) account of
\i{}Nymphaeaceae\i0{} sensu lato consulted here does not permit satisfactory
anatomical treatment of the sensu stricto families.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The Water Lilies, white and yellow flowers,
\line{}How beautiful they are upon the lake! \line{}(John Clare 1841, The
Water Lilies  \i{}Nymphaea alba\i0{})> 586<nymphaea> 
 
# Nyssaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{} p.p.> 5,1<mostly>/3 37,1 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2
65,1 68,2 76,1/4 85,1 86,2 90,U 92,1<with a single palisade layer> 101,1
102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<at least in \i{}Nyssa\i0{},>,3 106,1 107,2/1&2<? -
not of the unicellular and 2armed type common in \i{}Cornaceae\i0{}, the
glandular hairs unicellular> 122,1<these traversing the width of the
lamina> 123,1 124,2<only, in \i{}Nyssa\i0{}>/2&3<\i{}Camptotheca\i0{}>
127,1<via thin walled parenchyma> 134,1 137,2 139,1 140,2<where observed,
in \i{}Nyssa\i0{}> 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3
153,1 154,1&2&3<the latter short> 155,2 156,2 157,2 158,1/2 161,1 162,1/2
163,2 164,2 165,1 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1&2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5/8<?>
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,2/4/5 192,2 195<pedunculate heads, short
racemes or compact umbels, or sometimes reduced to a single flower> 197,U
203,2 206,1/2 213,1 218,2 223,1<more or less>/3<the calyx sometimes
virtually obsolete> 224,5/10(-15) 227,1/2 229,U 236<minutely>,5<toothed, or
reduced to an irregularly toothed rim>/- 239<when pronounced, slightly>,3
240,1/2/3/4 245,1/3 251,4 254,(4-)5(-8) 258,1<the petals small> 265<more or
less>,3<\i{}Camptotheca\i0{}>/1 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in
staminate and hermaphrodite flowers>,(8-)10(-16) 282,1 285,1 287,2(-3)
289,1/2<some of the members sometimes imperfect in hermaphrodite flowers>
295,(8-)10(-15) 298,2-3 299,1<in male flowers>/2<in hermaphrodite flowers>
303,3<the filaments elongate-subulate, the anthers small> 306,2 309,3
310,2/3 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,(1-)2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3<but sometimes pseudomonomerous> 344,4-5 345,3
352,1/2 353,1/2<sometimes, in \i{}Nyssa\i0{}> 359,1<large, pulviniform>
360,2 361,1-2 363,2 365,1 368,1-2 375<when pseudomenomerous,>,2-3 376<when
bilocular,>,2-3 381,1 382,2 383,1 386,3 387,2 388,1-2 390,1 400,1 404,1
409,2 412,7/10<obovate, compressed, drupaceous to subsamaroid>
415,2<12-loculed, these each opening apically by a triangular,
apical-adaxial valve on germination> 421,1 422<fairly copiously>,1
424,1<and also with hemicellulose> 432,3<and rather large> 433,2 436,1
447,1 469,1 472,2 475,1<\i{}Camptotheca\i0{}>/2<3 species> 484,1
485,1<+seco> 488,2 492,1 495,2<but accumulating cobalt> 504,1 505,1 507,3&4
520,2-4 521<Southeast and Eastern Asia, Eastern U.S.A.> 522,4&9&12
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 21, 22> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2
574,15 577,51<as a synonym of \i{}Cornaceae\i0{}> 578,10 579,2
580<\i{}Camptotheca\i0{}, \i{}Nyssa\i0{}> 581<See Eyde (1988). Differing
from \i{}Cornaceae\i0{} in the racemose inflorescences, more numerous
stamens and epitropous ovules, and with the compiled data offering assorted
differences in leaf and stem anatomy as well.> 586<nyssacea> 
 
# Oceanopapaveraceae <auct., \i{}nomen nudum\i0{}>/
2<\i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} (cf.
\i{}Corchorus\i0{}), etc.> 5<virgate>,3<with leaves clustered on
short-shoots> 7,2 22,2 24<to>,1 31,1 32,4 36,2 37,1 38,2<about 526 mm
long> 39,1 40,1 42,1 43,2 44,2 45<very shortly>,1 47,2 50,1 53,1 55,2
60,1-2<usually more or less lobed or lobulate> 61,2 62,3 63<usually more or
less>,1 64,1 66,5 68,1 69,2 70,1 73<small, subulate> 74,1<leaving scars>
76,1 77,1 81,2 92,1 99,2 100,2 101,2 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1
107,2/1&2 108,1&2 109,2 110,1&2 111,1&2 112,1 113,4<always present>/2&4
115,2 116,2<but exhibiting elongated secretory cells with dark-staining
contents (interpreted as myrosin cells by Schmid \i{}et al\i0{}.), in
several rows abaxial to the midvein> 121,1<and seemingly the epidermis as
well> 123<seemingly>,2 125,1 131,1 132,1 137,1<the pith containing a
single, large secretory canal> 138,3<?> 141,1 143,2 144,1 148,2 150,3 152,3
155,2 156,3 157,2 161,2 162,1<and vasicentric tracheids> 165,1&2<with
apotracheal bands recorded only in the later years of growth> 166,1 168,1
169,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 180,2 181,1 182,1<trichomic> 183,2<from cavities
axillary to the petals> 184,2/3/4<?> 186,2 187,1&2 188<when solitary,>,2
189<when clustered,>,2 192,2 194,2<to the leaves of either long- or
short-shoots> 195<mostly comprising shortly pedunculate clusters of 23
flowers> 200,1<the bracts very short, linear, subulate> 202,2 203,2-3<about
710 mm long> 206,1 213,1 215,2 216,1 217,2 218,2 220,2 223,1
224,8<usually>/10<sometimes> 225,1 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4(-5) 238,1 239,1
245,3 246,3 247,2 248,2 251,3 254,4(-5) 255,1 257,1<the petals each with a
basal-adaxial, hairy cushion or scale> 258,1 265,1&6 267,3 268,3 269,1
271,2 273,2 274<slightly>,1 275,4<with slightly iregular margins> 276,1
278,30-42-50<(30)4050, fewer in pentamerous flowers> 279,1<with 4(5)
trunk bundles> 281,2 282,1 284,1 285,1<i.e., not detectably bundled> 287,1
289,1 295,30-42-50<(30)4050, fewer in pentamerous flowers> 298,5 300,3
302,1 303,3<the filaments filiform> 305,1 306,1 308,1<?> 309,3 312,2 315,1
317,1 322,2 324,2 326,2 328,1 329,3 330<(tri-)>,8 333,3 334,1 337,1 338,1
339,2(-3) 341,1 342,1/2/3/1&2/1&3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2/1&2
353,2/3/1&2/1&3<2(3) plurilocular above and below, but in the placental
region unilocular to plurilocular or only plurilocular> 358<very
shortly>,3/1-2 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,3 367,1 368,1 369,1
370<slightly>,2/2(-3)<?> 371,1 372,2 373,2 375<when/\fs2{} \fs24{}where
unilocular,>,2<Schmid \i{}et al.\i0{}s illustration of a mid-carpellary
section shows a unilocular ovary with two deeply intrusive parietal
placentae> 376<when/\fs2{} \fs24{}where bilocular>,2/2&4 377,1 378,10-20
379,4-9<?  about 7> 380,1 381,1 382,2 383,1/2<?> 384,2/4 385,2
386,3<Tirel \i{}et al\i0{}.>/4<Schmid \i{}et al\i0{}.> 387,3 388,2 389,1
400,1 404,2 409,1<wekly>/2/4<?  elongated, deeply torulose and lomentlike,
but breakup/\fs2{} \fs24{}dehiscence not recorded in life  valvular
dehiscence limited to the fruit apex seems to have been seen only in
herbarium specimens> 412,2/5<?> 419,1/3<?> 421,1-7(-12)<with 1 pendent seed
in each segment> 422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 424,1 426,2<about 1.6 mm long>
430,2 431,U 433,2<with numerous secretory cells> 434,1 436,1 437,- 439,2
440,1 442,2 443,2/4 461,1 466,2 471,2<if the secretory elements are not
really myrosin cells> 475,2 504,2 506,5 520,4 521<New Caledonia> 522,11
524<2\i{}n\i0{}=14> 525,7 527,1 528,1 529,6/7<?> 536<if Malviflorae,>,3
537<if Violiflorae,>,4 565,4 569,6/8<?> 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,68<? -
presumably Malvales or Brassicales> 578,1<\i{}Oceanopapaver
neocaledonicum\i0{} Guillaumin> 579,1 580<\i{}Oceanopapaver\i0{} only>
581<Variously assigned to \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{} or \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{},
formerly sometimes to \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} or \i{}Cistaceae\i0{}. This
description (organized at Una Smiths instigation by her and Les Watson) is
taken mainly from the detailed account and illustrations of Schmid \i{}et
al\i0{}. (1984, who confidently referred it to \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}),
plus Geesink \i{}et al\i0{} (1981), Tirel (1996), and Tirel &
Lobreau-Callen (1996). However, the monospecific genus
\i{}Oceanopapaver\i0{} has more recently been synonymized, with the support
of dubious evidence from chloroplast DNA sequences, under
\i{}Corchorus\i0{} in the \i{}Malvaceae\i0{}-Grewioideae!.> 586<oceanopa> 
 
# Ochnaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Euthemidaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Lophiraceae\i0{} Endl.,
\i{}Luxemburgiaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Sauvagesiaceae\i0{} Dum.,
\i{}Simabaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.), \i{}Wallaceaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.>
4<\i{}Diegodendraceae\i0{}, \i{}Medusagynaceae\i0{}, \i{}Quiinaceae\i0{},
\i{}Strasburgeriaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<mostly>/5<<10%> few> 32,3 37,1 39,1
43,1/2 45,1 47,2 53,1<mostly>/2<<10%>> 54<mostly racemose or paniculate>
56<rarely (i.e. when compound)>,4<\i{}Godoya\i0{}> 64,2<usually with
numerous parallel laterals> 65,1 68,1 76,1/3/4 81,2 90,U
92,1<usually>/2<e.g., in \i{}Ouratea\i0{}> 101,1/2 102,1 103,1/2<mainly
adaxial> 104,1/3 106,1/2 107<when present,>,1<mostly>/1&2<e.g., glandular
shaggy hairs recorded on leaf teeth of \i{}Lavradia\i0{}> 108,1/2 110,1/2
115,1/2 122,1<sometimes, forming a continuous subepidermal layer>/2
123<usually>,1 124,2<mostly>/3<not uncommonly> 130,2<\i{}Ochna\i0{}>
133,1<commonly>/2 137,1<commonly with sacs or passages or sometimes
secretory cells in cortex or pith> 138,3 139,1 140,2 141,3/5 143,1 144,1
146<nearly always>,1 147,1<sometimes>/2 148,2 152,3 153,1<mostly>/2-3<in a
few genera> 154,1/2-3/5<rarely> 156,3/2&3 157,1/2 158,2 159,1/2
160,1<rarely>/2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165,1/2 166,1/2 169,3
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1&8&7&2&5 192,1/2 194,1/2 206,1<usually, more
or less>/2 209<when manifest>,2 216,1/3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,(7-)10(-20)
226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,(3-)5(-10) 238,1 239,1/3<at the base> 251,1
254,(4-)5(-10)<from as many as to twice the calyx> 255,1 258,1
265,1<rarely>/2<usually> 267,3 274,1-2 278,5/10/11-100<usually many>
279,1<then associated with 5 trunk bundles>/2 280,1/2 281<when many,>,1
282,1 285,1/2<stamens sometimes in bundles, the staminodes sometimes
connate into a tube> 286<when bundled,>,5 287,1-5 289,1/2 290<when
present,>,5-25 293,1/2/1&2 295,5/10/11-100<<75%> usually many>
298,2-3<sometimes>/4-5<<75%> usually> 306,2 309,1<usually>/3<<10%>> 312,2
315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 322,2 328,1 329,3 330<mostly>,8 337,1 339,2-15
341,2/3 342,1/2-15 343,3 344,6<but then deeply lobed, the carpels free
above>/7 345,1 350<when ovaries free,>,1-50<to many> 351,2 352,1/2
353<when the ovaries joined,>,1/2-5<unilocular or becoming more or less
completely 2 to 15 locular by ingrowth of the placentas> 360<long>,2 361,1
364,2 365,3<inserted deeply between the lobes> 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2/4
379,1<\i{}Ochna\i0{} etc.>/2<\i{}Euthemis\i0{}>/5-50<many, e.g.
\i{}Godoya\i0{}> 381,3<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 382,1<usually <95%>>/2
383<always>,1 385,2 386,3-4 387,2-3 388,1 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3<large> 395,2 397<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 404,1/2 409,1/2/3
410<when schizocarpic,>,3-10 411,7<the one-seeded drupelets, whorled on the
gynophore> 412,1/2/6/7 414,4 422,1/2 424,1/2 429,1<often>/2 433,2
436,1<usually>/2 447,1/2 472,2 475,2<2 species> 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1
490,2 492,2 495,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7<?>, 12, 14> 527,1 528<dubiously>,1 529,8 538,1 565,4
569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,600 579<about>,35
580<\i{}Adenanthe\i0{}, \i{}Adenarake\i0{}, \i{}Blastemanthus\i0{},
\i{}Brackenridgea\i0{}, \i{}Campylospermum\i0{}, \i{}Cespedesia\i0{},
\i{}Elvasia\i0{}, \i{}Euthemis\i0{}, \i{}Fleurydora\i0{}, \i{}Godoya\i0{},
\i{}Gomphia\i0{}, \i{}Idertia\i0{}, \i{}Indosinia\i0{},
\i{}Indovethia\i0{}, \i{}Krukoviella\i0{}, \i{}Lophira\i0{},
\i{}Lavradia,\i0{} \i{}Luxemburgia\i0{}, \i{}Ochna\i0{}, \i{}Ouratea\i0{},
\i{}Perissocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Philacra\i0{}, \i{}Poecilandra\i0{},
\i{}Rhabdophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Rhytidanthera\i0{}, \i{}Sauvagesia\i0{},
\i{}Schuurmansia\i0{}, \i{}Schuurmansiella\i0{}, \i{}Sinia\i0{},
\i{}Testulea\i0{}, \i{}Tyleria\i0{}, \i{}Wallacea\i0{}> 
581<Airy Shaw's succinct 1973 summary of ochnaceous androecia merely 
hints at the difficulty of compiling comparative data for a family 
description: "A 5, 10 or even many, hypogynous or on an elongated axis 
(which in some genera swells under the fruit.")>
586<ochnacea> 
 
# Octoknemaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Olacaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 39,1 43,U 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1
90,U 92,1<the adaxial mesophyll more compact> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1
106,1 108,2 112,1 113,2<or fasciculate> 133,1/2 134,1/2 135,2<with groups
of stone cells> 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3
153,1/2 154,1&2&3 156,3 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2
165<absent> 167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1 179,1-2 187,2 189,2 192,2
194,2 206,1 213,1 218,2 223,1/4 224,5/10 226,1/2 227<when both calyx and
corolla present,>,1/- 229,U 236<when developed,>,5<but often obsolete>
239,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,3 267,3 272,1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<of
male flowers,>,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,1
300,2 306,2 309,3 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5-6 345,3 352,1 353<essentially>,1<the
threadlike placenta reaching and adnate to the top of the ovary, cf.
\i{}Medusandraceae\i0{}> 359,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 366,1<short and thick>
368,3<these broadly reflexed and irregularly lobulate> 375,3 378,3 381,1
386,3 393,1 394,3 395,2 397<beaked> 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2 421,1 422,1
423<slightly>,1 432,3<small> 433,2<much shorter than the radicle>
495,1<<100%> in all three species examined> 504,2 506,1 509,3 520,4
521<West tropical Africa> 522,6 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1
573,2 574,14 577,49<as a synonym of \i{}Olacaceae\i0{}> 578,8 579,1
580<\i{}Octoknema\i0{}> 581<This description is very inadequate: mostly
quoted from Airy Shaw (1973), and differing considerably from that of
Hutchinson (1960). Supposedly distinguishable from \i{}Olacaceae\i0{} by
almost obsolete or free sepals, fully inferior ovary with apical
placentation, and somewhat ruminate endosperm.> 586<octoknem> 
 
# Olacaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Aptandraceae\i0{} Miers, \i{}Cathedraceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Chaunochitaceae\i0{} (\i{}Chaunochitonaceae\i0{}) Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Coulaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh. ex Solander, \i{}Harmandiaceae\i0{} Van
Tiegh., \i{}Heisteriaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Schoepfiaceae\i0{} Blume,
\i{}Scorodocarpaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Strombosiaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Tetrastylidaceae\i0{} Van Tieghem., \i{}Ximeniaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.>
4<\i{}Octoknemaceae\i0{}, \i{}Erythropalaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3&4 6,1/3 8,1/2
13,U 15,1/2 16<when parasitic,>,2 17,1 18,1<when parasitic> 27,1/3 31,1
32,3/4 39,1 40,2<commonly>/1 43,1-2 45,1/2-3 47,2 50,1/2 51,1/2/3 53,1 60,2
64,1/2 65,1 68,2 76,1 87,1<these articulated or non-articulated>/2 90,U
92,1<usually>/3<rarely> 103<variously>,1/2 104,3<rarely>/1<?>/-
106,1<mostly simple, but dendritic forms recorded in Couleae> 116,1<in
Coulieae>/2 117,3 118,1 122,1<spicular fibres>/2 137,1<Coulieae>/2 138,2
139,1 140,2 141,1/3/5<rarely> 144,1 148,2 152,3 153,1<to very small>/2
154,1/1&2&3 156,2/3<usually> 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,1<rarely>/2 161,1/2
162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165,1<typically, exclusively
so>/2<\i{}Schoepfia\i0{}> 169,2/3 175,1/2&3/1/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5 187,1<in
\i{}Olax\i0{}>/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,8&2&4 194,2
203,2 206,1 213,1 218,1/2 220,1 222,2 223,1<but the calyx lobes reduced>
224,6-12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,3-6 238,1 239,3 240,1/2/3/4 244,1 245,3
247,1/2 248,1 249,1<often>/2 251,1/4 254,3-6 255,1 258,1/3<basally, rarely
forming a long tube> 265,3 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,3-6/6-12/9-18
280,2 282,1/2<to the corolla> 285,1/2 286<sometimes>,1<the filaments united
basally> 287,1 289,1/2 295,3-18 298,1-5 299,1<when as many as C>/2
300,1/2/3<?> 306,2 308,1/2 309,1/2/3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3
320,2 322,2 328,1 329,3/3-4(-5)/6-8 330,6/7/8/9 337,1<in \i{}Olax\i0{} and
\i{}Ximenia\i0{}> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-5) 341,2/1
342,1/(2-)3(-5) 343,3 344,5/6 345,1<usually>/2 352,1/2
353,(2-)3(-5)<basally sometimes unilocular above>/1 360,2 361,1 365,1
370,2-5 375<when unilocular,>,5 376<when plurilocular,>,2/2-3 378<when
unilocular,>,(2-)3(-5) 379,1 381,1 386,3 387,1/2/3 388,1/3 391,1/2 392,1
393,1 394,1-3 395,2 396,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,1/3 401,1
402,1 404,1/2 409,2 412,7/8 413,2/3/4 422,1 424,1 433,2-6 435,1<1/2> 436,1
447,1/2 472,1/2 475,1<<20%>>/2<mostly> 484,2 487,2<usually> 495,2<with
\i{}Octoknema\i0{} excluded> 520,3-4 521<pantropical and subtropical>
522,2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 19, 20> 527,1 528,1
529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2 574,14 577,49 578,250 579,25
580<\i{}Anacolosa\i0{}, \i{}Aptandra\i0{}, \i{}Brachynema\i0{},
\i{}Cathedra\i0{}, \i{}Chaunochiton\i0{}, \i{}Coula\i0{},
\i{}Curupira\i0{}, \i{}Diogoa\i0{}, \i{}Douradoa\i0{}, \i{}Dulacia\i0{},
\i{}Harmandia\i0{}, \i{}Heisteria\i0{}, \i{}Malania\i0{},
\i{}Minquartia\i0{}, \i{}Ochanostachys\i0{}, \i{}Olax\i0{},
\i{}Ongokea\i0{}, \i{}Phanerodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Ptychopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Schoepfia\i0{}, \i{}Scorodocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Strombosia\i0{},
\i{}Strombosiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tetrastylidium\i0{}, \i{}Ximenia\i0{}>
582<Edible fruit from \i{}Ximenia\i0{} (false sandalwood, hog-plum).>
586<olacacea> 
 
# Oleaceae <Hoffmgg. & Link>/
3<\i{}Bolivariaceae\i0{} Griseb., \i{}Forstiereae\i0{}
(\i{}Forstieraceae\i0{}) Endl., \i{}Fraxineae\i0{} (\i{}Fraxinaceae\i0{})
S.F. Gray, \i{}Iasmineae\i0{} (\i{}Iasminaceae\i0{}) Link,
\i{}Jasmineae\i0{} (\i{}Jasminaceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Lilacaceae\i0{}
Ventenat, \i{}Nyctantheae\i0{} (\i{}Nyctanthaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Syringaceae\i0{} Horan.> 5,1&3/4<sometimes> 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1/6
29<\i{}Jasminum\i0{}>,2 31,1 32,3 37,2<often>/1 39,2<<90%> nearly always>/1
40<e.g. in some \i{}Jasminum\i0{} spp.,>,1 45,1 47,2 53,1/2 
56<when compound>,3/4 57<when
pinnate,>,1 60<when simple>,1/2 64,2<mostly>/3<rarely>
65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4 78,1 81,2
85,1<recorded in numerous species representing 6 genera> 86,1/2/3 90,U 92,1
103,1<being mostly or exclusively abaxial> 104<usually>,1 106,1<consisting
for the most part of peltate trichomes, which are sometimes flandular and
may appear as transparent or sunken dots in the leaves> 107,1/2 112,1
113<usually>,1<each comprising a unicellular stalk and an apical shield
with exclusively vertical divisions> 115,1<rarely>/2 119,1<in
\i{}Nyctanthes\i0{}?>/2 122,1<often>/2 123,1 124,3<these small and
acicular, in epidermis and/or mesophyll> 130,2<7 genera> 135,1/2 137,2
139,1 140,1<rarely>/2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,1<very rarely?>/2 147,2
148,2 150,3 152,1-3 153,1<typically, sometimes extremely so>/2<in
\i{}Linociera\i0{}> 154<variously>,1-2/3/4/5 156,2<usually>/2&3<a few cross
bars occasionally seen> 157,1/2 158,1 159,1/2 160,1<in several genera>/2
161,1<in several genera>/2 162,1<commonly>/2 163<at least sometimes>,1/2<?>
164,1/2 165,2<typically>/1<occasionally diffuse, or absent>/- 167,2 169,3
170,1/2 175,1<usually>/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/8 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,2/7/8 192,1 200,1/2 205<often>,1 206,1/2/- 209,1
212<usually>,2-6/-
215,1/2 218,2 220,1<around G>/2 221,2 223,1<usually>/3<the corolla
sometimes lacking> 224<typically>,8<-27> 226,2<usually>/1 227,1 
229,U 236,4(-15)<sometimes cupular and only obscurely dentate>/-
238,1 239,3 240,1<sometimes, at least almost, e.g. in 
\i{}Ligustrum\i0{}>/2/3/4 245,3 251<when not entire,>,3/- 254<when present
(i.e. usually)>,4(-12) 255,1 258,1<rarely, more or less>/3 265,1/3<or
induplicate-valvate>/2 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,2<usually>/4<rarely> 280,2 282,2<to the corolla>/1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,2<usually>/4 298,1<usually>/2 299,2 303,3/4
306,1/2 309,3 310,3 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/4/5
320,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,6/8<colporoidate, occasionally
rupate> 337,1<in 6 genera>/2<in \i{}Fontanesia\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,2 353,2 356,1/3/2 360,2 361,1
365,1 370,2 372,2 373,1/2 374,2 376,2 379,(1-)2(-50)<usually two, but
Jasminoideae with 1, 4 or many> 381,1/3 383,3 384<usually>,1 385,2
386,3/5 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1/2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,1
403,3/4<?> 404,1/2 409,1/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2 411,5 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,1/6/7 414,5 421,1-4 422,1/2 424,1 432,1<in \i{}Fraxinus
excelsior\i0{}>/2-3<?> 433,2 435,2<5/12> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Ligustrum\i0{}, \i{}Syringa\i0{}> 469,2/3<and sucrose nowhere
predominating, in the 6 genera sampled> 472,2 475,1<commonly <40%>>/2
481,1<4 genera> 482,1<\i{}Forsythia\i0{}> 483,2 484,1 485,1<normal and
seco> 487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491,2/1&2 492,2<8 genera, species> 494,1 495,2
520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, save in frigid regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10, 11, 13, 14,
23, 24> 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,2 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3
577,60 578,900 579<about>,25 580<\i{}Abeliophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Chionanthus\i0{}, \i{}Comoranthus\i0{}, \i{}Fontanesia\i0{},
\i{}Forestiera\i0{}, \i{}Forsythia\i0{}, \i{}Fraxinus\i0{},
\i{}Haenianthus\i0{}, \i{}Hesperelaea\i0{}, \i{}Jasminum\i0{},
\i{}Ligustrum\i0{}, \i{}Linociera\i0{}, \i{}Menodora\i0{},
\i{}Myxopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Nestegis\i0{}, \i{}Noronhia\i0{},
\i{}Noronhia\i0{}, \i{}Notelaea\i0{}, \i{}Nyctanthes\i0{}, \i{}Olea\i0{},
\i{}Osmanthus\i0{}, \i{}Phyllyrea\i0{}, \i{}Picconia\i0{},
\i{}Schrebera\i0{}, \i{}Syringa\i0{} \i{}Tessarandra\i0{}> 581<See Johnson
1957.> 582<Edible fruit and edible and medicinal olive oil from \i{}Olea
europaea\i0{}, cultivated trees and shrubs, timber trees
(\i{}Jasminum\i0{}, \i{}Osmanthus\i0{}, \i{}Forsythia\i0{},
\i{}Syringa\i0{}, \i{}Ligustrum\i0{}, \i{}Fraxinus\i0{}, etc.)> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O let me twine \line{}Mine arms about that body,
where against \line{}My graind ash a thousand times hath broke
\line{}(Corialanus, iv., 5) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}If you will know my
house, \line{}Tis at the tuft of olives here hard by \line{}(As You Like
It, iii., 5 - in England, poets licence?) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Life
(priest and poet say) is but a dream; \line{}I wish no happier one than to
be laid \line{}Beneath a cool syringas scented shade \line{}(Walter Savage
Landor, The Dragonfly) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The lighter ash but half
obstructs the view \line{}Leaving grey openings where the light looks
through \line{}(John Clare, fragment before 1856  \i{}Fraxinus
excelsior\i0{}, contrasted with elm q.v.) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O were my
love yon lilac fair, \line{}Wi purple blossoms to the spring
\line{}(Robert Burns) > 586<oleaceae> 
 
# Oliniaceae <Arn. ex Sond.>/
2<\i{}Penaeaceae\i0{}.> 5<much branched, small>,1/3 39,2 43,U 53,1 60,2
64,2 68<vestigially>,1/2 76,1 85,1<found in \i{}Olinia\i0{}> 86,1 90,U
102,1 104,1&3&6 106,1 107,2 108,1 123,1 124,3 131,1/3 139,1 140,2 141,1
143,1 144,2 145,1 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,1 154,2&3<in numerous small
multiples> 155,2 156,3 157,1 159,2 161,2 162,1 163,1 164,2 165<scanty>,2
166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 192,1 194,1/2 203,2 206,1 212,4-5
213,1 218,1 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5<represented only by a
narrow rim on the hypanthium> 238,1 239<more or less>,1 240<usually more or
less 45>,2/3/4 245,3 248,2<deciduous> 254,4/5 255,1 256,1<facilitating the
identification of the latter> 258,1 265,1 267,3 274<spathulate>
278,8-10/12-15 282,1<on the hypanthium> 284,2 285,1 287,2/3 289,2 290,4-10
291,1 293,1/2<comprising a set of hairy, incurved, scalelike, coloured or
white antesepalous members alternating with the petals and on the same
radii as the fertile stamens, and a set of small antepetalous staminodes
(which may be obsolete) alternating with them> 295,4/5 298,2 299,2 300,1
303,3<the filaments short, recurved> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 311,2<the
thecae distinctly separated on the thickened connective> 315,1 320,1
322,2<?> 324,2 328,1 329,3/6 330,8/6&8<the colpi alternating with three
pseudocolpoid grooves> 339,(3-)4/5 341,1-2 342,(3-)4-5 343,3 344,6 345,3
352,2 353,(3-)4/5 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,2 379,(2-)3 381,1 382,1
384,2 386,2 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 393,1 394,3<small> 395,2 396,1 397,1
400,2 404,1 409,2 412,7<or rather, inferior-drupaceous> 415,2<one seed in
each locule> 421,3-5 422,2 432,3 433,2<spirally twisted or irregularly
folded> 472,1 473,2 495,2 504,2&4 506,1 509,3 520,3-4 521<West and South
Africa> 522,6&7 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym of \i{}Penaeaceae\i0{}?>
578,10 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Olinia\i0{}> 581<Conspicuously different
from \i{}Penaeaceae\i0{} in the perianth, gynoecium, ovule and fruit; see
also the compiled data on leaf and stem anatomy, and cytology.>
586<oliniace> 
 
# Onagraceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Circaeaceae\i0{} Lindl., \i{}Epilobiaceae\i0{} Ventenat,
\i{}Jussieuaceae\i0{} Drude, \i{}Oenothereae\i0{} (\i{}Oenotheraceae\i0{})
Endl., \i{}Onagrariaceae\i0{} Dulac> 5,3&5/1<rarely, to 30 m> 7,1/2
21,1/2/3 22,1/2 32,1/2/3 34<when hydrophytic (\i{}Ludwigia\i0{}),>,2 35<of
\i{}Ludwigia\i0{}>,2&3 39,1/2/3 40<when alternate,>,1 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 55,2
60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,1/2 69<when present,>,2 70,1 74,1
81,2 90,U 92,1/3 101,1/2 103,1<then usually abaxial, but occasionally
adaxial>/2 104,2/4/6 106,1 107<all or mostly>,1<?> 108<nearly always
simple,>,1/2 109,2<variously shaped, often clavate> 110<long or short>,1
111,2 112,2 116,1<occasionally>/2 122,2 123,1 124,1<very commonly, these
sometimes accompanied or replaced by mucilage>/2/1&2 130,2<6 genera>
135<often becoming hollow> 139,1 140,1 141,1 143,1 144<usually>,2
145<usually>,1 146,2 147,2 148,2/3 149,1<?>/2 150,3 152,3 153<very to
moderately>,1 154,1&2&3&4 155,1-2 156,3<usually>/1<rarely> 157,1/2 158,2
161,2 162,1 163<at least sometimes>,1/2<?> 164,2 165<very scanty>,2
167,1<commonly>/2 169,2 170,1/2 175,1<usually>/2/3 176,1<rarely>/2
177,1<usually>/2<occasionally, e.g. in \i{}Fuchsia\i0{}> 184,1/2 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,8/2/3 194,1/2 203,2-4 206,1-3 212,(2-)4(-7) 213,1
215,1/2/3 218<usually>,1<usually elongated> 223,1<usually>/3<the corolla
sometimes absent> 224,4-8(-14) 226,1/2 227,1 229,U 236,(2-)4(-7) 238,1
239,3 240,3 251<lobes>,3 254,(2-)4(-7)<rarely absent> 255,1 258,1 265,1/2
268,3/6/7 274,1<often>/2 275<often>,2<or trilobed> 278,8<often>/8-10/4/2/1
282,2<to the hypanthium>/1<on the disk> 284,1/2 285,1 287,2<often>/1
289,1/2 290<when present,>,1/2-4 293,1<\i{}Lopezia\i0{}>/2 295,(1-)8(-10)
298,1<rarely>/2/3 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2 319,1 324,1/2
326,1<often>/2 327<when in aggregates,>,3 328,1 329,(2-)3(-6)
330,6/7<often>/8 337,1<in \i{}Clarkia\i0{}, \i{}Epilobium\i0{} and
\i{}Oenothera\i0{}> 339,4(-7) 341,2 342,2/4-7 343,3 344,5/6 345,3/2 352,2
353,4(-7)<when inferior  but the septa often imperfect below>/2<when
half-inferior> 359,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1-4 372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2/3/4
376,2/4 379,1-50<to many> 381,1/3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,8
393,2 397<with filiform apparatus> 399<commonly>,1 403,1 404,1<rarely>/2
409,1/2 412,1<usually>/6/8 414,5/4 421,2-100<usually many> 422,2
427,1<sometimes, with a tuft, in \i{}Epilobium\i0{}>/2 433,2 435,2<5/5>
436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Calylophus\i0{}, \i{}Epilobium\i0{},
\i{}Gaura\i0{}, \i{}Oenothera\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Calylophus\i0{},
\i{}Epilobium\i0{}, \i{}Gaura\i0{}, \i{}Oenothera\i0{}> 469,2<in
\i{}Hauya\i0{}> 472,1/2 475,2<32 species> 484,2 487,2 488,1<<9%> very
rarely>/2 489<in a species of \i{}Jussieua\i0{}>,2 490,1<usually>
491,2/1&2/2&3 492,1<11 species, 8 genera> 494,1 495,2 520,1-4
521<cosmopolitan, except in arid parts of Australia and Africa>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (6-)7(-18)>
525,11<?> 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2
577,41 578,640 579<about>,20 580<\i{}Boisduvallia\i0{},
\i{}Calylophus\i0{}, \i{}Camissonia\i0{}, \i{}Chamaenerion\i0{},
\i{}Circaea\i0{}, \i{}Clarkia\i0{}, \i{}Epilobium\i0{}, \i{}Eremothera\i0{},
\i{}Fuchsia\i0{}, \i{}Gaura\i0{}, \i{}Gayophytum\i0{},
\i{}Gongylocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Hauya\i0{}, \i{}Jussiaea\i0{} (=
\i{}Ludwigia\i0{}), \i{}Lopezia\i0{}, \i{}Ludwigia\i0{},
\i{}Oenothera\i0{}, \i{}Stenosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Xylonagra\i0{}> 582<Most
genera include species cultivated as ornamentals, with \i{}Fuchsia\i0{}
contributing many. \i{}Fuchsia\i0{} berries are edible and good.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The Conium there, her stalks bedroppd with red,
\line{}Rears, with Circaea, neighbour of the dead \line{}(Charlotte Smith,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Circaea lutetiana\i0{})>
586<onagrace> 
 
# Oncothecaceae <Kobuski ex Airy Shaw>/
5<small, crescent-shaped>,1/3 37,1 39,1<crowded towards the branch tips>
40,1 43,2 45,1-2 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,5 64,2 65,1 66,5 68,2 76,1/4<then only
minutely glandular-denticulate towards the apex> 90,U 92<more or
less>,2<bifacial> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1/3/4<nearly anomocytic, tending
to the others> 115,1 122,1 123,1 124,2 139,1 140,2<in the outer cortex>
141,4 148,2 155,2 156<exclusively>,2 159,1/2<the latter according to
Carpenter and Dickison> 161,1<according to Carpenter and Dickison>
165,1&2<diffuse to diffuse in aggregates, and scanty> 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,8<thyrsoid> 192,1 194,2<towards the branch tips> 195<in more or
less narrow axillary thyrses with angular rachides (Airy Shaw 1973), the
pedicels very short> 200<(one-)>,1<more or less sessile> 202<(bi-)>,1 203,2
206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220<seemingly>,2<never mentioned> 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<McPherson 1981> 245,3 248,1
251<much>,1<quincuncial> 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,1<the lobes rounded>
266<shortly>,4 267,3 272,2 274,2 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube>
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2<by contrast with \i{}Ebenaceae\i0{}>
300,1 303,3<the filaments short> 306,2<with a thick connective> 308,2 309,3
310,1 311,2 312<said to be>,1 313,1<\i{}O. balansae\i0{}>/2<\i{}O.
macrocarpa\i0{}> 314<of \i{}O. balansae\i0{}>,1<the connectives prolonged
and abruptly inflexed, the five thus forming a roof over the gynoecium>
324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,4<shortly five lobed,
each lobe ventrally stigmatic and imperfectly sealed> 345,1 352,2 353,5<and
five-grooved> 360<shortly>,2 361,5<short, recurved> 363,1 365,1 366,1 368,3
376,2-3 379,1-2 380<long>,1 381,1 382,2 384<when paired,>,1/- 385,2 386,3
387,2 388,2<?> 404,1 409,2 412,7<oblate-compressed, with thin flesh>
415,2<this very thick walled, 5locular> 421,2-5 422<copiously>,1 432,3
433,2(-3)<very short> 436,1 504,2 506,5 520,4 521<New Caledonia> 522,11
527,1 528,2<ovule dubiously crassinucellate, unitegmic; exstipulate,
gamopetalous, etc.> 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,57
578,2<\i{}Oncotheca humboldtiana\i0{}, \i{}O. balansae\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Oncotheca\i0{}> 581<See Carpenter and Dickison 1976.>
586<oncothec> 
 
# Opiliaceae <Valeton>/
3<\i{}Cansjeraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 5,1&3/4 13,U 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,1
27,1/3 32,3 39,1 47,2 53,1 60,2<turning a characteristic yellow-green on
drying> 64,2 65,1 68,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/3 103,1/2 104<at least
sometimes>,3 106<at least sometimes multicellular and branched>
119<commonly>,1<and similar ones in the parenchyma of the axes> 121,1/2
122,1<these branched, in the mesophyll> 123,2 139,1 140,2 143,1<?> 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153<moderately>,1 154<exclusively>,1/1&2&3<in
\i{}Opilia\i0{}> 156,3 157,2 158,2 159,1/2<\i{}Lepionurus\i0{}> 160,2
161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1/2 164,2 165,1<diffuse> 166,2 167,2 169,3
175,1<usually>/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5<infrequently> 187,2 189,2&8&3&5 194,2/6
203,2 205,1<at least sometimes>/3 206,1 212,4/5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1
222,1<alternating with the stamens> 223,1/3<the corolla usually absent in
female flowers> 224,4-5<female flowers>/8/10 226,1<female flowers>/2 227,1
229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,3 240,2<the lobes sometimes almost obsolete>/3
244,1 245,3 248,1 249,2 251,4 254,4/5 255,1 258,1/3<sometimes basally
connate> 260,3 265,3 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4/5 280,2 282,1/2<to
the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4/5 298,2 299<nearly always>,1 309,3
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<to
colporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2-5 341,1-2 342,1 343,3 344,6
345,1-2<sometimes half immersed in the disk> 352,1 353,1 360,1/2 364,1
365,1 366<when present,>,1 368,1 371<sometimes>,3 375,1/5 378,1
381,1<usually>/3<rarely, when basal> 385,2 386,3 387,1/2 388,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,1 401,1 402,1
404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2 421,1 422,1 424,1 428,2 432,3<though rather small>
433,(2-)3/4 439<lacking> 447,2 487,2 495<suggested by the yellowing of
dried leaves> 520,4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2
574,14 577,49 578,28 579,10 580<\i{}Agonandra\i0{}, \i{}Cansjera\i0{},
\i{}Champereia\i0{}, \i{}Gjellerupia\i0{}, \i{}Lepionurus\i0{},
\i{}Melientha\i0{}, \i{}Opilia\i0{}, \i{}Pentarhopalopilia\i0{},
\i{}Rhopalopilia\i0{}, \i{}Urobotrya\i0{}> 586<opiliace> 
 
# Orchidaceae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Orchidaceae\i0{}-Monandrae> 3<\i{}Limodoraceae\i0{} Horan.,
\i{}Thyridiaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Vanillaceae\i0{} Lindl.>
4<\i{}Apostasiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Cypripediaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<of diverse forms>
9,1/2/3<some producing but a single leaf, some achlorophyllous, three species
completely subterranean (\i{}Rhizanthella\i0{})> 10<sometimes>,1/3 
11<sometimes>,5 12,1/2/3<sometimes> 14,1<often>/2 15<usually at 
least ostensibly>,1/2 16<if "parasitic", initially endomycorrhizal 
as a 'protocorm', usually subsequently
becoming green and ectomycorrhizal>,1 17<when mature,>,1/2 21,3 22,1/2
25,2/3/4/5 27,1/2<predominantly>/3<many Vanilloideae>
32,2/3/4 37,1/2<commonly so in Orchidoideae> 38,2-4 39,1<usually>/2<<5%>
rarely>/3<<5%> rarely> 40,1/2 42,1/2/3/4 43,1/2/3/4 44,1/2 45,1 47,1 48,1
52,1/2 53,1 55<often jointed at the hase of the blade> 60,2
62<generally>,3/4/6/7 64,4<but rarely distally pseudo-palmate - e.g. in
\i{}Nervilia\i0{}>/- 65,1<<75%> usually>/2 66,1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8
76<usually>,1 82,1/2/6 90,1<in idioblastic stegmata, which are present
in the leaves of many genera> 92,1<at least mostly> 98,1/2<?> 102,1
104,1/3 121,1<with raphides>/2 123,1 124,1 128,1<but sought in only two
genera> 129,2 130,2<\i{}Epipactis\i0{}, \i{}Listera\i0{}> 148,1 151,1<in 9
of the 15 genera listed by Wagner, 1977>/2 156,2 171,1<in epiphytic
forms>/2 173,1<in the 4 genera where sought> 174,3<in \i{}Vanilla\i0{}, the
only genus recorded for this feature by Wagner 1977> 175,1 176,2
177<usually>,1 182,1<but no septal nectaries> 183,1/3<extrafloral nectaries
also widespread> 184,2<overwhelmingly, but the original description of the
monotypic genus \i{}Crybe\i0{} implies it may be cleistogamous> 186,1<in
great variety, with complex morphological adaptations to the behaviour of
pollinators, and often involving hygroscopic movements of pollinia> 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,8/2/3/4/5 192,2 193,1/2 194,1/2 203,2-4 205,1/3 206,3
207,1<the inner median member being generally enlarged and different in
colour, forming the characteristic \i{}labellum\i0{}  this being posterior
(adaxial) in origin, but usually appearing anterior (abaxial) through
torsion of the pedicel> 208,1<usually>/2<<20%> in \i{}Orthopenthea\i0{},
some species of \i{}Disa\i0{}, \i{}Anochilus\i0{}, \i{}Herschelianthe\i0{},
\i{}Prasophyllum\i0{}, etc.> 209,1&2 212,3 213,1 215<supposedly
basically>,3 219,2 223,5<<75%> usually>/1<the outer members sometimes
green> 224,6 225,1/2<two or more tepals often coherent at the base,
sometimes adherent to the gynoecium> 226,2 227,1<but zygomorphic> 228,2/1&2
229,1/2<<15%> occasionally> 235,2<25 genera> 236<(if the outer whorl be so
designated)>,3<the median member usually ostensibly posterior> 238,1
239,1/2/3 254<(i.e. the members of the inner whorl)>,3 258,1/2/3 265,1
270<(labellum)>,1<often>/2 278,3 282,1/2<via fusion of tepals and
gynostemium> 283,1<nearly always fused with the style to form a
gynostemium, except in rare cases when anthers and stigma are more or
less sessile> 285,2<via the gynostemium> 286,1 287<theoretically>,2 289,2
290,2<these morphologically anterior (usually ostensibly posterior),
supposedly the abaxial pair of the inner whorl> 291<theoretically>,3/-
295,1<this across the flower from the labellum, i.e. anterior but usually
ostensibly posterior, supposedly representing the outer whorl> 298,1
301,1<i.e. with reference to the single stamen, across the flower from the
labellum> 303,3/4 306,1-2 309,3 310,3 312,2 313,1/2 315,1 316,1/2 317,1
318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2<1 or 2> 321,3 322,2 324,1<<95%> usually>/2<monads
known in about 17 genera> 327<when in aggregates,>,3/5<the single grains or
tetrads held together by strands of sterile sporogenous material>
328,1<occasionally>/2 329<when aperturate,>,1/3-4<rarely> 330,1/3/5/7/9
337,1<in 14 genera> 339,3 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,3 352,1 353,1
357,2<away from the labellum> 360,2 361,1<inflexed> 365,1 367,1 368,1
370,3<but becoming much modified in form, the apex of the median lobe
forming the rostellum> 372,1 373,1 374,3 375,2 377,2 378,30-100<i.e. very
numerous> 385,2 386,3 387,3<usually>/2 388,1 389,2 391,1<mostly>/2
393,1/2<then the nuclei degenerating, e.g. \i{}Cymbidium\i0{},
\i{}Dendrobium\i0{}> 394<when formed,>,1-3 395,2 396,1 403<when
determinable>,2/- 404,1<sometimes>/2<<75%>> 409,1<<75%> usually>/2
412,1<<75%> usually>/6<e.g. some Vanilleae> 414,4/5 421,30-500<i.e. seeds
usually tiny, thin walled, very numerous and wind dispersed, but larger 
and crustose in some Vanilloideae where they are dispersed by grazing 
animals> 422,1<endosperm development arrested very early>/2
426,1 430,2 432,1<usually>/2 435,1<6/7> 442,2 446,1 447,- 450,2 454,2 458,2
461,1/3 462<\i{}Spathoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Arundina\i0{}, \i{}Coelogyne\i0{},
\i{}Oncidium\i0{}> 464<\i{}Aerangis\i0{}, \i{}Aeranthes\i0{},
\i{}Aerides\i0{}, \i{}Arachnis\i0{}, \i{}Aranda\i0{}, \i{}Aranthera\i0{},
\i{}Ascocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Brassavola\i0{}, \i{}Bulbophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Cadetia\i0{}, \i{}Calanthe\i0{}, \i{}Cattleya\i0{},
\i{}Caularthron\i0{}, \i{}Chiloschista\i0{}, \i{}Coelogyne\i0{},
\i{}Cymbidium\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtochilum\i0{}, \i{}Dendrobium\i0{}, \i{}Dimerandra\i0{},
\i{}Encyclia\i0{}, \i{}Epidendrum\i0{}, \i{}Eria\i0{},
\i{}Flickingeria\i0{}, \i{}Gussonia\i0{}, \i{}Ida\i0{}, \i{}Jumellea\i0{},
\i{}Laelia\i0{}, \i{}Lanium\i0{}, \i{}Lissochilus\i0{}, \i{}Luisia\i0{},
\i{}Maxillaria\i0{}, \i{}Microcoelia\i0{}, \i{}Micropera\i0{},
\i{}Mobilabium\i0{}, \i{}Oberonia\i0{}, \i{}Oeonia\i0{}, \i{}Oncidium\i0{},
\i{}Ornithidium\i0{}, \i{}Phalaenaopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pholidota\i0{}, \i{}Plectrorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Pleurothallis\i0{},
\i{}Polyradicion\i0{}, \i{}Rhinerrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Robiquetia\i0{},
\i{}Saccolabiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Saccolabium\i0{}, \i{}Sarcochilus\i0{},
\i{}Schoenorchis\i0{}, \i{}Schomburgkia\i0{}, \i{}Solenangis\i0{},
\i{}Sophronitis\i0{}, \i{}Taeniophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Thrixspermum\i0{},
\i{}Thunia\i0{}, \i{}Trachoma\i0{}, \i{}Trichoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Vanda\i0{},
\i{}Vanilla\i0{}, \i{}Vanda\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Habenaria\i0{},
\i{}Spathoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Vanda\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<commonly>/2
487,1<rarely>/2 488,1<<10%> rarely>/2 489<when present,>,1 490,2<save for
kaempferol in one species of \i{}Dendrobium\i0{}> 492,2 497,1 498,2
520,1<rare>/2-4 521<cosmopolitan, most abundant in the tropics>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-29 (or more)>
527,2 530,4 558,5 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578<about>,17000 579<about>,850
580<VANILLOIDEAE: \i{}Cleistes\i0{}, \i{}Cleistesiopsis\i0{}, 
\i{}Clematepistephium\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtosia\i0{}, \i{}Duckeella\i0{}, 
\i{}Epistephium\i0{}, \i{}Eriaxis\i0{}, \i{}Galeola\i0{}, \i{}Isotria\i0{}, 
\i{}Lecanorchis\i0{}, \i{}Pogonia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudovanilla\i0{}, 
\i{}Vanilla\i0{}. EPIDENDROIDEAE and ORCHIDOIDEAE: \i{}Aa\i0{}, 
\i{}Abdominea\i0{}, \i{}Acacallis\i0{}, \i{}Acampe\i0{},
\i{}Acanthephippium\i0{}, \i{}Aceras\i0{}, \i{}Aceratorchis\i0{},
\i{}Acianthera\i0{}, \i{}Acianthus\i0{}, \i{}Acineta\i0{}, \i{}Ackermania\i0{},
\i{}Acoridium\i0{}, \i{}Acostaea\i0{}, \i{}Acriopsis\i0{},
\i{}Acrochaene\i0{}, \i{}Acrolophia\i0{}, \i{}Acrorchis\i0{}, \i{}Ada\i0{},
\i{}Adenochilus\i0{}, \i{}Adenoncos\i0{}, \i{}Adrorhizon\i0{},
\i{}Aerangis\i0{}, \i{}Aeranthes\i0{}, \i{}Aerides\i0{}, \i{}Aganisia\i0{},
\i{}Aglossorrhyncha\i0{}, \i{}Agrostophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Alamania\i0{},
\i{}Altensteinia\i0{}, \i{}Amblyanthe\i0{}, \i{}Ambrella\i0{},
\i{}Amerorchis\i0{}, \i{}Amesiella\i0{}, \i{}Amitostigma\i0{},
\i{}Amparoa\i0{}, \i{}Anacamptis\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrochilus\i0{},
\i{}Ancistrorhynchus\i0{},\i{}Andreettaea\i0{}, \i{}Androcorys\i0{},
\i{}Angraecopsis\i0{}, \i{}Angraecum\i0{}, \i{}Anguloa\i0{}, 
\i{}Anoectochilus\i0{}, \i{}Ansellia\i0{}, \i{}Anteriorchis\i0{}, 
\i{}Anthogonium\i0{}, \i{}Anthosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Antillanorchis\i0{},
\i{}Aorchis\i0{}, \i{}Aphyllorchis\i0{}, \i{}Aplectrum\i0{}, \i{}Aporostylis\i0{},
\i{}Aporum\i0{}, \i{}Appendicula\i0{},
\i{}Aracamunia\i0{}, \i{}Arachnis\i0{}, \i{}Archineottia\i0{},
\i{}Arethusa\i0{}, \i{}Armodorum\i0{}, \i{}Arnottia\i0{},
\i{}Arpophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Arthrochilus\i0{}, \i{}Artorima\i0{},
\i{}Arundina\i0{}, \i{}Ascidieria\i0{}, \i{}Ascocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Ascochilopsis\i0{}, \i{}Ascochilus\i0{}, \i{}Ascoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Ascolabium\i0{}, \i{}Aspasia\i0{}, \i{}Aspidogyne\i0{},
\i{}Aulosepalum\i0{}, \i{}Auxopus\i0{}, \i{}Baptistonia\i0{},
\i{}Barbosella\i0{}, \i{}Barbrodria\i0{}, \i{}Barkeria\i0{},
\i{}Barlia\i0{}, \i{}Bartholina\i0{}, \i{}Basigyne\i0{},
\i{}Basiphyllaea\i0{}, \i{}Baskervilla\i0{}, \i{}Batemannia\i0{},
\i{}Beclardia\i0{}, \i{}Beloglottis\i0{}, \i{}Benthamia\i0{},
\i{}Benzingia\i0{}, \i{}Biermannia\i0{}, \i{}Bifrenaria\i0{},
\i{}Binotia\i0{}, \i{}Bipinnula\i0{}, \i{}Bletia\i0{}, \i{}Bletilla\i0{},
\i{}Bogoria\i0{}, \i{}Bolbidium\i0{}, \i{}Bollea\i0{}, \i{}Bolusiella\i0{},
\i{}Bonatea\i0{}, \i{}Bonniera\i0{}, \i{}Brachionidium\i0{},
\i{}Brachtia\i0{}, \i{}Brachycorythis\i0{}, \i{}Brachypeza\i0{},
\i{}Brachystele\i0{}, \i{}Bracisepalum\i0{}, \i{}Braemia\i0{},
\i{}Brassavola\i0{}, \i{}Brassia\i0{}, \i{}Briegeria\i0{},
\i{}Bromheadia\i0{}, \i{}Broughtonia\i0{}, \i{}Brownleea\i0{},
\i{}Buchtienia\i0{}, \i{}Bulbophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Bulleyia\i0{},
\i{}Burnettia\i0{}, \i{}Burnsbaloghia\i0{}, \i{}Cadetia\i0{},
\i{}Caladenia\i0{}, \i{}Calanthe\i0{}, \i{}Caleana\i0{},
\i{}Callostylis\i0{}, \i{}Calochilus\i0{}, \i{}Calopogon\i0{},
\i{}Caluera\i0{}, \i{}Calymmanthera\i0{}, \i{}Calypso\i0{},
\i{}Calyptrochilum\i0{}, \i{}Campanulorchis\i0{}, \i{}Campylocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Capanemia\i0{}, \i{}Cardiochilus\i0{}, \i{}Catasetum\i0{},
\i{}Cattleya\i0{}, \i{}Cattleyopsis\i0{}, \i{}Caucaea\i0{},
\i{}Caularthron\i0{}, \i{}Centroglossa\i0{}, \i{}Centrostigma\i0{},
\i{}Cephalanthera\i0{}, \i{}Cephalantheropsis\i0{}, \i{}Ceratandra\i0{},
\i{}Ceratocentron\i0{}, \i{}Ceratochilus\i0{}, \i{}Ceratostylis\i0{},
\i{}Chamaeangis\i0{}, \i{}Chamaeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Chamaegastrodia\i0{},
\i{}Chamelophyton\i0{}, \i{}Chamorchis\i0{}, \i{}Changnienia\i0{},
\i{}Chaseella\i0{}, \i{}Chaubardia\i0{}, \i{}Chaubardiella\i0{},
\i{}Chauliodon\i0{}, \i{}Cheiradenia\i0{}, \i{}Cheirostylis\i0{},
\i{}Chelonistele\i0{}, \i{}Chiloglottis\i0{}, \i{}Chilopogon\i0{},
\i{}Chiloschista\i0{}, \i{}Chitonanthera\i0{}, \i{}Chitonochilus\i0{},
\i{}Chloraea\i0{}, \i{}Chondradenia\i0{}, \i{}Chondrorhyncha\i0{},
\i{}Chroniochilus\i0{}, \i{}Chrysocycnis\i0{}, \i{}Chrysoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Chusua\i0{}, \i{}Chysis\i0{}, \i{}Chytroglossa\i0{}, \i{}Cirrhaea\i0{},
\i{}Cirrhopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Cischweinfia\i0{}, \i{}Claderia\i0{},
\i{}Cleisocentron\i0{}, \i{}Cleisomeria\i0{}, \i{}Cleistostoma\i0{},
\i{}Clowesia\i0{},
\i{}Coccineorchis\i0{}, \i{}Cochleanthes\i0{}, \i{}Cochlioda\i0{},
\i{}Cocleorchis\i0{}, \i{}Codonorchis\i0{}, \i{}Codonosiphon\i0{},
\i{}Coelia\i0{}, \i{}Coeliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Coeloglossum\i0{},
\i{}Coelogyne\i0{}, \i{}Coilochilus\i0{}, \i{}Collabium\i0{},
\i{}Comparettia\i0{}, \i{}Comperia\i0{}, \i{}Conchidium\i0{},
\i{}Condylago\i0{}, \i{}Constantia\i0{}, \i{}Corallorrhiza\i0{},
\i{}Cordiglottis\i0{}, \i{}Coryanthes\i0{}, \i{}Corybas\i0{},
\i{}Corycium\i0{}, \i{}Corymborkis\i0{}, \i{}Corysanthes\i0{},
\i{}Cottonia\i0{}, \i{}Cotylolabium\i0{}, \i{}Cranichis\i0{},
\i{}Cremastra\i0{}, \i{}Crepidium\i0{}, \i{}Cribbia\i0{}, \i{}Crossoglossa\i0{},
\i{}Cryptarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Cryptocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Cryptochilus\i0{},
\i{}Cryptopus\i0{}, \i{}Cryptopylos\i0{}, \i{}Cryptostylis\i0{},
\i{}Cuitlauzina\i0{}, \i{}Cyanaeorchis\i0{}, \i{}Cybebus\i0{},
\i{}Cyclopogon\i0{}, \i{}Cycnoches\i0{}, \i{}Cylindrolobus\i0{},
\i{}Cymbidiella\i0{}, \i{}Cymbidium\i0{}, \i{}Cymboglossum\i0{},
\i{}Cynorkis\i0{}, \i{}Cyphochilus\i0{}, \i{}Cypholoron\i0{},
\i{}Cyrtidiorchis\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtochilum\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtopodium\i0{}, 
\i{}Cyrtorchis\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtostylis\i0{}, \i{}Cystorchis\i0{},
\i{}Dactylorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Dactylorhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Dactylostalix\i0{},
\i{}Degranvillea\i0{}, \i{}Deiregyne\i0{}, \i{}Dendrobium\i0{},
\i{}Dendrochilum\i0{}, \i{}Dendrophylax\i0{}, \i{}Diadenium\i0{},
\i{}Diaphananthe\i0{}, \i{}Diceratostele\i0{}, \i{}Dicerostylis\i0{},
\i{}Dichaea\i0{}, \i{}Dichromanthus\i0{}, \i{}Dickasonia\i0{},
\i{}Dictyophyllaria\i0{}, \i{}Didiciea\i0{}, \i{}Didymoplexiella\i0{},
\i{}Didymoplexis\i0{}, \i{}Diglyphosa\i0{}, \i{}Dignathe\i0{},
\i{}Dilochia\i0{}, \i{}Dilochiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Dilomilis\i0{},
\i{}Dimerandra\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphorchis\i0{}, \i{}Dinema\i0{},
\i{}Dinklageella\i0{}, \i{}Diothonea\i0{}, \i{}Diphylax\i0{},
\i{}Diplandrorchis\i0{}, \i{}Diplocaulobium\i0{}, \i{}Diplocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Diplolabellum\i0{}, \i{}Diplomeris\i0{}, \i{}Diploprora\i0{},
\i{}Dipodium\i0{}, \i{}Dipteranthus\i0{}, \i{}Dipterostele\i0{},
\i{}Disa\i0{}, \i{}Discyphus\i0{}, \i{}Disperis\i0{}, \i{}Distylodon\i0{},
\i{}Dithyridanthus\i0{}, \i{}Diuris\i0{}, \i{}Dockrillia\i0{},
\i{}Dodsonia\i0{}, \i{}Dolichocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Domingoa\i0{},
\i{}Doritis\i0{}, \i{}Dossinia\i0{}, \i{}Dracula\i0{}, \i{}Drakaea\i0{},
\i{}Dresslerella\i0{}, \i{}Dressleria\i0{}, \i{}Dryadella\i0{},
\i{}Dryadorchis\i0{}, \i{}Drymoanthus\i0{}, \i{}Drymoda\i0{},
\i{}Dunstervillea\i0{}, \i{}Dyakia\i0{},
\i{}Earina\i0{}, \i{}Eggelingia\i0{}, \i{}Eleorchis\i0{},
\i{}Elleanthus\i0{}, \i{}Eloyella\i0{}, \i{}Eltroplectris\i0{},
\i{}Elythranthera\i0{}, \i{}Embreea\i0{}, \i{}Encyclia\i0{},
\i{}Entomophobia\i0{}, \i{}Eparmatostigma\i0{}, \i{}Ephippianthus\i0{},
\i{}Epiblastus\i0{}, \i{}Epiblema\i0{}, \i{}Epicranthes\i0{},
\i{}Epidanthus\i0{}, \i{}Epidendrum\i0{}, \i{}Epigeneium\i0{},
\i{}Epilyna\i0{}, \i{}Epipactis\i0{}, \i{}Epipogium\i0{},
\i{}Eria\i0{}, \i{}Eriochilus\i0{},
\i{}Eriodes\i0{}, \i{}Eriopexis\i0{}, \i{}Eriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Erycina\i0{},
\i{}Erythrodes\i0{}, \i{}Erythrorchis\i0{}, \i{}Esmeralda\i0{},
\i{}Euanthe\i0{}, \i{}Eucosia\i0{}, \i{}Eulophia\i0{},
\i{}Eulophiella\i0{}, \i{}Euphlebium\i0{}, \i{}Eurycentrum\i0{},
\i{}Eurychone\i0{}, \i{}Eurystyles\i0{}, \i{}Evotella\i0{},
\i{}Fernandezia\i0{}, \i{}Ferruminaria\i0{}, \i{}Fimbriella\i0{},
\i{}Flickingeria\i0{}, \i{}Frondaria\i0{}, \i{}Fuertesiella\i0{},
\i{}Funkiella\i0{}, \i{}Galeandra\i0{}, \i{}Galearis\i0{},
\i{}Galeottia\i0{}, \i{}Galeottiella\i0{},
\i{}Garaya\i0{}, \i{}Gastrochilus\i0{}, \i{}Gastrodia\i0{},
\i{}Gastrorchis\i0{}, \i{}Gavilea\i0{}, \i{}Geesinkorchis\i0{},
\i{}Gennaria\i0{}, \i{}Genoplesium\i0{}, \i{}Genyorchis\i0{},
\i{}Geoblasta\i0{}, \i{}Geodorum\i0{}, \i{}Glomera\i0{},
\i{}Glossodia\i0{}, \i{}Glossorhyncha\i0{}, \i{}Gomesa\i0{},
\i{}Gomphichis\i0{}, \i{}Gonatostylis\i0{}, \i{}Gongora\i0{},
\i{}Goniochilus\i0{}, \i{}Goodyera\i0{}, \i{}Govenia\i0{},
\i{}Gracielanthus\i0{}, \i{}Grammangis\i0{}, \i{}Grammatophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Graphorkis\i0{}, \i{}Grastidium\i0{}, \i{}Greenwoodia\i0{},
\i{}Grobya\i0{}, \i{}Grosourdya\i0{}, \i{}Gularia\i0{},
\i{}Gunnarella\i0{}, \i{}Gunnarorchis\i0{}, \i{}Gymnadenia\i0{},
\i{}Gymnadeniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Gymnochilus\i0{}, \i{}Gynoglottis\i0{},
\i{}Habenaria\i0{}, \i{}Hagsatera\i0{}, \i{}Hammarbya\i0{},
\i{}Hancockia\i0{}, \i{}Hapalochilus\i0{}, \i{}Hapalorchis\i0{},
\i{}Harrisella\i0{}, \i{}Hederorkis\i0{}, \i{}Helcia\i0{},
\i{}Helleriella\i0{}, \i{}Helonoma\i0{}, \i{}Hemipilia\i0{},
\i{}Herminium\i0{}, \i{}Herpetophytum\i0{}, \i{}Herpysma\i0{},
\i{}Herschelianthe\i0{}, \i{}Hetaeria\i0{}, \i{}Heterozeuxine\i0{},
\i{}Hexalectris\i0{}, \i{}Hexisea\i0{}, \i{}Himantoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Hintonella\i0{}, \i{}Hippeophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Hirtzia\i0{},
\i{}Hispaniella\i0{}, \i{}Hoehneella\i0{}, \i{}Hofmeisterella\i0{},
\i{}Holcoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Holopogon\i0{}, \i{}Holothrix\i0{},
\i{}Homalopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Horichia\i0{}, \i{}Hormidium\i0{},
\i{}Horvatia\i0{}, \i{}Houlletia\i0{}, \i{}Huntleya\i0{},
\i{}Huttonaea\i0{}, \i{}Hybochilus\i0{}, \i{}Hygrochilus\i0{},
\i{}Hylophila\i0{}, \i{}Hymenorchis\i0{}, \i{}Imerinaea\i0{},
\i{}Inobulbon\i0{}, \i{}Ione\i0{}, \i{}Ionopsis\i0{}, \i{}Ipsea\i0{},
\i{}Isabelia\i0{}, \i{}Ischnocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Ischnogyne\i0{},
\i{}Isochilus\i0{}, \i{}Jacquiniella\i0{},
\i{}Jejosephia\i0{}, \i{}Jumellea\i0{}, \i{}Kalimpongia\i0{},
\i{}Kefersteinia\i0{}, \i{}Kegeliella\i0{}, \i{}Kerigomnia\i0{},
\i{}Kinetochilus\i0{}, \i{}Kingidium\i0{}, \i{}Kionophyton\i0{},
\i{}Koellensteinia\i0{}, \i{}Konantzia\i0{}, \i{}Kreodanthus\i0{},
\i{}Kryptostoma\i0{}, \i{}Kuhlhasseltia\i0{}, \i{}Lacaena\i0{},
\i{}Laelia\i0{}, \i{}Laeliocattleya\i0{}, \i{}Laeliopsis\i0{},
\i{}Lanium\i0{}, \i{}Lankesterella\i0{}, \i{}Leaoa\i0{},
\i{}Lemboglossum\i0{}, \i{}Lemurella\i0{},
\i{}Lemurorchis\i0{}, \i{}Leochilus\i0{}, \i{}Lepanthes\i0{},
\i{}Lepanthopsis\i0{}, \i{}Lepidogyne\i0{}, \i{}Leporella\i0{},
\i{}Leptotes\i0{}, \i{}Lesliea\i0{}, \i{}Leucohyle\i0{},
\i{}Ligeophila\i0{}, \i{}Limodorum\i0{}, \i{}Liparis\i0{},
\i{}Listera\i0{}, \i{}Listrostachys\i0{}, \i{}Lockhartia\i0{},
\i{}Loefgrenianthus\i0{}, \i{}Ludisia\i0{}, \i{}Lueddemannia\i0{},
\i{}Luisia\i0{}, \i{}Lycaste\i0{}, \i{}Lycomormium\i0{},
\i{}Lyperanthus\i0{}, \i{}Lyroglossa\i0{}, \i{}Macodes\i0{},
\i{}Macradenia\i0{}, \i{}Macroclinium\i0{}, \i{}Macropodanthus\i0{},
\i{}Malaxis\i0{}, \i{}Malleola\i0{}, \i{}Manniella\i0{},
\i{}Margelliantha\i0{}, \i{}Masdevallia\i0{}, \i{}Mastigion\i0{},
\i{}Maxillaria\i0{}, \i{}Mediocalcar\i0{}, \i{}Megalorchis\i0{},
\i{}Megalotus\i0{}, \i{}Megastylis\i0{}, \i{}Meiracyllium\i0{},
\i{}Mendoncella\i0{}, \i{}Mesadenella\i0{}, \i{}Mesadenus\i0{},
\i{}Mesoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Mesospinidium\i0{}, 
\i{}Mexicoa\i0{}, \i{}Microchilus\i0{},
\i{}Microcoelia\i0{}, \i{}Micropera\i0{}, \i{}Microphytanthe\i0{},
\i{}Microsaccus\i0{}, \i{}Microtatorchis\i0{}, \i{}Microthelys\i0{},
\i{}Microtis\i0{}, \i{}Miltonia\i0{}, \i{}Miltoniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Mischobulbum\i0{}, \i{}Mobilabium\i0{}, \i{}Moerenhoutia\i0{},
\i{}Monadenia\i0{}, \i{}Monanthos\i0{}, \i{}Monomeria\i0{},
\i{}Monophyllorchis\i0{}, \i{}Monosepalum\i0{}, \i{}Mormodes\i0{},
\i{}Mormolyca\i0{}, \i{}Mycaranthes\i0{}, \i{}Myoxanthus\i0{},
\i{}Myrmechis\i0{}, \i{}Myrmecophila\i0{}, \i{}Myrosmodes\i0{},
\i{}Mystacidium\i0{}, \i{}Nabaluia\i0{}, \i{}Nageliella\i0{},
\i{}Nematoceras\i0{}, \i{}Neobathiea\i0{}, \i{}Neobenthamia\i0{},
\i{}Neobolusia\i0{}, \i{}Neoclemensia\i0{}, \i{}Neocogniauxia\i0{},
\i{}Neodryas\i0{}, \i{}Neoescobaria\i0{}, \i{}Neofinetia\i0{},
\i{}Neogardneria\i0{}, \i{}Neogyna\i0{}, \i{}Neomoorea\i0{},
\i{}Neotinea\i0{}, \i{}Neottia\i0{}, \i{}Neottianthe\i0{},
\i{}Neowilliamsia\i0{}, \i{}Nephelaphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Nephrangis\i0{},
\i{}Nervilia\i0{}, \i{}Nidema\i0{},
\i{}Nigritella\i0{}, \i{}Nothodoritis\i0{}, \i{}Nothostele\i0{},
\i{}Notylia\i0{}, \i{}Oberonia\i0{}, \i{}Octarrhena\i0{},
\i{}Octomeria\i0{}, \i{}Odontochilus\i0{}, \i{}Odontoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Odontorrhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Oeceoclades\i0{}, \i{}Oeonia\i0{},
\i{}Oeoniella\i0{}, \i{}Oerstedella\i0{}, \i{}Olgasis\i0{},
\i{}Oligophyton\i0{}, \i{}Oliveriana\i0{}, \i{}Omoea\i0{},
\i{}Oncidium\i0{}, \i{}Ophidion\i0{}, \i{}Ophrys\i0{}, \i{}Orchipedum\i0{},
\i{}Orchis\i0{}, \i{}Oreorchis\i0{}, \i{}Orestias\i0{},
\i{}Orleanesia\i0{}, \i{}Ornithocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Ornithochilus\i0{},
\i{}Ornithophora\i0{}, \i{}Orthoceras\i0{}, \i{}Osmoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Ossiculum\i0{}, \i{}Osyricera\i0{}, \i{}Otochilus\i0{},
\i{}Otoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Otostylis\i0{}, \i{}Pabstia\i0{},
\i{}Pachites\i0{}, \i{}Pachyphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Pachyplectron\i0{},
\i{}Pachystele\i0{}, \i{}Pachystoma\i0{}, \i{}Palmorchis\i0{},
\i{}Palumbina\i0{}, \i{}Panisea\i0{}, \i{}Pantlingia\i0{},
\i{}Paphinia\i0{}, \i{}Papilionanthe\i0{}, \i{}Papillilabium\i0{},
\i{}Papperitzia\i0{}, \i{}Papuaea\i0{}, \i{}Paradisanthus\i0{},
\i{}Paraphalaenopsis\i0{}, \i{}Parapteroceras\i0{}, \i{}Pecteilis\i0{},
\i{}Pedilochilus\i0{}, \i{}Pedilonum\i0{}, \i{}Pelatantheria\i0{},
\i{}Pelexia\i0{}, \i{}Pennilabium\i0{}, \i{}Peristeranthus\i0{},
\i{}Peristeria\i0{}, \i{}Peristylus\i0{}, \i{}Pescatoria\i0{},
\i{}Phaius\i0{}, \i{}Phalaenopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pholidota\i0{},
\i{}Phragmorchis\i0{}, \i{}Phreatia\i0{}, \i{}Phymatidium\i0{},
\i{}Physoceras\i0{}, \i{}Physogyne\i0{}, \i{}Pilophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Pinalia\i0{}, \i{}Piperia\i0{}, \i{}Pityphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Platanthera\i0{}, \i{}Platycoryne\i0{}, \i{}Platyglottis\i0{},
\i{}Platylepis\i0{}, \i{}Platyrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Platystele\i0{},
\i{}Platythelys\i0{}, \i{}Plectorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Plectrelminthus\i0{},
\i{}Plectrophora\i0{}, \i{}Pleione\i0{}, \i{}Pleurothallis\i0{},
\i{}Pleurothallopsis\i0{}, \i{}Plocoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Poaephyllum\i0{},
\i{}Podangis\i0{}, \i{}Podochilus\i0{}, 
\i{}Pogoniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Polycycnis\i0{}, \i{}Polyotidium\i0{},
\i{}Polyradicion\i0{}, \i{}Polystachya\i0{}, \i{}Pomatocalpa\i0{},
\i{}Ponera\i0{}, \i{}Ponerorchis\i0{}, \i{}Ponthieva\i0{},
\i{}Porolabium\i0{}, \i{}Porpax\i0{}, \i{}Porphyrodesme\i0{},
\i{}Porphyroglottis\i0{}, \i{}Porphyrostachys\i0{}, \i{}Porroglossum\i0{},
\i{}Porrorhachis\i0{}, \i{}Prasophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Prescottia\i0{},
\i{}Pristiglottis\i0{}, \i{}Promenaea\i0{}, \i{}Protoceras\i0{},
\i{}Pseudacoridium\i0{}, \i{}Pseuderia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Pseudocranichis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudoeurystyles\i0{},
\i{}Pseudogoodyera\i0{}, \i{}Pseudolaelia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudorchis\i0{},
\i{}Psilochilus\i0{}, \i{}Psychilis\i0{},
\i{}Psychopsiella\i0{}, \i{}Psychopsis\i0{}, \i{}Psygmorchis\i0{},
\i{}Pterichis\i0{}, \i{}Pteroceras\i0{}, \i{}Pteroglossa\i0{},
\i{}Pteroglossaspis\i0{}, \i{}Pterostemma\i0{}, \i{}Pterostylis\i0{},
\i{}Pterygodium\i0{}, \i{}Pygmaeorchis\i0{}, \i{}Pyrorchis\i0{},
\i{}Quekettia\i0{}, \i{}Quisqueya\i0{}, \i{}Rangaeris\i0{},
\i{}Rauhiella\i0{}, \i{}Raycadenco\i0{}, \i{}Reichenbachanthus\i0{},
\i{}Renanthera\i0{}, \i{}Renantherella\i0{}, \i{}Restrepia\i0{},
\i{}Restrepiella\i0{}, \i{}Restrepiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Rhaesteria\i0{},
\i{}Rhamphorhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Rhinerrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Rhizanthella\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchogyna\i0{}, \i{}Rhyncholaelia\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchophreatia\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchostele\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchostylis\i0{}, \i{}Rhytionanthos\i0{},
\i{}Ridleyella\i0{}, \i{}Rimacola\i0{}, \i{}Risleya\i0{},
\i{}Robiquetia\i0{}, \i{}Rodriguezia\i0{}, \i{}Rodrigueziella\i0{},
\i{}Rodrigueziopsis\i0{}, \i{}Roeperocharis\i0{}, \i{}Rossioglossum\i0{},
\i{}Rudolfiella\i0{}, \i{}Rusbyella\i0{}, \i{}Saccoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Saccolabiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Saccolabium\i0{}, \i{}Sacoila\i0{},
\i{}Salpistele\i0{}, \i{}Sanderella\i0{}, \i{}Sarcanthopsis\i0{},
\i{}Sarcochilus\i0{}, \i{}Sarcoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Sarcoglyphis\i0{},
\i{}Sarcophyton\i0{}, \i{}Sarcostoma\i0{}, \i{}Satyridium\i0{},
\i{}Satyrium\i0{}, \i{}Saundersia\i0{}, \i{}Sauroglossum\i0{},
\i{}Scaphosepalum\i0{}, \i{}Scaphyglottis\i0{}, \i{}Scelochiloides\i0{},
\i{}Scelochilus\i0{}, \i{}Schiedeella\i0{}, \i{}Schistotylus\i0{},
\i{}Schizochilus\i0{}, \i{}Schizodium\i0{}, \i{}Schlimmia\i0{},
\i{}Schoenorchis\i0{}, \i{}Schomburgkia\i0{}, \i{}Schwartzkopffia\i0{},
\i{}Scuticaria\i0{}, \i{}Sedirea\i0{}, \i{}Seidenfadenia\i0{},
\i{}Sepalosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Serapias\i0{}, \i{}Sertifera\i0{},
\i{}Sievekingia\i0{}, \i{}Sigmatostalix\i0{}, \i{}Silvorchis\i0{},
\i{}Sinorchis\i0{}, \i{}Sirhookera\i0{}, \i{}Skeptrostachys\i0{},
\i{}Smithorchis\i0{}, \i{}Smithsonia\i0{}, \i{}Smitinandia\i0{},
\i{}Sobennikoffia\i0{}, \i{}Sobralia\i0{}, \i{}Solenangis\i0{},
\i{}Solenidiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Solenidium\i0{}, \i{}Solenocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Sophronitella\i0{}, \i{}Sophronitis\i0{}, \i{}Soterosanthus\i0{},
\i{}Spathoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Specklinia\i0{}, \i{}Sphyrarhynchus\i0{},
\i{}Sphyrastylis\i0{}, \i{}Spiculaea\i0{}, \i{}Spiranthes\i0{}, \i{}Stalkya\i0{},
\i{}Stanhopea\i0{}, \i{}Staurochilus\i0{}, \i{}Stelis\i0{},
\i{}Stellilabium\i0{}, \i{}Stenia\i0{}, \i{}Stenocoryne\i0{},
\i{}Stenoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Stenoptera\i0{}, \i{}Stenorrhynchos\i0{},
\i{}Stephanothelys\i0{}, \i{}Stereochilus\i0{}, \i{}Stereosandra\i0{},
\i{}Steveniella\i0{}, \i{}Stictophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Stigmatosema\i0{},
\i{}Stolzia\i0{}, \i{}Suarezia\i0{}, \i{}Summerhayesia\i0{},
\i{}Sunipia\i0{}, \i{}Sutrina\i0{}, \i{}Svenkoeltzia\i0{},
\i{}Symphyglossum\i0{}, \i{}Synanthes\i0{}, \i{}Synarmosepalum\i0{},
\i{}Systeloglossum\i0{}, \i{}Taeniophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Taeniorrhiza\i0{},
\i{}Tainia\i0{}, \i{}Tangtsinia\i0{}, \i{}Tapeinoglossum\i0{},
\i{}Taprobanea\i0{}, \i{}Telipogon\i0{}, \i{}Tetragamestus\i0{},
\i{}Tetramicra\i0{}, \i{}Teuscheria\i0{}, \i{}Thaia\i0{},
\i{}Thecopus\i0{}, \i{}Thecostele\i0{}, \i{}Thelasis\i0{},
\i{}Thelychiton\i0{}, \i{}Thelymitra\i0{}, \i{}Thelyschista\i0{},
\i{}Thrixspermum\i0{}, \i{}Thulinia\i0{}, \i{}Thunia\i0{},
\i{}Thysanoglossa\i0{}, \i{}Ticoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Tipularia\i0{},
\i{}Tolumnia\i0{}, \i{}Townsonia\i0{}, \i{}Trachyrhizum\i0{},
\i{}Traunsteinera\i0{}, \i{}Trevoria\i0{}, \i{}Trias\i0{},
\i{}Triceratorhynchus\i0{}, \i{}Trichocentrum\i0{}, \i{}Trichoceros\i0{},
\i{}Trichoglottis\i0{}, \i{}Trichopilia\i0{}, \i{}Trichosalpinx\i0{},
\i{}Trichosma\i0{}, \i{}Trichotosia\i0{}, \i{}Tridactyle\i0{},
\i{}Trigonidium\i0{}, \i{}Triphora\i0{}, \i{}Trisetella\i0{},
\i{}Trizeuxis\i0{}, \i{}Tropidia\i0{}, \i{}Trudelia\i0{},
\i{}Tsaiorchis\i0{}, \i{}Tuberolabium\i0{}, \i{}Tubilabium\i0{},
\i{}Tulotis\i0{}, \i{}Tylostigma\i0{}, \i{}Uleiorchis\i0{},
\i{}Uncifera\i0{}, \i{}Urostachya\i0{}, \i{}Vanda\i0{}, \i{}Vandopsis\i0{},
\i{}Vargasiella\i0{}, \i{}Vasqueziella\i0{},
\i{}Ventricularia\i0{}, \i{}Vesicisepalum\i0{}, \i{}Vexillabium\i0{},
\i{}Viteorchis\i0{}, \i{}Vrydagzynea\i0{}, \i{}Wallnoeferia\i0{}, \i{}Warmingia\i0{},
\i{}Warrea\i0{}, \i{}Warreella\i0{}, \i{}Warreopsis\i0{},
\i{}Warscaea\i0{}, \i{}Warczewiczella\i0{}, \i{}Wullschlaegelia\i0{},
\i{}Xenikophyton\i0{},
\i{}Xerorchis\i0{}, \i{}Xiphosium\i0{}, \i{}Xylobium\i0{}, \i{}Yoania\i0{},
\i{}Ypsilopus\i0{}, \i{}Zeuxine\i0{}, \i{}Zootrophion\i0{},
\i{}Zygopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Zygosepalum\i0{}, \i{}Zygostates\i0{}> 
581<No double fertilization. Orchidaceous seed germination characteristically
results in an endomycorrhizal 'protocorm', with some plants remaining
achlorophyllous and not becoming photosynthetic, but most becoming
photosynthetic and ectomycorrhizal.  The cladistically recognised 
subfamilies Vanilloideae, 
Epidendroideae and Orchidoideae (cf. Christenhusz et al., 2017) are 
taxonomically unimpressive, going undefined in terms of comparative 
data> 583<\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}There, with
fantastic garlands, did she come, \line{}Of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies
and long-purples \line{}That liberal shepherds give a grosser name,
\line{}But our cold maids do dead mens fingers call them. \line{}(Hamlet
iv., 7  \i{}Orchis mascula\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I sought, the
living bee to find, \line{}And found the picture of a bee \line{}(Langhorn,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857)) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Less
than the coralroot, you know, \line{}That is content with the daylight low,
\line{}And has no leaves at all of its own; \line{}Whose spotted flowers
hang meanly down \line{}(Fobert Frost, On Going Unnoticed -
\i{}Corallorhiza\i0{}) > 586<orchidac> 
 
# Orobanchaceae <Vent.>/
2<\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Aeginetiaceae\i0{} Livers,
\i{}Phelypaeaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Syndiaspermaceae\i0{} Dulac>
5<achlorophyllous>,5 12,2<to scales>/3 14<rather>,1/2 15,2 16,1 17,2 18,1
21,1/2/3 22,2 25<commonly>,3/4<with scaly rhizomes bearing rootlets which
are swollen where attached to roots of host plants, in \i{}Lathraea\i0{},
or with underground tubers attached to the roots of host plants, in
\i{}Orobanche\i0{}>/- 32,3 38,2 39,1 40,1 43,4 45,3 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,4/6-7
68,2 76,1 90,U 96,1<occasionally>/2 102<usually>,1<sometimes incompletely
developed> 106,1 107,1/1&2<the former scarce, when present simple; the
latter usually numerous, with stalks of (1-)2-several cells, sometimes
branched, their glandular heads dividing by vertical and periclinal walls
and secreting oil between the outer wall and the uplifted cuticle; peltate
glands rare, recorded in \i{}Christisonia\i0{}> 115,1<rarely>/2 122,1<in
\i{}Conopholis\i0{}>/2 130,2<\i{}Lathraea\i0{}, \i{}Orobanche\i0{}>
139<probably>,2 141,1 143,1<in that the phloem only sometimes forms a
ring>/2/3<sometimes exhibiting an inner ring of bundles> 144,1 147,1<if the
inner ring be thus interpreted>/2 148,1/2<? - the vascular system very
reduced> 156,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,2 189,2&3 192,2 194,1
195<usually spikes, rarely racemes> 200,1<one flower in the axil of each
scale> 203,2-3 206,3 209,1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1<fleshy> 223,1
224,(6-)8/10 226,2 227,1<usually>/2 229,U 236,4-5<fid>/2<the four sepals
sometimes more or less united into a lateral pair> 238,1 239,3 240,3/4<or
variously split> 245,1/2 248,1 251,3/4 254,5 255,1 258,3<the tube often
curved> 265,1<the adaxial members internal> 267,1-2 272,1 278,4/5 280,2
282,2<epipetalous> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1 291,2
292,1 294,2&3 295,4 296,1/2<below the middle> 297,1 298,1<the posterior
androecial member being absent or staminodal> 299,2 300,1 305,3/1 306<more
or less dorsifixed, or the thecae separate - cf.
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}> 309,3 310,3 311,1-2 312,2 313,1<the connective
sometimes spurred at the top>/2 315,1<usually>/2<\i{}Cistanche\i0{}> 317,1
318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 321,2 322,2 328,1/2<occasionally> 329,3 330,6/8<or
colporoidate, or more or less irregular> 337,1 339,2<usually>/3 341,1
342,1 343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,1 353,1 356<usually>,1 357<(when G3)>,1 360,2
361,1 364,1 365,1 370,2-4 372,2 373,1 374,2 375,2<the placentas sometimes
branched> 378,12-100<many> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,2 397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,1 401,1
402,1&2<the latter the more aggressive> 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5/6
421,12-100<many> 422,1 424,1 426,1 430,1 432,1/2 433,2<very reduced but
detectable, in \i{}Lathraea\i0{}> 435,2<1/1> 447,2 472,2 475,1<<50%>>/2
481,1<\i{}Cistanche\i0{}, \i{}Orobanche\i0{}> 484,1 487,2 488,2 490,2
492,2<one \i{}Lathraea\i0{} species> 495,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except
Eastern South America, Eastern Australia and New Zealand>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12, 18-21> 527,1
528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60 578,180
579,15 580<\i{}Aeginetia\i0{}, \i{}Boschniakia\i0{}, \i{}Buchnera\i0{},
\i{}Christisonia\i0{}, \i{}Cistanche\i0{}, \i{}Conopholis\i0{},
\i{}Epifagus\i0{}, \i{}Gleadovia\i0{}, \i{}Kopsiopsis\i0{},\i{}
Lathraea\i0{} (or \i{}Scophulariaceae\i0{}?), \i{}Mannafettaea\i0{},
\i{}Necranthus\i0{}, \i{}Orobanche\i0{}, \i{}Phacellanthus\i0{},
\i{}Phelypaea\i0{}, \i{}Platypholis\i0{}, \i{}Xylanche\i0{}> 586<orobanch> 
 
# Oxalidaceae <R. Br.>/
4<\i{}Averrhoaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hypseocharitaceae\i0{},
\i{}Lepidobotryaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 9,2<sometimes>/1<mostly> 10<occasionally>,2
12,1<usually>/2 14,1<sometimes>/2<mostly> 21,3 22,1/2 25,3/4 32,1-2/3/4
34<when hydrophytic,>,2 39,1 40,1 43,1<mostly>/3<in CAM species, e.g.
\i{}Oxalis megalorrhiza\i0{}> 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,1/3/4/5 57<when
pinnate,>,1/2<\i{}Biophytum\i0{}> 58<often>,1<exhibiting sleep
movements>/- 64,2 68,2 81,2 83,1<usually>/2<?> 90,U 92,1 96,1<sometimes>/2
104,3 116,1<commonly>/2 117<variously with brown, red, or sometimes
transparent and crystalline contents> 118<variously interpreted as>,1/2
123,1 124<mostly>,3 130,2<\i{}Oxalis\i0{}> 139,1/2<?> 140,2 141,3 143,1<in
older stems>/2<the bundles collateral, the stems usually with a conspicuous
ring of pericyclic sclerenchyma, cf. \i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}> 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,1/2 156,3 162,1 163<at least sometimes>,1/2<?> 175,1 176,2
177,1<often with additional small cleistogamous flowers>
181<usually>,2<mostly tristylous>/- 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/8/5
192,1 194,2 195<cymes or sub-umbellate, often pedunculate> 203,2-4 206,1
212,5 213,1 215,2-3 218,2 220,1/2 223<of chasmogamous flowers>,1 224,10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,5<often lacking
in cleistogamous flowers> 255,1 258,1<usually>/3<sometimes slightly connate
basally> 260,3 265,2<usually>/1 267,3 274<sometimes shortly>,1/2 278,10
282,1 284,1/2<usually, the outer whorl usually with shorter filaments> 
285,2
286,1<the filaments basally connate> 287,2 289,1/2 290<when present,>,5
291,1 295,5/10 298,3/2 299,1<the shorter, outer members opposite the
petals>/2<when the outer members lack anthers> 300,1/3 306,1 309,3 310,3
312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,1/2<1 or 2> 322,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,6<to
colporoidate?, occasionally 4-rupate> 337,1<in \i{}Oxalis\i0{}> 339,5 341,2
342<when syncarpous,>,5 343,2-3 344,3-4<the carpels more or less free in
\i{}Eichleria\i0{}, \i{}Biophytum\i0{}> 345,1 347<(when semicarpous),
capitate>,2 351<when carpels more or less free,>,2 352,2 353<usually
syncarpous and>,5<the lobes opposite the petals> 361,5 363,1 372,2 373,1
374,2 376<nearly always (i.e. when syncarpous)>,2 379,2-15<to several>
381,1 382,2 383,1 385,1<often> 386,3/2 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1 392,2/3
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1/2 400,2 403,2 404,2 405<when semi to
apocarpous,>,1<e.g. \i{}Biophytum\i0{}>/2<usually> 409<when syncarpous
(i.e. usually)>,1 412,1 414,5 416<often>,1<involving the arilliform
epidermis of the seeds> 422<usually copiously>,1 423,1 424,1 433,2
435,1<1/3> 436,1 447,1 461,1/3 462<\i{}Oxalis stricta\i0{}> 464<\i{}Oxalis
carnosa\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Oxalis\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<3 species> 484,2 487,1/2
488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/1&2 490<mostly>,2 492,2<6 \i{}Oxalis\i0{}
species> 495,2 496,1 497,1<\i{}Oxalis\i0{}>/2<\i{}Biophytum\i0{}> 520,2-4
521<cosmopolitan except for frigid regions, concentrated in the tropics and
subtropics> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
(5-)7(-12)> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,5 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,38 578,875 579,3 580<\i{}Oxalis\i0{}, \i{}Biophytum\i0{},
\i{}Eichleria\i0{}> 586<oxalidac> 
 
# Paeoniaceae <Rudolphi>/
4<\i{}Glaucidiaceae\i0{}.> 5<soft>,3<or subshrubs>/5<mostly>
25<sometimes>,4/- 38,4 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,3/7<mostly ternately or
ternate-pinnately twice or more compound or dissected> 64<primarily>,3 65,1
68,2 81,2 90,U 102,1 104,1 123,1 124,2 130,2<\i{}Paeonia\i0{}> 141,3/4
146,1 148,2 155,2 156,2/2&3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165<very
scarce>,1<limited to a few cells among the fibres> 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
184,2 185<commonly>,4 187,2<these few flowered>/1 194<or solitary
flowers>,1 200,1 203,3-4 206,1-2<the sepals sometimes somewhat unequal>
213,3 214,1&2&3<the phyllotactic spiral being continued through bracts,
perianth, androecium trunk vascular bundles and (usually) gynoecium>
217,1-2 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2<lobed or forming a large, subglobose
envelope around the gynoecium>/1<interpreted as either receptacular, or
modified androecium> 223,1 224,(8-)10-15(-20) 229,U 236,(3-)5(-7) 239,1
248,1<leathery> 251<much>,1 254,5-8(-13) 258,1 265,1 267,3<the petals
large> 268,2/5/7 274,2<orbicular> 278,50-150<many> 279,1<associated with
five vascular trunks> 280,1 281,2 282,1 285,1<the vascular trunks not
reflected in detectable clusters> 289,1/2<sometimes, if the intrastaminal
glands are interpreted as androecial> 295,50-150<many> 298,5 299,-
306,2/4 309,3 310,1 312,2 318,2 320,1/2 321,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 339,(2-)3-5(-15) 343,2 344,2<the carpels
arcuate-divergent> 345,1 347,1-2 348,2<the expanded, falcate stigma sessile
or on a short, stout style> 350,10-100<several to many> 351,2<the ovules
biseriate> 372,1 373,1 374,3 380,1 384,4 385,1 386,3 387,3<the outer
integument thick, ultimately two-layered, resulting in a three-layered
testa> 388,2<the nucellus degenerating after pollination> 389,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397<with filiform apparatus> 399,1 400,2 401,1
402,1 403<very peculiar  involving an unequal first zygotic division with
degeneration of the smaller daughter cell, and nuclear divisions in the
larger one resulting in a coenocytic, free-nuclear stage with the embryo
formed by budding from the coenocyte> 404,2 405,1 407,1 408,3 422,1 424,1
426,4<with a funicular aril> 431,1 432,3<but minute> 433,2 435,2<1/4>
438<about>,0.2 443,7<at first>/2<subsequently, glossy> 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Paeonia\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<?> 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2
497,2 504,1 520,2 521<North temperate, excluding Eastern America and Japan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,1 565,4 569,1
572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,33 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Paeonia\i0{}>
581<Family circumscription discussed by Melville (1982).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose, \line{}Or
on the rainbow of a salt sand-wave, \line{}Or on the wealth of globd
peonies \line{}(John Keats, Ode on Melancholy) > 586<paeoniac> 
 
# Palmae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Arecaceae\i0{} Schultz-Schultzenst. (nom. altern.)>
3<\i{}Acristaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook, \i{}Borassaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook,
\i{}Caryotaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook, \i{}Ceroxylaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook,
\i{}Chamaedoreaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook, \i{}Coryphaceae\i0{}
Schultz-Schultzenstein, \i{}Geonomaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook,
\i{}Iriarteaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook, \i{}Lepidocaryaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook,
\i{}Malortieaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook, \i{}Manicariaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook,
\i{}Nipaceae\i0{} Brongniart ex Martinet, \i{}Nipaceae\i0{} Chadef. &
Emberg., \i{}Nypaceae\i0{} (Engl. & Gilg) Tralau, \i{}Phoenicaceae\i0{}
Schultz-Schultzenst., \i{}Phytelephanteae\i0{} (\i{}Phytelephantaceae\i0{})
Mart., \i{}Phytelephasieae\i0{} (\i{}Phytelephasiaceae\i0{}) Chadef. &
Emberg., \i{}Pseudophoenicaceae\i0{} O.F. Cook, \i{}Sabalineae\i0{}
(\i{}Sabalaceae\i0{}) Schultz-Schultzenst., \i{}Sagoineae\i0{}
(\i{}Sagoaceae\i0{}) Schultz-Schultzenst., \i{}Synechanthaceae\i0{} O.F.
Cook> 5,1/2/3<rarely diminutive undershrubs>/4 
27,1/3 28<often>,6<by means of hooks on prolonged
rachides, leaflets modified as spines, armed sterile inflorescence axes,
etc.> 31,2 32,3/4 37,1 38,2-5 39,1 40,1/2 43,2 45,1 47,1 48,1 49,2<but
often splitting at maturity> 53<nearly always>,2 55,2
56<(falsely)>,2/4/5/6<rarely> 65,2 67,1<often, in palmate and costa-palmate
forms>/2 68,- 81,2<presumably> 82,1 84,2 89,1<occasionally>/2
90,1<hatshaped, spheroidal or ellipsoidal, occurring universally> 97,2
98,1/2 104<mostly>,4 121,U 123,1 124,1<usually>/3<or as crystal sand> 128,1
129,2 130,2<\i{}Chamaerops\i0{}> 148,1<or slight, and then not cambial but
from divisions in the ground parenchyma> 155<mostly>,2 156,2/3/2&3
173,1<mostly with transverse end walls> 174<nearly always>,3
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1<nearly always>/2<<2%>> 177,1<<2%> rarely>/2/5/8
182,1/2 183<when produced,>,3<via septal nectaries>/4<via nectaries
associated with the stamen bases> 184,1/2<more often> 187,2 189,8<usually,
and these usually complex>/- 192,1 194,2<usually>/1 195<usually complex
panicles> 199<usually>,1 203,2 206<more or less>,1 212,3 213,1<usually>/2
214<rarely>,1/2 219,1/2 223,1/5/6-7<<5%> rarely>
224,6<usually>/4/4-9<rarely, when spiral> 225,1/2 226,2<usually 3+3,
occasionally 2+2>/1<<5%> rarely> 227,1<but the two whorls usually more or
less dissimilar> 228,1/2/1&2 230<when biseriate, usually>,2
231<usually>,2/3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,3/6/9/10-900<i.e. occasionally
very numerous> 282,1/2<to the perianth> 285,1/2 286,1<filaments often
united into a tube or cup> 287,2/3<or acyclic> 289,1/2<?  assuming that
references to staminodes refer to male-fertile flowers> 295,3/6/9/10-900<or
more> 298,2/3<<75%> usually>/4-5 309,3 310,2 312,2 315,1 316,1 317,1
318,1/2 319,1/2/4/5 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,1<usually>/2 330,1<usually,
sometimes trichotomosulcate>/3<2-sulculate> 337,1<in 8 genera> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,3(-10) 341,2/3 342<when syncarpous,>,1/3(-10)
343,2/3<occasionally pseudomonomerous> 344,2/4-5 352,1/2 353<when
syncarpous>,1<rarely, by abortion of the other locules, as in the
Coconut>/3(-10) 360,1/2 361,1/3(-10) 363<when not completely joined,>,1-2
372,2 373,1 374,2 376<sub>,3/1<or lateral> 379,1 385,2 386,1/3/4/2 387,3
388,2 389,1 391,1<usually>/2<rarely> 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei
degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2 396,1/2 397,1 400,2 403,1/2
404,1/2 405,1<occasionally>/2 407<when apocarpous (i.e. rarely),>,2 408,7
409,2<usually>/1<<5%> rarely> 412<nearly always>,6/7<sometimes with a
fibrous mesocarp>/8<rarely, but spectacularly exemplified by the coconut
of \i{}Cocos nucifera\i0{}> 421,1 422,1 423,1/2 424,1<usually>/2
430<usually>,2 433,1 435,2<9/9> 442,2 447,2<regardless of the structure of
the cotyledon> 448,2 449,2 450,2 451,1-2 452,2 454,1/2 456,2 457,3 458,1/2
461,1 462<\i{}Borassus\i0{}, \i{}Cocos\i0{}, \i{}Phoenix\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Archantophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Areca\i0{}, \i{}Arenga\i0{},
\i{}Borassus\i0{}, \i{}Calamus\i0{}, \i{}Caryota\i0{},
\i{}Chrysalidocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Cocos\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtostachys\i0{},
\i{}Elaeis\i0{}, \i{}Eugeissonia\i0{}, \i{}Iguanura\i0{}, \i{}Licuala\i0{},
\i{}Livistona\i0{}, \i{}Nypa\i0{}, \i{}Oncosperma\i0{}, \i{}Phoenix\i0{},
\i{}Pinanga\i0{}, \i{}Ptychosperma\i0{}, \i{}Roystonea\i0{}> 468,2 472,2
475,1<occasionally, pyrimidine <9%>>/2 487,1<occasionally>/2 488,1<<82%>
usually, abundantly>/2<e.g. \i{}Livistonia\i0{}> 489,1 490,1<<10%>
rarely>/2 491<when present,>,1&2<also tricin, luteolin, etc.> 497,1 498,2
520,3-4 521<pantropical and subtropical>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13-18> 526<only in
\i{}Areca\i0{}> 527,2 530,7 561,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,17 578<about>,2500
579<about>,205 580<\i{}Acanthophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Acoelorrhaphe\i0{},
\i{}Acrocomia\i0{}, \i{}Actinokentia\i0{}, \i{}Actinorhytis\i0{},
\i{}Aiphanes\i0{}, \i{}Allagoptera\i0{}, \i{}Alloschmidia\i0{},
\i{}Alsmithia\i0{}, \i{}Ammandra\i0{}, \i{}Antongilia\i0{},
\i{}Aphandra\i0{}, \i{}Archontophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Areca\i0{},
\i{}Arenga\i0{}, \i{}Asterogyne\i0{}, \i{}Astrocaryum\i0{},
\i{}Attalea\i0{}, \i{}Bactris\i0{}, \i{}Balaka\i0{}, \i{}Barcella\i0{},
\i{}Basselinia\i0{}, \i{}Beccariophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Bentinckia\i0{},
\i{}Bismarckia\i0{}, \i{}Borassodendron\i0{}, \i{}Borassus\i0{},
\i{}Brahea\i0{}, \i{}Brassiophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Brongniartikentia\i0{},
\i{}Burretiokentia\i0{}, \i{}Butia\i0{}, \i{}Calamus\i0{},
\i{}Calospatha\i0{}, \i{}Calyptrocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Calyptrogyne\i0{},
\i{}Calyptronoma\i0{}, \i{}Campecarpus\i0{}, \i{}Carpentaria\i0{},
\i{}Carpoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Caryota\i0{}, \i{}Catoblastus\i0{},
\i{}Ceratolobus\i0{}, \i{}Ceroxylon\i0{}, \i{}Chamaedorea\i0{},
\i{}Chamaerops\i0{}, \i{}Chambeyronia\i0{}, \i{}Chelyocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Chrysalidocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chuniophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Clinosperma\i0{},
\i{}Clinostigma\i0{}, \i{}Coccothrinax\i0{}, \i{}Cocos\i0{},
\i{}Colpothrinax\i0{}, \i{}Copernica\i0{}, \i{}Corypha\i0{},
\i{}Crysophila\i0{}, \i{}Cyphokentia\i0{}, \i{}Cyphophoenix\i0{},
\i{}Cyphosperma\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtostachys\i0{}, \i{}Daemonorops\i0{},
\i{}Deckenia\i0{}, \i{}Desmoncus\i0{}, \i{}Dictyocaryum\i0{},
\i{}Dictyosperma\i0{}, \i{}Drymophloeus\i0{}, \i{}Dypsis\i0{},
\i{}Elaeis\i0{}, \i{}Eleiodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Eremospatha\i0{},
\i{}Eugeissona\i0{}, \i{}Euterpe\i0{}, \i{}Gastrococos\i0{},
\i{}Gaussia\i0{}, \i{}Geonoma\i0{}, \i{}Goniocladus\i0{},
\i{}Gronophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Guihaia\i0{}, \i{}Gulubia\i0{},
\i{}Halmoorea\i0{}, \i{}Hedyscepe\i0{}, \i{}Heterospathe\i0{},
\i{}Howea\i0{} (alt. \i{}Howeia\i0{}), \i{}Hydriastele\i0{}, 
\i{}Hyophorbe\i0{},
\i{}Hyospathe\i0{}, \i{}Hyphaene\i0{}, \i{}Iguanura\i0{},
\i{}Iriartea\i0{}, \i{}Iriartella\i0{}, \i{}Itaya\i0{}, \i{}Jessenia\i0{},
\i{}Johannesteijsmannia\i0{}, \i{}Juania\i0{}, \i{}Jubaea\i0{},
\i{}Jubaeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Kentiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Kerriodoxa\i0{},
\i{}Korthalsia\i0{}, \i{}Laccospadix\i0{}, \i{}Laccosperma\i0{},
\i{}Latania\i0{}, \i{}Lavoixia\i0{}, \i{}Lemurophoenix\i0{},
\i{}Leopoldinia\i0{}, \i{}Lepidocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Lepidorrhachis\i0{},
\i{}Licuala\i0{}, \i{}Linospadix\i0{}, \i{}Livistona\i0{},
\i{}Lodoicea\i0{}, \i{}Louvelia\i0{}, \i{}Loxococcus\i0{},
\i{}Lytocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Mackeea\i0{}, \i{}Manicaria\i0{},
\i{}Marojejya\i0{}, \i{}Masoala\i0{}, \i{}Mauritia\i0{},
\i{}Mauritiella\i0{}, \i{}Maxburretia\i0{}, \i{}Maximiliana\i0{},
\i{}Medemia\i0{}, \i{}Metroxylon\i0{}, \i{}Moratia\i0{},
\i{}Myrialepis\i0{}, \i{}Nannorrhops\i0{}, \i{}Nenga\i0{},
\i{}Neodypsis\i0{}, \i{}Neonicholsonia\i0{}, \i{}Neophloga\i0{},
\i{}Neoveitchia\i0{}, \i{}Nephrosperma\i0{}, \i{}Normanbya\i0{},
\i{}Nypa\i0{}, \i{}Oenocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Oncocalamus\i0{},
\i{}Oncosperma\i0{}, \i{}Orania\i0{}, \i{}Oraniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Orbigyna\i0{}, \i{}Palandra\i0{}, \i{}Parajubaea\i0{},
\i{}Pelagodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Phloga\i0{}, \i{}Phoenicophorium\i0{},
\i{}Phoenix\i0{}, \i{}Pholidocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Pholidostachys\i0{},
\i{}Physokentia\i0{}, \i{}Phytelephas\i0{}, \i{}Pigafetta\i0{},
\i{}Pinanga\i0{}, \i{}Plectocomia\i0{}, \i{}Plectocomiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Podococcus\i0{}, \i{}Pogonotium\i0{}, \i{}Polyandrococos\i0{},
\i{}Prestoea\i0{}, \i{}Pritchardia\i0{}, \i{}Pritchardiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pseudophoenix\i0{}, \i{}Ptychococcus\i0{}, \i{}Ptychosperma\i0{},
\i{}Raphia\i0{}, \i{}Ravenea\i0{}, \i{}Reinhardtia\i0{},
\i{}Retispatha\i0{}, \i{}Rhapidophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Rhapis\i0{},
\i{}Rhopaloblaste\i0{}, \i{}Rhopalostylis\i0{}, \i{}Roscheria\i0{},
\i{}Roystonea\i0{}, \i{}Sabal\i0{}, \i{}Salacca\i0{}, \i{}Satakentia\i0{},
\i{}Scheelea\i0{}, \i{}Schippia\i0{}, \i{}Sclerosperma\i0{},
\i{}Serenoa\i0{}, \i{}Siphokentia\i0{}, \i{}Socratea\i0{},
\i{}Sommieria\i0{}, \i{}Syagrus\i0{}, \i{}Synechanthus\i0{},
\i{}Tahina\i0{}, \i{}Tectiphiala\i0{}, \i{}Thrinax\i0{},
\i{}Trachycarpus\i0{}, \i{}Trithrinax\i0{}, \i{}Veillonia\i0{},
\i{}Veitchia\i0{}, \i{}Verschaffeltia\i0{}, \i{}Voanioala\i0{},
\i{}Vonitra\i0{}, \i{}Wallichia\i0{}, \i{}Washingtonia\i0{},
\i{}Welfia\i0{}, \i{}Wendlandiella\i0{}, \i{}Wettenia\i0{},
\i{}Wodyetia\i0{}, \i{}Ynesa\i0{}, \i{}Zombia\i0{}> 582<Pantropically of
great economic importance: coconut products, oils, dates, ivory nuts,
carnauba wax, house building materials, rattan cane, raffia, etc.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}(The male palm marries the female palm) by gentle
sighings, tender looks, and the dispersion of a powder \line{}(Plinys
Natural History (First Century A.D.). Fifteen wasted centuries later,
Parkinson (1640) accounts this belief of the ancient writers . . . among
the rest of their fables. See Gilmours British Botanists (1956,
Collins)) > 586<palmae> 
 
# Pandaceae <Pierre>/
3<\i{}Centroplacaceae\i0{} Doweld & Reveal, \i{}Galeariaceae\i0{} Pierre>
5,1/3<of specialised growth form, with buds in the axils of the leafy
short-shoots, but often not in the actual leaf axils> 39,1 40,2<on
short-shoots, these simulating pinnate leaves> 43,U 50,1/2 53,1 60,1/2
63<if dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,1 70,1<unequally inserted> 76,1/3/4 90,U
102,1 104,1<\i{}Microdesmis\i0{}>/3<\i{}Galearia\i0{}>/6<\i{}Panda\i0{}>
116,U 122,1 123,1 124,2/3 130,2<\i{}Panda\i0{}> 133,1 137,U 148,2<?> 150,2
156,2/2&3 157,2 159,1/2 161,1 162,2 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<?>/5 187,1/2
188<when solitary,>,2<or cauliflorous> 189<when aggregated,>,1/7/8
194,1/2/6 195<in axillary fascicles (\i{}Microdesmis\i0{}) or cymes
(\i{}Centroplacus\i0{}) or in terminal (\i{}Galearia\i0{}) or cauliflorous
(\i{}Galearia\i0{}, \i{}Panda\i0{}) racemiform thyrses (Airy Shaw 1975)>
203,2 206,1 212<mostly>,5 213,1 218,2 220,1<occasionally, large only in
female flowers of \i{}Centroplacus\i0{}>/2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3 240,3/4 245,3 251,1/4 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1/3
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,5/10/15 282,1 284,1/2 285,1 287,1<of 5, 10 or
15 members>/2<of five each> 289,1/2<\i{}Centroplacus\i0{}> 295,5/10/15
298,2/3/4 300,3 309,3 310,3 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2-5 341,1-2 342,2-5 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,2-5
360,2<usually>/1<sometimes, almost> 361,2-5 363,1/2<basally> 368,2-5 376,3
379,1(-2)<two in \i{}Centroplacus\i0{}> 381,1 382<when anatropous,>,2/-
383,1 385,2<with no obturators> 386,1<\i{}Panda\i0{} only>/3 387,3 404,1/2
409,1<?rarely>/2<usually> 412,1<\i{}Centroplacus\i0{} only>/7<usually>
415,2<the endocarp bony or stony, thin to very thick, usually tuberculate,
pitted or ridged, sometimes dehiscent by valves> 421<mostly>,2-5<with as
many locules and seeds as carpels> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2<thin,
flat> 447,1 475,1/2 487,1/2 495,2 504,2 506,1&3 509,3 510,3&4 520,4
521<West tropical Africa, Southeast Asia> 522,4&6&9 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 30
(\i{}Microdesmis\i0{})> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,39 578,28 579,5 580<\i{}Bhesa\i0{} and
\i{}Centroplacus\i0{} (Centroplacaceae), \i{}Galearia\i0{}\i0{},
\i{}Microdesmis\i0{}, \i{}Panda\i0{}> 582<\i{}Panda oleosa\i0{} seeds
afford oil for domestic cooking and are edible when cooked, and the wood is
valuable in carpentry> 586<pandacea> 
 
# Pandanaceae <R. Br.>/
5,1&3&4 25,3 27,1<usually with prop roots at the base of the stem>/2/3
28<when climbing,>,5 30,1<appearing dichtomous> 31,2 32,2/3<often maritime>
38,3-5 39,1 40,1<appearing so, through torsion of the stem>/4<usually, in
fact>/3<rarely> 43,2 44,1 45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62<usually>,3/4 64,4
65,2 67,2 68,- 82,2 90,2 102,1 104,4 121,1<with raphides> 123,1
124,1/2<?>/3 128,1 129,2 130,2<\i{}Pandanus\i0{}> 148,1<stems with compound
vascular bundles> 156,2 173,1 174,2 175,2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,5/9
178,1<often>/2 184,1/2/3/4<but mostly by wind> 187,2 189,8&2&4<often
crowded into dense panicles>/- 194,1 199,1 203,1/2
223,5<?\i{}Sararanga\i0{}>/7<\i{}Freycinetia\i0{} and \i{}Pandanus\i0{}>
224<in \i{}Sararanga\i0{}>,3-4 225<then>,2<cupuliform> 226,1 228<in
\i{}Sararanga\i0{}, more or less>,1<?> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<of
male-fertile flowers>,10-100<?many, the situation in
\i{}Freycinetia\i0{} and \i{}Pandanus\i0{} complicated by the fact that
homologies are so unclear that it is not possible with any certainty to
distinguish flowers from aggregates of flowers> 279,1<ostensibly>/2<?>
282,1 285<variously>,2<often with stemonophores>/1<and then no trace of
flower structure discernable> 295,10-100<many  regardless of what
constitutes a single flower> 303,3/4 306,2 309,3 313,1<via apical
prolongation of the connective>/2 322,1 328,1 329,1 330,1/5 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers, but these often grouped around pistillode> 339,(1-)80
342,1<when monomerous>/2-100<to many, when syncarpous> 343,1<rarely>/2-3
344,1<rarely>/2-6<syncarpous in \i{}Sararanga\i0{} and
\i{}Freycinetia\i0{}, carpels free or connate in \i{}Pandanus\i0{}> 345,1
350<(when apocarpous or unilocular)>,1-5 351<when apocarpous or
one-carpelled>,2/3 352,1/2 353<when syncarpous>,1<in
\i{}Freycinetia\i0{}>/2-100<i.e. to many> 376<when bi-
multilocular>,2<\i{}Freycinitia\i0{}>/1 379<when plurilocular>,1-5<carpels
uniovulate in Pandanoideae, several-ovuled in Freycinetioideae> 386,3 387,3
388,2 389,1<\i{}Freycinetia\i0{}>/2 391,1/2 393,1
394,3<\i{}Freycinetia\i0{}>/64-200<\i{}Pandanus\i0{}, where the antipodals
are supplemented by migration of nuclei from elsewhere> 395,1/2 399,1 400,2
404,1-2 405<more or less>,1/2 406<(when apocarpous)>,1/2 407,2 408,7<1280
in \i{}Sararanga\i0{}> 409<when syncarpous,>,2 412<when syncarpous,>,6
417<generally>,1 418,1<to varying extents, in \i{}Pandanus\i0{}>/2 421,1
422,1 424,1/2 426,1 430,1 432,3<small> 433,1 436,1 442,2 447,- 448,1<long>
450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 466,2<\i{}Freycinetia\i0{},
\i{}Pandanus\i0{}> 468,1 472,2 475,2<3 species> 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2
497,1 498,2 520,2<warm, a few>/2-3 521<Southwest tropical Africa,
Madagascar, India to Thailand, Malaysia and Australia> 522,4&6&9&10&11&14
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 30 (with aneuploidy)> 527,2 530,9 563,1 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,14 578,700 579,3 580<\i{}Freycinetia\i0{}, \i{}Pandanus\i0{},
\i{}Sararanga\i0{}> 582<\i{}Pandanus\i0{} leaves are used for thatch,
matting, clothing and containers, and the immature fleshy perianths of some
species are edible.> 586<pandanac> 
 
# Papaveraceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Chelidoniaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Chymaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Eschscholziaceae\i0{} (Ernst) A.C. Smith, \i{}Platystemonaceae\i0{}
(Ernst) A.C. Smith> 4<\i{}Fumariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hypecoaceae\i0{},
\i{}Pteridophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<mostly>/1-3<a few shrubs or small
treelets> 6,1/2<usually, the juice milky, yellow, or red>/3<e.g.
\i{}Eschscholtzia\i0{}, \i{}Platystemon\i0{} with watery juice> 21,1/3 22,1/2
31<the treelets>,2/- 32,3 39,1<usually, though the floral leaves are
sometimes opposite or whorled>/3<ostensibly, in \i{}Platystemon\i0{}> 40,1
45,1-3 47,2 53,1/1-2<being sometimes very deeply divided>
60,1<usually, sometimes very deeply so>/2 63<usually>,1<lobed or 
dissected>/6<e.g.
bipinnatisect> 64,2<mostly>/3<e.g., \i{}Eomecon\i0{}> 65,1 68,2 81,2
87,1<these articulated, anastomosing or not>/2 88,1&2&3&4&5 90,U
92<usually>,1 96,1<occasionally>/2 103,1/2 104,1 106,1/2<scanty,
unicellular, uniseriate, biseriate or multiseriate, sometimes shaggy> 107,1
108,1/2 110,1/2 111,1/2 130,2<\i{}Meconopsis\i0{}> 132<commonly>,3 141,1/3
143,2<mostly>/3<occasionally, e.g. often in \i{}Papaver\i0{}> 144,1 146,2
147,2 148,1<commonly>/2 150,1 152<in woody forms (\i{}Bocconia\i0{},
\i{}Dendromecon\i0{}, \i{}Romneya\i0{})>,2<\i{}Dendromecon\i0{}>/3/-
153,1/2 154,3/4/5 155,1/2 156,3 158,1 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<vasicentric
to sparse> 169,3 170,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 180,2 182,2 184,1<e.g.,
\i{}Bocconia\i0{}, \i{}Macleaya\i0{}>/2<mostly> 187,1<mostly>/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1&2 192,1/2 194,1 195<racemes or dichasia> 203,3/4 204,1/2
205,3 206,1/2 209,1<when manifest> 213,1 215,2-3-4 216,1/2/3
218,2<usually>/1<\i{}Platystemon\i0{}> 220,2 223,1<usually>/3<<1%> the
corolla lacking in \i{}Macleaya\i0{}> 224,6(-10) 226,1/3/4 227,1<nearly
always>/2<<1%> \i{}Sanguinaria\i0{}> 229,U 236,2(-4) 238,1
239,1/3<sometimes basally connate, sometimes coherent into an operculum>
245,1/3<usually rather asymmetrical> 246,1<sepals sometimes lobed>/3
248,2<caducous> 250,1/2 251,1 254,4/6/8/12/16 255,2<often 2+2 or 3+3>/3
258,1 265,1&6 267,3 268,3/4/5/6/8 270,2
278,4-6<\i{}Meconella\i0{}>/16-200<usually many> 280,1/2 281<usually>,1
282,1 285,1 287,3-15<generally indefinite in 2- or 3-merous, regularly
alternating whorls> 289,1 295,4-6<rarely>/16-600<usually 'many'>
298,2<rarely>/3-5 306,2
308,2 309,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 322,2
328,1<usually?>/2<e.g., some \i{}Meconopsis\i0{} species>
329,(2-)3/4/6-8/9(-15) 330,6<mostly, tricolpate, rarely slightly
colporoidate>/9/10 337,1<in 4 genera> 339,2(-100)<to many> 341,2/3
342,1-20 343,3 344,3<\i{}Platystemon\i0{}>/6<usually, the stigmas often
connate to form a discoid roof on the ovary> 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/2-20<by
intrusion of the placentas> 354,1<then spuriously bilocular>/2 356<when
G2,>,3/- 358,1/3 360,1/2 361<when gynoecium stylate,>,1 364,1 365,1 367,1
368<as many as the placentas> 369,1/2/1&2 371<often combined into a peltate
structure> 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when
unilocular>,2<usually>/1<\i{}Bocconia\i0{}> 376<when
plurilocular,>,2/4<\i{}Romneya\i0{}> 378<when
unilocular>,1<\i{}Bocconia\i0{}>/2-100<usually many> 379<when
plurilocular,>,2-50<few to many> 380,1 381,2/3 383,1 384,1/2/3/4 385,1/2
386,3/4/5<seemingly mostly anatropous or subcampylotropous> 387,3 388,2
389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,2<with filiform apparatus>
400,2 403,4<or irregular> 404,2 405<more or less>,1<\i{}Platystemon\i0{}>/2
409,1<usually>/2<rarely>/3<\i{}Platystemon\i0{}> 410<in
\i{}Platystemon\i0{},>,2-20(-30) 412,1<usually>/4/5/8<rarely>
414,3/4/6<then dehiscence basipetal or acropetal> 416,1/2 419,1/2/3 420<by
explosive xerochastic dehiscence, censer action in windy conditions, or
passive fall; commonly involving ants when elaiosomes present; rarely
(\i{}Arctomecon\i0{}) the fruits fall and tummble in the wind>
421,1-100<i.e. to many> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 426,2 432,1<sometimes>/2
433,2 435,2<7/8> 439,2 440,1 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Argemone\i0{},
\i{}Macleaya\i0{}> 472,1/2 473,1 475,1<nearly always <95%>>/2 477,1<at
least in \i{}Argemone\i0{}>/2 483,2 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,1/2/1&2 492,2<6
species, 6 genera> 495,2 497,2 504,1&2&3&4&5 505,1&2&3 506,3 507,1&2&3&4&5
512,1&2&6 520,1-3 521<mainly North temperate, but also in Iceland, Central
America and West Indies, South Africa and Eastern Australia>
522,1&2&3&4&7&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (5-)6, 7, 8, 11, 19> 527,1
528,1 529,3 533,2 565,1 566,8 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23 578,200 579,23
580<\i{}Arctomecon\i0{}, \i{}Argemone\i0{}, \i{}Bocconia\i0{},
\i{}Canbya\i0{}, \i{}Chelidonium\i0{}, \i{}Dendromecon\i0{},
\i{}Dicranostigma\i0{}, \i{}Eomecon\i0{}, \i{}Eschscholzia\i0{},
\i{}Glaucium\i0{}, \i{}Hunnemannia\i0{}, \i{}Hylomecon\i0{},
\i{}Macleaya\i0{}, \i{}Meconella\i0{}, \i{}Meconopsis\i0{},
\i{}Papaver\i0{}, \i{}Platystemon\i0{}, \i{}Platystigma\i0{},
\i{}Roemeria\i0{}, \i{}Romneya\i0{}, \i{}Sanguinaria\i0{},
\i{}Stylomecon\i0{}, \i{}Stylophorum\i0{}> 581<The data compiled for this
package exhibit differences between \i{}Fumariaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} involving seven morphological characters; however,
the taxonomic justification for retaining the separate families is reduced
if the current descriptions significantly under-estimate intra-familial
variation.> 582<Unripe capsules of \i{}Papaver somniferum\i0{} supply
commercial opium, and numerous species from \i{}Papaver\i0{},
\i{}Meconopsis\i0{}, \i{}Argemone\i0{}, etc. are cultivated as
ornamentals.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . Not poppy, nor mandragora,
\line{}Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, \line{}Shall ever medcine
thee to that sweet sleep \line{}Which thou owedst yesterday
\line{}(Othello, iii., 3 - owedst = owned)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Corn poppies, that in crimson dwell, \line{}Called
Head-aches, from their sickly smell \line{}(John Clare, quoted by Ann
Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}On her cheek an autumn
flush, \line{}Deeply ripend; - such a blush \line{}In the midst of brown
was born, \line{}Like red poppies grown with corn \line{}(Thomas Hood,
Ruth)> 584<This description improved by Una Smith, July 1998.>
586<papavera> 
 
# Paracryphiaceae <Airy Shaw>/
4<\i{}Quintiniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sphenostemonaceae\i0{}.> 5<small to medium
sized>,1 39<(sub-)>,3 43,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 66,5 68,2 76<finely>,3
78,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 108,1 109,2 115,2
122,1<thin walled brachysclereids> 123,1<as scattered styloids> 139,1 140,2
141,3 143,1 148,2 150,3 155<very>,2 156,2<with very numerous cross-bars>
159,1 161,1 165<scanty>,2/1 175,1/1&2 176,1/2 177,1/3 187,2 189,8 194,1
195<rusty-pubescent panicles comprising compound spikes of sessile flowers>
213,1 223,5 224,4 225,1 226,2<as here interpreted, consisting of four
decussate, caducous tepals, the outermost one the largest and more or less
enclosing the other three> 229,U 233,2 278,8(-11) 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1
289,1 295,8(-11) 298,4 303,3<the filaments somewhat laminar-expanded in
male flowers, filiform in hermaphrodite flowers, sometimes accrescent>
306,2<oblong> 309,3 312,2 315,1 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,8-15 341,3 342,8-15 343,3 344,4<the carpels laterally connate,
ventrally adnate to the solid core of central tissue> 345,1 352,2 353,8-15
360,1<the distinct stigmas sessile> 368,8-12<conduplicately folded> 376,2
379,4 384,2<in a single row on the placenta> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,2 400,1
404,2 409,1&3 410<viewed as a schizocarp,>,8-15 411,3 412<viewed as
syncarpous,>,1<the mature carpels separating from the central column except
at the top, spreading out from the base and dehiscing ventrally>
414<initially>,4<prior to the ventral opening of the carpels>
422<copiously>,1 426,2 429,1 432,3 433,2<these shorter than the radicle>
436,1 504,2 506,5 520,4 521<New Caledonia> 522,11 527,1 528,1/2<?  ovules
crassinucellate but unitegmic, endosperm formation cellular> 529,21 551,5
565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,65 578,1<\i{}Paracryphia
alticola\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Paracryphia\i0{}> 581<See Dickison
and Baas 1977. The comparative descriptive data compiled here show
\i{}Paracryphia\i0{} differing from \i{}Sphenostemon\i0{}) (q.v.) in at
least ten conspicuous characters representing vegetative, floral and fruit
morphology, in addition to the winged seeds (and non-ruminate endosperm?).
\i{}Quintinia\i0{}, also referred to \i{}Paracryphiaceae\i0{} by APG III in
2009, appears to bear so little morphological resemblance to
\i{}Paracryphia\i0{} that, pending further investigation or pursuit of the
literature, it is retained here in \i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{}.> 586<paracryp> 
 
# Parnassiaceae <S.F. Gray>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}-Parnassioideae, \i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{}.>
4<\i{}Lepuropetalaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,3 22,1 32,2/3 39,1 40,1 42,1
45<long>,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,6/7/9<or reniform> 64,3 65,1 66<often more or
less>,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 130,2 141<with a single leaf trace> 148,1/3<said to
be polystelic at the nodes (cf. Metcalfe and Chalk 1950)> 175,1 176,2
177,1 182,1 183,4<from the bases of the staminodes> 184,2 186,1<the flowers
protandrous, the stamens dehiscing over the gynoecium in sequence before
moving outwards. The staminodes secreting nectar below, branched
candelabra-like above, the branches each with a glistening yellow tip which
supposedly interests flies> 187,1<on a long peduncle> 203,3 206,1 212,5
213,1 215,3 217,1<and united to the base of the ovary> 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3
268,2/3 272,1 275,3/4 278,10<interpreting each staminode as one member>
279,1<the staminodes perhaps representing bunches of stamens>/2 282,1 285,1
287,2 289,2 290,5<opposite the petals> 291,3 293,1-2<clavate or cuneate,
branched candelabra-like above into 3, 5, 7, 9 or 15 branches, each branch
tipped by a glistening yellow knob> 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,3
306<ventrifixed> 308,1 309,3 310,1 312,2 318,2 319,1 328,1 329,3 330,8
337,1 339,3-4 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5-6 345,1-2 352,1 353,1 358,1<globose>
360,1-2<the stigmas sessile or almost so> 361<when detectable,>,1<thick>
365,1 366<much>,1 368,3-4 369,2 372,2 373,1 374,2<B(i)> 375,2<the placentae
large, projecting> 378,25-100<many> 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,1<to about 5 cells>/2 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2
403,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<34 valved> 421<many seeded> 422<thinly>,1/2
426<very>,2 429,1 436,1<cylindrical> 472,2 504,1 505,1&2 507,1&2&4&5 508,3
520,2 521<Arctic and North temperate (chiefly in upland bogs), south to
India> 522,1&4&12&16 527,1 528,1<?  ovule tenuinucellate but bitegmic,
polypetalous, flowers regular> 529,8 538,2 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,37<as a synonym of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}> 578,50 579,1 580<only
genus: \i{}Parnassia\i0{}> 581<Comparisons of these descriptions show
conspicuous differences from \i{}Celastraceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in
habit, leaf venation and stem anatomy, as well as numerous differences
involving inflorescence, floral morphology (notably in the androecium and
gynoecium) and embryogeny.> 583<The Grass of Parnassus hath heretofore
been described by blinde men; I do not meane such as are blinde in their
eyes, but in their understandings, for if this plant be a kind of grasse,
then may the Butter-burre or Coltes-foote be reckoned for grasses, as also
all other plants whatsoever. \line{}(John Gerarde 1597, Herball) >
586<parnassi> 
 
# Passifloraceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Modeccaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Paropsiaceae\i0{} Dum.>
4<\i{}Malesherbiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Turneraceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3/4<and herbaceous
climbers> 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,3<the tendrils axillary, perhaps
representing modified inflorescences> 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 50,1/2 
53,1/2<e.g. in \i{}Deidamia\i0{}, \i{}Passiflora\i0{}> 56<when compound,>,5
60<when simple>,1/2 63<when dissected,>,2 64,2/3 65,1 68,1/2 70<when
present,>,1 74<usually small,>,1 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2<then
isobilateral> 95<commonly>,1<on the petioles> 101,1/2
103<usually>,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<representing diverse types -
unicellular, uniseriate, tufted, shaggy, eglandular and glandular>
115,1<occasionally>/2 116,1<e.g., in \i{}Adenia\i0{}, containing
tannin>/2<but tanniniferous cells common> 122,1<occasionally>/2 123,1
124,1&3 130,2<\i{}Passiflora\i0{}> 137,1<e.g., in \i{}Adenia\i0{},
containing tannin>/2<but tanniniferous cells common> 139,1 140,2 141,3
143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2/3<rarely> 149<in \i{}Adesmia\i0{},>,1
150,1/2/3 152,2-3 153<very variable in size,>,1-3 154<variously>,1/2/3/4/5
156,3/2&3 157,2 158,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at least sometimes>,1/2 164,2
165<typically>,1 169,3 170,1<occasionally>/2 175,1/2/3/1&2&3<?> 176,1/2
177,1<usually>/5<e.g. in \i{}Adenia\i0{}>/8<?> 184,2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2 200<usually three>,1 203,4 206,1 212,(3-)5(-8)
213,1 216,1<often>/1&2/3 217,1<often>/2<the receptacle variously shaped>
218,1<usually>/2 220<often>,1<staminodial>/2 223,1/3<the corolla rarely
lacking> 224,5/6-16 226<usually>,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5(-8) 238,1
239,1/3<basally> 245,3 248,1 251,1 254<when present,>,(3-)5(-8) 255,1
257,1<with a conspicuous staminodal corona, this consisting of threadlike
filaments or scales, or annular> 258,1/3<the petals sometimes shortly
united basally> 260,3 265,1 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 
278,5/20-100<depending on interpretation of the 'petaloid corona'> 282,1
283,1<at least, often inserted on the gynophore>/2 285,1/2
286<sometimes>,1<the stamens of \i{}Androsiphonia\i0{} connate around the
gynophore> 287,1<?  if staminodes absent>/2/3 289,2<always?>
290,15-50<usually many atop the hypanthium within the corolla,
constituting the conspicuous petaloid corona, or of filaments, or
sometimes represented by a disk around the gynoecium> 291,1/2/3 293,1/2/1&2
295,(4-)5(-10) 298,2/3 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2 320,2 322,2 328,1 329,3-12 330,8<to colpoidorate> 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-5) 341,1-2 342,1 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,1
353,1 358,3 361,1/(2-)3(-5) 363,1-2 365,1 368,1/(2-)3(-5) 372,2 373,1/2
374,2 375,2 378,7-100<several to many> 385,1 386,1-3 387,3 388,2 389,1
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<sometimes with filiform
apparatus> 400,2 403,1/6<occasionally> 409,1/2 412,1/6 422,1 423,1<\i{}P.
foetida\i0{}>/2 424,1 432,3 433,2 434,1 435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1/3
462<\i{}Passiflora\i0{}> 464<\i{}Adenia\i0{}> 472<often>,1/2<<10%>> 473,3
475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,2 490,2 492,2<3 species of
\i{}Passiflora\i0{}> 495,2 497,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical and subtropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 9-11> 527,1 528,1 529,7
537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,530 579<about>,18
580<\i{}Adenia\i0{}, \i{}Ancistrothyrsus\i0{}, \i{}Androsiphonia\i0{},
\i{}Barteria\i0{}, \i{}Basananthe\i0{}, \i{}Crossostemma\i0{}, \i{}
Deidamia\i0{}, \i{}Dilkea\i0{}, \i{}Efulensia\i0{}, \i{}Hollrungia\i0{},
\i{}Keramanthus\i0{}, \i{}Mitrostemma\i0{}, i{}Paropsia\i0{}, \i{}
Paropsiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Passiflora\i0{}, \i{}Schlechterina\i0{}, 
\i{}Tetrapathaea\i0{}, \i{}Tryphostemma\i0{}, \i{}
Viridivia\i0{}> 582<Edible berries (passion fruit) from \i{}Passiflora\i0{}
spp., and some cultivated ornamental climbers.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}
There has fallen a splendid tear \line{}From the passion-flower at the gate
\line{}(Tennyson, Maud) > 586<passiflo>
 
# Pedaliaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Sesamaceae\i0{} R. Br. \i{}ex\i0{} Berchtold & Presl>
4<\i{}Martyniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Trapellaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<mostly,
annual or perennial>/3/5
14,1<sometimes, with swollen succulent trunks and/or water-storing 
tuberous roots>/2
32,2/3-4<mostly inhabiting shores and deserts> 39,2<at least below> 53,1
60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1/3 64,2 65,1 68,2 90,U 92,1 96,1<sometimes>/2
102,1 103,1<abaxial>/2<mostly> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<with capitate,
short-stalked mucilage hairs occurring universally; and hairs with long or
short unicellular or uniseriate stalks and spherical or turbinate heads,
and long uniseriate non-glandular trichomes recorded in several genera>
108<mostly>,2 123,1 124<small,>,2&3 130,2<\i{}Ceratotheca\i0{}>
134,1<sometimes, in \i{}Pedalium\i0{}>/2 139,1 140,2 144,1 148,2 150,2
156,3 162,1 169,2<VPI> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1 192,1 194,2 195<dichasia or cymes> 200,1<the bracts with
axillary abortive flowers functioning as nectaries> 206,3 209,1&2 212,5
213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,3<forming a lobed tube> 240,3 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,1 267,1/2
270,1<sometimes>/2 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube> 284,2 285,1 287,1
289,2 290,1<the posterior member> 291,2 292,1 293,2 294,2&3 295,4 296,1
297,1 298,1 299,2 300,1 305,2<in pairs>/1 309,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3/4 320,2 321,2 322,2 324,1<\i{}Sesamothamnus\i0{}>/2 327<when
aggregated,>,3 328,1 329,(3-)5-15 330,6 337,1 339,2 341,1 342,2-8 343,3
344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,2-4<but often with false septa> 354,1/2 356,1 360,2
361,1 364,1 366,3 368,1-2 370,2 372,1 373,1 374,3 376,2
379,1<\i{}Josephinia\i0{}>/2-50<to many> 381,1/2/3 386,3 387,2 388,1
390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1<elongated> 399,1 400,1
401,1 402,1&2 403,1 404,2<often with hooks, or prickly> 409,1/2 412,1/8
414,5 422<thinly>,1/2 424,1 431,1 433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 481,1<2 genera>
484,1 485,2<normal and decarb.> 487,2 488,2 492,2 495,2 520,3-4 521<Africa,
Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Australia>
522,2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,60 578,50 579,13 580<\i{}Ceratotheca\i0{},
\i{}Dicerocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Harpagophytum\i0{}, \i{}Holubia\i0{},
\i{}Josephinia\i0{}, \i{}Linariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pedaliodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Pedalium\i0{}, \i{}Pterodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Rogeria\i0{},
\i{}Sesamothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Sesamum\i0{}, \i{}Uncarina\i0{}> 582<Commercial
edible oil from \i{}Sesamum\i0{} (benne).> 586<pedaliac> 
 
# Peganaceae <Tiegh. ex Takht.>/
2<\i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous or hairy>,5<with terete stems>
21,3<branched> 22,2 39,1 40,1 43,1/2/3<?> 45,3 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,1/2
63<when dissected, more or less irregularly>,1 64,2
68,1/2<\i{}Malacocarpus\i0{}?> 69,2 70,1 73<setaceous> 74,1 92,1/2<?>
101,1/2 102,1 104,1 106,1 107,2 108,2 111,2 112,1 113,4 115,1/2 121,2
122,2<these also lacking in the stems> 123,1 124,1/2/3 137,2<or at least,
no mucilage cavities> 143,1 148,2<?> 155,1-2 156,3 161,2 162,1 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1/2<towards the ends of the stems> 188<leaf-opposed> 195<or
one-flowered peduncles leaf-opposed> 203,2-3 206,1 212,4-5 215,4 216,2/3<?>
220,1 221,2 222,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,1<?>
245,3 247,2 248,1<often leafy and pinnatifid> 251,3 254,4/5 255,1 258,1
265,1 267<more or less>,3 268,2 278,12/15 280,1/2<?> 282,1 285,1 287,3
289,1 295,12/15 298,4 300,3 303,3<the filaments dilated basally> 328,1
339,2-3 341,1 342,2-3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2-3 358,2 360,2 361,1
364,2 365,1 368,1<with 23 stigmatic ridges> 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2-3
377,1 379,10-50<many> 380,1 381,1 382,1 383,1 385,2 386,3<?> 387,3
404,1/2 409,1<\i{}Peganum\i0{}>/2<\i{}Malacocarpus\i0{}> 412,1/6 414<of
\i{}Peganum\i0{}>,5 421,10-100<many> 422,1 433,2 435,1 436,2 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Peganum\i0{}> 466,2 471,1/2<? - not specified in descriptions seen,
though it would be taxonomically helpful to know> 475,1 504,1&3 505,1&2&3
507,2&3 508,1&2&3 512,1 520,2&3 521<Mediterranean to Mongolia, southern
U.S. and Mexico> 522,2&3&4&5&12&13 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2<re-assigned>
565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of
\i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}> 578,5-7 579,2 580<\i{}Malacocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Peganum\i0{}> 581<Sheahan and Chase (1996) recommended recognising this
family as belonging to the order Sapindales, and not closely related to
\i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{} s. str. (q.v.). The descriptions compiled for the
present package depict 15 conspicuous differences from
\i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}, involving habit, leaf form, floral, fruit and seed
characters; and based on limited sampling, they also suggest several
differences in leaf anatomy.> 582<A dye (Turkey red) from the seeds is
used for dyeing hats (tarbooshes).> 586<peganace> 
 
# Pellicieraceae <(Planch. & Triana) Beauvis>/
1<\i{}Pelliceriaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Tetrameristaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous,
buttressed mangrove>,1<but without stilt-roots, exhibiting branched
sclerenchymatous idioblasts in the cortex and pith> 37,1 39,1 43,1
45,3<their bases shortly decurrent> 53,1 60,2 61<slightly asymmetic> 64,2
66,5 68,2 76<glandular>,4<or denticulate> 82,3 90,U 92,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,6 106,2 115,1<this aqueous> 122,1 123,1 124,1<in special
cells> 132,2 135,2<with branched sclerenchymatous idioblasts and fibres
interspersed> 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3
153,1 154,2&3 155,2 156,3 157,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 169,3 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1 188,2 202<(bi-)>,1<each flower subtended by two
elongate,crimson to rose or coral-red, eventually deciduous, petaloid
bracts surpassing the petals> 203,4 206,1 212,5 213,1 218,2 223,1<but the
calyx petaloid> 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5<the sepals crimson or rosy
externally, finely glandular-pitted inside near the middle> 238,1 239,1
245,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 268,2/6 272,2<caducous> 274<elongate>
278,5 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the
filaments appressed to alternate grooves in the 10grooved ovary>
306<sagittate,>,2 308,2 309,3 310,1-2 311,2 313,1 314,1<via prolongation of
the connective> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,1-2 353,(1-)2<the two locules sometimes confluent towards the
tip, one locule sometimes empty or even suppressed> 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1
366<thickened, smooth, elongate, gradually tapering> 368,1 371<punctiform>
376,2 379,1 381,1 386,4 404,2 409,2 412<large (to 13 cm in diameter, dry
and leathery, ovoid-turbinate, beaked> 421,1 422,1 428,2<the ripe seed
consisting of the large, naked embryo, the more or less hemispherical
cotyledons filling the cavity of the fruit and enclosing the conspicuous,
red plumule, and the radicle on germination penetrating the stylar beak of
the fruit> 433,2<fleshy> 500,1<but without stilt-roots> 504,3 512,1&2 520,4
521<Costa Rica to Ecuador> 522,13&14&15 527,1 528,1/2<?> 529,8 538,1 565,4
569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of \i{}Tetrameristaceae\i0{}?>
578,1<\i{}Pelliciera rhizophorae\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Pelliciera\i0{}> 581<In addition to the mangrove habit and associated
features, \i{}Pelliciera\i0{} differs from \i{}Tetrameristaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
in numerous, conspicuous morphological characters involving inflorescence,
androecium, gynoecium and fruit; also in the records of cyclocytic foliar
stomata and superficial cork cambium.> 586<pellicer> 
 
# Penaeaceae <Guillemin>/
4<\i{}Crypteroniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Oliniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchocalycaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<typically small, often ericoid>
39,2<decussate> 43,2 44,1<often>/2 45,1-3 53,1 60,2 64,2<with a continuous
marginal vein> 68,1<the stipules vestigial>/2 90,U 92,1<mostly>/2/3
102,1/2<infrequent> 103<when present,>,1<abaxial>/2 104,1/2<sometimes with
peg-like projections into the subsidiaries, see illustration> 106,1/2<rare>
107<when present,>,1 108,1 109,2 112,2 122,1<see illustration> 123,1/2
124<when found,>,2 139<in \i{}Penaea\i0{},>,1 140,1<in the pericycle> 141,1
143,1 144,2 145<universally>,1 146,1/2 148,2 150,3 156,3 159,1 161,1 167,2
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1-2<occasionally paired, often crowded> 188,2<with
the upper leaves> 200,1<the bracts often coloured> 202,1<the bracteoles
opposite, in one or more pairs> 206,1 212,4 213,1 215,1 218,1 220,2
223,3<but the hypanthium and calyx often coloured like a corolla> 224,4
226,1 227,- 228,1/2 229,U 236,4 238,1 239,1<as lobes on the hypanthium>
245,3 248,1<with the hypanthium> 251,3 278,4 280,2 282,1<attached to the
hypanthium> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,1 303,3<the filaments very
short> 306,2<the connective much expanded, thickly laminar, often much
longer than the ventral or marginal, frequently well separated thecae>
309,3 310,3 312,2 313,1/2<?> 324,2 328,1 329,3-5/6-10 330,6&8<the colpi
alternating with colpoid grooves> 339,4 341,2 342,4 343,3 344,5-6 345,1
352,2 353,4 358,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371<capitate or four-lobed>
376,1-2/2/2-3 379,2-4 381,1/3/1&3 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,4 392,1 400,2
403,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5<surrounded by the persistent hypanthium>
422<more or less>,2 432,3 433,2<very small> 447,1 495,2 504,4 520,3
521<Southernmost Africa> 522,7 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12> 527,1 528,1 529,14
544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41 578,25 579,7
580<\i{}Brachysiphon\i0{}, \i{}Endonema\i0{}, \i{}Glischrocolla\i0{},
\i{}Penaea\i0{}, \i{}Saltera\i0{}, \i{}Sonderothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Stylapterus\i0{}> 586<penaeace> 
 
# Pennantiaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Icacinaceae\i0{}.> 5<rainforest>,1<to 30 m high, with buttressed,
leaning trunk and characteristically zig-zagging branchlets (Australian
\i{}P. cunninghamii\i0{}>/3/4<rarely> 27,1/3 39,1 40,1 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2
76,1/4<or lobed> 81,2 87,U 89,U 90,U 94,U 104,3 106,1 110,1 116,U 120,U
121,U 122,U 133,U 141,3 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,2 150,1
156<commonly>,1/2<with thin and numerous bars> 157,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 166,U 167,U 168,U 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5/8 178,1/2 179,1/2/3
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/8 192,1 206,1 212<mostly>,5 215,2 218,2
223,1/4<the calyx very small, rudimentary in \i{}P. cunninghamii\i0{}>
224,5/10 226,1/2 227,1 236<if detectable,>,5 238,1 239,3<into a tube> 244,6
245,3 248,1 254,5 258,1/3 265,3 267,3 268,2 277,1/2 278,5 280,2 282,1/2<to
the corolla tube> 285,1 287,1 295,5 298,2 
299,2 300,1 303,3 306,1 309,3 310,2/3
338,1/2 339,2-3 342<usually,>,1 343,3 344,4/5/6<?> 345,1 
352,1<usually>/2 353,1/2
360,1/2 361<when present,>,1/2 378,2 379<when more than one-locular,>,2
381,1 385,1 404,1/2 409,2 412,7 415,2 431,U 472,1 474,U 486,U 493,U 504,5&6
514,1 520,2-4 521<Australia (E. Australia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand>
522,10 523,U 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4
577,67 578,4 579,1 580<\i{}Pennantia\i0{}> 581<This inadequate description
lacks information on informative esoteric characters, expecially anther
development and embryology. As it stands, it offers no support for recent
removal of this genus from \i{}Icacinaceae\i0{} (Cornales or Celastrales),
and does not effectively distinguish it from the present descriptions of
either \i{}Icacinaceae\i0{} or \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}.> 582<including
cultivated ornamentals> 586<pennanti> 
 
# Pentadiplandraceae <Hutch. & Dalziel>/
2<\i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}.> 5<large>,3/4 27,1/3 39,1 43,U 45,1 47,2 53,1
60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U
146,U 147,U 148,2/3<?> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1&2&3 176,1 177,8
178,1<ten, filiform> 179,1<the style lacking, the ovules abortive> 187,2
189,2 192,2 194,2 195<short axillary racemes, the flowers long-pedicellate,
opening at an early stage and enlarging subsequently> 200<minutely>,1 206,1
213,1 216,2 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,2<cupular, thick and fleshy> 223,1 224,10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 251,3 254,5 255,1 258,1/3<the petals
loosely coherent or connivent at the thickened, scalelike bases or claws,
the limbs free, lanceolate, thin, acuminate> 265,1 274,1/2 277,1/2<in
female flowers> 278,9-13 279,1/2<?> 280,1 281,2 282,1 285,1/2<?> 289,1
295,9-13 298,3-4 303,3<the filaments filiform> 306,2<small> 309,3 310,2
313,1 314,1<the connective forming a terminal knob> 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339<of female-fertile flowers>,3-5 341,1-2 342,3-5 343,3 344,5-6
345,1 352,2 353,3-5 358<shortly>,3 360,2 361,1<elongate> 364,1 365,1
368,1/3 370<if considered single,>,4-5 376,2 379,3-10<several> 384<23
seriate in each locule> 404,1 409,2 412,6<globose, brownish-scaly>
421<many-seeded> 426,2 471,U 504,2 506,1 509,2&3 520,4 521<tropical Africa>
522,6 527,1 528,1 529,7<?> 537,4<?> 565,4 569,8 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2
577,47 578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Pentadiplandra\i0{}> 582<The edible
berries of \i{}P. brazeana\i0{} have assorted herbalist applications, and
are rendered very sweet to humans and monkeys by the proteins pentadin and
brazzein. The latter has been patented as a far more more powerful, lower
calorie sweetener than sugar.> 586<pentadip> 
 
# Pentaphragmataceae <J.G. Agardh>/
5<coarse>,5 14<somewhat>,1/- 38,3-4 39,1 43,U 53,1 60,2 61<usually>,1<at
the base> 68,2 76,1<or sinuate>/4 90,U 92,1 104<more or less>,1<surrounded
by three or four cells not very different from the rest of the epidermis>
106,1 108<often>,2 111<often>,1 116<seemingly>,2 137<seemingly>,2 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 156,2 161,1 167,2 175,1/1&2/1&2&3<?> 176,1<rarely>/2
177,1<usually>/8<?  rarely with unisexual flowers> 182,1 183<from between
the hypanthium and the gynoecium> 186,2<by contrast with
\i{}Campanulaceae\i0{}> 187,2 189,1 192,1 194<extra-axillary or>,2/-
195<dense, sympodial helicoid cymes> 200<conspicuously>,1<the bracts
membranous> 206<more or less>,1 212<more or less>,5 213,1 215,2 218,1-2<the
inferior ovary being adnate to the hypanthium only by longitudinal septa
more or less continued from the filaments, creating (4)5 nectariferous
channels> 223,1 224,(9-)10 226,2 227,1<usually>/2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1
245,1 248,1 251,1 254,(4-)5 255,1 258,1<rarely>/3 265,3 267,3
271,1<usually, or cartilaginous>/2<rarely delicate> 272,1 277,1/2<in female
flowers> 278,(4-)5<equalling the petals or corolla lobes> 280,2
282,1<inserted on the margins of the top of the ovary, when
polypetalous>/2<usually> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5 296,3<shortly
below the sinuses> 298,2 299,2 303,3<usually, the filaments
persistent>/4<rarely, the filaments almost wanting> 306,2 309,3 310,3 312,2
315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1&3 320,2<2> 321,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,(2-)3 330,8
337,2<see Davis 1966> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2-3 341,1 342,2/3 343,3
344,6 345,3 352,2 353,2/3 359,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 366<short and thick>
368,1 371,2/3<?  massive, glabrous, lacking collecting hairs> 376,2<the
placentas bifid> 379,30-50<many> 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1
400,1 403,4 404,1 409,2 412,6<with the perianth persisting at its tip>
422<copiously>,1 424,2<starchy> 426,1 430,1 433,2 475,2 495,2 504,2 506,3
510,2&3 520,4 521<Southeast Asia, Malaysia> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2 529,7/19<?>
537,1<?> 549,1<?> 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,30 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Pentaphragma\i0{}> 586<pentaphr> 
 
# Pentaphylacaceae <Engl.>/
4<\i{}Ternstroemiaceae\i0{}, retained in \i{}Theaceae\i0{} in this package
but transferred here by APG> 5<small>,1/3<with mucilage cells in the
cortex> 37,1 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 78,1 90,U
92,1 101,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3 116,2 123,1 124,2&3 132,1 135,1
137,2<but with mucilage cells in the cortex> 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2 152,3 153<very>,1<and angular> 154<almost
entirely>,1 155,2 156,2 157,2 159,1 160,2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1<diffuse>
166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1&2/4<somewhat>
195<racemes, often with sterile, leafy tips> 202<(bi-)>,1<the persistent
bracteoles appressed to the calyx> 203,2 206,1 212,5<throughout> 213,1
215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3
248,1 251,1 253,2<but the calyx closely associated with the bracteoles>
254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 298,2 299,2<equalling ir shorter than the petals> 300,1 302,2<later
erect> 303,3<the filaments thickened and expanded, especially towards the
middle, tapering to their tips, the anthers short> 306,2 308,2 309,1<each
theca with a terminal pore, opening via a small valve> 311,2<the thecae
distinct> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<to colporoidate> 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3
344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,5 360,2 361,1 365,1 366<short, stout, persistent>
368,1<lobed>/5 370<if considered one,>,5 376,2-3 379,2 381,1 382,1<Engler>
384,1 386<somewhat>,4/3 387,3 388,2 389,2 404,2 409<partly or fully>,1
412,1<rather woody, with a persistent central axis, cf.
\i{}Theaceae\i0{}-Theoideae> 414,5<to halfway or all the way down, the
long-persistent valves with a median septum> 422<scantily>,1 429<more or
less>,1 432,3 433,2 436,2<horseshoe-shaped> 447,1 495,1 504,2 506,3 510,2&3
520,4 521<South China to Malay Peninsula and Sumatra> 522,4&9 527,1 528,1
529,8<?> 538,1<?> 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15<but this conflicts with
the embryology as reported by Davis, 1966> 577,52 578,1<\i{}Pentaphylax
euryoides\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Pentaphylax\i0{}> 586<pentaphy> 
 
# Pentastemonaceae <Duyfjes>/
2<\i{}Stemonaceae\i0{}.> 5<juicy, unbranched>,5 21,3 22,1 25,3<with scale
leaves on the rootstocks> 30,2<in fact, monopodial> 32,3 39,1 45<long>,1
47<shortly>,1 53,1 60,2 62,7 64<convergent>,2 65,1 66,2 68,- 76,1 102,1
104,4 106,1 108,2 110,2 121,U 123,1 124,1 128,2 148,1 156,2 173,1 174,2
175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/8<?  flowers wholly or partly functionally
unisexual, according to Duyfjes 1992> 187,2 189,1/2 194,2 195<emerging at
ground level, pedunculate, compound, shorter than the leaves, the pedicels
non-articulated> 200,1 202,1 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 219,1<urceolate> 223,5
224,5 225,2 226,1 227,- 230,- 277,1/2 278,5 282,2<the connectives, the top
of the perigone tube and the ovary forming a swollen disklike structure,
bearing five (nectarial?) pouches each enclosing two thecae, one from each
of the adjacent anthers> 283,1<the internal extensions from the staminal
tube below the anthers fusing with the stigma lobes> 285,2 286,1 287,1
295,5 298,2 303,4<more or less, the filaments joined laterally the beneath
the anthers into a short fleshy tube, and this basal part extended to
contact the stigma> 306,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 313,2 322,2 328,2 337,1 339,3
341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1 365,1<short, thick>
375,2<with three placentas> 378,20-50<each placenta with many ovules>
381,2/3 385,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391<probably>,1 399<or similar
structure>,1 404,1 409,2 412,6 422<copiously>,1<with sarcotesta-like,
hyaline exotestas and inflated arillodes> 423,2 424,1 432,3<but minute>
433,1 442,2<?> 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,2 506,3 510,3 520,4 521<Sumatra> 522,9
527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,14<as a synonym of
\i{}Stemonaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Pentastemona\i0{}>
581<See Duyfjes (1992), van Heel (1992), Bouman and Devente (1992).
Conspicuously different from \i{}Stemonaceae\i0{} in habit, leaf form,
floral morphology (perianth, androecium, gynoecium) and fruit type, and the
available data also show different foliar stomatal patterns.> 586<pentaste>
 
# Penthoraceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{}.> 5<erect>,5 21,3 25,3 32,2 39,1 45,1/3 53,1 60,2
62,4 64,2 66,5 68,2 76,3 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U
141,1 146,U 147,U 148,1/2/3<?> 161,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1
194,1 195<terminal, secund cymes> 203,2 206,1 212,5(-8) 213,1 215,2/3 218,1
223,1/3<usually without a corolla> 224,5(-8)/10(-16) 226,1/2 227<when
two-whorled,>,1/- 229,U 236,5(-8) 238,1 239,1<on the hypanthium> 245,3
248,1 251,3 254<when present,>,5(-8)<inconspicuous> 255,1 258,1
278,10(-16)<?> 282,1<inserted at the mouth of the hypanthium> 285,1
287,2<usually 5+5> 289,1 295,10 303,3<the filaments filiform> 306,2 309,3
328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 339,(4-)5(-8) 341,2 342,(4-)5(-8)<below>/-
343,2-3 344,3<the carpels united in the lower half> 345,2<slightly sunk in
the receptacle> 347,2<recurved, with a short style and capitate stigma>
350,30-100<many> 351,2<each carpel with a single, marginal, pendulous
placenta in its distal, free part> 352,2<below>/- 353,5(-8)<below>/- 404,2
405,2 407,1 408,3<the 5(8) follicles circumscissile above their union>
421<many seeded> 426<scobiform> 427,2<papillose> 472,2 504,1&2 505,1 506,3
507,3&4 510,2 520,2-4 521<Eastern Asia, Indochina, Atlantic North America>
522,4&12 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,10<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30
578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Penthorum\i0{}> 582<Edible after cooking,
but may be laxative> 586<penthora> 
 
# Peperomiaceae <(Miq.) Wettst.>/
2<\i{}Piperaceae\i0{}.> 5<sub->,3/5 14<more or less>,1 27,1/2<commonly>
32,3 39,1/2/3 40<when alternate,>,1 43<more or less>,3 47,1 48,2 49,1
50,1/2 51,1 53,1 60,2 64,2/3<or pinnate-palmate> 65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U
92,1 94,1<sometimes>/2 96<commonly>,1/2 102,1 103<usually>,1<abaxial>
104,2/6 106,1<but never forming a dense covering> 107,1&2 108<mostly>,2
110,2 115,1/2 116,1/2<?> 117<if present,>,2 120,1<usually with secretory
cells having translucent or brown, often oily contents, these sometimes
appearing as transparent or opaque dots> 123,1 124,2/3<acicular>
130,2<\i{}Peperomia\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,4/5<with five or more traces>
143<disposed monocot-like, and>,4<see illustration>/3 144,1 145,2 147,1
148,2/3 149,2 156,2/3 161,2 162,1 163,1/2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,3<and
spadices> 194,1/2/3 195<with flowers aggregated into spikes or spadices>
200,1<the bracts succulent> 203,1-2 223,7 229,U 278,2 283,1<adnate to its
base>/2 284,1 285,1-2 286<often more or less>,1<the filaments joined at the
base> 289,1 295,2 309,3<via one slit> 310,1 311,2/1<by confluence> 312,1
315,1 318,2 320,1/2<12> 321,3 322,2 328,1-2 329<when detectably
aperturate,>,1 330,1 337,1 339,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 350,1 351,3 372,2
373,2 374,2 386,1 387,2 388,2 391,9 392,1 400,1 403,6 404,1-2 407,2 408,7/8
417,1/2 421,1 422<scantily>,1 425,1<copious> 432,1 454,U 458,U 461,3
464<\i{}Peperomia\i0{}> 492,2<\i{}Peperomia\i0{}> 497,2 520,2-4
521<pantropical, subtropical and warm temperate>
522,2&4&6&7&9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11(?)> 527,1 528,1 529,2
532,1 565,1 566,3 572,1 574,4 577,7<as a synonym of \i{}Piperaceae\i0{}>
578,1000 579,4 580<\i{}Manekia\i0{}, \i{}Peperomia\i0{},
\i{}Piperanthera\i0{}, \i{}Verhuellia\i0{}> 581<Distinguishable from
\i{}Piperaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) by exstipulate leaves,
bisporangiate anthers and monomerous gynoecium with unitegmic ovules, and
the compiled data also suggest differences in stigma structure and the
pattern of embryo sac development.> 586<peperomi> 
 
# Peraceae <(Baill.) Benth. ex Klotsch>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3<with stellate hairs or scales, simple
hairs, or glabrous> 6,3 39,1<usually>/2<<5%> very rarely> 43,U
45<shortly>,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1-2<the stipules minute or
obsolete> 76,1 87,2 90,U 101,1 116,2 137,2 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 165<abundant,>,1 167,2 168,U 175,2&3/2/3 176,1 177,2/5
179,1/2/3 187,2 189,4 195<34 flowered, involucrate, unisexual or bisexual
capitula> 196,1<12 small, free outer bracts, and two larger, variously
connate, spathaceous inner bracts> 199<more or less>,1<by the inner bracts>
213,1 218,2 220,2 223,3<sometimes, in male flowers>/7<from female flowers,
and sometimes from male flowers> 224<of male flowers, when preent,>,4-6
226,1 229,U 236<of male flowers, when present,>,4-6 238,1 239,3 240,1-2/3/4
244,1 251,3 276,1/2<female flowers?> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in male
flowers,>,2-5 282,1 285,2 286,1<united below into a column> 289,1 295,2-5
298,1-2<when the perianth present> 302,1 309,3 310,1/2 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,3 342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360<shortly>,2/1 361,1
365,1 368,1/3 370<entire or>,3 371<when entire>,5 376,3 379,1 381,1
385,1<the seed carunculate> 404<somewhat>,1/2 409<tardily>,1
412,1<drupiform, with woody endocarp and fleshy or spongy mesocarp, the
smooth epicarp wrinkled when dry> 414<with the valves splitting along the
midline but not springing back elastically, usually remaining attached
basally to the pedicel, the slender central column splitting longitudinally
into three> 422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 426<black and shiny and with a
tracheoidal exotegumen, atypical of \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} sensu lato>
433,2<broad, flat> 436,1 440,1<shining> 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<Mexico
to tropical South America, West Indies> 522,13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,6
536,9 565,5<by inference> 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578<about>,40 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Pera\i0{}> 581<Recent inclusion of
other \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}-\i{}Peroideae\i0{} (\i{}Chaetocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Clutia\i0{}, \i{}Pogonophora\i0{} and \i{}Trigonopleura\i0{}) in this
family may be justifiable, but is not yet accounted for here> 586<peraceae>
 
# Peridiscaceae <Kuhlm.>/
4<\i{}Medusandraceae\i0{}.> 5,1 38,4 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2
64,2<above, though trinerved at the base, with a large pit in the axil of
each of the basal laterals beneath> 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 74,1 76,1 90,U
102,1 104,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2 155,2 156,2 161,1 162,2 163,1/2
165,1<diffuse> 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/7 194,2 195<axillary
fascicles or clusters of small racemes> 202,1<the bracteoles large,
persistent> 203,2 206,1 218,2 220,1 221,2<the stamens seated on or around
it>/- 222<cupulate or>,2<multilobate> 223,3<apetalous> 224,4-7 226,1 227,-
229,U 236,4-7<hairy> 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1<Cronquist>/3<Hutchinson>
278,30-100<many> 279,1/2<?> 281,2<?> 282,1 285,1/2 286<when cohering,
rather irregularly connate towards the base> 289,1 295,30-100<many> 298,5
299,- 309,3 310,3 311,1<and small> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,3/4 341,1-2
342,1 343,3 344,4 345,1/2<half sunken into the disk in \i{}Peridiscus\i0{}>
352,1 353,1 360,2 361,3/4 363,1 366<short> 368,3/4 375,3 378,6-8 381,1
404,1 409,2 412,7 415,2 421,1 422<abundantly>,1<the endosperm horny,
according to Cronquist>/2<according to Hutchinson and Airy Shaw>
432<small>,3 433,2 436,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical South
America> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,7<or \i{}Malviflorae\i0{}?> 537,1<or
\i{}Urticales\i0{}?> 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,2/7 579,2/3
580<\i{}Peridiscus\i0{}, \i{}Whittonia\i0{} (and cf. \i{}Soyauxia\i0{} and
\i{}Medusandra\i0{})> 581<Not reliably classifiable, given the shortage of
data and conflicting statements in the descriptions seen. See comments
under \i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}.> 586<peridisc> 
 
# Periplocaceae <Schltr.>/
2<\i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{}, cf. \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}-Periplocoideae.> 5,3<or
shrublets>/4<commonly>/1<<5%> rarely>/5<<5%> rarely> 6,1 21<the herbs>,3
25<sometimes>,4/- 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1 32,3/4 39,2 45,1 53,1 55,2 60,2
62,3-8 64,2 65,1 68,2<and lacking stipular colleters> 76,1
87,1<non-articulated, branched or not> 90,U 104,3/1/2 116,1<laticifers
accompanying the veins> 117,4 130,2<\i{}Periploca\i0{}> 137,1 141,1<the
petiolar trace single, gutter-shaped> 144,2 145,1 148,2/3 149,1/2<?> 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 165,1<predominantly, in \i{}Periploca\i0{}>/2<?>
167,1/2<?> 168,U 169,1<\i{}Periploca\i0{}> 175,1<<90%>>/2/3 176,1/2<<90%>>
177,1<usually>/5<<10%>> 184,2 186,1<with pollen transference involving
translators  spoon- or funnel-shaped structures arising from the
stylehead between the anthers, which conceal the stigmatic surfaces from
pollinators and into each of which the granular pollen from adjacent
half-anthers is shed. A sticky disk on the base of the translator adheres
to the head of a visiting insect, which carries off the translator and its
pollen contents> 187,2 189,1 192,1 195<cymose, neither umbelliform nor
racemose> 200,1 203,2<usually>/4<<10%> and showy, rarely> 206,1 212,5 213,1
215,2 218,1 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<the tube
short> 241,3 245,3 251,1/3 254,5 255,1 257,1<usually, from the corolla
tube, or at the sinuses between the lobes>/2 258,3 265,2<usually>/3<<10%>>
267,3 277,1<usually>/2<from female flowers> 278,5 280,2 282,1<on the
hypanthium>/2 283,2 285,2<via the anthers, the filaments free> 286,1 287,1
289,1 295,5 296<when epipetalous,>,1 298,2 299,2 304,2 305,3<by their tips
into a sheath, and adherent to the stylehead> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 311,3
312,2 313,1<usually, but via connective extensions only, not
wings>/2<<10%>> 314,1/2/3 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/4/5 320,1/2 321,2 322,2 324,1
327,3<these variously tetrahedral, rhombiodal, linear, etc., and the
tetrads readily separating, at most only weakly coherent into loose
massules rather than pollinia> 328,1 329,3-6 330,7 337,1/2
338,1<usually>/2<in male plants> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,7<the separate
carpels united only by the common stylehead> 345,1 350,5-50 351,2<ventral>
352,2 353<alternatively interpretable as>,2<the separate ovaries being
viewed as the locules of a syncarpous gynoecium> 356,1 360,2 361,2
363,2<free below, but joined at the distended stylehead, cf.
\i{}Asclepiadaceae\i0{}> 376<equivalent to>,2<ventral in the discrete
locules, corresponding with axillary in \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 379,5-50<to
many> 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,3 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2
400,2 403,4 404,2 405,1<the units usually paired>/2<by abortion of one of
them> 409,1 412<of two follicles or one undeveloped, the placenta thick
and cylindric bearing the seeds on denticles> 422,1 424,1 427,1<with a
terminal coma of long, silky hairs> 429,2 432,3 433,2 436,1 461,1
462<\i{}Cryptostegia\i0{}> 472,2 475,1 483,2 484,2<?> 487,2 488,1 489,1
492,2<\i{}Periploca\i0{}> 495,2 504,1&2&4 520,2-4 521<Old World, especially
tropical Africa> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 22, 24> 526,2 527,1
528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym
of \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}> 578,200 579,45-50 580<\i{}Asterostemma\i0{},
\i{}Atherandra\i0{}, \i{}Atherolepis\i0{}, \i{}Aechmolepis\i0{},
\i{}Baeolepis\i0{}, \i{}Baroniella\i0{}, \i{}Baseonema\i0{},
\i{}Batesanthus\i0{}, \i{}Camptocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chlorocyathus\i0{},
\i{}Cryptolepis\i0{}, \i{}Cryptostegia\i0{}, \i{}Curroria\i0{},
\i{}Cyprinia\i0{}, \i{}Decalepis\i0{}, \i{}Ectadiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Ectadium\i0{}, \i{}Epistemma\i0{}, \i{}Finlaysonia\i0{},
\i{}Gonglyosperma\i0{}, \i{}Gonocrypta\i0{}, \i{}Gymnanthera\i0{},
\i{}Gymnolaema\i0{}, \i{}Harpanema\i0{}, \i{}Hemidesmus\i0{},
\i{}Ischnolepsis\i0{}, \i{}Kompitsia\i0{}, \i{}Macropelma\i0{},
\i{}Mangenotia\i0{}, \i{}Meladerma\i0{}, \i{}Menabea\i0{},
\i{}Mitolepis\i0{}, \i{}Mondia\i0{}, \i{}Myriopteron\i0{},
\i{}Oxystelma\i0{}, \i{}Parquetina\i0{}, \i{}Pentagonanthus\i0{},
\i{}Pentanura\i0{}, \i{}Pentopetia\i0{}, \i{}Pentopetiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Periploca\i0{}, \i{}Phyllanthera\i0{}, \i{}Raphionacme\i0{},
\i{}Sacleuxia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Schlechterella\i0{},
\i{}Socotranthus\i0{}, \i{}Stelmacrypton\i0{}, \i{}Streptocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Tacazzea\i0{}, \i{}Tanulepis\i0{}, \i{}Telectadium\i0{},
\i{}Triodoglossum\i0{}, \i{}Utleria\i0{}, \i{}Zacateza\i0{},
\i{}Zygostelma\i0{}> 581<Evidently related to \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.), but differing conspicuously in lacking a hypogynous disk,
the basifixed and 4-locular anthers, aggregated pollen, and gynoecium
details; differing also in the compiled data on embryology. See
Swarupanandan, Mangaly, Sonny, Kishorekumar and Chand Basha (1996)>
582<Some cultivated ornamentals (\i{}Periploca\i0{}), and
\i{}Cryptostegia\i0{} has been used as a source of natural rubber.>
586<periploc> 
 
# Petenaeaceae <Christenh, M.F.Fay & M.W.Chase>/
2<\i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{}, \i{}Malvaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}>
5<hairy>,1<to 10 m.>/3 31,1 32<in wet tropical forests> 38,3 39,1 40,1 42,1
43,1<papery> 44,2 45<long, red>,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,7 64,3
66,2<\i{}Tilia\i0{}-like> 68,1 70,1 73<minute> 76<minutely denticulate>
77,1 81,2 87,2 92,1 148,2 150,3 151,1 152,3 153<narrow and angular>
154,1<mainly> 156,2 157,1 161,1 163,1<all septate> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,8 192,1 194<many flowered, long pedunculate, pink, tomentose,>,2
200,2<?> 202,2 206,1/2<?> 218,2 223,3 224,4/5 226,1 236,4/5 238,1 239,1/2
251,3 278,8-12 280,U 282,1 285,1 295<borne on the inner edge of the fleshy,
annular disk,>,8-12<each with 2-3 subsessile receptacular glands at the
base, which are obscured by a conspicous band of long, villous rose-pink
hairs, which give the young flowers a velvety appearance, and through which
the anthers protrude in a close circle around the slender style> 303,3<the
filaments glabrous> 306,1 308,1 309,2-3<eventually via longitudinal
extension of the initial short terminal slits> 339,4/5 342,3/5 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,4/5 358,1<hairy> 360,2 361,1 365,1<hairy below> 368,1 370,1
371<small, entire, subdiscoid> 376,2 379<to>,50<or more - "many"> 381,1
404,1 409,2 412,6<maroon to black, sweet> 421<to>,50<or more - "many">
422<copiously>,1 426<very>,1-2<1-1.2 mm> 436<small,>,1 504,3 520,4
521<Northern Central America, Guatemala, Mexico> 522,13 527,1 528,1 529,6
536,3 565,4 569,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,68 578,1<\i{}Petenaea
cordata\i0{}> 579,1 580<\i{}Petenaea\i0{}> 581<First described under
\i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{} by C.L. Lundell in \i{}Wrightia\i0{} 3 (1962), and
promoted to family level and referred to Huertiales by Christenhusz et al.
in \i{}Bot. J. Linn. Soc.\i0{} 164 (2010)> 586<petenaea> 
 
# Petermanniaceae <Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Philesiaceae\i0{} p.p.> 5,4<with prickly stems and underground
rhizomes> 25,3 27,3 28,3<the tendrils derived from inflorescences opposite
the leaves, the stems also twining> 32,3 39,1 40,1 45,1-2 47,2 53,1 60,2
62,6 64,2<pinnate-parallel> 65,1 66,5 68,2 76,1 81,2 92,1 102,1 104,1 121,U
123,1 124,1 128,2 148,1 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,2<at the bases of the tepals> 187,2 189,1&8 192,1 194,3 195<cymose,
raceme-like panicles> 200,2 202,2<?> 203,2-3 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2
223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,1-2<with a conspicuous median vein> 229,2
230,1 231,6 278,6 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 303,3 306,2
309,3 310,1 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 339,3 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6
345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1<elongate> 368,1 371<trilobed,>,3 375,2
378,15-50<fairly numerous> 404,1 409,2 412,6 421,15-100<many seeded>
422,1 442,2<?> 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,5 513,1 520,3-4 521<Eastern Australia,
in temperate rainforests> 522,10 527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15
578,1<\i{}Petermannia cirrosa\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Petermannia\i0{}> 586<peterman> 
 
# Petrosaviaceae <Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{}> 5,5 9<more or less>,1-2<with
slender, simple, erect stems> 12,2<colourless, bractlike>
15,1<\i{}Japonolirion\i0{}>/2 16<when parasitic,>,1 17,1/2 22,2 27,1 38,2
39,1 40,1 43,4 45,3 47,1 52,2 53,1 60,2 87,2 151,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1<septal> 183,3 187,2 189,2/6 192,2<?> 194,1 195<"in terminal
corymbiform racemes" - Hutchinson> 200,1 203,2 206,1 212,3 215,3 219,2
220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,1 230<more or
less>,1<"sub-similar"> 231<colourless> 232,2 233,1 278,6 282,1-2<to the
bases of the persistent perianth segments> 284<more or less>,1 285,1
287<ostensiby>,1 295,6 298,3<cf. illustrations> 301,2<?> 303,3<with slender
filaments> 306,1 309,2-3 310<ovate,>,3 318,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 339,3 341,1
343<more or less>,2<the carpels "free almost to the base"> 344,2 345,1
347,1-2<"the sub-capitate stigma on a very short style"> 348,2
350,15-100<"many"> 351,2 404,2 405,1 407,1 408,3<opening via an adaxial
slit> 426<numerous, ribbed> 433<presumably>,1 458,2<?> 470,U 504,2 506,3
510,1&2&3 520,3&4 521<Malesia, Borneo, S. China, S. Japan> 522,4&9 527,2
530,4 558,6 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,11 578,3/4<if \i{}Japonolirion\i0{} is
included> 579,1/2 580<\i{}Petrosavia\i0{}, (\i{}Japonolirion\i0{}?)>
581<Current description mostly from Hutchinson (1964), restricted to
\i{}Petrosavia\i0{}. Recent assignment here by APG adherents of the
taxonomically problematic, autotrophic Japanese endemic \i{}Japonolirion
osense\i0{} is unconvincing> 586<petrosav> 
 
# Phellinaceae <(Loes.) Takht.>/
1<\i{}Phellineaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Aquifoliaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 37,1
39<(pseudo-)>,3/1<more or less crowded towards the branch tips> 43,2 53,1
60,2 68,2 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 148,2 159,1 165<scanty>,2 167,2
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1 179,1 187,2 189,2/8 194,2 195<racemes or panicles
or mixed panicles> 206,1 212,4-6 213,1 218,2 223,1 224,8/10/12 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,4-6<small> 238,1 239,3<more or less connate at the base>/1<?>
245,3 251,4 254,4-6 255,1 258,1<the petals with a small, inflexed apiculus>
265,3 271,1 276,1 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,4-6 280,2 282,1 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4-6 298,2 299,2 309,3 312,2 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2-5 341,1-2 342,2-5
343,3 344,5/6 345,1 352,2 353,2-5 358,1 360<more or less>,1<the stigma
sessile> 368,1<lobed> 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 386<slightly>,4/2 404,1 409,2
412,7 415,1<as many stones as locules> 421,2-5 422<copiously>,1 504,2 506,5
520,4 521<New Caledonia> 522,11 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,11
572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,12 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Phelline\i0{}> 581<Readily separable from \i{}Aquifoliaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
only via calyx and corolla characters, but seemingly differing in wood
anatomy as well. Associated with Asterales via \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequencing.>
586<phellina> 
 
# Philadelphaceae <D. Don>/
2<\i{}Hydrangeaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Pterostemonaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3<or
subshrubs> 37,2 39,2/3 42,1 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2/3 68,2 76,1/3/4
85,1<\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}> 86,3 90,U 92,1 106,1 107,1 108,1/1&2<?> 109,2
112,1/2 113<if present, usually>,2/- 130,2<\i{}Carpenteria\i0{},
\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,1-3 153<very
numerous,>,1 154,1/2/3/5 156,2/3/2&3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2<?> 160,2 161,1/2
162,1/2 163,1/2 164,1/2 165,1<consisting of only a few scattered cells>
166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2<usually>/1<occasionally> 189<when
aggregated,>,1<these few-flowered, in some \i{}Philadelphus\i0{}
spp.>/2<ostensibly>/4/8 192<seemingly essentially>,1/- 194,1 203,3
205,1<often>/3 206,1 218,2 223,1 224,(8-)10-12 226,2 227,1/2 229,U
236,4/5-6 238,1 239,3 240,3 245,3 248,1 251,1/3 254,4<commonly so, in
\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}>/5-6 255,1 258,1 265,1/2<e.g., in
\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}>/3 267,3 268<usually>,2 278,(4-)10-200<to many,
very numerous in \i{}Carpenteria\i0{}> 279,1<from a small number of
primordia>/2 280,1/2 281<when maturation sequence determinable,>,1 282,1
285,1/2<sometimes basally connate> 289,1 295,(4-)10-200<i.e. to many>
298,3-5 303,1/2/3 304,1<sometimes lobed or toothed>/2 306,1-2<mostly almost
basifixed> 308,1 309,3 310<almost>,2<e.g. \i{}Whipplea\i0{}>/3 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 337,1<in \i{}Deutzia\i0{}, \i{}Jamesia\i0{} and
\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}> 339,(3-)4/5(-7)/1<rarely> 341,1-3 342,(1-)4/5-7
343,3 344,4<usually, more or less>/5 345,1-3 352,1-2 353,(1-)4/5-7 358,1
360,2 361,(2-)4<commonly in \i{}Philadelphus\i0{}>/5-7 363,1/2 365,1 372,2
373,1 374,2<B(i)> 375<when unilocular,>,3 376<when
plurilocular,>,2<usually>/4<rarely> 378,1-50<?> 379,(1-)25-50<usually
many> 381,1-3 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2
397,1 400,1/2 401,1<\i{}Deutzia\i0{}, \i{}Philadelphus\i0{}> 402,2 404,2
409,1 412,1 414,5/6<e.g., in \i{}Philadelphus\i0{}, \i{}Carpenteria\i0{}>
422,1 426,2 429,1/2 432,3<small> 433,2 435,2<2/7> 436,1 461,1<?>/3
464<\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}  Troughton \i{}et al.\i0{} 1974> 469,2<in
\i{}Philadelphus\i0{}> 472,2 484,1<in 7 \i{}Deutzia\i0{} species> 485,1<?>
488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1 491,2/1&2 492,2<4 species, 3 genera>
494,2 504,1&2 505,1&2&3 506,3&4 507,2&3&4 510,1&2&3&4 520,2-3 521<Southern
Europe to Eastern Asia, North and Central America, Philippines>
522,1&3&4&11&12&13 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15
577,51<as a synonym of \i{}Hydrangeaceae\i0{}> 578,135 579,7
580<\i{}Carpenteria\i0{}, \i{}Deutzia\i0{}, \i{}Fendlera\i0{},
\i{}Fendlerella\i0{}, \i{}Jamesia\i0{}, \i{}Philadelphus\i0{},
\i{}Whipplea\i0{}> 581<Thanks to Mike Hackston (June 2007) for correcting
an error in an earlier version of this description. It differs obscurely
from that of \i{}Hydrangeaceae\i0{} (q.v.) only in tendencies among
overlapping characters (e.g., ovary placentation), and perhaps in foliar
hair forms (the latter relying on limited sampling).> 586<philadel> 
 
# Philesiaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Lapageriaceae\i0{} Kunth> 4<\i{}Behniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Luzuriagaceae\i0{}, \i{}Petermanniaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<undershrubs>/4
27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,1 29<\i{}Lapageria\i0{}>,1 32,3/4 39,1 40,1/2
43<sclerophyllous or>,2/- 45,1/2/3 47,1-2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/7
64,2<\i{}Philesia\i0{}>/3<palmate-parallel, in \i{}Lapageria\i0{}> 65,1
68,- 76,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 128,2 130,2<\i{}Lapageria\i0{},
\i{}Philesia\i0{}> 148,U 151,1/2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
173,1/2<then with vessel tracheids> 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,1<from pouches at the bases of the tepals> 187,1 188,1<on short
branchlets>/2 202,1<with several bracteoles> 203,3 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,2<but the tepals together forming a campanulate structure> 223,1/5
224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,1&2/2<if not resolvable into calyx and corolla>
229,2 230,2 278,6 282,1 285,1/2 286<when filaments joined,>,1 287,2 289,1
295,6 298,3 306<sub>,2 309,3 310,1/3 312,2 315,1 316,1 317,1 318,1
322<probably>,2 324,2 328,2 339,3 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1
360,2 361,1 367,1 372,1 373,1 374,3 375,2<intrusive> 378,10-100<several to
many> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<large> 395,2 397,1
409,2 412,6 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 436,1 442,2 443<thin> 447,-
448,1<short> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,1 457,3 458,1 460,2
487,1<steroidal> 504,3&6 512,6 514,2 520,2-4 521<Chile> 522,10&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15, 19> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15 578,2
579,2 580<\i{}Philesia magellanica\i0{}, \i{}Lapageria rosea\i0{}>
586<philesia> 
 
# Philydraceae <Link.>/
1<\i{}Phylidreae\i0{} (\i{}Phylidraceae\i0{}) Lindl.> 5,5 21,3 22,1 25,3/2
32,3/4 39,1 40,1&2<the lower distichous, the upper spiral> 42,1 45,3 47,1
52,1<more or less, but sometimes subulate> 53,1 60,2 62,3/4 64,4 65,2 67,2
68,2 76,1 92,2 102,1 104,3 121,U 123,1 124,1 128,2
130,2<\i{}Orthothylax\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1/2<?  no septal nectaries> 187,2 189,3 194,1 195<simple or compound
spikes> 200,1<the bracts rather large, the flowers sometimes partially
fused with them> 203,2-3 205,1/3<sometimes?> 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1
215,2 219,2 223,5 224<diguisedly>,6 225,2<the two lateral (upper) members
of the inner whorl fused with the upper (median) of the outer whorl to form
a large, broad upper lip, the median (lower) member of the inner whorl
forming a large lower lip, and the laterals of the outer whorl small and
sometimes fused with the solitary stamen> 226,2 227<theoretically>,1/-
228,2 231,2/4 278,1 282,1/2<sometimes adnate to the lateral tepals> 284,-
285,- 287,- 289,1 295,1 298,1<i.e., reduced to the one stamen, which
supposedly represents the median of an ancestral inner whorl> 304,1<by
virtue of adnation to one or both inner perianth members>/2 308,1<peltate>
309,3 310,1-3<swinging over to become extrorse, or becoming helically
coiled, at anthesis> 312,2 315,1 316,1 318,1 319,2 320,2<2 or 3> 322,2
324,1/2 327<in \i{}Philydrum\i0{},>,3 328,1 329,1/3 330,1/3/4 337,1 339,3
341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1<in \i{}Philydrum\i0{}, at
least above the base>/3<septal nectaries absent> 360,2 361,1 364,1/2 365,1
366,1-2 368,1 370,1/3 371,3 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<in \i{}Philydrum\i0{}
(unilocular),>,2 376<usually>,2 378<when unilocular>,15-100<many>
379,15-50<many> 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,2 400,3 404,2 409,1 412,1/6 414<when capsular,>,5/1<rarely>
422<copiously>,1 430,1 432,3 433,1 436,1 442,2 443,4 447,- 448,2 450,2
451,1 452,1 453,2 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 468,2 472,2 475,2<2 species>
488,1 489,1&2 490,2 492,2 520,3-4 521<Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Australia>
522,4&9&10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 11> 527,2 530,10 564,3 572,1 574,5 575,1
577,18 578,6 579,3/4 580<\i{}Helmholtzia\i0{}, \i{}Philydrum\i0{},
\i{}Orthothylax\i0{} (= \i{}Helmholtzia\i0{}), \i{}Philydrella\i0{}>
586<philydra> 
 
# Phormiaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<variously \i{}Agavaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hemerocallidaceae\i0{}, or
\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{}-\i{}Hemerocallidoideae\i0{}> 3<\i{}Dianellaceae\i0{}
Salisb.> 5<sub>,3/5<medium to tall> 21,3 22,1/2 25,3/4 32,2-4 38,3-5 39,1
40,2 42,1/2 43<commonly>,2<or rigid>/- 45<ambiguously>,1-2<by the edgewise
compression at the blade/sheath junction>/3 47,1 49,1 52,1-2<often
semi-equitant, being very strongly compressed proximally but flattened in
the normal plane above> 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 65,2 76<often rough or
serrulate with antrorse teeth> 92,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 123,1
124,1<often>/3<pseudoraphides> 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2&3 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 192,1 193,1<often more or less>/2 194,1
195<sparingly to densely branched, few- to many-flowered panicles> 203,2-3
206,1-2 207<when irregular, somewhat>,1 209,1/1&2 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,1<short>/2 223,5/1<dubiously> 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 228,2<including
the outer series> 230,1/2<the outer often smaller, sometimes of different
texture> 235,1<\i{}Agrostocrinum\i0{}, \i{}Corynotheca\i0{},\i{}
Dianella\i0{}, \i{}Excremis\i0{}, \i{}Phormium\i0{}, \i{}Stypandra\i0{},
\i{}Thelionema\i0{}> 236<(if the outer whorl so designated)>,3 238,1
239,1/3 245,3/1 254<(if the inner whorl so designated)>,3 255,1 258,1/3
267,1/3 268,1/2/3/4/8<or violet> 278,6 282,1 284,1/2
285,1<usually>/2<rarely> 286<when joined,>,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3
301,1 306,1/2 309,1/3 310,3 312,2 316,1 318,2 321,3 322,2 324,2 328,1
329,1/3 330<predominantly trichotomo->,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6
345,1/2<slightly embedded, in \i{}Phormium\i0{}> 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1
364,1 365,1 368,1 372,2 376,2 379,4-30<to rather numerous> 385,1/2 386,3
387,3 388<weakly>,2/1<\i{}Dianella\i0{}> 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 397,1<with
filiform apparatus> 400,3 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,6<sometimes blue>/1 414,5/4
422,1 424,1 429,1<\i{}Phormium\i0{}>/2 433,1 435,2<2/2> 442<usually>,1<even
in fleshy fruits, though \i{}Dianella bambusifolia\i0{} may be an
exception> 443,2<usually>/4<e.g., \i{}Dianella bambusifolia\i0{}> 447,-
448,1<short> 450,2 451,1/2 452,1<when elongated>/2 453,1 454,2 456,1 457,3
458,1 472,2 479,1 480,2 488,1<\i{}Dianella\i0{}>/2<\i{}Phormium\i0{}>
489<when present,>,1 490,2 492,2 504,1&2&3&5&6 505,1 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,3
509,2 510,1&2&3&4 511,1&2&3 512,2&6 513,1&2&3 514,1 521<Southeast Asia,
Australia, Pacific Islands, New Zealand, with \i{}Dianella\i0{} extending
to Africa, Madasgascar and Mascarene Is.> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&14
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as
\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{}-\i{}Hemerocallidoideae\i0{}> 578<about>,30 579,7
580<\i{}Agrostocrinum\i0{}, \i{}Corynotheca\i0{} (or
\i{}Anthericaceae\i0{}), \i{}Dianella\i0{}, \i{}Excremis\i0{},
\i{}Phormium\i0{}, \i{}Stypandra\i0{}, \i{}Thelionema\i0{}> 586<phormiac> 
 
# Phrymataceae <Schauer>/
1<\i{}Phrymaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} p.p.> 4<\i{}Mazaceae\i0{}
Reveal> 5,5 21<erect,>,3 25,3 39,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 62,8 64,2 65,1 68,2
76<coarsely>,4 90,U 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 131,3 143,2<one bundle at
each angle of the young stem> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,3 192,2 194,1&2
195<slender spikes, the flowers erect in bud but later spreading to
deflexed> 200,1 203,2 206,3 207,1 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 240<five>,3-4 244,6 245,2<prominently five nerved,
the posterior three lobes subulate and hooked at the apex, the anterior two
short and muticous> 248,1<appressed to the axis in the fruit> 252,2 254,5
255,1 258,3 266,8 267,2<the posterior lip erect and shortly bilobed, the
anterior longer, spreading, broadly trifid> 268,7/8 278,4 280,2 282,2 284,2
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 296,2-3 297,1 298,1 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments
slender> 306<subreniform> 309,3 312,2 328,1 329,3 330,6 337,2
339<theoretically>,2/1<ostensibly> 341,1 342,1 343,3<but pseudomonomerous>
344,5<detectable from monomery by the apically bifid style> 345,1 352,1
353,1<i.e. pseudomonomerous> 358,1 360,2 361,1 365,1-2 368,2 375,1 378,1
381,3 386,1 387,2 388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397<with
filiform apparatus> 399,1 400,1 401,1 402,1 403,4 404,2 409,2
412,8<enclosed by the persistent calyx, the pericarp thin> 421,1 422,2
432,3 433,2<folded> 434,3 436<oblong> 440<membranous, loosely applied to
the pericarp> 472,2 475,2<one species> 484,1 487,2 488,2 504,1&2 505,1
506,3 507,3&4 510,1 520,2-3 521<India to Japan, Eastern North America>
522,4&12 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3
577,60 578,1<\i{}Phryma leptostachya\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Phryma\i0{}> 581<This is part of the
\i{}Labiatae\i0{}/\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} imbroglio, see remarks under
\i{}Labiatae\i0{}; extended by APG to include taxa referred here to
Scrophulariaceae - \i{}Elacholoma\i0{}, \i{}Erythranthe\i0{}, \i{}Glossostigma\i0{},
\i{}Hemichaena\i0{}, \i{}Lancea\i0{}, \i{}Mazus\i0{}, \i{} Dodartia\i0{},
\i{}Leacocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Mimulus\i0{}, as well as verbenaceous
\i{}Phryma\i0{})> 586<phrymata> 
 
# Phyllanthaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}-\i{}Phyllantheae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Bischofiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Stilaginaceae\i0{}>
5,1/2/3/4<rarely>/5 6,3 9,1/2 10<commonly>,1 12,1/2/3 14,1<rarely>/2
27,1<mostly>/3<rarely> 39,1<usually>/2<rarely> 40,1/2 43,1/2/3 45,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 64,2/3<basally> 68,1 69,1/2 70,1/2 73,1/2/3<rarely> 76,1 81,2
87,2 92,1/3 95,2 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5 182,1/2 183<when present,>,2
187,1/2 194<usually>,2/5 195<usually racemose or spikelike thyrses,
sometimes in glomerules> 196,1<rarely>/2 197,2 200,1<the bracts without
glands> 206,1 218,2 220,1<commonly>/2 223,1/3<petals often lacking>
224,3-12 226,1/2/3 236,3-6 238,1/2 239,1/3<basally> 241,3 245,3 251,1<e.g.,
in male \i{}Phyllanthus\i0{}>/3<e.g. in male \i{}Bridelia\i0{}>
254,0/(2-)4-6/- 258<when present,>,1 276,2 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278<of male-fertile flowers,>,3-10(-19) 289<of male-fetile flowers,>,1<?>
295,3-10(-19) 306,1-2 309,2-3/4 338,1/2 339<of female-fertile
flowers,>,(1-)2-5(-15) 343,1<rarely>/3 344,1<rarely>/4 345,1 347,1
352,1<rarely>/2 353,2-5(-15) 358,1 360,2 361,(1-)2-5(-15) 363,1/2 365,1
368,(1-)2-5(-15) 378<when unilocular,>,2 379,2 381,1 383,1
386<carunculate,>,3 388,2 409<explosively>,1/2 412,1/6/7 433,2<much broader
than the radicle> 504,2&3&4&5 506,1&2&3&4&5 520,3&4 521<worldwide warm
temperate to tropcal regions> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578<about>,2050 579,56 580<\i{}Actephila\i0{}, \i{}Amanoa\i0{},
\i{}Andrachne\i0{}, \i{}Apodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Aporosa\i0{},
\i{}Ashtonia\i0{}, \i{}Astrocasia\i0{}, \i{}Baccaurea\i0{},
\i{}Celianella\i0{}, \i{}Chascotheca\i0{}, \i{}Chonocentrum\i0{},
\i{}Chorisandrachne\i0{}, \i{}Cleistanthus\i0{}, \i{}Croizatia\i0{},
\i{}Dicoelia\i0{}, \i{}Didymocistus\i0{}, \i{}Discocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Distichirhops\i0{}, \i{}Flueggia\i0{}, \i{}Gonatogyne\i0{},
\i{}Heterisavia\i0{}, \i{}Heywoodia\i0{}, \i{}Hieronyma\i0{},
\i{}Hymenocardia\i0{}, \i{}Jablonskia\i0{}, \i{}Keayodendron\i0{},
\i{}Lachnostylis\i0{}, \i{}Leptonema\i0{}, \i{}Leptopus\i0{},
\i{}Lingelsheimia\i0{}, \i{}Maesobotrya\i0{}, \i{}Margaritaria\i0{},
\i{}Martretia\i0{}, \i{}Meineckia\i0{}, \i{}Nothobaccaurea\i0{},
\i{}Notoleptopus\i0{}, \i{}Pentabrachion\i0{}, \i{}Phyllanthopsis\i0{},
\i{}Phyllanthus\i0{}, \i{}Plagiocladus\i0{}, \i{}Poranthera\i0{},
\i{}Protomegabaria\i0{}, \i{}Spondianthus\i0{},
\i{}Pseudolachnostylis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudophyllanthus\i0{}, \i{}Richeria\i0{},
\i{}Savia\i0{}, \i{}Securinega\i0{}, \i{}Tacarcuna\i0{}, \i{}Thecoris\i0{},
\i{}Wielandia\i0{}> 581<An inadequate, preliminary draft description, cf.
Christenhusz \i{}et al\i0{}. (2017) and assorted Floras> 582<Some edible
fruits and ornamentals> 586<phyllant> 
 
# Physenaceae <Takhtajan>/
5<small>,1/3 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 77,1 92,1 101,2
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,2 115,2 123,1 124,2 139,1 140,2<subepidermal>
141,1 143,1 148,2 152,3 155<more or less>,1 156,3 157,2 159,1 161,2<the
pits no more than slightly bordered> 162,1 165,2<aliform, or confluent and
unilateral> 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2 179,1-2 184,1 187,2 189<(male
and female)>,2 192,2 194,2 195<axillary racemes> 203,2-3 206,1 216,3 218,2
220,2 223,3 224,5-9 226,1 227,- 229,U 236,5-9<the sepals internally hairy,
with multicellular, unbranched hairs> 238,1 239<more or less>,1/2/3<some
members slightly united below> 240,3/4 245,3 248,1 249,2 251<weakly>,1
276,1/2<from female flowers> 277,1/2 278<in male flowers,>,(8-)10-14(-25)
280,2 282,1 285<more or less>,2<the filaments of a variable number being
united at the base>/1 287,1-2<the members arising as one whorl, but one or
more members may be positioned outside the cycle> 289,1 295,(8-)10-14(-25)
298,2-5 303,3<the filaments short> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 315,1
317,1 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,6 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2 341,1
342,1-2 343,3 344,4<the styles free except at the very base> 345,1 352,2
353,2<basally and above>/1<in the mid-region, where the septum is lost>
358,1 360,2 361,2 363<more or less>,1 364,2 365,1 366,3 368,2 376,1-2 377,1
379,2 380,1 381,3 385,2 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,2 404,2 409,2 412,2<somewhat
inflated> 421,1 422,2 433,2 436,1 466,2 471,2<no myrosin cells> 486,2 504,2
506,2 520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1 528,1 529,4<?> 534<near>,1<?> 565,2
567,6 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,2<\i{}Physena madagascariensis\i0{},
\i{}P. sessiliflora\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Physena\i0{}> 581<For a
thorough descriptive account of \i{}Physena\i0{}, see Dickison and Miller
(1993) who provided ample evidence in support of a monogeneric family.
However, its taxonomic affinities remain uncertain. (Gadek \i{}et al\i0{}
(1996) suggested that it may belong near Caryophyllales (cf. APG IV)>
586<physenac> 
 
# Phytolaccaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Endochromaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Hilleriaceae\i0{} Nakai,
\i{}Lophiocarpaceae\i0{} Doweld & Reveal, \i{}Microteaceae\i0{},
\i{}Petivereae\i0{} (\i{}Petiveriaceae\i0{}) C.A. Agardh, \i{}Rivineae\i0{}
(\i{}Rivinaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Seguiariaceae\i0{} Nak.>
4<\i{}Achatocarpaceae\i0{}, \i{}Agdestidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Barbeuiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Gisekiaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Stegnospermataceae\i0{}.> 5,5<usually>/1/3/4
14<more or less>,1/2 27,1<usually>/3 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 43,1/3 45,1-3 47,2
50,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1<e.g. \i{}Seguieria\i0{}>/2<usually> 70<when
present,>,1 73,3 76,1 81,2 85,1<found in \i{}Gallesia\i0{}> 86,3 90,U
92<always with more than one layer of palisade,>,1<usually>/2<occasionaly
isobilateral> 101,1/2 102,1 103,1/2 104,1/3 106,1/2<generally infrequent>
107,1 108,1/2 110,1 111,2 112,2 115,1<occasionally>/2 123,1/2 124<when
present,>,1/3<styloids> 130,2<\i{}Phytolacca\i0{}, \i{}Rivina\i0{}> 132,1-3
134,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,2/3 144,1 145,2 146,2 148,2/3<commonly>
149<when present,>,1<resulting in successive zones of of vascular bundles
embedded in secondary ground tissue> 150,1<generally lignified>
153<usually>,1/- 156,3 158<usually>,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2
165<typically>,2/- 167,1<commonly, of the concentric type>/2 175,1/2/3
176,1/2 177,1<usually>/5 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/3/8 192,1/2
194,1/2/3 195<spikes to panicles, rarely cymes> 200,1 202,1<the bracts and
bracteoles small> 203,2 206,1<variable in form, showing unusual diversity
in androecium and gynoecium> 213,1 216,2/3 218,2 220,1/2 223,3<corolla
absent, the calyx green or somewhat coloured> 224,4/5(-10) 226,1 229,U
236,4/5(-10)<the segments equal or unequal> 238,1 248<usually>,1 251,1
277,1<usually>/2<female flowers> 278,4-5/5-100<i.e. to many> 279,1/2
280,1/2 281<when branched/many,>,2 282,1 285,1/2<then the filaments joined
basally> 286<when connate,>,1 287,1/2 289,1 295,4-5/5-50 298,2/3-5 306,1
309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,3-12(-30) 330,6/9/10
333,4 337,2<in several genera> 338,1<usually>/2<male flowers>
339,(1-)4-12(-16) 341,2/1/3 342<when other than apocarpous,>,2-16<?>
343,1<rarely>/2/3 344,1-2/3-4<i.e. the carpels free to more or less
connate> 345,1 347<when apocarpous/semicarpous,>,2 350,1 351<when
apocarpous,>,3 352,2 353<when more or less syncarpous,>,2-16<?> 361,2-16<?>
363,1/2 368,2-16 376<when more or less syncarpous,>,1 379,1 385,1/2 386,4/5
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<\i{}Rivina\i0{}, up to 6
cells>/2 396,1/2 397,1/2 400,2 403,1/3/5 404,1/2 405,1/2 407<when
apocarpous,>,2 408,5/6/7 409<when syncarpous,>,1/2/3<when G2> 410<when
schizocarpic,>,2 411,2/4/7 412<when more or less syncarpous,>,1/6 414,5
422,2 425,1 430,1 432,3 434,1/2 435,2<2/2> 436,2 444,2 447,1 461,1<or CAM?>
462<\i{}Phytolacca\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<35%>>/2 484,2 486,1<mostly, where
sought>/2<\i{}Microtea\i0{}> 487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1 492,2<3 species, 3
genera> 495,2 496,1 497,1 498,3<a> 520,2-4 521<tropical and warm temperate
America, Africa, Eurasia, Southeast Asia, Australia>
522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1 529,4
534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 574,13 577,50 578<about>,100 579,15
580<\i{}Anisomeria\i0{}, \i{}Ercilla\i0{}, \i{}Gallesia\i0{},
\i{}Hilleria\i0{}, \i{}Ledenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Lophiocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Microtea\i0{}(?), \i{}Monococcus\i0{}, \i{}Petiveria\i0{},
\i{}Phytolacca\i0{}, \i{}Rivina\i0{}, \i{}Schindleria\i0{},
\i{}Seguieria\i0{}, \i{}Trichostigma\i0{}> 582<A few cultivated as
ornamentals.> 586<phytolac> 
 
# Picramniaceae <(Engl.) Fernando & Quinn>/
2<\i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 39,1 40,1 45,1 47,2 53,2 56,4<with a
terminal leaflet> 64,2 65,1 68,2 92,1 95,1<abaxially on the lamina> 100,1/2
101,1/2 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2 115,2 120,2<?> 121,2 122,1/2
123,1 124,2&3<and styloids in \i{}Alvaradoa\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 148,2 156,3
159,U 161,1 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1/2 179,1/2/3 187,2
189,2/8 194,1/2/6 203,1/2 206,1 212,3-5(-6) 218,2 223,1/3<male flowers
sometimes lacking petals> 224,3-10(-12) 226,1/2 227,1<when petals
lacking>/2 229,U 236,3-5(-6) 238,1 239,3 241,3 245,3 251,1/3 254<when
present,>,3-5(-6)<sometimes absent from male flowers, reduced in female
flowers> 255,1 265,1 267,3 276,1/2<sometimes, from female flowers> 277,1/2
278<in male flowers,>,3-5(-6) 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289<of male
flowers>,1 295,3-5(-6) 298,2 299,1 300,2 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1
317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2 or 3> 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 338,1/2<from
male flowers> 339,2-3 341,1/2 342,1-3 343,3 344,4/5/6<?> 345,1 352,1/2
353,1-3 360,1-2 366,1 376<in
\i{}Picramnia\i0{},>,2-3/1-2<\i{}Alvaradoa\i0{}> 378<when unilocular,>,2
379,2 381,1<when apical>/3<when basal>
382,1<\i{}Alvaradoa\i0{}>/2<\i{}Picramnia\i0{}> 386,2/3<?> 387,3 388,2
389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 399,1 400,2 401,1 402,1
403,1 404,1/2 409,2 412,6<\i{}Picramnia\i0{}>/2&10<\i{}Alvaradoa\i0{}>
422,2 433,2 436,1/2<?> 479,1<\i{}Alvaradoa\i0{}, \i{}Picramnia\i0{}> 480,2
504,3 512,1&2&3&4 521<Central and tropical America, West Indies>
522,12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,43 578<about>,50 579,2 580<\i{}Alvaradoa\i0{},
\i{}Picramnia\i0{}> 581<See Fernando and Quinn (1995). Note that
satisfactory representation of recent notions on the proper dispositions of
genera previously referred to \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} will necessitate
thorough overhaul of the descriptions presented in this package (cf.
\i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{},
\i{}Surianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}). It is very easy to publish
taxonomic realignments with or without supposedly diagnostic
circumscriptions, but harder to attend to the practical requirement for
fully workable comparative descriptions.> 586<picramni> 
 
# Picrodendraceae <Small>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1<with peeling bark> 6,3 37,2 39,1
45<long>,1<the petioles without medullary bundles> 47,2 53,2 56,3
58,1<jointed at the base> 64,2 65,1 68<minutely>,1 74<tiny and
setiform,>,1/2 76,1 90,U 92<with homogeneous, palisade-like mesophyll>
102,1 103,1 104,3 137,2 145,2 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,1&2
167,2 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2 179,3 187,1<the female flowers, each
on an apically expanded, long peduncle>/2<the male flowers> 188<when
solitary/female,>,2 189<male infloresences>,8<narrow>/11 195<of male
flowers in strict catkinlike pseudoracemes or narrow thyrses> 200<of male
infloresences subtended by 37 imbricate bracts/bracteoles at the tips of
their short pedicels, the solitary female flowers subtended only by the
somewhat cupular peduncle expansion> 220,2<i.e., from the female flowers>
223,7<in male flowers>/3<in female flowers, unless interpreted as an
involucre> 224<of female flowers>,4/5 226,1 229,U 236<of female
flowers>,4/5 238,1 239,1<the sepals lanceolate> 245,1
251<(sub-)>,3/1<scarcely so> 276,1/2<female flowers> 277,1/2<female
flowers> 278,20-70<many> 279,U 285,1 287<borne on a hemispherical
receptacle, loosely clustered and forming a globose head> 289<of male
flowers>,1 295,20-70<many> 303<shortly>,3 309,3 310<ellipsoid,>,1-2 311,2
328,1 329,5-8 330,8<but the apertures not always strictly equatorial>
338,1/2<from the male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4-5 345,1<sic>
352,2 353,2 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,2<thick, subulate, spreading>
376,2-3 379,2 381,1<from a hemispherical placenta at the top of the
loculus> 385,1<with obturators> 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,7<globular, with a
thin, fleshy, orange pericarp containing numerous vesicles of bitter juice>
415,2<12 seeded, the indehiscent endocarp four-angled> 421,1-2 422,2 432,3
433,2<much corrugated> 436,3<reflexed> 469,1 472,2 484,2 487,2 504,3
512,1 520,4 521<West Indies> 522,14 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,12
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Picrodendron\i0{}> 581<This description is confined to the monogeneric
\i{}sensu stricto\i0{} interpretation, cf. Airy Shaw (1973). The family has
been extended by APG (2009) to include all 24 genera of the traditional
\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}-\i{}Oldfieldioideae\i0{}> 586<picroden> 
 
# Piperaceae <C.A. Agardh>/
4<\i{}Peperomiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3/4 7,1 14,1/2 27,1/3 30,1<often>/2
32,3 39,1 40,1 43,1/3 45,1 47,1 48,2 49,1 50,1/2 51,1 53,1 60,2 64,2/3<or
pinnate-palmate> 65,1 68,1 69,2<adnate> 76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1
94,1<sometimes>/2 96<commonly>,1 102,1 103<usually>,1<abaxial> 104,6/2
106,1<but never forming a dense covering> 107,1&2 108<mostly>,2 110,2
115<commonly>,1 116,1/2 117<when present,>,2 120,1<usually with secretory
cells having translucent or brown, often oily contents, these sometimes
appearing as transparent or opaque dots> 123,1 124,2/3<acicular> 139,1
140,2 141,3-5<with three to five or more traces> 143<disposed monocot-like,
and>,4/3 144,1 145,2 147,1 148,2-3<see illustration> 149,2 156,2/3 161,2
162,1 163,1/2 165,2 167,2 169,1-3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189<in spadices
or>,3 194,2/3<usually>/5 195<in spikes or spadices  these simple or
umbellate> 200,1 203,1-2 223,7 229,U 278,1-10 283,1<adnate to its base>/2
285,1-2 286<often more or less>,1<the filaments joined at the base> 289,1/2
290<when present, in the form of arrested stamens> 295,1-10 309,3<via two
slits> 310,1 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 320,1/2<1 or 2> 321,3 322,2 328,1-2
329<when detectably aperturate,>,1 330,1 337,1 339,(2-)4 342,1 343,3 344,5
345,1 352,1 353,1 368,1-5 372,2 373,1 374,2 375,1 378,1 381,3 386,1 387,3
388,2 389,1/2 391,7 392,1 393,1 395,1 397<poorly differentiated> 400,1/2
403,6 404,1 409,2 412,6 417,1 421,1 422<scantily>,1 425,1<copious> 432,1
447,1 454,U 458,U 461,3 466,2<\i{}Piper\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<nearly always
<90%>>/2 484,1<dubiously>/2 487,1<?>/2 488,2 490,2 492,2<2 genera> 495,1/2
497,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical> 522,4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12(?)> 527,1 528,1 529,2 532,1 565,1 566,3 572,1 574,4
577,7 578,2000 579,7/8 580<\i{}Circaeocarpus\i0{} (= \i{}Zippelia\i0{}),
\i{}Lindeniopiper\i0{}, \i{}Manekia\i0{}, \i{}Ottonia\i0{} (~
\i{}Piper\i0{}), \i{}Piper\i0{}, \i{}Pothomorphe\i0{} (~ \i{}Piper\i0{}),
\i{}Sarcorhachis\i0{} (~ \i{}Manekia\i0{}), \i{}Trianaeopiper\i0{} (~
\i{}\i{}Piper\i0{}\i0{}), \i{}Zippelia\i0{} (~ \i{}Piper\i0{})>
582<\i{}Piper nigrum\i0{} is the source of black and white peppercorns (ripe
and unripe, respectively); others are widely grown as houseplants.>
586<piperace>
 
# Pistaciaceae <(Marchand) Caruel.>/
2<\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 8,1 39,1 45,1 53,2
56,3/4<usually>/1<rarely simple> 57<when pinnate,>,1/2 64,2 65,1 68,2
90,U 116,1<in the phloem of the petiole> 117,3 130,2 137,1<in the primary
phloem> 138,2 139,1 140,2 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 165,2 167,2 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2 179,2/3 187,2 189,8 192,1
195<many-flowered panicles> 200,1 202<(bi-)>,1 203,2 206,1 213,1 220,1<in
male flowers>/2<minute or lacking in female flowers> 223,3/7<if the calyx
is considered to be bracteal> 224,1-5 229,U 236,1-2<or missing, in male
flowers>/2-5<in female flowers> 239,1<small, scarious> 276,1/2 277,1/2<in
female flowers> 278<in male flowers,>,3-5 280,2 282,2 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,2-5 298,2-3 303,3<the filaments very short, adnate to the disk>
306,2<large, ovoid> 309,3 310,2 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2<3>
321,1 322,2 328,1 329<about>,3-8<not sharply delimited>
330,6<colpoidate>/9/10 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,3 341,1/2 342,1
343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 366<short> 368,3<spreading>
375,1 378,1 380,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,2<by fusion?> 388,2 391,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2 404,1-2 409,2 412,7<this oblique, more or
less compressed, with thin exocarp and bony endocarp> 415,2 421,1 422,2
432,3 433,2 435,1<1/4> 461,1 462<\i{}Pistacia\i0{}> 472,2 504,1&2&3 505,1&2
506,1&3 507,3&4 508,1&2&3 509,1 510,1&2&3 512,1 520,2-4 521<Mediterranean
to Afganistan, Eastern Asia, Malaysia, Southeast U.S.A. and Central
America> 522,2&3&4&5&9&12&13 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}> 578,10
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Pistacia\i0{}> 581<The data compiled for this
package show \i{}Pistacia\i0{} differing from the related
\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in inflorescence, calyx and
androecium characters, but floral morphological comparisons are much
complicated by dioecism and monoecism.> 586<pistacia> 
 
# Pittosporaceae <R. Br.>/
5,1&3&4 6,2/3 7,1/2 8,1/2 27,1/3 28<sometimes>,1/6<sometimes spiny>
29<\i{}Sollya\i0{}>,2 32,3/4 37,1 39,1<usually>/3<sometimes, almost,
towards the branch tips> 40<usually>,1 43,1<commonly soft>/2 45,1 47,2
50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1<usually, or undulate>/3 81,2
90,U 92,1<mostly>/3<in a few species> 96,2<even from crenate blades> 102,1
103,1<mostly, abaxial>/2 104,3<usually>/6<rarely> 106,1 107,1/1&2 108,2
109,1/2 110,1 111,2<but sometimes T shaped: see illustration> 116,1<located
outside the phloem, inside the bundle sheath> 117,3 118,1 123,1
124<commonly>,2 130,2<\i{}Pittosporum\i0{}> 137,1<in secondary phloem, and
sometimes in the secondary cortex> 138,2 139,1 140,2
141,1<occasionally>/3<usually> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3
153<very to moderately>,1 154,1&2&3&4&5 155,2 156,3 157,2 158,1 161,1/2
162,1/2 163,1<but the septa sometimes few> 164,2 165,2<sparse, vasicentric>
167,2 169,3 175,1<<90%>>/1&2&3 176,1<rarely>/2 177,1<usually>/8<rarely>
187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/6 192,1/2 194,1/2 195<corymbs or thyrses>
202,1<with two bracteoles> 203,2-3/4<often showy> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2
218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes basally
connate> 245,3 248,2 251,1 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,1/3<usually, with a more
or less distinct tube> 265,1 267,3 274,2/1<the claws more or less
connivent> 277,1<usually>/2<female flowers> 278,5 280,2 282,1 285<sometimes
weakly, basally>,2/1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 303,1/3 306,1/1-2<being
almost basifixed in \i{}Citriobatus\i0{}> 308,2 309,1/2/3 310,3 318,2
319,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8<sometimes ruporate> 337,2
338,1<usually>/2<male flowers> 339,2(-5) 341,1-2 342,1/2(-5) 343,3 344,5/6
345,1 352,1/2 353,1<usually>/2(-5)<rarely, completely or incompletely>
356<when bilocular,>,3 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 372,1 373,2 374,4
375<usually>,2 376<rarely (i.e. when plurilocular),>,2 378<when
unilocular,>,5-100<?  to many> 379,4-30<?> 381,2/3 385,1/2 386,3-4 387,2
388,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,2 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/6
414,5 422,1 424,1 429,1<rarely>/2 432<tiny, but>,3 433,2-5 435,2<2/2> 447,1
469,1/3<in different species of \i{}Pittosporum\i0{}> 472,2
474,1<falcarinone> 475,1<commonly <35%>>/2 479,1<\i{}Pittosporum\i0{}>
480,2 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<7 species, 2 genera> 520,2-4 521<Old
World tropics and Australasia> 522,4&5&6&7&8&9&10&14 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12>
527,1 528,2 529,18 548,1 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,67
578,200 579,10 580<\i{}Auranticarpa\i0{}, \i{}Bentleya\i0{}, \i{}Billardiera\i0{},
\i{}Bursaria\i0{}, \i{}Cheiranthera\i0{}, \i{}Citriobatus\i0{},
\i{}Hymenosporum\i0{}, \i{}Marianthus\i0{}, \i{}Pittosporum\i0{},
\i{}Pronaya\i0{}, \i{}Rhytidosporum\i0{}, \i{}Sollya\i0{}> 582<Edible
berries (appleberry) from \i{}Billardiera longiflora\i0{}.> 586<pittospo>
 
# Plagiopteraceae <Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}, \i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}.> 5,4<of combretaceous or
malpighiaceous aspect, shortly ferrugineously stellate-pubescent> 6,1 27,3
39,2 43,4 53,1 60,2 68,2 82,1 87,1<their contents rubberlike> 88,1&2 90,U
106,1 112,1 113<ferrugineous,>,2 148,U 157,1<the vestures `rudimentary',
Jansen \i{}et al\i0{}. (2000)> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 189,5&8 192,1 195<many-flowered, sub-umbelliform aggregates of
thyrsiform groups> 203,2 205<very>,1 206,1 218,2 223,1 224,6/8/10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4(-5) 238,1 239,3<small, shortly united below> 245,3
251,4 254,(3-)4(-5) 255,1 258,1 265,3<externally pubescent> 267,3<and
revolute> 278,30-100<many> 279,U 280,1 281,2 282,1 285,1
287,2<biseriate> 289,1 295,30-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments
filiform-subclavate> 306<small, more or less horizontal> 309,4 311,3 312,2
315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 321,2 322,2<the cells becoming 24 nucleate>
324,U 337,2 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 360,2
361,1<elongate, subulate> 365,1 368,3<style slightly three-lobed> 376,1-2
379,2 381,3 384,1 386,3 387,3<inner and outer integuments 3 and 4 cells
thick, respectively> 388<weakly>,2<parietal tissue one-layered> 389,1
390,1<nucellar tissue disintegrating early> 391,1 393,1 395,1<to 1520
cells> 396,1 397,1 399,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<turbinate> 414<with three
apical, spathulate wings, finally>,4 444,1 504,2 506,3 510,2 520,4
521<Burma> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,39<as a synonym of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Plagiopteron
suaveolens\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Plagiopteron\i0{}> 581<This
description is rather inadequate, save for Ya Tangs (1994) account of the
embryology. It differs conspicuously from that of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}
(q.v.) in the polystemony and septicidal capsules, seemingly also in the
zigzag seed micropyle.> 586<plagiopt> 
 
# Plantaginaceae <Juss. (\i{}sensu stricto\i0{})>/
3<\i{}Littorellaceae\i0{} S.F. Gray, \i{}Psylliaceae\i0{} Horan.>
4<\i{}Globulariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, and the numerous
genera of traditional \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} transferred to this family
by APG (see comments below).> 5,5<mostly>/3 14,1<e.g. \i{}Plantago
maritima\i0{}>/2 21,1-3 22,1/2 31<sometimes>,2/- 32,2-4 36,1/2 39,1 40,1
43,1/2/3<occasionally> 45,1-3<the blade/petiole distinction never clear>
47,1 48,2 49,1 53,1 55,2 60,2<usually>/1 62,3<sometimes ericoid>/4/5/7/9
63<when dissected, more or less>,1 64,4 65,1 68,2 90,U 92,1/2<then
isobilateral, or sometimes with the mesophyll consisting entirely of
palisade cells> 96,1<commonly>/2 103<variously>,1<adaxial only, or abaxial
only>/2 104,1/4/5/6 106,1 107,1<only, in \i{}Littorella\i0{}>/1&2
130,1<\i{}Littorella\i0{}, \i{}Plantago\i0{}> 139,1<in rhizomes>/2 140,1/2
141,1/3/5 143,1/2 147,1/2 148,1/2 153<(at least in \i{}Plantago
fernandezia\i0{})>,1 154,1&2&3<the multiples in long radial lines> 156,3
159,1<according to Solereder> 161,2 162,1 165<absent or extremely sparse>
169,2<VI>/3 175,1/1&3/2&3 176,1/2 177,1/4/2 184,1/1&2 187,2 189,3/4 192,2
193,1<at least, pedunculate>/- 194,1 195<heads or spikes> 200,1 202,2 203,2
206,1 212,(3-)4 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,(6-)8 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,(3-)4<the posterior sepal seemingly lacking> 238,1 239,3/2 242<when
ostensibly only partially gamosepalous,>,2<the abaxial pair>
245,3<diagonal> 248,1 251,1 254,(3-)4<the two posterior petals fused?>
255,1 258,3 265,1<membranous> 267,3/1<the lobes unequal in
\i{}Bougueria\i0{}> 276,1/2<when female> 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,(1-)4 280,2 282,2<to the corolla> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(1-)4
298,1-2 299,2 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 318,2 322,2 328,1 329,(3-)4-14
330,7<occasionally>/9 337,1<Littorella>/1&2<with both states recordedin
\i{}Plantago\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5-6
345,1 352,2 353,2 356,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 370<usually>,2 372,2 373,2
374,2 376,2<\i{}Plantago\i0{}>/1 379,5-50<i.e. to many, in
\i{}Plantago\i0{}>/1 381<peltate> 385,2 386,2/3/4 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397,1 400,1 401,1 402,1&2<aggressive> 403,1
404,2 409,1/2 412,1<membranous>/8 414,7 422<copiously>,1 433,2 435,2<6
species of \i{}Plantago\i0{}> 436,1<usually>/2 447,1 461,1/3
462<\i{}Plantago\i0{}> 464<\i{}Littorella\i0{} (aquatic CAM only)>
466,2<\i{}Plantago\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<25%>>/2 481,1 483,2 484,1
485,2<+decarb.> 487,1/2 488,2 492,2<4 s ecies of \i{}Plantago\i0{}> 494,1
495,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-12(+)> 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,5 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,60 578,270 579,3 580<\i{}Bougueria\i0{},
\i{}Littorella\i0{}, \i{}Plantago\i0{}> 581<No attempt is made here to
incorporate the radical APG re-organization of generic assignments
involving transfer to \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{} sensu stricto of about 90
genera and 1,500 species of traditional \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, the
practical worth of which in terms of character correlations remains to be
demonstrated. For discussion of the long recognised classificatory problems
posed by \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, impinging on \i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}, and
\i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem genera as \i{}Paulownia\i0{}
and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and Reeves (1995), who provided
preliminary insights from chloroplast gene sequencing. Meanwhile, in view
of the numerous differences between \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{} (q.v.) involving characters of habit, vegetative
morphology and anatomy, general floral morphology, gynoecium and fruit
structure, and embryology, the latter are a bizarre inclusion here in
recent cladistic classifications. Likewise \i{}Globulariaceae\i0{} (q.v),
which in terms of the present compilation of data differ from
\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{} in 18 characters, involving general morphology,
anatomy, pollen form, embryology and cytology. > 582<Widespread weeds, and
a laxative from \i{}P. psyllium\i0{} seed. > 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}No salve, sir, but a plantain \line{}(Loves
Labours Lost iii., 1 - \i{}Plantago major\i0{}, the leaf reputedly good
for a broken shin) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And with a wabret leaf he made a
wallet, \line{}With scrip to beg his crumbs and pick his sallet
\line{}(Quoted from an early poet by Ann Pratt in 1857, describing
humourously(?) a bees pilgimage  medieval wabret = \i{}Plantago
major\i0{}, scrip = satchel, sallet = salad)> 586<plantagi> 
 
# Platanaceae <Dum.>/
5<large>,1 31,1 32,3 37,2 38,3/4 39,1<sometimes to subopposite on
vigorously growing shoots> 40,1 42,1 45,1<the petiole base enclosing the
axillary bud> 47,1<via the stipules>/- 53,1 60<nearly always>,1<merely
toothed in \i{}P. kerrii\i0{}> 63<nearly always>,2 64,3<nearly
always>/2<\i{}P. kerrii\i0{}> 65,1 68,1 70,2<around the stem> 71,1 73,1
74,1 76,4 77,1 78,1 81,2 85,1<recorded in 8 species> 86,2 90,U 92,2<but the
abaxial palisade cells shorter> 104<more or less>,1 106,1 107,1/1&2<the
former including those constituting the dense, woolly tomentum of deciduous
candelabra hairs (see illustration) which can inflame human mucous
membranes, as well as less branched and occasional uniseriate forms; the
latter, when present, are represented by simple capitate glands and
sometimes by hairs with gland-tipped branches> 123,1 124,2 130,2 139,1
140,2<the bark scaling off in large flakes, leaving the trunk smooth>
141,5<7> 143,2<the xylem being dissected by broad rays, the widened ends of
which separate the groups of phloem> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
150,1/1&2 153<moderately>,1 154<mainly solitary and in radial to tangential
pairs and threes> 156,2&3 157,2 161,1 162,2 163,2 164,2 165,1<diffuse or in
uniseriate bands> 167,2 169,3 170,1<often>/2 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<the
unisexual clusters in separate inflorescences> 178,1<commonly, 34>/2<?>
179,2/3 184,1 187,2 189,4 195<consisting of pendulous strings of up to 12
dense, globose, sessile or pedunculate heads of flowers, each infloresence
exclusively either male or female> 200,1/2<depending on interpretation of
the scales> 203,2 206,1 213,1 217,2 218,2 220,2 223,1<or at least, so
interpretable, in male flowers>/3<the female flowers lacking any semblance
of a corolla> 224,3-4(-7)/6-8(-14) 225,1/2 226,1/2 227,1 229,U 230,2
236,3-4(-7)<not vascularized> 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes united basally> 245,3
254<in male flowers>,3-4(-7)<tiny or vestigial> 255,1 258,1 277,1/2<male
flowers> 278,3-4(-7) 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3-4(-7) 298,2
299,2 303,3<the filaments very short>/4 306,2/4 308,2 309,5 310,2 311,2
312,2 313,1<via the peltate connective> 318,2 322<probably>,2 328,1
329,3/4<rupate>/6 330,6<3->/10<6-> 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,(3-)5-8(-9) 341,2/3 343,2 344,2<in 23 whorls> 345,1 346,2<distally>
347,1 348,2<the papillate stigma decurrent along the apical style>
350,1(-2) 351,1-2 381,1 386,1 387,3 388,2 404,2 405,1 407,2 408,4/6<with
accrescent, pappose hairs from the base> 417,1 421,1 422<scantily>,1 424,1
432,3 433,2 436,1<slender> 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Platanus\i0{}> 472,1 473,1
475,2<2 species> 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3 492,2<2
species> 495,2 497,2 520,2<warm> 521<scattered, North temperate, North
America, Southeast Europe, Southern and Eastern Asia> 522,1&3&4&12
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7> 525,7 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,2 565,2 567,2 572,1 573,1
574,8 577,25 578,10 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Platanus\i0{}> 586<platanac> 
 
# Plocospermataceae <Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Apocynaceae\i0{}, \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 37,1 38,2
39<(sub-)>,3/2 43,2 45<shortly>,1 46,2 53,1 60,2 62,6-7<sometimes
emarginate> 68,2 76,1 77<slightly>,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,1 106,1
107,1&2<eglandular-unicellular and glandular-bicellular> 109,2 112,1/2
113<if present,>,4 116,U 119,1<adjoining the bases of the
CaCO\sub{}2\nosupersub{}-filled, unicellular hairs> 120,U 121,U 122,U 123,1
124,3<styloids> 133,U 134,U 137,U 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 167,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1 187,2<in groups of 17,
pedicellate> 192,2 194,2 195<axillary, 17 flowered, racemose but the
peduncle and axis very short> 206,1-2 207<slightly>,1 212,5-6 213,1 215,2
218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10/12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5/6 238,1
239<basally>,3<small> 240,3-4<the lobes lanceolate> 241,3 245,1/3 248,1
249,2 251,1/4 254,5/6 255,1 258,3<glabrous within> 265,1<the lobes broad,
rounded> 266,4/6 267<slightly>,1/3 268,7/8<or violet> 278,5/6
282,2<inserted in the corolla tube> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5/6 298,2
299,2 300,1 303<quite long>,3 306<ovate, basally cordate,>,1 309,3 310<more
or less>,2/3 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4-5<the
style bifid above, its branches each apically two-lobed> 345,1 352,1 353,1
358<shortly>,3 360,2 361,1-2<deciduous> 363,2<i.e. the style bifid above>
365,1 368,4<these small, clavate> 375,1-2/2-3<or both> 378,2/4
381,3/1&3<there being two parietal placentas, these with one or two
basal-erect ovules each, or having two basal-erect ovules on one and two
subapical-pendulous ovules on the other> 404,2 409,1
412,1<elongate-fusiform, ribbed> 414<(two-)>,6<from the apex>
421,1<usually>/1-4 422<sparsely>,1<the endosperm fleshy> 426<long-linear,
subterete> 427<apically>,1<with a dense tuft> 429,- 436,1<linear> 481,1
482,1 484,2 504,3 512,1&2 520,3-4 521<Mexico, Central America> 522,13 527,1
528,2 529,24 554,1<?> 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60
578,1<\i{}Plocosperma buxifolium\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Plocosperma\i0{} (including \i{}Lithophytum\i0{})> 581<Evidently close
to \i{}Apocynaceae\i0{} (q.v.), but seemingly differing in embryology and
lack of iridoids, as well as no hypogynous disk, the basifixed, 4-locular
anthers and aggregated pollen, and gynoecium details. See Leeuwenberg 1980,
under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 586<plocospe> 
 
# Plumbaginaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Aegialitidaceae\i0{} Lincz., \i{}Armeriaceae\i0{} Horan.,
\i{}Limoniaceae\i0{} Lincz., \i{}Pentaptychaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Staticinae\i0{} (\i{}Staticaceae\i0{}) Hoffmgg. & Link ex S.F. Gray.>
5<divers in habit - >,5<mostly>/1<small>/2/3/4 21,3 22,1/2 27,1/3 28<sometimes>,1 
29<\i{}Plumbago\i0{}>,1
32,2/3/4<especially salt steppes and maritime> 39,1 40,1
43,1/2<\i{}Aegialitis\i0{}> 45,1-3 47,1<\i{}Eagialitis\i0{}>/2 53,1 55,2
60,1/2 62<often>,2/3/6<narrow> 63<when dissected,>,1
64,2/3-4<\i{}Aegialitis\i0{}> 68,1/2 81,2
92<variously>,1/2/3<characteristically bearing conspicuous epidermal glands
secreting mucilage and/or calcium salts> 102,1 103,1/2 104,1/2/3<in
narrow-leaved species> 106,1 107,1<mostly, but not exclusively, unicellular
and simple>/1&2<sometimes with long-stalked, shaggy glandular hairs as
well, these additional to the peculiar epidermal glands> 122,1 123,1<but
these very rare>/2 124<when recorded,>,2/3 130,1<found in 7 genera>
137,2<but secretory cells with assumed tanniniferous contents or
plumbaginin common> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,2 144,1 145,2 146,1<often>/2
147,1<sometimes inversely orientated or centric>/2 148,2/3<often> 149<when
present,>,1/2 152,3 153<very>,1 154,1&2&3<the multiples short> 156,3 161,2
162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 165<scanty>,2 167<of the concentric type>,1/2 169,3
175,1 176,2 177,1 181,2<often, and the pollen often dimorphic in
Armerioideae>/2<?> 184,2 185,2&3&4 187,2 189,8/4/2 192,1/2 193,1/2
195<variously panicles or cymose heads (Armerioideae) or racemes
(Plumbaginoideae)> 202,1 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 228,1&2/1<the calyx often petaloid> 229,U 236,5 238,1
239,3<forming a 5 or ten ribbed tube> 240,3/4 241,1 245,3 248,1 251,3/5
254,5 255,1 258,3/1<or almost so> 265,1/2 267,3 268,2/3/5<or
rose>/6/7/8/5&8 271,1<or leathery, in \i{}Aegialitis\i0{}>/2
272,1<often>/2<deciduous above and persistent below in \i{}Aegialitis\i0{}>
274<when free>,1/2 278,5 280,2 282,1/2<to the corolla, in Armerioideae>
285,1/2<forming a persistent tube in \i{}Aegialitis\i0{}> 287,1 289,1 295,5
298,2 299,1 300,2 306,1/2<\i{}Aegialitis\i0{}> 308,1/2 309,3 310,3 312,2
315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 322,2<?> 328,1 329,3-5/4/6 330,6<35, or
4-rupate>/10<6-, or more or less irregular> 337,2 339,5 341,2 342,1 343,3
344,4<Armerioideae, \i{}Aegialitis\i0{}>/5-6 345,1 352,1 353,1
361,1/5<opposite the sepals> 363<when five,>,1-2 365,1 368,5 372,2 373,1 374,2
375,1 378,1 381,1<from a long, basally attached funicle> 386,3<or
circinnotropous> 387,3 388,2 391,3/4/7/10 400,2 403,4 409,1/2 412,1/8
414<when dehiscent>,7/6<with apical valves> 422,1/2 429,1 432,3 433,2 434,1
435,1<4/5> 436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Limoniastrum\i0{}, \i{}Limonium\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Acantholimon\i0{}, \i{}Limonium\i0{}, \i{}Psilliostachys\i0{}>
472,1<\i{}Plumbago\i0{}>/2<mostly> 475,1<<25%>>/2 483,2 484,2 486,2<where
sought> 487,2 488,1 489,2/1&2 490,1 491,1&3/2&3/1&2&3 492,2<3 genera, 6
species> 495,2 497,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan, especially salt steppes and
coasts> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-9
(mostly)> 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,7 565,3 568,3 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50
578,775 579<about>,25 580<\i{}Acantholimon\i0{}, \i{}Aegialitis\i0{},
\i{}Afrolimon\i0{}, \i{}Armeria\i0{}, \i{}Bamiana\i0{}, \i{}Buciniczea\i0{},
\i{}Cephalorhizum\i0{}, \i{}Ceratostigma\i0{}, \i{}Chaetolimon\i0{},
\i{}Dictyolimon\i0{}, \i{}Dyerophytum\i0{}, \i{}Eremolimon\i0{},
\i{}Ghasnianthus\i0{}, \i{}Goniolimon\i0{}, \i{}Ikonnikovia\i0{},
\i{}Limoniastrum\i0{}, \i{}Limoniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Limonium\i0{},
\i{}Meullerolimon\i0{}, \i{}Neogontscharovia\i0{}, \i{}Plumbagella\i0{},
\i{}Plumbago\i0{}, \i{}Popoviolimon\i0{}, \i{}Psylliostachys\i0{},
\i{}Vasssilczenkoa\i0{}> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The marsh is bleak
and lonely. Scarce a flower \line{}Gleams in the waving grass. The rosy
thrift \line{}Has paler grown since summer blessd the scene, \line{}And
the Sea Lavender, whose lilac blooms \line{}Drew from the soil a richer hue
\line{}Than when they grew on yonder towering cliff, \line{}Quivers in
flowerless greenless to the wind \line{}(Quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild
Flowers (1857), unattributed - \i{}Armeria\i0{}, \i{}Limonium\i0{}) >
586<plumbagi> 
 
# Podoaceae <Baill. ex Franch.>/
2<\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Podonaceae\i0{} Baillon ex Franchet>
5,3/5 6,U 8<dubiously>,2 21,3 25<when herbaceous,>,3 39,1/2 45<long>,1 47,2
53,1 60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,2<trilobed> 64,2/3 65,1 68,2 76,3 90,U
116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,2 156,3 159,U
161,2 162,1 163,1 165,2<sparse> 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2<seemingly
without trace of an androecium> 179,1-3 187,2 189,8<thyrses> 192,1 194,1
195<terminal thyrses> 200,1<male bracts linear or (in
\i{}Campylopetalum\i0{}) some of them large, long-stalked,
membranous-reticulate and becoming coloured, the female bracts adnate to
the pedicels, membranous-reticulate, suborbicular> 203,1-2 206,1 218,2
220,1<in the female flower  representing a vestigial perianth?> 221,-
222,2 223,1<in male flowers>/7<in female flowers>/6<if represented by the
disk of the female flower> 224<in male flowers,>,4/5 229,U 238,1 239,3
240<45>,4 244,1 245,3 251,4 254,4/5 255,1 258,1 265,3 267,3
274,1/2<sometimes elongate-filiform> 276,1/2<in female flowers> 277,1/2<in
female flowers> 278<of male flowers,>,8/10 282,1 283,1<sometimes, to the
base of the rudimentary pistil, when this present>/2 285,1 289,1 295,8/10
298,3 310<short,>,1/3 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<male flowers>
339<ostensibly>,1 341,1 342,1 343,1<ostensibly>/3<presumably
peudomonomerous> 344,1<ostensibly>/6<i.e. presumably pseudomonomerous>
345,1 347<if treated as monomerous,>,2<the style short or long-filiform,
with lateral stigma> 350,1 351,3 352<treated as syncarpous,>,1 353,1 358,1
360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,1<simple> 375,1 378,1 380<long>,1 381,1<from
the long, basal funicle> 386,3<?> 404,2 407<if considered
monomerous,>,2<lenticular, attached to the midrib of the accrescent bract>
408,4 409<if treated as syncarpous,>,2 412,3<lenticular, attached to the
midrib of the accrescent bract> 421,1 422,2 432,3 433,2 504,2 506,3 510,2
520,4 521<Southeast Asia> 522,4&9 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,2 565,5 570,16
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of \i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{}>
578,3 579,2 580<\i{}Dobinea (Podon)\i0{}, \i{}Campylopetalum\i0{}> 581<It
would help to know whether these species are resinous ..... As this
compilation stands, they are dubiously distinguishable from
\i{}Anacardiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) via serrate leaf margins,
cymose inflorescences, and assorted floral and fruit characters (floral
morphological comparisons being much complicated by dioecism and
monoecism).> 586<podoacea> 
 
# Podophyllaceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}-Podophylloideae.> 3<\i{}Diphylleiaceae\i0{}
Schultz-Schultzenst. (p.p.), \i{}Ranzaniaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 21,2 22,1 25,3<the
rhizome and roots more or less fleshy> 39,1/2 45,1 53,1/2 54,1/2 56<when
compound,>,3 60<when simple,>,1 63,2<or bipartite> 64,3 65,1 68,2 90,U 92,1
102,1 104,1 130,2<\i{}Jeffersonia\i0{}, \i{}Podophyllum\i0{}> 143,2/3/4
145,2 146,1 147,1 148,1<even from the rhizome, according to Tamura 1972>
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1&5/3 194,1 195<cymose and
subumbellate> 196,U 197,U 206,1 218,2 220,2 223,1<usually, but the sepals
sometimes petaloid>/7<\i{}Achlys\i0{}> 224,10-24 226,3-6 229,U 236,4-15
238,1-4<?> 239,1<the sepals sometimes petaloid> 251,1 254<when
present,>,6-9 255,1-3 258,1<the petals larger than the sepals> 265,1
278,6-9/12-18 282,1 285,1 289,1 295,6-9/12-18 298,2/3
309,3<\i{}Podophyllum\i0{}>/5<one- or two-valved, opening from the base
upwards> 310,1<usually>/3<rarely  \i{}Dysosma\i0{}> 312,2 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1 320,1/2<1 or 2> 322<probably>,2 324,1<e.g.\i{}Podophyllum
emodi\i0{}>/2<usually> 327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1 329,3/6-12
330,6<tricolpate in \i{}Podophyllum\i0{}>/10<612 rugate, in
\i{}Ranzania\i0{}> 337,1 339<ostensibly>,1 341,1 342,1 343,1
344<ostensibly>,1 345,1 348,2 350,50-100<usually,
many>/1<\i{}Achlys\i0{}> 351,2<adaxial>/3<\i{}Achlys\i0{}> 372<in
\i{}Podophyllum\i0{} and \i{}Diphylleia\i0{},>,1 373,2 374,4 381,3 386,3
387,3 388,3 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<large> 395,2 397<with filiform
apparatus> 400,2 401,2 403,1 404,1/2 407,1/2 408,3<opening transversely or
obliquely>/8<\i{}Podophyllum\i0{}> 422,1 424,1 433,2 435,2<1/1> 472,2 477,U
488,2 492,2<\i{}Podophyllum\i0{}> 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3&4 520,2 521<North
temperate, especially Eastern Asia and Eastern North America> 522,1&4&12
527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23<as a synonym
of \i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}> 578,20 579,6 580<\i{}Achlys\i0{},
\i{}Diphylleia\i0{}, \i{}Dysosma\i0{}, \i{}Jeffersonia\i0{},
\i{}Ranzania\i0{}, \i{}Podophyllum\i0{}> 581<Cf.
\i{}\i{}Berberidaceae\i0{}\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.), but more or less
differing in the palmately veined leaves and herbaceous (biennial) habit,
as well as in records of stems with cortical and medullary vascular bundles
and no secondary thickening, colpate or rugate pollen grains, and
pseudocrassinucellate ovules.> 586<podophyl> 
 
# Podostemaceae <Rich. ex C.A. Agardh>/
3<\i{}Marathrinae\i0{} (\i{}Marathraceae\i0{}) Dum., \i{}Tristichaceae\i0{}
Willis, \i{}Philocrenaceae\i0{} Bong.> 5<vegetatively diverse and
peculiarly modified emergent aquatic>,5 6,1<sometimes with laticifers or
latex cells>/3 8,1<sometimes with resin cells>/2 9,3 11<more or
less>,1<lichenoid, seaweed-like (e.g., fucoid), bryophytic or
filmy-fern-like, only sometimes more or less resolvable into modified
stems and leaves> 12,1<but then minute, on secondary shoots, without
axillary buds>/2/3 13,2<often with root-like but chlorophyllus plagiotropic
basal branches, anchored by specialized basal branches or haptera or
attached to the substrate by numerous hairs> 21,1<often>/3 22,- 25,- 27,-
32,1<flowering and fruiting aerially at times of low water> 33,2 34<growing
on rocks in fast-flowing rivers or cataracts> 38<when present,>,1 39,1
44,1/2 45,3 47,2 53,1/2 56<sometimes much dissected> 87,1<cells or
coenocytes>/2 90,1<see illustration: these commonly so abundant in the
outer tissues as to maintain the form of desiccated thalli>/2<?> 106<and
conspicuous emergences assumed to be associated with gaseous exchanges with
the aqueous environment commonly>,1 139,2 143<greatly reduced, the xylem
often lacking or represented by a few tracheids with annular or spiral
thickenings> 148,1 151,2 159<when present,>,1/- 175,1 176,2 177,1
184,1/2<or cleistogamous>/- 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1<these often
spiciform> 192<when flowers aggregated,>,1 199,1<in Podostemoideae, the
spathes enclosing up to twenty flowers> 202<(bi-)>,1<these subtending or
enclosing the flowers, and in Podostemoideae modified to form the spathe>
203,2 206,1-3<dorsiventrally flattened to varying degrees> 213,1 215,1-4
223,3/4/5/6/7<when present, usually regarded as apetalous> 224<when
present,>,1/2-3(-5)/5-50<rarely to many> 225,1/2<especially in
Tristichoideae> 226,1 228,1/2 229,U 278,1/2-100<to many> 282,1
285,2<usually with basally connate filaments>/1 287,1-5<?  to several
whorled> 289,1 295,1-30 312,2<usually with the microsporangia aligned in a
row> 315,1 318,1/2 319,1/2/3 322,2 324,1/2 327<when aggregated,>,1
328,1<usually>/2<occasionally> 329<when aperturate,>,3/4-9<rarely>
330,6/8/9<rarely> 337,1<in 5 genera> 339,(1-)2(-3) 342,(1-)2(-3) 343,3
344,4-5 345,1 352,1/2 353,(1-)2(-3) 361,(1-)2(-3) 363,2 365,1 375<when
unilocular,>,5 376<when 2(3)-locular,>,2 379,2-50<to many> 386,3 387,3
388,1 389,1 391<reduced>,2<with variations on this> 403,4 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,4 422,2<there being no double fertilization> 426<very>,2<often with a
mucilaginous testa> 433,2 436,1 447,1 458,2 495,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical
and warm North America> 522,4&6&8&9&10&12&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1
528,1 529,11 541,1 565,5 570,4 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,130
579,48 580<\i{}Angolaea\i0{}, \i{}Apinagia\i0{}, \i{}Butumia\i0{},
\i{}Castelnavia\i0{}, \i{}Ceratolacis\i0{}, \i{}Cladopus\i0{},
\i{}Crenias\i0{}, \i{}Crenias\i0{}, \i{}Dalzellia\i0{}, \i{}Devillea\i0{},
\i{}Dicraeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Diplobryum\i0{}, \i{}Djinga\i0{},
\i{}Endocaulos\i0{}, \i{}Farmeria\i0{}, \i{}Hydrobryopsis\i0{},
\i{}Hydrobryum\i0{}, \i{}Indotristicha\i0{}, \i{}Jenmaniella\i0{},
\i{}Lawia\i0{}, \i{}Ledermanniella\i0{}, \i{}Leiothylax\i0{},
\i{}Letestuella\i0{}, \i{}Lonchostephus\i0{}, \i{}Lophogyne\i0{},
\i{}Macrarenia\i0{}, \i{}Macropodiella\i0{}, \i{}Malaccotristicha\i0{},
\i{}Marathrum\i0{}, \i{}Monostylis\i0{}, \i{}Mourera\i0{}, \i{}Oserya\i0{},
\i{}Paleodicraeia\i0{}, \i{}Podostemum\i0{}, \i{}Polypleurella\i0{},
\i{}Polypleurum\i0{}, \i{}Rhyncholacis\i0{}, \i{}Saxicolella\i0{},
\i{}Sphaerothylax\i0{}, \i{}Stonesia\i0{}, \i{}Thelethylax\i0{},
\i{}Torrenticola\i0{}, \i{}Tristicha\i0{}, \i{}Tulasneantha\i0{},
\i{}Weddellina\i0{}, \i{}Willisia\i0{}, \i{}Winklerella\i0{},
\i{}Zehnderia\i0{}, \i{}Zeylandium\i0{}> 586<podostem> 
 
# Polemoniaceae <Juss.>/
4<\i{}Cobaeaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3<sometimes>/1<\i{}Cantua\i0{}> 21,1-3 22,2
39,1/2/3<\i{}Gymnosteris\i0{}> 40<when alternate,>,1 45,1-3 53,1/2 56<when
compound>,4/5/7 60<when simple,>,1/2 63,1/2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4 90,U
92,1/2<then isobilateral> 101,1/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial>/2<usually,
especially in species with narrow leaves> 104,1/3<also associated with
narrow leaves> 106,1 107,1<mostly uniseriate, curved or straight, sometimes
woolly>/2<then generally with uniseriate stalk and unicellular or
multicellular head> 108<mostly>,2 111,2<usually>/1<occasionally with
lateral protrusions> 115,1<then confined to leaf margins and/or over the
median vein>/2 116,2 130,2<\i{}Phlox\i0{}, \i{}Polemonium\i0{}> 139,1
140,1/2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 149<generally absent>
156,3/2&3<with few cross bars> 157,2 159,1/2<?> 162,1 167,2 169,2<VPI>/3<?>
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1<sometimes>/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/4/6 192,1
195<cymes or corymbs, sometimes condensed into heads> 196,1/2 197,1/2
202,1/2 206,1<usually>/2 207<when irregular, slightly>,1<then slightly
bilabiate> 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,1/2 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 240<five>,3/4 245,2-3 248,1 251,1/3 254,5 255,1
258,3 265<usually>,2 266,4/6/7 267,2-3 278,5 280,2 282,2<epipetalous> 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,5 296,1/2/3 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1
320,1 321,2 328,1 329,7-32 330,7/8<colpoidorate?>/9 337,1<in \i{}Gilia\i0{}
and \i{}Phlox\i0{}> 339,(2-)3(-5) 341,1/2 342,(2-)3(-5) 343,3 344,5 345,1
352,2 353,(2-)3(-5) 356,1 358,1 360,2 361,1<filiform> 368,(2-)3(-5)
370,(2-)3(-5) 376,2 379,1-50<to many> 380,2 382,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 403,5 404,2
409,1<usually>/2 412,1<usually>/2 414<when dehiscent,>,5 422,1 424,1 433,2
435,1<2/3>/2<3 species of \i{}Polemonium\i0{}> 436<slightly>,2/1 447,1
461,1 462<\i{}Cantua\i0{}, \i{}Gilia\i0{}, \i{}Phlox\i0{},
\i{}Polemonium\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<6 species> 484,2 487,1 488,2 490,1
491,1/1&2 492,2<2 genera, 2 species> 495,2 504,1&3 505,1&2&3 507,3&4&5
508,1&2&3 512,2&5&6 520,1-3 521<widespread, but lacking (though often
introduced) in Africa, Southern and Southeast Asia Malaysia, Australia and
Eastern South America> 522,1&2&3&10&12&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 7, 8, 9>
525,9 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,1 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52
578,300 579<about>,20 580<\i{}Acanthogilia\i0{}, \i{}Aliciella\i0{},
\i{}Allophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Bonplandia\i0{}, \i{}Cantua\i0{},
\i{}Collomia\i0{}, \i{}Eriastrum\i0{}, \i{}Gilia\i0{}, \i{}Gymnosteris\i0{},
\i{}Huthia\i0{}, \i{}Ipomopsis\i0{}, \i{}Langloisia\i0{}, 
\i{}Leptodactylon\i0{}, \i{}Leptosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Linanthus\i0{},
\i{}Loeselia\i0{}, \i{}Loeseliastrum\i0{}, \i{}Navarretia\i0{},
\i{}Phlox\i0{}, \i{}Polemonium\i0{}> 586<polemoni> 
 
# Polygalaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Diclidantheraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Disantheraceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Moutabeae\i0{} (\i{}Moutabeaceae\i0{}) Endl.> 4<\i{}Emblingiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Xanthophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3&5/4<rarely, small> 7,1/2 9,2<sometimes>/1
10<sometimes>,1 13,U 15,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Salomonia\i0{},
\i{}Epirixanthes\i0{}> 16<when parasitic,>,1 17,1<\i{}Salomonia\i0{}>/2
18,1 22,2 27,1/3<a few> 32,3/4 39,1/2/3 40<usually>,1 43,1/2/4 45,1-2 47,2
50,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1/2 69<when present,>,2 70,1 73<often>,1/3/4
76,1 81,2 90,U 92<varied in anatomical layout,>,1/2/3 104,1<usually>/3
106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108<almost exclusively>,1/2<rarely becoming
uniseriate> 112,2 115,2<nearly always>/1<in \i{}Moutabea\i0{}>
116,1<\i{}Polygala erioptera\i0{}>/2 117<when present,>,1 118,2
123<usually>,1/2<e.g., none recorded in \i{}Bredemeyera\i0{}> 124,3/2&3
130,2<\i{}Polygala\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1<mostly>/2<in a few
\i{}Polygala\i0{} species> 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2<often, but the
interfascicular cambium sometimes not generating vessels>/3<commonly: see
illustration> 149<commonly>,1 151,1 152,3 153,1-2<in most genera>/3<e.g.,
in \i{}Securidaca\i0{}> 154,1<typically almost exclusively so>/2/3/4/5
155<slightly>,2/1 156,3 157,2 158<commonly>,1
159,1<e.g.\i{}Diclidantheraceae\i0{}>/2 160<often>,1
161,1<\i{}Securidaca\i0{}>/2 163<at least sometimes>,1/2<?> 164<at least
sometimes>,1 165,2<predominantly, in Polygaleae>/1<in Moutabeae>
167,1<commonly>/2 169,3 170,2<usually>/1<e.g., in \i{}Moutabea\i0{}> 175,1
176,2 177,1 184,2 186,1<via passive presenters>/2 187,2 189,8&2&3 192,1
195<spikes, racemes or panicles, the pedicels often articulated>
197,1<e.g., \i{}Polygala sanguinea\i0{}>/2<mostly> 200,1 202,1 203,2/3
206,3 207<medianly>,1 209,1&2 211,2 213,1 215,3 218,2 220,1/2 222,2<around
G> 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227<usually>,2 229,U 236,5<the two inner,
posterior-lateral members often large and petaloid> 238,1
239,1<usually>/2<then the two lower members joined basally>/3<with a short
tube> 251,1 252,2 254,3(-5)<declinate, usually three only and consisting of
the posterior pair and an often dorsally keeled and fringed
anterior-median> 255,1 258,3<at the base, and adnate to the staminal
tube>/1 260,3 267,1<zygomorphic, the median anterior member keel-like, the
upper two members free, minute or lacking> 275,3<the boat-shaped lower
median often so>/4 278,8<usually, supposedly derived by suppression of the
median member of each of the two whorls>/10/3-7 282,2<usually, to the
corolla>/1 285,2<usually>/1<rarely> 286<nearly always>,1<the filaments
usually united below into a split tube, this often adnate to the corolla>
287,1/2 289,1 295,3-10 298,1/2/3 306,2 309,1/2/3<rarely>/5 311,1-2 312,1<by
reduction>/2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2<1 or 2> 321,2 322,2 328,1
329,7-30 330,8<polycolporate, often synorate> 337,1<in \i{}Salomonia\i0{}
and \i{}Securidaca\i0{}>/2<in \i{}Monnina\i0{} and \i{}Polygala\i0{}>
339,2<usually>/2-5 342,(1-)2(-5) 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2 353,(1-)2(-5)
356<when G2,>,1/- 360,2 361,1 365,1<often curved and two-lobed, one lobe
stigmatic and the other with a tuft of hairs> 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2
378<when unilocular,>,1 379<when plurilocular,>,1 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,1/2
386,3/2 387,3 388,2 397<often>,2<and sometimes with filiform apparatus>
399,1 400,2 403,2 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/7/8/10 414,5 422,1/2 424,1 433,2
434<planoconvex> 435,1<2 species of \i{}Polygala\i0{}> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Polygala\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Polygala\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Polygala\i0{}>
472,2 475,1<commonly <30%>>/2 484,2 487,1<often>/2 488,2 490,1 491,1/2/1&2
492,2<4 \i{}Polygala\i0{} species> 495,1/2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except
for New Zealand, Polynesia and frigid zones>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-11(+)> 527,1
528,1 529,15 545,4 565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33 578,800
579<about>,20 580<\i{}Asemeia\i0{} (~ \i{}Polygala\i0{}), \i{}Atroxima\i0{},
\i{}Badiera\i0{} (~ \i{}Polygala\i0{}), \i{}Balgoya\i0{}, \i{}Barnhartia\i0{},
\i{}Bredemeyera\i0{}, \i{}Caamembeca\i0{}, \i{}Carpolobia\i0{}, \i{}Comesperma\i0{},
\i{}Diclidanthera\i0{}, \i{}Epirixanthes\i0{}, \i{}Eriandra\i0{},
\i{}Monnina\i0{}, \i{}Monrosia\i0{}, \i{}Moutabea\i0{}, \i{}Muraltia\i0{},
\i{}Nylandtia\i0{}, \i{}Polygala\i0{}, \i{}Salomonia\i0{},
\i{}Securidaca\i0{}> 586<polygala> 
 
# Polygonaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Coccolobaceae\i0{} Barkley, \i{}Eriogonaceae\i0{} (Dum.) Meissner,
\i{}Rumicineae\i0{} (\i{}Rumicaceae\i0{}) Dum.> 5,5<commonly>/1/3/4 9,1/2
10<sometimes>,1 12,1<usually>/2<<5%>> 22,1<often>/2 27,1/3 28<when
climbing,>,1/3 29<\i{}Polygonum\i0{}>,1 32,2/3/4 38,1-4 39,1<nearly
always>/2<<0.1%> \i{}Pterostegia\i0{}> 40<usually>,1 43,1/4<when reduced>
45,1/2 47,1<usually, via the stipules>/2 48,1<via an ochrea>/2 
49,1 50,1/2 53,1 54<sometimes almost>,1/2 55,2 60,2 64,2
65,1 66,1/2/3/4/5/6/8 68,1<usually>/2<<30%> \i{}Eriogoneae\i0{}> 69<when
present,>,2 70,2 71,1/2 73,1/2 74,1/2 76,1<or crisped>/2/- 
77,2<when young>/- 81,2
89,1/2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3<in at least 8 genera> 101,1/2 103,1<then
usually abaxial, but adaxial on floating leaves of aquatics>/2<commonly>
104,1<mostly>/3<e.g. in \i{}Oxytheca\i0{}> 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the
family> 107,1&2 108,1&2<long, unicellular non-glandular hairs present in
all Eriogonoideae, absent from Coccoloboideae> 115,1<occasionally>/2
130,2<\i{}Polygonum\i0{}, \i{}Rheum\i0{}, \i{}Rumex\i0{}> 139,1 140,1/2
141,4-5<mostly>/3<e.g., in climbing \i{}Polygonum\i0{} and dioecious
\i{}Rumex\i0{} species> 143<at first>,2/1<i.e., soon becoming a continuous
cylinder in woodier forms as secondary xylem develops> 144,1<mostly>/2
145<probably nearly always>,2 146,1<sometimes, see illustration>/2
147,1<rather commonly, e.g. in \i{}Rumex\i0{}, see illustration>/2
148,1/2/3 149<when present,>,1<variously resulting in interfascicular
phloem strands in \i{}Emex\i0{}, and semicircular groups of vascular
bundles in the cortex of \i{}Caligonum\i0{} spp.> 150,1
152<variously>,1/2/3 153,1<to very small>/2<mostly> 154,1&3/4 156,3 157,1
158,2 159,U 161,2 162,1 163,1<usually>/2<in \i{}Calligonum\i0{} and
\i{}Eriogonum\i0{}> 165<sparse>,2 167,1/2 168,U 169,2<VP>/3
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2/8/5 184,1/2 187,1/2 188<when
solitary,>,2 189<often>,7 192,1<but the main branching usually racemose>
194,1/2 195<racemes, corymbs, spikes and heads> 196,1/2 199<often
conspicuously ochreolate> 203,2 206,1 212,2/3/5 213,1-2 214<when partially
acyclic,>,1&2 218,1/2 220,1<or represented by nectaries between the
androecial members>/- 222,2 223<ambiguously>,1/3/4 224,2-6 225,1-2
226,1/2<or spiralled>/- 229,U 230<when biseriate,>,1/2 232,1<sometimes>/2
233,1 234,1<often>/2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(2-)6(-9) 279,1<e.g.
\i{}Rheum\i0{}>/2 282,1/2<usually more or less perigynous> 284,1/2
285,1/2<sometimes filaments basally connate> 287<when cyclic,>,2<3+3, or
spiralled> 289,1 295,(2-)6(-10) 299,1/2 306,1/2 308,1/2 309,3 310,3/1&3/2
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 321,3 328,1 329,3-30 330,6/8/9/10
337,1<<5%> rarely?>/2<in 5 genera> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-4)
341,2<when P cyclic> 342,1<usually>/3 343,3 344,4-5/6<rarely> 
345,1 352,1 353,1<but
rarely incompletely trilocellate by false septa> 354,1<rarely,
incompletely>/2 357,1 360,1<rarely>/2<but sometimes only very shortly> 
361,(2-)3(-4) 363,1-2
365,1 368,(2-)3(-4) 372,2 373,1/2 374,2 375,1 378,1 380,1/2 381,3 385,2
386,1-3 387,2-3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<becoming multinucleate
in \i{}Rumex\i0{}> 395,2 396,1<often>/2 397,1/2<sometimes with filiform
apparatus> 399,1/2 400,2 403,2 404,2 409,2 412,8<usually, usually trigonous
or two-sided>/3<<10%>> 413,2/3/4 421,1 422,1 423,1<\i{}Coccoloba\i0{}>/2
424,1 425,1-2<more or less absent> 430,1 433,2 435,2<5/14> 436,1-2
437,1/2 447,1 461,1/2 462<\i{}Oxyria\i0{}, \i{}Polygonum\i0{},
\i{}Rheum\i0{}, \i{}Rumex\i0{}> 463<\i{}Calligonum\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Polygonum\i0{}, \i{}Pteropyrum\i0{},
\i{}Rumex\i0{}>/1<\i{}Calligonum\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Coccoloba\i0{},
\i{}Ruprechtia\i0{}, \i{}Triplaris\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<21%>>/2 479,1<6
genera> 480,2 483,2 484,2 486,2<where sought> 487,1/2 488,1<usually>/2
489,1/2/1&2 490,1/2 491,2/1&2/1&2&3 492,2<8 species, 4 genera> 495,2 496,1
497,2 520,1<a few>/2<mainly>/3-4<a few> 521<widespread, but absent from
Africa, tropical South ASmerica, West Indies, and Southeast Asia except New
Guinea> 522,1&2&3&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-13> 527,1 528,1
529,5<caryophylloid> 535,1<close to Caryophyllales> 565,3 568,2 572,1 573,2
574,13 577,50 578<about>,800 579<about>,45 580<\i{}Afrobrunnichia\i0{},
\i{}Antigonon\i0{}, \i{}Aristocapsa\i0{}, \i{}Atraphaxis\i0{},
\i{}Brunnichia\i0{}, \i{}Calligonum\i0{}, \i{}Centrostegia\i0{},
\i{}Chorizanthe\i0{}, \i{}Coccoloba\i0{}, \i{}Dedeckera\i0{},
\i{}Dodecahema\i0{}, \i{}Emex\i0{}, \i{}Eriogonum\i0{}, \i{}Fagopyrum\i0{},
\i{}Fallopia\i0{}, \i{}Gilmania\i0{}, \i{}Goodmania\i0{},
\i{}Gymnopodium\i0{}, \i{}Harfordia\i0{}, \i{}Hollisteria\i0{},
\i{}Knorringia\i0{}, \i{}Koenigia\i0{}, \i{}Lastarriaea\i0{},
\i{}Leptogonum\i0{}, \i{}Muconea\i0{}, \i{}Muehlenbeckia\i0{},
\i{}Nemacaulis\i0{}, \i{}Neomillspaughia\i0{}, \i{}Oxygonum\i0{},
\i{}Oxyria\i0{}, \i{}Oxytheca\i0{}, \i{}Parapteropyrum\i0{},
\i{}Persicaria\i0{}, \i{}Podopterus\i0{}, \i{}Polygonella\i0{},
\i{}Polygonum\i0{}, \i{}Pteropyrum\i0{}, \i{}Pterostegia\i0{}, \i{}Reynoutria\i0{},
\i{}Rheum\i0{}, \i{}Rumex\i0{}, \i{}Ruprechtia\i0{}, \i{}Stenogonum\i0{},
\i{}Symmeria\i0{}, \i{}Systenotheca\i0{}, \i{}Triplaris\i0{}>
582<Foodstuffs from \i{}Fagopyrum\i0{} (buckwheat) and \i{}Rheum\i0{}
(rhubarb); many noxious weeds, and some ornamentals.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Get you gone, you dwarf; \line{}You minumus, of
hindering knot-grass made \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, iii., 2 -
\i{}Polygonum aviculare\i0{}. Hindering, from a superstition that
drinking an infusion of the leaves and stems would stunt a boys growth)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}By the lone quiet grave, \line{}In the wild
hedgerow the Knot grass is seen, \line{}Down in the rural lane, \line{}Or
on the verdant plain, \line{}Everywhere humble, and everywhere green
\line{}(Of \i{}Polygonum aviculare\i0{}, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild
Flowers (1857), unattributed)> 586<polygona> 
 
# Polypremaceae <Takht. ex Reveal>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Tetrachondraceae\i0{}.> 5<diffuse,
procumbent>,5<with more or less dichasial branching> 21,1/3 39,2 43,U 45,3
46,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 68,1/2<?> 69<if present,>,1<?>/- 72,U 76,1 92,2/3<the
palisade tissue reduced> 95,2 131,3 137,2 139,1 140,2 145,U 148,2/3<?>
157,U 161,1 167,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1 187,1 188,2<to the opposite
leaves> 202<(bi-)>,1<the bracteoles sepal-like> 203,2 206,1 212,4 215,2
216,3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,8<usually>/10 226,2 229,U 236,4<usually>/5
238,1 239,3 240,4<the segments rigidly linear from broad bases> 241,3 245,3
254,4<usually>/5<slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the calyx>
255,1 258,3<hairy in the throat> 260,1<the tube 1.5 to 2 times as long>
265,1<the lobes blunt> 266,4&8 267,3 268,2 278,4<usually>/5 280,2
282,2<inserted somewhat above the middle of the corolla tube> 285,1 287,1
289,1 295,4<usually>/5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments short> 309,3
310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344<more or less>,6
345,2<according to Adams (1972), and \rdblquote{}almost completely
superior\ldblquote{} according to Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts (1980)> 352,2
353,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,1-2 371,3 376,1-2<the placentas not
bilobed, oblong, adnate to the base of the septum> 377,1 379,20-50<many>
386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 399,2 400,1
401,1 402,1/2 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1<somewhat compressed at right angles
to the septum> 414,5&6 421,20-100<to many> 422,1 426,2 429,2<and not
flattened> 432,3 433,2 436,1 481,1 482,1 484,2 504,1&3 505,1 507,4&5<?>
512,1&2&6 521<North and Central America, Colombia, West Indies>
522,12&13&14&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 22> 525,11 526,2 527,1 528,2 529,24
554,1<?> 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,68<? - presumably
Solanales or Lamiales> 578,1<\i{}Polypremum procumbens\i0{}> 579,1
580<\i{}Polypremum\i0{}> 581<This genus was evidently misplaced in the
traditional \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato, and does not even seem to
belong in the Gentianales. Its affinities are usually assumed to lie with
Scrophulariales (cf. Struwe \i{}et al\i0{}., 1994), but analyses of the
descriptions compiled here place it equally close to
\i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} and \i{}Solanaceae\i0{} (differing in 4
characters from each).> 586<polyprem> 
 
# Pontederiaceae <Kunth>/
3<\i{}Heteranthereae\i0{} (\i{}Heterantheraceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh>
5<aquatic>,5 12,1/2<in \i{}Hydrothrix\i0{}> 14<more or less>,1<the branches
and petioles spongy and aerenchymatous>/- 21,1/3 22,1/2 27,- 32,1 34,1/2
35,1/2/3 39,1<usually>/3 40,1/2<usually> 45,1 47,1 48,1 53,1 60,2
62,3/4/7/9<or in \i{}Hydrothrix\i0{} dissolved into undifferentiated
filiform strands>/- 64,3-4<convergent>/2<pinnate-parallel> 65,2 66,2/5
67,1/2 68,1<if the axillary hyaline structures are so interpreted>/2 76,1
102,1 104,3 106,2 121,U 123,1 124,1/3 128,2 130,2<\i{}Eichhornia\i0{},
\i{}Pontederia\i0{}> 148,1 151,1<sometimes>/2 156,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 181,1/2 182,1/2<\i{}Heteranthera\i0{}> 183<when occurring,>,3<via
septal nectaries> 184<usually>,2<apart from \i{}Heteranthera\i0{}> 
185<when heterantherous,>,2/3/4 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,2/3/8 192,1/2 194,1 195<sympodial cymose
pseudoracemes, or racemes, spikes, or panicles> 199,1<often>/2 203,2-3
206,1-3 207<when irregular,>,1 209,1/1&2 212,3 213,1 215,3/2 219,1<often>/2
223,5 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 228,2 229,2<occasionally>/1 230,1
231,2/9/10/4<rarely> 278,(3-)6 282,1 284,1/2 287,1/2<usually, 3+3> 289,1/2
290<when present,>,2/3 295,1<e.g.
\i{}Hydrothrix\i0{}>/3<\i{}Heteranthera\i0{} spp.>/6 298,1/2/3 301,1/2<when
3> 306,2<or peltate>/- 309,3/1 310,3 316,2 318,1 319,2/3 322,2<usually>/1
328,1 329,2/3 330<(bi- or tri-)>,3 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3<but
sometimes becoming pseudomonomerous> 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2
353,3/1<sometimes, by abortion> 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 370,3 371,3
372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular,>,2<with an intruded placenta>
376<when trilocular,>,2 378<when one-locular,>,1 379<usually>,10-50<many>
381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 392,1 393,1/2<then the three nuclei
degenerating early> 394,3 395,2 396,1/2 397<with filiform apparatus>
401,1<at least in \i{}Monochoria\i0{}> 402,2 404,2 409,1<when
trilocular>/2<when pseudomonomerous> 412,1/8<when
pseudomonomerous/indehiscent> 414,5 422,1 424,2 430,1 432,3 433,1 436,1
442,2 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,2 454,2<but with a tubular
cotyledon ligule> 457,3 458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Eichhornia\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Pontederia\i0{}> 468,2 472,2 475,1<<30%>>/2 487,2 488,1 489,1/1&2
490,2 492,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical, subtropical and warm temperate>
522,3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 14, 15> 527,2
530,10 564,5 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,18 578,30 579,9 580<\i{}Eichhornia\i0{},
\i{}Eurystemon\i0{}, \i{}Heteranthera\i0{}, \i{}Monochoria\i0{},
\i{}Hydrothrix\i0{}, \i{}Pontederia\i0{}, \i{}Reussia\i0{},
\i{}Scholleropsis\i0{}, \i{}Zosterella\i0{}> 582<Some wartergarden
ornamentals, including \i{}Eichhornia crassipes\i0{} (water hyacinth) which
is a devastating weed of warm waterways.> 586<ponteder> 
 
# Portulacaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Anacampserotaceae\i0{}, \i{}Metabletaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Lewisieae\i0{} (\i{}Lewisiaceae\i0{}) Hook. & Arn., \i{}Montiaceae\i0{}
Dum., \i{}Spaetalumeae\i0{} Wyeth & Nuttall, \i{}Talinaceae\i0{} Doweld>
4<\i{}Hectorellaceae\i0{}.> 5,3&5<commonly mucilaginous in leaves and
stems> 14,1<often>/2 32,2-4 39,1/2 40<when alternate,>,1 43,3<often>/1
45,1-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,3/4/5/7/8 64,2/1 65,1 68,1/2<\i{}Claytonia\i0{}>
69,2 73,1<or sometimes, as in \i{}Portulaca\i0{}, represented by axillary
hairs> 76,1 81,2 89,1<\i{}Calandrinia\i0{}>/2 90,U 92,1/2/3 102,1
103,2<usually>/1 104,1/3 106,1<glandular and/or eglandular, diverse in
form: see illustration> 115,1<rarely>/2 116<usually with mucilage cells>
121<usually>,1 123<usually>,1 124,1/2/3 130,2<\i{}Calandrina\i0{},
\i{}Lewisia\i0{}, \i{}Montia\i0{}> 141,1 143,2<usually>/1 144<at least
usually>,1 145<dubiously>,1<e.g. in \i{}Montia\i0{}>/2 147,2 148,1/2
150,1/3 152,3 153,1 154,1/2/3 156,3 158,1/2 161,2 162,1 167,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1 195<usually cymes, often
dichasial or tending to cincinni> 202,1<if the sepals are interpreted as
bracteoles>/- 203,2/3 206,1-2 213,1 215,2 218,1-2 220,1 223,1/3<the latter
if the ostensible calyx is interpreted as bracteoles, whereupon the
corolla becomes a petaloid calyx> 224,7 226,2-3 227,2 229,U 236,2 238,1-2
239,1/3<the members sometimes united basally> 248,1 251,1<the upper member
overlapped> 254<if not interpreted as calyx,>,(2-)5(-18) 255,1
258,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 260,3 265,1 267,3 268,2/3/6/7<often
satiny> 278,5/10/4-100<i.e. to many> 279,1<bundled, when many>/2
282,1/2<to the corolla base> 285,1/2 286<when coherent>,1/2-7<?> 287,1/2
289,1 295,3/4/5/10/6-50 298,2/3-5 299<when 5,>,1<opposite the petals>/-
309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1 321,3 322,2 328,1
329,3-6/13-30<or more?> 330,6/9/10<then pantocolpate, sometimes
irregularly> 337,2<in \i{}Portulaca\i0{} and \i{}Talinum\i0{}>
339,(2-)3(-9) 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4/5 345,1/2<\i{}Portulaca\i0{}> 352,1
353,1 361,1/3(-9) 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 375,1/5 378,2-100<to many>
386,3-5 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<and sometimes
with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,3/4 404,2 409,1<usually>/2 412,1/2
414,7/6 416,1<sometimes>/2 422,2 425,1 430,1 432,3 433,2(-4) 435,2<2
species of \i{}Portulaca\i0{}> 436,2 437,2 447,1 461,2/3<and
C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}/CAM intermediates?> 463<\i{}Anacampseros\i0{},
\i{}Portulaca\i0{} (plus with very weak CAM)> 464<\i{}Anacampseros\i0{},
\i{}Calandrinia\i0{}, \i{}Ceraria\i0{}, \i{}Portulacaria\i0{},
\i{}Talinum\i0{}> 466,1<\i{}Portulaca\i0{}, \i{}Trianthema\i0{}: see
illustration>/2<\i{}Talinum\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<<20%>>/2 484,2 486,1/2
487,1/2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491,1 492,2<2 genera, 2
species> 496<often>,1 497,1 498,3<a> 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except for
frigid zones> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 4-42
(or more)> 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50
578,580 579<about>,20 580<\i{}Amphipetalum\i0{}, \i{}Anacampseros\i0{},
\i{}Baitaria\i0{}, \i{}Calandrinia\i0{}, \i{}Calyptridium\i0{},
\i{}Calyptrotheca\i0{}, \i{}Ceraria\i0{}, \i{}Cistanthe\i0{},
\i{}Claytonia\i0{}, \i{}Grahamia\i0{}, \i{}Lenzia\i0{}, \i{}Lewisia\i0{},
\i{}Montia\i0{}, \i{}Portulaca\i0{}, \i{}Portulacaria\i0{},
\i{}Rumicastrum\i0{}, \i{}Schreiteria\i0{}, \i{}Silvaea\i0{},
\i{}Talinella\i0{}, \i{}Talinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Talinum\i0{}> 582<A few
cultivated ornamentals (\i{}Portulaca grandiflora\i0{}, \i{}Talinum\i0{},
\i{}Lewisia\i0{} and \i{}Calandrina\i0{} spp.), and \i{}Portulaca
oleracea\i0{} constitutes a potherb and salad green.> 586<portulac> 
 
# Posidoniaceae <(Kunth) Lotsy>/
5<marine>,5 21,3 25,3 27,- 32,1 33,1 34,2 35,1 38,3 39,1 40,2 42,1/4
43<quite>,2<in some species>/1/4 45,3 47,1 48,2 49<flattened,>,1<the thin
lateral margins narrowly infolded, to form flaps which overlap towards the
sheath bases, with auricles adjacent to the ligule> 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4
65,1<not reticulate in the conventional sense, but numerous transverse
veins very conspicuous in at least some species>/2<?> 66,1 67,1 68,- 75,1
76,1/3 102,2 106,2 121,U 123,2 128,2 131,4 148,1 151,2 173,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 184,5 187,2 192,1/2<hard to determine> 193,1 195<clusters of
spikelike inflorescences, each with three to five flowers, each spike
terminated by a flower> 203,1 223,7 278,3 280,2 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,3 303,4<the two thecae borne dorsally near the midvein at the base of a
broad, shieldlike connective> 309,3 310,1 311,2 312,2<the thecae widely
separated> 313,1<in that the connective has an apically prolonged midrib>
324,2 325,1 328,2 339<seemingly>,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1
347,1<irregularly many-lobed at the tip> 348,2 350,1 351,1-2<the ovules
attached laterally but towards the apex> 358,1 381,1 385,2 386,1<?>
404<somewhat>,1<the pericarp spongy> 407<tardily>,1<after commencement of
germination, subsequent to elongation of the plumule into the fruit apex,
and emergence of the root system: the fruit eventually opening
longitudinally along the placenta, and sometimes with several additional,
shorter splits from the base> 419<in material seen, variously>,1<or the
seedling>/3/5<or fragments of the latter> 420<in sea water> 421,1
422<generally stated to be>,2<but ostensibly endospermic, with abundant
food reserves in the much enlarged hypocotyl: see Belzuncea et al., 2005>
426,2-3<12-18 mm in \i{}P. angustifolia\i0{}> 433,1 436,1 442,2 447,U
448,1<becoming very swollen, to occupy much of the seed> 454,U 455,1<food
reserves mainly in the hypocotyl> 458,U 475,2 487,2 488,1 520,2<warm>/3
521<coastal Mediterranean and southern Australia> 522,1&2&3&5&10 527,2
530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Posidonia\i0{}> 581<This description assumes that the large food
storage component occupying most of the seed (see photos) is hypocotylar
rather than endospermic, cf. Belzuncea et al. 2005> 586<posidoni> 
 
# Potaliaceae <Mart.>/
2<\i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous, unarmed, spiny
or prickly>,1<to 30 m in \i{}Anthocleista\i0{} and \i{}Fagraea\i0{}>/3/4<in
\i{}Anthocleista\i0{} and \i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 27,1/2/3 39,2 43,2/2-3 45,1-3
46,1<the bases usually confluent> 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1/2<then the
stipules represented by a mere line along the more or less joined leaf
bases> 69,1<sometimes represented by a stipular sheath, entire or split
into two scales on each side>/2 71,1/2 72,1 73<sometimes leafy and
secondary> 76,1/2 92,1 101,1/2 103<mostly>,1 104,2<commonly>/1<?> 106,1/2
107,1/2 108,1/2 109,2 110,1/2<e.g., stalked glands in \i{}Fagraea\i0{}>
111<when multicellular,>,2 112,1/2 113<when glandular,>,3/4 115,1/2 122,1
130,2<\i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,2 145,1<always> 146,1<in
\i{}Fagraea\i0{}>/2<?> 147,1<in \i{}Fagraea\i0{}>/2<?> 148,3 149,2
150,3<and almost exclusively uniseriate, occasionally partly biseriate>
152,2/3 155,2 156,3 157,1 159,2 161,2 162,1 163,1<a few, seen only in
\i{}Fagraea\i0{}>/2 165,1<\i{}Potalia\i0{}>/1&2<\i{}Anthocleista\i0{}>
167,1 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/7/8
192,1<mostly>/2<by reduction> 194,1<usually>/2 195<mostly few to
many-flowered cymes, variously shaped> 200,1<the lower bracts sometimes
leafy, otherwise bracts small and scale-like> 202,1/2 203,3/4<sometimes
showy> 206,1 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1<\i{}Potalia\i0{} and
\i{}Anthocleista\i0{} spp.>/2 221<when present,>,2 222,2 223,1 224,9-21
226,2/3 227,1/2 229,U 236,4/5 238,1/2<often decussate, e.g.
\i{}Potalia\i0{}> 239,3<connate below>/1 245,3 247,1/2<then leathery>
248,1<mostly>/2 249,2 251,1 254,5-16 255,1 256,- 258,3<tubular, with short
to long tube> 260,1-2 265,2 266,4/6/7 267,3 268,2<or cream>/3/7/8<or
violet>/1<sometimes, at least the tube> 271,1 278,5-16<as many as the
corolla lobes> 280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube> 285,1/2 286<when
joined,>,1<the filaments sometimes connected by a ring> 287,1 289,1
295,5-16 296,2/3 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3/4 306,1/2<\i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 309,3
310,3 322,2<at least in \i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 328,1 329,3 330,7<e.g. in
\i{}Anthocleista vogelii\i0{}>/8<variable in \i{}Fagraea\i0{}, where the
furrow varies from long to absent> 337,1<in \i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 339,2<unless
the 4celled conditions in \i{}Potalia\i0{} and \i{}Anthocleista\i0{}
represent 4 genuine carpels!> 341,1 342,1/1-2/4<or then diminishing to 2
above> 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2/1-2
353,1/2/1-2<\i{}Fagraea\i0{}>/4<ostensibly, in \i{}Anthocleista\i0{} and
also in some \i{}Potalia\i0{} species> 354,1<i.e., accounting for the
4celled gynoecia>/2 356,1 360,2 361,1<persistent> 365,1 368,1-2 370,1-2
371<when entire,>,3/4 375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when bilocular or four
celled,>,1-2 378<when unilocular,>,6-100<several or many>
379,6-50<several or many> 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 404,1 409,2<usually>/1<occasionally, in
\i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 412,6<but occasionally 4 valved in large-fruited
\i{}Fagraea\i0{} species> 422,1<endosperm fleshy> 429,2 436,1 472,2
475,1<in all the genera> 481,2 482,2 484,1<\i{}Fagraea\i0{}> 485,1 488,2
495,2 520,4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} =
60, 66> 525,10&11 526,6 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}> 578,70 579,3
580<\i{}Fagraea\i0{}, \i{}Anthocleista\i0{}, \i{}Potalia\i0{}> 581<These
closely related genera (cf. Bentham and Hooker, 1876) have been sunk in
\i{}Gentianaceae\i0{} by Struwe \i{}et al\i0{}. (1994). On the basis of the
more detailed descriptions attempted here, \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{} are indeed
their nearest neighbours (five character differences). See comments under
\i{}Loganicaceae\i0{}.> 586<potaliac> 
 
# Potamogetonaceae <Dum.>/
4<\i{}Ruppiaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5<with creeping rhizomes and leafy
branches> 21,3 22,2 27,- 30,1/2 32,1<non-halophytic, by contrast with
\i{}Ruppia\i0{}> 34,2 35,1/1&3 36,1<with clearly distinct submerged and
floating leaves>/2 38,2/3 39,1<mostly, usually>/2/3<all opposite or in
whorls of three in \i{}Groenlandia\i0{}> 40<when alternate,>,2
41<sometimes>,3 43,1/4 45<pseudo->,1/2/3 47,1 48<usually>,1 49,1 53,1 60,2
62,3/6/7 64,1/3-4 65,1/2 68,1<or ostensibly so, the sheaths of at least
some leaves being either free and stipule-like, or fused to the leaf-base
for most of their length>/2 75<in the form of paired intravaginal
squamulae,>,1 76,1 102,2 121,U 123,2 128,2 130,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2
175,1 176,2 177,1 184,1/3 187,2 189,2 192,2 193,1<usually emergent>/-
194<pedunculate,>,2 195<mostly spikes> 199,1 200,2 203,2 206,1 212,4 213,1
215,1 219,2 220,2 223,5<as usually interpreted>/7<if the perianth members
are interpreted as staminal appendages  which seems not unreasonable>
224<if the staminal appendages are interpreted as perianth,>,4 225,1<the
members rounded, shortly clawed, valvate> 226,1 278,4 282,2<to the claws of
the perianth members, with these so interpreted> 284,1 285,1 287,2<fairly
clearly so>/1 289,1 295,4 301,2<opposite the perianth, with this regarded
as such>/- 303,3&4/4<depending on interpretation> 309,3 310,1 313,1<if the
tepals are interpreted as outgrowths from the connective>/2 315,1 316,2
317,1 318,1 319,2 323,1 328,2 337,2 339,(3-)4(-8) 341<usually>,2<or with
the stamens!>/- 343,2 344,2 345,1 347,1/2 348,2 350,1
351,2-3<basal-ventral> 372,2 373,2 374,2 381,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,2
389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 399,1/2 400,3 403,3 404,1/2
405,1 407,2 408,6/7/4/8<\i{}Groenlandia\i0{}> 420<usually by floating of
the head of fruits> 421,1 422,2 430,1 433,1 435,2<two species of
\i{}Potamogeton\i0{}> 436<slightly>,2 442,2 443<membranous> 447,1
448,1<usually long> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 455,1 457,3 458,2
466,2<usually>/1<or approaching it, in \i{}Potamogeton praelongus\i0{}>
468,1 472,2 475,2<3 species> 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,1-4
521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= 13-15> 527,2 530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578<about>,100 579,2
580<\i{}Groenlandia\i0{}, \i{}Potamogeton\i0{}> 586<potamoge> 
 
# Primulaceae <Vent.>/
3<\i{}Anagallidaceae\i0{} Baudo, \i{}Lysimachieae\i0{}
(\i{}Lysimachiaceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Samolineae\i0{} (\i{}Samolaceae\i0{})
Dum.> 4<\i{}Coridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{},
\i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 6,2/3 21,3<commonly>/1/2 22,1/2
25<often>,3/4/- 32,1<\i{}Hottonia\i0{}>/2-4<many alpine> 34<the hydrophytic
\i{}Hottonia\i0{}>,2 39,1/2/3 40<when alternate,>,1 45,1-3 
47<more or less>,1/2 48,2 49,1
50,1<seemingly infrequently, e.g. in some \i{}Anagallis\i0{}
species>/2<mostly <90%>> 53,1 60,2<usually>/1 63<in \i{}Hottonia\i0{},>,1
64,2/3 65,1 68,2 76,1/2/3/4/3&4 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/3<in xeromorpic
forms> 96<commonly>,1 102,1<except on submerged leaves of the aquatic
\i{}Hottonia\i0{}> 103,1<abaxial>/2 104,1 106,1<and represented by diverse
forms> 107,1&2 108<mostly>,2 110,1 111,1&2 116,1<commonly>/2
117<sometimes>,3<with red crystalline contents>/2 118,1/2 123<generally>,2
130,1<variably so, in \i{}Anagallis\i0{} only <5%>>/2<\i{}Anagallis\i0{},
\i{}Auricula\i0{}, \i{}Cyclamen\i0{}, \i{}Dodecatheon\i0{}, \i{}Glaux\i0{},
\i{}Lysimachia\i0{}, \i{}Primula\i0{}, \i{}Samolus\i0{},
\i{}Sodanella\i0{}> 137,1/2 138,2/3<? - cf. the leaves> 139,1/2<cork rarely
developed> 140<when present,>,1/2 141,1 143<variously>,1/2/3-4<most species
exhibit normal stem anatomy, with widely separated or closely apposed
vascular bundles, but in \i{}Primula\i0{} species of the Auricula group,
(1) the conventional ring of bundles branches in upper parts of the stem to
produce one or more rings or a scattering of bundles or and steles, and
(2) secondary bundles arise in the pericycle; and the stem of the aquatic
\i{}Hottonia\i0{} is polystelic, with an ostensible ring of bundles
actually comprising stele> 144,1 146<of forms with normal stem structure,
i.e. most,>,1 147<normally>,2 148,1<e.g., in most annual \i{}Primula\i0{}
spp.>/2<usally>/3<in \i{}Hottonia\i0{} and some \i{}Primula\i0{} species,
see above> 156,3 162,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 181<often>,2 184,2 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,4/5/8 193,1<often>/2 194,1<commonly>/2 195<umbels,
panicles or heads> 202,2 203,2/3 206,1 212,(3-)5(-9) 213,1 215,2/3 218,2
223,1<usually>/3<the corolla absent in \i{}Glaux\i0{}> 224,(6-)10(-18)
226,2<usually>/1 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5(-9) 238,1 239,3 245,3 248,1<usually>
251,1/2<e.g. \i{}Anagallis\i0{}> 252,2 254,(3-)5(-9) 255,1 257,1<with
staminodal scales>/2 258,3 265,1/2 267,3 268,1/2/3/5/5/7/8 275,1-2/4
278,(3-)5(-9)/10 282,2<to the corolla> 285,1/2<exemplified 
in \i{}Lysimachia\i0{}> 286<when cohering,>,1 287,1/2 289,1/2<e.g. the
antesepalous scales of \i{}Samolus\i0{} and \i{}Soldanella\i0{}> 290<when
present,>,4-6<alternating with the stamens> 291<when identifiable,>,1<in
the sense of being inserted higher on the corolla> 293<when
present,>,1-2<scales, or similar to the staminal filaments> 295,(3-)5(-9)
296,1/2/3 298,2 299,1 300,2 309,1/3 310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1
322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3/3-10 330,6<310>/8<then usually tricolpate or
-colporoidate, sometimes syn- or parasyncolpate> 337,1<in 6 genera>
339<supposedly>,5 341<usually>,2 342,1 343,3 344,6
345,1<usually>/2<\i{}Samolus\i0{}> 352,1 353,1<and no evidence of
partitions> 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 367,1 368,1<simple> 372,2 373,1/2 374,2
375,5 378,(5-)7-100<usually many> 381,3 385,2 386,3/2 387,3 388,1 389,1
390,1 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 397<elongated> 400,2 403,3 404,2
409,1<usually>/2<rarely> 412,1<usually>/2 414,6/2<usually five valved and
dehiscing by apical teeth>/7<rarely> 421,(1-)2-100<i.e. to many> 422,1
424,1 431,1 433,1<\i{}Cyclamen\i0{}>/2 434<semi-cylindric> 435,2<5/10>
436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Anagallis\i0{}, \i{}Androsace\i0{},
\i{}Lysimachia\i0{}, \i{}Primula\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Androsace\i0{},
\i{}Lysimachia\i0{}, \i{}Samolus\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<rarely <12%>>/2 483,2
484,2 487,1/2 488,1<nearly always>/2<\i{}Soldanella\i0{}> 489,1/1&2 490,1
491,1&2/1&2&3 492,1<<7%> \i{}Hottonia\i0{}>/2<usually  14 species, 7
genera> 495,2 497,2 520,1-4 521<widespread, but centred in the North
temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5,
8-15, 17, 19, 22> 527,1 528,2 529,9 539,2 565,4 569,13 572,1 573,2 574,15
577,52 578,1000 579,20 580<\i{}Anagallis\i0{}, \i{}Androsace\i0{},
\i{}Ardisiandra\i0{}, \i{}Bryocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Carolinella\i0{}, \i{}Cortusa\i0{},
\i{}Cyclamen\i0{}, \i{}Dionysia\i0{}, \i{}Dodecatheon\i0{}, 
\i{}Evotrochis\i0{}, \i{}Glaux\i0{},
\i{}Hottonia\i0{}, \i{}Kaufmannia\i0{}, \i{}Lysimachia\i0{},
\i{}Omphalogramma\i0{}, \i{}Pelletiera\i0{}, \i{}Pomatosace\i0{},
\i{}Primula\i0{}, \i{}Samolus\i0{}, \i{}Soldanella\i0{},
\i{}Stimpsonia\i0{}, \i{}Trientalis\i0{}> 581<After analysing a combination
of nucleic acid sequences from the chloroplast genes \i{}rbc\i0{}L,
\i{}ndh\i0{}F and \i{}atp\i0{}B, Kllersj \i{}et al\i0{} (2000) supported
earlier claims that \i{}Primulaceae\i0{} and \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{} as
traditionally circumscribed are paraphyletic, with (e.g.)
\i{}Anagallis\i0{}, \i{}Ardisiandra\i0{}, \i{}Coris\i0{},
\i{}Lysimachia\i0{} and \i{}Trientalis\i0{} belonging in myrsinaceous
rather than primulaceous clades. Rather than merging all the genera into
one supposedly monophyletic family, Anderberg \i{}et al\i0{} (2000)
proposed raising \i{}Maesa\i0{} to family rank, and adjusting the contents
of \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{} and \i{}Primulaceae\i0{}. \i{}Samolus\i0{} (with
staminodes and semi-inferior overy) may be better referred to
\i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{} (q.v.). In the absence of any attempts by modern
re-classifiers to prepare the requisite comparative descriptions, the
classical family circumscriptions are largely retained here.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . pale primroses, \line{}That die unmarried,
ere they can behold \line{}Bright Phoebus in his strength, a malady
\line{}Most incident to maids \line{}(The Winters Tale, iv., 3)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}On her left breast \line{}A mole cinque-spotted
like the crimson drops \line{}I the bottom of a cowslip
\line{}(Cymbeline. For crimson read orange - a printers error?)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}In the wood where often you and I \line{}Upon faint
primrose-beds were wont to lie \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream, i., 1)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Where the bee sucks, there suck I, \line{}In a
cowslips bell I lie \line{}(Tempest, v., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The
flowery May, who from her green lap throws \line{}The yellow cowslip, and
the pale primrose \line{}(Milton, Song on May Morning)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Yellow Lysimachius, to give sweet rest \line{}To
the faint shepherd; killing, where it comes, \line{}All busy gnats, and
every fly that hums \line{}(Quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857),
from The Faithful Shepherdess)> 586<primulac> 
 
# Proteaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Lepidocarpicae\i0{} (\i{}Lepidocarpaceae\i0{}) Schultz-Schultzenst.>
5,1/3<or often lignotuberous subshrubs, sometimes geoflorous and/or
vegetatively fernlike>/5<sometimes, in \i{}Stirlingia\i0{}> 21<the few
herbs>,3<and woody>/- 22,1/2/3 32,3<in rainforest>/4<mainly> 36,1/2 37,1
38,2-5 39,1<<75%> mostly>/2/3 40<usually>,1 42,1/4 43,2/3/5 45,1-3
47,2<usually>/1<<2%> sometimes in \i{}Synaphea\i0{}> 48<when sheathing,>,2
49,1 51,1<occasionally>/2<mostly> 52,1/2 53,1/2<especially in juvenile
stages> 55,2 56<when compound, or considered so,>,3/4/6/7/5<sometimes
digitate with pinnate segments> 60<when simple,>,1/2 62<when entire,
often>,2/3/- 63<when simple/dissected,>,1/2/6/5<variously dichotomously
branched, bipinnately dissected, or digitately dissected with pinnately
dissected segments  and in \i{}Synaphea\i0{} lending the plants an
amazingly pteridophytic aspect> 64,1/2/3/4 68,2 76,1/2/3/4 81,2 90,U
92<variously>,1/2/3 103<often sunken,>,1<commonly abaxial on dorsiventral
leaves>/2 104<commonly>,3<but subsidiary patterns may be indeterminable
when the stomata are sunken>/- 106,1 107<seemingly exclusively>,1
108,1<mostly, usually with thick walls and narrow lumina, but occasionally
forming a dense felt and sometimes deciduous>/2<bicellular with short basal
and long terminal cells recorded in \i{}Lambertia\i0{}, and
bicellular-medifixed hairs each with a long horizontal cell supported in
the middle by short basal one recorded in \i{}Hakea\i0{} and
\i{}Grevillea\i0{}> 115,1<sometimes with an abaxial one as well>/2
116,1<<2%> rarely>/2 122,1<commonly, branched or unbranched>/2
123,1/2<rather infrequent> 124<when present,>,2/3 130,2<\i{}Grevillea\i0{},
\i{}Lomatia\i0{}, \i{}Telopea\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,1<rarely>/2 141,3
143<in sufficiently young stems>,2<the circle of closely placed but
individually distinct bundles more or less sinuous> 144,1 145,2 146,1<e.g.,
in species of \i{}Banksia\i0{}, \i{}Dryandra\i0{} and \i{}Protea\i0{}>/2
147,2 148,2 150<typically>,2/- 152,3<nearly always>/1-2<uncommonly>
153,1-2<mostly>/3<rarely> 156,3<typically>/2&3<rarely exhibiting a few
members with scalariform plates> 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,1<often>/2
161,1/2<the apertures usually exserted, the pit borders sometimes distinct
but usually small or indistinct and sometimes lacking> 162,1/2 163,2
164,1<rarely?>/2 165,2 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1/2&3/2/3 176,1<rarely>/2
177,1<usually>/2/3/5 184,2/3/4<?>/6<notably by small marsupials and
rodents> 186,1<usually, exhibiting the greatest diversity of pollen
presenter morphology in the flowering plants (Ladd 1994)>/2<Sphalmioideae>
187,2<<98%> nearly always>/1<sometimes, more or less, in
\i{}Adenanthos\i0{}> 188<when solitary,>,2<towards the ends of the shoots>
189<mostly>,2/3/4/5 190,1<sometimes large and spectacular, especially in
some \i{}Banksia\i0{} species>/2 192,2<or two flowered>/- 194,1/2/4
195<bracteate heads, cones, spikes or racemes> 196,1/2 197,1/2
200,1<perhaps always>/2<depending on interpretation of cone-scales, in
\i{}Isopogon\i0{}, \i{}Petrophile\i0{}> 203,2-4<often very showy> 206,1-3
207<when irregular,>,1 209<when present,>,1&2 212<mainly>,4 213,1 215,2/1
216,2/3 218,1<represented by a calyx tube with stamens attached>/2<at
least sometimes, regardless of the hypanthium/calyx-tube conundrum, since
the stamens are sometimes hypogynous (e.g. \i{}Bellendina\i0{})>
220,1<representing the corolla?>/2 221,1 222,1/2 223,1<there sometimes
being glands or scales, perhaps representing petals, internal to and
alternating with the conspicuous tepals>/3<the conspicuous perianth
component seemingly representing the calyx, though petaloid> 224,4/(6-)8
226,1/2 227,1/2/- 229,U 236<(the conspicuous tepals being so
interpreted)>,4 239,3<with a basal tube>/2/1<or interpretable as such, when
the stamens are interpreted in the throat of the perianth  i.e. at the top
of the hypanthium> 242<when not completely gamosepalous,>,3<and one free>
244,6 245,1<the tube sometimes cleft down most of one side>/2/3<but then
commonly with the tube bent up, or with the lobes rolling back> 251,3<but
variously split when open> 254<when present,>,(2-)4<then represented by
glands or scales> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4<nearly
always>/(3-)4<\i{}Grevillea\i0{}> 280,2 282,1/2<often inserted on the
perianth, with only the anthers free> 284,1/2 285,1<usually>/2<sometimes in
\i{}Conospermum\i0{}, \i{}Synaphea\i0{}> 287,1 289,1<but then often
exhibiting stamens with one theca sterile>/2<\i{}Persoonia\i0{}> 290<when
present, in \i{}Petrophile\i0{}>,1 291,2
295,4<usually>/(3-)4<\i{}Grevillea\i0{}, \i{}Petrophile\i0{}> 298,1/2 299,2
303,3<with broad filaments>/4 305,3<occasionally>/2/1 306<more or less>,2
308,2 309,3 310<strongly>,3<usually>/2<<10%> rarely> 312,2 313,1<via the
elongated connective>/2 315,1 318,2 319,1/3 320,2<2 or 3> 322,2 328,1
329,(2-)3(-8) 330,7<nearly always, perhaps occasionally colpoidate>
337,1<in \i{}Grevillea\i0{}, Leucadendron and \i{}Macadamia\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 346,1/2 347,1<<10%>
rarely>/2<usually, the style often long and slender> 348,2
350,(1-)3-100<i.e.to many> 351,2<mostly>/1 358,1-3 362,1/2 372,2 373,1
374,2 380,1/2<the ovule sometimes adnate to the inner ovary wall, e.g.
\i{}Leucospermum cordifolium\i0{}> 385,2 386,1/3/5/2<the micropyle always
pointing down> 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1/2
397<usually>,2<and with filiform apparatus> 400,2 401,1 402,1 403,2
404,1/2<frequently woody and long persistent> 407,1/2 408,3/7/6/4<see
Manning and Brits (1993), who provide evidence for interpreting seed coats
of indehiscent forms as outer integument rather than pericarp  thus
casting doubt on all previous phylogenetic speculation involving seed
coats> 417,1/2 418,1<often, sometimes incorporated in woody cones>/2
422,2<nearly always>/1<<0.1%> \i{}Bellendina\i0{}> 429,1<often>/2 432,3
433,2(-9) 435,2<1/1> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Grevillea\i0{},
\i{}Hakea\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Grevillea robusta\i0{}> 472,1/2 473,1
475,1<rarely <12%>>/2 483,1 484,2 487,1/2 488,1 489,2/1&2 490,1
491,1/1/1&2/2&3 492,2<7 species, 6 genera> 495,1<very commonly>/2 520,2-4
521<pantropical and warm, mainly requiring a long dry season>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5, 7, 10-13 (the chromosomes
sometimes very large)> 525,7 527,1 528,1 529,13 543,1 565,5 570,3 572,1
573,1 574,8 577,25 578,1050 579<about>,75 580<\i{}Acidonia\i0{},
\i{}Adenanthos\i0{}, \i{}Agastachys\i0{}, \i{}Alloxylon\i0{},
\i{}Athertonia\i0{}, \i{}Aulax\i0{}, \i{}Austromuellera\i0{},
\i{}Banksia\i0{}, \i{}Beauprea\i0{}, \i{}Beapreopsis\i0{},
\i{}Bellendina\i0{}, \i{}Brabejum\i0{}, \i{}Buckinghamia\i0{},
\i{}Cardwellia\i0{}, \i{}Carnarvonia\i0{}, \i{}Cenarrhenes\i0{},
\i{}Conospermum\i0{}, \i{}Darlingia\i0{}, \i{}Diastella\i0{},
\i{}Dilobeia\i0{}, \i{}Dryandra\i0{}, \i{}Embothrium\i0{},
\i{}Eucarpha\i0{}, \i{}Euplassa\i0{}, \i{}Faurea\i0{}, \i{}Finschia\i0{},
\i{}Floydia\i0{}, \i{}Franklandia\i0{}, \i{}Garnieria\i0{},
\i{}Gevuina\i0{}, \i{}Grevillea\i0{}, \i{}Hakea\i0{}, \i{}Helicia\i0{},
\i{}Heliciopsis\i0{}, \i{}Hicksbeachia\i0{}, \i{}Hollandaea\i0{},
\i{}Isopogon\i0{}, \i{}Kermadecia\i0{}, \i{}Knightia\i0{},
\i{}Lambertia\i0{}, \i{}Leucadendron\i0{}, \i{}Leucospermum\i0{},
\i{}Lomatia\i0{}, \i{}Macadamia\i0{}, \i{}Malagasia\i0{}, \i{}Mimetes\i0{},
\i{}Musgravea\i0{}, \i{}Neorites\i0{}, \i{}Opisthiolepis\i0{},
\i{}Oreocallis\i0{}, \i{}Orites\i0{}, \i{}Orothamnus\i0{},
\i{}Panopsis\i0{}, \i{}Paranomus\i0{}, \i{}Persoonia\i0{},
\i{}Petrophile\i0{}, \i{}Placospermum\i0{}, \i{}Protea\i0{},
\i{}Roupala\i0{}, \i{}Serruria\i0{}, \i{}Sleumerodendron\i0{},
\i{}Sorocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Spatalla\i0{}, \i{}Sphalmium\i0{},
\i{}Stenocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Stirlingia\i0{}, \i{}Strangea\i0{},
\i{}Symphionema\i0{}, \i{}Synaphea\i0{}, \i{}Telopea\i0{},
\i{}Toronia\i0{}, \i{}Triunia\i0{}, \i{}Turrillia\i0{},
\i{}Vexatorella\i0{}, \i{}Virotia\i0{}, \i{}Xylomelum\i0{}> 581<Discussed
in detail by Johnson and Briggs (1975).> 582<Many genera and species are
cultivated as ornamentals and barrier plants, and \i{}Macadamia\i0{}
produces excellent edible nuts.> 586<proteace> 
 
# Psiloxylaceae <Croizat>/
2<\i{}Myrtaceae\i0{}-Psiloxyloideae p.p.> 5,1<with white bark> 7,1 39,1
40,1 43,U 50,1 51,1<?> 53,1 60,2 64<with an intramarginal nerve> 68,2 76,1
90,U 116,1 117,1 118,1 120,1<?>/- 137,1<in the cortex> 138,1<?> 139,1
140,1<from the pericycle> 145,1 148,2 159,U 161,2 162,U 163,U 165,1/2 168,U
175,2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,5/8 187,2 189,2/8 192,1/2 194,2 195<small axillary
racemes or panicles> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 218,1 223,1 224,10/12 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5(-6) 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,5(-6) 255,1 258,1
265,1 267,3 271<leathery> 272,2 274<punctate, shortly>,1 276,1/2<?>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,10(-12) 282,1<inserted on the perigynous
disk> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,10(-12) 298,3 299,2 302,2 303,3<the filaments
subulate> 306<ovoid, larger than is usual in Myrtaceae,>,1 308,1 309,3
310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8<parasyncolporate> 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339,3-4 341,1 342,3-4 343,3 344,5-6 345,1<as distinct from
\i{}Myrtaceae\i0{}> 352,2 353,3-4 358,3 360<ambiguously>,1-2
361,1/3-4<having 3-4 subsessile, thick, fleshy, flattened, obtuse,
spreading and reflexed style-lobes> 364,2 365,1 368,3-4<persistent on the
fruit> 370,3-4 376,2<with ovules over most of the somewhat peltate
placenta, in many rows> 379,30-70<many, no ovulodes> 386,3 404,1 409,2
412,6<small, punctate> 421<many-seeded> 422,2 432,3<fleshy> 434,1 436,1
504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Mascarene Islands> 522,6 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1
565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym of
\i{}Myrtaceae\i0{}?> 578,1<\i{}Psiloxylon mauritianum\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Psiloxylon\i0{}> 581<\i{}Psiloxylon\i0{} seems different from
\i{}Myrtaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the superior ovary with 3-4
stigmas.> 586<psiloxyl> 
 
# Ptaeroxylaceae <Sonder>/
2<\i{}Rutaceae\i0{}-Cneoroideae, formerly \i{}Sapindaceae\i0{}> 5,1
7,1/2<?> 8,1/2<?> 37<usually>,2 39,1<\i{}Bottegoa\i0{},
\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{}>/2<\i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{}> 40<when alternate,>,1 43,U
45,1 50,2 51,1 53,2 56,4/6<biparipinnate in \i{}Bottegoa\i0{}> 57,1/2<pari-
or imparipinnate, in \i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{} and \i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{} the
leaflets opposite or alternate, oblique> 64,2 65,1 68,2 76<(of the
leaflets)>,1 90,U
92,1<\i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{}>/1-2<\i{}Bottegoa\i0{}>
95,1<on the leaves of \i{}Bottegoa\i0{} and
\i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{}>/2<\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{}> 100,1/2 101,2 102,1
104,1<\i{}Bottegoa\i0{}, \i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{}>/6<\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{}>
115,2 116,2 120,1 123,2 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 155,1-2 156,3 157,2
162,1 163,2 165<scanty>,2/1<scarce> 167,2 175,1&2/1&3/2/3 176,1 177,8/5
187,2 189,1/2 192,1 194,2 195<small axillary cymes or false racemes> 203,2
206,1 212,4/5 213,1 216,2<this slight, associated with the disk> 218,2
220,1 221,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239<shortly>,3
240,3/4 245,3 251<more or less>,1 254,4/5 255,1 258,1 265,1/3 276,1/2<?>
277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,4/5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,4/5 298,2 299,2 303,3<the filaments not basally flattened>
304,2<scaleless> 324,2 328,1 329,3-4 330,8 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,2<\i{}Bottegoa\i0{}, \i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{}>/3-5<\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{}>
341,1-2 342,2-5 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,2-5 358,2/3<?> 360,2 361,2-5
363<(shortly)>,2 368,2-5 371,3 379,1/(1-)2(-3)<\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{}> 381,1
382,1 383,3 385,2 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,1 404,2 409,2<\i{}Bottegoa\i0{}>/3
410<of schizocarps,>,2-5 411,3&5<samaroid follicles, dehiscing via the
inner suture> 412<of \i{}Bottegoa\i0{},>,10<surrounded by a thin, broad
wing> 422,1<the endosperm thin and fleshy>/2
429,1<above>/2<\i{}Bottegoa\i0{}> 436,2/3 437,1 504,2&4 506,1&2 509,2&3&4
520,4 521<tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&7&8 527,1 528,1
529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44<as a synonym of
\i{}Rutaceae\i0{}> 578,4/5 579,3/4 580<\i{}Cedrelopsis\i0{},
\i{}Ptaeroxylon\i0{}, \i{}Bottegoa\i0{}, (?)\i{}Kirkia\i0{}> 581<See Leroy
1959, Ptaeroxylaceae, in \i{}Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris\i0{}
\b{}248\b0{}, 10011003; Leroy 1960, Ptaeroxylaceae, in \i{}Journ. Agr.
Trop. Bot. Appl.\i0{} \b{}7\b0{}, 455456; White and Styles 1966,
\i{}Ptaeroxylaceae\i0{}, in \i{}Flora Zambesiaca\i0{} \b{}2\b0{}, 547550;
Van der Ham \i{}et al.\i0{} 1995, \i{}Bottegoa\i0{} in \i{}Kew Bull.\i0{}
\b{}50\b0{}, 243265. Apart from the campylotropous, apotropus ovules with
dorsal raphe, the data compiled for the present package have
\i{}Ptaeroxylaceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Rutaceae\i0{} sensu stricto only
in the mesophyll exhibiting etherial oil in cells rather than cavities.>
586<ptaeroxy> 
 
# Pteridophyllaceae <(Murb.) Sugiura ex Nak.>/
2<\i{}Fumariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} sensu lato>
5<stemless>,5<with \i{}Blechnum\i0{}-like leaves> 6<seemingly>,3<cf.
\i{}Hypecoum\i0{}?> 21,3 22,1<the leaves all radical> 25,3 39,1<surrounded
at the base by several large, orbicular, membranous cataphylls> 53,1/2
56<if considered compound, very evenly>,4 60<if considered entire, very
deeply>,1 63<regularly, evenly>,1 68,2 87<seemingly>,2<?> 89,U 90,U 94,U
102,1 103,1<the abaxial> 104,1 116,U 119,U 120,U 121,U 122,2 133,U 134,U
143<probably>,2<?> 145,U 146,U 147,U 148,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,7 193,1<the scapes erect, simple or very slightly branched, bearing
more or less distant, two-flowered fascicles of flowers on slender
pedicels> 206,1-2<almost regular> 213,1 218,2 223,1 224,6 226,3<2+2+2>
227,1 229,U 236,2 238,1 239,1 246,3<and the sepals not lobed>
248,2<caducous> 251,4<not enclosing the flower bud> 254,4 255,2<2+2> 258,1
267,1/3<the petals subequal> 268,2 272,2<caducous> 275,4
278<ostensibly>,4 279,2 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 299,2
300,1<diagonal> 303<very shortly>,3<without basal nectaries> 306<oblong>
311<all>,2 312,2<?> 324,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,6 339,2 341,2 342,1 343,3
344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1<flattened> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,2 369,2 375,1
378,2-4 385,2<at least, the seeds neither strophiolate nor carunculate>
386,3/3-4 387,3 388,2 389,2 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,2
414<(bi-)>,6<siliculiform, dehiscence acropetal> 421<many-seeded> 475,1
504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Japan> 522,4 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 9> 527,1 528,1
529,3 533,2<?> 565,1 566,8 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23<as a synonym of
\i{}Papaveraceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Pteridophyllum racemosum\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Pteridophyllum\i0{}> 581<Differing from
\i{}Papaveraceae\i0{} (q.v.) in habit and inflorecence, as well as in
androecium, gynoecium and ovule, fruit and seed morphology. No reliable
anatomical data located.> 586<pteridop> 
 
# Pterostemonaceae <(Engl.) Small>/
2<\i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Iteaceae\i0{}.>
5<much-branched>,3 8,1 39,1<shining glutinous-resinous above, pubescent
below> 43,U 45,1 47,2 51,U 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,8-9 64,2 65,1 68,1
74<small,>,1 76,4 85,1 86,2 92,1 96,1<marginal> 101,2 102,1
103,1/1&2<mainly abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2 112,1 113,1&3<or
conical> 115,2 116,2 123,1<around the veins, and sometimes in the
palisade> 124<mainly>,2 134,U 137,2 139,1 141,3 148,2 151,1<many of them
fibriform> 152,3 155,2<mostly>/1<in the widest elements with simple
perforations> 156,2<in the narrow elements>/3<in the wide ones> 157,2 159,1
161,1 162,1 165,1<diffuse, sparse> 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,1/6 192,1 194,1 195<few-flowered, corymbose cymes> 206,1 212,5 213,1
215,3 218<seemingly>,2<or very slight?> 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1<erect> 251,3 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 268,2
272,1<conspicuous, pubescent, becoming reflexed> 278,10 280,2 282,1 284,2
285,1 287,2 289,2 290,5 291,3<constituting the inner whorl>
293,2<consisting of narrow filaments, toothed above, without anthers>
295,5<representing the outer whorl> 298,2 299,2 300,1 302,1 303,3<the
filaments broad, toothed near the apex> 304,- 306,1-2 308,1 309,3
310,3<ovoid> 328,1 329,2 330,8 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2
353,5 359,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,5<radiate, separating more with age>
376,2 379,4-6 381,3 388<embryology not recorded> 404,2 409,1<by contrast
with perigynous \i{}Rosaceae\i0{}> 412,1<woody, crowned by the erect sepals
and reflexed petals> 414,4 421<few seeded> 422,2 429<attenuate at either
end> 461,1 462<\i{}Pterostemon\i0{}> 466,2 490,1 491,2 504,3 512,1 520,3-4
521<Mexico> 522,13 527,1 528,1/2<?> 529,21<?> 551,5<? - cf.
\i{}Philadelphaceae\i0{}?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30<as a
synonym of \i{}Iteaceae\i0{}?> 578,2/3 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Pterostemon\i0{}> 581<The compiled descriptions show numerous
differences from \i{}Iteaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in conventional inflorescence,
corolla, androecium, gynoecium and seed characters, as well as in esoteric
characters (pollen morphology, flavonol data).> 586<pteroste> 
 
# Punicaceae <Horan.>/
2<\i{}Lythraceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Granateae\i0{} (\i{}Granataceae\i0{}) D. Don>
5<small>,1/3<with scattered secretory cells in the cortex and pith,
sometimes spiny> 31,1 39,1-2<sometimes crowded at the tips of the twigs>
43,U 45,1 47,2 50,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 99,1<these
containing large, solitary crystals, on the boundary between palisade and
spongy mesophyll> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 116,2 122,2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2 131,3<with four wings, which are soon lost> 139,1 140,1 141,1 143,1
144,2 145,1 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153<very to mderately>,1
154,1&2&3 156,3 157,1 158,2 161,2 162,1 163,1 164,2 165<scantily>,2<or
absent>/- 166,2 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1 187,1/2 194<when
flowers aggregated,>,1/2 195<comprising axillary fascicles, or the flowers
solitary and axillary> 206,1 213,1 215,4<by virtue of the androecium>
218,1<this brightly coloured, far exceeding the inferior ovary> 223,1
224,10-16 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5-8 238,1 239,1<in the form of lobes on the
hypanthium> 245,3 247<becoming leathery> 248,1<on the persistent, leathery
hypanthium> 251,3 254,5-8 255,1 258,1 265,1&6 267,3 274,1-2
278,30-100<many> 280,1 281,2 282,1<but inserted inside the hypanthium>
285,1 287<about>,5-7<?>/2<according to Graham \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993> 289,1
295,30-100<many> 298,5 303,3<the filaments slender> 306,1 308,1 309,3
312,2 315,1 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1 339,7-9(-15) 341,2-3 342,7-9(-15)
343,3 344,6 345,3 352,2 353,7-9(-15) 359,1 360,2 361,1
365,1<slender,simple> 368,1 371,3 372,1 373,1 374,3 376,2<only, in \i{}P.
protopunica\i0{}>/2&4<in \i{}P. granatum\i0{}, where the carpels become
superposed in two or three layers by differential growth, the lower with
axile placentation, the upper ostensibly parietal> 379,20-50<more or less
numerous> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<uninucleate>
395,2 397<elongated> 400,2 404,1 409,2 412,6<with 23 layers of locules,
and a leathery rind representing the hypanthium, crowned by the persistent
calyx, the seeds embedded in pulp derived from the outer layers of the
testas> 422,2 432,3<oily> 433,2 434<large, spirally>,3 435,2<1/1> 436,1
447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Punica\i0{}> 469,2/3 470,1<Gibbs 1974> 472,2 475,1<one
species> 484,2 487,2 488,2 490,2 492,1 504,1&2 505,2 506,1 508,1&2&3 509,1
520,2-4 521<Southeast Europe to the Himalayas, Socotra> 522,1&2&3&4&12&14
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 9> 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym of \i{}Lythraceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Punica\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Lythraceae\i0{} in
some corolla, androecium, gynoecium and fruit characters, also in the
record of rolled seed cotyledons.> 582<pomegranate is the berry of
\i{}Punica granatum\i0{}.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Go to, sir; you
were beaten in Italy for picking a kernel out of a pomegranate
\line{}(Alls Well, ii., 3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Nightly she sings on
yon pomegranate tree: \line{}Believe me, love, it was the nightingale
\line{}(Romeo and Juliet, iii., 5) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And does in
the pomegranates close \line{}Jewels more rich than Ormus shows
\line{}(Andrew Marvell, Bermudas) > 586<punicace> 
 
# Putranjivaceae <Endl.>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}> 5,1/2/3 6,3 37,1 39,1<usually>/2<rarely>
40,2<commonly>/1 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 51,- 53,1 60,2 64,2 66<usually>,7 68,1
69,2 70,1 74,1/2 76,1/4 81,2 87,2 92,1 116,1 117,1 175,1<rarely>/2/3
176<usually>,1/2 177,1<rarely>/2/5<?>/8 179<of \i{}Putranjiva\i0{}>,2
182,1<sometimes with an intrastaminal disk>/2 183<when present,>,2 187,1/2
195<axillary, or in cauliforous clusters or pedicellate cymes> 206,1 218,2
223,3 224<imbricate,>,(3-)4/5(-6) 225,1 236,(3-)4/5(-6) 239,1
278,2-3<\i{}Putranjiva\i0{}>/4-50<\i{}Drypetes\i0{}> 282,1 285,1 289,1<?>
295,2-50 303,3 306<sub->,1-2 309,3 310,3 338,1/2 339<in female-fertile
flowers,>,1-3/6 343<normally>,3 344,1<rarely>/4<usually> 345,1
352,1<rarely>/2 353,(1-)2-3/6 360,2 361,(1-)2-3/6 365,1 366<much>,1
368,(1-)2-3/6 371<peltate, reniform, disc-shaped, bilobed or petaloid>
378<when unilocular,>,2 379,2 381,1 388,3 404,1 407,2 408,7 409,2
412,7<hairy, with simple or stellate hairs> 421,1-6<with one maturing per
locule> 422,1 433,2<large,flat,fleshy> 436,1 471,1 521<worldwide tropical
and subtropical> 522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,1 529,6
536,9 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578<about>,220 579,2
580<\i{}Drypetes\i0{}, \i{}Putranjiva\i0{}> 581<An inadequate draft
description, cf. the poor offering of Christenhusz \i{}et al\i0{}. (2017),
and the Humbert (Fl. of Madagascar, 1958) treatment of \i{}Drypetes\i0{}>
582<\i{}Drypetes\i0{} species provide edible fruits; \i{}Putranjiva
roxburghii\i0{} is widely cultivated as an ornamental, the seeds yield
essential oil, and the bark is used medicinally.> 586<putranji> 
 
# Pyrolaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Pirolaceae\i0{} auctt.>
4<\i{}Monotropaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 9,1<mostly>/2 12,1<usually>/2 15,1/2<?>
16,1<?> 17,1 18<if parasitic,>,1 21,3 22,1<often>/2 25<sympodially>,3
37<unless much reduced,>,1 39,1/2/3 42,1 43,- 45,1 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2
64,1/2<unless much reduced>/- 68,2 76,1/2/3/4 81,2 90,U
130,2<\i{}Pyrola\i0{}> 141,1 148,1/2<?> 151,1/2<?> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1<\i{}Moneses\i0{}>/2 189<when aggrega,>,2/5/6
192,2<\i{}Pyrola\i0{}>/1 193,1/2 200,1 202,2 203,2 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1
215,3 218,2 220,1/2 221<when present,>,2 222,1/2 223,1 224,8/9/10 226,2 
227,1/2 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1/3<shortly, basally> 241,3 245,3 248,1 251,1
252,2/- 254,(4-)5 255,1 258,1<though the primordium annular> 265,1 267,3
268,2/6/7<or rose> 274<orbicular,>,2 278,8/10 282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1
295,8/10 298,3 299,1 300,3 307,1 309,1<these ostensibly apical> 310,3 312,2
313,1<the thecae produced into short tubes>/2 314<ostensibly>,1 320,1 322,2
324,1<nearly always>/2 327,3<except in \i{}Orthilia\i0{}> 328,1 329,3 330,8
337,1<in \i{}Chimaphila\i0{} and \i{}Orthilia\i0{}> 339,(4-)5<opposite the
petals> 341,2 342,(4-)5 343,3 344,6 345,1 352<imperfectly>,2<the intruded
parietal placentas not joined at the centre, and the septation falling
short of the top of the ovary> 353<ostensibly>,(4-)5<except towards the
top> 357,2 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1/2 365,1 366,1-3<often declinate> 367,1
368,1 370,(4-)5 371,3-5 376,2<ostensibly>/4<i.e. the greatly intruded
placentas not joined in the middle> 379,20-50<i.e. many> 380,1 386,3
387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<uninucleate> 395,2 397<slender,
with broad bases> 400,1 401,1 402,1&2<short, 1celled> 403,3 404,2 409,1
412,1 414,5 422,1 426,1/2 429,1<at each end> 432,1 435,2<1/1> 447,1 469,2
472,1/2 483,1 484,1 485,1<?normal> 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<one
\i{}Pyrola\i0{} species> 494,1 504,1&3 505,1 507,1&2&3&4&5 512,1
520,1&2<cold>/3-4<a few only> 521<cold North temperate and Arctic,
\i{}Chimaphila\i0{} extending to Central America and the West Indies>
522,1&12&13&14&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 11, 13, 16, 19, 23> 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,2 565,4 569,10 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Ericaceae\i0{}> 578,30 579,4 580<\i{}Chimaphila\i0{}, \i{}Moneses\i0{},
\i{}Orthilia\i0{}, \i{}Pyrola\i0{}> 581<Closely related to
\i{}Ericaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.): apart from differences among
'esoteric characters relying on limited sampling (caryophyllad embryogeny,
seed with rudimentary embryo, no andromedotoxin), the compiled descriptions
differ absolutely only in the herbaceous habit and ebracteolate flowers.>
586<pyrolace> 
 
# Quiinaceae <Engl.>/
2<\i{}Ochnaceae\i0{}-Quiinoideae.> 5,1/3/4 8,2 39,2/3 45,1 53,1 60,1/2 63<when
dissected,>,1<lobed> 64,2 68,1 69,1 73<rigid or foliaceous> 76,1/2 90,U
92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3 106<very infrequent> 116,1<?>/2<but common
in the petioles> 117<where present,>,2 118,2 123,1 124,2&3 132,1 133,1
135,1 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<uniseriate> 152,3
153<fairly>,1 154,1&2/5<but usually solitary with a few radial pairs> 155,2
156<usually>,3 157,2 158,2 159,1 160,1<sometimes>/2 161,1 163,2 164,2 165,1
166,2 167,2 169,3 170,2 175,1/1&2/1&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/8/9 187,2 189,2/8
194,1/2 195<panicles or racemes> 203,2 206,1/2 223,1 224,8-10(-13) 226,2
227,1/2 229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239,1<the sepals small> 245,1 251,1 254,4-5(-8)
255,1 258,1 265,1/2 277,1/2<male flowers> 278,15-30/30-170<to many> 279,U
280,U 282,1/2<to the corolla, below> 285,1/2<below> 289,1 295,15-30/30-170
298,4/5 306,2<small> 308,2 309,3 310,3<the thecae sharply distinct>/2<the
thecae back to back and latrorse, \i{}Froesia\i0{}> 311,2 312,2 328,1 329,3
330,8 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2-3/3/7-11(-13) 341,1-3 342<when
syncarpous,>,2-3/7-11(-13) 343,2<\i{}Froesia\i0{}>/3
344,2<\i{}Froesia\i0{}, with three distinct carpels>/4 345,1 347<in
\i{}Froesia\i0{}>,2 350,2 352<when syncarpous,>,2 353<when
syncarpous,>,2-3/7-11(-13)<reflecting the carpel number> 360,2
361,2-3/7-11(-13)<one per carpel> 363,1<linear> 368,2-3/7-11(-13)
371<obliquely>,5 376<when syncarpous,>,1-2 379,2 381,3 386,3 404,1 407<in
\i{}Froesia\i0{},>,1/2<?> 408,8 409,1<at full maturity>/2 412,1<baccate>/6
414<when dehiscent,>,6 421<usually only>,1-4<often only 12 locular through
abortion of the others> 422,2 427,1<usually, tomentose>/2<\i{}Froesia\i0{}>
432,3 433,2<thick> 436,1 447,2 472,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<tropical
South America> 522,13&14&15 527,1 528,1<?  stipules, polypetalous, etc.>
529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of
\i{}Ochnaceae\i0{}> 578,50 579,4 580<\i{}Frosia\i0{}, \i{}Lacunaria\i0{},
\i{}Quiina\i0{}, \i{}Touroulia\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Ochnaeae\i0{}
(q.v.) in leaf insertion, gynoecium form and manner of capsule dehiscence,
as well as in esoteric characters involving leaf and stem anatomy.>
586<quiinace> 
 
# Quillajaceae <D. Don>/
2<\i{}Rosaceae\i0{}-\i{}Quillajeae\i0{} in older treatments.> 5,1
24<to>,15-20 31,1 37,1 38,2-3<3-5 cm long> 39,1 40,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 50,2
53,1 60,2 62,6-7<?> 64,2 68,1 69,2 70,1 73<small,>,1 74,1 76,1/3 81,2 123,1
124,3<with true styloids recorded> 156,2 175,1 176,2 177,1/8<within the
inflorescence, the laterals male, the centrals female-fertile> 182,1 183,2
187,2 189,6<these dense> 192,1 194,1&2 195<dense corymbs, 3-5 flowered>
200,1 202<bi->,1 203,2<to 15 mm in diameter> 206,1 212<basically>,5<with a
few exceptional flowers> 215,3 223,1 224,10(-14) 236,5(-7) 238,1
239<briefly>,3 240,3<the lobes broadly ovate> 241,3 245,3 251,3 252,1
254,5(-7) 255,1 258,1 265,2 267,3 268,2 269,1 274<small,>,2 278,10 281,1
282,1 285,1 287,2 295,10 298,3 299,2 300,3<5 inserted at the base of the
disk, 5 alternating with them and inserted at the apices of the disk lobes>
303,3 306,1 309,3 312,2 319,1 322,2 339,5(-7)<the carpels antesepalous,
sessile, tomentose> 341,1 342,5 343,3 344,3<the carpels proximally fused>
345,1 350,10-50<many> 351,2<the ovules flattened> 352,2 353,5(-7)
371<distal, along the revolute part of the style> 381<sub->,2 384,4 386,3
404,2 405,1 407,1 408,3<the 5 follicles stellately spreading, ventrally
sutured> 419,1 421,10-25<per follicle> 429<long and broadly>,1<in the upper
part> 433,2 434,3 487,1<the powdered bark of \i{}Q. saponaria\i0{} being
used as a substitute for soap> 504,3 520,2-3 521<Brazil (\i{}Q.
brasiliensis\i0{}), Andean Chile and Peru (\i{}Q. saponaria\i0{})> 522,15
525,14 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,12 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,33 578,2 579,1 580<\i{}Quillaja\i0{}> 582<known as the Soap or Soapbark
Tree> 584<This draft description by LW (2009) lacks information on anther
development and pollen, embryology, and phytochemistry. It also needs
pursuing further with special reference to features characteristic of
\i{}Rosaceae\i0{}.> 586<quillaja> 
 
# Rafflesiaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Patmaceae\i0{} Schultz-Schultzenst., \i{}Pistiaceae\i0{} C.A. Agardh
(p.p.)> 4<\i{}Apodanthaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Cytinaceae\i0{} Brongn.,
\i{}Mitrastemonaceae\i0{} Mak.> 5<very peculiar endoparasitic>,5 9,3 11<the
vegetative parts>,2/3 12,3<disregarding the numerous, imbricate floral
bracts adnate to the base of the ovary of the large, sessile flowers> 13,2
14,- 15,2 16,3<on \i{}Vitaceae\i0{}, permeating the host tissues, with only
the flowers exserted> 17,2 18<initially>,1<and rhizomes>/- 85,1 
86<symbiotically highly specialised flowers!> 90,U 141,-
148,1<the vascular system vestigial or absent>/- 151<if present,>,2 175,2/3
176,1 177,2/5<?> 178,1 184,2<the large flowers foetid> 185,2<often via sybiont ants> 
186<at least sometimes>,1<the pollinating ants being digested> 187,1
200<(multi-)>,1<the numerous, imbricate bracts adnate to the inferior ovary
of the sessile flower> 203,4-5<including \i{}Rafflesia arnoldii\i0{} with
the largest known flowers, these being up to 1 m in diameter> 205,2 206,1
213,1 216,1<male flowers>/2<female flowers>/3<depending on interpretation
of the floral columns>/- 218,2 223<ambiguously>,3/4/5<but distinct from the
bracts> 224,5<\i{}Rafflesia\i0{}>/10<\i{}Sapria\i0{}> 225,1/2<?>
226,1<\i{}Rafflesia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Sapria\i0{}> 228,1/2<?> 229,2<at least
sometimes>/1<?> 232,1/2<imbricate> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<of male
flowers>,5-100<to many> 282,1 283,1<or at least, with the stylar column>
285,1<in 1several cycles beneath the expanded apex of the stylar column>
287,1-4<? - to several> 289,1 295,5-100<to many> 303,4 309,3/1/4<?>
310,1 311,2 312,2 318,2 324,2 326,U 328,2 337,1<in \i{}Rafflesia\i0{}>
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<(in female flowers)>,4-8<?> 342,1/4-8<via
deeply intruded placentas> 343,3 344,5/6<the stout, columnar style in
\i{}Rafflesia\i0{} expanded into a large disk, with numerous stigmatal
projections on top, the columnar disc of \i{}Sapria\i0{} with a single one>
345,3 352<variously, irregularly>,1/2 353,1/3-10<by deep intrusion of the
placentas> 361,1 365,1 375<when unilocular,>,2<the placentas variously
intruded or branched> 376<when plurilocular,>,4<or with the very minute
ovules covering the inner surfaces of the partitions> 378,50-100<very
numerous, and very minute> 379,25-100<very numerous> 385,2 386,2-3
387,3<with rudimentary outer integuments> 388,1 389,2 391,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,2 397,1 400,2 403,3/4<?> 404,1/2<?> 409,1/2<?> 412,1/6<?> 414<(if
capsular)>,1 422,1 426,1 432,1 497<when present, lacking both protein and
starch> 504,2 506,3 520,3-4 521<W. Malaysia , and (\i{}Sapria\i0{}) Assam
to SE Asia> 522,4&9 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3<cf.
\i{}Hydnoraceae\i0{}> 565,5 570,10 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578<about>,20 579,3 580<\i{}Rafflesia\i0{}, \i{}Rhizanthes\i0{},
\i{}Sapria\i0{}> 586<rafflesi> 
 
# Ranunculaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Coptaceae\i0{} (Gregory) Lve & Lve, \i{}Helleboraceae\i0{} von
Vest, \i{}Nigellaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Thalictraceae\i0{} Rafin.>
4<\i{}Glaucidiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hydrastidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Kingdoniaceae\i0{}.>
5,5<mostly>/3<<0.06%> \i{}Xanthorhiza\i0{}>/4<<17%> \i{}Clematis\i0{}> 7,2
21,1-3 22,1/2 25<often>,3<or stoloniferous>/4 27,1/3 32,1-3 
34<when hydrophytic,>,2 35<of
aquatics>,2/1/1&3 36,1<commonly, when hydrophytic>/2 39,1<usually>/2<<17%>
\i{}Clematis\i0{}> 40<usually>,1 45,1 47,1 49,1 51,2/3 53,1/2 54,1<more or
less, occasionally>/2 55,2 56<when compound>,4/5/6/7 60<when simple>,1/2
63<when simple/dissected>,2/6 64,2/3 65,1<usually>/2 68,1<commonly rather
conspicuously so>/2 69,2 76,1/2/3/4 81,2 90,U 96,1<occasionally>/2
130,2<\i{}Helleborus\i0{}, \i{}Ranunculus\i0{}> 132,1/3 135,1/2 139,1/2
141,1<rarely>/3-5 143,2/3/4 144,1 148,1<commonly>/2 154<in
\i{}Clematis\i0{},>,4/5/- 156,3<at least usually> 161,1 162,1/2 169,2<VP>/3
175,1<<95%>>/2/3 176,1<<5%>>/2<usually> 177,1/5<<5%> rarely, by
suppression> 182,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Anemone\i0{}, \i{}Clematis\i0{},
\i{}Thalictrum\i0{}> 183,1/4<from the bases of the petals, considered
staminodial in origin> 184,2<usually  attracting insects by either nectar
or pollen>/1<<10%> e.g. \i{}Thalictrum\i0{}> 187,1<often pedunculate>/2
189,1/2/8 192,1 193,1/2 194,1/2 195<various, but determinate> 203,2-3
206,1<<75%> usually>/2-3<\i{}Aconitum\i0{} etc.> 213,1<<8%>
\i{}Aquilegia\i0{}>/2/3 214<when more or less acyclic>,1&2&3/2&3/3
217,2<convex or elongated> 218,2 220,2 223,1/2/3/4 224,5-50<to many>
225,1/2 229,U 236<when definable>,(3-)5-8<or more, often becoming petaloid>
239,1/2/3 246,2/3 248,1/2 251,1/3 254<when definable>,3-50<to many 
perhaps staminodal in origin> 258,1/2/3 265,1 268,1/2/3/5<e.g. some
\i{}Aquilegia\i0{} species>/7/8 270,1<occasionally>/2<or with little
tubular nectariferous petals> 274,1/2 277,1/2<rarely, in
\i{}Clematis\i0{}> 278,15-100<usually many> 279,2 281,1 282,1 285,1
287,1-13<or spiralled> 289,2<usually several or many, if nectaries of
various kinds between perianth and stamens are interpreted as such>/1 291,1
293,1/2 295,(5-)10-100<usually many> 306,4 308,2 309,3/5<e.g.
\i{}Trautvetteria\i0{}> 310,1/2 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2<1 or 2>
321,2 322,2 328,1<usually>/2<\i{}Souliea\i0{}> 329,(2-)3
330<variously>,6/9/10/11<but not colporate, not even colporoidate>
337,1<recorded in 9 genera> 338,1/2<rarely, when male> 339,(1-)3-100<i.e.
to many> 342<when other than apocarpous,>,1/3-5 343,1/2/3 344,1<<0.7%>
\i{}Actaea\i0{}>/2<nearly always>/3<<7%> carpels sometimes more or less
connate, e.g. \i{}Aquilegia\i0{}>/4<<2%> e.g. \i{}Nigella\i0{}> 345,1
347,1/2 348,2 350<(when monomeric or apocarpous)>,1/2-100<several to
many> 351<when monomeric or apocarpous>,2/3 352,2 353<when
syncarpous,>,3-5 361<when syncarpous,>,3-5 365,1 372,2 373,1/2 374,2
376<when syncarpous,>,2 379<when syncarpous,>,3-15<?> 381,1/2/3 383,1-3
385,2 386,2/3 387,2/3 388,2<when bitegmic>/3<when unitegmic> 391,1/2 392,1
393,1 394,3<sometimes multinucleate> 395,1<rarely>/2 397,1/2<sometimes with
filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1<or undifferentiated> 404,2<usually>/1<<10%>
rarely> 405,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 407,1/2 408,3/4/8<<0.7%> \i{}Actaea\i0{}>
409<when syncarpous,>,1 412<when syncarpous>,1<e.g. \i{}Nigella\i0{}>
422<copiously>,1 424,1 431,2 432,1-2/3 433,1<occasionally>/2<often connate>
435,2<14/25> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Anemone\i0{}, \i{}Clematis\i0{},
\i{}Delphinium\i0{}, \i{}Ranunculus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Anemone\i0{},
\i{}Delphinium\i0{}, \i{}Ranunculus\i0{}> 472,1/2 473,1<including
triglochinin> 475,1<<90%> mostly>/2 477,1<in the rhizomes of
\i{}Coptis\i0{} and \i{}\i{}Xanthorhiza\i0{}\i0{}>/2 483,2 484,2 487,1/2
488,2<usually>/1<<8%> e.g. \i{}Clematis\i0{}> 489<when present,>,1
490,1<mostly>/2<<5%>> 491,1/2/1&2<nearly always both> 492,2<13 species, 9
genera> 495,2 497,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan, concentrated in the North
temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 527,1 528,1 529,3
533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9 577,23 578,1500 579<about>,50
580<\i{}Aconitum\i0{}, \i{}Actaea\i0{}, \i{}Adonis\i0{}, \i{}Anemone\i0{},
\i{}Anemonopsis\i0{}, \i{}Aquilegia\i0{}, \i{}Archiclematis\i0{},
\i{}Asteropyrum\i0{}, \i{}Barneoudia\i0{}, \i{}Beesia\i0{},
\i{}Calathodes\i0{}, \i{}Callianthemum\i0{}, \i{}Caltha\i0{},
\i{}Ceratocephala\i0{}, \i{}Cimicifuga\i0{}, \i{}Clematis\i0{},
\i{}Clematopsis\i0{}, \i{}Consolida\i0{}, \i{}Coptis\i0{},
\i{}Delphinium\i0{}, \i{}Dichocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Enemion\i0{},
\i{}Eranthis\i0{}, \i{}Hamadryas\i0{}, \i{}Helleborus\i0{},
\i{}Hepatica\i0{}, \i{}Isopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Knowltonia\i0{},
\i{}Komaroffia\i0{}, \i{}Krapfia\i0{}, \i{}Kumlienia\i0{},
\i{}Laccopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Leptopyrum\i0{}, \i{}Megaleranthis\i0{},
\i{}Metanomone\i0{}, \i{}Miyakea\i0{}, \i{}Myosurus\i0{},
\i{}Naravelia\i0{}, \i{}Nigella\i0{}, \i{}Oreithales\i0{},
\i{}Paraquilegia\i0{}, \i{}Paroxygraphis\i0{}, \i{}Psychrophila\i0{},
\i{}Pulsatilla\i0{},
\i{}Ranunculus\i0{}, \i{}Semiaquilegia\i0{}, \i{}Souliea\i0{},
\i{}Thalictrum\i0{}, \i{}Trautvetteria\i0{}, \i{}Trollius\i0{},
\i{}Urophysa\i0{}, \i{}Xanthorhiza\i0{}> 582<Many cultivated ornamentals
(\i{}Ranunculus\i0{}, \i{}Anemone\i0{}, \i{}Helleborus\i0{},
\i{}Trollius\i0{}, \i{}Delphinium\i0{}, \i{}Aconitum\i0{},
\i{}Aquilegia\i0{}, some (e.g. \i{}Aconitum\i0{}) supply poisonous narcotic
drugs.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When daisies pied, and violets blue,
\line{}And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, \line{}And Lady-smocks all
silver-white, \line{}Do paint the meadows with delight \line{}(Loves
Labours Lost, v., 2 - cuckoo-buds = buttercups)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The buttercups, the little childrens dower
\line{}- Far brighter than this gaudy melon-flower! \line{}(Robert Browning,
Home Thoughts, from Abroad) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Both milkmaids
shouts and herdsmans call \line{}Have vanishd with the green \line{}The
king kups yellow shades and all \line{}Shall never more be seen \line{}For
all the cropping that does grow \line{}Will so efface the scene
\line{}(John Clare 1821, Helpston Green  a moist part, if this really
refers to \i{}Caltha palustris\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Whatsoever man
fasting eats this wort, leaves his life laughing \line{}(Quoted by Gilmour
(British Botanists, 1956), from a medieval manuscript - of \i{}Ranunculus
sceleratus\i0{}, with reference to facial strictus induced by its toxin) >
586<ranuncul> 
 
# Rapateaceae <Dum.>/
5,5<often coarse> 21,3 22,1 25<mostly with simple stems, creeping>,3 32,2/3
39,1 40,1/2<mostly, flabellate>/4 42,1-2<usually V-shaped>/4
45,1<e.g.\i{}Saxofredericia\i0{}>/2-3<usually> 47,1 48<usually
asymmetrically flattened,>,2 49,1 52,1/2 53,1 59,2<usually>/3<?> 60,2
61,1-2<the midvein commonly displaced to one side> 62<commonly>,3-4/6 64,4
67,1<rarely>/2 68,- 81,1 90,1 92,1/2/3<?> 98,1<in the form of rounded
druses> 102,1 103,1<usually - abaxial, neither sunken nor organized into
regular files>/2<?> 104,3<Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}.1985> 105,1<Dahlgren
\i{}et al\i0{}. 1985> 121,2 123,2 128<mostly>,2 148,1 156,2/3 173,1
174,2/3<mostly scalariform> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2<Cronquist 1981> 184,2
187,2 191,1 193,1<usually, the scape usually rather long>/2<e.g., in
\i{}Maschalocephalus\i0{}, where the scape is greatly reduced> 194,2
195<each comprising a capitate to unilaterally racemose cluster of (1)many
bracteate, pedunculate or sessile spikelets, borne on a short, compact
inflorescence receptacle> 196,1<usually, there being (1)2 often large,
basally broad, sometimes fused spathal leaves, rarely completely enclosing
the infloresence> 197<more or less>,1/2 199,1 200<(multi-)>,1 206,1-2 212,3
213,1 215,3 219,1-2<short> 220,2 223,1 224,6 226,2 227,1 228,1&2
229,1<usually>/2<very rarely> 230,2 236,3 238,1 239,1/3<chaffy, indurated
at the base, sometimes basally connate> 245,3 251,1 254,3<ephemeral,
fragile> 255,1 258,1<rarely>/3<usually tubular below> 265,1 267,3 268<for
the most part>,3/5/- 269,1/2<sometimes with brown or violet spots> 278,6
282,1/2 285,1/2<the filaments often connate at the base> 287,2<3+3> 289,1
295,6 296<when epipetalous,>,1 298,3 299,2 300,3 301,1 303,3<the filaments
short, the anthers usually very long but shorter than the corolla>
306<(sub-)>,2 308,2 309,1-2<by one, two or four openings> 310,3
311,1<occasionally>/2 312,1<when unilocular>/2
313<shortly>,1<usually>/2<\i{}Schoenocephalium\i0{}> 314,1<by short
connective extension> 315,1 316,1 318<probably>,2 319,1 322,2 324,2 328,1
329,1/2 330,1/3/4 337<probably>,1 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,2 353,3<but the partitions sometimes incomplete near the top, and only
one of the locules fertile in \i{}Spathanthus\i0{}> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1
370<simple> 376,2/1-2<when few-ovuled> 379,1-2/5-50<to many> 381,3 386,3
388,2 391,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422<copiously>,1 424,2<mealy,
starchy> 429,1/2 430,1 432,1<small, lenticular, situated at the micropylar
end> 442,2 447,- 454,2 458,U 468,2 495,1<the most notable of Monocots in
this respect> 504,2<\i{}Maschalocephalus\i0{} only>/3 506,1 509,3
512,1&2&3&4&5 520,4 521<Eastern tropical South America, West tropical
Africa> 522,6&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 22 in \i{}Maschalocephalus\i0{}> 527,2
530,6 560,1 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578<about>,80 579,17
580<\i{}Amphiphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Cephalostemon\i0{}, \i{}Duckea\i0{},
\i{}Epidryos\i0{}, \i{}Guacamaya\i0{}, \i{}Kunhardtia\i0{},
\i{}Marahuacaea\i0{}, \i{}Maschalocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Monotrema\i0{},
\i{}Phelpsiella\i0{}, \i{}Potarophytum\i0{}, \i{}Rapatea\i0{},
\i{}Saxofridericia\i0{}, \i{}Schoenocephalium\i0{}, \i{}Spathanthus\i0{},
\i{}Stegolepis\i0{}, \i{}Windsorina\i0{}> 586<rapateac> 
 
# Resedaceae <S.F. Gray>/
3<\i{}Asterocarpaceae\i0{} Kerner> 4<\i{}Borthwickia\i0{},
\i{}Stixidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Forchhammeria\i0{} and \i{}Gyrostemonaceae\i0{}>
5,5<mostly>/3<a few> 21,1/2/3 22,1/2 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 55,2
60,1<sometimes deeply so>/2 63<when dissected>,1/2<sometimes trifid> 64,1/2
68,1 69,2 70,1 73,4 81,2 90,U 92<without clear differentiation into
palisade and spongy mesophyll,>,2-3<see illustration> 101,1/2 102,1
104,1<sometimes accompanied by myrosin cells> 106,1 107,1 108,1
123<generally>,2 130,2<\i{}Reseda\i0{}> 132,1/3 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,1<sometimes?>/2 150,3 152,3 156,3 157,2 161,2 162,1
175,1/2<rarely> 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/6<sometimes, by abortion, in
\i{}Ochradenus\i0{}> 187,2 189,2&3 192,2 195<racemes and spikes> 200,1
202,2 203,2-3 206,3 207,1 209,1&2 216<(usually?)>,1<often with the
extra-staminal disk more strongly developed posticously>/2/1&2 218,2
223,1/3<petals sometimes lacking> 224,(4-)12(-16) 226,2<usually>/1
227,2<often>/1<sometimes?> 229,U 236,(4-)6(-8) 238,1 239,1/3<sometimes more
or less connate below> 245,1<sometimes>/3 248,1 251,1<slightly>/3 254<when
present,>,(2-)6(-8) 255,1 258,1<usually>/3<rarely connate> 265,3/4
267,1<with the innermost, posterior member larger, the outer members
usually progressively smaller and with fewer appendages> 268,2/3 272,1/2
274,1<usually, broadly so, with scalelike appendages> 275<(at least the
innermost largest, usually)>,3/1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,3-50<or more 
the number very indefinite> 280,1/2 281<theoretically>,2 282,1 284,2<the
posterior members usually shorter>/1 285,1<usually>/2 286<in
\i{}Oligomeris\i0{},>,1 289,1 295,3-50<or more> 298,2-5 309,3 310,3 312,2
318,2 319,1/2 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<colporoidate> 337,1<in \i{}Reseda\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3-6(-7) 342<when syncarpous,>,1 343,2-3
344,2<\i{}Sesamoides\i0{}>/3<\i{}Caylusea\i0{}>/4<usually> 345,1 346<in
\i{}Sesamoides\i0{} and \i{}Caylusea\i0{}>,2 350<in
\i{}Sesamoides\i0{}>,1(-2) 351<in \i{}Sesamoides\i0{}>,3 352,1 353<usually
syncarpous and>,1 357,1 360,1 368,(2-)3-6(-7) 369,2/1&2 372,2 373,2 374,2
375,2<usually>/1<\i{}Caylusia\i0{}> 378,5-100<few to many> 381,1/3 383,1
385,1/2 386,2/4 387,3 388,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2
400,2 403,1 404,1/2 405,1<sometimes, the carpels spreading>/2 408<of
\i{}Sesamoides\i0{}>,3 409,2 412,2<but apically open>/6 422<more or less>,2
426<reniform> 432,3 435,1<2 species of \i{}Reseda\i0{}> 436,2/3 437,2 447,1
461,1 462<\i{}Ochradenus\i0{}, \i{}Reseda\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Ochradenus\i0{},
\i{}Reseda\i0{}> 471,1 472,1/2 484,2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1/1&2 492,2<3
\i{}Reseda\i0{} species> 495,2 497,2 501,1<usually>/2 520,2-3 521<Southwest
Eurasia, Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East, South Africa,
Southwest U.S.A. and Mexico> 522,1&2&3&5&7&10&12&13 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-15>
527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,8 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,70
579,6 580<\i{}Caylusea\i0{}, \i{}Ochradenus\i0{}, \i{}Oligomeris\i0{},
\i{}Randonia\i0{}, \i{}Reseda\i0{}, \i{}Sesamoides\i0{}> 586<resedace> 
 
# Restionaceae <R. Br.>/
4<\i{}Anarthriaceae\i0{}, \i{}Centrolepidaceae\i0{},
\i{}Ecdeiocoleaceae\i0{}.> 5<xeromorphic>,5 9,1-2/3<e.g., female
\i{}Alexgeorgia\i0{} being almost subterranean> 10<commonly>,1 12,1/2<the
\i{}blade\i0{} being usually much reduced or absent> 21,3 22,1/2 23,2 25,3
27,1/3 28<sometimes>,6 32,4 37,1/2 39,1 40,2<usually>/1 43,2/4/- 45,3
47,1<and generally more or less reduced to the sheaths> 49,1 53,1 60<when
present,>,2/- 64<when present,>,4/- 65,2 67,1/2 68,1<via membranous lobes
at the tops of the sheath margins>/2 81,1<?> 90,1<commonly, usually in the
bundle sheaths>/2 91,1 97,1/2 98,1<e.g. \i{}Lepyrodia\i0{},
\i{}Thamnochortus\i0{}>/2 102,1/2 104,3 105<variously>,2/1 121,2
123<usually>,2<and no raphides> 128,2<from 19 genera sampled>
131,1/3/4/2<or polyhedral> 132,1/2/3 148,1 156,1/2/2&3/3<and rhizomes with
exclusively simple perforation plates?> 173,1 174,2<in the 4 genera
recorded> 175,1/2&3/2/3 176,1/2 177,5<usually>/1/2 178,1/2 179,2/3
182,2<nectaries absent> 184,1 187,2 191,1<often>/2 193,1/2 194,1
195<spikelike panicles, often compound, sometimes sexually dimorphic,
sometimes with flowers aggregated in spikelets> 200,1 202,1<sometimes
with one or two bracteoles>/2 203,1/2 206,1/2 213,1 215,2 219,2 223,5/6/7
224<members, when present,>,(3-)6 225,1<usually>/2<the inner members
sometimes basally connate> 226,2<usually>/1<the inner whorl sometimes
missing> 227,1/2<the inner whorl, when present, sometimes reduced in
number> 228<if anything,>,1 230,1 277,1/2<when female> 278,(1-)2/3 280,2
282,1 285,1/2 286<sometimes>,1 287,1 289,1 295,(1-)2/3 298,1/2
301,2<opposite the inner perianth members> 306,1/2 308,1/2 309,3 310,3/2
312,1/2 313,1<via the apex of the connective>/2 315,1 317,1 320,1 322,2<?>
324,2 328,1 329,1 330,5 331,2<or the operculum vestigial, represented by
coarse granules or exine fragments> 332,1/2 335,1 336,1 337,1<?>/2<in
\i{}Hypodiscus\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(1-)3 341,2/1 342,1-3
343,1<rarely>/3 344,1<rarely>/4/5 345,1 347,2 348,2 350<when G1,>,1
351<when G1,>,1-2 352,1/2 353,1-3 358,1-3 360,2 361,(1-)3 363,1/2 376<when
plurilocular,>,2-3 378<(when unilocular)>,1 379<(when plurilocular)>,1
380,1/2 381,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1<sometimes the
\i{}Poaceae\i0{} variant> 393,1 394,3 395,1<in some genera, e.g.
\i{}Elegia\i0{}, \i{}Restio\i0{}, \i{}Thamnochortus\i0{}>/2 396<usually>,1
397,1/2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 398,2 399,1/2 400,2 404,2
407<when G1,>,2 408,6 409<(when syncarpous, as is usual)>,1/2 412,1/8
414<when dehiscent,>,5 421,1-3 422<copiously>,1 432,2<?  small, lenticular
or obovate> 442,2<always?> 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 456,2
457,2 458,2 468,1 472,2 488<commonly>,1<and predominant in S. African
material> 489,1 490,1<commoner in S. African species>/2 491,1&2&3<see
Williams \i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) and references therein for recently
acquired information on flavonoid patterns in the family> 492,2 497,1 498,2
520,2<warm>/3-4 521<mostly South Africa and Australia, a few in New
Zealand, Madagascar, Indochina and Chile> 522,4&6&7&8&10&15 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= 7, 8, 8, 11, 12, 13> 527,2 530,6 560,4 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,320
579<about>,35 580<\i{}Alexgeorgia\i0{}, \i{}Anthochortus\i0{},
\i{}Askidiosperma\i0{}, \i{}Baloskion\i0{}, \i{}Calopsis\i0{},
\i{}Cannomois\i0{}, \i{}Ceratocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Chaetanthus\i0{},
\i{}Chondropetalum\i0{}, \i{}Coleocarya\i0{}, \i{}Dielsia\i0{},
\i{}Dovea\i0{}, \i{}Elegia\i0{}, \i{}Empodisma\i0{}, \i{}Harperia\i0{},
\i{}Hopkinsia\i0{}(?), \i{}Hydrophilus\i0{}, \i{}Hypodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Hypolaena\i0{}, \i{}Ischyrolepis\i0{}, \i{}Lepidobolus\i0{},
\i{}Leptocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Lepyrodia\i0{}, \i{}Loxocarya\i0{},
\i{}Lyginia\i0{}(?), \i{}Mastersiella\i0{}, \i{}Meeboldina\i0{},
\i{}Nevillea\i0{}, \i{}Onychosepalum\i0{}, \i{}Platycaulos\i0{},
\i{}Restio\i0{}, \i{}Rhodocoma\i0{}, \i{}Sporadanthus\i0{},
\i{}Staberoha\i0{}, \i{}Thamnochortus\i0{}, \i{}Willdenowia\i0{},
\i{}Winifredia\i0{}> 586<restiona> 
 
# Retziaceae <Bartl.>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Stilbaceae\i0{}.> 5<simple or sparingly
branched, ericoid>,3<the erect or closely ascending, stout stems clustered
on a large, persistent lignotuber which regenerates new stems after fire>
32,4 37,1 39<(pseudo-)>,3<via closely opposed, decussate pairs>
41,(3-)4/5<in alternating sets> 42,3 43,2 44,1 45,2/3<without axillary
colleters> 53,1 60,2 62,3 68,2 77,2 90,U 102,1 104,1 106,1 107,1 112,1
113,4 145,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 155,2 156,2&3 157,2 159,2 161,2 162,1
165<absent> 167,2 168,1 169,2<the fibres in regular rows> 175,1 176,2 177,1
184,3 187,1<but crowded on very short, compact, densely leafy, axillary
shoots towards the tips of the branches> 188,2 202<(bi-)>,1<the bracteoles
leaflike, about as long as the calyx> 203,3 206,2 209,1<the calyx>
212,5(-6) 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 221,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3 240<five>,3/4 241,2 244,6 245<somewhat>,1 248,2 249,2
254,5(-7) 255,1 258,3<externally hairy, the lobes distally white-hairy
inside> 260,1 265<lobes induplicate>,3 266,7-8<the tube long and narrow,
the lobes short> 267,3 268,4&7/4&5&7<the lobes purplish black, the tube red
or orange> 278,5 280,2 282,2<near the top of the corolla tube> 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,5 296,3 298,2 299,2 300,1 303<shortly>,3 306<deeply
sagittate,>,1 309,3 310,3 324,2 328,1 329,3 330<(constricti-)>,8 339,2
341,1 342,1-2 343,3 344,5 345,1 352,1-2 353<incompletely>,2<completely
partitioned below, but the carpellary margins progressively less intruded
distally and becoming unilocular above> 358,1 360,2 361,1<filiform,
persistent> 364,1 365,1 366,3<exserted from the corolla> 368,1-2 370,2
376,2-3<the ovules in two pairs or trios at the slightly expanded summit of
the partial partition> 379,2/3 380,1 381,1&3<one of each pair or trio
ascending into the unilocular tip of the ovary, the others descending into
their respective semilocules> 386,3 387,2 388,1 391,1 399,1 400,1 401,1
404,2 409<apically, downwardly>,1 412,1 414,4&5<with each of the two valves
becoming bifid> 421,4-6 422<copiously>,1 424,2<mealy, starchy> 432,3 433,2
436,1 481,1 484,1<several, including stilbericoside (cf. \i{}Stilbe\i0{})
and unedoside (cf. \i{}Stilbe\i0{} and \i{}Arbutus\i0{}> 485,2<+decarb.>
504,4 520,3 521<South Africa> 522,7 524<\i{}2n\i0{} = 24> 525,12 526,2
527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a
synonym of \i{}Stilbaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Retzia capensis\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Retzia\i0{}> 581<Close to \i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{},
according to Struwe \i{}et al\i0{} (1994), but exhibiting fewer differences
from \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} in terms of the present descriptions. Its
nearest neighbours as assessed from the present descriptions are
Lamiiflorae rather than Gentianiflorae. The data compiled for
\i{}Retzia\i0{} here lack data on anther development, but depict 8
conspicuous morphological differences from \i{}Stilbaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
involving inflorescence, calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium and seed.
See comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 586<retziace> 
 
# Rhabdodendraceae <(Engl.) Prance>/
2<\i{}Rutaceae\i0{} p.p.> 5<tall, fastigiate or subpyramidal>,3 39,1 43,2
50,1 51,U 53,1 60,2 68,1/2 74<if present,>,1 90,U 98,- 102,1 104,1 106,1
112,1 113,1<short-stalked, with siliceous inclusions> 116,1<also with
scattered fatty bodies> 117,3 118,2 122,1<traversed by fibre-like, simple
or branched sclereids representing prolongations from the vein ends, and
many of the mesophyll cells with silicified walls> 141,5 145,2 148,2<\i{}R.
macrophyllum\i0{} only>/3<the others> 149,1 156,3 159,1 161,1 162,U
165<largely>,1/2<then very scanty-diffuse> 166,1/2<?> 167,1 168,U 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1/2 192,1/2 194,2<or supra-axillary>/- 195<racemes,
or racemelike cymes with terminal flowers> 206,1 213,1 215,4<by virtue of
the androecium> 218,1<short, the flowers slightly perigynous> 220,2 223,1
224,10<or the calyx more or less entire>/- 226,2 229,U 236<basically>,5<but
the lobes short or obscure> 238,1 239,3 240<five>,2-3/1 245,3 251,1<when
lobed>/4 254,5<sepal-like> 255,1 258,1<the petals glandular-punctate>
265,1&3<slightly imbricate below and valvate above, or cochlear> 267,3
272,2<caducous> 278,25-50 280,1/2 281<when the stamens not developing more
or less simultaneously, weakly>,1 282,1 285,1 287<more or less>,3 289,1
295,25-50 298,5 302,1 303<shortly>,3<the filaments flattened, persistent>
306,2<elongated, apically emarginate, caducous> 308,2 309,3 312,2 324,2
328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 337,2 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 347,2
348,4<the style thick, virtually basal, externally stigmatic for half to
all of its length> 350,1(-2)<the second, if present, abortive> 351,3 382,2
386,1/2 387,2 404<scarcely>,1/2 407,2 408,7<globular, borne on the woody
pedicel and shortly stipitate within the cupular hypanthium, the exocarp
thin and eventually crustaceous, the endocarp slightly woody> 421,1 422,2
432,3 433,2<thick, fleshy> 436,3<the radicle bent inwards towards the
hilum> 472,1 486,2 497,1 498,1<b> 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<North Brazil,
Guianas> 522,15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10> 527,1 528,1 529,4<?  reassigned on
the basis of \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequencing, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993>
534<near>,1<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,4 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Rhabdodendron\i0{}> 581<The anatomical components of this
description are inadequate, but records of anomalous secondary thickening
and libriform fibres seem out of place in \i{}Rutaceae\i0{}.> 586<rhabdode>
 
# Rhamnaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Camarandraceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Cryptandraceae\i0{} Barkley,
\i{}Frangulaceae\i0{} Lam. & DC., \i{}Gouaniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Phylicaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh> 5,1&3&4/5<<0.7%> \i{}Crumenaria\i0{}>
9,1/2 10<often>,1 12,1/2 27,1/3 28<when climbing,>,3/6 31,1 32,3/4 39,1/2
40<when alternate,>,1 43,1/4/5 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2/3 65,1 68,1/2
69<when present,>,2 70,1 73,1/3 85,1<recorded in 4 genera> 86,1/2/3 90,U
92,1<usually>/2-3<occasionally> 101<usually>,1 102,1 103,1<usually,
abaxial>/2 104,1<usually>/2<\i{}Cryptandra\i0{}>/3<e.g., in a few \i{}Rhamnus\i0{},
\i{}Colletia\i0{} and \i{}Zizyphus\i0{} spp.> 106,1 107,1 108,1/2 109,1
110<mostly>,1 111<mostly>,2 112,1<notably among Australian genera>/2
113<when present,>,2 115,1/2 116,1/2 117<when present,>,2 121<commonly>,1/-
123,1 124,2/3<or acicular styloids, in \i{}Gouania\i0{}>
130,2<\i{}Ceanothus\i0{}, \i{}Pomaderris\i0{}> 137,1/2 138,3 139,1 140,2
141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,1-3
153,1<mostly>/2<sometimes>/3<rarely> 154,1<but never exclusively
so>/2/3/4/5 156,3 157,1<rarely>/2 158,1/2 159,1<associated with vessels in
radial flames>/2 161,2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2
165<predominantly>,2<in most species>/1<e.g. some \i{}Zizyphus\i0{} spp.>
166,1<often>/2 167,2 169,2/3 170,2<or very rare> 175,1/2&3/2/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/2/6/8<?> 184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/4/6/8 192,1 194,1/2
195<variously cymes, thyrses, corymbs, fascicles, even compound heads in
\i{}Spyridium\i0{} and \i{}Stenanthemum\i0{}> 203,2 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1
215,2/3 217<when free,>,1/- 218,1<regardles of whether ovary superior or
inferior> 220<when stamens hypogynous,>,1/- 223,1/3<the corolla sometimes
lacking> 224,5/8/10 226,2<usually>/1 227,1/- 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1 239,1/3
245,3 251,3 254<when present,>,(4-)5<often small> 255,1 258,1
265<induplicate>,3 267,3 274,1<often>/2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(4-)5
280,2 282,1<inserted at the mouth of the hypanthium>/2<then the filaments
adnate to the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5 298,2 299,1<and usually
hooded by the petals, at least when young> 300,2 306,1 308,1 309,3/5 310,3
315,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,2<2> 321,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 329<usually>,3
330<usually>,8 337,1<in \i{}Scutia\i0{} and \i{}Zizyphus\i0{}> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,(2-)5 341,2/1 342,1/(2-)3(-5) 343,3 344,4-5 345,1-3 352,1/2
353,(2-)3(-5)/1<by abortion> 359<usually>,1<when ovary inferior> 360,2
361,1<deeply cleft> 365,1 368,(2-)5 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when
unilocular,>,1 376<when plurilocular,>,1 378<when unilocular,>,1 379<when
25 locular,>,1(-2) 380,1-2 381,3 382<when plurilocular,>,2/- 383,3/-
384<when paired,>,1 385,1/2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1/2 393,1
394,3<enlarging, sometimes becoming coenocytic> 395,2 397,2<usually with
filiform apparatus> 399,1/2 400,2 403,2/4 404,1/2 409,2/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,2-5 412<when non-schizocarpic,>,7/8 415,1/2 416<sometimes>,1
419,2/3<the latter often specially adapted to wind carriage>
422,1<thinly>/2 423,1<\i{}Reynosia\i0{}>/2 432,3 433,2 435,1<4/6> 436,1
447,1/2 460,1<with actinomycetes, in \i{}Ceanothus\i0{}>/2 461,1
462<\i{}Ceanothus\i0{}, \i{}Rhamnus\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Ziziphus\i0{}> 469,1<in
four genera> 472,2 475,1<commonly <40%>>/2 479,1<4 genera> 480,2 483,2
484,2 487,1/2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<5
species, 3 genera> 495,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except frigid regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (9-)12/13(-23)>
527,1 528,1 529,6 536,5 565,5 570,13 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34
578,900 579<about>,50 580<\i{}Adolphia\i0{}, \i{}Alphitonia\i0{},
\i{}Alvimiantha\i0{}, \i{}Ampelozizyphus\i0{}, \i{}Auerodendron\i0{},
\i{}Bathiorhamnus\i0{}, \i{}Berchemia\i0{}, \i{}Berchemiella\i0{},
\i{}Blackallia\i0{}, \i{}Ceanothus\i0{}, \i{}Chaydaia\i0{},
\i{}Colletia\i0{}, \i{}Colubrina\i0{}, \i{}Condalia\i0{},
\i{}Crumenaria\i0{}, \i{}Cryptandra\i0{}, \i{}Discaria\i0{},
\i{}Doerpfeldia\i0{}, \i{}Emmenosperma\i0{}, \i{}Gouania\i0{},
\i{}Helinus\i0{}, \i{}Hovenia\i0{}, \i{}Karwinskia\i0{},
\i{}Kentrothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Krugiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Lasiodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Maesopsis\i0{}, \i{}Nesiota\i0{}, \i{}Noltea\i0{}, \i{}Paliurus\i0{},
\i{}Phylica\i0{}, \i{}Pomaderris\i0{}, \i{}Reissekia\i0{},
\i{}Retanilla\i0{}, \i{}Reynosia\i0{}, \i{}Rhamnella\i0{},
\i{}Rhamnus\i0{}, \i{}Sageretia\i0{}, \i{}Schistocarpaea\i0{},
\i{}Scutia\i0{}, \i{}Siegfriedia\i0{}, \i{}Smythea\i0{},
\i{}Spyridium\i0{}, \i{}Talguenea\i0{}, \i{}Trevoa\i0{},
\i{}Trymalium\i0{}, \i{}Ventilago\i0{}, \i{}Ziziphus\i0{}> 582<Edible
drupes from \i{}Ziziphus\i0{} spp. (jujube, Chinese date, ber or bor).
Purgative (cascara sagrada) from \i{}Rhamnus purshiana\i0{}.> 586<rhamnace>
 
# Rhizophoraceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Cassipoureaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Hirtellaceae\i0{} Horan.
(p.p.), \i{}Legnotidae\i0{} (\i{}Legnotidaceae\i0{}) Endl.,
\i{}Macarisiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh corr. Bullock, \i{}Macharisieae\i0{}
(\i{}Macharisiaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Paletuvieraceae\i0{} Lam. ex
Kuntze> 4<\i{}Anisophylleaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 32,2<often mangroves with
stilt-roots, only the lower parts of which are subterranean> 39,2<but not
decussate>/3<\i{}Weihea\i0{}> 41<of \i{}Weihea\i0{}>,3 43,2 45,1 53,1 60,2
64,2 68,1 69,1<sheathing the terminal bud> 72,1<inside at the base> 74,1
76,1/2/4 90,U 92<usually>,1<see illustration> 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial>
104,1/2/3<sometimes mixed> 106,1 107,1/2/1&2 108,1<usually mostly,
sometimes tufted>/- 115,1<commonly>/2 116,1 122,1<see illustration>/2
130,2<\i{}Rhizophora\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,3/4/5 142,1<in
\i{}Bruguiera\i0{}, \i{}Cassipourea\i0{} and \i{}Rhizophora\i0{} spp.>/2<in
other \i{}Rhizophora\i0{} spp.> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,1/2/3<?> 152,3
153,1/2 154,1/2/3/4 156,2/3/2&3 157,2 158,2 159,1 161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at
least sometimes>,1/2 164,2 165,1/2 167,2 169,3 170,1/2 175,1<<90%>>/1&2&3
176,1<rarely>/2 177,1/8<rarely> 180,1<in mangrove species>/2
186,1<exhibiting explosive pollen release and specialised stamen-petal
arangements>/2 187,2/1<rarely> 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/7 192,1 194,2 206,1 212,(3-)4-6(-20) 218,1<the hypanthium
sometimes prolonged beyond the ovary>/2 220,1<in hypogynous flowers>/2
221<when present,>,2 223,1 224,6-32 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4-5(-16)
238,1 239,1 245,3 247<commonly>,1<or leathery>/- 248,1 251,3
254,(3-)4-5(-16) 255,1 257,1<usually with both a terminal arista and
filiform appendages on the lobes>/2 258,1<the petals often shorter than the
sepals> 265,2<or infolded>/- 271<commonly>,1 274,1/2 275,1/2/3<lacerate>/4
277,1/2<rarely  when flowers female, and then there are epipetalous
staminodes> 278,8-40 279,1/2 282,1<generally inserted on the outer edge of
the perigynous or epigynous disk> 285,1/2<then with the filaments basally
connate> 287<generally>,1<but sometimes doubtfully?> 288<when stamens
bundled,>,2<with each petal individually enclosing 1-5 stamens, cf.
\i{}Rhamnaceae\i0{}> 289,1 295,8-40 298,3<often paired opposite the
petals>/4-5 303,3/4 304,1/2 310,3 311,2/3-4<cross partitioned, in
\i{}Rhizophora\i0{}> 312,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8<to colporoidate, sometimes
zonorate> 337,1<in 3 genera> 338,1/2<rarely, when flowers male>
339,2-5(-20)<multicarpellate in \i{}Crossostylis\i0{}> 341,1/2/3<?>
342,1-6(-20) 343,3 344,6 345,1-3 352,1/2 353,1<by failure to
partition>/2-5(-20) 354,2 356<when G2,>,1 359<of perigynous flowers,>,1/2
360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1<shallowly to clearly lobed> 371<lobed or capitate>
373<generally>,1 375<when unilocular,>,3 376<usually>,2-3
379,2<usually>/3-25<825 in \i{}Pellacalyx\i0{}> 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,1/2
386,2/3 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<uninucleate> 395,2
397,1 400,2 401,1 402,1<at least in \i{}Ceriops\i0{}> 404,1<usually>/2
409,1<when dry>/2 412,1<rarely>/6/7 422<copiously>,1 424,1<and fleshy>
429,1/2 432,3 433,2(-4) 435,1 436,1 444,1 447,1<or viviparous>/-
466,2<\i{}Bruguiera\i0{}, \i{}Ceriops\i0{}, \i{}Pellacalyx\i0{},
\i{}Rhizophora\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<50%>>/2 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1/2 490,1
491,2/1&2 492,1<\i{}Cassipourea\i0{}>/2<\i{}Rhizophora\i0{}>
500<comprising>,1&2 520,3-4 521<pantropical and subtropical, concentrated
in the Old World> 522,2&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 9>
527,1 528,1 529,14 544,3 565,5 570,7 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,120 579<about>,16 580<\i{}Anopyxis\i0{}, \i{}Blepharistemma\i0{},
\i{}Bruguiera\i0{}, \i{}Carallia\i0{}, \i{}Cassipourea\i0{},
\i{}Ceriops\i0{}, \i{}Comiphyton\i0{}, \i{}Crossostylis\i0{},
\i{}Dactylopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Gynotroches\i0{}, \i{}Kandelia\i0{},
\i{}Macarisia\i0{}, \i{}Paradrypetes\i0{}, \i{}Pellacalyx\i0{}, 
\i{}Rhizophora\i0{},
\i{}Sterigmapetalum\i0{}, \i{}Weihea\i0{} (= \i{}Cassipourea\i0{})>
581<Juncosa and Tomlinson (1988) presented a taxonomic synopsis.> 582<Some
yield wood used for underwater construction and piling, and tannins are
obtained from the bark.> 586<rhizopho> 
 
# Rhodoleiaceae <(Harms) Nak.>/
2<\i{}Hamamelidaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3<of rhododendroid habit> 37,1<glaucous
beneath> 39,1<crowded towards the branch tips> 40,1 43,2 45<long>,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 62,7 64,2 65,1 66<rarely cordate> 68,2<as usually
described>/1<with reference to the transitional organs between prophylls
and leaves> 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,3 122,1<these branched, but short and
gnarled> 139,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2
168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183<from small nectariferous glands around
the filaments> 184,3 187,2 189,4 194,2 195<510 flowered axillary,
pendulous capitula> 196,1<these usually broad, imbricate, tomentose>
197,1<simulating \i{}Camellia\i0{} flowers> 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 223,1/3<the
inner florets of the capitula being apetalous> 224,5-9 226,1<when the
corolla absent>/2 227,2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239<minute>,3 254<when
present,>,1-4 258,1 265,1 268,5 274,1<spathulate, exserted> 278,(7-)10(-11)
282,1 285,1 289,1 295,(7-)10(-11) 298,3-5 306,2 308<oblong,>,2 309,5 310,2
313,1 314,1<via the apiculate connective> 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<?> 339,2
341,1/2 342,1-2 343,3 344,4 345,2<sometimes glaucous> 352,1-2 353,1-2 360,2
361,2<these long, slender, erect, caducous> 363,1 365,1 368,2 376,2
379,1-20 381<more or less>,2 404,2 409,1 412,1<woody, usually bilocular>
414<four>,6<connate below> 417,1 421,1<with an additional 2040 sterile,
angular or flattened seeds> 422<copiously>,1 504,2 506,3 510,2&3 520,4
521<Southeast Asia, Malesia> 522,4&9 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,1
529,10 540,2 565,2 567,2 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30<as a synonym of
\i{}Hamamelidaceae\i0{}> 578,1(-7) 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Rhodoleia\i0{}> 581<This compilation of data shows the supposedly
ornithophilous \i{}Rhodoleia\i0{} differing from \i{}Hamamelidaceae\i0{}
(q.v.) in the polypetalous, imbricate corolla, latrorse anther dehiscence,
horizontal ovules, and the valvular capsules forming multiple fruits.>
586<rhodolei> 
 
# Rhoipteleaceae <Hand.-Mazz.>/
2<\i{}Juglandaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 7<probably>,1 8,1 37,2 39,1 45,1 47,2 51,1
53,2 56,4 57,1 64,2 65,1 68,1 74<small,>,1 76<denticulate> 90,U 102,1 104,1
106,1 107,1&2 112,1 113<basally embedded, glandular,>,1 116,2 120,2 137,2
139,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 151,1 155,2 156,2 161,1
165<mostly>,2<vasicentric> 167,2 175,1&3 176,1/2 177,1/4<the flowers
hermaphrodite and female (?), hermaphrodite and sterile, or the reduced
members abortive> 184,1 187,2 189,11 192,1<the flowers in bracteate
dichasial triplets, the central member of each triplet hermaphrodite, the
laterals pistillate but (usually or always?) sterile, or abortive>
195<aments of dichasial triplets, clustered into large, nodding, terminal
panicles> 203,2<and inconspicuous> 218,2 220,2 223<of the perfect
flowers>,3<the corolla absent> 224,4 226,2<2+2> 227,1 229,U 233,1 236,4
238,2<2+2> 239,1<the sepals small, scarious> 248,1 249,2 251,1
277,1/2<female flowers?> 278<of the hermaphrodite flowers>,6 282,1 285,1
289,1 295,6 303<shortly>,3<the filaments persistent> 306,2 308,2 309,3
311,2 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8<with short colpi and large pores>
339,2 342,2 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,1-2 353,2<below, but unilocular above,
the partition falling short of the top> 360,2 361,2 363,1 365,1 367,1 368,2
376,2 379,1<but in only one locule of each pair, the other being sterile>
381,3 386,2-3 387,3 388,2 400,2 404,2 409,2 412,10<a two-winged, samaroid
nut> 421,1 422,2 432,3 433,2<thick, oily> 436,1 495,2 504,2 506,3 510,2
520,3-4 521<Southern China, Indochina> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,5<?>
565,2 567,8 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35<as a synonym of
\i{}Juglandaceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Rhoiptelea\i0{}
(\i{}R. chiliantha\i0{})> 581<The data compiled here show this species
differing from \i{}Juglandaceae\i0{} in numerous conspicuous features of
vegetative, inflorescence and floral morphology, as well as in pollen
morphology and the bitegmic, non-orthotropous ovules.> 586<rhoiptel> 
 
# Rhynchocalycaceae <Johnson & Briggs>/
2<\i{}Crypteroniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Penaeaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1 32,3
39,2<decussate>/3 45,1 53,1 60,2 65<eucamptodromous> 68,1 69,2<axillary,
divided> 90,U 102,1 104,1 122,2 131,1/4 141,1<with one trace> 145,U 148,2
155,2 156,3 157,1 161,2 162,1 163,1 165<scanty>,2<to vasicentric> 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 194,1&2 195<anthotelic panicles> 206,1 212,6 218,1
220,2 223,1 224,12 226,2 229,U 236,6 238,1 248,1<membranous> 251,3 254,6
255,1 258,1 272,2 274,1<hoodlike, covering the stamens in bud> 278,6 280,2
282,1<inserted in the mouth of the hypanthium> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,6
298,2 299,1 300,2 302<initially incurved> 303,3<the filaments long, more or
less flattened> 306,1-2<the connective elliptical> 311,2<the sporangia
lateral> 312,2 315<ephemeral> 320,2<2> 321,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,6
330,6&8<tricolporate, with three subsidiary colpi> 337,1 339,2 341,1
342,(1-)2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1-2 353,(1-)2<bilateral, compressed> 360,2
361,1 365,1 366,1<stout, the base persistent> 368,1 371,3<narrow> 376,2
379,20-100<many, or about 40> 381,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 400,2
403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422,2 426<obliquely ovate, flattened>
429,1<at the micropylar end> 433,2 436<apical,>,1 504,4 520,3 521<southern
Africa (Natal and Transkei)> 522,7 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym of \i{}Penaeaceae\i0{}?>
578,1<\i{}Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Rhynchocalyx\i0{}> 581<This rather inadequate description is compiled
from the brief Latin diagnosis of Johnson and Briggs with reference to
Graham (1984), Hiroshi and Raven, P.H. (1984) and standard works. It is
readily distinguishable from those of \i{}Crypteroniaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Penaeaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in assorted, conspicuous general morphological
characters, as well as in some esoteric characters depending on
restricted sampling, but is indistinguishable from that of
\i{}Lythraceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) save in anther wall formation type
(another character relying on limited sampling).> 586<rhynchoc> 
 
# Ripogonaceae <Conran & Clifford>/
2<\i{}Smilacaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Rhipogonaceae\i0{}> 5<scandent>,3/4 22,2
27,3 28,6<i.e., without the leaf tendrils of \i{}Smilacaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto> 39,1/2/3 42,1 43,2 45,1/2 47,2 51,2/3<?> 53,1 60,2
64,3<curved-convergent> 65,1 121,U 128,2 148,1 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/3/8<rarely> 194,2<usually>/1<rarely> 195<usually
axillary racemes or spikes, rarely terminal panicles> 206,1 212,3 213,1
215,3 219,2 223,5<inconspicuous> 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 278,6
282,1 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,2 306,2 309,3 310,2 311,2 312,2 318,1
322,2 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1<reticulate> 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,4-5
345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1 372,1 376,2 379,2 380,1 381,1 386,3 404,1 409,2
412,6 422,1 424,2<starchy> 430,1 432,3<capitate> 442,2 447,- 454,U 458,U
487,1 504,2&5&6 506,3 510,4 513,1 514,1 521<from New Zealand to New Guinea,
mainly eastern Australia> 522,9&10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15> 527,2 530,4 558,1
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15 578,6 579,1 580<\i{}Ripogonum\i0{}> 581<See
Conran,J.G. and Clifford, H.T. (1985). The taxonomic affinities of the
genus \i{}Ripogonum\i0{}. \i{}Nord. J. Bot.\i0{} \b{}5\b0{}, 215219.>
586<ripogona> 
 
# Roridulaceae <Engl. & Gilg>/
2<\i{}Byblidaceae\i0{}.> 5<shrublets or small>,3 15<curiously,
indirectly>,3 19,2 20,5<with stalked, capitate, viscous-glandular tentacles
of various lengths. The sticky exudate entraps insects, but contains no
digestive enzymes: the captives are eaten by a specialized hemipteran bug,
whose nutritious excretions are absorbed by the plant through its leaves
(Ellis and Midgely 1996, \i{}Oecologia\i0{} \b{}106\b0{}, 478)> 39,1 53,1
60,1/2 62,3-4 63<when dissected,>,1 68,2 82,7 83,1 90,U 92,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 143,2 144,1 148,1/2<?> 150,3<mostly uniseriate> 154,1
156,2<with many bars> 158,1 162,1 163,U 165,1 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
185<by small Heteroptera> 186,1<the sensitive stamens springing suddenly
upright to scatter pollen over visiting insects> 187,1<axillary, according
to Airy Shaw 1973>/2<in terminal racemes, according to Cronquist> 188<if
solitary,>,2 202<(bi-)>,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<basally connate> 240,3/4 245,3 248,1 251,1
254,5 255,1 258,3<shortly connate basally> 260,3 265,1 267,3<the lobes
broad-elliptic, acute> 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the base of the corolla> 284,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 302,2 303,3 304<thickened at the
base> 306,2 307,1 309<apically>,1/2 310,1 311,2 312,2 328,1 329,3
330,3<colporoidate> 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 358,1
360<shortly>,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,2-3 379,1-6<to several> 381,1
386,3 387,2/3 388,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,4&5<the three loculicidal and
semiseptiferous valves separated from the persistent columella>
422<copiously>,1<the endosperm fleshy> 426,3-4<rather large> 428,1<this
crustaceous, areolate> 432,3<but small> 433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 483,U 484,1
485,1<+seco> 488,2 504,4 520,3-4 521<South Africa> 522,7 527,1 528,2 529,21
551,2 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,2 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Roridula\i0{}> 581<This compilation on tentacular glands (hairs or
enations?), embryology, etc., is inadequate  Lloyd not yet consulted).>
586<roridula> 
 
# Rosaceae <L.>/
3<\i{}Alchemillaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Amygdalaceae\i0{} D. Don,
\i{}Annulaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Cercocarpaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Cliffortiaceae\i0{} Mart., \i{}Coleogynaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Drupaceae\i0{} S.F. Gray, \i{}Dryadeae\i0{} (\i{}Dryadaceae\i0{}) S.F.
Gray, \i{}Fragariaceae\i0{} Rich. ex Nestle., \i{}Lindleyaceae\i0{} J.G.
Agardh, \i{}Malaceae\i0{} Small, \i{}Neilliaceae\i0{} Miquel,
\i{}Pomaceae\i0{} S.F. Gray, \i{}Potentilleae\i0{}
(\i{}Potentillaceae\i0{}) Trautv., \i{}Prunaceae\i0{} Burnett,
\i{}Rhodotypaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Sanguisorbeae\i0{},
(\i{}Sanguisorbaceae\i0{}) Loisel., \i{}Spiraeaceae\i0{} Bertuch,
\i{}Ulmariae\i0{} (\i{}Ulmariaceae\i0{}) S.F. Gray> 5,1/3/5 21<the herbs
usually>,3 22,1/2 27,1/3<sometimes> 28<the climbers>,6 31<trees and
shrubs>,1<often with short shoots> 32,2/3/4 37,2<usually>/1/- 39,1<except
\i{}Rhodotypos\i0{}> 40,1 43,1/2 45<nearly always>,1 47,1/2 49<when leaves
sheathing,>,1 53,1/2 55,2 56<when compound>,3/4/5 
57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple>,1/2
64,2<usually>/3<<15%> e.g. \i{}Alchemilla\i0{}> 65,1 68,1<usually>/2<<7%>
in \i{}Spiraea\i0{} etc.> 69,2<often adnate to the petiole> 70,1 73,1/2
76,2/3/4/1<rather infrequently> 78,1 81,2 85,1<known from 6 woody genera>
86,1/2/3 90,U 92,1<usually>/3<e.g., \i{}Crataegus azarolus\i0{}>
96,1<occasionally>/2 101,1/2 104,1 130,2<6 genera, including both
herbaceous and woody> 134,1<occasionally>/2 135,1/2 139,1/2<?> 140,1/2
141,3<usually>/1/4-5 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 151,1 156,3<nearly always>/2&3
157,2 159,1<mostly>/2<Prunoideae> 163,1<rarely>/2
165<typically>,1/1&2<there being some scanty-paratracheal recorded in a few
genera> 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1<usually> 184,1<occasionally, e.g.
\i{}Poterium\i0{}>/2<usually> 185<commonly pollinated by flies>
186,1<occasionally>/2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/8/2/6/5/7 192<when
flowers aggregated>,1<usually>/2 194,1/2 197,1<<5%> occasionally>/2 203,2-4
205<often>,1/- 206<usually>,1 213,1/2 214<sometimes>,3 215,2-4 216,2<<5%>
rarely>/3 217,1<Pomoideae, most Prunoideae, some Rosoideae (e.g.
\i{}Rosa\i0{})>/2<flattish or only slightly concave in Spiraeoideae, convex
or swollen in some Rosoideae (e.g. \i{}Fragaria\i0{}, \i{}Rubus\i0{})>
218,1<nearly always, the flower generally more or less perigynous>/2<<10%>>
220,1<often>/2 221,2 223,1<usually>/3<<15%>> 224,(5-)10(-20) 226,2<<90%>
usually>/1<when apetalous> 227<usually>,1/- 229,U 236,(3-)5(-10)<usually
green and sepaloid> 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 251<usually>,1 252<when
determinable,>,2 253,1<often, its members alternating with the calyx and
seemingly representing its stipules>/2 254<when present,>,(3-)5(-10) 255,1
258,1 265<usually>,1 267,3 268,2/3/5/6<but not blue> 278,(1-)10-100<usually
many> 279,1<often, in the sense that they are often disposed in pairs>/2
280,1/2 281<when determinable, at least sometimes>,1<Cronquist 1981>
282,1<but usually attached to a hypanthium> 285,1/2 
286<when coherent, often more or
less>,5/10/15<etc.  in 5-adelphous whorls> 287,1-5<?>
289,1<normally>/2<<2%> in cultivars> 290<when present,>,5-50<several to
many> 291,1 293<when present, usually>,1 295,(1-)20-100<usually many>
298,1-2<<10%> rarely>/3-5<usually> 299<often with an outer whorl of 10 in
five antesepalous pairs> 302,2 306,1 308,1<mostly>/2<<5%> rarely, e.g.
\i{}Filipendula\i0{}> 309,3/1<terminal, occasionally> 310,3<mostly>/2<e.g.
\i{}Potentilla\i0{}> 311,1<<20%> sometimes, e.g. \i{}Alchemilla\i0{}>/2
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2<2 or 3> 322,2 328,1 329,3<<95%>
usually>/4-9<?or more, rarely> 330,8<<95%> or colporoidate,
usually>/9<\i{}Sanguisorba\i0{}> 333<hardly ever spinulose> 337,1<in 14
genera> 339,1-50 341,2/1/3 342<when other than apocarpous,>,1/2-5
343,1/2/3<\i{}Maloideae\i0{}> 344,1/2/3/4<\i{}Maloideae\i0{}>
345,1/2/3<occasionally even combining an inferior ovary with free carpels>
347<when monomeric or apocarpous>,1/2 348,2/3/4 350<when
apocarpous>,1-2<usually>/3-10<\i{}Spiraeoideae\i0{}> 351<when apocarpous or
one-carpelled>,1/2/3 352<when syncarpous,>,2 353<when
syncarpous,>,2-5<\i{}Maloideae\i0{}> 361<when syncarpous,>,2-5 363,1
372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2&3&4 376<when syncarpous,>,2 379,1(-2) 381,1/3 385,2
386,3<<95%> nearly always>/2/4 387,2/3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1/3 393,1
394,3 395,1<sometimes, e.g in \i{}Alchemilla\i0{}>/2 396,1<usually>/2 397,1
400,2 403,2 404,1/2 405,1<when carpels free>/2 406<(when carpels free)
commonly>,1<with small achenes or drupelets>/2 407<when apocarpous>,1/2
408,3/4/7/8 409<when syncarpous>,1<rarely>/2 412,1<<0.1%>
\i{}Lindleyella\i0{}>/6<sometimes in the guise of a pome>/7 413,1<or
attached to it>/2/4 415,1/2 422,2<nearly always>/1<<0.5%> copiously so in
\i{}Physocarpus\i0{}> 429,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}Exochorda\i0{}>/2<<99%>>
433,2<usually expanded and flat> 435,2<31/64>/1<\i{}Rhaphiolepis
umbellata\i0{}> 436,1/2/3 447,1<e.g. \i{}Crataegus\i0{},
\i{}Malus\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}Prunus persica\i0{}> 461,1
462<\i{}Fragaria\i0{}, \i{}Malus\i0{}, \i{}Physocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Potentilla\i0{}, \i{}Prunus\i0{}, \i{}Rosa\i0{}, \i{}Rubus\i0{},
\i{}Sorbus\i0{}, \i{}Spiraea\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Potentilla\i0{},
\i{}Prunus\i0{}, \i{}Rosa\i0{}> 469,1/3<a quite wide sample found
consistently depauperate in oligosaccharides> 472,1<<75%> very commonly>/2
473,2/5 475,2<nearly always>/1<very rarely <5%>> 483,1/2 484,2 487,1/2
488,1/2 489,1<with the sole exception of a single species of
\i{}Potentilla\i0{}> 490,1<nearly always> 491,1&2<nearly always>
492<variously>,1<numerous Rubineae, Potentillineae, Dryadineae,
Cercocarpeae, Ulmarieae, Sanguisorbieae, Roseae>/2<numerous Spiraeoideae,
Pomoideae, Kerrieae, Prunoideae> 494,1 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-9, 17 (or
more)> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,12 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,34 578<almost>,3000<excluding thousands of apomicts!>
579<about>,60-100<depending on delimitation around \i{}Geum\i0{},
\i{}Potentilla\i0{}, \i{}Prunus\i0{}, etc.> 580<\i{}Acaena\i0{},
\i{}Adenostoma\i0{}, \i{}Agrimonia\i0{}, \i{}Alchemilla\i0{},
\i{}Amelanchier\i0{}, \i{}Aphanes\i0{}, \i{}Aremonia\i0{}, \i{}Aria\i0{},
\i{}Aronia\i0{}, \i{}Aruncus\i0{}, \i{}Bencomia\i0{}, \i{}Brachycaulos\i0{},
\i{}Cerocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chaenomeles\i0{}, \i{}Chamaebatia\i0{},
\i{}Chamaebatiaria\i0{}, \i{}Chamaemeles\i0{}, \i{}Chamaemespilus\i0{},
\i{}Chamaerhodos\i0{}, \i{}Cliffortia\i0{}, \i{}Coleogyne\i0{},
\i{}Coluria\i0{}, \i{}Cormus\i0{}, \i{}Cotoneaster\i0{}, \i{}Cowania\i0{},
\i{}Crataegus\i0{}, \i{}Cydonia\i0{}, \i{}Dalibarda\i0{},
\i{}Dichotomanthes\i0{}, \i{}Docynia\i0{}, \i{}Docyniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Dryas\i0{}, \i{}Duchesnea\i0{}, \i{}Eriobotrya\i0{},
\i{}Eriolobus\i0{}, \i{}Exochorda\i0{}, \i{}Fallugia\i0{}, \i{}Farinopsis\i0{},
\i{}Filipendula\i0{}, \i{}Fragaria\i0{}, \i{}Geum\i0{}, \i{}Gillenia\i0{},
\i{}Hagenia\i0{}, \i{}Hesperomeles\i0{}, \i{}Heteromeles\i0{},
\i{}Holodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Horkelia\i0{}, \i{}Horkeliella\i0{},
\i{}Ivesia\i0{}, \i{}Kageneckia\i0{}, \i{}Kelseya\i0{}, \i{}Kerria\i0{},
\i{}Leucosidea\i0{}, \i{}Lindleya\i0{}, \i{}Luetkea\i0{},
\i{}Lyonothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Maddenia\i0{}, \i{}Malacomeles\i0{},
\i{}Malus\i0{}, \i{}Margyricarpus\i0{}, \i{}Mespilus\i0{},
\i{}Neillia\i0{}, \i{}Neviusia\i0{}, \i{}Nuttalia \i0{}, \i{}Oemleria\i0{},
\i{}Orthurus\i0{}, \i{}Osteomeles\i0{}, \i{}Pentactina\i0{},
\i{}Peraphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Petrophytum\i0{}, \i{}Photinia\i0{},
\i{}Physocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Polylepis\i0{}, \i{}Potanina\i0{},
\i{}Potentilla\i0{}, \i{}Poterium\i0{}, \i{}Prinsepia\i0{},
\i{}Prunus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocydonia\i0{}, \i{}Purshia\i0{},
\i{}Pyracantha\i0{}, \i{}Pyrus\i0{}, \i{}Rhaphiolepis\i0{},
\i{}Rhodotypos\i0{}, \i{}Rosa\i0{}, \i{}Rubus\i0{}, \i{}Sanguisorba\i0{},
\i{}Sarcopoterium\i0{}, \i{}Sibbaldia\i0{}, \i{}Sibiraea\i0{},
\i{}Sorbaria\i0{}, \i{}Sorbus\i0{}, \i{}Spenceria\i0{}, \i{}Spiraea\i0{},
\i{}Spiraeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Stephanandra\i0{}, \i{}Stranvaesia\i0{}, 
\i{}Taihangia\i0{},
\i{}Tetraglochin\i0{}, \i{}Torminalis\i0{}, \i{}Vauquelinia\i0{},
\i{}Waldsteinia\i0{}, \i{}Xerospiraea\i0{}> 582<Edible fruits from
\i{}Malus\i0{} spp. (apples), \i{}Prunus\i0{} spp. (apricot, cherry,
nectarine, peach, plums, prune, sloe), \i{}Cydonia\i0{} (quince),
\i{}Pyrus\i0{} (pear), \i{}Eriobotrya\i0{} (loquat), \i{}Rubus\i0{}
(blackberry, boysenberry, loganberry, rasberry), \i{}Fragaria\i0{}
(strawberry), \i{}Mespilus\i0{} (medlar); nuts (\i{}Prunus\i0{}  almond);
many ornamental trees and shrubs or hedge-plants, e.g. \i{}Spiraea\i0{},
\i{}Photinia\i0{}, \i{}Kerria\i0{}, \i{}Cotoneaster\i0{},
\i{}Pyracantha\i0{}, \i{}Crataegus\i0{}, \i{}Sorbus\i0{},
\i{}Rhodotypos\i0{}, \i{}Prunus\i0{}, \i{}Rosa\i0{}, \i{}Potentilla\i0{};
and some widely naturalized pests (e.g. from \i{}Acaena\i0{},
\i{}Crataegus\i0{}, \i{}Cotoneaster\i0{}, \i{}Pyracantha\i0{}).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The rose is a rose, \line{}And was always a rose.
\line{}But the theory now goes \line{}That the apples a rose, \line{}And
the pear is, and sos \line{}The plum, I suppose \line{}. . . What will
next prove a rose \line{}(Robert Frost, The Rose Family)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Through the sharp hawthorn blows the cold wind
\line{}(King Lear, iii., 4) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The rose looks fair,
but fairer we it deem, \line{}For that sweet odour that doth in it live
\line{}(Sonnet, liv) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Gather ye rosebuds while ye
may, \line{}Old Time is still a-flying \line{}(R. Herrick, To the Virgins,
To Make Much of Time) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O my luves like red, red
rose \line{}Thats newly sprung in June \line{}(Robert Burns)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The oaks bear mast, the briars scarlet hips
\line{}(Timon of Athens, iv., 3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The time will
bring on summer, \line{}When briars shall have leaves as well as thorns,
\line{}And be as sweet as sharp \line{}(Alls Well That Ends Well, iv.,
4) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The seasons alter; the hoary-headed frosts
\line{}Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose \line{}(Midsummer Nights
Dream, ii., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Whats in a name? That which we
call a rose, \line{}By any other name would smell as sweet \line{}(Romeo
and Juliet, ii., 4) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}An apple cleft in two is not
more twin \line{}Than these two creatures \line{}(Twelfth Night, v., 1)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O, how ripe in show, \line{}Thy lips, those kissing
cherries, tempting grow! \line{}(Midsummer Nights Dream)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl, \line{}Then
nightly sings the staring owl \line{}(Loves Labours Lost, v., 2 
crab = crab-apple) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The sloes appeared as choice
as plums \line{}When bitten by the frost \line{}And crabs grew honey in the
mouth \line{}When apple time was past \line{}(John Clare 18241832,
Childhood  two species from each of \i{}Prunus\i0{} and \i{}Malus\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}All other trees are wont to wear \line{}First
leaves, then flowers, and last \line{}Their burthen of rich fruit to bear,
\line{}When summers pride is past; \line{}But thou, so prompt thy flowers
to show, \line{}Bearst but the harsh unwelcome sloe. \line{}(Quoted by Ann
Pratt 1857, unattributed  \i{}Prunus spinosa\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Their pretty lips with blackberries \line{}Were all
besmeared and dyd \line{}(The Children in the Wood, Roxburghe Ballads
ii., 220) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . . banks, from whence depend
\line{}Rich cymes of Meadow Sweet; \line{}Alas! those creamy clusters lend
\line{}A charm, where death and odour meet \line{}(Calder Campbell, quoted
by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Filipendula ulmara\i0{})>
586<rosaceae> 
 
# Rousseaceae <Hook. f. ex Benth.>/
3<\i{}Carpodetaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3/4
6,1<\i{}\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}\i0{}>/3<?> 24<to>,8 31,1 32,3<in warm
temperate and subtropical rain forest, along small water courses> 37,1
38,3<about 10-20 cm long, 4-10 cm wide> 39,1/2<\i{}Roussea\i0{}> 40,1/2
42,1 43,1-2 45<shortly>,1<petioles 2-4 cm long> 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2
62<elliptic to>,7/4 64,2 65,1 66,5 68,2 76<distally shortly glandular->,4/3
77,1 81,2 85,1<recorded in \i{}Carpodetus\i0{}> 86,2
87,1<\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}>/2<?> 88<of \i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}>,2<there being
in the pericycle a ring of laticiferous sacs consisting of longitudinal
rows of vertically elongated cells> 89,1<in the leaves of
\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}>/2<the rest?> 90,U 92,1<with a single palisade layer
in \i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<with pairs of small
guard-cells nearly circular in outline (Metcalfe and Chalk)> 106,1
107,1&2<the latter with short, sunken stalks and unicellular heads in
\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}> 116,U 143,1 144,1 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
175,1/3 176,1/2 177,1/4 181,1 182,1 183,2<but the disk inconspicuous>
187,1/2 189<minutely bracteate>,6&8 192,1 194,1&2 195<terminal or axillary
corymbose panicles, these irregulary dichotomous and much shorter than the
leaves> 203,2<4-5 mm long> 206,1 212,5(-6) 215,2 218,2 220,1/2
221,2<inconspicuous> 222,2 223,1 224,(8-)10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,(4-)5(-7) 238,1 239<very short,>,1/3<basally fused> 240,4<the lobes
deciduous> 241,3 244,6 245,3 248,2 249,2 254,(4-)5(-8) 255,1
258,1/3<basally> 260,2-3 265,3<the petals often ultimately spreading> 267,3
268,2/3<-ish>/4 269,1 272,2 273,2 274,2 275,4 276,1 278,(4-)5(-6) 282,1
284,1 285,1 287,1 295,5(-6) 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<with very short
filaments> 306,1/2 308,2 309,3 310,3 324,1<in \i{}Carpodetus\i0{}>/2<?>
327<when in aggregates,>,3<\i{}Carpodetus\i0{}> 339,5(-7) 342,(3-)5(-7)
343,3 344,6 345,1/2<\i{}Carpodetus\i0{}> 352,2 353,5 358,1 360<shortly to
long->,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,1-3 368,1 370,1/5 371,3 376,2/2-3
379,10-50<i.e., many> 380,1 381,1/2 382,1 384,4 385,2 386,3 387,U 404,1
409,1/2 412,1/6<this about 8-12 mm long, ovoid, black> 414<when
capsular,>,5 422,1 424,1<and fleshy> 426,2<subglobose, with a deeply
latticed testa> 432<very small, but>,3 433,2 436,1 504,2&5&6 506,2 513,1
514,1 518,1&2 519,1 520<warm>,2&3 521<Eastern Australia
(\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}), New Zealand (\i{}Carpodetus\i0{}), Mauritius
(\i{}Roussea\i0{})> 522,10 527,1 528,2 529,10 540,10 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,15 576,4 577,62 578,3 579,3 580<\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{} (\i{}A.
ornans\i0{}), \i{}Carpodetus\i0{} (\i{}C. serratus\i0{}), \i{}Roussea\i0{}>
584<This description was prepared by LW in 2009 with reference mainly to
\i{}Abrophyllum\i0{}, and the morphology needs more checking against
\i{}Roussea\i0{} and \i{}Carpodetus\i0{}. It also lacks information on
anatomy, anther development, pollen, phytochemistry and (especially)
embryology. For example, if the family is really Asterid (i.e.,
Tenuinucelli, = Sympetalae), they are probably tenuinucellate with
unitegmic ovules (etc.).> 586<rousseac> 
 
# Rubiaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Aparineae\i0{} (\i{}Aparinaceae\i0{}) Hoffmgg. & Link,
\i{}Dialypetalanthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Cinchonaceae\i0{} Lindl.,
\i{}Coffeaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Galiaceae\i0{} Lindley,
\i{}Gardeniaceae\i0{} Dum., \i{}Lippayaceae\i0{} Meissner,
\i{}Lygodysodeaceae\i0{} Bartl., \i{}Operculariaceae\i0{} Dum.>
4<\i{}Henriqueziaceae\i0{}, \i{}Naucleaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<mostly>/4/5<then
mostly with tetragonous, knotted stems> 27,1/2/3 32,2/3/4/1<<0.1%>
\i{}Limnosipanea\i0{}> 39,2<nearly always, and decussate>/3<or at least
ostensibly so, seemingly representing paired leaves with enlarged, leaflike
interpetiolar stipules  and rarely ostensibly alternate, through
suppression of one member of each pair> 43,1/2 45,1-3 46,1<often, via the
stipules>/2 50,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,1/2/2-3 65,1 68,1<but stipules sometimes
deciduous> 69,1<usually>/2 71,1/2 72,1<typically> 76,1/3 81,2 
85,1<widespread, but not universal> 86,1<mostly, spectacularly exemplified 
in mycoheterotrophs such as \i{}Myrmecodia\i0{}>/2/3 89,1<very 
commonly, in leaves and axes>/2 90,U 92,1<nearly
always>/3<rarely> 103,1<abaxial, usually>/2<in assorted species> 106,1
107<exclusively>,1 108,1/2<often septate in Rubioideae, not septate in
Cinchonoideae and Guettardoideae> 109,2 110,1 112,1/2 113<when present,
tufted or>,1 115,1/2 116,1/2<more often containing secretory cells,
contents mostly unidentified but sometimes resinous> 118<when present,>,2
122,1<sometimes>/2 123,1<usually>/2 124,1/2/3<raphides present in
Rubioideae, absent from Cinchonoideae and Guettardoideae> 130,1<5 genera 
\i{}Asperula\i0{}, \i{}Galium\i0{}, \i{}Phuopsis\i0{}, \i{}Rubia\i0{},
\i{}Sherardia\i0{}>/2<20 genera, e.g. \i{}Coprosma\i0{}, \i{}Cinchona\i0{},
\i{}Coffea\i0{}, \i{}Gardenia\i0{}, \i{}Hoffmannia\i0{}, \i{}Ixora\i0{},
\i{}Pavetta\i0{}, \i{}Randia\i0{}> 131<commonly polygonal or corrugated in
section> 139,1/2<e.g. in \i{}Galieae\i0{}> 140<when present,>,1/2
141<variously>,1/3 142,1<e.g., in \i{}Coussarea\i0{} and
\i{}Faramea\i0{}>/2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,1<Galieae>/2<nearly
always>/3<recorded only in \i{}Basanacantha\i0{} and
\i{}\i{}Rhabdodendron\i0{}\i0{}> 149<when present,>,1 150,3 152,1/2-3
153,1<typically>/2 154<typically numerous,>,1/2/3/5<rarely>
156<exclusively>,3<in mature wood>/2<rarely, in primary vessels> 157,1/2
158,1/2 159,1 160,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163<not uncommonly>,1/2 164,2 165,1<in
species with non-septate fibres>/2<or sometimes absent>/- 166,2 167,1<<1%>
\i{}Basanacantha>/2 169,3 175,1<usually>/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2<usually>
177,1<usually>/2/8/5<e.g. \i{}Coprosma\i0{}> 181,1/2<often> 184,2 186,1<via
stylar modifications for passive pollen presentation>/2 187,2/1<less often>
189,1/8/9/4<rarely, e.g. Morindeae, Gardenieae> 192,1 196,1<when
capitate>/2 197,1/2 203,2/3 205,1/3/- 206,1 212<mostly>,4/5/- 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,-
223,1/4<the calyx often absent or almost so> 224,7-16 226,2/1 227<the two
whorls>,1 229,U 236<when detectable>,2/4/5-8 238,1 239,1<but epigynous>/3<the
lobes varying from practically lacking to enlarged and brightly coloured>
240<when gamosepalous,>,1/2/3/4 245,3<mostly>/2<rarely>/1<sometimes with
one, or several, enlarged members> 248,1/2 249,1/2 251,4<commonly>/2/3
253,1<e.g. \i{}Fernelia\i0{}, \i{}Flagenium\i0{}>/2 254,(3-)4/5/6/8-10 255,1
258,3 265,1/3/2 266,8/7 267,3/2<<10%> rarely> 277,1/2<when flower female>
278,4/5-8 280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube, or attached at its very base in
\i{}Coprosma\i0{}> 285,1<usually>/2<<10%> occasionally, via the anthers,
e.g. \i{}Argostemma\i0{}> 287,1 289,1 295,4/5-8 296,1/2/3 298,2 299,2 300,1
303,3/4 305,3<<10%> occasionally>/2/1 309,3<mostly <99%>>/1<apically, e.g.
\i{}Argostemma\i0{}> 310,3 312,2 313<slightly>,1<rarely?>/2 314<observed in
\i{}Coprosma\i0{}>,1<by slight extension of the connective> 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,2 322,2 324,1<in the Gardenieae>/2<mostly>
327<when aggregated,>,3 328,1/2<rarely> 329,3(-4)<mostly>/4-12
330,6<Paederieae, Galieae, Spermacoceae p.p.>/7<Gardenieae>/8<polycolporate
in \i{}Richardsonia\i0{}>/9 337,1<14 genera>/2<9 genera> 338,1/2<when
flower male> 339,2(-9) 341<usually>,1 342,1<<4%> rarely>/2(-9) 343,3
344,4-6 345,3<nearly always>/1<<0.8%> only \i{}Gaertnera\i0{} and
\i{}Pagamea\i0{}> 352,1/2 353,1<<4%> rarely e.g. \i{}Gardenia\i0{}>/2(-9)
356<when bilocular (i.e. usually),>,3/- 359<often>,1 360,2 361,1<often
simple>/2(-5) 363,1/2 364,1/2 365,1 366,1-3 372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2&4
375<when unilocular,>,2 376<when two or more locular,>,2 378<when
unilocular,>,6-100<many> 379,1-50<commonly one (\i{}Rubioideae\i0{}), to
many> 381,1/2/3 386,3/2 387,2 388,1 390,2 391,1 393,1 394,3
395,1<occasionally>/2 396,1/2 400,2 403,4 404,1/2 409,1/2/3 410<when
schizocarpic>,2(-9) 411,1/4/7<?> 412<when non-schizocarpic>,1/6/7
414,4/5/4&5/7<e.g. \i{}Mitratheca\i0{}> 421,1-30 422,1<usually>/2<<4.3%>
\i{}Guettardinae\i0{}> 423,1/2 424<when present,>,1 429,1<<10%> rarely>/2
433,2 434,1<or rarely involute>/- 435,2<8/11> 436,1<usually>/2<<10%>>
447,1/2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Borreria\i0{}, \i{}Coprosma\i0{},
\i{}Crucianella\i0{}, \i{}Galium\i0{}, \i{}Richardia\i0{}>
464<\i{}Hydnophytum\i0{}, \i{}Myrmecodia\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Cephalanthus\i0{},
\i{}Crucianella\i0{}, \i{}Diodia\i0{}, \i{}Galium\i0{}> 469,1<in three
genera> 470,1<\i{}Cinchona\i0{}, Gibbs 1974> 472,1/2 473,2<?> 475,1<<60%>
commonly>/2 479,1<21 genera> 480,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Asperula\i0{}> 483,1 484,1
485,1<normal and seco>/2<b> 487,1<occasionally>/2 488,1/2 490,1<mostly>/2
491,1&2<mostly>/1/2 492,2<9 species, 9 gebera> 494,1 495,1/2 520,1-4
521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= (6-)9/11(-17)> 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,8 572,1 573,2 574,15
576,3 577,58 578,6000 579<about>,600 580<\i{}Acranthera\i0{},
\i{}Acrobotrys\i0{}, \i{}Acunaeanthus\i0{}, \i{}Adinauclea\i0{},
\i{}Agathisanthemum\i0{}, \i{}Aidia\i0{}, \i{}Aidiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Airosperma\i0{}, \i{}Aitchisonia\i0{}, \i{}Alberta\i0{},
\i{}Aleisanthia\i0{}, \i{}Alibertia\i0{}, \i{}Allaeophania\i0{},
\i{}Alleizettella\i0{}, \i{}Allenanthus\i0{}, \i{}Alseis\i0{},
\i{}Amaiouma\i0{}, \i{}Amaracarpus\i0{}, \i{}Amphiasma\i0{},
\i{}Amphidasya\i0{}, \i{}Ancylanthos\i0{}, \i{}Anomanthodia\i0{},
\i{}Antherostele\i0{}, \i{}Anthorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Anthospermum\i0{},
\i{}Antirhea\i0{}, \i{}Aoranthe\i0{}, \i{}Aphaenandra\i0{},
\i{}Aphanocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Appunettia\i0{}, \i{}Appunia\i0{},
\i{}Arachnothryx\i0{}, \i{}Arctophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Argocoffeopsis\i0{},
\i{}Argostemma\i0{},
\i{}Asemnantha\i0{}, \i{}Asperula\i0{}, \i{}Astiella\i0{},
\i{}Atractocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Atractogyne\i0{}, \i{}Augusta\i0{},
\i{}Aulacocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Badusa\i0{}, \i{}Balmea\i0{}, \i{}Bataprine\i0{},
\i{}Bathysa\i0{}, \i{}Batopedina\i0{}, \i{}Belonophora\i0{},
\i{}Benkara\i0{}, \i{}Benzonia\i0{}, \i{}Berghesia\i0{}, \i{}Bertiera\i0{},
\i{}Bikkia\i0{}, \i{}Blandibractea\i0{}, \i{}Blepharidium\i0{},
\i{}Bobea\i0{}, \i{}Boholia\i0{}, \i{}Borojoa\i0{}, \i{}Bothriospora\i0{},
\i{}Botryarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Bouvardia\i0{}, \i{}Brachytome\i0{},
\i{}Bradea\i0{}, \i{}Brenania\i0{}, \i{}Breonadia\i0{},
\i{}Burchellia\i0{}, \i{}Burttdavya\i0{}, \i{}Byrsophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Caelospermum\i0{}, \i{}Calanda\i0{}, \i{}Callipeltis\i0{},
\i{}Calochone\i0{}, \i{}Calycophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Calycosia\i0{},
\i{}Calycosiphonia\i0{}, \i{}Canephora\i0{}, \i{}Canthium\i0{},
\i{}Capirona\i0{}, \i{}Captaincookia\i0{}, \i{}Carpacoce\i0{},
\i{}Carphalea\i0{}, \i{}Carterella\i0{}, \i{}Casasia\i0{},
\i{}Catesbaea\i0{}, \i{}Catunaregam\i0{}, \i{}Cephaelis\i0{},
\i{}Cephalodendron\i0{}, \i{}Ceratopyxis\i0{}, \i{}Ceriscoides\i0{},
\i{}Ceuthocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Chaetostachydium\i0{}, \i{}Chalepophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Chamaepentas\i0{}, \i{}Chapelieria\i0{}, \i{}Chassalia\i0{},
\i{}Chazaliella\i0{}, \i{}Chimarrhis\i0{}, \i{}Chiococca\i0{},
\i{}Chione\i0{}, \i{}Chlorochorion\i0{}, \i{}Chomelia\i0{},
\i{}Choulettia\i0{}, \i{}Chytropsia\i0{}, \i{}Cigarilla\i0{},
\i{}Cinchona\i0{}, \i{}Cladoceras\i0{}, \i{}Clarkella\i0{},
\i{}Coccochondra\i0{}, \i{}Coccocypselum\i0{}, \i{}Coddia\i0{},
\i{}Coelopyrena\i0{}, \i{}Coffea\i0{}, \i{}Coleactina\i0{},
\i{}Colletoecima\i0{}, \i{}Commitheca\i0{}, \i{}Condaminea\i0{},
\i{}Conostomium\i0{}, \i{}Coprosma\i0{}, \i{}Coptophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Coptosapelta\i0{}, \i{}Coptosperma\i0{}, \i{}Corynanthe\i0{},
\i{}Coryphothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Cosmibuena\i0{}, \i{}Cosmocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Coursiana\i0{}, \i{}Coussarea\i0{}, \i{}Coutaportla\i0{},
\i{}Coutarea\i0{}, \i{}Cowiea\i0{}, \i{}Craterispermum\i0{},
\i{}Cremaspora\i0{}, \i{}Cremocarpon\i0{}, \i{}Crobylanthe\i0{},
\i{}Crocyllis\i0{}, \i{}Crossopteryx\i0{}, \i{}Crucianella\i0{},
\i{}Cruciata\i0{}, \i{}Cruckshanksia\i0{}, \i{}Crusea\i0{},
\i{}Cuatrecasasiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Cubanola\i0{}, \i{}Cuviera\i0{},
\i{}Cyclophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Damnacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Danais\i0{},
\i{}Deccania\i0{}, \i{}Declieuxia\i0{}, \i{}Dendrosipanea\i0{},
\i{}Dentella\i0{}, \i{}Deppea\i0{}, \i{}Diacrodon\i0{},
\i{}Dialypetalum\i0{}, \i{}Dibrachyonostylus\i0{}, \i{}Dichilanthe\i0{},
\i{}Dictyandra\i0{}, \i{}Didymaea\i0{}, \i{}Didymochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Didymopogon\i0{}, \i{}Didymosalpynx\i0{}, \i{}Diodella\i0{},
\i{}Diodia\i0{}, \i{}Dioecrescis\i0{}, \i{}Dioicodendron\i0{},
\i{}Diplospora\i0{}, \i{}Discospermum\i0{}, \i{}Diyaminauclea\i0{},
\i{}Dolichodelphys\i0{}, \i{}Dolicholobium\i0{}, \i{}Dolichometra\i0{},
\i{}Dolicera\i0{}, \i{}Duidania\i0{}, \i{}Dunnia\i0{}, \i{}Duperrea\i0{},
\i{}Duroia\i0{}, \i{}Durringtonia\i0{}, \i{}Ecpoma\i0{}, \i{}Eizia\i0{},
\i{}Elaeagia\i0{}, \i{}Eleutheranthus\i0{}, \i{}Emmenopterys\i0{},
\i{}Emmeorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Empogona\i0{}, \i{}Eosanthe\i0{},
\i{}Eriosemopsis\i0{}, \i{}Erithalis\i0{}, \i{}Ernodea\i0{},
\i{}Etericius\i0{}, \i{}Euclinia\i0{}, \i{}Exallage\i0{},
\i{}Exostema\i0{}, \i{}Fadogia\i0{}, \i{}Fadogiella\i0{},
\i{}Fagerlindia\i0{}, \i{}Faramea\i0{}, \i{}Ferdinandusa\i0{},
\i{}Feretia\i0{}, \i{}Fergusonia\i0{}, \i{}Fernelia\i0{},
\i{}Flagenium\i0{}, \i{}Flexanthera\i0{}, \i{}Gaertnera\i0{},
\i{}Gaillonia\i0{}, \i{}Galiniera\i0{}, \i{}Galium\i0{},
\i{}Gallienia\i0{}, \i{}Galopina\i0{}, \i{}Gamotopea\i0{},
\i{}Gardenia\i0{}, \i{}Gardeniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Genipa\i0{},
\i{}Gentingia\i0{}, \i{}Geophila\i0{}, \i{}Gillespiea\i0{},
\i{}Gleasonia\i0{}, \i{}Glionnetia\i0{}, \i{}Glossostipula\i0{},
\i{}Gomphocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Gonzalagunia\i0{}, \i{}Gouldia\i0{},
\i{}Greenea\i0{}, \i{}Greeniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Guettarda\i0{},
\i{}Gynochthodes\i0{}, \i{}Gyrostipula\i0{}, \i{}Habroneuron\i0{},
\i{}Haldina\i0{}, \i{}Hallea\i0{}, \i{}Hamelia\i0{}, \i{}Hyataella\i0{},
\i{}Hedstromia\i0{}, \i{}Hedyotis\i0{}, \i{}Hedythyrsus\i0{},
\i{}Heinsenia\i0{}, \i{}Heinsia\i0{}, \i{}Hekistocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Heterophyllaea\i0{}, \i{}Higginsia\i0{}, \i{}Hillia\i0{}, \i{}Himalrandia\i0{},
\i{}Hindsia\i0{}, \i{}Hintonia\i0{}, \i{}Hippotis\i0{}, \i{}Hitoa\i0{},
\i{}Hodgkinsonia\i0{}, \i{}Hoffmannia\i0{}, \i{}Holstianthus\i0{},
\i{}Homollea\i0{}, \i{}Homolliella\i0{}, \i{}Houstonia\i0{},
\i{}Hutchinsonia\i0{}, \i{}Hydnophytum\i0{}, \i{}Hydrophylax\i0{},
\i{}Hymenocnemis\i0{}, \i{}Hymenocoleus\i0{}, \i{}Hymenodictyon\i0{},
\i{}Hyperacanthus\i0{}, \i{}Hypobathrum\i0{}, \i{}Hyptianthera\i0{},
\i{}Ibetralia\i0{}, \i{}Indopolysolenia\i0{}, \i{}Isertia\i0{},
\i{}Isidorea\i0{}, \i{}Ixora\i0{}, \i{}Jackiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Janotia\i0{},
\i{}Jaubertia\i0{}, \i{}Joosia\i0{}, \i{}Jovetia\i0{},
\i{}Kailarsenia\i0{}, \i{}Kajewskiella\i0{}, \i{}Keenania\i0{},
\i{}Keetia\i0{}, \i{}Kelloggia\i0{}, \i{}Kerianthera\i0{},
\i{}Khasiaclunea\i0{}, \i{}Klossia\i0{}, \i{}Knoxia\i0{},
\i{}Kochummenia\i0{}, \i{}Kohautia\i0{}, \i{}Kraussia\i0{},
\i{}Kutchubaea\i0{}, \i{}Ladenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Lagynias\i0{},
\i{}Lamprothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Lasianthus\i0{}, \i{}Lathraeocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Lecananthus\i0{}, \i{}Lecanosperma\i0{}, \i{}Lecariocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Lelya\i0{}, \i{}Lemyrea\i0{}, \i{}Lepidostoma\i0{},
\i{}Leptactina\i0{}, \i{}Leptodermis\i0{}, \i{}Leptomischus\i0{},
\i{}Leptoscela\i0{}, \i{}Leptostigma\i0{}, \i{}Lerchea\i0{},
\i{}Leucocodon\i0{}, \i{}Leucolophus\i0{}, \i{}Limnosipanea\i0{},
\i{}Lindenia\i0{}, \i{}Litosanthes\i0{}, \i{}Lucinaea\i0{},
\i{}Luculia\i0{}, \i{}Lucya\i0{}, \i{}Ludekia\i0{}, \i{}Macbrideina\i0{},
\i{}Machaonia\i0{}, \i{}Macrocnemum\i0{}, \i{}Macrosphyra\i0{},
\i{}Maguireocharis\i0{}, \i{}Maguireothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Malanea\i0{},
\i{}Manettia\i0{}, \i{}Manostachya\i0{}, \i{}Mantalania\i0{},
\i{}Margaritopsis\i0{}, \i{}Maschalocorymbus\i0{}, \i{}Maschalodesme\i0{},
\i{}Massularia\i0{}, \i{}Mastixiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Mazaea\i0{},
\i{}Melanopsidium\i0{}, \i{}Mericarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Merumea\i0{},
\i{}Metadina\i0{}, \i{}Meyna\i0{}, \i{}Micrasepalum\i0{},
\i{}Microphysa\i0{}, \i{}Mitchella\i0{}, \i{}Mitracarpus\i0{},
\i{}Mitrasacmopsis\i0{}, \i{}Mitriostigma\i0{}, \i{}Molopanthera\i0{},
\i{}Monosalpinx\i0{}, \i{}Montamans\i0{}, \i{}Morelia\i0{},
\i{}Morierina\i0{}, \i{}Morinda\i0{}, \i{}Morindopsis\i0{},
\i{}Motleyia\i0{}, \i{}Mouretia\i0{}, \i{}Multidentia\i0{},
\i{}Mussaenda\i0{}, \i{}Mussaendopsis\i0{}, \i{}Mycetia\i0{},
\i{}Myonima\i0{}, \i{}Myrmecodia\i0{}, \i{}Mymeconauclea\i0{},
\i{}Myrmephytum\i0{}, \i{}Naletonia\i0{}, \i{}Nargedia\i0{},
\i{}Neanotis\i0{}, \i{}Neblinathamnus\i0{}, \i{}Nematostylis\i0{},
\i{}Nenax\i0{}, \i{}Neobertiera\i0{}, \i{}Neoblakea\i0{},
\i{}Neobreonia\i0{}, \i{}Neofranciella\i0{}, \i{}Neohymenopogon\i0{},
\i{}Neolamarckia\i0{}, \i{}Neolaugeria\i0{}, \i{}Neopentanisia\i0{},
\i{}Nernstia\i0{}, \i{}Nertera\i0{}, \i{}Nesohedyotis\i0{},
\i{}Neurocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Nichallea\i0{}, \i{}Nodocarpaea\i0{},
\i{}Nonatelia\i0{}, \i{}Normandia\i0{}, \i{}Nostolachma\i0{},
\i{}Ochreinauclea\i0{}, \i{}Octotropis\i0{}, \i{}Oldenlandia\i0{},
\i{}Oldenlandiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Oligocodon\i0{}, \i{}Omiltemia\i0{},
\i{}Opercularia\i0{}, \i{}Ophiorrhiza\i0{}, \i{}Ophriococcus\i0{},
\i{}Oregandra\i0{}, \i{}Oreopolus\i0{}, \i{}Osa\i0{}, \i{}Otiophora\i0{},
\i{}Otocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Otomeria\i0{}, \i{}Ottoschmidtia\i0{},
\i{}Oxyanthus\i0{}, \i{}Pachystigma\i0{}, \i{}Pachystylus\i0{},
\i{}Paederia\i0{}, \i{}Pagamea\i0{}, \i{}Pagameopsis\i0{},
\i{}Palicourea\i0{}, \i{}Pamplethantha\i0{}, \i{}Paracephaelis\i0{},
\i{}Parachimarrhis\i0{}, \i{}Paracorynanthe\i0{}, \i{}Paragenipa\i0{},
\i{}Paraknoxia\i0{}, \i{}Parapentas\i0{}, \i{}Paratriaina\i0{},
\i{}Pauridiantha\i0{}, \i{}Pausinystalia\i0{}, \i{}Pavetta\i0{},
\i{}Payera\i0{}, \i{}Pelagodendron\i0{}, \i{}Pentagonia\i0{},
\i{}Pentaloncha\i0{}, \i{}Pentanisia\i0{}, \i{}Pentanopsis\i0{},
\i{}Pentas\i0{}, \i{}Pentodon\i0{}, \i{}Peponidium\i0{},
\i{}Perakanthus\i0{}, \i{}Perama\i0{}, \i{}Peratanthe\i0{},
\i{}Peripeplus\i0{}, \i{}Pertusadina\i0{}, \i{}Petagomoa\i0{},
\i{}Petitiocodon\i0{}, \i{}Phellocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Phialanthus\i0{},
\i{}Phitopis\i0{}, \i{}Phuopsis\i0{}, \i{}Phyllacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Phyllis\i0{}, \i{}Phyllocrater\i0{}, \i{}Phyllomelia\i0{},
\i{}Phyllohydrax\i0{}, \i{}Picardaea\i0{}, \i{}Pimentelia\i0{},
\i{}Pinariphyllon\i0{}, \i{}Pinckneya\i0{}, \i{}Pittoniotis\i0{},
\i{}Placocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Placopoda\i0{}, \i{}Plectronia\i0{},
\i{}Plectoniella\i0{}, \i{}Pleiocarpidia\i0{}, \i{}Pleiocoryne\i0{},
\i{}Pleiocraterium\i0{}, \i{}Plocama\i0{}, \i{}Poecilocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Pogonolobus\i0{}, \i{}Pogonopus\i0{}, \i{}Polysphaeria\i0{},
\i{}Polyura\i0{}, \i{}Pomax\i0{}, \i{}Porterandia\i0{},
\i{}Portlandia\i0{}, \i{}Posoqueria\i0{}, \i{}Pouchetia\i0{},
\i{}Praravinia\i0{}, \i{}Pravinaria\i0{}, \i{}Preussiodora\i0{},
\i{}Prismatomeris\i0{}, \i{}Proscephaleium\i0{}, \i{}Psathura\i0{},
\i{}Pseudaidia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudogaillonia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudogardenia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudohamelia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudomantalania\i0{},
\i{}Pseudomussaenda\i0{}, \i{}Pseudonesohedyotis\i0{},
\i{}Pseudopyxis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosabicea\i0{}, \i{}Psilanthus\i0{},
\i{}Psychotria\i0{}, \i{}Psydrax\i0{}, \i{}Psyllocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Pteridocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Pterogaillonia\i0{}, \i{}Pubistylus\i0{},
\i{}Putoria\i0{}, \i{}Pygmaeothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Pyragra\i0{},
\i{}Pyrostria\i0{}, \i{}Rachicallis\i0{}, \i{}Ramosmania\i0{},
\i{}Randia\i0{}, \i{}Raritebe\i0{}, \i{}Readea\i0{}, \i{}Remijia\i0{},
\i{}Rennellia\i0{}, \i{}Retiniphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Rhadinopus\i0{},
\i{}Raphidura\i0{}, \i{}Rhipidantha\i0{}, \i{}Rhopalobrachium\i0{},
\i{}Rhyssocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Richardia\i0{}, \i{}Ridsdalea\i0{}, \i{}Riqueuria\i0{},
\i{}Robynsia\i0{}, \i{}Rogiera\i0{}, \i{}Roigella\i0{}, \i{}Ronabea\i0{},
\i{}Rondeletia\i0{}, \i{}Rothmannia\i0{}, \i{}Rubia\i0{}, \i{}Rudgea\i0{},
\i{}Rustia\i0{}, \i{}Rutidea\i0{}, \i{}Rytigynia\i0{}, \i{}Sabicea\i0{},
\i{}Sacosperma\i0{}, \i{}Saldinia\i0{}, \i{}Salzmannia\i0{},
\i{}Saprosma\i0{}, \i{}Sarcopygme\i0{}, \i{}Schachtia\i0{},
\i{}Schismatoclada\i0{}, \i{}Schizenterospermum\i0{}, \i{}Schizocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Schizocolea\i0{}, \i{}Schizomussaenda\i0{}, \i{}Schizostigma\i0{},
\i{}Schmidtottia\i0{}, \i{}Schradera\i0{}, \i{}Schumanniophyton\i0{},
\i{}Schwendenera\i0{}, \i{}Scolosanthus\i0{}, \i{}Scyphiphora\i0{},
\i{}Scyphochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Scyphostachys\i0{}, \i{}Sericanthe\i0{},
\i{}Serissa\i0{}, \i{}Shaferocharis\i0{}, \i{}Sherardia\i0{},
\i{}Sherbournia\i0{}, \i{}Siderobombyx\i0{}, \i{}Siemensia\i0{},
\i{}Simira\i0{}, \i{}Sinoadina\i0{}, \i{}Sipanea\i0{}, \i{}Sipaneopsis\i0{},
\i{}Siphonandrium\i0{}, \i{}Solenandra\i0{}, \i{}Sommera\i0{},
\i{}Spathichlamys\i0{}, \i{}Spermacoce\i0{}, \i{}Spermadictyon\i0{},
\i{}Sphinctanthus\i0{}, \i{}Spiradiclis\i0{}, \i{}Squamellaria\i0{},
\i{}Stachyarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Stachyococcus\i0{}, \i{}Staelia\i0{},
\i{}Standleya\i0{}, \i{}Steenisia\i0{}, \i{}Stelechantha\i0{},
\i{}Stephanococcus\i0{}, \i{}Stevensia\i0{}, \i{}Steyermarkia\i0{},
\i{}Stichianthus\i0{}, \i{}Stilpnophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Stipularia\i0{},
\i{}Stomandra\i0{}, \i{}Streblosa\i0{}, \i{}Streblosiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Strempelia\i0{}, \i{}Striolaria\i0{}, \i{}Strumpfia\i0{},
\i{}Stylosiphonia\i0{}, \i{}Suberanthus\i0{}, \i{}Sukunia\i0{},
\i{}Sulitia\i0{}, \i{}Synaptantha\i0{}, \i{}Syringantha\i0{},
\i{}Tamilnadia\i0{}, \i{}Tammsia\i0{}, \i{}Tamridaea\i0{}, \i{}Tapiphyllum\i0{},
\i{}Terenna\i0{}, \i{}Tarennoidea\i0{}, \i{}Temnocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Temnopteryx\i0{}, \i{}Tennantia\i0{}, \i{}Tetralopha\i0{},
\i{}Thecorchus\i0{}, \i{}Thogsennia\i0{}, \i{}Thyridocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Timonius\i0{}, \i{}Tobagoa\i0{}, \i{}Tocoyena\i0{}, \i{}Tortuella\i0{},
\i{}Trailliaedoxa\i0{}, \i{}Tresanthera\i0{}, \i{}Triainolepis\i0{},
\i{}Tricalysia\i0{}, \i{}Trichostachys\i0{}, \i{}Trigonopyren\i0{},
\i{}Trukia\i0{}, \i{}Tsiangia\i0{}, \i{}Uragoga\i0{}, \i{}Urophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Valantia\i0{}, \i{}Vangueria\i0{}, \i{}Vangueriella\i0{},
\i{}Vangueriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Versteegia\i0{}, \i{}Villaria\i0{},
\i{}Virectaria\i0{}, \i{}Warburgina\i0{}, \i{}Warszewiczia\i0{},
\i{}Wendlandia\i0{}, \i{}Wernhamia\i0{}, \i{}Wiasemskya\i0{},
\i{}Wittmackanthus\i0{}, \i{}Xanthophytum\i0{}, \i{}Xantonnea\i0{},
\i{}Xerococcus\i0{}, \i{}Yutajea\i0{}, \i{}Zuccarinia\i0{},
\i{}Zygon\i0{}> 581<For an assessment of the subfamilial classification,
see Bremers (1996) analyses of morphological and molecular data>
582<Sources of coffee (\i{}Coffea\i0{}), quinine (\i{}Cinchona\i0{}), ipecac
(\i{}Cephaelis\i0{}), and many ornamentals (e.g. \i{}Gardenia\i0{},
\i{}Rubia\i0{}, \i{}Mitchella\i0{}, \i{}Coprosma\i0{}).> 586<rubiacea> 
 
# Ruppiaceae <Horan.>/
2<\i{}Potamogetonaceae\i0{}.> 5<non-rhizomatous, slender, aquatic>,5
21,1/3<rarely> 22,2 27,- 30,1/2 32<halophytic and>,1 33,1/2<mostly in
brackish water and salt marshes> 34,2<rooting at the nodes> 35,1/1&3<?>
36,2 38,2/3 39,1/2/3<usually alternate except when subtending an
inflorescence> 40<when alternate,>,2 45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,1/3 64,1
65,2 68,2<?> 75<(paired intravaginal squamulae)>,1 76<apically>,3/1 102,2
121,U 123,2 128,2 130,2 148,1 151,2 173,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,1/5
187,1<rarely>/2 189<usually>,2/3/5 192,2 193,1<at length long pedunculate,
emergent or not?>/- 194,1 195<short spikes or subumbelliform racemes,
sometimes one- or few-flowered> 199,U 200,2 203,2 206,1 220,2 223,7<unless
small staminal appendages are regarded as perianth segments> 278,2 280,2
284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,2 303,4 309,3 310,1
313<ambiguously>,1/2<depending on whether their small appendages are
interpreted as tepals: cf. \i{}Potamogeton\i0{}, in which the corresponding
structures are larger and more convincingly tepal-like> 319,2 323,1 328,2
337,2 339,(2-)4(-16) 343,2 344,2 345,1 347,1 348,2<the stigma peltate or
umbonate> 350,1 351,1 381,1 385,2 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,3 403,3 404,1-2<?> 405,1 407,2 408<usually on a
long, spirally twisted peduncle,>,7<with each drupelet becoming very
long-stalked> 420<via the floating of the head of fruits?> 421,1 422,2
430,1 433,1 436<slightly>,2/1 442,2 443<membranous> 447,1 454,2 458,2 466,2
472,2 497,1 498,2 520,2&3 521<widespread outside of frigid zones and the
tropics> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8-10>
527,2 530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578<about>,10 579,1
580<\i{}Ruppia\i0{}> 586<ruppiace> 
 
# Ruscaceae <Spreng.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}-Nolinoideae of APG III.>
3<\i{}Phlebaceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.).> 5,3<or subshrubs, often thicket
forming>/4 9,2 10,1<in the form of glabrous, ovate to lanceolate,
alternate, opposite or whorled, pointed phylloclades> 12,2<to scales>
27,1/3 38,1 39,1/2/3 43,4 68,- 104,1 121,1/2<?  the leaves being reduced,
but mucilage cells with raphides common throughout the plants> 123,1<?>/2
124<if present in the reduced leaves,>,1<there being raphide cells
throughout the plants> 130,2<\i{}Ruscus\i0{}> 148,1 151,1/2 156,2
171,1<known in \i{}Semele\i0{}>/2 173,1 174,2/3 175,1/2/3 176,1/2
177,1/2/3<rarely>/5/8 179,1/2/3 187,2 194<in racemelike clusters on the
surfaces of the phylloclades (\i{}Ruscus\i0{}), umbel-like clusters on
their edges (\i{}Semele\i0{}), or in terminal racemes separate from them
(\i{}Dana\i0{})> 195<racemes, racemelike or umbel-like>
203,2<inconspicuous, articulated on their pedicels> 206,1 212,3 213,1
219,1<urceolate, in \i{}Dana\i0{}>/2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1
228,1/2 230<more or less>,1/2<the inner members sometimes narrower>
231,1/2/3 232,1<sometimes with a fleshy corona>/2 276,1<reduced to the
androecial tube, without anthers, in female flowers> 277,1/2<in female
flowers> 278,3/6 282,1 285,2<the filaments joined to form a short tube or
column> 287,1/2 289,1 295,3/6 298,2 301,2<when 3>/1 306<sessile> 309,3
310,1 312,2 315,1 316,1 318,1 319,2 322,2 324,2 328,2<at least in some
species> 337,1<in \i{}Dana\i0{} and \i{}Ruscus\i0{}> 338,1/2<in male
flowers> 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1/3 358,1
360<shortly>,2 361,1 365,1 367,1 368,1 372,1 373,1 374,3 375,1 376,2 378,2
379,2 384,1 386,1/2 387,3 388,1 391,2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<to form 5
cells>/2 396,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 404,1 409,2 412<red,>,6
421,1-4 422,1 432,3 433,1 435,2<2/3> 436<cylindrical, short,>,1 442,2
443<pale> 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 454,2 456,1 458,1 472,2 475,2<?>
479,1<\i{}Ruscus\i0{}> 480,2 487,1<steroidal> 488,2
490,1<\i{}Dana\i0{}>/2<\i{}Ruscus\i0{}, \i{}Semele\i0{}> 491<in
\i{}Dana\i0{},>,1&2 492,2 504,1&2&4 505,1&2 506,1 507,2 508,2 520,2
521<Western and Central Europe, Mediterranean> 522,1&2&3&5 527,2 530,4
558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16<as a synonym of \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{}> 578,9
579,3 580<\i{}Ruscus\i0{}, \i{}Semele\i0{}, \i{}Dana\i0{}> 581<Differing
from \i{}Asparagaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in conspicuous features of
the androecium, stamen morphology and pollen form, as well as embryology.>
586<ruscacea> 
 
# Rutaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Amyrideae\i0{} (\i{}Amyridaceae\i0{}) R. Brown, \i{}Aurantiaceae\i0{}
Juss., \i{}Boroniaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Correaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Cuspariaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Dictamnaceae\i0{} von Vest,
\i{}Diosmeae\i0{} (\i{}Diosmaceae\i0{}) R. Br., \i{}Diplolaenaceae\i0{}
J.G. Agardh, \i{}Fraxinellae\i0{}, (\i{}Fraxinellaceae\i0{}) Nees & Mart.,
\i{}Pilocarpeae\i0{}, (\i{}Pilocarpaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Pteleaceae\i0{} Kunth, \i{}Sarcodiscaceae\i0{} Dulac,
\i{}Zanthoxylaceae\i0{} Nees & Mart. corr. Bartl.> 4<\i{}Cneoraceae\i0{},
\i{}Flindersiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ptaeroxylaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rhabdodendraceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<mostly>/5<Rutieae> 7,1 9,1/2<sometimes
with spines> 10<sometimes>,1/2 12,1/2 32,3/4 37,1/2 39,1/2 40<usually>,1
43,1/2 45,1<mostly>/2-3<e.g. in \i{}Crowea\i0{}> 47,2 
50,1<nearly always>/2<<1.2%> exceptions:
\i{}Leptothyrsa\i0{}, \i{}Phellodendron\i0{}> 51,1 53,1<<20%>>/2<usually>
56<when compound (i.e. usually)>,3/4/6/1 60<when simple,>,1/2
62<when simple/undissected, e.g. in \i{}Boronia\i0{},>,3<and 
ericoid>/4/5/6/7/8 
63<when simple/dissected>,1/6 64,2/1
68,2<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 69<when present,>,2 73,4 81,2 85,1<known from
3 genera> 86,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/3 95<seemingly>,2 101,1/2 103,1/2
104<exhibiting various arrangements of subsidiaries> 106,1/2<infrequent in
many family members, but assorted glandular and eglandular forms occur>
116<almost always>,1 117,1 118<variously interpreted as>,1/2 122,1/2
123<commonly>,1 124,1/3 130,2<5 genera> 137<very often>,1<but sometimes
replaced by secretory cells> 138,1 139,1 140,2 141,1/3 143,1<mostly>/1-2<a
few with relatively broad primary rays in very young stems> 144,1 145,2
146,1<e.g., in \i{}Eriostemon\i0{}>/2 148,2 152<variousy>,1/2/3 153,1-2
154<typically>,2-3/5<sometimes> 156<typically>,3<save for rare
multiperforate plates seen in a few species> 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2
160,1<rarely>/2 161,2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 165,1/2<rarely absent> 167,2
169,1<\i{}Chloroxylon\i0{}>/2<?>/3<?> 175,1<usually>/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1<usually>/2/3<rarely>/5/8 184,2 187,1<rarely>/2 189,1/2/4/6/8
192,1<<75%> usually>/2 194,1/2/5<rarely> 196,1/2 200,1 203,2-3 205<commonly>,1/-
206,1<usually>/2<<20%>> 209<when noticeable,>,1&2<not K> 212<mostly>,(3-)5
213,1 216,2<associated with the disk>/3 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2<sometimes
one-sided>/1<e.g. in \i{}Coleonema\i0{}> 223,1<but the calyx sometimes
minute and inconspicuous> 224,(3-)6/(6-)10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4/5
238,1 239,1/3<basally> 245,3 251,1/3<e.g. \i{}Boronia\i0{},
\i{}Correa\i0{}> 252,2 254,(3-)4/5 255,1 258,1/3 265,1/3<the odd member
anterior> 267,3/1 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,2-5/8/10/20-60
279,2/1<by the splitting of simple primordia, e.g. in \i{}Citrus\i0{}>
282,1 284,1/2 285,1/2<the filaments usually more or less basally connate>
286,1/3-12<polyadelphous in \i{}Citrus\i0{}> 287,1/2 289,1/2 290<(often
representing the antepetalous whorl)>,(3-)4/5(-10) 291,1 295,2-60 298,1-5
299,1/2<when the outer whorl lost> 300,1/3 306,1/2<more or less,
e.g.\i{}Erythrochiton\i0{}, \i{}Melicope\i0{}> 308,1 309,3
310,3<usually>/2<<5%> more or less, e.g. \i{}Dictamnus\i0{}> 312,2 
313,1<rarely, e.g. in Crowea>/2 314<in \i{}Crowea\i0{}>,1 315,1
317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2 or 3> 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3-6(-8) 330,8
337,1<in 7 genera>/2<in 4 genera>/1&2<with both states recorded in
\i{}Ruta\i0{}> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,(1-)3<<5%>
rarely>/4-5(-100)<rarely many, e.g. in \i{}Citrus\i0{}> 342<when
syncarpous,>,(1-)4-5(-100)<to many> 343,2-3 344,2/7/3-4<the carpels
commonly more or less united basally or at the sides>/5-6<in the
Aurantioideae> 345,1<most
commonly>/2<\i{}Platyspermation\i0{}>/3<Aurantioideae> 350<when apo- or
semicarpous,>,(1-)2-100<i.e. to many> 351<of the free carpels>,2 352,1/2
353<when syncarpous,>,(1-)4-5(-100)<i.e. sometimes many> 361,1/3-5
363,1/2 365,1 372,1/2 373,1/2 374,2/4 376<when syncarpous,>,2
379,1-5(-50)<i.e. to many> 381,1-3 382,2<the micropyle facing upwards, the
raphe sometimes branching> 383<always>,1 384<when two or more per
cell,>,1/2/4 385,1/2 386,3/2 387,3/2<rarely> 388,2 389<usually>,1/2<rarely>
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397<sometimes>,2<and sometimes with
filiform apparatus> 399<usually>,1 400,2 401,1/2 402,1<aggressive, in
\i{}Aegle\i0{}> 403,1/4 404,1/2 405,1/2 406,1/2 407,1/2 408<when
apocarpous,>,3/7/8 409<when syncarpous,>,1/2/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,2-5(-100)<?> 411,2/3/4/7 412<when syncarpous and
non-schizocarpic,>,6<often in the form of a hesperidium>/7/10 422,1/2 432,3
433,2 434,1/2/3 435,1<6/17>/2<3/7> 436,1/2/3 445,1<common in
\i{}Citrus\i0{}> 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Citrus\i0{}, \i{}Fortunella\i0{},
\i{}Ruta\i0{}, \i{}Zanthoxylum\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Citrus\i0{},
\i{}Haplophyllum\i0{}> 469,2<in most material sampled>/1/3 472,1<rarely>/2
473,2 475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 477<sometimes>,1<e.g., in
\i{}Phellodendron\i0{}> 479,1<6 genera> 480,1<doubtfully,
\i{}Clausena\i0{}>/2<the rest> 483,2 484,2 487,1<seldom>/2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1/1&2 490,1<mostly>/2<e.g. \i{}Eriostemon\i0{}, Aurantioideae>
491,1&2/1&2&3 492,2<14 species, 13 genera> 495,2 520,2&3&4 521<pantropical
and subtropical, and widespread temperate>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-11(+)> 525,9
527,1 528,1 529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44
578,900 579<about>,150 580<\i{}Acmadenia\i0{}, \i{}Acradenia\i0{},
\i{}Acronychia\i0{}, \i{}Adenandra\i0{}, \i{}Adiscanthus\i0{},
\i{}Aegle\i0{}, \i{}Aeglopsis\i0{}, \i{}Afraegle\i0{}, \i{}Agathosma\i0{},
\i{}Almeidea\i0{}, \i{}Amyris\i0{}, \i{}Angostura\i0{}, \i{}Apocaulon\i0{},
\i{}Araliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Asterolasia\i0{}, \i{}Atalantia\i0{}, \i{}
Balfourodendron\i0{}, \i{}Balsomocitrus\i0{}, \i{}Barosma\i0{},
\i{}Bergera\i0{}, \i{}Boenninghausenia\i0{}, \i{}Boninia\i0{},
\i{}Boronia\i0{}, \i{}Bosistoa\i0{}, \i{}Bouchardatia\i0{},
\i{}Bouzetia\i0{}, \i{}Brombya\i0{}, \i{}Burkillanthus\i0{},
\i{}Calodendrum\i0{}, \i{}Casimiroa\i0{}, \i{}Choisya\i0{},
\i{}Chorilaena\i0{}, \i{}Citropsis\i0{}, \i{}Citrus\i0{},
\i{}Clausena\i0{}, \i{}Clymenia\i0{}, \i{}Cneoridium\i0{},
\i{}Coleonema\i0{}, \i{}Comptonella\i0{}, \i{}Conchocarpus\i0{}, 
\i{}Correa\i0{}, \i{}Crowea\i0{},
\i{}Cusparia\i0{}, \i{}Decagonocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Decatropis\i0{},
\i{}Decazyx\i0{}, \i{}Dictamnus\i0{}, \i{}Dictyoloma\i0{}, \i{}Diosma\i0{},
\i{}Diphasia\i0{}, \i{}Diphasiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Diplolaena\i0{},
\i{}Drummondita\i0{}, \i{}Dutaillyea\i0{}, \i{}Empleurum\i0{},
\i{}Eremocitrus\i0{}, \i{}Eriostemon\i0{}, \i{}Erythrochiton\i0{},
\i{}Esenbeckia\i0{}, \i{}Euchaetis\i0{}, \i{}Euodia\i0{},
\i{}Euxylophora\i0{}, \i{}Evodiella\i0{}, \i{}Fagaria\i0{},
\i{}Fagaropsis\i0{}, \i{}Feronia\i0{}, \i{}Feroniella\i0{},
\i{}Fortunella\i0{}, \i{}Galipea\i0{}, \i{}Geijera\i0{},
\i{}Geleznowia\i0{}, \i{}Glycosmis\i0{}, \i{}Halfordia\i0{},
\i{}Haplophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Helietta\i0{}, \i{}Hortia\i0{}, \i{}Ivodea\i0{},
\i{}Kodalyodendron\i0{}, \i{}Leionema\i0{}, \i{}Leptothyrsa\i0{},
\i{}Limnocitrus\i0{}, \i{}Limonia\i0{}, \i{}Lubaria\i0{}, \i{}Lunasia\i0{},
\i{}Luvunga\i0{}, \i{}Maclurodendron\i0{}, \i{}Macrostylis\i0{},
\i{}Medicosma\i0{}, \i{} Megastigma\i0{}, \i{}Melicope\i0{},
\i{}Merope\i0{}, \i{}Merrillia\i0{}, \i{}Metrodorea\i0{},
\i{}Microcitrus\i0{}, \i{}Microcybe\i0{}, \i{}Micromelum\i0{},
\i{}Monanthocitrus\i0{}, \i{}Monnieria\i0{}, \i{}Muiriantha\i0{},
\i{}Murraya\i0{}, \i{}Myrtopsis\i0{}, \i{}Naringi\i0{}, \i{}Naudinia\i0{},
\i{}Nematolepis\i0{}, \i{}Neobyrnesia\i0{}, \i{}Neoraputia\i0{},
\i{}Nycticalanthus\i0{}, \i{}Oricia\i0{}, \i{}Oriciopsis\i0{},
\i{}Orixa\i0{}, \i{}Oxanthera\i0{}, \i{}Pamburus\i0{}, \i{}Paramignya\i0{},
\i{}Peltostigma\i0{}, \i{}Pentaceras\i0{}, \i{}Phebalium\i0{},
\i{}Phellodendron\i0{}, \i{}Philotheca\i0{}, \i{}Phyllosma\i0{},
\i{}Pilocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Pitavia\i0{}, \i{}Platydesma\i0{},
\i{}Pleiospermium\i0{}, \i{}Plethadenia\i0{}, \i{}Polyaster\i0{},
\i{}Poncirus\i0{}, \i{}Pseudiosma\i0{}, \i{}Psilopeganum\i0{},
\i{}Ptelea\i0{}, \i{}Raputia\i0{}, \i{}Raputiarana\i0{}, \i{}Rauia\i0{},
\i{}Raulinosa\i0{}, \i{}Ravenia\i0{}, \i{}Raveniopsis\i0{},
\i{}Rhadinothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Ruta\i0{}, \i{}Rutaneblina\i0{},
\i{}Sarcomelicope\i0{}, \i{}Sargentia\i0{}, \i{}Severinia\i0{},
\i{}Sheilanthera\i0{}, \i{}Sigmatanthus\i0{}, \i{}Skimmia\i0{},
\i{}Spathelia\i0{}, \i{}Spiranthera\i0{}, \i{}Stauranthus\i0{},
\i{}Swinglea\i0{}, \i{}Teclea\i0{}, \i{}Tetractomia\i0{},
\i{}Tetradium\i0{}, \i{}Thamnosma\i0{}, \i{}Ticorea\i0{},
\i{}Toddalia\i0{}, \i{}Toddaliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tractocopevodia\i0{},
\i{}Triphasia\i0{}, \i{}Vepris\i0{}, \i{}Wenzelia\i0{},
\i{}Zanthoxylum\i0{}, \i{}Zieria\i0{}, \i{}Zieridium\i0{}> 582<Many edible
fruits from \i{}Citrus\i0{} spp., \i{}Aegle\i0{}, \i{}Casimiroa\i0{},
\i{}Clausena\i0{} etc. (orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, citron, Bengal
quince or bael fruit, casimiroa or white sapote, wampee, etc.); several are
or have been officinal (\i{}Ruta\i0{}, \i{}Galipea\i0{}, \i{}Toddalia\i0{},
chiefly on account of their oils).> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}A lemon
\line{}Stuck with cloves \line{}(Loves Labours Lost, v., 2)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The juice, with vinegar, given to smell unto, doth
revive and quicken such as have the forgetful sicknesse \line{}(Lyte, of
\i{}Ruta graveolens\i0{}) > 586<rutaceae> 
 
# Sabiaceae <Bl.>/
4<\i{}Meliosmaceae\i0{}.> 5,4<usually>/3 27,3<usually>/1<less often> 39,1
43,1/2 45,1 47,2 50<with minute, obscure reddish gland-dots, cf.
\i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{}> 53,1 60,2 64,2<the laterals usually
arcuate-anastomosing> 68,2 76,1<usually cartilaginous> 90,U 92,1 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1/3 106,1<records include simple unicellular, uniseriate
hairs, and glandular forms with uniseriate stalks and heads of one or more
cells> 116,2 123,1 124,2 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1/2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 150<fairly>,1 152,3 153,2 154<exclusively>,1 156,3/2&3<in different
species> 157,2 158,2 159,1/2<?> 160,2 161,1 162,2 163,1/2 164,2 165<very
sparse or absent> 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1/2/8 194,2
195<usually few- to many-flowered pedunculate cymes, rarely a small panicle
or a simple raceme> 203,1/2 206,1 212,(4-)5(-6) 213,1 215,2 220,1 221,2
222,2<or cupular>/1<the lobes sometimes bearing indurated, more or less
discoid glands> 223,1 224,(8-)10(-12) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1
239,1 251,1 254,(4-)5(-6) 255,1 256,2 258,1<the petals opposite the sepals,
larger> 265,1 271,1/2 278,(4-)5(-6) 280,2 282,2<to the bases of the petals>
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(4-)5(-6) 298,2 299,2<but also opposite the petals,
which are themselves opposite the sepals> 300,1 310,1/3 320,2<2> 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,8<to colporoidate> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4-5 345,1
352,2 353,2 360,2 361,2 363,2<erect, more or less coherent> 365,1-2
368,2<simple> 376,2-3 379,2 381,2-3 382<more or less>,1 383,1 384,1/2 386,2
387,2<the single integument not covering the dome-shaped nucellus, so
forming no micropyle> 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,3
401,1 402,1 404,1<with crustaceous, conspicuously sculptured or pitted
endocarp> 409,2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2 411,7<flattened, dorsally
gibbous drupaceous carpels, their styles becoming adaxially subbasal and
persisting as a beak on each carpel> 412<if non-schizocarpic,>,7 422,2
433,2<oily> 447,1 472,2 484,2 488,1 490,1 491,2/1&2<?> 495,2 504,2 506,3
510,1&2&3 520,3-4 521<India and Eastern Asia to the Solomons> 522,4&9&11
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 24> 527,1 528,1 529,10<?  tentatively re-assigned from
Rutiflorae, cf. Chase \i{}et al\i0{} 1993> 540<near>,2<?> 565,1 566,7 572,1
573,1 574<cf.>,8 577,24 578,55 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Sabia\i0{}>
581<\i{}Sabia\i0{} seems distinguishable from \i{}Meliosmaceae\i0{} (q.v.)
only by the regular flowers and the androecium comprising (4-)5(-6) stamens
with no staminodes.> 586<sabiacea> 
 
# Saccifoliaceae <Maguire & Pires>/
2<\i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}.> 5,3 14,U 38,2 39,1 40<closely crowded towards the
branch tips,>,1 43,U 44,1 45,1 53,1 60,2 62,8<spathulate>
64<seemingly>,4<see illustration in the original description>
65<seemingly>,1 66,5 68,2 76,1 77,2<and the lamina externally pouched at
the apex> 90,U 102,1 103,1<borne on (confined to?) the inner surface of the
pouch> 104,2 115,2 123,2 145,1 148,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
165<lacking> 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182<represented by glands at the bases
of the sepals?> 187,1 188,2 203<fairly showy> 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1 215,2
218,2 220,2 223,1 224,(8-)10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5 238,1
239,3<basally> 245,3 251,U 254,(4-)5 255,1 258,3 265<lobes>,1 266<with a
well developed tube> 267,3 278,(4-)5 280,2 282,2 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 296,1/2<halfway or more down> 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments
quite long, but the anthers enclosed by the corolla> 306,2 308,2 309,3
310,2-3 312,2 313,1 314,1<by extension of the connective into an evident
point> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2
353,2<but the partitions imperfect towards the apex> 356,U 358,1 360,2
361,1 364<more or less>,1 365,1 366,3<but included> 368,1-2<shortly
bilobed> 376,2<distally intruded-parietal> 379,30-70<many> 386,3
387,2<the single integument massive> 388,1 404<unknown>,U 475<seemingly>,2
484<apparently>,1 502,1 504,3 512,2 521<Guayana Highland> 522,15 527,1
528,2 529,23<?> 553,3<?> 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a
synonym of \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Saccifolium bandeiri\i0{}>
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Saccifolium\i0{}> 581<See Maguire and Pires 1978.
Ostensibly differing from \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the scalariform
vessel end-walls, as well as the peculiar leaf form.> 586<saccifol> 
 
# Salicaceae <Mirbel>/
4<here numerous genera formerly referred to \i{}Flacourtiaceae\i0{}
(q.v.).> 5,1&3<including some procumbent and almost herbaceous
\i{}Salix\i0{} species> 31,1/2<e.g., \i{}Salix alaxensis, S.
richardsonii\i0{}> 32,2<often on riversides, in fens and bogs, dune slacks,
etc.>/3 36,1<in some \i{}Populus\i0{} species>/2 37,2 38,2-4
39,1<mostly>/1-2 40,1/1-2 42,1 45,1<the distal end of the petiole
characterised by one or more closed rings of xylem and phloem, which in
\i{}Populus\i0{} are often vertically superimposed> 47,2 53,1 55,2
60,2<mainly>/1<in some \i{}Populus\i0{} species> 63<when dissected,
somewhat>,1/2<e.g., in summer leaf blades and on suckers of \i{}P.
alba\i0{}> 64,2<mostly>/4<some arctic species being campylodromous or
parallelodromous> 65,1 68<more or less>,2<e.g., \i{}Chosenia\i0{}, some
\i{}Salix\i0{} species>/1<usually, at least on vigorous shoots>
69,2<lateral to the petioles> 70,1 74,1<often>/2 76,1<to undulate or
crispate>/4<occasionally, more or less, or shallowly lobed>/2<or
crenulate>/3<or serrulate, or spinulose-serrulate, the margins sometimes
furnished with vesicular glands> 78,1 81,2 85,1<seen in \i{}Populus\i0{}>
86,3 92,1<usually>/2<e.g., isobilateral recorded species of both genera>
101,1<commonly>/2 102,1 103,2<frequently>/1<then abaxial>
104<often>,3<sometimes with two subsidiaries at either side> 106<usually
(?)>,1 107,1&2<the former simple and unicellular, sometimes thick-walled
basally; vesicular glands lined with radially arranged secretory cells
recorded mainly in \i{}Salix\i0{} species> 115,1/2 123,1 124,2&3
130,2<\i{}Salix\i0{}> 131,1 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2 148,2 150,3 152,1-3 153<fairly>,1 156,3 157,2 158,2 161,2 162,1
163,1/2 164,2 165,1<exclusively terminal> 166<commonly containing
crystalliferous fibres,>,1/2 167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,5
184<variously>,1/2 187,2 189,11<these pendulous in \i{}Populus\i0{},
usually erect in \i{}Salix\i0{}> 192<(i.e., the catkin)>,2 194,1<and
appearing after the leaves, e.g. in \i{}Salix herbacea\i0{}, \i{}S.
reticulata\i0{}>/2<usually, then lateral on the previous years wood, and
maturing with or more commonly before the leaves>/- 195<catkins, the males
and females on different plants> 197<sometimes somewhat>,1/2
200<individually>,1<with each member of the catkin subtended by a bract,
which is generally entire in \i{}Salix\i0{}, and lobed or cut in
\i{}Populus\i0{}> 202,2<according to the usual interpretations of catkin
structures> 203,1-2 218,2 223,7/6<a supposed vestigial calyx being
represented in \i{}Populus\i0{} by a cupular disk, or in \i{}Salix\i0{} by
one or two to several small, sometimes fringed, often unequal and sometimes
united nectariferous scales> 229,U 276,1/2<from female flowers>
277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,1/2<most \i{}Salix\i0{} species have two
while some (e.g., \i{}S. sitchensis\i0{}) genuinely have only one, and
others such as \i{}S. purpurea\i0{} have a pair of coalesced filaments but
two anthers>/3-30(-60)<with \i{}Populus\i0{} usually having several to
many> 279,1<?>/2<additional stamens in \i{}Salix\i0{} having been
variously interpreted as representing dedoublement of the medians or
development of the inner series> 280,2 285,1/2<by coalescence of
filaments> 286<when coherent,>,1 289,1 295,(1-)2-30(-60) 304,2 306,2 309,3
312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 321,3 322,2
328,1/2<\i{}Populus\i0{}> 329<when aperturate,>,(2-)3(-6)
330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2(-4) 342,1 343,3
344,4/4-5<with styles partially fused>/5 345,1 352,1 353,1 356<when
2-carpelled (i.e. usually),>,3 368,2-4 369,1/2 375,1/2
378,4-40(-50)<generally described as (2-) several to many, but most
\i{}Salix\i0{} species have fewer than 20 per carpel, some have few, and
some \i{}Salix\i0{} species and \i{}Chosenia arbutifolia\i0{} consistently
exhibit only 2 ovules per carpel> 380,1 381,3 385,1<the aril becoming
silky-hairy and surrounding the seed> 386,3 387,2/3<when the inner
integument is weakly developed> 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,1/2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414<24>,6
422<scantily>,1/2 424<when present,>,1 433,2 434<plano-convex> 435,1<2/8>
436,1 447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Populus\i0{}, \i{}Salix\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Populus\i0{}, \i{}Salix\i0{}> 469,1/2/3<but sucrose always
predominating, in 12 \i{}Populus\i0{} and \i{}Salix\i0{} species>
472,1<?>/2 475,2<usually>/1 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1/2 489<when
present,>,1/1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<2 genera, 8 species> 495,2 497,2
520,1&2 521<absent from Australasia and New Guinea, otherwise cosmopolitan,
but mostly temperate Northern hemisphere>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12, 19>
527,1 528,1 529,7 537,2 565,4 569,7 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,350
579,4 580<\i{}Salix\i0{}, \i{}Populus\i0{}, \i{}Chosenia\i0{}> 581<This
description corrected and extended via comments from George Argus (1998).
Rendle (1959) discusses classical interpretations of catkin and floral
morphology.> 582<Many are cultivated as ornamental trees and shrubs, and
\i{}Salix\i0{} contributes timber (notably for cricket bats) and withy
twigs for basketry. Willows are widely planted for erosion control, land
reclamation and as biomass for energy, and their roots are prone to destroy
the foundations of houses and drains.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}There
is a willow grows ascaunt the brook, \line{}That shows his hoar leaves in
the glassy stream \line{}(Hamlet, iv., 7) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Tell
him, in hope hell prove a widower shortly, \line{}Ill wear a willow
garland for his sake \line{}(3rd King Henry the Sixth, iii., 3)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}O, had the monster seen those lily hands
\line{}Tremble, like aspen leaves upon the lute \line{}(Titus
Andronicus,ii., 5)> 586<salicace> 
 
# Salvadoraceae <Lindl.>/
5,1/3<sometimes spinose, with axillary spines> 27,1/3 28<when scandent,>,6
32,4<of hot, dry, often coastal or saline regions> 39,2
43<somewhat>,3/1/2<usually olive grey> 45<shortly>,1 53,1 60,2 68,1<often,
but the stipules rudimentary>/2<?> 76,1 90,U 92,1<in \i{}Azima\i0{}>/2
102,1 104,1/2/3 115,1/2 123,1/2<? - with crystalline inclusions of
uncertain chemical composition: Metcalfe and Chalk> 124,2
130,2<\i{}Salvadora\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 143,2 144,1 145,2 148,2<?>/3<usually>
149<when present,>,2 150,1 152,3 153<tending to be>,1&2<with medium sized
ones surrounded by small tracheid-like members> 154,3&4 156,3 158,2 161,2
162,1 163,2 164,2 165,2<from scanty to vasicentric> 167<of the foraminate
type>,1 169,1/2<VPI> 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/5/8/9 187,2 189,7/8
192<mostly>,2 194,1/2 195<of various sorts, axillary or terminal, mostly
indeterminate> 203,2 206,1 212<mostly>,4 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1/2 221<when
present,>,2 222<when present,>,1<represented by small glands alternating
with the stamens> 223,1 224,(6-)8(-10) 226,2 227,1-2 229,U 236,2-4(-5)
238,1 239,3 240,3 245,3 251,1/3 254,4(-5) 255,1 257,1<with teeth or small
glands on the inside  these representing staminodes?>/2 258,1/3<shortly
connate at the base in \i{}Salvadora\i0{}> 260,3 265,1/2 267,3
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4(-5)/8(-10) 282,2/1&2 285,1/2<the stamens
connate below into a tube, in \i{}Dobera\i0{}> 287,1/2 289,1/2<often, if
teeth or glands inside the corolla are taken to be staminodal> 290<if
present,>,4(-5) 295,4(-5) 298,2 299,2 306,1 309,3 311,2<the loculi back to
back> 312,2 313,1<via a small, pointed extension of the connective>/2 324,2
328,1 329,3<usually>/6 330,8<usually tricolporate>/10<exceptionally
6-rug(or)oidate> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3 344,5/6
345,1 352,1/2 353,1<\i{}Dobera\i0{}, \i{}Salvadora\i0{}>/2<\i{}Azima\i0{}>
360<shortly>,2 361,1 365,1 366,1 368,1/2 370<entire or bilobed> 375<when
unilocular,>,1 376<when bilocular,>,1-2 378,1-2 379,1-2 381,3 382,1 383,1
386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<large> 395,2 397,1 400,2
404,1 409,2 412,6/7 415,2 421<mostly>,1 422,2 432,3 433,2 434<plano-convex,
cordate, oily> 461,1 462<\i{}Salvadora\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Salvadora\i0{}>
471,1 472,1 475,1/2 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,2 492,2<\i{}Salvadora\i0{}> 495,2
504,2 506,1&2&3 520,3-4 521<Africa, Madagascaar, Southern Asia, Malaysia>
522,2&4&5&6&7&8&9 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,5<or
\i{}Capparidales\i0{}> 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,12
579,3 580<\i{}Azima\i0{}, \i{}Dobera\i0{}, \i{}Salvadora\i0{}>
582<Toothbrushes consisting of twigs and stems with supposed antibacterial
properties are used in Africa and the Middle East, while oils are used to
treat rheumatism, and fruits and young shoots have other assorted herbalist
applications.> 586<salvador> 
 
# Sambucaceae <Link.>/
2<\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Adoxaceae\i0{} sensu lato.>
4<\i{}Viburnaceae\i0{} Dum.> 5<small>,1/3/5<few> 31,1 32,3 37,2 39,2 45,1
51,3 53,2 56,4/4&6<in that in some species, some leaflets may be paired>
57,1 64,2 65,1 68,1<sometimes with four or more stipules side by side at a
node>/2 73<when present, often>,1 76,3 78,1 81,2 89,1<this abundant> 90,U
92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<mostly>,1 106,1 107,1&2 108,1&2<the
eglandular ones simple and unicellular, the glandular ones with uniseriate
stalk and multicellular, ellipsoidal head> 109,2 112,2 135,1<wide, spongy,
consisting of dead cells in mature shoots> 139,1 140,2 141,3/4/5 142,1<at
least in \i{}S. nigra\i0{} and \i{}S. ebulus\i0{}: see illustration>/2<?>
143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 152,2/3 153<small> 154,2&3&5 156,3/2&3
157,2 158,1<slight>/2 159,2 162,1 164,1 165<scanty>,2 169,2<VP> 170,1<often
abundant>/2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,2 189,1&6&8 192,1 194,1 195<large,
repeatedly branched, compound, flat topped, umbelliform corymbs and
thyrses> 202,1<with articulate pedicels> 203,2/3 205,1/2<a matter of
opinion> 206,1 212,3-5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,6-10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,3-5 238,1 239,3 245,3 248,1 251,4 252,2 254,3-5 255,1 258,3 265,1/3
266,1<i.e., the tube very short> 267,3 268,2 278,3-5 280,2 282,2<to the
corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,3-5 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 310,1 312,2
315,1 318,2 320,1 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,2 339,3-5 341,1-2
342,3-5 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2 353,3-5 359,1/2 360<more or less>,1 368,3-5
372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2/3 379,1 381,1 382,2 383,1 386,3 387,2 388,1
391,3<\i{}Adoxa\i0{} type> 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 404,1
409,2 412,7<berrylike> 415,1<with 35 one-seeded pyrenes> 421,3-5 422,1
424,1 435,1<1/1> 436,1 461,1 462<\i{}Sambucus\i0{}> 472,1/2<in different
species> 483,2 484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 488,2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 494,1
520,2-4 521<widespread, but absent from Amazonia, Arabia, India, Western
Australia and Pacific, and represented in Africa by only one species in the
Eastern mountains> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,5 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66<as a synonym of
\i{}Adoxaceae\i0{}> 578<up to>,40<with numerous segregates> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Sambucus\i0{}> 581<\i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence analyses by Backlund
and Bremer (1997) imply close relationship between \i{}Adoxa\i0{},
\i{}Sambucus\i0{} and \i{}Viburnum\i0{}; strongly supporting the taxonomic
integrity of Bentham and Hookers tribe \i{}Caprifoliaceae-Sambuceae\i0{}
(= \i{}Adoxaceae\i0{} sensu lato, e.g. Judd \i{}et al\i0{}. 1984) but
suggesting that these genera are relatively distant from
\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}. Perhaps their true affinities (a bone of
contention since the nineteenth century) have now been resolved. In any
case, comparison of this description with that of \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto (q.v.) reveals differences in 17 characters, representing
vegetative morphology and anatomy, inflorescence, flowers (perianth,
androecium, gynoecium, ovules), embryo ..... > 582<Mature berries of some
(notably, \i{}S. nigra\i0{}) are used to make wine, and flowers provide
flavouring and are used in herbal medicine (e.g., as diuretic). Most have
poisonous properties, especially in young shoots, and \i{}S. racemosa\i0{}
is very poisonous. 'White elder pith' is much used by plant anatomists to
support material for sectioning.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}What says my
Aesculapius, my Galen, my heart of elder? \line{}(i.e. by contrast with
heart-of-oak: Merry Wives, ii., 3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And let the
stinking elder, grief, entwine, \line{}His perishing roots with the
increasing vine \line{}(Cymbeline, iv., 2  the foetid \i{}S.
ebulus\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}HOLOFERNES: Begin, sir, you are my
elder. \line{}BIRON: Well followed: Judas was hanged on an elder
\line{}(Loves Labours Lost, v., 2) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}If the
medicinal properties of the leaves, bark, berries, etc., were thoroughly
known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he might fetch
a remedy from every hedge, either for sickness or wound. \line{}John Evelyn
(1664), Sylva (of \i{}S. nigra\i0{}).> 586<sambucac> 
 
# Santalaceae <R. Br>/
3<\i{}Anthoboleae\i0{} (\i{}Anthobolaceae\i0{}) Dum., \i{}Arionaceae\i0{}
Van Tiegh., \i{}Arjonaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh. corr. Bullock,
\i{}Canoppiaceae\i0{} (\i{}Canopodaceae\i0{}) C. Presl,
\i{}Exocarpaceae\i0{} Gagnep., \i{}Osyrinae\i0{} (\i{}Osyridaceae\i0{})
Link, \i{}Podospermaceae\i0{} Dulac, \i{}Sarcopodaceae\i0{} Gagnep.>
4<\i{}Viscaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3&5 9<more or less>,1/2 10<sometimes>,1 12,1-2
13,1/2<?> 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,1/2 32,3/4 39,2<usually>/1 43,1/2/3/4/5 45,1-3
50,1/2 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2 68,2 90,U 92,1/2/3 102,1 104<usually>,3
115,1/2 130,2<\i{}Colpon\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,1 148,2 156,3 157,2 159,1
160<often>,1 161,1 165,1/2 175,1/2&3/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/3/4/7 192,1/2 194,1/2 195<variously spikes, racemes or
heads, the flowers solitary in the bract axils or forming cymes of three>
200,1 203,2 206,1 212,(3-)4-5(-8) 213,1 215,1 218,1/2 223,3/4<dubiously,
then perhaps sepaline-petaloid> 224,(3-)4-5(-8) 225,1/2<the lobes valvate>
226,1 228,1/2 229,U 231,1/2/3/4/6 232,1/2 233,1/2
236<(calycode)>,(3-)4-5(-8) 238,1 239,3 245,3 247,1/2 248,1/2 251,3
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(3-)4-5(-8) 280,2 282,1<attached at its
base>/2<to the middle of the lobes> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(3-)4-5(-8)
298,2 299,2 306,1/2 309,1/2-3 310,3 311,2/3<\i{}Choretrum\i0{}> 312,2 315,1
318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,6/7/8<or colporoidate>
337,1<in 4 genera> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-5) 341,1-2
342,1/(2-)3(-5) 343,3 344,5/6 345,2-3 352,1 353,1<at least above>
359<commonly>,1 360,1/1-2/2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3<or lobed> 375,1/5
377,1-2 378,1-3(-4) 381,1 386,2-3 387,2/1 388,1 391,1/2 392,1 393,1
394,1<trinucleate, \i{}Quinchamalium\i0{}>/3<usually> 395,2 396,1
397<usually>,2 400,1/3 401,1 402,1/3 403<variable and often irregular>
404,1/2 409,2 412,7/8 415,2 421,1 422,1 424,1/2 428,2 433,2
435,2<\i{}Thesium linifolium\i0{}> 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Comandra\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Comandra\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Santalum\i0{}> 472,2 474,1
475,1<<60%>>/2 484,2 487,2 488,1<Gibbs 1974>/2 492,2<\i{}Thesium\i0{}>
520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except in cold regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-7, 12, 13 (or
more)> 527,1 528<dubiously>,1 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2 574,14
577,49 578,400 579,38 580<\i{}Acanthosyris\i0{}, \i{}Amphorogyne\i0{},
\i{}Anthobolus\i0{}, \i{}Arjona\i0{}, \i{}Austroamericium\i0{},
\i{}Buckleya\i0{}, \i{}Cervantesia\i0{}, \i{}Choretrum\i0{},
\i{}Cladomyza\i0{}, \i{}Colpoon\i0{}, \i{}Comandra\i0{},
\i{}Daenikera\i0{}, \i{}Dendromyza\i0{}, \i{}Dendrotrophe\i0{},
\i{}Dufrenoya\i0{}, \i{}Elaphanthera\i0{}, \i{}Exocarpos\i0{},
\i{}Geocaulon\i0{}, \i{}Jodina\i0{}, \i{}Kunkeliella\i0{},
\i{}Leptomeria\i0{}, \i{}Mida\i0{}, \i{}Myoschilos\i0{}, \i{}Nanodea\i0{},
\i{}Nestronia\i0{}, \i{}Okoubaka\i0{}, \i{}Omphacomeria\i0{},
\i{}Osyridocarpos\i0{}, \i{}Osyris\i0{}, \i{}Phacellaria\i0{},
\i{}Pyrularia\i0{}, \i{}Quinchamalium\i0{}, \i{}Rhoiacarpos\i0{},
\i{}Santalum\i0{}, \i{}Scleropyrum\i0{}, \i{}Spirogardnera\i0{},
\i{}Thesidium\i0{}, \i{}Thesium\i0{}> 582<Some produce edible fruit, and
\i{}Santalum album\i0{} is the source of timber and perfume (sandalwood and
sandalwood oil).> 586<santalac> 
 
# Sapindaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Dodonaeaceae\i0{} Link, \i{}Dyssapindaceae\i0{} Radlk.,
\i{}Koelreuteriaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Saponaceae\i0{} Vent.>
4<\i{}Hippocastanceae\i0{}, \i{}Ptaeroxylaceae\i0{}> 5,1/2<a few being
palm- or tree-fern like in habit>/3/4/5 6,1<often>/3 8,2 27,1/3 28<the
climbers>,3<the tendrils representing modified infloresences>/6 32,3 39,1
40,1 45,1 47,2 50,1<often>/2 53,2<usually>/1<<10%> but it remains to be
ascertained how often records of this condition could reasonably be
interpreted as unifoliolate> 55<often>,1 56<usually>,3/4/6/7<sometimes
biternate> 60<when simple,>,1-2 63<when more or less dissected,>,1 64,2
65,1 68,1<in some climbers>/2 85,1<recorded in 17 genera and numerous
species> 86,1/2/3 89,1<occasionally>/2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3 95,2
100,1<often>/2 101,1<very commonly>/2 104,1<usually>/3 106<of numerous
kinds>,1<in the family> 107,1/2<often, on young leaves> 108,1/2 109,1<often
2-armed>/2 112,1<often>/2 113<when present,>,1/2<or tufted> 115,1<often>/2
116,2 120,1/2<?> 121,1/2<?> 122,1/2 123<usually>,1 124,2/3
130,2<\i{}Cardiospermum\i0{}, \i{}Dodonaea\i0{}, \i{}Melicocca\i0{}>
137,2<i.e., no resin canals> 139,1 140,2<usually>/1<e.g. \i{}Dodonaea\i0{}>
141,3 143,1/3<only in lianes \i{}Serjania\i0{} and \i{}Paulinia\i0{}> 144,1
145,2 148,2/3<in lianes: see illustration> 149<of lianes>,1/2<sometimes
involving development of separate xylem masses, and in \i{}Serjania\i0{}
and \i{}Paulinia\i0{} very peculiar, where ridged stems result from the
activity of fascicular cambia in the several rings of permanently separate
vascular bundles>/- 150<in normal forms with a xylem cylinder,>,3<commonly
uniseriate> 152,1-3 153<typically>,1/2 154<typically>,1&3 156,3 157,2
158,1/2 159,2 162,1 163<nearly always>,1 164,2 165,2/1&2 167,1<rarely>/2
169,1<e.g. \i{}Diplokeleba\i0{}>/2<VPI, \i{}Sapindus\i0{}>/3
175,2&3/1&2&3/1&2/1&3 176,1 177,2/8/9<but seemingly with much scope for
confusion re. appearance \i{}versus\i0{} functional fertility of floral
components> 178,1<at least, often with ostensibly well developed but
non-functional stamens>/2<?> 187,1<<10%> rarely>/2 189,1 192,1 195<usually
cymes, thyrses or cincinni> 200<usually>,1 202,1<usually>/2 203,2
206,1-3<often obliquely zygomorphic> 209,1&2 212<often>,4/5/- 213,1
215,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 216,1-2<e.g. sometimes in \i{}Dodonaea\i0{}, by
elongation of the disk of female and bisexual flowers>/3 218,2
220,1<usually>/2<<5%> or at least indistinct, e.g in \i{}Dodonaea\i0{}>
221,1<the stamens usually inserted within it, occasionally upon it>
222<annular or one-sided> 223,1<usually>/3<<10%> the corolla occasionally
lacking> 224,(3-)4-5(-7)<<10%> rarely>/8/9/10 226,1<<10%>
rarely>/2<usually> 227,1/2<e.g. when the abaxial petal is lacking> 229,U
236,(3-)4/5(-7) 238,1 239,1<<75%> usually>/2<sometimes ostensibly
4-merous>/3<sometimes basally connate> 242<sometimes>,2 245,1/3
251,1<usually>/3<<10%>> 252<when K5,>,2/- 254,4/5 255,1 257,1<often, the
appendages basal, scalelike>/2 258,3<usually>/1<<1%> e.g.
\i{}Koelreuteria\i0{}> 265,1 267,1/3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,8/10<<70%>
usually>/4-5(-6)/11-100<i.e., sometimes many> 282,1 285,1 287,2<rather
theoretically 5+5>/1/2-5<sometimes polystemonous in several indistinct
series, in \i{}Distichostemon\i0{}> 289<of male-fertile flowers>,1
295,4-5(-6)<<5%> rarely>/8/10<<70%>>/11-100<<5%> rarely many> 298,2<<2%>
rarely, e.g. in \i{}Ganophyllum\i0{}>/3-5<usually> 303,3<the filaments
often hairy> 306,1/2<to slightly ventrifixed> 308<more or less>,1 309,3
310,3 312,2 313,1<usually>/2 314,1<by connective extension> 315,1 317,1/2
318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2<12 layers> 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8<usually
tricolporate, sometimes bicolporate, sometimes syncolporate>/7<rarely 34
porate> 337,1<in \i{}Koelreuteria\i0{}, \i{}Litchi\i0{} and
\i{}Xanthoceras\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,(2-)3(-8) 341,1/2
342,(2-)3(-8) 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)3(-8) 360,2
361,1<usually>/2-4 363,1/2 364,1/2<rarely, from between the ovary lobes>
365,1 372,1 373,2 374,4 376,2-1 379,1(-2)/2-5<Dodonaeoideae> 380,1/2<then
attached to placental protuberances> 381,1/2/3 382,1<Engler> 383,1/3
385,1<usually>/2<<15%>> 386,2/3/4/5 387,3 388,2 389,1<usually>/2<rarely>
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<forming up to 14 cells>/2
396,1<usually>/2<rarely> 397,2 399,1 400,2 403,2 404,1/2 409,1/2/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,(2-)3(-8)<?> 412<when non-schizocarpic>,1/6/7/8/10 414,5/1/7
422,2 431,1/2 433,2 434,1<?>/2/4<and sometimes confluent> 435,1<4/6>/2<4/4>
436,2/3/4 437,2 447,1/2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Cardiospermum\i0{}>
464<\i{}Dodonaea\i0{} (? - a perhaps dubious record involving a
non-succulent species> 466,2<\i{}Nephelium\i0{}> 469,1<in 9 genera> 472,1/2
473,5<and CN lipids> 475,1<<30%>>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1 489,1/1&2 490,1
491,2/1&2/2&3/1&2&3 492,2<6 species, 5 genera> 495,2 520,2-4
521<pantropical and subtropical, also Japan, and widespread in Australasia>
522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10-16> 527,1 528,1
529,15 545,2 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44 578<about>,2000
579<about>,140 580<\i{}Alectryon\i0{}, \i{}Allophylus\i0{},
\i{}Allosanthus\i0{}, \i{}Amesiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Aporrhiza\i0{},
\i{}Arfeuillea\i0{}, \i{}Arytera\i0{}, \i{}Atalaya\i0{}, \i{}Athyana\i0{},
\i{}Averrhoidium\i0{}, \i{}Beguea\i0{}, \i{}Bizonula\i0{},
\i{}Blighia\i0{}, \i{}Blighiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Blomia\i0{},
\i{}Boniodendron\i0{}, \i{}Bridgesia\i0{}, \i{}Camptolepis\i0{},
\i{}Cardiospermum\i0{}, \i{}Castanospora\i0{}, \i{}Chonopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Chouxia\i0{}, \i{}Chytranthus\i0{}, \i{}Conchopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Cossinia\i0{}, \i{}Cubilia\i0{}, \i{}Cupania\i0{},
\i{}Cupaniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Deinbollia\i0{}, \i{}Delavaya\i0{},
\i{}Diatenopteryx\i0{}, \i{}Dictyoneura\i0{}, \i{}Dilodendron\i0{},
\i{}Dimocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Diploglottis\i0{}, \i{}Diplokelepa\i0{},
\i{}Diplopeltis\i0{}, \i{}Distichostemon\i0{}, \i{}Dodonaea\i0{},
\i{}Doratoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Elattostachys\i0{}, \i{}Eriocoelum\i0{},
\i{}Erythrophysa\i0{}, \i{}Euchorium\i0{}, \i{}Euphorianthus\i0{},
\i{}Eurycorymbus\i0{}, \i{}Exothea\i0{}, \i{}Filicium\i0{},
\i{}Ganophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Glenniea\i0{}, \i{}Gloeocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Gongrodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Gongrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Guindilia\i0{},
\i{}Guioa\i0{}, \i{}Handeliodendron\i0{}, \i{}Haplocoelum\i0{},
\i{}Harpullia\i0{}, \i{}Hippobromus\i0{}, \i{}Hornea\i0{},
\i{}Houssayanthus\i0{}, \i{}Hypelate\i0{}, \i{}Hypseloderma\i0{},
\i{}Jagera\i0{}, \i{}Koelreuteria\i0{}, \i{}Laccodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Lecaniodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Lepiderema\i0{}, \i{}Lepidopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Lepisanthes\i0{}, \i{}Litchi\i0{}, \i{}Llagunoa\i0{},
\i{}Lophostigma\i0{}, \i{}Loxodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Lychnodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Macphersonia\i0{}, \i{}Magonia\i0{}, \i{}Majidea\i0{},
\i{}Matayba\i0{}, \i{}Melicoccus\i0{}, \i{}Mischocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Molinaea\i0{}, \i{}Neotina\i0{}, \i{}Nephelium\i0{},
\i{}Otonephelium\i0{}, \i{}Pancovia\i0{}, \i{}Pappea\i0{},
\i{}Paranephelium\i0{}, \i{}Paullinia\i0{}, \i{}Pavieasia\i0{},
\i{}Pentascyphus\i0{}, \i{}Phyllotrichum\i0{}, \i{}Placodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Plagioscyphus\i0{}, \i{}Podonephelium\i0{}, \i{}Pometia\i0{},
\i{}Porocystis\i0{}, \i{}Pseudima\i0{}, \i{}Pseudopancovia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudopteris\i0{}, \i{}Radlkofera\i0{}, \i{}Rhysotoechia\i0{},
\i{}Sapindus\i0{}, \i{}Sarcopteryx\i0{}, \i{}Sarcotoechia\i0{},
\i{}Schleichera\i0{}, \i{}Scyphonychium\i0{}, \i{}Serjania\i0{},
\i{}Sinoradlkofera\i0{}, \i{}Sisyrolepis\i0{}, \i{}Smelophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Stadmania\i0{}, \i{}Stocksia\i0{}, \i{}Storthocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Synima\i0{}, \i{}Talisia\i0{}, \i{}Thinouia\i0{}, \i{}Thouinia\i0{},
\i{}Thouinidium\i0{}, \i{}Tina\i0{}, \i{}Tinopsis\i0{}, \i{}Toechima\i0{},
\i{}Toulicia\i0{}, \i{}Trigonachras\i0{}, \i{}Tripterodendron\i0{},
\i{}Tristira\i0{}, \i{}Tristiropsis\i0{}, \i{}Tsingya\i0{},
\i{}Ungnadia\i0{}, \i{}Urvillea\i0{}, \i{}Vouarana\i0{},
\i{}Xanthoceras\i0{}, \i{}Xeropspermum\i0{}, \i{}Zanha\i0{},
\i{}Zollingeria\i0{}> 582<Edible fruits: Spanish lime
(\i{}Melicoccus\i0{}), litchi and longan (\i{}Litchi\i0{} spp.), pulusan
and rambutan (\i{}Nephelium\i0{} spp.); \i{}Blighea\i0{} with edible arils
(akee).> 586<sapindac> 
 
# Sapotaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Achraceae\i0{} Roberty, \i{}Achradaceae\i0{} von Vest,
\i{}Bumeliaceae\i0{} Barnh.> 4<\i{}Sarcospermataceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3
6,1/2<yellow in \i{}Chromolucuma\i0{}, blue in \i{}Niemeyera\i0{}> 
32,3 37,1
39,1<usually>/2/3 40,1/2 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1<<10%>
rarely>/2 73<sometimes represented by stalked glands> 76,1 85,1 86,1
87,1<these articulated> 88,1&2&3 89,1/2 90,U 92,1/3 103,1<nearly always
abaxial only>/2<rarely> 104,1<usually>/3<recorded in only a few species>
106,1 107,1&2<the latter often secreting resin> 108<mostly or
exclusively>,1 109,1<usually 2-armed or with one of the arms reduced or
absent>/2<abundant in \i{}Delpydora\i0{}, rarely scalelike>
115,1<commonly>/2 116,- 122,1<commonly>/2 123,1 124,2/3<or in the form of
crystal sand> 130,2<\i{}Chrysophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Pouteria\i0{}> 139,1 140,2
141,3<usually>/1 143,1 144,1 148,2 150,3 153,1-3 154<commonly>,1&2&3&5
156,3 157,2 159,1/2<?> 160<often>,1 161,1/2<mostly> 162,1/2 163,1<rarely>/2
164,2 165<typically>,1 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/8 192,1 194,2<sometimes on old stems> 195<cymose bunches>
202,1 203,2<often>/3 206,1<<90%> usually>/2-3 213,1 215,2-4 218,2 223,1
224,6-16(-20) 226,2/3 227,1 229,U 236,4/5/6/8 238,1<then 5>/2<then 2+2, 3+3
or 4+4> 239,1 251<when one whorled,>,1/- 254,3-6/8/10 255,1/2<and sometimes
ostensibly 2-whorled, through the lobes of the single whorl bearing dorsal
appendages like themselves> 257,1<with dorsal appendages on the lobes>/2
258,3 265,1 278,4-15 282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1-3 289,1-2<the outer,
antesepalous whorl when present often staminodal> 290,2/3/4/5 291<when
present,>,1 293,1/2 295,4-15 298,2/3/4 299,1/2 300,2/3 309,3
310<commonly>,1 312,2 328,1 329,3-4(-6) 330,8
337,1<\i{}Calocarpum\i0{}>/2<\i{}Bumelia\i0{}, \i{}Dipholis\i0{}>
339,(2-)4-14(-30) 341,2/3<commonly double the number of one staminal whorl>
342,(2-)4-14(-30) 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)4-14(-30) 360,2 361,1
364,1 365,1 368,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2/2-1 379,1 381,3 386,2-3 387,2
388,1 391,1 392,1 393,2<the three nuclei soon degenerating> 397,2 400,2
404,1 409,2 412,6<although the flesh is sometimes sclerenchymatous near
the outside> 422,1/2 424,1 431,1/2 432,3 433,2<large, thin, flat>
435,2<4/4> 447,1/2 469,1<in 5 genera> 472,1/2 473,2 475,1<<50%>>/2 484,2
487,1/2 488,1/2<\i{}Pouteria\i0{}> 489<when present,>,2/1&2 490,1
491,1/2&3/1&2&3 492,2<5 genera, 5 species> 495,2 520,4 521<pantropical>
522,4&6&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 9-13> 527,1 528,2 529,9
539,1 565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,800 579<about>,55<3575,
with problems over generic definition> 580<\i{}Achras\i0{} (=
\i{}Manilkara\i0{}), \i{}Argania\i0{}, \i{}Aubregrinia\i0{},
\i{}Aulandra\i0{}, \i{}Autranella\i0{}, \i{}Baillonella\i0{},
\i{}Breviea\i0{}, \i{}Bumelia\i0{}, \i{}Burckella\i0{},
\i{}Butyrospermum\i0{}, \i{}Calocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Capurodendron\i0{},
\i{}Chromolucuma\i0{}, \i{}Chrysophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Delpydora\i0{},
\i{}Diploknema\i0{}, \i{}Dipholis\i0{}, \i{}Diploon\i0{},
\i{}Eberhardtia\i0{}, \i{}Ecclinusa\i0{}, \i{}Elaeoluma\i0{},
\i{}Englerophytum\i0{}, \i{}Faucherea\i0{}, \i{}Gluema\i0{},
\i{}Inhambanella\i0{}, \i{}Isonandra\i0{}, \i{}Labourdonnaisia\i0{},
\i{}Labramia\i0{}, \i{}Lecomtedoxa\i0{}, \i{}Leptostylis\i0{},
\i{}Letestua\i0{}, \i{}Madhuca\i0{}, \i{}Manilkara\i0{},
\i{}Micropholis\i0{}, \i{}Mimusops\i0{}, \i{}Neohemsleya\i0{},
\i{}Neolemonniera\i0{}, \i{}Nesoluma\i0{}, \i{}Niemeyera\i0{},
\i{}Northia\i0{}, \i{}Omphalocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Palaquium\i0{},
\i{}Payena\i0{}, \i{}Pichonia\i0{}, \i{}Planchonella\i0{}, 
\i{}Pouteria\i0{}, \i{}Pradosia\i0{},
\i{}Pycnandra\i0{}, \i{}Sarcaulus\i0{}, \i{}Sideroxylon\i0{},
\i{}Tieghemella\i0{}, \i{}Tridesmostemon\i0{}, \i{}Tsebona\i0{},
\i{}Vitellaria\i0{}, \i{}Vitellariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Xantolis\i0{}> 582<Edible
fruits from \i{}Achras sapota\i0{} (sapodilla, sapota, marmalade plum,
chiku), \i{}Chrysophyllum cainito\i0{} (star-apple), \i{}Pouteria\i0{}
(abiu, canistel, eggfruit), \i{}Sideroxylon australe\i0{} (Australian
native plum); gutta-percha from the latex of \i{}Palaquium gutta\i0{}.>
586<sapotace> 
 
# Sarcobataceae <Behnke>/
2<\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}.> 5<spiny, halophytic>,3 14,1 31,1 32<halophytic>
39,1 40,1 42,4 43,3 45,3 53,1 60,2 62,3 68,2 148,3<judging from an
illustration of the wood of \i{}S. vermiculatus\i0{}> 162,1 165,2 167,1
175,2&3 176,1 177,2<according to Behnke (1997)>/2&5<Yamplolsky and
Yampolsky (1922)> 178,2 179,3 187,1<female>/2<male> 188<when solitary and
female,>,2 189<when aggregated and male,>,11 202,2 223,3<represented by the
perigonium of female flowers>/6-7<male flowers> 229,U 232<in female
flowers,>,1 234,1 236,2<in female flowers only, represented by the bilobed
perigonium> 239,3 240,3 244,3 247,1 248,1 249,1<coming to enclose the
fruit, and winged> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,1-4 280,2 285,1 295,1-4
303<shortly>,3 309,3 310,2 312,2<4-locular, according to Behnke> 328,1
330,9<with raised pore margins> 338,1/2 339,2 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,2<the
perianth adnate> 352,1 353,1 360,1 361,1 365,1 368,2 373,1 375,1 378,1
413,3 422,2 433,2 435,1 436,4<flat-spiralled> 470,U 486,1 497,1 498,3<but
containing a central protein crystal, unlike those typifying
\i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}> 504,1 505,1&3 507,5 520,2 521<halophytic, in the
North American Great Basin and southwestern deserts> 522,12 527,1 528,1
529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,2<\i{}Sarcobatus
baileyi\i0{}, \i{}S. vermiculatus\i0{}> 579,1 580<\i{}Sarcobatus\i0{}>
581<The oddity of \i{}Sarcobatus\i0{} among \i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{} has
long been acknowledged, e.g. by Bentham and Hooker (1880), who presented it
as a monogeneric tribe. Behnke (1997) proposed family rank, because
sieve-element plastid details support chloroplast DNA sequencing studies in
placing it nearer \i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{} than \i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}. He
presents an extended exposition on taxonomic history (including
vernacular names, ethnobiology, etc.), but no organized comparative
descriptive data  merely a short Latin diagnosis of the new family.
Neither the latter nor the more detailed description attempted here
effectively separate it morphologically from \i{}Chenopodiaceae\i0{}.>
586<sarcobat> 
 
# Sarcolaenaceae <Caruel>/
1<\i{}Chlaenaceae\i0{} Thou.> 3<\i{}Rhodolaenaceae\i0{} Bullock,
\i{}Schizochlaenaceae\i0{} Wetttst.> 5<beautiful>,1/3 8,2 37<mostly>,1 39,1
43,2/1<?> 45,1<the petioles with complex anatomy, often siphonostelic with
medullary bundles> 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1 69<often large,>,2<similar
to those in \i{}Ficus\i0{}> 70,1 74<usually>,1 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1
104<more or less>,1 106,1 107,1&2 108,1/2 109,1/2 111,1/2 112,1<often>/2
113,1/2<commonly> 115,1/2 116,2 121,1 122,1/2<usually> 123,1 124,2 132,1
135,1/2 137,2<but usually with mucilage cells in pith and cortex> 141,3
143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3<exclusively uniseriate> 152,3
153,2 154<exclusively>,1 156,3 157,1<sometimes>/2<?> 158,2 159,1 160,2
161,2 163,2 164<fairly thick walled,>,2 165,1<diffuse> 166,1 167,2 169,3
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1/5/8 192,1 195<consisting of flowers borne
singly or paired within involucres of various forms, in cymose
aggregations> 196,1<i.e. the solitary or paired flowers subtended by
involucels of bractlets, these distinct or more or less connate, sometimes
cupulate and then sometimes interpreted as derived from the pedicel tips>
197,U 198,1<often becoming lignified, surrounding the fruit>/2 206,1 218,2
220,1/2 221,1 222,1-2<more or less cupular, entire or toothed, supposedly
staminodial in origin> 223,1 224,8(-11) 227,1-2 229,U 236,3(-5) 239,1<when
5, the two outer members smaller than the three inner, when four either one
or three outer members smaller> 251,1 254,5(-6) 255,1 258,1/3<the petals
sometimes very slightly united at the base> 260,3 265,2
278,5-10<\i{}Leptolaena\i0{}>/12-200<?  usually very numerous> 279,1
280,1<usually, presumably>/2 281<usually>,2<?> 282,1 285,1/2<sometimes
fasciculate, the bundles of filaments weakly connate at the base> 286<when
in bundles,>,5-10 289,1/2<the disk sometimes thus interpretable> 290<when
present,>,5-10<?> 295,5-10<\i{}Leptolaena\i0{}>/30-200<?  usually very
numerous> 298,5<usually>/2-3<\i{}Leptolaena\i0{}> 303,3<the filaments
slender> 306,1/2 309,3 310,1/3 311,2 312,2 324,1 327,3 328,1 329,3-6
330,8<parasyncolpate> 339,(1-)3-4(-5) 341,1/2/3 342,1-5
343,1<rarely>/3<usually> 344,1<rarely>/5-6 345,1 347<(when monomerous)>,2
348,2 350,1-3<?> 352<when syncarpous (i.e. usually),>,2 353<when syncarpous
(i.e.usually),>,(1-)3-4(-5) 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1<usually thick, more or
less elongated> 368,1 371<expanded, usually lobed> 376,1-2/2/2-3
379,(1-)2-15<few to several> 381,1-3 386,3 404,2 407<when monomerous,>,2
408,4/6<?> 409,1/2 412,1/8 414<when dehiscent,>,5 422,1<usually,
copiously>/2<endosperm seldom scanty or wanting> 424,2<fleshy or horny,
starchy> 430,1 432,3 433,2<cordate> 436,1 495,2 504,2 506,2 520,4
521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,46 578,40 579,10 580<\i{}Eremolaena\i0{},
\i{}Leptolaena\i0{}, \i{}Mediusella\i0{}, \i{}Pentachlaena\i0{},
\i{}Perrierodendron\i0{}, \i{}Rhodolaena\i0{}, \i{}Sarcolaena\i0{},
\i{}Schizolaena\i0{}, \i{}Xerochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Xylolaena\i0{}>
586<sarcolae> 
 
# Sarcospermataceae <H.J. Lam>/
1<\i{}Sarcospermaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Sapotaceae\i0{}-Sarcospermoideae.>
3<\i{}Peroniaceae\i0{} Dostl> 5,1/3 6,1/3 39,2-3<actually opposite to
subopposite, rarely subverticillate> 43,2 45,1<the petiole sometimes with a
terminal pair of stipel-like appendages> 53,1 60,2 64,2<often with large
pits in the axils of the main nerves> 65,1 68,1 69,2 70,1 74<small,>,1 76,1
90,U 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 156,3 161,1 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,2/8 194,2 195<axillary panicles or racemes> 200,1<the bracts minute,
deltoid> 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,3 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,3<with a short tube>
265,1<the lobes spreading, rounded> 267,3 278,10 280,2 282,2<to the corolla
tube> 284,2 285,1 287,2 289,2 290,5 291,1<the outer whorl> 293,2<consisting
of antherless filaments> 295,5 298,2 299,1 300,2 303<shortly>,3 306,2 308,2
309,3 310,2-1 311,2 328,1 329,4 330,8 339,1-2 341,1 342,1-2 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,1/2 353,1-2 358,1 360,2 361,1<short and stout> 364,1 365,1 368,1
370<simple> 371,1 375<when unilocular,>,1-2 376<when bilocular,>,1-2 378,1
379,1 380,1 381,3 382,1 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,7<ovoid to oblong, slightly
bilobed> 421,1-2 422,2 432,3 433,2<thick> 447,1 504,2 506,3 510,2&3 520,4
521<Southeast Asia and Malaysia> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2<? - being
gamopetalous!> 529,9 539,1 565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a
synonym of \i{}Sapotaceae\i0{}> 578,6 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Sarcosperma\i0{}> 581<This rather inadequate description has
\i{}Sarcosperma\i0{} differing from \i{}Sapotaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in
phyllotaxy, the 1-2 locular gynoecium, and the drupaceous fruit.>
586<sarcospe> 
 
# Sargentodoxaceae <Stapf>/
2<\i{}Lardizabalaceae\i0{}.> 5,4 27,3 28,1/6 37,2 39,1 45<long>,1 47,2
53,1<sometimes>/2<usually> 56<usually>,3 60<when
simple>,1<usually>/2<rarely> 63<when simple-dissected,>,2<trilobed>
64,3/2<?> 65,1 68,2 78,1 90,U 132,1 135<parenchymatous, but with a group of
sclerosed cells at the centre> 139,1 140,1<in the inner pericycle> 141,3
143,2<four large bundles, and eight smaller ones alternating with them
towards the outside> 145,2 147,2 148,2/3<?> 150,1 153<up to 200 microns>
156,3 159,1 161,1<these in radial rows, the pits circular with crossed
apertures> 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,1<six> 179,2 182,1 183,1<from the
petals> 184,2 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2 195<drooping racemes, from scaly
axillary buds> 200,1 202<minutely bi->,1 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,2 214,3
217,2<elongated and becoming swollen and fleshy> 218,2 220,2 223,1<the
calyx green, but petaloid in texture> 224,12 226,4 227,1 228,2 229,U 230,-
236,6 238,2<3+3> 239,1 245,3 251,1 254,6 255,2<3+3> 258,1<the petals very
small, scalelike, nectariferous> 267,3 268,1 277,1/2<in female flowers>
278<in both male and female flowers,>,6 282,1 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289<of male
flowers,>,1 295,6 303<shortly>,3 306,2/4<?  the thecae separated by a
broad connective> 308,2 309,3 310,1 311<oblong,>,2 313,1 314,1<the
connective prolonged into a short, terminal projection> 328,1 329,(2-)3
330,8<colporoidate> 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,25-100<many> 341,3 343,2
344,2<the carpels imbricate and spiralled on the elongated torus> 345,1
347,1<the style subulate> 350,1 351,1-2<subapical to ventral> 380,1 381,1
386,2-3 404,1 405,1 407,2 408,8<the stipitate berries becoming black and
pruinose when ripe, and the receptacle becoming elongated and fleshy> 421,1
422<copiously>,1 424<fleshy,>,1<and starchy> 430,1 432,3<but minute> 433,2
436,1<excentric> 495,2 504,1&2 505,1 506,3 507,3 510,2 520,2 521<central
China> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,3 533,1 565,1 566,7 572,1 573,1 574,9
577,23<as a synonym of \i{}Ladizabalaceae\i0{}> 578,1 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Sargentodoxa\i0{} (\i{}S. cuneata\i0{})> 581<Seemingly differing from
\i{}Lardizabalaceae\i0{} only in the more numerous, spiralled and
one-ovuled carpels, and the deep-seated cork cambium.> 586<sargento> 
 
# Sarraceniaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Diphylleiaceae\i0{} Schultz-Schultzenst. (p.p.).> 5,5 9,1-2 10<often
partially phyllodineous> 15,3/4 19,2 20,2<cf. \i{}Nepenthaceae\i0{}> 21,3
22,1 25,3 32,2<in sunny, marshy places> 36,1/2<in that late-season leaves
are sometimes reduced to pitcher-less phyllodes> 38,3 39,1 40,1
45,1<shortly so, unless the elongate pitcher represents petiole and the lid
a reduced blade> 47,2 52,-<with a ventral laminar ridge or wing on the
elongate pitcher, and a relatively small flattened abaxial apical
projection forming a hood> 53,1 55,2 60,- 62,- 65,1 68,2 90,U
130,2<\i{}Darlingtonia\i0{}, \i{}Sarracenia\i0{}> 143<of the
rhizome,>,2<these closed, varying in size, separated by rays of unequal
widths> 144,1 148,1 155,2 156,2 159,1 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Heliamphora\i0{}> 189<when grouped,>,2 193<mostly>,1/2
194,1/2 202,1<with three bracteoles> 203,3-4<nodding> 206,1 213,1/2<often
spirocyclic> 214,2 218,2 223,1/3<the petals sometimes missing, but then
the calyx is often coloured and more or less petaloid>
224,(3-)5(-6)/(6-)10(-12) 226,1/2 227,1 228,1&2/2 229,U
236,(3-)5(-6)<sometimes somewhat petaloid> 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1
254<when present,>,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 272,2 278,(10-)50-100<usually
many> 279,1<in \i{}Sarracenia\i0{}, with several stamens from each of a
limited number of primordia  commonly ten>/2 280<supposedly, in
\i{}Sarracenia\i0{},>,1/2 281<(in \i{}Sarracenia\i0{})>,2 282,1 285,1/2<in
groups, in \i{}Sarracenia\i0{}> 286<in \i{}Sarracenia\i0{}, often>,10 289,1
295,(10-)50-100<usually many> 298,2-5 306,1<\i{}Sarracenia\i0{}>/2
308,1<\i{}Sarracenia\i0{}>/2 309,3 310,3 312,2 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2<1
to 3> 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,(3-)5-9 330,8<colporoidate> 337,1
339,3<\i{}Heliamphora\i0{}>/5 341,1/2 342,3/5 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2
353,3/5 358,1 360,2 361,1<subentire in \i{}Heliamphora\i0{}, with 5 short
branches each with a terminal stigma in \i{}Darlingtonia\i0{}, or
spectacularly expanded-peltate or umbrella-like with a small stigma under
the tip of each of the five lobes, in \i{}Sarracenia\i0{}> 365,1 368,3/5
371,- 372,2 373,1 374,2<b(i)> 376,2<at least below, but often
intruded-parietal above where the partitions sometimes fail to meet> 377,1
379,50-100<many> 381<more or less>,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1
392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1-2 397,1 400,1 403,3 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,5 421,50-100<i.e. many> 422,1 424,1 426,2 429,1<often, with a
winglike beak>/2 432<minute, but>,3 433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2 475,1<<66%>>/2
481,2 484,1<?> 485,1<+seco> 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 495,2
504,1&3 505,1&3 507,4&5 512,1&2 520,2-4 521<Atlantic and Pacific U.S.A.,
Northern Brazil> 522,12&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13, 15, 21> 527,1 528,2 529,21
551,4 565,4 569,5 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,17 579,3
580<\i{}Darlingtonia\i0{}, \i{}Heliamphora\i0{}, \i{}Sarracenia\i0{}>
586<sarracen> 
 
# Saururaceae <A. Rich.>/
5,5<with articulated stems> 7,1 21,2 22,2 25,3 32,2/3 39,1 40,1-2 45,1 51,1
53,1 60,2 62<mostly>,6/7 64,2/3 65,1 66,2/8 68,1 69<adnate to the
petiole,>,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,6 115,1 120,1 123,1 124,2
130,2<\i{}Houttuynia\i0{}> 141<with five or more leaf traces> 143,2/3<one
ring or sometimes two, the bundles less scattered than in
\i{}Piperaceae\i0{}> 144,1 148,1 155,2 156,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,2/3 192,2 194,1 195<dense, slender, peduncled spikes or racemes>
196<often>,1/2 197,1<often, the lower bracts being sometimes involucral and
petaloid>/2 203,2 206,1 213,1 215<bi- or tricyclic> 220,2 223,7 229,U
278,3/6/8 283,1<to its whole length, or only its base>/2 285,1 287,1<when
3>/2<when six or eight, then the members alternating> 289,1 295,3/6/8
303,3<with slender filaments> 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,1-2-3 312,2 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 322,2 324,2<these small to minute> 328,1/2 329<when
aperturate,>,1 330,1<to faintly trichotomosulcate> 337,1 339,3/4(-5) 342,1
343,2/3 344,3<the conduplicate carpels distinct above the connate base, in
\i{}Saururus\i0{}>/4<in the other genera>
345,1<mostly>/3<\i{}Anemopsis\i0{}> 346<of \i{}Saururus\i0{}>,2<by virtue
of the style being incompletely closed> 347,2<with decurrent stigma> 350<of
\i{}Saururus\i0{}>,(1-)2-4 351<when aopocarpous,>,4<laminar-lateral> 352,1
353,1 360,2 361,3-4(-5) 363,1<and not wholly closed, the stigmas decurrent>
365<in the genera other than \i{}Saururus\i0{}>,1 368,3-4(-5) 372,2 373,1
374,2 375<when syncarpous and unilocular,>,2 378,20-40(-50)<610 on each
placenta> 386,1-2 387,3 388,1/2 389,1 391,1<monosporic> 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 397,2 400,1/3 401,1 402,1 403,2 404<somewhat>,1/2
405,1<\i{}Saururus\i0{}>/2 407<in \i{}Saururus\i0{}>,2
408,3<semi-succulent> 409<in the other genera>,1/2 412<fleshy,>,1/2
414<when dehiscent, apically>,6 422<scantily>,1 425,1<copious, with
clustered starch grains> 430,1 432,1<minute> 447,1 454,U 458,U 461,1
462<\i{}Saururus\i0{}> 468,2 472,1<?>/2 475,2<one species> 484,2 487,2
488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2<2 genera> 497,2 504,1 505,1&3 507,3&4&5
520,2-4 521<Eastern Asia, Southern U.S.A. and Mexico> 522,4&12&13
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12(?)> 527,1 528,1 529,2 532,1 565,1 566,3 572,1 574,4
577,7 578,7 579,4 580<\i{}Anemopsis\i0{}, \i{}Gymnotheca\i0{},
\i{}Houttuynia\i0{}, \i{}Saururus\i0{}> 586<saururac> 
 
# Saxifragaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Bicornaceae\i0{} Dulac> 4<\i{}Eremosynaceae\i0{},
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Francoaceae\i0{}, \i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{},
\i{}Lepuropetalaceae\i0{}, \i{}Parnassiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Penthoraceae\i0{},
\i{}Vahliaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 14,1<somewhat, sometimes>/2 21,1/2/3 22,1/2
32,3/4<many being arctic/alpine> 38,2/3 39,1<nearly always>/2<sometimes>
40<usually>,1 43,1/3<occasionally> 45,1-3 47,1/2 48,2 49,1 53,1/2<e.g.,
\i{}Astilbe\i0{}, \i{}Rodgersia\i0{}> 54,1<\i{}Darmera peltata\i0{}>/2<usually> 
56<when compound,,>,3/5<usually 3 or
5 foliolate> 60<when simple,>,1/2 63<when incised,>,1/2 64,1/2/3 65,1 
68,1<e.g., in \i{}Astilbe japonica\i0{}>/2<usually> 69<when recorded,>,2 70,1 73,1 
74<when recorded,>,1 
76,1/2/3/4 81,2 90,U 92,1/2/3 96<commonly>,1 102,1 103,1/2 104<usually>,1
106<of various forms>,1 107,1&2 123,1<rarely>/2 124<when present,>,2
130,2<\i{}Chrysosplenium\i0{}, \i{}Saxifraga\i0{}, \i{}Tiarella\i0{}> 137,2
139,1 140,2 141,3<usually>/5<e.g. \i{}Astilbe\i0{}> 143,1/2 144,1 146,1/2
147,1/2 148,1/2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
182<usually>,1 183,2 184,2 187,1<rarely>/2 189,1/2/3/4/7/8 192,1/2 193,1/2
195<various> 203,2/3 206,1/2-3 209<when conspicuous,>,1<the petals sometimes
very dimorphous> 207<when irregular,>,1 212,5 213,1 215,3<usually>/2 217<(when flower
hypogynous)>,1-2/- 218,1/2 220,1<usually>/2 221<when present,>,2
223,1<usually>/3<corolla sometimes lacking> 224<usually>,10 226<usually>,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 251,1/3 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,1/3
265,1/3 267,1<occasionally, with one or two enlaged petals>/3<usually>
268,2/3/5/6<not blue> 274,1<often>/2 278,10<usually>/5 282,1
284,1/2 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,10<usually>/5 298,3<usually>/2
299<usually>,1<obdiplostemonous> 305,3<in pairs>/1 306,2<mostly>/1<slightly
only, e.g. \i{}Heuchera\i0{}, \i{}Bergenia\i0{}> 308,1 309,3
310<slightly>,3/2<e.g. \i{}Saxifraga\i0{}>/1&3<\i{}Tolmiea\i0{}, with the
median extrorse and the laterals introrse> 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1
320,1/2<1 or 2> 322,2 328,1 329,3(-5) 330,8<or colporoidate> 337,1<in
\i{}Astilbe\i0{}, \i{}Bergenia\i0{}, \i{}Heuchera\i0{} and
\i{}Saxifraga\i0{}> 339,2(-5) 341,1<usually>/2<when carpels more or less
free> 342,2(-3) 343,2-3 344,3-4<i.e. carpels more or less joined below>
345,1-3 352,2 353,2(-3) 356<when G2 (i.e. usually),>,1 361,2(-3) 363,1
365,1 366,1 369,1 372,1/2 373,1 374,2/3 376,2 379,9-50<in several rows>
381,1/3 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<rarely, to 5
cells>/2 396,1/2 397,2<and usually with filiform apparatus> 400,1/3 403,4
404,2 405,1<rarely>/2 409,1 412,1 414<usually>,4 421,20-50<very numerous>
422,1 424,1 426,1-2 433,2 435,2<3/4> 436,1 444,1/2 447,1 461,1/3<?>
462<\i{}Heuchera\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Heuchera\i0{}> 472,1/2 483,1/2<?> 484,2
488,1/2 489<when present,>,1/1&2 490,1 491,2/1&2/1&2&3
492,1<\i{}Bergenia\i0{}>/2<4 species, 4 genera> 495,1/2<usually?> 497,2
520,1-2 521<chiefly North temperate, a few Southern temperate and tropical
mountains> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 527,1 528,1 529,10
540,10 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,16 577,30 578,580 579<about>,30
580<\i{}Astilbe\i0{}, \i{}Astilboides\i0{}, \i{}Bensoniella\i0{},
\i{}Bergenia\i0{}, \i{}Bolandra\i0{}, \i{}Boykinia\i0{},
\i{}Chrysosplenium\i0{}, \i{}Conimitella\i0{}, \i{}Darmera\i0{}
(\i{}Peltiphyllum\i0{}), \i{}Elmera\i0{}, \i{}Heuchera\i0{},
\i{}Jepsonia\i0{}, \i{}Leptarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Lithophragma\i0{},
\i{}Mitella\i0{}, \i{}Mukdenia\i0{}, \i{}Oresitrophe\i0{},
\i{}Quintinia\i0{}, \i{}Rodgersia\i0{}, \i{}Saxifraga\i0{} (including
\i{}Micranthes\i0{}),
\i{}Saxifragella\i0{}, \i{}Saxifragodes\i0{}, \i{}Saxifragopsis\i0{},
\i{}Suksdorfia\i0{}, \i{}Sullivantia\i0{}, \i{}Tanakaea\i0{},
\i{}Tellima\i0{}, \i{}Tiarella\i0{}, \i{}Tolmiea\i0{}> 586<saxifrag> 
 
# Scheuchzeriaceae <Rudolphi>/
3<\i{}Borboraceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.).> 5<slender>,5 21,3 22,2<the leaves
both cauline and basal> 25,3<the old leaf bases persisting> 32,2<in
\i{}Sphagnum\i0{} bogs> 39,1 42<(semi)>,4 45,3 47,1 49,1<distally
auriculate on either side at the base of the blade> 53,1 60,2
62,2-3<semi-terete, with a pore at the tip> 64,4 68,- 75,1<cf.
\i{}Potamogetonaceae\i0{}, sometimes expressed as hairs> 102,1 104,4 121,U
123,1 124,2<?>/3<?  no raphides> 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 184,1<protogynous> 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1 195<terminal, bracteate
racemes> 200,1 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2<3+3>
227,1 228,1-2 231,1/3 278,6 282,1 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3 301,1
303,3<the filaments short> 306,2<elongate> 308,2 309,3 310,1 312,2 322,1
324,1 327,1 328,2 337,2 339,3/6 341,2/3 342<basally>,3/6/- 343,2-3
344,3<the carpels slightly connate at the base, otherwise distinct> 345,1
346,2<extrorse at the tip> 350,2(-5) 351,2-3 352<basally>,2
353<basally>,3/6 372,2 373,1 374,2 381,3 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1
392,1 393,2<the three nuclei soon degenerating> 397,1 400,3 401,2
403<probably>,3 404,2 405,1<or more or less schizocarpic> 407,1 408<viewed
as semicarpous,>,3<the follicles recurved-spreading> 409<perhaps best
interpreted as>,3 410<if regarded as schizocarpic,>,3/6 411,3 422,2 430,1
432,3 433,1 435,1<\i{}Scheuchzeria palustris\i0{}> 447,1 448,2 450,2
451,1-2<short, but swollen for storage> 453,1 454,2 455,2 457,3 458,2 468,1
472,1 473,1<triglochinin> 475,2 487,2 488,1 504,1 505,1 507,1&2&4&5
520,1/2<cool> 521<widespread in the cool North temperate and frigid zone>
522,1&12 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 11> 527,2 530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10
578,1<\i{}Scheuchzeria palustris\i0{}> 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Scheuchzeria\i0{}> 586<scheuchz> 
 
# Schisandraceae <Bl.>/
4<\i{}Illiciaceae\i0{}> 5,4 7,1 22,3/2 27,3 28,1/6
29<\i{}Schisandra\i0{}>,1 37,1/2 39,1 40,1 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 50,1<often>/2
51,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/4<more often, or at least denticulate>
90,U 101,1 102,1 104<mixed>,1&3<and laterocytic>/- 106,1/2 120,1
121<usually>,1 130,2<\i{}Schisandra\i0{}> 132,1 135<more or less>,1<the
central cells thinner walled> 139,1 140,2 141,1<with three traces> 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153,3 154,1 156,2/3 158,1/2<?> 159,1
161,2 162,2 165,1<terminal only> 167,2 169,3 170,1 175,2/3/2&3 176,1
177,2/5 187,1/2<these two- to few-flowered> 194,2/6<occasionally> 202,1/2
203,2 205<usually>,1 206,1 213,3 214,1&2&3<i.e., spiralled throughout>
217,2<conic to cylindrical or obovoid> 218,2 220,2 223,2/5
224,(5-)9-15(-24)<the outermost and innermost members sometimes more or
less reduced> 225,1 226<spiralled, in two to several series> 228,1/2/1&2
229,U 231,1<the outer members, often>/2/3/4/6/7 276,1/2<?female flowers>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278<of male flowers,>,4-80 280,1 281,1 282,1
285,1-2<the filaments connate basally to wholly connate in a globular,
fleshy mass> 287<spiralled> 289,1/2<in some \i{}Kadsura\i0{} species>
290<when present,>,3-22 291,3<i.e., above the fertile stamens in the male
flowers> 293,2<subulate, sometimes with vestigial thecae> 295,4-80
303,3<the filaments short> 306,2/4<with separate thecae> 308,2 309,3
310,1-3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/3/1&3 320,1/2<1 to 3> 321,2 322,2
324,2 328,1 329,6<typically>/3<rarely  usually with three short colpi
alternating with three long ones, the latter meeting at one pole> 330,6<to
distally syncolpate> 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,12-300 341,- 343,2
344,2<spirally arranged> 345,1 346,2<unsealed> 347,1<with a stigmatic
crest, which in \i{}Kadsura\i0{} forms a `pseudostyle' or a `pseudostigma'>
348,1<the stigma decurrent> 350,(1-)2-5(-11) 351,2 372,1 373,1 374,3 381,1
384,1/2 386,3-4 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396<very>,1
397,1 400,1 403,1/2 404,1 405,1<the fruiting carpels on a somewhat elongate
axis, or in a dense head> 407,2 408,8 421<typically>,2 422<copiously>,1
424,1<and starchy> 426<flattened> 430,1 432,3<but minute> 433,2 436,1 472,2
483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2&3 492,2<\i{}Kadsura\i0{}>
497,2 504,1&2 505,1 506,3 507,4 510,2&3 520,2-4 521<Eastern and
Southeastern Eurasia, Malaysia, Southeastern U.S.A.> 522,4&9&12
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13, 14> 527,1 528,1 529,1 531,4 565,1 566,5 572,2 574,3
577,4 578,47 579,2 580<\i{}Kadsura\i0{}, \i{}Schisandra\i0{}> 581<For a
monograph of \i{}Kadsura\i0{}, see Saunders (1998).> 586<schisand> 
 
# Scrophulariaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Antirrhineae\i0{} (\i{}Antirrhinaceae\i0{}) DC. & Duby,
\i{}Aragoaceae\i0{} D. Don, \i{}Cheloneae\i0{} (\i{}Chelonaceae\i0{})
Augier \i{}ex\i0{} Martinov, \i{}Calceolariaceae\i0{} Olmstead,
\i{}Diditalaceae\i0{} Augier \i{}ex\i0{} Martinov,
\i{}Hebenstreitiaceae\i0{} Horan., \i{}Limoselleae\i0{}
(\i{}Limosellaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Linderniaceae\i0{} Borsch, K.
Mll.bis & Fisch, \i{}Mazaceae\i0{}, \i{}Melampyraceae\i0{} Lindl.,
\i{}Oftiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Paulowniaceae\i0{} Nakai, \i{}Pedicularis\i0{}
(\i{}Pedicularidaceae\i0{}) Juss., \i{}Personaceae\i0{} Dulac, 
\i{}Phrymaceae\i0{} p.p., \i{}Rhinanthoideae\i0{} (\i{}Rhinanthaceae\i0{}) Vent.,
\i{}Schlegeliaceae\i0{} Reveal, \i{}Selaginaceae\i0{} Choisy,
\i{}Sibthorpiaceae\i0{} D. Don, \i{}Verbascaceae\i0{} Nees,
\i{}Veronicaceae\i0{} Rafin.> 4<\i{}Cyclocheilaceae\i0{},
\i{}Ellisiophyllaceae\i0{}, \i{}Orobanchaceae\i0{}.>
5,3&5<mostly>/1<<5%>>/4<<5%>> 12,1<usually>/2<<5%> e.g., in the parasitic
\i{}Harveya\i0{}, \i{}Hyobanche\i0{}>/3<?> 14,1<somewhat, in
\i{}Bacopa\i0{}, \i{}Lindernia\i0{}>/2 15,1/2<commonly, especially in the
Rhinantheae>/1 17,1 18<when mycoheterotrophic,>,1 21,1/2/3 22,1/2/3<e.g.
sometimes in \i{}Peplidium\i0{}> 27,3<sometimes>/1<mainly> 28<the
climbers>,1/2 32,1<e.g. Ambulia, = \i{}Limnophila\i0{}>/2/3/4<e.g. the
ericoid Selagineae> 34<when hydrophytic,>,2 35<of aquatics>,1/2/3 36,1<e.g.
\i{}Hebe\i0{}, \i{}Hydrotriche\i0{}>/2 39,1/2/3 40<when alternate>,1/3
43,1/2/3<rarely>/4<rarely> 45,1-3/4<occasionally>
46,1<occasionally?>/2<usually> 47,1/2 53,1<usually>/1-2<occasionally, when
deeply pinnatifid as exemplified in \i{}Pedicularis\i0{}> 55,2 60,1/2 63<if
dissected>,1/2/6<e.g. submerged leaves in \i{}Hydrotriche\i0{},
\i{}Limnophila\i0{}> 64,2/3 68,2 76,1/2/3/4 81,2 90,U 92<variously>,1-2
96,1<occasionally>/2 102,1 103,1/2 104,1/2 106,1<often numerous, the family
exhibiting diverse forms> 107,1&2 108,1&2 112,1/2 113<commonly glandular
and>,1/- 115,1<rarely, e.g. in \i{}Veronica\i0{} spp.>/2
119,1<occasionally>/2 123,1<but rather infrequent>/2 124<when present,
nearly always small and>,3<the large prismatic forms and druses recorded in
\i{}Paulownia\i0{} seemingly being unknown elsewhere in the family> 130,1<9
genera, e.g. \i{}Antirrhinum\i0{}, \i{}Rhinanthus\i0{}>/2<16 genera, e.g.
\i{}Pedicularis\i0{}, \i{}Scrophularia\i0{}, \i{}Verbascum\i0{}> 134,1/2
139,1/2<may herbaceous forms lacking cork> 140<when present,>,1/2 141,1
143<usually>,1 144,1 145,2<i.e., unlike \i{}Solanaceae\i0{}>
148,1<sometimes?>/2<usually> 150<commonly absent in herbaceous genera>
152,1-3 153,1-3<but typically small and sometimes extremely so, rarely
large> 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 161,1<rarely>/2 162,1<usually>/2 163,1<rarely>/2
164,2 165<if present,>,1/2<usually very sparse or absent>/- 169,2<VPI,
\i{}Penstemon\i0{}>/3 170<neary always>,2/1<but recorded only in
\i{}Paulownia\i0{}> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2/3<bees and hummingbirds>
186,1<with loose-pollen
mechanisms>/2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/3/4/8 192,1/2 194,1/2
195<mainly racemes, spikes and thyrses, terminal peloric flowers common>
200,1/2 202,1/2 203,1/2-3<mostly>/4 206,3<usually  apart from peloric
terminal flowers>/2<e.g. \i{}Verbascum\i0{}, \i{}Bacopa\i0{},
\i{}Elacholoma\i0{}> 208,1<e.g., in \i{}Lindernia hypandra\i0{}>/2<usually>
209,1&2/2 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 223,1 224,(6-)8-10(-13) 226,2 227,1/2
229,U 236<sometimes difficult to interpret, with the posterior member missing,
or the anterior pair united, etc.,>,3/4/5 238,1
239,3<usually>/1<\i{}Dischisma\i0{}, \i{}Bacopa\i0{}> 240,3/4/1<sometimes,
in \i{}Centranthera\i0{}> 245,1/2/3 248,1 251,1/3 252<when K5,>,2/-
254,4<the posterior pair united>/5(-8)/3<sometimes, in
\i{}Glossostigma\i0{}> 255,1 257,1<e.g. with flaps covering the anthers, in
\i{}Lindernia\i0{}>/2 258,3<in bud having the two posterior teeth or the
upper lip covering the laterals, or \i{}in Rhinanthoideae\i0{} these
covered by one or both of the laterals> 265,1/3 267<more or
less>,2<usually>/1<e.g. \i{}Dischisma\i0{}, \i{}Hebenstretia\i0{}, 
where the upper lip is four-lobed and the lower lip is 
more or less suppressed>/3<more or less, in
\i{}Verbascum\i0{}, etc., as well as in the peloric terminal flowers
exemplified in \i{}Linaria\i0{} and \i{}Digitalis\i0{}> 270,1<sometimes>/2
272,1/2 278,(4-)5<posterior member sometimes missing>/2(-3)<sometimes the
lower pair reduced or missing> 280,2 282,2<to the corolla> 284<usually>,2/-
285,1/2<via the anthers, in \i{}Centranthera\i0{}, \i{}Cymbalaria\i0{},
\i{}Elacholoma\i0{} etc.> 287,1 289,1/2 290<when present>,1<the posterior
member>/2-3 291,2 292,1/1&2 294,2&3<usually>/2<?>/3/1&2&3 295,(2-)4(-5)
296,1/2/3 297,1<usually>/3 298,1/2 299,2 300,1 304,1<sometimes spurred, in
\i{}Lindernia\i0{}>/2 305,3/2<in pairs>/1 306<morphologically sometimes 
difficult to interpret morphologically being variously more or less>,1/1-2<the
thecae conventionally joined along their length by the connective, or more
or less separate with the connective reduced as in \i{}Angelonia\i0{},
occasionally - cf.
\i{}Lindenbergia\i0{} - the thecae completely and widely separated>/-
309,1<\i{}Bartsia\i0{}, some \i{}Euphrasia\i0{} spp.>/3 310,3
311,1<Selagineae, according to Hutchinson>/2<usually> 312,1<e.g.
\i{}Jamesbrittenia\i0{}>/2<usually> 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2<1
or 2> 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,2-7 330,8<commonly, or colporoidate>/6 337,1<in
19 genera> 339,2(-3) 342,2(-3) 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2<with
\i{}Lathraea\i0{} excluded> 353,2(-3) 354,2 356,1 360,2 361,1 364,1/2 365,1
368,1/2 370<when single, usually>,1-2 372,1/2 373,1 374,2&3 376,2/3<Selagineae>
379,1<Selagineae>/2-50<i.e. to many> 381,1-3/1<Selagineae> 385,2
386,3/4/2 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1/2/6 392,1 393,1 394,2<\i{}Mimulus\i0{},
one being binucleate>/3 395,2 396,1-2 397,1/2 399,1/2 400,1
401,1<usually>/2 402<when developed,>,1&2<usually>/1/2 403,1/4
404,2<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 409,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely>/3<<0.7%>
Selagineae, \i{}Lagotis\i0{}> 410<when schizocarpic,>,2/1<one often sterile
or obsolete in Selagineae> 412<when non-schizocarpic, i.e.
usually,>,1<usually>/6<<10%>>/2<e.g. sometimes in \i{}Kickxia\i0{} <1%>>
414,4<<75%> usually>/5/3<occasionally>/7/1 422,1 424,1 426,1/2
429,1/2<often angled> 432<usually>,3 433,2 435,1<3/3>/2<12/26> 436,1-2
447,1 461,1/2 462<\i{}Agalinis\i0{}, \i{}Antirrhinum\i0{},
\i{}Castilleja\i0{}, \i{}Gratiola\i0{}, \i{}Linaria\i0{},
\i{}Lindenbergia\i0{}, \i{}Mimulus\i0{}, \i{}Orthocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Pentstemon\i0{}> 463<\i{}Anticharis\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Agalinis\i0{},
\i{}Castilleja\i0{}, \i{}Gratiola\i0{}, \i{}Limnophila\i0{},
\i{}Linaria\i0{}, \i{}Orthocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Penstemon\i0{},
\i{}Scrophularia\i0{}> 469,2<in \i{}Paulownia\i0{}> 472,1<<10%> rarely>/2
473,2 475,1<<20%>>/2<mostly> 479,1<3 genera> 480,1 481,1<14 genera> 482,1<4
genera> 484,1<commonly, including in Selagineae> 485,1<doubtfully,
normal>/2<normal and decarb.> 487,1/2 488,2 490<to all intents and
purposes,>,2 492,2<13 species, 9 genera> 495,2 497,2 520,1-4
521<cosmopolitan> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{}
= 6 (or more)> 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15
576,3 577,60 578,3000 579<about>,280 580<\i{}Acanthorrhinum\i0{},
\i{}Achetaria\i0{}, \i{}Adenosma\i0{}, \i{}Agathelpis\i0{},
\i{}Albraunia\i0{}, \i{}Alectra\i0{}, \i{}Allocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Alonsoa\i0{},
\i{}Amalophyllon\i0{}, \i{}Amphianthus\i0{}, \i{}Amphiolanthus\i0{},
\i{}Anarrhinum\i0{}, \i{}Anastrabe\i0{}, \i{}Angelonia\i0{},
\i{}Antherothamnus\i0{}, \i{}Anticharis\i0{}, \i{}Antirrhinum\i0{},
\i{}Aptosimum\i0{}, \i{}Aragoa\i0{}, \i{}Artanema\i0{}, \i{}Asarina\i0{},
\i{}Auriolaria\i0{}, \i{}Bacopa\i0{}, \i{}Bampsia\i0{},
\i{}Basistemon\i0{}, \i{}Baumia\i0{}, \i{}Benjaminia\i0{},
\i{}Besseya\i0{}, \i{}Bowkeria\i0{}, \i{}Brachystigma\i0{},
\i{}Brandisia\i0{}, \i{}Brookea\i0{}, \i{}Bryodes\i0{}, \i{}Bungea\i0{},
\i{}Buttonia\i0{}, \i{}Bythophyton\i0{}, \i{}Calceolaria\i0{},
\i{}Calorhabdos\i0{},
\i{}Camptoloma\i0{}, \i{}Campylanthus\i0{}, \i{}Capraria\i0{},
\i{}Celsia\i0{} (= \i{}Verbascum\i0{}), \i{}Centranthera\i0{},
\i{}Centrantheropsis\i0{}, \i{}Chaenorhinum\i0{}, \i{}Charadrophila\i0{},
\i{}Cheilophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Chelone\i0{}, \i{}Chenopodiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Chionohebe\i0{}, \i{}Chionophila\i0{}, \i{}Clevelandia\i0{},
\i{}Cochlidiosperma\i0{}, \i{}Collinsia\i0{}, \i{}Colpias\i0{},
\i{}Conobea\i0{}, \i{}Craterostigma\i0{}, \i{}Crepidorhopalon\i0{},
\i{}Cromidon\i0{}, \i{}Cycniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Cycnium\i0{},
\i{}Cymbalaria\i0{}, \i{}Cyrtandromoea\i0{}, \i{}Dasistoma\i0{},
\i{}Deinostema\i0{}, \i{}Dermatobotrys\i0{}, \i{}Detzneria\i0{},
\i{}Diascia\i0{}, \i{}Diclis\i0{}, \i{}Digitalis\i0{}, \i{}Dintera\i0{},
\i{}Diplacus\i0{}, \i{}Dischisma\i0{}, \i{}Dizygostemon\i0{},
\i{}Dodartia\i0{}, \i{}Dopatrium\i0{}, \i{}Elacholoma\i0{},
\i{}Encopella\i0{}, \i{}Epixiphium\i0{}, \i{}Eremogeton\i0{} (or
\i{}Myoporaceae\i0{}), \i{}Erinus\i0{}, \i{}Erythranthe\i0{}, \i{}Escobedia\i0{},
\i{}Esterhazya\i0{}, \i{}Faxonanthus\i0{} (or \i{}Myoporaceae\i0{}),
\i{}Fonkia\i0{}, \i{}Freylinia\i0{}, \i{}Galvezia\i0{}, \i{}Gambelia\i0{},
\i{}Geochorda\i0{}, \i{}Gerardiina\i0{}, \i{}Ghikaea\i0{}, \i{}Glekia\i0{},
\i{}Globulariopsis\i0{}, \i{}Glossostigma\i0{}, \i{}Glumicalyx\i0{},
\i{}Gosela\i0{}, \i{}Graderia\i0{}, \i{}Gratiola\i0{}, \i{}Halleria\i0{},
\i{}Harveya\i0{}, \i{}Hebe\i0{}, \i{}Hebenstretia\i0{}, \i{}Hedbergia\i0{},
\i{}Hemianthus\i0{}, \i{}Hemiarrhena\i0{}, \i{}Hemichaena\i0{},
\i{}Hemimeris\i0{}, \i{}Hemiphragma\i0{}, \i{}Hiernia\i0{},
\i{}Holmgrenanthe\i0{}, \i{}Holzneria\i0{}, \i{}Howelliella\i0{},
\i{}Hydranthelium\i0{}, \i{}Hydrotriche\i0{}, \i{}Hygea\i0{} (or
\i{}Gesneriaceae\i0{}), \i{}Hyobanche\i0{}, \i{}Ildefonsia\i0{},
\i{}Isoplexis\i0{}, \i{}Ixianthes\i0{}, \i{}Jamesbrittenia\i0{},
\i{}Jerdonia\i0{} (or \i{}Gesneriaceae\i0{}), \i{}Jovellana\i0{},
\i{}Kashmiria\i0{}, \i{}Keckiella\i0{}, \i{}Kickxia\i0{},
\i{}Lafuentea\i0{}, \i{}Lagotis\i0{}, \i{}Lamourouxia\i0{},
\i{}Lancea\i0{}, \i{}Legazpia\i0{}, \i{}Leptorhabdos\i0{},
\i{}Leucocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Leucophyllum\i0{} (or \i{}Myoporaceae\i0{}),
\i{}Leucosalpa\i0{}, \i{}Leucospora\i0{}, \i{}Limnophila\i0{},
\i{}Limosella\i0{}, \i{}Linaria\i0{}, \i{}Lindenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Lindernia\i0{}, \i{}Lophospermum\i0{}, \i{}Lyperia\i0{},
\i{}Mabrya\i0{}, \i{}Macranthera\i0{}, \i{}Maeviella\i0{},
\i{}Magdalenaea\i0{}, \i{}Manulea\i0{}, \i{}Manuleopsis\i0{},
\i{}Maurandella\i0{}, \i{}Maurandya\i0{}, \i{}Mazus\i0{},
\i{}Mecardonia\i0{}, \i{}Melanospermum\i0{}, \i{}Melasma\i0{},
\i{}Melosperma\i0{}, \i{}Micranthemum\i0{}, \i{}Micrargeria\i0{},
\i{}Micrargeriella\i0{}, \i{}Microcarpaea\i0{}, \i{}Microdon\i0{},
\i{}Mimetanthe\i0{}, \i{}Mimulicalyx\i0{}, \i{}Mimulus\i0{},
\i{}Misopates\i0{}, \i{}Mohavea\i0{}, \i{}Monochasma\i0{},
\i{}Monopera\i0{}, \i{}Monttea\i0{}, \i{}Moscheovia\i0{},
\i{}Nanorrhinum\i0{}, \i{}Nemation\i0{}, \i{}Nathaliella\i0{}, \i{}Nemesia\i0{},
\i{}Neogaerrhinum\i0{}, \i{}Neopicrorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Nothochelone\i0{},
\i{}Nothochilus\i0{}, \i{}Nuttallanthus\i0{}, \i{}Odicardis\i0{},
\i{}Oftia\i0{} (or \i{}Myoporaceae\i0{}), \i{}Omphalotrix\i0{},
\i{}Ophiocephalus\i0{}, \i{}Oreosolen\i0{}, \i{}Otacanthus\i0{},
\i{}Ourisia\i0{}, \i{}Paederota\i0{}, \i{}Paederotella\i0{},
\i{}Parahebe\i0{}, \i{}Parastriga\i0{}, \i{}Paulownia\i0{},
\i{}Peliostomum\i0{}, \i{}Pennelianthus\i0{}, \i{}Penstemon\i0{},
\i{}Peplidium\i0{}, \i{}Phygelius\i0{}, \i{}Phyllopodium\i0{},
\i{}Physocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Picria\i0{}, \i{}Picrorhiza\i0{},
\i{}Pierranthus\i0{}, \i{}Polycarena\i0{}, \i{}Porodittia\i0{},
\i{}Psammetes\i0{}, \i{}Pseudobartsia\i0{}, \i{}Pseudolysimachion\i0{},
\i{}Pseudomelasma\i0{}, \i{}Pseudorontiuim\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosopubia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudostriga\i0{}, \i{}Pterygiella\i0{}, \i{}Radamaea\i0{}, \i{}Rehmannia\i0{},
\i{}Rhamphicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Raphispermum\i0{}, \i{}Rhodochiton\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchocorys\i0{}, \i{}Russelia\i0{}, \i{}Sairocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Schistophragma\i0{}, \i{}Achizosepala\i0{}, \i{}Schizotorenia\i0{},
\i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, \i{}Schwalbea\i0{}, \i{}Schweinfurthia\i0{},
\i{}Scolophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Scoparia\i0{}, \i{}Scrofella\i0{},
\i{}Scrophularia\i0{}, \i{}Selago\i0{}, \i{}Seymeria\i0{},
\i{}Seymeriopsis\i0{}, \i{}Shiuyinghua\i0{}, \i{}Sibthorpia\i0{},
\i{}Silviella\i0{}, \i{}Siphonostegia\i0{}, \i{}Sopubia\i0{},
\i{}Spirostegia\i0{}, \i{}Stemodia\i0{}, \i{}Stemodiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Strigina\i0{}, \i{}Strobilopsis\i0{}, \i{}Sutera\i0{},
\i{}Synthyris\i0{}, \i{}Teedia\i0{}, \i{}Tetranema\i0{},
\i{}Tetraselago\i0{}, \i{}Tetraspidium\i0{}, \i{}Tetraulacium\i0{},
\i{}Thunbergianus\i0{}, \i{}Tonella\i0{}, \i{}Torenia\i0{},
\i{}Tozzia\i0{}, \i{}Triaenophora\i0{}, \i{}Trieena\i0{},
\i{}Trungboa\i0{}, \i{}Tuerckheimocharis\i0{}, \i{}Uroskinnera\i0{},
\i{}Vellosiella\i0{}, \i{}Verbascum\i0{}, \i{}Veronica\i0{},
\i{}Veronicastrum\i0{}, \i{}Walafrida\i0{}, \i{}Wightia\i0{},
\i{}Wulfenia\i0{}, \i{}Wulfeniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Xizangia\i0{},
\i{}Xilocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Zaluzianska\i0{}. Rhinanthoideae-Rhinantheae and
Gerardiae should probably be transferred to \i{}Orobanchaceae\i0{}:
\i{}Agalinis\i0{}, \i{}Bartsia\i0{}, \i{}Castilleja\i0{},
\i{}Cordylanthus\i0{}, \i{}Euphrasia\i0{}, \i{}Gerardia\i0{},
\i{}Melampyrum\i0{}, \i{}Odontites\i0{}, \i{}Orthocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Parentucellia\i0{}, \i{}Pedicularis\i0{}, \i{}Ptheirospermum\i0{},
\i{}Rhinanthus\i0{}, \i{}Striga\i0{}, \i{}Tozzia\i0{},
\i{}Triphysaria\i0{}> 581<For discussion of classificatory problems posed
by \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, impinging on \i{}Bignoniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Buddlejaceae\i0{}, \i{}Callitrichaceae\i0{}, \i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hippuridaceae\i0{}, \i{}Lentibulariaceae\i0{}, and
\i{}Hydrostachydaceae\i0{}, and such problem genera as \i{}Paulownia\i0{}
and \i{}Schlegelia\i0{}, see Olmstead and Reeves (1995), who provided
preliminary insights from chloroplast gene sequencing. The implication is
that the traditional family \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{} comprises two
distinct clades, involving numerous other small families; but no attempt is
made here to incorporate the radical APG re-organization of generic
assignments, involving (for example) transfer to the little family
\i{}Plantaginaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) of about 90 genera and 1,500
species of traditional \i{}Scrophulariaceae\i0{}, the practical worth of
which in terms of character correlations remains to be demonstrated.
Meanwhile, a strong argument can be made for referring Rhinanthoideae to
the \i{}Orobanchaceae\i0{}> 582<Many are poisonous, a few are (e.g.
\i{}Digitalis\i0{}) or have been officinal, \i{}Halleria\i0{} has edible
fruit (umbinza). Many constitute important ornamentals, and
\i{}Limnophila\i0{} (Ambulia) is used in aquaria.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}With Antique Mulleins flannel leaves \line{}(John
Clare, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Verbascum\i0{})
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Snap dragons gaping like to sleeping clowns
\line{}(John Clare 1827, The Shepherds Calendar, June)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . . then purged with Euphrasy and Rue
\line{}The visual nerve, for he had much to see \line{}(Milton, quoted by
Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857) - \i{}Euphrasia\i0{} = Eyebright)>
586<scrophul> 
 
# Scyphostegiaceae <Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Salicaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 5<small>,1 39,1 40,2 45<shortly>,1 53,1
60,2 64,2 65,1<with rhamnaceous, close-transverse tertiary venation> 68,1
74,1<very small> 76,3/4 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3
106<seemingly>,2 123,1 124,2 131,3 139,1 140,2 141,3 148,2 150,3
155<very>,2 156,3 161,1 162,1 163,1<these finely, transversely septate>
165,2<but represented only by occasional cells  almost absent> 166,2
167,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 187,2 189,2&3&8 194,1 195<panicles of racemosely
arranged spikes or racemes, the lower branches subtended by foliage leaves>
200,1<each raceme with a series of overlapping, nested, tubular bracts,
each subtending a single flower, and the latter expanding one at a time>
206,1 212,3<exclusive of the gynoecium in female flowers>/- 213,1
218,1<tubular> 220,1/2<depending on interpretation  the male flowers with
curious stub-like structures on the same radius as the stamens> 221<if
considered present,>,1 222,1<in the form of three seemingly glandular,
stub-like structures, on the same radius as the inner perianth members and
stamens> 223,1<more or less, at least in the female flowers>/5<at least in
male flowers> 224,6 225,1 226,1<3+3> 227,1 229,U 236<if recognised as
such,>,3 238<of female flowers,>,1 239,1 254<of female flowers,>,3 255,1
258,1 276,1/2<female flowers> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278<of male
flowers,>,3/6<if the stublike structures in front of the three inner
perianth segments and stamens are taken as androecial> 282,1
284,1/2<depending on interpretation> 285<completely>,2 286,1<fully united
into a column, back to back> 287,1/2<depending on interpetation> 289,1/2
290<(if the stublike structures are so interpreted),>,3 291,1 295,3 298,2
299,1 309,3 310,1 311,2 312,2 313,1 314,1<by a clavate prolongtion of the
common connective> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,6 338,1/2<in male flowers>
339,8-13 341,3 342,1/8-13<above> 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1<at least
below, but partitioned near the summit> 358,1 360<essentially>,1 368,1<this
thick, discoid, centrally imperfect, with as many radiating ridges as
carpels> 375,1<usually so described>/5<perhaps better assigned thus, the
ovules being on a somewhat convex receptacle> 378,30-100<many>
380<conspicuously>,1<pedestaled> 381,3 385,1 386<strongly>,3<with the raphe
external> 387,3 388,2 389,1 391<more or less>,1 400,2<at
first>/1<subsequently> 404,1 409,1 412,1 414,5&6<opening from the top by
reflexing valves which separate at the midveins of the carpels>
422<scantily>,1 424,1 425,1<in a very thin layer> 432<large,>,3 433,2 436,1
447,1 495,2 504,2 506,3 510,3 520,4 521<Borneo> 522,9 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 9>
527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39<as a
synonym of \i{}Salicaceae\i0{}> 578,1<\i{}Scyphostegia borneensis\i0{}>
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Scyphostegia\i0{}> 581<See Van Heel 1967,
Metcalfe 1956. The compiled data have this genus differing from
\i{}Salicaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in numerous characters representing
inflorescence, perianth, androecium, gynoecium, fruit and seed; also in the
tetragonal young stems, wood anatomical details, and pollen morphology.>
586<scyphost> 
 
# Scytopetalaceae <Engl.>/
2<\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Rhaptopetalaceae\i0{} Pierre ex Van
Tiegh.> 5,1&3&5 39,1 40,1/2<usually, at least on the side shoots> 43,2
45<shortly>,1-3 53,1 60,2 64,2 66<often asymmetric at the base> 68,2 76,1/4
90,1<?> 92,1<usually>/1-2<the palisade being sometimes indistinct> 102,1
103,1/2 104,2 106,1/2 107<when present,>,1 108,1 109,2 116,2 120,2 121,2
122,1<at least usually?> 133,1<\i{}Scytopetalum\i0{},
\i{}Oubanguia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Rhaptopetalum\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 143,1<traversed
by rays 1-3 cells wide> 144,1 145,2 146,1<two to several, with normal
orientation>/2 147,2 148,2 150,3 156,3/2&3 157,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 165,1
166,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/8 194,1<panicles>/2<racemes>/6
195<terminal panicles or axillary racemes, or in clusters on the old wood>
204,1/2 206,1 218,2 220,1/2 221,1/2<intrastaminal disk mostly absent>
223,3<but with a staminodial pseudo-corolla> 226,1 227,- 229,U
236<completely fused, the number of components probably not indicated by
the splitting> 238,1 239,3 240,1/4<by tearing during anthesis>
244<shortly>,1 245,3 248<leathery,>,1 249,2 251,3<when toothed,>/4<?>
278,(10-)20-100<to many> 279,1<?  tending to be clustered>/2 280,1 281,2
282,1 285,2<the staminodes connate to form the pseudocorolla, the stamens
usually adnate to it and to one another> 287,2<with an outer staminodal
whorl, and the stamens in a single, dense ring, not resolvable into
series>/- 289,2 290,6-16<but not always individually resolvable>/- 291,1
293,1<thick and leathery, rupturing at anthesis> 295,(10-)20-240<to many>
298,2-5 303,3<the anthers relatively long (e.g. \i{}Rhaptopetalum\i0{}) or
short, e.g. \i{}Scytopetalum\i0{}> 306,2 308,2 309,1-2<these obliquely
terminal, \i{}Brazzeia\i0{}, \i{}Rhaptopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Perrierina\i0{}>/3
311,2 312,2 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<then colporoidate> 337,1
339,3-8 341,1-3 342,1/3-8 343,3 344,6
345,1<mostly>/1-2<\i{}Rhaptopetalum\i0{}> 352,2 353,3-8<but the partitions
sometimes apically incomplete> 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 366,2-3
368,1<small> 370,1<\i{}Rhaptopetalum\i0{}>/3-8 376,2-3 379,2-8 380,1
381,1-2 384,4 386,3 387,3 388,1<according to Cronquist>
404<somewhat>,1<\i{}Scytopetalum\i0{}>/2<often woody>
409,1<\i{}Oubanguia\i0{}>/2
412,1<\i{}Oubanguia\i0{}>/2<mostly>/7<\i{}Scytopetalum\i0{}, with lignified
mesocarp> 414<of \i{}Oubanguia\i0{}>,5 415,1<unilocular> 421,1-8
422<copiously>,1 423,1<mostly>/2<sometimes, in \i{}Oubanguia\i0{}>
427,1<sometimes, with agglutinated mucilaginous hairs>/2 430,2 431,1 432,3
433,2<large, thin, leafy> 434,1 436,1 495,1/2 520,4 521<West tropical
Africa> 522,6 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 18> 527,1 528,2 529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2
572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of \i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}> 578,20
579,5 580<\i{}Brazzeia\i0{}, \i{}Oubanguia\i0{}, \i{}Pierrina\i0{},
\i{}Rhaptopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Scytopetalum\i0{}> 581<See Appel 1986. Morton
\i{}et al\i0{}. (1998) treat these genera, plus \i{}Asteranthos\i0{} (cf.
\i{}Asteranthaceae\i0{}), as subfamily Scytopetaloideae of their expanded
\i{}Lecythidaceae\i0{}.> 586<scytopet> 
 
# Setchellanthaceae <Iltis>/
2<\i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}.> 5<microphyllous>,3<with long- and short-shoots>
24,0.3-1.2 31,1 32,4 38,2<721 mm long> 39,1 40,1<on the long-shoots,
clustered on the short-shoots> 42,1 43,2-3<subcoriaceous, rather thick,
fleshy> 45<shortly>,1-2 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2 62,4/6/7<ovate to broadly
oblong-lanceolate> 64<(when cleared)>,2-3 66,8<and abruptly contracted into
the peglike petiole> 68,2 76,1 77,1 92,1-2<with adaxial and abaxial
palisades> 103,2 104,1 106,1<the leaves canescent-strigose pubescent, the
hairs T-shaped, Malpighian type> 107,1 108,1<though embedded in
multicellular bases> 112,2 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1 148,2 150,3<all
uniseriate> 151,1<these mostly solitary> 152,2-3 156,3 157,2 161,1 162,1
165,1&2<mainly paratracheal> 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2<?> 187,1
188,2<near the ends of the branchlets, on 3-5 mm pedicels> 200<ebracteate?>
202<ebracteolate?  neither bracts nor bracteoles mentioned by Iltis \i{}et
al\i0{}> 203,3-4<4-5 cm in diameter, showy> 204,1<via the calyx> 206,1
212,5-7 216,1&2<the androphore short, the gynophore well developed> 218,2
220,2 223,1 224,10/12/14 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5/6/7 238,1
239,3<calyptrate> 240,1 245,3 248,1-2 249,2 250,1<ultimately splitting
basipetally into one or two reflexed, semi-persistent flaps> 251,3<or thus
interpretable>/- 254,5/6/7 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268<bright>,8<to lilac
or violet> 272,2 273,2 274,1<ovate-spathulate> 275,4 278,(40-)60-76
279,2<in obscure fascicles> 280,1 281,2 282,1 284,2
285<obscurely>,2/1<ostensibly only> 286,5/6/7<the stamens ostensibly
randomly arranged, but on close examination resolvable into 5, 6 or 7
fascicles, each comprising a radially-arranged row of pairs of stamens>
288,1 289,1 295,(40-)60-76 298,5 303,3 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 311,2 312,2
324,2 328,1 329,3 330,6 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2 353,3
358,3 360,2 361,1/3<the style trifurcating above> 363<if considered
three,>,2 364,1 365,1 368,3 376,2 379,10-14 380,1 384,4 386,3 387,3 404,2
409,1 412<deeply trisulcate,>,1/5<i.e., on a short gynophore, with three
valves dehiscing from a thin placental column, cf. two cruciferous valves
separating from a replum?> 414,6 419,1 421,6-30 422,2<the endosperm
one-layered, obsolete> 426,2-3<7-11 mm long> 429,1<at the cotyledonar
end, and straight, by contrast with the reniform seeds otherwise
characteristic of the order> 433,2 436,1<large, flat, spathulate> 447,1
471,1 504,3 512,1 521<Mexico> 522,13 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,8
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,47 578,1 579,1 580<the monotypic genus,
\i{}Setchellanthus\i0{} (\i{}S. caeruleus\i0{})> 581<Long uncomfortably
referred to \i{}Capparidaceae\i0{}; promoted to family rank on seemingly
good morphological grounds, and with the support of data from nucleic acid
sequencing, by Iltis \i{}et al\i0{}. (1999).> 586<setchell> 
 
# Simaroubaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Ailanthaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Castelaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Holacanthaceae\i0{} Jadin, \i{}Simabaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.),
\i{}Soulameae\i0{} (\i{}Soulameaceae\i0{}) Endl.> 4<\i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Ixonanthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Leitneriaceae\i0{},
\i{}Picramniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3<producing
characteristic triterpenoid lactones (simaroubalides), without resin
canals, often with very bitter bark, wood and seeds> 32,3 39,1 40,1 45,1
47,2 50,2 53,1<rarely, e.g. \i{}Quassia\i0{}>/2<usually> 56,4<usually>/1/3
64,2 65,1 68,2<excluding genera referable elsewhere, notably
\i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}> 76,1 81,2
85,1<\i{}Ailanthus\i0{}> 86,3 92,1<mostly>/2-3<\i{}Harrisonia\i0{}>/3<e.g.,
in \i{}Ailanthus\i0{},\i{} Castela\i0{}> 95,1<commonly, on various parts of
the leaves>/2 100,1/2 101,1/2 102,1 104,1<usually, see illustration>/3<e.g.
\i{}Castela\i0{}> 106,1<of assorted kinds, but mostly simple or uniseriate
and sclerenchymatous> 107,1/2 115,1<occasionally>/2 116,2<except
\i{}Harrisonia\i0{}> 120,1/2 122,1<very commonly>/2<?> 123<usually>,1
124,2/3 130,2<\i{}Ailanthus\i0{}, \i{}Quassia\i0{}> 133,1/2 137,1<in the
pith> 139,1 140,2 141,3/5<7> 143,1 144,1 148,2 152,1-3 156,3<mostly>/3&1
157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,1<often>/2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163<at least
sometimes>,1/2<?> 164,2 165,1/2<very variable, abundant to scarce or
absent>/- 169,1/2 175,2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/5/8 179,1/2/3
187,2<usually, often numerous>/1 189,1/2/3/8/11 192,1/2 194,2 195<compound
panicles, spikes, racemes or thyrses> 203,1/2 206,1 212,3-5(-8) 213,1
215<when hermaphrodite,>,3 216,1/2/3 218,2 220,1<usually>/2 221<when
present,>,1 223,1<usually>/3<corolla rarely absent> 224,6-10(-16)
226,2/1<rarely> 227,1 229,U 236,3-5(-8) 238,1 239,3<usually basally
connate>/1 245,3 251,1<usually>/3 254,3-5(-8) 255,1 258,1
265,1<usually>/2/3 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(3-)10(-16) 280,1/2
282,1 285,1 287,2<usually>/1<e.g. \i{}Brucea\i0{}> 289,1 295,(3-)10(-16)
298,3<usually>/2<sometimes>/4-5<\i{}Quassia\i0{}> 299,2<usually>/1<rarely,
e.g. \i{}Picrolemma\i0{}> 304,1<often with scales at the base, cf.
\i{}Rutaceae\i0{}>/2 306,1<usually>/2<<5%> \i{}Soulamea\i0{}, and more or
less ventrifixed in \i{}Ailanthus\i0{}> 308,1 309,3 310,3<usually>/1-2<<5%>
\i{}Ailanthus\i0{}, \i{}Soulamea\i0{}> 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3/4<rarely> 320,2<2 or 3> 328,1 329,3 330,8<or colporoidate>
337,1<in 5 genera> 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1<\i{}Amaroria\i0{}>/2-5(-8)
341,1/2 342<when other than (pseudo-)monomerous,>,1/2-5(-8) 343,1/2-3
344,1<<5%> \i{}Amaroria\i0{}>/2-3/7<i.e. carpels weakly united, often free
below and united only by the style or stigma> 345,1 348<(when monomerous or
apocarpous)>,2/3/4 350<(when free)>,1 352,2 353<if more or less
syncarpous,>,2-5(-8) 360,2 361,2-5(-8) 363,1/2 365,2/3 372,2 373,2 374,2
376,2 379,1 381,1 382,2<the micropyle superior> 383,1 386,2-3 387,3 388,2
389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1<sometimes with filiform
apparatus> 399,1 400,2 401,1 402,1 403,1 404,1/2 405,1/2 407,2 408,7/8/5
409<when syncarpous>,2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2-5 411,2/7/4/4&7 412<when
syncarpous>,2/6/7/10 422<more or less>,2 433,2<large, expanded> 435,1<3/3>
436,1/2 447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Ailanthus\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Simarouba\i0{}>
472,2 474,1/2 475,1<<50%>>/2 479,1<\i{}Brucea\i0{}> 480,2 483,2 484,2 487,2
488,2 490,1/2 491,1&2 492,1<\i{}Alanthus\i0{},
\i{}Quassia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Ailanthus\i0{}> 495,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical and
subtropical, to Japan and central Argentina>
522,2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 13(+)> 527,1 528,1
529,15 545,1 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,44 578<about>,50
579<about>,20 580<\i{}Ailanthus\i0{}, \i{}Amaroria\i0{}, \i{}Brucea\i0{},
\i{}Castela\i0{}, \i{}Eurycoma\i0{}, \i{}Gymnostemon\i0{}, \i{}Hannoa\i0{},
\i{}Harrisonia\i0{} (or \i{}Rutaceae\i0{}?), \i{}Iridosma\i0{},
\i{}Laumoniera\i0{}, \i{}Perriera\i0{}, \i{}Pierreodendron\i0{},
\i{}Picrasma\i0{}, \i{}Picrolemma\i0{}, \i{}Quassia\i0{},
\i{}Samadera\i0{}, \i{}Simaba\i0{}, \i{}Simarouba\i0{}, \i{}Soulamea\i0{}>
581<Satisfactory representation of recent notions on the proper
dispositions of genera long associated with \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} will
necessitate thorough overhaul of the descriptions presented in this package
(cf. \i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picramniaceae\i0{},
\i{}Surianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}). Adequate comparative data
are either unavailable or inaccessible.> 586<simaroub> 
 
# Simmondsiaceae <(Pax) Van Tiegh.>/
5<rigid, divaricately branching>,3 32,4 37,1 38,2<about 2 cm long> 39,2<and
decussate> 42,1 43,2 45<shortly>,1 53,1<but jointed at the base> 60,2
62,6/7 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 77,1 90,U 92,2<with mesophyll entirely composed
of palisade cells> 103,2<and equally numerous> 104<somewhat depressed,>,1
106,1 107,1/1&2<?> 108,2 110<quite long,>,1 111,2<with one or two
relatively thin walled terminal cells which may be glandular> 112,2 123,1
124,2&3 139,1 140,1<in the pericycle> 144,1 145,2 148,3 149,1<resulting in
successive rings of xylem and phloem, separated from one another by narrow
circles of lignified paranchyma> 156,3 158,1 159,1 161,1 165,1<very rare,
except for conjunctive tissue associated with the anomalous structure>
167,1 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 187,1<female, sometimes>/2 189<when
aggregated,>,2<female>/4<male> 194<and solitary female flowers>,2 195<in
pedunculate, cernuous capitate clusters (male), or in pendulous 27
flowered racemes or the flowers solitary (female)> 203,2 206,1
212,(4-)5(-6) 213,1 218,2 220,2 223,3 224,(4-)5(-6) 226,1 229,U
236,(4-)5(-6) 238,1 239,1 245,3 248<of female flowers,>,1 249,1<foliaceous>
251,1<fringed> 276,1/2 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(8-)10(-12) 282,1 284,1
285,1<more or less distant on the flat receptacle> 289,1 295,(8-)10(-12)
298,3 303,3<the filaments short and stout> 306,2<or ventrifixed> 309,3
310<conspicuously>,1<the outer more so than the inner> 312,2 318,2 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,6-7<the apertures poorly defined> 337,1 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,3 363,1
365,1 373,1 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 400,2
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 421,1<two of the locules empty> 422,2 426,4
427<glandular and>,1 432,3 433,2<fleshy, thickened, containing a cyanogenic
glycoside and liquid wax instead of the more usual storage compounds> 436,1
472<at least the seeds>,1 475,2 484,2 486,2 488,1 504,1&3 505,3 512,1
520<warm>,2 521<California> 522,12 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5 570,12
572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,2<\i{}Simmonsia cajifornica\i0{}, \i{}S.
chinensis\i0{}> 579,1 580<\i{}Simmondsia\i0{}> 586<simmonds> 
 
# Siparunaceae <(A. DC.) Schodde>/
2<\i{}Monimiaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1/3/4 7,1 36,1<in \i{}Glossocalyx\i0{},
where one of each pair is reduced to its midrib>/2 37,1 39,2<decussate>
50,1/2<?> 51,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,3 106,1 112,1/2
113<when present,>,2<or scalelike>/- 115,1/2 120,1 121,2 139,1 140,2
141,1<with several traces> 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,2 152,3
153,1 154<often>,3/- 156,2&3 157,2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,1-2 166,2
167,2 169,3 175,2/3 176,1 177,2/5 178,2 179,3 184,2<by gall insects> 187,2
189,1/3/8 192,1/2 194,2<usually>/1<rarely> 195<cymose, clustered or
spikelike (Schodde 1970)> 206,1-3 218,1 223,1/3/5<depending on
iterpretation> 224,4-8 225,2<sometimes almost entirely connate into a
calyptra or a flat, oblique, lanceolate tongue, usually united and intruded
below into an interior annular disk (velum) around the androecium or
gynoecium> 226,1-2<valvate within the series> 227,1/2/- 228,1 229,U
276,1/2<in female flowers> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278<in male
flowers,>,2-100<to many> 279,U 280,1/2 281,U 282,1 285,1 289,1
295,2-100<to many> 304,2<without nectariferous appendages> 309,5 310,3
312,1<?> 324,2 328,2 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,4-100<to many> 343,2/3
344,2 345,2<the carpels embedded in the hypanthium wall and disk> 347,2<the
style elongate> 350,1 351,3 381,3 385,1 386,3 387,2 388,2 404,1 405,1 407,2
408,7 413,2<i.e the drupaceous carpels usually permanently enclosed by or
embedded in the walls of the enlarged, baccate hypanthium> 422,1 424,2
433,2 504,2&3 506,1 509,3 512,1&2&3 520,4 521<tropical America, West
Indies, West Africa, Asia> 522,4&6&9&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 22> 527,1
528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1 566,2 572,1 574,4 577,9<assumed by L.W.> 578,160
579,3 580<\i{}Siparuna\i0{}, \i{}Bracteanthus\i0{}, \i{}Glossocalyx\i0{}>
581<See Schodde (1970). \i{}Taxon\i0{} \b{}19\b0{}, 325.> 586<siparuna> 
 
# Siphonodontaceae <Gagnep. & Tardieu>/
1<\i{}Capusiaceae\i0{} Gagnep.> 2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}.> 5,1/4 27,1/3 32,3
39,1 40,2 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U
137,U 146,U 147,U 148,2/3<?> 162,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 203,2 206,1 212,5
213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1
245,3 254,5 255,1 258,1 267,3 278,5 280,2 282,1<the filaments closely
appressed to the disk, the anthers forming a five-rayed star at the top>
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 328,1 329,3 330,7
339,(8-)10(-12) 341,3 342,(8-)10(-12) 343,3 344,5/6 345,1-2<embedded in the
hemispherical disk> 352,2 353,(8-)10(-12) 354,1 355,1<each with one septum,
dividing it into two superposed locelli> 360,1 368<represented by 5
stigmatic lines and tufts> 376,2 379,2<one in each locellus> 381,1&3<the
upper ascending, the lower pendulous> 384<and their locelli>,2
404<(hard-)>,1 409,2 412,7 415,1<these bony, about 20, radiating> 422,1<the
endosperm bony> 520,3-4 521<Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Northeast Australia>
522,4&9&10 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,1 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1
577,37<as a synonym of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Siphonodon\i0{}> 581<Conspicuously differing from \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}
sensu stricto (q.v.) in gynoecium morphology.> 586<siphonod> 
 
# Sladeniaceae <(Gilg & Werderm.) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Theaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 37,1 39,1 42,1 43,1-2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2
66,5 68,2 76,3/4 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<the lower> 104,1 123,1 124,2<no
raphides> 132,1 135,1 139,1 140,2 145,2 148,2 155,2 156,2 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<from the lower, glandular
ribs> 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2 195<short dichasial cymes> 206,1 212,5 213,1
215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224<usually>,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1
248,1 251<much>,1 254,5 255,1 258,1<the petals as long as the sepals> 265,1
267,3 275,4 278,(8-)10(-13) 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,(8-)10(-13) 298,2-3 303,3<the filaments broad, more or less ovate,
thick, abruptly attenuate above> 306<hairy, sagittate,>,2 309,1<poriform
slits> 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3
344,4-5 345,1<ovary with 10 thickened and glandular ribs below, simulating
a disk, and 20-ribbed above> 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1/3<the ovary narrowed
into a thick, shortly trifid style> 364,1 365,1 368,3 376,2/3 379,2 381,1
384,1 385<with a long, beaked appendage near the funicle> 404,2 409,1/3<not
known in the mature state  with crustaceous endocarp and papery exocarp,
possibly splitting septicidally into three cocci> 410<if schizocarpic,>,3
429,1 504,2 506,3 510,2 520,3-4 521<Burma, Yunnan, Siam> 522,4&9 527,1
528,2<?> 529,8<?> 538,1<? - cf. \i{}Theaceae\i0{}> 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2
574,15 577,52 578,1 579,1<with \i{}Ficalhoa\i0{} not included> 580<only
genus, \i{}Sladenia\i0{} (\i{}S. celastrifolia\i0{})> 586<sladenia> 
 
# Smilacaceae <Vent.>/
4<\i{}Behniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ripogonaceae\i0{}.> 5<scandent>,3&5/4 21,3 22,2
25,3/4 27,3 28,3<the tendrils from the petiole bases>/2<the tendrils
sometimes reduced to points> 32,3&4 37,1 39,1<mostly>/2 43<usually>,2
45,1-2 47,1<rarely>/2 49<when present,>,1 51,3/2 53,1<though the tendrils,
sometimes called stipules, have also been interpreted as representing the
midveins of lateral leaflets> 60,2 62,4/7 64,1/3<curved-convergent> 65,1
66,2/3/5 68,1<ostensibly, if the tendril bases be so interpreted>/2 76,1
92,1 102,1 104,1 106,1/2 121,U 128,1/2 129,2 130,2<\i{}Smilax\i0{}> 137,1
139,1 148,1 156,2 173,1 174,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 184,2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2/3/5/9 193,2 194,1/2 195<often of one or more superimposed
verticils appearing as racemes, spikes or umbels> 206,1 212,3 213,1
219,1<short or long>/2 223,5 224,6 225,1/2 226,2 227,1 228,2<but fairly
inconspicuous> 230,1-2<the inner members more or less reduced, sometimes
fringed> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,3<rarely>/6<usually>/9-18<rarely>
282,1 285,1/2 286<sometimes>,1<the filaments then fused into a tube or
column> 287,(1-)2(-6) 289,1 295,6<usually>/3/9/12/15/18 298,2-5 306,2 309,3
310,3/2 311,1 312,2 316,1 318,1 319,2 322,2 324,2 328,2<or indistinctly so>
337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1<rarely>/3 341,2/1<rarely> 342,1/3
343,1<rarely>/3 344,1<rarely>/4-5 345,1 347,2 348,2 350<when
monocarpellary>,1/2 352,2 353<when syncarpous>,3 360,2/1-2 361,3
363,1<usually>/2 365,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376,2 379,1/2 381,1 385,2
386,1<usually>/2/4 387,3 388,2 391,1 400,2 404,1 408<when
monocarpellary,>,8 409<when syncarpous (i.e. usually)>,2 412,6
421<usually>,3 422,1 424,1 432,3<mostly small> 436,1 442,2 447,- 448,1<not
elongated, but a long epicotyl present> 450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,1 457,3
458,1 461,1 462<\i{}Smilax\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Smilax\i0{}> 487,1 488,2 490,1/2
491<when present,>,2/1&2 492,2 504,1&2&3&4&5 505,1&2&3 506,1&2&3&4&5
507,2&3&4&5 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&3&4 510,1&2&3&4 511,1&2&3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6
513,1 520,2<warm>/3-4 521<widespread, tropical, subtropical and warm
temperate> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10,
13-16> 527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15 578,370 579,3
580<\i{}Heterosmilax\i0{}, \i{}Pseudosmilax\i0{}, \i{}Smilax\i0{}>
586<smilacac> 
 
# Solanaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Cestrineae\i0{} (\i{}Cestraceae\i0{}) Schlechtd.,
\i{}Salpiglossidaceae\i0{} Hutch., \i{}Sclerophylacaceae\i0{} Miers>
4<\i{}Duckeodendraceae\i0{}, \i{}Goetzeaceae\i0{}.> 5,5&3&1&4<often
prickly> 8,1/2 9,1<usually>/1-2<occasionally> 21,1/2/3 22,1/2/3<e.g. in
mature \i{}Anthocercis viscosa\i0{}> 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1/6 32,2-4
39,1/1-2<usually alternate below, but often becoming opposite towards the
inflorescence> 40<usually>,1<at least below> 43,1/2/5<rarely very small and
ericoid, e.g. in \i{}Fabiana imbricata\i0{}> 45,1<mostly>/2/3 47,2
50,1<<1%> rarely, e.g. \i{}Anthocercis\i0{}>/2 51,1<<2%>>/3<<2%> assignment
of (e.g.) \i{}Anthocercis\i0{} as pleasant/unpleasant being a matter of
opinion>/2<mostly> 53,1/2 55,2 56<when compound,>,3/4 60,1/2 63<when
simple/dissected,>,1/4 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 85,1<known from 4 genera> 86,3
89,1<commonly>/2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2<occasionally isobilateral> 103,1/2
104,1/2/5 106<usually>,1<representing diverse forms, including complexly
branched, tufted, stellate and peltate types: see illustration> 107,1&2
108,1&2 110,1&2 111<commonly>,1 112,1 121,1<rarely>/2 130,2<5 genera> 139,1
140,1/2 141,1<with 2 or 3 traces> 143,1 144,2 145<universally>,1<as
strands, or a continuous ring> 148,2<usually>/3 149<when present,>,1/2<?>
152,1-2/3 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 161,1<rarely>/2 162,1/2
163,1<rarely>/2 165,1/2 167,1<occasionally, e.g. \i{}Atropa belladonna\i0{}
rhizomes>/2 175,1<<99%>>/2&3/2/3/1&2 176,1<rarely>/2<<99%>> 177,1<<99%>
mostly>/2/3/5<e.g., sometimes in \i{}Solanum\i0{} and \i{}Symonanthus\i0{}>
184,2 187,1/2 192<when present, apparently>,1 194,1/2/3<occasionally>
203,2-3 205,1<e.g. \i{}Nicotiana\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}Anthocercis\i0{}, if so
considered>/3<mostly> 206,1<<85%> usually, more or less>/2-3 209<(when
noticeable)>,1/2/1&2 212<mostly>,(4-)5/- 213,1 215,2 218,2 220<usually>,1
221,2 223,1 224,10<<96%> nearly always>/8/11-14 226,2 227,1/2 229,U
236,(4-)5(-7) 238,1 239,3 241,1-3 245,3<usually>/1 248,1 249,1/2
254,(4-)5(-7) 255,1 258,3 260,1-3 265,2&5<usually>/1/3/2 266,1/4/6/8
267,3<<90%> usually, more or less>/2<rarely>/1<sometimes> 278,5<<90%>
usually>/3-4<rarely>/6-7<rarely> 280,2 282,2<epipetalous, on the tube>
284,1<often>/2 285,1 287,1 289,1<usually>/2<<5%> Salpiglossideae> 290<when
present,>,1<\i{}Salpiglossis\i0{}>/3<\i{}Schizanthus\i0{}> 291,2 292<when
present,>,1<\i{}Salpiglossis\i0{}>/1&2<\i{}Schizanthus\i0{}>
294,1&2&3<mostly>/2&3<\i{}Salpiglossis\i0{}>/3<\i{}Schizanthus\i0{}>
295,5<<90%> in all but Salpiglossideae>/2/4 296,1/2/3 297,1<e.g.
\i{}Anthocercis\i0{}>/3<mostly> 298,1<<10%> rarely>/2 299,2 300,1
304,1<e.g., inconsistently lobed in \i{}Anthocercis\i0{}>/2 305,2<often
touching in a ring at their tops>/1 306,1/2 309,1-2<terminally>/3
310,1<e.g. \i{}Anthocercis\i0{}>/3<usually, if dehiscence not terminal>/-
312,2 315,1/2<when the dehiscence is porose> 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2<1 or
2> 321,1<<10%> rarely>/2 322,2 324,1<rarely>/2 327<in
\i{}Salpiglossis\i0{},>,3 328,1<usually>/2 329,(2-)3-5(-6) 330,6/8<or
colporoidate>/10 337,1<recorded in 15 genera> 339,2 341,1
342,2<usually>/3-5<Nicandreae and Datureae <10%>> 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2
353,2<but sometimes complicated by secondary divisions> 354,1<Nicandreae
and Datureae <10%>>/2 356,2<the posterior carpel to the right, as expressed
in conventional floral diagams> 360,2 361,1 364,1<usually>/2 365,1 368,1-2 370<if
regarded as single,>,2/1-2/3-5<cleft, in \i{}Jaborosa\i0{}> 372,1/2 
373,1/2 374,2/3/4 376,2<the placentae
usually more or less swollen> 379,1-50<i.e. to many> 385,2 386,3/2 387,2
388,1 390,1 391,1/2 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<usually>/2<e.g.
\i{}Atropa\i0{}> 397,1/2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,1/2/3
401<usually>,1 402<antipodal> 403,4<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 404,1/2
409,1/2 412,1/6/7 414,4<commonly>/5/6/7<\i{}Hyoscyamus\i0{}> 422,1<usually>
424,1<usually>/2<<10%> rarely starchy> 429,1/2 430,1<rarely>/2<<90%>> 433,2
434<semi-cylindric> 435,2<13/21> 436,1/1-2/2<curved through more than a
semicircle to annular in Nicandreae, Solaneae and Datureae, but straight to
only slightly curved in Cestreae and Salpiglossideae> 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Datura\i0{}, \i{}Lycium\i0{}, \i{}Lycopersicon\i0{},
\i{}Nicotiana\i0{}, \i{}Petunia\i0{}, \i{}Physalis\i0{}, \i{}Solanum\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Cestrum\i0{}, \i{}Datura\i0{}, \i{}Lycium\i0{},
\i{}Nicandra\i0{}, \i{}Physalis\i0{}, \i{}Solanum\i0{}, \i{}Withania\i0{}>
469,1<in \i{}Datura\i0{}, \i{}Solanum\i0{}> 470,1<\i{}Solanum\i0{}, Gibbs
1974> 472,1/2 475,1<<85%> mostly>/2 479,1<\i{}Fabiana\i0{}> 480,2 483,2
484,2 487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1&2<mostly> 492,2<25 species, 14 genera>
494,1 495,1<rarely> 497,2 520,2-4 521<absent only from cold regions, but
with greatest diversity in Central and South America>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-12(+)> 527,1
528,2 529,20 550,1 565,6 571,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59 578,2000<or
more> 579<about>,95 580<\i{}Acnistus\i0{}, \i{}Anisodus\i0{},
\i{}Anthocercis\i0{}, \i{}Anthotroche\i0{}, \i{}Archiphysalis\i0{},
\i{}Althenaea\i0{}, \i{}Atropa\i0{}, \i{}Atropanthe\i0{},
\i{}Benthamiella\i0{}, \i{}Bouchetia\i0{}, \i{}Brachistus\i0{},
\i{}Browallia\i0{}, \i{}Brugmansia\i0{}, \i{}Brunfelsia\i0{},
\i{}Calibrachoa\i0{}, \i{}Capsicum\i0{}, \i{}Cestrum\i0{},
\i{}Chamaesaracha\i0{}, \i{}Combera\i0{}, \i{}Crenidium\i0{},
\i{}Cuatresia\i0{}, \i{}Cyphanthera\i0{}, \i{}Cyphomandra\i0{},
\i{}Datura\i0{}, \i{}Deprea\i0{}, \i{}Discopodium\i0{}, \i{}Duboisia\i0{},
\i{}Dunalia\i0{}, \i{}Dyssochroma\i0{}, \i{}Ectozma\i0{},
\i{}Exodeconus\i0{}, \i{}Fabiana\i0{}, \i{}Grabowskia\i0{},
\i{}Grammosolen\i0{}, \i{}Hawkesiophyton\i0{}, \i{}Heteranthia\i0{},
\i{}Hunzikeria\i0{}, \i{}Hyoscyamus\i0{}, \i{}Iochroma\i0{},
\i{}Jaborosa\i0{}, \i{}Jaltomata\i0{}, \i{}Juanulloa\i0{}, \i{}Latua\i0{},
\i{}Leptoglossis\i0{}, \i{}Leucophysalis\i0{}, \i{}Lycianthes\i0{},
\i{}Lycium\i0{}, \i{}Lycopersicon\i0{}, \i{}Mandragora\i0{},
\i{}Margaranthus\i0{}, \i{}Markea\i0{}, \i{}Melananthus\i0{},
\i{}Mellissia\i0{}, \i{}Merinthopodium\i0{}, \i{}Metternichia\i0{},
\i{}Nectouxia\i0{}, \i{}Nicandra\i0{}, \i{}Nicotiana\i0{},
\i{}Nierembergia\i0{}, \i{}Nothocestrum\i0{}, \i{}Oryctes\i0{},
\i{}Pantacantha\i0{}, \i{}Parabouchetia\i0{}, \i{}Pauia\i0{},
\i{}Petunia\i0{}, \i{}Phrodus\i0{}, \i{}Physalis\i0{},
\i{}Physochlaina\i0{}, \i{}Plowmania\i0{}, \i{}Protoschwenckia\i0{},
\i{}Przewalskia\i0{}, \i{}Quincula\i0{}, \i{}Rahowardiana\i0{},
\i{}Reyesia\i0{}, \i{}Salpichroa\i0{}, \i{}Salpiglossis\i0{},
\i{}Saracha\i0{}, \i{}Schizanthus\i0{}, \i{}Schultesianthus\i0{},
\i{}Schwenckia\i0{}, \i{}Sclerophylax \i0{}, \i{}Scopolia\i0{},
\i{}Sessea\i0{}, \i{}Sesseopsis\i0{}, \i{}Solandra\i0{}, \i{}Solanum\i0{},
\i{}Streptosolen\i0{}, \i{}Symonanthus\i0{}, \i{}Trianaea\i0{},
\i{}Triguera\i0{}, \i{}Trozelia\i0{}, \i{}Tubocapsicum\i0{}, \i{}Vassobia\i0{},
\i{}Vestia\i0{}, \i{}Withania\i0{}, \i{}Witheringia\i0{}> 581<Family
reviewed by DArcy in Hawkes, Lester and Skelding (1979).> 582<Products
include potato and eggplant (\i{}Solanum\i0{} spp.), and tomato
(\i{}Lycopersicon\i0{}). Other edible fruits from \i{}Physalis\i0{} (cape
gooseberry, strawberry tomato, jamberberry, sugar cherry, chinese lantern
etc., according to the species and variety), \i{}Cymphomandra\i0{}
(tamarillo), \i{}Capsicum\i0{} (sweet and chilli peppers), etc. Most
produce poisonous alkaloids, and some are commercially important in this
connection (\i{}Nicotiana\i0{}, \i{}Hyoscyamus\i0{}, \i{}Datura\i0{}). Many
cultivated ornamentals, e.g. \i{}Petunia\i0{}, \i{}Lycium\i0{},
\i{}Solanum\i0{}, \i{}Cestrum\i0{}, \i{}Solandra\i0{}.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}And shrieks, like mandrakes, torn out of the
earth, \line{}That living mortals, hearing them, go mad \line{}(Romeo and
Juliet, iv.,3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Atropa, too, that, as the beldams
say, \line{}Shows her black fruit to tempt and to betray \line{}(Charlotte
Smith, quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers (1857))
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The pipe, with solemn interposing puff,
\line{}Makes half a sentence at a time enough \line{}(William Cowper,
Tobacco) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When potatoes, leaves, or haulms are
green, \line{}To livestock must they neer be gien \line{}(ancient anon,
re. solanine poisoning.)> 586<solanace> 
 
# Sonneratiaceae <Engl. & Gilg>/
1<\i{}Blattiaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Lythraceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Duabangaceae\i0{}
Takhtajan> 5,3<\i{}Sonneratia\i0{} comprising mangroves, with vertical
branches of the root system projecting into the air above the mud>/4 27,1/3
32,2/3 39,2/3 43,2 45,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U
92,1/2<isobilateral in \i{}Sonneratia\i0{}> 103<in \i{}Sonneratia\i0{}>,2
104,3 121,1 122,1 139<in \i{}Sonneratia\i0{},>,1 140,2 143,1 144,2 145,1
148,2 150,3 152,3 153<mostly>,2&3 154<moderately>,1-2 156,3 157,1 161,2
162,1 163,1<in \i{}Sonneratia\i0{}>/2 164,2 165,2<in \i{}Duabanga\i0{},
absent in \i{}Sonneratia\i0{}>/- 166,2 167,2 169,3 170<often>,1
175,1<usually>/2&3/1&2&3<?> 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2/8<?> 181,1 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1/6 192,1 194,1 195<13 flowered cymes or corymbs>
203,3-4 206,1 213,1 215,4 218,1<thick> 220,1/- 223,1/3<corolla sometimes
lacking> 224,8-16 226,1/2 227,1 229,U 236,4-8 238,1 239,3/1<on the
hypanthium, often coloured inside> 244,3 245,3 248,1<leathery> 251,3
254,4-8<small> 255,1 258,1 265,6 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,(12-)16-100<usually many> 279,1/2 282,1<on the hypanthium> 285,1/2
286<when cohering,>,4-8<in clusters opposite the petals> 287,1-4<in
clusters or in several whorls> 289,1 295,(12-)16-50 298,3-5 306,1 308,1
309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 320,2<2 or 3> 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3
330,7<\i{}Duabanga\i0{}>/8<or colporoidate, \i{}Sonneratia\i0{}> 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,4-15 341,2/3 342,4-15 343,3 344,6 345,1-2<on a
broad base> 352,2 353,4-15 361,1<bent in bud> 364,2 365,1 368,1 371,3 376,2
379,10-50<many> 380,1 381,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396<very>,1 397,2 400,2 403,1 404,1/2 409,2 412,1/6
421,15-100<many> 422,2 433,2 435,1<1/1> 436,1/2 447,1
466,2<\i{}Sonneratia\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Duabanga\i0{}> 475,2<one species>
479,1<\i{}Sonneratia\i0{}> 480,2 487,2 492,1 500,1<\i{}Sonneratia\i0{}>/2
520,4 521<East tropical Africa and Madfagascar, Southeast Asia and
Malaysia, Northern Australia, Western Pacific> 522,6&8&9&10&11
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 18, 24> 527,1 528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym of \i{}Lythraceae\i0{}> 578,7 579,2
580<\i{}Duabanga\i0{}, \i{}Sonneratia\i0{}> 581<Apart from some differences
in esoteric charaters depending on limited sampling (mesophyll
idioblasts, superficial cork cambium, libriform xylem fibres,
chlorophyllous embryo, transported sugars comprising only sucrose), these
compiled descriptions have \i{}Sonneratiaceae\i0{} unimpressively
distinguishable from \i{}Lythraceae\i0{} (q.v.) only by the corolla
aestivation and some variations in the androecium.> 586<sonnerat> 
 
# Sparganiaceae <Schultz-Schultzenst.>/
2<\i{}Typhaceae\i0{}.> 5<marsh or aquatic>,5 21,3 22,2 25,3 32,1-2
34,2/1<less often> 35,2&3 39,1 40,2 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 65,2 68,-
81,1<?> 90,1 102,1 104,3 121,1<with raphides>/2 123,1 124,1/2/3 128,1 129,2
130,2 148,1 156,2 173,1 174,2 175,2&3 176,1 177,2<the inflorescence system
basally female, apically male> 182,2<?  no septal nectaries> 184,1 187,2
192,2 194,2 195<of globose units, each comprising twice- or thrice-compound
heads> 200,1<female flowers, usually>/2<male flowers, usually> 203,2
206,1-3<according to their location in the inflorescence> 209,1&2 213,1
216,1 219,2 223,5 224,(1-)3-4(-6) 225,1 226,1/2 227,1/2 228,1<scaly>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(1-)3(-6)<depending on position in the
inflorescence> 282,1 285,1/2<filaments sometimes fused basally> 287,1/2
289,1 295,(1-)3(-6) 298,1-3 306,2 308,2 310,1<when ascertainable> 312,2
318,1 322,1 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,5<the aperture diffusely delimited> 337,1
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1/2 341,1 342,1/2 343,1/3<in the latter case,
pseudomonomerous, with one locule empty> 344,1/4-5 345,1 348,2 350,1 351,1
352,2 353<when detectably syncarpous,>,2 360,2 361,2 363,1-2 364,1 372,2
373,1 374,2 376<when pseudomonomerous,>,3 379,1 381,1 386,3 387,3 388,2
391,1 392,1 393,1 395,1<forming up to 150 cells> 396,1 397,1 400,3 403,1
404,1-2 407,2 408,7/6 409<when detectably pseudomonomeric or syncarpous,>,2
412,7/8 415,2 421,1 422,1 424,1 425,1<thin> 430,1 433,1 435,2<1/1> 436,1
442,2 443<very thin> 447,- 448,1<short> 449,2 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,1
456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Sparganium\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Sparganium\i0{}>
468,1 472,2 475,1<<30%>>/2 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,2&3 492,2 497,1
498,2 520,1&2/4<a few> 521<widespread North temperate, also Southeast
Australia and New Zealand - and a few in Borneo and New Guinea>
522,1&2&3&4&5&9&10&11&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15> 527,2 530,10 564,6 572,1
574,5 575,1 577,21<as a synonym of \i{}Typhaceae\i0{}> 578,20 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Sparganium\i0{}> 581<These compiled data show
\i{}Sparganium\i0{} differing conspicuously from \i{}Typha\i0{} in the
inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology, as well as in esoteric
characters depending on limited sampling (papillate stigmas, embryological
details, seedling morphology).> 586<spargani> 
 
# Sphaerosepalaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
1<\i{}Rhopalocarpaceae\i0{} Hemsl.> 5,1/2/3 37,2 39,1 53,1 60,2 64,2/3<then
three veined> 68,1 69,2 74<large,>,1 90,U 102,1 104,1/2/6 121,1 145,2 146,2
148,2 156,3 157,2 159,1 167,2 169,2<VP, \i{}Rhopalocarpus\i0{}> 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 192,1 194,1/2 195<subumbelliform cymules> 200,1<each flower
subtended by several caducous bracts> 206,1-2 215,4 218,2 220,1 221,2
222,2<large, gynophore-like, wrinkled, denticulate> 223,1 224,(7-)8(-10)
226,3/4<?>/- 227,1 229,U 236,4/6 238,2<2+2, rarely 3+3> 239,1<the innermost
larger> 248,2<caducous, leathery> 251<strongly>,1 254,(3-)4(-8) 258,1
265,1<the petals unequal, densely streaked with short, resinous lines>
268,2/3 272,2<caducous> 274<slightly>,1 278,25-100<or more> 279,U 281,2
282,1 284,2<the outer filaments shorter> 285<irregularly>,2/1 286<usually
shortly and irregularly connate at the base into groups> 287,2-4<in series>
289,1 295,25-100<or more> 298,5 303,3 309,3 311,2<the locules widely
separated, the connective broad and glandular> 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3-7
330,8<colporoidate> 339,(2-)3(-5) 342,(2-)4(-5) 343,3
344,7<\i{}Dialyceras\i0{}, with the carpels free save for a common
gynobasic style>/6<\i{}Rhopalocarpus\i0{}, with a single geniculate style
and an entire stigma> 345,1/1-2<partially sunken in the disk> 350<of
\i{}Dialyceras\i0{}, with free ovaries,>,2-9 351,2/3 352,2 353,(2-)4(-5)<as
many as the carpels, but the locules separate in \i{}Dialyceras\i0{}>
360,2 361,1 364,2 365,1/3<in \i{}Dialyceras\i0{}> 376,1-2<in
\i{}Rhopalocarpus\i0{}, but marginal to basal in the free locules of
\i{}Dialyceras\i0{}> 379,2-9 381,3 386,3 404,U 405,1/2
409,2<\i{}Rhopalocarpus\i0{}>/3<\i{}Dialyceras\i0{}> 410<in
\i{}Dialyceras\i0{},>,(2-)3(-5) 411<of \i{}Dialyceras\i0{} with 1(-2) large
seeds> 412<of \i{}Rhopalocarpus\i0{}>,2<globose or lobed according to the
number of carpels, densely muricate> 421,4-10<1(-2) per locule> 422,1 423,1
424,1 426,4 432,3< but rather small> 433,2<bilobed, sometimes ruminate>
436,1 492,1 504,2 506,2 520,4 521<Madagascar> 522,8 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,3
565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46 578,14 579,2
580<\i{}Rhopalocarpus (Sphaerosepalum)\i0{}, \i{}Dialyceras\i0{}>
586<sphaeros> 
 
# Sphenocleaceae <(Lindl.) Mart. ex DC.>/
2<\i{}Campanulaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Pongatieae\i0{} (\i{}Pongatiaceae\i0{})
Endl.> 5,5 6,3 14<having stems more or less>,1 21,1 32,2 39,1 40,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 64,2 68,2 87,1<perhaps, in the phloem>/2<?> 90,U 92,1 104,4 123,1
124,2 132,3 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2
168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,3 192,2 194,1 195<dense spikes> 200,1
202,1<two bracteoles> 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,3
265,1 266,4/5 267,3 278,5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments short> 309,3 310,3 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1<usually>/2<rarely> 320,1<?> 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<to
colporoidate> 337,2 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,2-3 352,2 353,2 361,1
365,1 368,1 371,3 376,2<the placentas stipitate> 379,10-50<many> 385,2
386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 400,1 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,7
421,15-100<many> 422<more or less>,2 426,1 433,2 436,1 447,1 495,2 520,4
521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 12> 527,1
528,2 529,19 549,1 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,59 578,2 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Sphenoclea\i0{}> 586<sphenocl> 
 
# Sphenostemonaceae <P. van Royen & Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Aquifoliaceae\i0{}, more recently \i{}Paracryphiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3
32,3 37,1 39,1/2/3 43,2 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/4 81,2 90,U
116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 159,1 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194<(sub-)>,1/- 195<racemes> 200,1<the bracts
caducous> 206,1 213,1 215,2/4 218,2 220,2 223,1/3<corolla sometimes absent>
224,8/4 226,4/2 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,2 239,1 245,3 248,2<caducous> 251,1
254<when present,>,4 255,2 258,1 267,3 271,1 272,2 278,4-12 280,2 282,1
285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4-12 298,2-4 303,2/3/4<the filaments short and thick
or obsolete, the connective thick, the anther elongate or thick and
petaloid> 310,3<then short>/2<then elongate> 328,1 329,3 330,7/8<?> 339,2
341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 360,1 368,1 371,3 379,1 381,1
385,2 404,1 409,2 412,7<asymmetrically ovoid> 415,1/2<with 12 bony
pyrenes> 422,1 423,1 520,4 521<Eastern Malaysia, Queensland, New Caledonia>
522,9&10&11 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21 551,5 565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,15
576,4 577,65<as a synonym of \i{}Paracryphiaceae\i0{}> 578,7 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Sphenostemon\i0{}> 581<The comparative descriptive data compiled
here show \i{}Sphenostemon\i0{} differing from
\i{}Paracryphia\i0{}(\i{}ceae\i0{}) (q.v.) in at least ten conspicuous
characters representing vegetative, floral and fruit morphology, in
addition to the wingless seeds with ruminate endosperm.> 586<sphenost> 
 
# Spigeliaceae <Mart.>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu lato, \i{}Strychnaceae\i0{}.> 5,5<rarely
subshrubs> 9,1/2 10<the switch forms>,1 12,1/2 21,1/3 32,3 39,2/2&3<often
in false whorls towards the stem tips> 43,1/2<?>/4 45,1-2 46,1/2<connected
by an interpetiolar line or small stipules> 53,1 60,2 64,2/3<rarely> 65,1
68,1/2<then the members of the leaf pair connected by an interpetiolar
line> 69<when detectable,>,1<small> 72,1 76,1 81,2 95,2 106,1/2 107,1
112,1/2 113,2<occurring in several species>/- 130,2<\i{}Spigelia\i0{}>
131,1 145,1 148,3 149,2 150,3<uniseriate> 152,3 155,2
156,3<mostly>/1<occasional, irregular> 157,2 161,1 165<absent> 167,1 169,3
175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1 187,2 189,1&3&5&7 192,1 194,1/2 195<usually
cincinnous, variously cymes or unilateral spikes, fasciculate or
subumbellate> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 245,3 248,1 254,5 255,1 258,3<not internally hairy>
260,1 265,3<the lobes pointed, erect> 266,6/7/8 267,3 268,3/5/6/7 278,5
280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 296,2/3
298,2 299,2 300,1 306,1 309,3 310,3 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8 339,2
341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 358,1 360,2 361,1<the upper half
often deciduous> 364,1/2<?> 365,1 368,1 371,1/2/3 376,2<the placentas
peltate> 377,1 379,10-50<many> 386,3/4/2<?> 387,2 388,1 390,2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 401,1/2 402,3 403,4 404,2 405,2<but
more or less didymous> 409,1 412,1<compressed contrary to the septum>
414,7<the cupular base remaining in the persistent calyx> 421,5-15<few>
422,1 423,1 429,2<and not particularly compressed, sometimes polyhedral>
436,1 475,1 481,2 482,2 484,2 504,1&3 505,3 512,3&4&5 520,3-4 521<warm
North to tropical South America> 522,12&13&15 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 26, 32, 48,
64> 525,8&13<?> 526,2&4&6 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3 565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}> 578,50 579,1
580<\i{}Spigelia\i0{}> 581<See Leeuwenberg 1980, under
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. Comparisons amongst the descriptions compiled here do
not support including \i{}Spigelia\i0{} in \i{}Strychnaceae\i0{}, as
proposed by Struwe and Albert (1994). Its nearest neighbours in these terms
are \i{}Solanaceae\i0{}, followed by \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto,
\i{}Antoniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Mitreolaceae\i0{},
\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{} (etc.). Other than esoteric characters depending on
restricted sampling (wood anatomy, seeds with ruminate endopsperm, no
iridoids), \i{}Spigelia\i0{} appears to differ from \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}
sensu stricto only in the valvate corolla and circumscissle capsules. See
comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 586<spigelia> 
 
# Stachyuraceae <J.G. Agardh>/
5<small>,1/3/4 27,1/3 37,1/2 39,1 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,1
70,1 74,1<small, linear-lanceolate> 76,3<or serrulate> 90,U 92,1<but with a
thin mesophyll> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 122,2 123,1 124,2 130,2 132,1
135,1<of thin walled parenchyma> 137,2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153<very>,1 154<exclusively>,1 155,2 156,2/1&2
157,2 158,1 159,1 161,1 162,2 163,2 164,1/2 165,1 169,3 170,2 175,1/1&2&3
176,1/2 177,1/8 187,2 189<pendulous,>,2/3 192,2 194,1/2 195<pendulous
racemes or spikes> 202<bi->,1<the bracteoles connate> 203,2 206,1
212,4<throughout> 213,1 215,4 218,2 223,1 224,8 226,3 227,1 229,U 236,4
238,2<2+2> 239,1 245,3 251<much>,1 254,4 255,1 258,1<the petals connivent>
265,2<\i{}Stachyurus praecox\i0{}, cf. J.D. Hooker, Bot. Mag. tab.
6631>/1<?> 267,3 274,2 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,8 282,1 285,1 287,2
289,1 295,8 298,3 303,3<the filaments subulate> 308<appearing>,1 309,3
310,3 312,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330<(tri-)>,8<occasionally 4-ruporate> 337,1
338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,4 341,2 342,1/4 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1-2
353,1/4<4-locular at the base, but above and for most of it length the
partitions, though deeply intruded, are not united in the middle>
360<shortly>,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370<obscurely>,4 371,3-4 372,1 373,1 374,1
375,2<above> 376,2<below> 379,30-50<numerous> 385,1 386,3 387,3 388,2
389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 404,1 409,2
412,6<rather firm and dry, 4-locular> 421<many seeded> 422,1 424,1<and
proteinaceous> 426,2 432,3 433,2<flat> 436,1 472,2 483,2 484,2 488,1/2
489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,1 495,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2-4 521<Eastern Asia
- Himalayas to Formosa and Japan> 522,4 527,1 528,1 529,8<?> 538,1<?> 565,4
569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42 578<about>,10 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Stachyurus\i0{}> 586<stachyur> 
 
# Stackhousiaceae <R. Br.>/
2<\i{}Celastraceae\i0{}.> 5,5 9,1/2 12,1/2 14,1/2 21,1/3 25<the
perennials>,3 32,3/4 39,1 40,1 43,1/2/3/4 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 55,2 60,2
62,3/4/5 64,1/2 68<inconspicuously>,1 69,1 73,1<or terete>/-
74,1<usually?>/2 76,1 90,U 92,1/2/3 102,1 104,1 106,1 107,1 108,1 112,2
115<usually>,1 123,2 143,1<? - since rays are said to be absent>/- 144,1
148,2<?> 150<reported absent> 156,3 161,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,1/2/5 192,1/2 195<racemes or cymes, rarely umbellate>
200,1 202,1<usually, with two bracteoles>/2 205,1<mostly?>/3 206,1-2 209,2
212,5 213,1 215,2 218,1 220,1<lining the floral tube> 223,1 224,10 226,2
227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<on the hypanthium>/3<towards the base above
the hypanthium> 245,3/1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1/3 265,1 267,1/3 268,2/3/6/7
274,1<the claws free, even when gamopetalous above> 278,5 280,2 282,1
284,2<usually three long and two short>/1<\i{}Macgregoria\i0{}> 285,1 287,1
289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 312,2 313,1<\i{}Macgregoria\i0{}>/2
314,1 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 337,2
339,(2-)3(-5) 341,1-2 342,(2-)3(-5) 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)3(-5)
360,2 361,1/2-5 363,1/2 364,1/2 365,1 368,2-5 376,2-1 379,1 381,3 382,1
383,1 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<sometimes
multinucleate> 395,1<to form 1015 cells>/2 397,1 399,1 400,2 403,2 404,2
409,3 410,(2-)3(-5) 411,4/5 421,2-5 422,1 424,1 433,2 436,1 447,1 472,2
484,2 488,1 495,2 520,2-4 521<Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand> 522,9&10
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 10, 15> 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,1 565,5 570,11 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,37<as a synonym of \i{}Celastraceae\i0{}> 578,27
579,3 580<\i{}Macgregoria\i0{}, \i{}Stackhousia\i0{},
\i{}Tripterococcus\i0{}> 581<Apart from characters depending on limited
sampling (enbryology, anther wall development) and the restricted
geographical distribution, the compiled data show \i{}Stackhousiaceae\i0{}
differing from \i{}Celastraceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the
herbaceous habit and schizocarpic fruits.> 586<stackhou> 
 
# Staphyleaceae <(DC.) Lindl.>/
3<\i{}Ochranthaceae\i0{} (Lindl.) Endl., \i{}Simabaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.)>
4<\i{}Tapisciaceae\i0{} (Pax) Takhtajan> 5<small>,1/3 39,2 45,1
53<ostensibly>,1<at least sometimes, in \i{}Turpinia\i0{}>/2<generally, at
least basically> 55,1 56<when recognisably compound,>,1<in some
\i{}Turpinia\i0{} species?>/3<often>/4 57,1 64,2 65,1 68,1 74,1
76<usually>,3/4 90,U 92,1 101,1/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,2 106,1 107,1
123,1 124,2 130,2<\i{}Staphylea\i0{}> 134,1/2 137,2 139,1 140,2<sometimes
in the epidermis itself> 141,3 143,1/2<at a very early stage> 144,1 145,2
146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3/2-3 153<very to moderately>,1 154,1<typically
exclusively so>/2/3<with radial multiples in some species of
\i{}Turpinia\i0{}> 155,2 156,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160<often>,1 161,1
163,1<rarely>/2 164,2 165<scanty>,2 169,3 175,1/2/3/2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/8
187,2 189,2/8 194,1/2 195<drooping panicles or racemes> 200,1 203,2 206,1
212,5 213,1 218,2 220,1 221,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 228,1&2/2
236,5<often petaloid> 238,1 239<more or less>,1<never forming a tube> 245,3
251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 276,1/2 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the
filaments sometimes very flattened> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1
317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 329,(2-)3/4-12 330,8/10
337,1<\i{}Staphylea\i0{}>/2<\i{}Turpinia\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2-3(-4) 341,1 342<when syncarpous (i.e. usually),>,2-3(-4)
343,2<\i{}Euscaphis\i0{}>/2-3/3 344,2<<2%> \i{}Euscaphis\i0{} only>/3-6<the
carpels variously partially separate or separating> 345,1-2<the base often
embedded in the disk> 347<of the apocarpous \i{}Euscaphis\i0{}>,2 348,2
350,(1-)6-12 352<usually>,2 353<usually syncarpous and>,2-3(-4) 360,2
361,1/2-3(-4) 363,1/2<sometimes joined distally> 364,1/2 365,1 372,1 373,1
374,4 376,2/1-2 379,(2-)6-12 381,2/3<commonly> 384,4<commonly with two rows
in each locule>/2 385,1<\i{}Euscaphis\i0{}>/2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 404,1/2
405<in \i{}Euscaphis\i0{},>,1<and sometimes the carpels separating in other
genera>/2 407<of \i{}Euscaphis\i0{}>,1 408,3 409<when syncarpous>,1/3<the
carpels inflating and opening along their inner sutures, sometimes
separating completely, in \i{}Staphylea\i0{}>/2<in \i{}Turpinia\i0{}>
410<when schizocarpic,>,2/3 411,3<becoming inflated> 412<when
syncarpous>,1/6/7<inflated and apically dehiscent in \i{}Staphylea\i0{},
indehiscent and dry to softly fleshy in \i{}Turpinia\i0{}> 422<copiously>,1
424,1 432,3 433,2 434<fleshy, flat or planoconvex> 435,1<1/1> 436,1 447,1/2
469,1/3<in different species of \i{}Staphylea\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<mostly
<80%>>/2 483,2 484,2 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2
492,2<\i{}Staphylea\i0{}> 495,2 504,1&2&3 520,2-4 521<Southwest Europe,
Eastern Asia, temperate U.S.A., Central America and Northwest South
America> 522,1&2&3&4&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13> 527,1 528,1
529,15<seemingly misplaced: Gadek \i{}et al\i0{} 1996> 545,5<?  pending
reassignment> 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42 578,60 579,5
580<\i{}Euscaphis\i0{}, \i{}Staphylea\i0{} and \i{}Turpinia\i0{}>
586<staphyle> 
 
# Stegnospermataceae <(H. Walter) Nak.>/
1<\i{}Stegnospermaceae\i0{}> 2<\i{}Phytolaccaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/4 14,1 27,1/3
32,4 39,1 43,3 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62<elliptic or>,6-7/8 64,2 68,2
76,1<membranous> 90,U 145,2 148,3 149,1 159,1 167,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2
189,1/8<racemiform> 192,1 194,1/2 195<terminal racemiform thyrses or
axillary cymes> 200,1 202<bi->,1<the pedicels thickened upwards> 206,1
212,5 213,1 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3
248,1 251,1 254,5<shorter than the sepals> 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3
274<suborbicular, slightly>,1 278,10 280,2 282,1<the oppositisepalous
members>/2<the alternisepalous members being basally joined to the petals>
285,2 286,1<the filaments connate at the base> 287,1 289,1 295,10 298,3
300,3 303,3<the filaments subulate> 306,1 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,6
339,3-5 341,1-2 342,1 343,3 344,5 352,1 353,1<the partitions ephemeral>
368,3-5<short, recurved> 375,1&5<the ovules basal around a central column>
378,3-5<as many as the stigmas> 381,3 385,1 386,5 404,2 409,1
412,1<leathery> 414<35>,6<the valves opposite the sepals> 421,1-5<the
seeds almost covered by the large, fleshy arils> 422,2 425,1<mealy> 430,1
432,3 436,2 486,1 492,1 497,1 498,3<b: with a polyhedral protein
crystalloid, as well as the subperiferal proteinaceous filaments> 504,3
512,1 520,3-4 521<Mexico, Central America, West Indies> 522,13&14 527,1
528,1 529,4 534,1 565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,5 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Stegnosperma\i0{}> 586<stegnosp> 
 
# Stemonaceae <Engl.>/
3<\i{}Croomiaceae\i0{} Nak., \i{}Roxburghiaceae\i0{} Wallich>
4<\i{}Pentastemonaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/4/3<then shrublets> 21,3 22,2 25,3/4
27,1/3 28<sometimes>,1 29<\i{}Stemona\i0{}>,2 32,3 39,1/2/3 40<when
alternate,>,2 43,1/2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64<convergent>,3 65,1
66,2<often>/5/8 68,- 76,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 128,2 143,2/3 148,1<the
vascular bundles in two concentric circles> 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,2
175,1<usually>/2&3 176,1/2 177,1<usually>/2 184,2 187,1/2 189<when
aggregated,>,1/2 192,1/2 194,2 195<few flowered cymes or racemes, the
pedicels articulated> 200,1<and axillary>/2 203,2/3 205<sometimes>,2/-
206,1 212,2/4 213,1 215,3/1 219,1/2 223,5 224,4 225,1/2 226,2 227,1<2+2>
228,1/2 230,1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,4 282,2 285,1/2<\i{}Stemona\i0{},
where the broad stamens are basally connate, and have an internal extension
that contacts the stigma> 286<often>,1<the filaments connate> 287,1/2 289,1
295,4 298,3 306,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 313<often conspicuously>,1/2 314<when
present,>,1 318,1 321,3 322,2 324,2 328,1/2 329<when aperturate,>,1 330,1
337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,5
345,1/2<\i{}Stichoneuron\i0{}> 352,1 353,1 360,1/2 365,1
375,1<\i{}Stemona\i0{}>/3<\i{}Stichoneuron\i0{}> 378,3-50<few to several,
or many> 381,2/3 385,1 386,1/3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,2/3<?> 393,1
394,3 395,2 396<very>,1 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,2 404,2
409,1/2 412,1/2 414<sometimes two>,6 422,1 423,2 424,1 442,2 447,- 448,2
450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,1<above the first leaf> 457,3 458,1 472,2
475,1<6 species> 504,1&2&5 505,1 506,3&4 507,3&4 510,1&2&3 511,3 513,1
520,3-4 521<Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Northern Australia> 522,4&9&10
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7> 527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,14 578,23 579,3
580<\i{}Croomia\i0{}, \i{}Stemona\i0{}, \i{}Stichoneuron\i0{}>
586<stemonac> 
 
# Stemonuraceae <Karehed>/
5,1&3<buttressed in \i{}Cantleya\i0{}, the lower branches self-pruning and
leaving conspicuous scars in some genera> 6,1/3<?> 31,1/2 32,2/3 37,1 39,1
40,2 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2<usually>/3<rarely> 65,1 68,2 76,1-4
78<distinctively cigar-shaped> 81,2 90,U 96,1<occasionally?>/2 101,1/2<?>
104,1/2 106<of assorted unicellular and multicellular forms,>,1<?>
116,1/2<?> 117<if present,>,4 122,1/2 133,1/2<?> 137,1/2 138<when
present,>,4 139,1 140,2 141<variously>,1/3<?> 143,1/2/3/4<?> 144,1/2<?>
145,1/2 147,1/2 148,2<?> 152,3 153<very>,1-2 154,1/2/3/4/5<in various
combinations?> 156<at least sometimes>,2 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,2
161<commonly>,1<in forms with scalariform perforation plates> 162,1/2 163,2
164,2 167,2 169,3 175,2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9 178,1/2 179,1
187,2<the pedicels articulated> 189,1/2<or leaf-apposed> 192,1 194,2/3/6
195<usually axillary or cauliflorous compound cymes> 203,1-2<mostly minute,
but up to 1.5 cm in \i{}Whitmorea\i0{}> 205,3 206,1 212,(4-)5(-7) 213,1
215,2 218,2 220,2<usually>/1<?> 221<when present,>,1/2<?> 223,1 224,8-12
226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4-5(-7) 238,1 239,3<generally cupular> 240,3 244,1
245,3 248,1 249,2 251,1<?> 254,(4-)5(-7) 255,1 258,1/3 260,3<sometimes
dorsally keeled and inflexed> 265,3 267,3 276,1/2 277,1/2<in female
flowers> 278,(4-)5(-6) 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4-5(-7)
298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments stout, with clavate hairs> 306,2
309,3 310,1/3 312,1 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1-2<these ephemeral> 322,2 328,1
329,3(-7) 330,6/7/8/9<?> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,1 343,3
344,5-6 345,1 352,1 353,1<by abortion> 360,1 
368<entire or lobed> 371<peltate, subcapitate or punctiform>
378<usually>,2<back to back  rarely only one> 381,1 385,1<with a funicular
thickening near the micropyle>/2<?> 386,3 387,2 388,2<at least in
\i{}Stemonurus\i0{}> 404,1-2 409,2 412,7<often with a fleshy lateral
appendage> 421,1 426,1-2 500,1<\i{}Stemonurus\i0{} exhibiting stilt-roots
and pneumatophores>/2<mostly> 504,2&3&5 506,1&2&3 510,1&2&3&4 520,3&4
521<more or less pan-tropical: northern S. America, tropical W. Africa,
Madagascar, Comores, Seychelles, S. India, Sri Lanka, trop. S.E. Esia,
Malesia, N. Australia> 522,4&5&6&8&9&10&11&15 527,1 528,2<?> 529,21 551,5
565,5 570,11 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,61 578<about>,70 579,12
580<\i{}Cantleya\i0{}, \i{}Codiocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Discophora\i0{},
\i{}Gastrolepis\i0{}, \i{}Gomphandra\i0{}, \i{}Grisollea\i0{},
\i{}Hartleya\i0{}, \i{}Irvingbaileya\i0{}, \i{}Lasianthera\i0{},
\i{}Medusanthera\i0{}, \i{}Stemonurus\i0{}, \i{}Whitmorea\i0{}> 581<See
(e.g.) Potgieter M.J., Schori M., Utteridge T.M.A. (2016):
\i{}Stemonuraceae\i0{}, in Kadereit J., Bittrich V. (eds) Flowering Plants.
Eudicots. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 14. Springer,
Cham. This unsatisfactory draft description, consequent on segregation of
these genera from \i{}Icacinaceae\i0{} (q.v.), needs critical attention -
especially re anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry> 586<stemonur> 
 
# Sterculiaceae <Vent.>/
2<\i{}Malvaceae\i0{}> 3<\i{}Buettneriaceae\i0{} auctt.,
\i{}Byttneriaceae\i0{} R.Br., \i{}Chiranthodendreae\i0{}
(\i{}Cheiranthodendreae\i0{}, \i{}Cheiranthodendraceae\i0{}) A. Gray,
\i{}Dombeyaceae\i0{} (DC.) Bartling, \i{}Fremontieae\i0{}
(\i{}Fremontiaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Helicteraceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Hermanniaceae\i0{} Berchtold & Presl, \i{}Lasiopetalaceae\i0{} J.G.
Agardh, \i{}Melochiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Theobromeae\i0{}
(\i{}Theobromataceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Triplochitonaceae\i0{} K.
Schum.> 5,1&3/4/5<rarely> 27,1/3 31,1/2 32,3/4 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,1/2
56<sometimes>,5 60,1/2 63<when dissected, often>,2 64,3/2 65,1 68,1 69,2
70,1 74,1/2 81,2 85,1<known from 8 genera> 86,1<rarely>/2<mostly>/3 90,U
92<generally>,1 101,1 103<usually>,1<the lower>
104,1<usually>/3<\i{}Reevesia\i0{}> 106<of numerous kinds>,1<in the family>
107,1&2 108,1&2 112,1 113<predominantly>,1&2<cf. \i{}Bombacaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Malvaceae\i0{}> 115,1/2 116,1/2 117,2 121,1<commonly, more widely
didtributed than canals>/2 123,1 124,2/3 130,2<\i{}Fremontodendron\i0{},
\i{}Sterculia\i0{}> 137,1<schizogenous and/or lysigenous>/2 138,3 139,1
140,2 141,3 143,1/2<then the xylem traversed by wide rays, or in
\i{}Brachychiton\i0{} by wide sheaths of parenchyma> 144,1 145,2 146,2
147,2<mostly>/1<\i{}Leptonychia\i0{}> 148,2 150,1<beconing triangular when
traversing the phloem> 152,1-3 153,1/2<mostly>/3 154<mostly>,1&2&3/4/5
156,3 157,2 158,1/2 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,1/2<perhaps exhibiting a
subfamilial distinction> 166,1 167,2 168,1<\i{}Durio\i0{},
\i{}Pterospermum\i0{} and intermediate types, common in Buettnerieae>/2
169,1/2 175,1<<90%>>/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1<<90%> usually>/2/8
187,2<usually, sometimes cauliflorous>/- 189,1 192,1 194,2<usually>/1/3/6
195<complex cymes> 206,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 212<usually>,5/- 213,1 215,2-4
216,1<often>/3 218,2 223,1/3<corolla often absent or reduced> 224,5-10
226,1/2 227,1<usually>/- 229,U 236,(3-)5 238,1 239,1/3<usually briefly
connate basally> 241,3 245<slightly>,1/3 248<usually>,1 251,3 253,2 254<when
present,>,5 255,1 258,1<the petals free of one another, but sometimes
adnate to the androecial tube> 265,2 267,3 274,1<usually>/2<<10%>>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,5/10/20-500 279,1<commonly>/2 280,1/2 281<when
branched,>,2 282,1/2<the staminal tube often attached to the petals>
285,1/2<the inner whorl often united into a staminal tube>
286<often>,5<with 5 bundles of 23(-10 or more)> 287,(1-)2 288<when
bundled,>,1/2 289,1/2 290<when present,>,2-15 291,1<the outer whorl when
present staminodial>/2 293,1/2 295,5/10-500 298,2-5 299<or bundles>,1/2
309,3<usually>/1<<10%>> 310,1 311,2 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2<1
or 2> 321,1/2 322,2 328,1 329,3/4-9 330,7/8<or colpoidate>/9/10 333,1/2<?>
337,1<recorded in 14 genera> 338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,(1-)5/10-12
341,2/1/3 342<when syncarpous,>,(1-)5<<90%>>/10-12<rarely> 343,2-3
344,2-3/4/5/6/7 345,1 348,2 350<when apocarpous/semicarpous or
synstylous,>,2-100<to many> 351,2 352,1/2 353<when
syncarpous>,(1-)5/10-12<<10%> rarely> 360,2 361,1/2 363,1/2 372,2/1
373,1<when dry>/2<when wet> 374,2/4 376<usually>,2 379,2-50<to many>
381,2/3 382<more or less>,1<?> 383,1/2 385,1/2 386,2/3 387,3 388,2 389,1
391,1 392,2 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 399,1 400,2 403,2 404,1/2<then
leathery or woody> 405,1/2 407<(apocarpous/syncarpous)>,1 408,3/5 409<(when
syncarpous)>,1/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,(2-)5/10-12 411,2/3/4/5<?>
412<(when syncarpous/non-schizocarpic)>,1<usually>/2<woody>
414<usually>,4/5 422,1<usually>/2<<10%> e.g. \i{}Cola\i0{}> 424,1/2 430,1
433,2 434,1/2/3 435,1<4/5> 436,1/2 447,1/2 466,2<\i{}Pterospermum\i0{}>
469,1<in \i{}Pterocymbium\i0{} and \i{}Sterculia\i0{}> 472,1/2
475,1<<55%>>/2 484,2 487<at least mostly>,2 488,1<usually>/2 489,1 490,1
491,1/2/1&2 492,2<9 species, 7 genera> 495,2 520,3-4 521<pantropical and
subtropical, extending to Japan and Southern Australia>
522,2&4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (5-)20(-50)(?)> 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,3 565,4 569,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a synonym
of \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} (absurdly) \i{}sensu lato\i0{}> 578,700 579,68
580<\i{}Acropogon\i0{}, \i{}Aethiocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Ambroma\i0{}
(\i{}Abroma\i0{}), \i{}Astiria\i0{}, \i{}Ayenia\i0{},
\i{}Brachychiton\i0{}, \i{}Byttneria\i0{}, \i{}Cheirolaena\i0{},
\i{}Chiranthodendron\i0{}, \i{}Cola\i0{}, \i{}Commersonia\i0{},
\i{}Corchoropsis\i0{}, \i{}Cotylonychia\i0{} (or \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}?),
\i{}Dicarpidium\i0{}, \i{}Dombeya\i0{}, \i{}Eriolaena\i0{},
\i{}Firmiana\i0{}, \i{}Franciscodendron\i0{}, \i{}Fremontodendron\i0{},
\i{}Gilesia\i0{}, \i{}Glossostemon\i0{}, \i{}Guazuma\i0{},
\i{}Guichenotia\i0{}, \i{}Hannafordia\i0{}, \i{}Harmsia\i0{},
\i{}Helicteres\i0{}, \i{}Helmiopsiella\i0{}, \i{}Helmiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Heritiera\i0{}, \i{}Hermannia\i0{}, \i{}Herrania\i0{},
\i{}Hildegardia\i0{}, \i{}Keraudrenia\i0{}, \i{}Kleinhovia\i0{},
\i{}Lasiopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Leptonychia\i0{}, \i{}Lysiosepalum\i0{},
\i{}Mansonia\i0{}, \i{}Maxwellia\i0{}, \i{}Megatritheca\i0{},
\i{}Melhania\i0{}, \i{}Melochia\i0{}, \i{}Neoregniella\i0{},
\i{}Nesogordonia\i0{}, \i{}Octolobus\i0{}, \i{}Paradombeya\i0{},
\i{}Paramelhania\i0{}, \i{}Pentapetes\i0{}, \i{}Pterocymbium\i0{},
\i{}Pterospermum\i0{}, \i{}Pterygota\i0{}, \i{}Rayleya\i0{},
\i{}Reevesia\i0{}, \i{}Ruizia\i0{}, \i{}Rulingia\i0{}, \i{}Scaphium\i0{},
\i{}Scaphopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Seringia\i0{}, \i{}Sterculia\i0{},
\i{}Theobroma\i0{}, \i{}Thomasia\i0{}, \i{}Trichostephania\i0{},
\i{}Triplochiton\i0{}, \i{}Trochetia\i0{}, \i{}Trochetiopsis\i0{},
\i{}Uladendron\i0{}, \i{}Ungeria\i0{}, \i{}Waltheria\i0{}> 581<Bayer \i{}et
al\i0{}. (1999) expanded \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} to include
\i{}Bombacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sterculiaceae\i0{} and \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{},
consequent on a combined analysis of plastid \i{}atp\i0{}B and
\i{}rbc\i0{}L DNA sequences. Comparisons of descriptions compiled for this
package show \i{}Sterculiaceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Malvaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in the unequal calyx members; androecium details, including
extrorse, bilocular, tetrasporangiate anthers with glandular tapetum; and
(in so far as limited sampling can be relied upon) ovules with polar nuclei
fusing only after one has neen fertilized.> 582<Chocolate (cacao) is
obtained from the fermented seeds (beans) of \i{}Theobroma cacao\i0{}. A
few genera supply ornamentals (e.g. \i{}Brachychiton\i0{}).> 586<sterculi> 
 
# Stilaginaceae <C.A. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Antidesmeae\i0{}
(\i{}Antidesmataceae\i0{}) Sweet ex Endl.> 5<small>,1/3 6,3 39,1 40,2 43,2
45<shortly>,1 53,1 60,2 64<with conspicuous looping venation>
68<conspicuously>,1 74,1 85,1 86,2 87,2 90,U 116,U 130,2 137,U 148,2
175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2 179,1-2<small, cylindrical>/3 187,2 189,2/3/8
192,1/2 194,1/2 203<very>,2 220,1 221,1<in male flowers, or surrounding
each stamen>/- 222,1/2<variously formed, the lobes free or united> 223,3
224,3-5(-8) 229,U 236,3-5(-8) 239,3 251,1/4 276,1/2<in female flowers>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(2-)3-5(-6) 282,1 285,1 289<in male flowers,>,1
295,(2-)3-5(-6) 298,2 299,2 302,2<the filaments inflexed> 303,3<the
filaments long and filiform> 309,4<or transversly and apically> 311,2<the
thecae divergent, almost free, borne on a short thick connective> 328,1
329,3 330,8 338,1/2<male flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1 341,1 342,1
343,3<pseudomonomerous> 344,5 345,1 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1
365,1-2<subterminal> 366,1<short> 368,2-4<short, spreading> 375,3 378,2
381,1 404,1 409,2 412,7<small, ovoid or flattened, often oblique and with a
lateral, persistent style> 415,2<with conspicuous foveolate-reticulate
endocarp> 421,1-2 422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 432,3 433,2 435,1 436,1 504,2
506,1&3 520,3-4 521<palaeotropical and subtropical, Africa and Asia>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9<?> 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,39<as a synonym of \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}> 578,170 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Antidesma (Stilago)\i0{}> 581<The present compilation of data
has \i{}Antidesma\i0{} differing from \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto
(q.v.) in the transversely dehiscent anthers and pseudomonomerous
gynoecium, also (in so far as limited sampling can be relied upon) in the
wood lacking libriform fibres.> 586<stilagin> 
 
# Stilbaceae <Kunth>/
2<\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Stilbeaceae\i0{} Bullock>
4<\i{}Retziaceae\i0{}.> 5,3<with densely leafy branches> 39,3 43,2 53,1
60,2 62,3/2 68,2 77,2 90,U 106,1<not stellate> 145,2 148,2 161,1/2 162,1/2
163,1 167,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 187,2 189,3/4 192<essentially>,2
194,1 195<dense, short or elongate spikes> 200<leafy>,1 202<(bi-)>,1
206,2-3 207,1 209,2/1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,9/10 226,2
227,1/2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 241,1-3 244,3/6 245,1/2/3<the two lower
segments sometimes more distinct than the three upper> 248,1
251<(sub-)>,1/3 252,2 254,4/5 255,1 258,3 265,1 266,6 267<sub>,2/3
278,4/5<the posterior member being reduced or absolete> 280,2
282,2<epipetalous> 284,1/2 285,1 287,1 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1 291,2
292,1 294,1&2&3/2&3 295,4 296,3<or between the lobes> 297,3 298,1/2 299,2
300,1 303,3<exserted, the filaments filiform> 306,1 309,3 310,3 311,2<the
thecae sometimes downwards-divergent> 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,2 341,1 342,2
343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 354,2 356,1 360,2 361,1<filiform, exserted>
364<more or less>,1 365,1<often excentric> 368,1<punctiform> 371<simple>
376,1 379,1<or only one of the locules fertile> 380,1 381,3 382,1 386,3
388,1 400,1 404,2 409,1/2 412,1/2 414<when dehiscent, apically>,5&6 422,1
424,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 481,1<3 genera> 484,1 485,2<+decarb.,
stilbericoside, cf. \i{}Thunbergia\i0{}> 504,2&4 506,1 520,3-4 521<South
Africa> 522,7 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3
577,60 578,12 579,6 580<\i{}Stilbe\i0{}, \i{}Campylostachys\i0{},
\i{}Xeroplana\i0{}, \i{}Eurylobium\i0{}, \i{}Euthystachys\i0{},
\i{}Kogelbergia\i0{}> 581<These
genera are part of the \i{}Labiatae\i0{}/\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} imbroglio:
see remarks under \i{}Labiatae\i0{}.> 586<stilbace> 
 
# Strasburgeriaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Ochnaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Ixerbaceae\i0{}.> 5,1 38,4 39,1 43,U 45,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 62,8<-spathulate> 64,2 65,1 66,5 68,1 69,2 70,2<the two together
forming a short, subentire to bifid scale> 76<remotely>,4 90,U 102,1 104,1
115,1<mucilaginous> 121,1<in addition to the hypodermis> 137,1<in the
cortex and pith> 138,3 145,2 146,1<?  these implied by Metcalfe and Chalk>
147,U 148,2 156,2/2&3<?> 159,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1
188,2<short-pedicellate> 206,1 213,2 214,1<the calyx spirally arranged>
218,2 220,1 221,1 222,2<thick, sinuous, 10-lobed> 223,1 224,13-15
226<consisting of spiralled calyx and whorled corolla> 227,- 229,U 236,8-10
238<spiralled> 239,1<the leathery sepals increasing in size acropetally>
248,1<below the fruit> 251<closely>,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 271<rather>,1
274,2 278,10 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,10 298,3 299,- 300,3
303,3<the filaments stout, subulate> 306,1<oblong, subsagittate> 308,1
309,3<?> 310,3 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 339,5 341,2 342,5 343,3 344,6 345,1
352,2 353,5<ten ribbed> 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1<subulate> 366,2-3
368,1 371<small,>,3 376,2 379,2 381,1 384,2 388<embryology not recorded>
404,1-2 409<globose,>,2 412,2/6<baccate, corky-woody when dry, 56 cm
across> 422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 426<trigonous, with a broad, winglike,
opaque hilum> 429,- 432,3 433,2<subelliptic> 436<axile> 495,2 504,2 506,5
520,4 521<New Caledonia> 522,11 527,1 528,1<?> 529,8<?> 538,1<?> 565,4
569,2 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,42 578,1 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Strasburgeria\i0{} (\i{}S. robusta\i0{})> 586<strasbur> 
 
# Strelitziaceae <(K. Schum.) Hutch.>/
5<medium sized to giant>,5/1<then unbranched, palmlike> 25,3 31,2 38,3-5 39,1
40,2 45,1 47,1 48,1-2 49,1 53,1 60,2<but often tearing or fragmenting along
the veins> 64,2<pinnate-parallel> 68,- 90,1<these spherical in the
hypodermis, and as druses adjacent to the vascular bundles> 98,2 102,1
104<weakly>,6 106,2 121,1<with raphides> 123,1 124,1 128,2
130,2<\i{}Strelitzia\i0{}> 148,1 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,2/2&3<then mainly
scalariform> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries>
184,2<?>/3/4 187,2 189,8 192,1 193,1 194,1/2 195<thyrses, with one to
several lateral, distichously arranged cincinni, each (or only one) of
these subtended by a large, stiff, lanceolate or boat-shaped and usually
brightly coloured bract> 199,1 200,1 206,3 207,1<with the inner tepals
variously specialized> 213,1 215,3 219,2 223,5 224,6 225,2<the outer
members free, the inner joined, the laterals to each other and the median
either joined to them basally only, or free> 226,2<the median member of the
outer whorl abaxial (anterior)> 227,2 228,2 230,2<the members of the inner
whorl free or more or less adnate to those of the inner whorl; the two
laterals of the inner whorl larger than the median (adaxial, posterior)
one, and in \i{}Strelitzia\i0{} these two inner laterals strongly
asymmetrical and connivent, forming a large, bilaterally symmetrical
arrow-shaped organ that enfolds the filaments and style> 278,(5-)6 282,1
285,1 287,2<3+3 or 3+2> 289,1/2 290<usually>,1<representing the median
member of the inner whorl, adjacent to the adaxial petal> 291,2&3
295,6<\i{}Ravenala\i0{}>/5 298,3 301,1 303,3<the filaments filiform, long>
306,2<?> 309,3 318,1 328,2<omniaperturate, almost lacking exine but with
a thick intine> 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5/6 345,3 352,2 353,3
360,2 361,1 365,1 366,3<filiform> 368,1/3<the style terminating in three
linear, stigmatic lobes> 376,2 379,20-50<many> 385,1 386,3 387,3 388,2
389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,5 422,1 425,1 427,1<via the aril>/2 429<surrounded by a conspicuous,
laciniate-lobed or densely hairy aril> 432,3 433,1<massive> 436,1 439,1
442,2 447,- 448,2 449,2 450,1 451,2 452,2 454,1 456,1 457,3 458,1 472,2
488,1/2<\i{}Ravenala\i0{}> 489<in \i{}Strelitzia\i0{},>,1
490,1<\i{}Strelitzia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Ravenala\i0{}> 491<when present,>,1&2
492,2 504,2&3&4 506,1&2 509,1&2&3 512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<Central and
tropical South America, West Indies, South Africa, Madagascar>
522,7&8&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 8, 11> 527,2 530,5 559,1 572,1 574,5
575,1 577,19 578,7 579,3 580<\i{}Phenakospermum\i0{}, \i{}Ravenala\i0{},
\i{}Strelitzia\i0{}> 586<strelitz> 
 
# Strychnaceae <Link.>/
2<\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Antoniaceae\i0{}.> 5,1<to 40 m>/3/4 27,1/3
28<the climbers>,3/6<spiny or prickly> 32,3/4 39,2/3 41<when whorled,>,3
43,1/2<commonly, in \i{}Strychnos\i0{}> 45,1/2 46,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,2/3 65,1
68,1/2<stipules in \i{}Strychnos\i0{} often represented only by an
interpetiolar ridge> 69,1/2 70,1/2<\i{}Strychnos\i0{} sect. Spinosae
exhibiting normal, free stipules> 71,1<\i{}Neubergia\i0{}>/2 72,1 81,2
85,1 86,2/3 90,U 106,1/2 107,1 112,2 122,1 130,2<\i{}Strychnos\i0{}> 145,1
148,3 149,2 150,2<uniseriate and multiseriate> 152,1/3 155<generally>,1<or
almost so>/1-2<e.g., in \i{}Neuburgia\i0{}> 156<seemingly always>,3 157,1
159<commonly>,1 161,1<usually>/2<e.g. in Sect. Spinosae> 162,1/2
163<seemingly always>,2 165<usually present,>,1/2/1&2 167,1 168,1<e.g.
\i{}Neuburgia\i0{}?>/2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1 184,2 187,2<usually>/1
189,1/6/8 192,1 195<cymes or corymbose-paniculate> 200,1<bracts small>
206,1 212,4-5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,4-5 238,1 239,1/3 245,1/3 251,1 253,2 254,1-5 255,1 258,3<the tube
short> 265,3 267,3 268,1/2/3/4<or membranous>/- 271,1 278,4-5 280,2 282,2
284,1 285,1/2<then with cohering anthers> 287,1 289,1 295,4-5 296,2/3 298,2 299,2 300,1
305,1/2<\i{}Gardneria\i0{}> 306,1/1-2<?> 309,3 310,3 311,2<usually>/3<some
\i{}Gardneria\i0{} species> 313,1<\i{}Neubergia\i0{}>/2 314<when
present,>,1/1&4 318,2 319,1 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3(-4) 330,8<rarely
syncolpate> 337,2 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 356,1
360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 370,1/2 371<more or less>,3/- 376,2 379,(1-)2-50<to
many> 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397,1 399,2 400,2 403,1 409,2 412,6/7<sometimes large> 422,1 436,1 472,2
475,1 484,1 485,1<plus complex indole alkaloids> 487,1/2 488,2 492,2 495,1
520,3-4 521<pantropical and subtropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 44, 88, 110> 525,11 526,4&8&10 527,1 528,2 529,23 553,3
565,6 571,1 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}> 578,250 579,4 580<\i{}Strychnos\i0{},
\i{}Scyphostrychnos\i0{}, \i{}Gardneria\i0{}, \i{}Neubergia\i0{}>
581<Leeuwenberg 1980, under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}. Struwe \i{}et al\i0{}.
(1994) include \i{}Antoniaceae\i0{} and \i{}Spigelia\i0{} here, but the
present compilation of data suggests \i{}Strychnaceae\i0{} are somewhat
closer to \i{}Gentianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Potaliaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto\i0{} (cf. APG). It has them differing
conspicuously from \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the
fleshy, valvate corolla and fruit types, but also in esoteric characters
depending on limited sampling (vessels with vestured pits, cytology). See
further comments under \i{}Loganiaceae\i0{}.> 582<Comprising deadly
poisonous plants, sources of strychnine.> 586<strychna> 
 
# Stylidiaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Candolleaceae\i0{} Schnl.> 4<\i{}Donatiaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3<or
shrublets>/- 9,1/2<occasionally> 10<sometimes>,1<e.g., the rush-like \i{}S.
junceum\i0{}> 12,1<usually>/1&2<commonly with basal leaves, and scales
above>/3<occasionally> 15,1/4<probably, via sticky glandular trichomes - 
e.g., see image of \i{}Stylidium ciliatum\i0{}> 
21,3 22,1<often>/3<often with cauline rosettes>/2
25,3/4 27,1<mostly>/3<rarely> 28<when scandent,>,6<\i{}Stylidium
scandens\i0{}, via leaf tips recurved into hooks> 32,2<in bogs>/3-4
39,1<usually, conspicuously so>/3<\i{}Stylidium scandens\i0{}> 40,1 43,1/2
44,1 45,2 47,1 53,1 60,2 62<when present and well developed,>,3<grasslike>
64,4 65,2 68,2 90,U 92,1 96,1<occasionally>/2 116,U 120,U 121,1 122,2
130,2<\i{}Stylidium\i0{}> 133,U 134,U 137,U 143<of the scape
variously>,1/2/3/4/- 144,1/2<often with bundles variously orientated>
145,1/2 146,U 147,U 148,1/2<?> 161,1 162,2<?> 166,U 169,2<VI>
175,1/2&3/1&2&3/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/8/5<?> 184,2 186,1<in
\i{}Stylidium\i0{} the stylar column springs violently from one side when
triggered so as to deposit pollen on a visiting insect, while in
\i{}Levenhookia\i0{} the column is immobile but the hooded labellum springs
so as to cause shedding of pollen> 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/2/3/6
192,1/2 193,1<often>/2 194,1 200,1 203,2-3 206,3 208,1-2
209,1&2/2<occasionally the corolla is almost regular> 212,5 213,1 215,3
216,1<the peculiar stylar column, which bears the stigma and the anthers
at its tip, sometimes being thus interpreted>/3<i.e., if the column is
interpreted as a gynostemium> 218,1 223,1 224,(7-)10(-12) 226,2
227,1<usually>/2 229,U 236,(2-)5(-7) 238,1 239,1/3 245,2<usually> 251,1
252,2 254,5<though often ostensibly only 4, with two pairs of conspicuous
lobes> 255,1 257,1<in the throat, or the labellum appendaged>/2 258,3
265,1<and resupinate or partly so> 267,1<the anterior member different from
the others, forming a labellum, often much smaller and/or otherwise
different from the rest>/3 268,2/6/7 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,2 282,1
283,1<seemingly forming an often irritable column with the style, the
stigma and stamens borne at its tip> 285,2 286,1<via the gynostemium>
287,1<posterior-lateral> 289,1 295,2(-3) 298,1 309,3 310,1 312,2 315,1
318,2 319,1 320,1 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3-8 330,6 337,1 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,2 341,1 342,1/2 343,3<but sometimes pseudomonomerous by
abortion> 344,6 345,3 352,1/2 353,2<usually>/1<by abortion of the posterior
locule> 356,1 359,1/2 361,1 372,2 373,1 374,2 376<when both locules
fertile>,2 378<when only one locule fertile>,1/4 379,15-50<many>
381,1/2/3 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2
397<elongated,>,2<and sometimes with filiform apparatus> 400,1
401,1<aggressive> 402,1&2 403,4 404,1-2 409,1/2<rarely> 412,1
421,4-100<few to many> 422,1 424,1 426,1 433,2 447,1 470,1 472,2 475,2<3
species> 484,1 485,1 487,1<rarely>/2 488,1<normal and seco> 490,1/2 491,1&2
492,2<2 species of \i{}Stylidium\i0{}> 495,2 520,2-4 521<Southeast Asia,
Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, southernmost South America> 522,4&9&10&15
524<\i{}n\i0{} = 15, 18> 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,5 565,6 571,7 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,62 578,150 579,5 580<\i{}Forstera\i0{},
\i{}Levenhookia\i0{}, \i{}Oreostylidium\i0{}, \i{}Phyllachne\i0{},
\i{}Stylidium\i0{}> 581<The anatomical component of this description,
compiled from Metcalfe and Chalk, is hopelessly unsatisfactory.>
586<stylidia> 
 
# Stylobasiaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Rosaceae\i0{}, \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}, \i{}Chrysobalanaceae\i0{}.> 5,3
31,1 32,4 38,2-3 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,3/6/5 64,2 65,1 68,1<then
the stipules minute>/2 76,1 81,2 90,U 102,1 103,2 104,3 148,2 162,1
169,2<VPI> 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/8 178,1<these long, filiform> 179,1
184,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,2 195<axillary leafy racemes> 202,1 203,2-3
206,1 215,2 217,2 218,2 220,2 223,3<the corolla absent> 224,5 226,1 229,U
236,5 238,1 239,3 244,3 245,3 248,1 251,1 252,2 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,5 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,2 289<of male and hermaphrodite flowers>,1
295,5 298,3 303,3<the filaments filiform> 306,2<long, exserted> 309,3 310,1
338,1/2<in male flowers> 339,1 341,1 342,1 343,1 344,1 345,1 347,2 348,4
350,2 351,3 381,3 385,2 386,3 388,2 404,2 407,2 408,6/7<surrounded by the
enlarged calyx> 421,1 422<very sparsely>,1 447,1 520,2 521<Southwest
Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,15/10<cf. Fernando \i{}et al\i0{} 1993>
540<if Rosidae,>,12<or near Polygalales> 545<(if Rutiflorae)>,1 565,5 570,1
572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33<as a synonym of \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}> 578,2
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Stylobasium\i0{}> 581<Satisfactory representation
of recent notions on the proper dispositions of several genera previously
referred to \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{} will necessitate thorough overhaul of
the descriptions presented in this package (cf. \i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picramniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{},
\i{}Surianaceae\i0{}. Meanwhile, the present compilation of data has
\i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{} differing conspicuously from \i{}Surianaceae\i0{}
(q.v.) in numerous characters (racemes, no corolla, equal stamens with
basifixed, extrorse anthers, dry fruits, endospermic seeds), as well as in
anatomical characters depending on limited sampling (paracytic stomata,
partially storied wood).> 586<stylobas> 
 
# Stylocerataceae <Baill.>/
2<\i{}Buxaceae\i0{}.> 5<glabrous>,1 37,1 39,1 43,2 47,2 53,1 60,2
64,2-3<sub-triplinerved basally, the nerves incised above and prominent
below> 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,6 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2
156,2<commonly with more than thirty bars> 161,1 165,1 167,2 175,2/3/2&3
176,1 177,2/5 178,2<at least, these not mentioned in descriptions seen>
179,3 187,1<female flowers, sometimes>/2 194,2 195<short, spicate,
unisexual or when monoecious sometimes bisexual> 200,1<each male flower
subtended by a small triangular bract, the female flowers
several-bracteate> 223,3<in female flowers>/7<in male flowers, with are
reduced to stamens> 229,U 236<of female flowers>,3-5<scarcely
distinguishable from the bracts> 239,1 251<much>,1 276,1/2<from female
flowers> 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278<of male flowers>,6-30 279,U
282<borne on the lower part of the bract> 285,1 289,1 295,6-30<crowded>
303,4<more or less, or subsessile> 310,3<thick> 311,2 328,1
329,3/12-20<polyforate> 330,8/9 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2-3 341,1-2
342,4/6<the 23 primary locules each being bilocellate via complete,
secondary longitudinal septa> 343,3 344,4<usually>/5 345,1 352,2
353<morphologically>,2-3 354,1 360,2 361,2-3<persistent>
363,1<usually>/2<below, rarely> 368,2-3<these long, decurrent, ventrally
grooved, apically recurved> 376,3/2-3<?> 379,1<i.e., per locellus>/2<per
primary locule> 381,1 386,3 404<more or less>,1 409,2 412,7<crowned by the
persistent, often widely separated styles> 422<copiously>,1<the endosperm
fleshy> 504,3 512,3&4 520,4 521<west tropical South America> 522,15 527,1
528,1 529,10 540,8 565,5 570,12 572,1 573,1 574,7 577,27<as a synonym of
\i{}Buxaceae\i0{}> 578,6/7 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Styloceras\i0{}>
581<Cf. \i{}Buxaceae\i0{} (q.v.), but differing in the naked male flowers
with usually numerous, more or less sessile anthers borne on a solitary
bract, female flowers in which the loculi of the ovary are completely
divided by secondary longitudinal septa (\i{}Pachysandra\i0{} being an
exception in \i{}Buxaceae\i0{}), and (in so far as limited sampling can be
relied upon) wood lacking tracheids and fibre tracheids.> 586<stylocer> 
 
# Styracaceae <Dum.>/
3<\i{}Halesiaceae\i0{} D. Don, \i{}Styraceae\i0{} (\i{}Styracaceae\i0{})
Spreng. (p.p.).> 5,1&3 8,1 39,1 43,1/2 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2
76,1/2/3/4 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<often with a
conspicous indumentum of stellate or scale-like hairs> 108,2
112<usually>,1<usually brown or rufous> 113,1/2 130,2<\i{}Styrax\i0{}>
137,1/2 138<when present,>,2 139,1 140,1 141,1 143,1 148,2 150,2/3 152,2/3
153,1-2 154,1&2&3 156,2/2&3 157,2 158,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2
165,1<usually>/2<scanty and diffuse, rarely> 169,3 175,1<usually>/1&2&3
176,1/2 177,1<usually>/8<\i{}Bruinsmia\i0{}> 187,1<occasionally>/2
189<usually>,1/2/8 194,1/2 202,2 206,1 213,1 215,2 218,1/2 223,1
224,(4-)8-10(-14) 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(2-)4-5(-7) 238,1 239,3 240,1/2/3/4
244,6 245,3 248,1 251,3/4 254,(2-)4-5(-7) 255,1 258,1<rarely absolutely so,
as in \i{}Bruinsmia\i0{}, but often almost so>/3 260,3<usually>/1<in
\i{}Halesia\i0{}> 265,1/3 277,1<<95%> usually>/2<from female flowers>
278,(5-)8-10(-20)<commonly twice as many as the corolla lobes, sometimes
four times as many> 279,U 280,2 282,2<the filaments adnate to the corolla
tube>/1<rarely, then attached directly to the receptacle>
285,1<rarely>/2<usually,below, into a short to long tube> 286<usually>,1
287,1 289,1 295,(5-)8-10(-20) 298,2<\i{}Pamphilia\i0{}>/3-5<but all in one
whorl> 299<when 5,>,2 306,1/2/4 309,3 310,2/3 312,2 313,1<sometimes, the
connective shortly prolonged>/2 318,2 319,1/2 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,3
330,8<colpor(oid)ate, constricticolpate> 337,1 338,1<<95%> usually>/2<from
male flowers> 339,(2-)3-5 341,1-2 342,(2-)3-5 343,3 344,6 345,1-3 352,2<at
least below> 353,(2-)3-5 356<when G2,>,1/3<?> 360,2 361,1 365,1 
368,1<capitate or merely lobed>
376,2 379,(1-)4-6(-50) 381,1-3 385<sometimes with an obturator> 386,3/2
387,2<\i{}Halesia\i0{}>/3<\i{}Styrax\i0{}> 388,1 389,2 391,1 392,2 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397<elongated> 400,1 403,4 404,1<rarely>/2 409,1/2
412,1/2/7<rarely>/10 421<one- or few-seeded> 422,1 424,1
429,1<\i{}Alniphyllum\i0{}>/2 432,3 433,2 434,1<broad> 435,2<2/2>
436<slightly>,2/1 447,1 469,3<in \i{}Styrax\i0{}, but sucrose
predominating> 472,2 475,2<3 species> 484,2 487,1 488,1/2 489,1 490,1
491,1&2 492,2<2 genera, 2 species> 495,2 520,2<warm>/3-4 521<Eastern Asia
to Western Malaysia, Mediterranean, Southeast U.S.A., Mexico to tropical
South America> 522,1&2&3&4&5&9&12&13&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 8, 12> 527,1 528,2
529,9 539,1 565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,180 579,11
580<\i{}Alniphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Bruinsmia\i0{}, \i{}Halesia\i0{},
\i{}Huodendron\i0{}, \i{}Melliodendron\i0{}, \i{}Pamphilia\i0{},
\i{}Parastyrax\i0{}, \i{}Pterostyrax\i0{}, \i{}Rehderodendron\i0{},
\i{}Sinojackia\i0{}, \i{}Styrax\i0{}> 586<styracac> 
 
# Surianaceae <Arn.>/
4<\i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 32,3&4<with \i{}Suriana\i0{} coastal>
38,2-3 39,1 40,1 43,1/2<?> 45,1-3 47,2 53,1<mostly>/2<\i{}Recchia\i0{}>
60,2 62,2/4/5/6 64,1/2<?> 65,1<?> 66,5 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1/2<?>/3 95,1<e.g.
\i{}Cadellia\i0{}>/2 100,2 101,2 102,1 103,1<abaxial>/2<\i{}Suriana\i0{}>
104,1/2 115,2 120,2 121,2 122,U 137,1/2 139,1/2 140,1/2 148,2 156,3 159,U
161,1/2 162<of \i{}Suriana\i0{}>,1 163,U 165<of \i{}Suriana\i0{}>,1&2 168,U
169<of \i{}Suriana\i0{}>,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,2
200,1<the bracts large in \i{}Suriana\i0{}> 202,1 203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1
215,3 218,1<inconspicuous>/2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,3<below, the lobes acuminate> 245,3 248,1 251,1 252,2 254,5 255,1
258,1 265,1/2<in \i{}Suriana maritima\i0{}> 267,3 268,3 274<shortly>,1
278,(8-)10 282,1 284,2<the inner shorter> 285,1 287,2 289,1/2<the inner or
outer members often sterile or abortive> 290<when present,>,1-5
291<ambiguously>,1/2/3 293,2 295,5/(8-)10 298,2/3 299,2 300,1/3
306,1<basifixed and versatile in \i{}Suriana maritima\i0{}, according to
Bello et al.> 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<or
colporoidate> 337,1 339,5<\i{}Suriana\i0{},
\i{}Cadellia\i0{}>/1<\i{}Guilfoylia\i0{}>/2-4<?> 341,1/2 342,U 343,1/2
344,1/2 345,1 347,2 348,4 350,2 351<(sub-)>,3 380,1 381,3 384,1 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 400,2 403,1 404,1 405,1<of 35 carpels>/2<when
monomerous> 407,2 408,6/7/8 422<more or less>,2 433,2<usually thickened>
436,2<hippocrepiform>/3 472,2 487,2 488,1/2 492,2 520,3&4 521<Atlantic
tropical America, tropical East Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes, Indian
Ocean Islands, Ceylon to Malay Peninsula, Eastern Malaysia, Northeast and
subtropical Australia, Formosa, Philippines> 522,4&6&8&9&10&11&13&14&15
527,1 528,1 529,15/10<cf. Fernando \i{}et al\i0{} 1993> 540<if
Rosidae,>,12<or near Polygalales> 545<(if Rutiflorae)>,1 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33 578,7 579,4<with \i{}Stylobasium\i0{} excluded>
580<\i{}Suriana\i0{}, \i{}Cadellia\i0{}, \i{}Guilfoylia\i0{} and
\i{}Recchia\i0{}> 581<Satisfactory representation of recent notions on the
proper dispositions of genera previously referred to \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{}
will necessitate thorough overhaul of the descriptions presented in this
package (cf. \i{}Ixonanthaceae\i0{}, \i{}Irvingiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Kirkiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Picramniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Simaroubaceae\i0{},
\i{}Stylobasiaceae\i0{}). Meanwhile, details of this description are
probably biased towards \i{}Suriana\i0{}, pending acquisition of adequate
data on the other genera. A detailed study of floral morphology and
ontogeny by Bello et al. (2007) is restricted to \i{}Suriana maritima\i0{}>
586<surianac> 
 
# Symphoremataceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{}, \i{}Labiatae\i0{}.> 5,4 27,3 39,2
51,3<e.g.\i{}Congea\i0{}>/2<?> 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1/3/4 90,U 106,1 112,1/2
113<sometimes>,2 145,2 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,1 167,2 168,U 175,1
176,2 177,1 187,2 189,4/8/4&8 192,1 195<3-7(9) flowered capitate cymes,
often aggregated into large terminal panicles> 196,1<each cyme with an
involucre of six equal, coloured, more or less membranous, accrescent
members comprising two bracts and four bracteoles> 200,1 202<bi->,1 206,3
207,1 223,1 224,(8-)10(-16) 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,(4-)5(-8) 238,1 239,3
248,1 249<inflating or more or less>,1/- 251,3<scarcely>/4 254,5-16 255,1
258,3 265,1 267,1/2/3 278,4-16 280,2 282,2<epipetalous> 284,U 285,1 287,1
289,U 295,4-16 297,U 298,U 299,2 300,1 305,U 312,2 315,1 318,2 321,2 322,2
328,1 329,3 330,6/8 337,1 339,2 341,1 342<imperfectly>,4/1<above> 343,3
344,5 345,1 352,1/2 353,2<morphologically>/1<above> 354<partially>,1 360,2
361,1<the style filiform, shortly bifid> 364,2<?> 365,U 368,2 375,5 378,4
381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 400,1 403,1 404,2 409,2 412,7<included in the
accrescent calyx> 421,1-4 422,2 436,1 520,4 521<tropical America, Africa,
Asia> 522,4&6&7&8&9&13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4 565,6 571,3 572,1
573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 578,34 579,3
580<\i{}Symphorema\i0{}, \i{}Sphenodesme\i0{}, \i{}Congea\i0{}> 581<These
genera are part of the \i{}Labiatae\i0{}/\i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} imbroglio
(see remarks under \i{}Labiatae\i0{}), and this description is inadequate.
The present compilation of data has them differing from \i{}Labiatae\i0{}
sensu stricto (q.v.) only in the involucral bracts, pendulous ovules and
indehiscent fruits; and from \i{}Verbenaceae\i0{} sensu stricto only in the
synstylovarious gynoecium.> 586<symphore> 
 
# Symplocaceae <Desf.>/
5,1&3 32,3 37,1/2 39,1 40,1 43,2/1 45,1 47,2 51<often sweet tasting> 53,1
60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 92,1<these equipped with protruding,
unicellular water-secreting structures, swollen and bladderlike to the
outside, but constricted below where they enter the leaf through a rosette
of epidermal cells> 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104<generally>,3 139,1 140,2 141,1
148,2 152,3 153,1 154,1 156,2/1-2<i.e., occasionally slightly reticulate>
158<commonly>,1 159,1 160,2 161,1 162,2 163,2 164<often>,1 165,1 169,3
175,1/1&2&3 176,1<rarely>/2 177,1/8<rarely> 184,2 187,2/1<less often>
189,2&3&8 192,2<usually>/1<?> 194,1/2 195<usually racemes, less often
panicles etc> 200,1 202<bi->,1 206,1 212<usually>,5/- 213,1 215,3-4 218,2
223,1 224,6-8<rarely>/10/15 226,2/3 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)5 238,1
239,3<basally connate> 245,3 248,1 251,1/3 254,(3-)5/10(-11) 255,1/2
258,3<the tube long or short> 265,1 267,3 278,(4-)5/10/15(-100)<i.e. to many>
279,1/2 282,1/2<usually attached to the corolla tube> 284,2 285,1/2<i.e.,
sometimes in five bundles> 286<when bundled>,1/5/10<?> 287,1-4 288<when
present,>,1 289,1 295,(4-)5/10/15-35<or more?> 298,1<rarely>/2-5 309,3
328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8<the colpi short> 337,1 339,2-5 341,2/1 342,2-5 343,3
344,6 345,3<usually>/2<rarely> 352,1-2 353<when plurilocilar,>,2-5 
359,1<often, around the
style>/2<?> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3<or lobed> 376,2 379,2-4 380,1
381,1 385,2 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3<uninucleate>
395,2 396,1 397<elongated or beaked> 404,1 409,2 412,7<usually>/6
415,2<with 25 locules> 421,2-5<one per locule> 422,1 424,1 433,2<very
short> 436,2 447,1 472,2 475,1<<20%>>/2<usually> 484,1 485,1<normal> 487,1
488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,2 492,2<\i{}Symplocos\i0{}>
495<widely>,1<universal?> 520,3-4 521<widespread tropical and subtropical,
absent from Africa> 522,4&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11-14> 527,1
528,2 529,21 551,5 565,4 569,12 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,500 579,2
580<\i{}Symplocos\i0{}, \i{}Cordyloblaste\i0{}> 586<symploca> 
 
# Taccaceae <Dum.>/
5,5 21,3 22,1<and acaulescent> 25,3/4<starchy> 32,3 39,1 40,1 45,1 47<more
or less>,1 48,2 49,1 53,1<usually>/2 60,1/2 62<when entire>,4/7 63<when
dissected (i.e. occasionally)>,1/2<or bifid> 64,2/3 65,1 68,- 102,1 104,1/8
121,U 128,2 130,2 148,1 151,2 171,1<single layered>/2 173,2<vessel
tracheids> 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 185,4 187,2 189,5 192,1
193<pedunculate> 194,2 195<cymose umbels> 196,1<these leafy>
200<individually>,1<the bracts long, filiform> 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,1<campanulate> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228<all more or less>,2
230,1 231,1/8/11 278,6 282,2<to the perianth tube> 285,1 287,2 289,1 295,6
298,3 303,2<the filaments adnate to the perianth except for their inflexed
margins, but with a petaloid apical extension hooding the anther> 306,4
308,2 309,3 310,3 311,2 312,2 316,2 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,2<2> 321,2 322,2
324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3 340,1 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,3
352,1 353,1 359,1/2 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,3<the lobes petaloid> 372,2
373,1 374,2 375,2 378,15-100<many> 381,1 385,2 386,3-4 387,3 388,2 389,2
391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 409,1/2 412,1/6 422,1 424,1
430,2 432,3<small> 433,1<lateral, the plumule nearly terminal> 442,2 447,-
448,1 450,2 452,2 453<probably bifacial> 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 468,2
472,2 475,1<lactone, 2 species> 488,2 490,2 492,2 497,1 498,2 504,1&2&3&5
505,1 506,1&2&3&4&5 507,3 509,2&3 510,1&2&3&4 511,1&2&3 512,1&2&3&4&6 513,1
520,3-4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 15> 527,2
530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,13 578,31 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Tacca\i0{} (including \i{}Schizocapsa\i0{})> 586<taccacea> 
 
# Tamaricaceae <Link.>/
3<\i{}Reaumuriaceae\i0{} Ehrenberg \i{}ex\i0{} Lindley,
\i{}Tamariscinae\i0{} (\i{}Tamariscaceae\i0{}) A. St.-Hil.>
5<small>,1/3/5<rarely, then suffrutescent> 9,1/2 10<sometimes>,1 12,1<but
small>/2 31,1 32<mostly>,4<or halophytic>/- 37<mostly>,1/- 38,1/2 39,1 40,1
42<commonly subulate or scalelike> 43,3/4/- 44<often>,1<plants often
heathlike>/- 45,3<sometimes amplexicaul> 47,1/2 53,1 55,2 60,2 68,2 90,U
92<when not abortive, commonly>,3<in Tamarix species with an abortive
lamina, the palisade tissue is confined to the underside of the sheath>
93,1<these multicellular and frequently embedded, recorded in all the
genera - cf. \i{}Frankeniaceae\i0{}> 102,1 104,1<mostly>/3 106,1<but
scanty>/2 107<when present,>,1 108,1 109,2<simple, thick walled with narrow
lumina> 112,2 115,2 116,2 122,1/2 123<exhibiting solitary and cluster
crystals which have been identified as gypsum rather than calcium oxalate>
130,1<\i{}Tamarix\i0{}>/2<\i{}Myricaria\i0{}> 132,1 135<often comprising
thick-waled cells> 137,2 139,1 140,1<rarely, sometimes with a succession of
phellogens>/2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150<wide in
\i{}Tamarix\i0{}> 152,1<\i{}Myricaria\i0{}>/2<in some \i{}Tamarix\i0{}
species>/3 153,1/2 154,1/2/3/4 155,1 156,3 157,2 158,2 161,2 162,1 163,2
164,2 165,2 166,2 167,2 169,2<VPI> 170,2 175,1/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/5
187,1<\i{}Hololachne\i0{}, \i{}Reaumuria\i0{}>/2 189<when
aggregated,>,2/3/8 192,2 195<in racemes, spikes or panicles> 202,2 203,2
206,1 212<mostly, when A definite,>,4-5(-6)/- 213,1 218,2 220,1/2
221,1/2/1&2 222,1/2 223,1 224,8/10/12 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5(-6) 238,1
239,1<usually>/3<sometimes connate below> 240<when gamosepalous,
conspicuously>,3/- 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,4/5(-6) 255,1 257,1<each petal of
\i{}Reaumuria\i0{} exhibiting a pair of scalelike appendages inside at the
base>/2 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2/6 272,1/2 277,1/2<from female flowers>
278,4-6/8-12<often twice as many as the petals>/15-100<often more or less
numerous> 279,1<when numerous>/2 282,1 285,1/2<when many, often joined at
their bases or in bundles> 286<when joined>,1/5 289,1 295,4-6/8-12<often
twice as many as the petals>/15-100<often more or less numerous> 298,2-5
299<when definite,>,2 306,1 309,3 310,1/2/3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2
319,1/2/3 320,2<2> 322,2 324,1/2 327<when in aggregates,>,3 328,1
329,(2-)3(-4) 330,6 337,1<in \i{}Myricaria\i0{}> 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339,(2-)3-4(-5) 341,1/2 342,1/(2-)3-4(-5) 343,3 344,4/5 345,1 352,1
353,1<but the placental partitions sometimes sufficiently deeply intruded
as to simulate loculi, especially basally and apically> 358,1 360,1<the
stigmas sessile in \i{}Myricaria\i0{}>/2 361<when present,>,(2-)3-4(-5)
363,1/2 365,1 368,(2-)3-4(-5) 372,1 373,2 374,4 375,2/1-2<\i{}Tamarix\i0{}>
378,4-100<2many on each placenta> 380,1 381,3 386,3 387,3 388<weakly>,2
389,2 391,3/6/7/11 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1/2<rarely with
filiform apparatus> 400,1/2 403,4 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 422<scantily>,1
424,2<starchy> 427,1<either covered with long hairs, or these forming a
coma at one end> 430,1 432,3 433,2 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Myricaria\i0{}, \i{}Reaumuria\i0{}, \i{}Tamarix\i0{}>
466,2<\i{}Reaumuria\i0{}, \i{}Tamarix\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Tamarix\i0{}>
472,2 475,1<<33%>>/2 483,2 486,2 487,2 488,1/2 489,1 490,1 491,1&2<or
tamarixin> 492,1/2<\i{}Tamarix\i0{} being variable> 495,2 504,1&2 505,2
506,1 508,1&2&3 509,1&2&4 520,2&3 521<desert, steppe and shores, widespread
in temperate and subtropical Eurasia and Africa - absent from the Americas,
Malaysia and Australasia> 522,1&2&3&4&5&7&10&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12> 527,1
528,1 529,7 537,3 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50 578,120 579,4
580<\i{}Hololachna\i0{}, \i{}Myricaria\i0{}, \i{}Reaumuria\i0{},
\i{}Tamarix\i0{}> 586<tamarica> 
 
# Tapisciaceae <(F. Pax) Takhtajan>/
2<Staphyleaceae-Tapisciodeae.> 5<small>,1&3 39,1 45,1 47,2 53,2
56,2-4<3-10 jugate, never unifoliolate> 57,1
68,1<\i{}Tapiscia\i0{}>/2<\i{}Huertia\i0{}> 74<if present,>,1 76,3 92,1
101,1/2 102,1 106,1 107,1 139,1 141,3 148,2 155,2 156,2 175,1/2/3/2&3
176,1/2 177,1/2/5/8 187,2 189,2/8 194,1/2 195<drooping panicles or racemes>
203,2 206,1 212,5 213,1 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 228,1&2/2
236,5 238,1 239,3<connate to varying extents> 241,1<shortly toothed, in
Tapiscia>/3<Huertia> 245,3 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 276,1/2
277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 324,2 328,1
330,8/10<polyrugate in \i{}Huertia\i0{}> 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339,(2-)3(-4) 341,1 342,2-3(-4) 343,3 344,5/6<then completely united into
an unlobed ovary and stylar column> 345,1 352,2<?> 353,3<?> 360,2 361,1
365,1 376,2 379,1-2<only 1 or two ovules in the entire ovary: Airy Shaw>
385,2 386,3 387,3<?> 388,2<?> 389,1<?> 404,1-2 409,2 412,6/7 415,2 421,1-2
422,1 436,1 504,2&3 512,1&2&3 520,3-4 521<Cuba and South America
(\i{}Huertia\i0{}), China (\i{}Tapiscia\i0{})> 522,4&13&15 527,1 528,1
529,15<seemingly misplaced: Gadek \i{}et al\i0{} 1996> 545,5<?  pending
reassignment> 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,45 578,7 579,2
580<\i{}Huertia\i0{}, \i{}Tapiscia\i0{}> 586<tapiscia> 
 
# Tecophilaeaceae <Leybold>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Androsynaceae\i0{} Salisb.,
\i{}Cyanellaceae\i0{} Salisb., \i{}Lanariaceae\i0{} Huber \i{}ex\i0{}
Dahlgren, \i{}Walleriaceae\i0{}> 4<\i{}Cyanastraceae\i0{}.> 5<medium or
small, generally glabrous>,5 21,3 22,1/2 25,2/4 39,1 40,1/2 45,3 47,1 49,1
53,1 60,2 62,3-4/7/9 64,4 65,2 66,5 68,- 76,1 92,1 102,1 104,1 105,2 121,U
123,1 124,1 125,1 128,2 130,2<1 genus> 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2
177,1 184,2 185<probably>,2<bees?> 187,2 193,1-2 194,1 
195<simple or compound racemes or thyrses> 200,1
206,1/2 207<when irregular, somewhat>,1 209<(when present)>,2<e.g.,
sometimes with one anther much larger than the rest>/1&2 212,3 213,1 215,2
219,1<but short>/2 223,5<the members spreading or reflexed> 224,6 225,1/2
226,2 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,2/4/9/10 235,1<\i{}Conanthera\i0{},
\i{}Cyanella\i0{}, \i{}Lanaria\i0{}> 278,6 282,2 284,1/2 285,1-2<via
shortly connate filament bases> 289,1/2 290<when present,>,1-3(-5)
295,(1-)3-6 298,1-3 301,2<when 3>/1 303,3/4 305,1/2/3<connate in
\i{}Conanthera\i0{}> 306,2<mostly>/1<peltate, in \i{}Tecophilaea\i0{}>
308,2<except in \i{}Lanaria\i0{}> 309<apically>,1/2<dehiscing
longitudinally only in \i{}Lanaria\i0{}, a dubious inclusion in this
family> 310,3 313,1/2 314,1/4/1&4<the connective sometimes produced at both
ends> 317,1 318,2 322,2<?> 328,1 329,1 330,1<with an operculum> 337,1 339,3
341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,2<usually>/1<only in \i{}Walleria\i0{}, which
probably belongs elsewhere> 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1<the style filiform>
365,1 367,1 368,1 370<more or less>,3 371<small,>,3 376,2 379,4-50<several
to many> 384<in two rows> 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1-2 397,1 400,2<in \i{}Cyanella\i0{}> 401,1/2
402<when formed,>,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414<apically>,5 421<many seeded>
422,1 426,2 432,3 442,1<usually>/2<seemingly only \i{}Walleria\i0{}, which
may belong elsewhere> 443<at least sometimes>,2<e.g. \i{}Cyanella\i0{}>/-
445,1<in \i{}Cyanella\i0{}> 447,- 454,U 458,U 504,1&2&3&4&6 505,3 506,1
509,2&3 512,6 514,2 520,2-4 521<Pacific North and South America, central
and South Africa> 522,6&7&10&12&13&15 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,16 578,22 579,7/8 580<\i{}Conanthera\i0{}, \i{}Cyanella\i0{},
\i{}Lanaria\i0{}(?), \i{}Lophiola\i0{}, \i{}Odontospermum\i0{},
\i{}Tecophilaea\i0{}, \i{}Walleria\i0{}, \i{}Zephyra\i0{}>
581<\i{}Lanaria\i0{} may merit a monogeneric family: see Rudall \i{}et
al\i0{}. (1998).> 586<tecophil> 
 
# Tepuianthaceae <Maguire & Steyermark>/
2<\i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{}-Tepuianthoideae.> 5,1&3 8,1 39,1/2 43,1-2 45,1
47,2 50,1 51,- 53,1 60,2 62,5/6/8<or spathulate> 64,2 65,1 68,2 90,U 116,U
120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 156,3 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1/2 176,1<male plants>/2 177,6 187,2 189,1 192,1
194,1/2 203,2 206,1 213,1 218,2 220,1 221,1 222,1<these contiguous> 223,1
224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 251,1 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1
267,3 274<more or less>,1 278,5-15 282,1 285,1 287,1-3 289,1 295,5-15
298,2/3/4 299,2 300,1/3 306<sagittate> 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8
338,1/2<in male plants> 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2 353,3
360,2 363,1<short, bifid> 376,2 379,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 404,2 409,1 412,1
414<bony>,5 421,3 422,1 432,2 433,2<poorly differentiated> 504,3
521<Guayana Highlands> 522,15 527,1 528,1<?> 529,16<?> 546,1<?> 565,5<?>
570,11<?> 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a synonym of
\i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{}> 578,5 579,1 580<\i{}Tepuianthus\i0{}> 581<See
Maguire & Steyermark (1981), \i{}Mem. New York Bot. Gard\i0{}. 32: 12. The
description seen is very inadequate, and taxonomic assignment is uncertain.
It depicts \i{}Tepuianthus\i0{} as differing from \i{}Thymelaeaceae\i0{} s.
str. in the cymose inflorescence, floral morphology (no hypanthium,
synovarious gynoecium, non-arillate ovules) and dehiscent-capsular fruits.>
586<tepuiant> 
 
# Tetracarpaeaceae <(Engl.) Nak.>/
2<\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{},
\i{}Haloragidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{}.> 5<low>,3 31,1 32,3 37,1
38,2 39,1 43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 62,6/7 64,2 65,1 68,2 76<doubly>,3 81,2
90,U 145,2 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 167,2 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1 195<erect racemes> 200,1 203,2 206,1 212,4-5 213,1
215,3 218,1<?  with a short calyx tube> 223,1 224,8/9 226,2 227,1/2
229,U 236,4/5 238,1 239<shortly>,3<basally> 241,3 245,3 248,1 251,1 254,4
255,1 258,1 265,1 267,3 268,2 272,2<caducous> 274,1 278,8 282,1 285,2
286,1<the filaments very shortly connate> 287,2 289,1 295,8 298,3 300,3
306,2 308,2 309,3 310,2 328,1 329,3 330,6<?> 339,4 341,2 343,2 344,2 345,1
347<sub>,1 348,2 350,15-100<many> 351,2<ventral> 386,3 387,2
388<embryology not recorded> 404,1 405,1 407,1 408,3 421,15-100<many>
422,1 520,2 521<Tasmania> 522,10 527,1 528,1/2<?  polypetalous, but
exstipulate and with unitegmic ovules> 529,21<?> 551,5<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1
573,2 574,16 577,30 578,1<\i{}Tetracarpaea tasmannica\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Tetracarpaea\i0{}> 586<tetracar> 
 
# Tetracentraceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Trochodendraceae\i0{}.> 5,1<with short-shoots on slender branches,
each short-shoot bearing a single leaf> 37,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 62,7 64,3 66,2
68,1<at least, with stipular flanges at the base of the petiole> 76,3 90,U
92,1 102,1 104,3/4/6<laterocytic> 122,2<but with large, branched
idioblasts secreting resin> 132,1 135,1<of pitted, relatively thick-walled
cells> 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1<the rays 1-3 cells wide> 144,1 145,2 148,2
150,2 151,2 159,1 161,1 165,1<diffuse> 166,1 167,2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1
182,1 183,3<from the carpel surface> 184,1 187,2 189,3<catkin-like>
194<subterminal on the short-shoots> 195<pendulous, catkin-like spikes,
with flowers in groups of four> 200,1 202,1<as represented by the outer
pair of tepals>/2<if so interpreted> 203<very>,2 206,1 212,4 213,1
215,1<if the outer pair of perianth members are interpreted as
bracteoles>/2 218,2 220,2 223,3<petals absent> 224<ostensibly>,4
226<ostensibly>,2<i.e. two decussate pairs>/1<if the outer perianth is
interpreted as bracteoles> 229,U 236<ostensibly>,4 238<ostensibly>,2
239,1<the members weakly vascularized> 245,3 251,1 278,4 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,1/2<on close scrutiny> 289,1 295,4 298,2 299<ostensibly>,2<and
alternating with the carpels> 302,1 303,3<the filaments slender> 306,2
308,2 309,5<each theca dehiscing by two valves, cf. \i{}Trochodendron\i0{}>
310,2 312,2 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,6/8<cop(oroid)ate> 337,1 339,4 341,2
342<basally>,4/- 343,2-3 344,3<the whorl of four carpels connate laterally
at the bases, distinct distally> 345,1 347,2<the style short, ventrally
terminal> 348,2<the stigma decurrent> 350,5-6 351,2 352<basally>,2
353<basally>,4/- 381,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 400,1 404,2 405<more or
less>,1<a follicetum>/2<according to interpretation> 406,- 407,1
408,3<the follicles laterally coherent, if thus interpreted> 409<if
considered syncarpous,>,1 412,1<`a ventrihescent capsule'> 422,1 424,1<and
proteinaceous> 428,1<thin> 432,1-2<minute, sometimes with two rudimentary
cotyledons> 436,1 443,4/6 444,2<rudimentary>/- 472,2 484,2 488,1 489,1
490,1 491,2 492,2 520,3-4 521<Northeast India, Burma, Southwest China>
522,4 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 46 or 48> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,1 565,2 567,1
572,1 573,1 574,8 577,26<as a synonym of \i{}Trochodendraceae\i0{}> 578,1
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Tetracentron\i0{} (\i{}T. sinense\i0{})> 581<See
Doweld (1998) for carpology and seed anatomy of \i{}Tetracentraceae\i0{}
and \i{}Trochodendraceae\i0{}, discussion of taxonomic relationships, and
relevant references. In terms of the present compilation,
\i{}Tetracentron\i0{} differs from \i{}Trochodendron\i0{} in 35 characters,
involving vegetative morphology and anatomy, sexuality of plants, numerous
floral morphological features, etc., even perhaps in cytology.>
586<tetracen> 
 
# Tetrachondraceae <Skottsb.>/
2<\i{}Labiatae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Polypremaceae\i0{}.> 5<small, branched,
creeping>,5 7,1 14,1 21,3<with prostrate, rooting stems emitting short,
erect, leafy branches> 39,2 43,2<the blades> 45,1<the petioles flattened>
46,1<by the petioles> 50<obscurely>,1/- 51,1 53,1 60,2 68,2 76<minutely
denticulate> 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U
148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1 188,1/2 206,1
212,4 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,1 239,3
245,3 251,1<?> 252,1 254,4 255,1 258,3 266<sub->,1/- 267,3 278,4 280,2
282,2<epipetalous> 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,U 305,U
306,1 310,3 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 339,2<but ostensibly four, the
carpels being deeply lobed, cf. \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 341,2<ostensibly>/1<?>
342,4 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,4<ostensibly>/2<with four locellae via
false septa, cf. \i{}Labiatae\i0{}?> 354,1/2<?> 360,2 361,1<slender, long
or short> 365,3 368,1<inconspicuous> 376,1 379,1<ostensibly>/2<if the
apparent locules are interpreted as locelli> 381,3 386,3 404,2 409,3 411,4
421<of four one-seeded, setulose nutlets> 422<copiously>,1 504,6 514,1&2
520,2 521<New Zealand, Patagonia> 522,10&15 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,4<?>
565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60 578,2 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Tetrachondra\i0{}> 586<tetracho> 
 
# Tetragoniaceae <Link.>/
2<\i{}Aizoaceae\i0{}.> 5<sub->,3&5 14,1 27,1/3 28<some>,6 32,3/4 39,1 40,1
43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 90,U 102,1 104,1
130,2<\i{}Tetragonia\i0{}> 146,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U
175,1/2&3/1&2&3<?> 176,1/2 177,1/2/8<?> 187,1/2 189<when aggregated>,1&2
192,1 193,2 195<few flowered, or racemiform cymes> 203,2 206,1 212,3-5
218,1<continuous with and textured like the calyx> 223,3<but coloured
inside> 224,3-5(-7) 225,2 226,1 229,U 233,1 234,1 236<(the perianth being
so interpreted)>,3-5(-7) 238,1 239,3 245,3 247,1<at least when young,
coloured within> 248,1 249,1 251<induplicate>,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,1-100<to many> 279,1/2 282,2<to the perianth tube> 285,1/2<sometimes
fasciculate> 286,1/2-5<?> 289,1 295,1-35 298,1-5 299,2<or at least, the
staminal groups antesepalous>/- 309,3 311,2 339,(1-)3-8(-10) 341,2/1/3
342,1-10 343,3 344,4 345,2/3 352,1/2 353,(1-)3-8(-10) 361,(1-)3-8(-10)
363,1 376,2/3 379,1 380<shortly>,1 381,1 383,3 386,2 404,1-2 409,2
412,7/7&10<sometimes winged, horned or spiny, crowned by the accrescent
perianth> 422,1 435,2<1/1> 436,2 461,1/3 462<\i{}Tetragonia
reduplicata\i0{}> 464<\i{}Tetragonia reduplicata\i0{}> 496,1 497,1 498,3<a>
521<mostly Southern hemisphere> 522,4&7&9&10&15 527,1 528,1 529,4 534,1
565,3 568,1 572,1 573,2 574,13 577,50<as a synonym of \i{}Aizoaceae\i0{}>
578,60 579,2 580<\i{}Tetragonia\i0{}, \i{}Tribulocarpus\i0{}> 581<Evidently
close to \i{}Aizoaceae\i0{} (q.v.), with these compiled descriptions
differing only in ovule, fruit and seed details (with betalains perhaps
reflecting limited sampling).> 582<\i{}Tetragonia expansa\i0{} is used as
table greens (New Zealand spinach).> 586<tetragon> 
 
# Tetramelaceae <(Warb.) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Datiscaceae\i0{}.> 5<large, often buttressed>,1 32,3 39,1 45,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 62,7 64,3 65,1 66,2 68,2 76,1/4 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,2<at
least in \i{}Octomeles\i0{}> 104,1 106,1<\i{}Octomeles\i0{} exhibiting
scales, each with a 4-seriate stalk bearing a 1-layered circular shield
with intact margin> 115,1 122,1<at least in \i{}Octomeles\i0{}>
130,2<\i{}Tetrameles\i0{}> 137,2 139,1 140,2 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 152,3 153,3/2-3 154,1&2&3/5 156,3 158,2 161,2 162,1 163,1/2 164,2
165<vasicentric or vasicentric to aliform>,2 166,2<but developing groups of
fibres> 168,U 169,2<VPI> 170,1/2 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 178,2 187,2 189,3&8
194,1/2 195<terminal panicles or axillary, solitary spikes> 206,1-2
209<when manifest,>,1 213,1 218,1<the corolla inserted on the calyx>
223,1/3 224,4/12-16 226,1/2 227,1/- 229,U 236,4/6-8 238,1 239,3 245,1/3
251,3 254<when present,>,6-8 255,1 258,1 265,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,4/6-8 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1<in the male flowers> 295,4/6-8
298,2 306,1 309,3 310,1 311,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,4/6-8 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,2 361,4/6-8 363,1
365,1 366<thick,>,1-3 368,4-8 371<oblique or capitate> 375,2
378,20-100<many> 381,1-2 386,3 387,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,6<the inner
crustaceous-horny ovary wall sometimes breaking through the outer wall and
the valves spreading stellately> 419,1 421,20-100<many>
422<scantily>,1/2<?> 426,1 436,1 520,4 521<Southeast Asia, Malaysia,
Australia> 522,4&9&10 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 23 (or more)> 527,1 528,1
529,14<?> 544,1<? - cf. \i{}Lythraceae\i0{}> 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,1 577,36 578,2 579,2 580<\i{}Tetrameles\i0{}, \i{}Octomeles\i0{}>
586<tetramel> 
 
# Tetrameristaceae <(H. Hallier) Hutch.>/
4<\i{}Pellicieraceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 39,1 43,2 45,2/3 47,2 53,1 60,2 61,1-2
64,2 65,1 66<slightly decurrent> 68,2 76,1 89,1/2 90,U 92,1 95,1 102,1
104,1&3 115,1 122,1 123,1 124,1<and commonly also with crystal sand> 139,1
140,1 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1 152,3 153,3 154,1&2&3
155<moderately>,2 156,2/2&3 157,2 158,2 159,U 161,U 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,1
168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/5/6 192,2 194,2 195<umbelliform
or compactly corymbiform racemes> 200,1 202<bi->,1<the bracteoles
persistent or deciduous> 203,2 206,1 212,4/5 213,1 215,2/3 218,2 223,1
224,8/10 226,3<\i{}Tetramerista\i0{}>/2 227,1 229,U 236,4<in two series, in
\i{}Tetramerista\i0{}>/5 238,2<\i{}Tetramerista\i0{}>/1 239,1<the members
with numerous glandular pits adaxially> 245,3 248,1/2 251,1 254,4/5 255,1
258,1 265,1<scarcely longer than the sepals> 267,3 272,1/2<?> 278,4/5 280,2
282,1 285,1-2<the subulate filaments flattened, perhaps shortly coherent at
the base> 286<if coherent,>,1 287,1 289,1 295,4/5 298,2 299,2 300,1
302,2<the anthers ultimately inverting to become extrorse> 306,1 309,3
310,1 328,1 329,3 330<(constricti-)>,8 339,4/5 341,2 342,4/5 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,2 353,4/5 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1<punctate or minutely lobed>
376,1-2 379,1 381,3 382,2 386,3 387,3 404,1 409,2 412,6 421,4/5
422<copiously>,1 432,3 433,2 436,1<basal> 504,2&3 506,3 512,2 520,4
521<Western Malaysia (\i{}Tetramerista\i0{} and southern Venezuela
(\i{}Pentamerista\i0{})> 522,4&9&15 527,1 528,1/2<?> 529,8<?> 538,1<?>
565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578,4 579,2
580<\i{}Pentamerista\i0{}, \i{}Tetramerista\i0{}> 581<See Hutchinson 1959,
Maguire 1972.> 586<tetramer> 
 
# Theaceae <D. Don>/
3<\i{}Camelliaceae\i0{} Dum., \i{}Malachodendreae\i0{}
(\i{}Malachodendraceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh, \i{}Ternstroemiaceae\i0{} Mirb.,
and \i{}Pentaphylacaceae\i0{} s. str.> 4<\i{}Asteropeiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Bonnetiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sladeniaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3 32,3 37,1 39,1 40,1
43,2 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3 81,2 85,1<recorded in
\i{}Eurya\i0{}> 86,1 90,U 92<usually>,1<with two or three layers of
palisade> 101,1/2 103,1<abaxial> 104,1/6 106<infrequently>,1/2 107<when
present,>,1<ocasionally fasciculate> 108<usually>,1 109<acuminate,>,2<and
thick-walled> 115,1/2 116,2 122<commonly>,1<varying in shape from genus to
genus> 123<commonly>,1 124,2/3 130,2<4 genera> 132,1 134,1/2 135,1/2 137,2
139,1 140,1/2 141,1 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,2-3
153<very>,1-2 154<predominantly or exclusively>,1 155,1-2/2 156,2<with
numerous bars> 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,1/2 161,1/2 163,2 164,2
165,1<usually>/1&2<in a few genera> 166,1/2 167,2 169,3 170,1<sometimes>/2
175,1 176,2 177,1 187<usually>,1<and axillary> 202<bi->,1 203,3/4 206,1
213,1/2 214<when partially acyclic,>,1<or somewhat so>/- 223,1/2
224,9-12(-50)<i.e. rarely many> 227<(when cyclic)>,1/2/- 229,U 236,5/7
238,1 239,3<usually> 245,3 248,1 249,2 251,1 254,(4-)5(-50)<rarely many>
258,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 260,3 265,1 267,3
278,5/10/15/16-100<usually many> 279,1/2 280,1/2 281<when many (i.e.
usually),>,2 282,1/2<to the perianth> 285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,1<the
filaments united in a tube>/5<when bundled> 287,1-5 288,1<e.g.,
\i{}Ficalhoa\i0{}>/2<at least sometimes> 289,1 295,5/10/15/16-100<usually
many> 298,2-4<rarely>/5<usually> 306,1/2 308,1<usually, in
Camellieae>/2<mostly, in Ternstroemieae> 309,1/2/3<usually> 312,2
313,1/2 314<when present,>,1&2 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2<1 to 3> 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 337,1
339,(2-)3-5(-10) 341,2/1/3 342,(2-)3-5(-10) 343,3 344,4-5/3<carpels united
only basally in some \i{}Camellia\i0{} spp.>
345,1<usually>/2<\i{}Visnea\i0{} etc.>/3<\i{}Symplocarpon\i0{}> 352,2
353,(2-)3-5(-10) 360,2 361,1<e.g., in Cleyera>/2-5(-10)<usually as 
many as G> 363,1/2 365,1 372,1 373,1 374,3
376,2 379,(2-)4-50<i.e. to many> 381,1 386,3/4<weakly> 387,3 388,1 389,2
391,2 392,1 393,1 394,3<remaining uninucleate> 395,2 397,1 399,1 400,2
403,4 404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1/2/6/7<usually a loculicidal capsule in
Camellieae, dry and indehiscent or a berry in Ternstroemieae>
414<usually>,5<with a persistent columella> 422,2<usually>/1<e.g.
\i{}Visnea\i0{}> 424<in \i{}Visnea\i0{}>,1 427,1/2 433,2<large> 435,2<2/2>
436,1/2/3/5<usually straight or with the radicle bent round in Camellieae,
horseshoe-shaped to almost straight in Ternstroemieae> 447,1/2 472,2
475,1<<60%>>/2 484,2 488,1<usually>/2 489,1/2/1&2 490,1/2 491,1&2/1&2&3
492,1<6 species, 5 genera>/2<2 out of 4 \i{}Camellia\i0{} species>
495,1<often>/2 520,3&4 521<pantropical and subtropical>
522,4&6&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15, 18, 21, 25> 527,1 528,2
529,8 538,1 565,4 569,2 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52 578<about>,500 579,18
580<\i{}Adinandra\i0{} (Ternstroemieae - referred to
\i{}Pentaphylacaceae\i0{} by APG), \i{}Anneslea\i0{},
\i{}Apterosperma\i0{}, \i{}Archboldiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Balthasaria\i0{},
\i{}Camellia\i0{} (including \i{}Thea\i0{}), \i{}Cleyera\i0{},
\i{}Dubardella\i0{}, \i{}Eurya\i0{} (Ternstroemieae- referred to
\i{}Pentaphylacaceae\i0{} by APG), \i{}Ficalhoa\i0{}(?),
\i{}Franklinia\i0{}, \i{}Freziera\i0{}, \i{}Gordonia\i0{},
\i{}Polyspora\i0{}, \i{}Pyrenaria\i0{}, \i{}Schima\i0{}, \i{}Stewartia\i0{},
\i{}Symplocarpon\i0{}, \i{}Ternstroemia\i0{} (referred to
\i{}Pentaphylacaceae\i0{} by APG), \i{}Visnea\i0{}> 582<Includes the
commercial tea plant (\i{}Camellia sinensis\i0{}), and many cultivated
ornamentals.> 586<theaceae> 
 
# Theligonaceae <Dum.>/
1<\i{}Thelygonaceae\i0{} auctt., \i{}Cynocrambaceae\i0{} Nees>
2<\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}.> 5<fleshy>,5<with more chloroplasts in the pith of
the stem than in the cortex, and lacking mechanical tissue other than
xylem> 14<somewhat>,1 21,1/3 22,2 39,2<below>/1<sometimes, above, by
suppression of one member of each pair> 43,3 45,1 53,1 60,2 64,2/3 68,1
69,1 72,1<on the inside, near the tip> 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 103,2<but more
numerous abaxially> 104,3 106,1 107,2<club-shaped> 123,1
124<exclusively>,1<in idioblasts> 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 153,1
161,1/2<female flowers> 167,2 175,2/3 176,1 177,2 179,3 184,1 187,1&2<the
males mostly borne singly or paired opposite the leaves at the upper nodes,
unless each ostensible flower is interpreted as a cluster; the females
mostly in simple axillary dichasia at the lower nodes> 192,1 194,2
195<mostly in 13 flowered cymes  assuming that what are ostensibly male
flowers are not interpreted as inflorescences> 218,2 220,2
223<ostensibly>,3<in male flowers, where it is closed in bud, subsequently
becoming valvately 25 partite with broad, revolute segments; unless the
perianth is here interpreted as an involucre surrounding a reduced flower
cluster>/4<the female flowers with a membranous, oblique, tubular, 24
valvately toothed perianth, interpreted as a corolla> 224,2-5/- 229,U
236<of the male flowers, if so interpreted,>,2-5<partite> 251,3 254<of
female flowers, if so interpreted,>,2-4<toothed> 258,3 265,3
266,10<produced above into a narrow tube> 267,1 277,1/2<female flowers>
278<in male flowers,>,(2-)7-12(-30) 279,1<i.e., perhaps thus
interpretable>/2 280<presumably>,1<but unknown> 281,U 282,1 285,1/2
286<sometimes>,2-5<the stamens sometimes in groups of 2, 4 or 6> 289,1
295,(2-)7-12(-30) 302,1<the anthers becoming pendulous at anthesis>
303,3<the filaments filiform> 308,1 309,3 311,2 312,2 318,2 319,1 328,1
329,4-8 330<(brevi-)>,6-7 337,2 338,1/2<from male flowers>
339<ostensibly>,1 342,1 343<ostensibly>,1<but really pseudomonomerous?>
344<ostensibly>,1 345,1 347,2 348,4<this filiform, exserted from the mouth
of the perianth> 350,1 351,3 385,2 386,4/5 387,2<the integument massive>
388,1<Wunderlich 1971> 390,2 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 400,2
403<probably>,4 404,2 407,2 408,6/7 421,1<the seed hippocrepiform> 422,1
424,1 433,2 436<strongly>,2 447,1 481,2 484,1 485,1<normal> 486,2 497,2
504,1 505,1&2 507,2&3 508,1&2&3 520,2-3 521<Canaries, Mediterranean,
Southwest China, Japan> 522,1&3&4 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 10 or 11> 527,1 528,2
529,23 553,3 565,6 571,8 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,58<as a synonym of
\i{}Rubiaceae\i0{}> 578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Theligonum\i0{}>
581<See Wunderlich 1971. Differing from \i{}Rubiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto
(q.v.) in succulence, perianth morphology, free androecium,
(pseudo-)monomerous ovary with campylotropous or amphitropous ovules; also
in records of xylem without tracheids and assumed absence of inulin.>
586<theligon> 
 
# Theophrastaceae <Link.>/
2<\i{}Primulaceae\i0{}-Theophrastoideae.> 5<low to tall>,3/1/2<often quite
palm-like in habit> 8,2<by contrast with \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{}> 15,1
22,1<\i{}Deherainia\i0{}>/3<\i{}Clavija\i0{},
\i{}Theophrasta\i0{}>/1<\i{}Jacquinia\i0{} being more branched>
39<pseudo->,3<clustered towards the branch tips>/1 43,2<often with capitate
glands> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1/3/4<often pungent tipped
and spiny-toothed> 90,U 92,1/2/3 104,1-2 106,1<with uniseriate and peltate
forms recorded, also a type with a fantastically branched multicellular
head on a uniseriate stalk> 115,1/2 116,2 122,1<with spicular fibres
linking the sclerenchyma situated beneath both upper and lower epidermis>
123,1 124,2 130,2<\i{}Deherainia\i0{}, \i{}Jacquinia\i0{}> 137,2 139,1
140,2 141,1 143,1/2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,1/2 152,3 153<very>,1
154<mostly>,1&2 156,3 161,2 162,1 163,2<or these very rare> 164,2 165<very
scanty>,2<or none>/- 167,2 169,3 175,1/1&2/1&3 176,1/2
177,1<usually>/9<\i{}Clavija\i0{}> 187,1<rarely>/2 189<usually>,2/6/7
194,1<usually>/2<rarely> 195<racemes, corymbs or panicles> 203<often
showy,>,2-4 206,1 212,(4-)5 213,1 215,2 218,1<slight?>/2 220,2 223,1
224,8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(4-)5<gland dotted or streaked> 238,1
239,1<usually>/3<basally connate in \i{}Clavija\i0{}> 245,3 248,1 251,1
254,(4-)5 255,1 258,3<with a short tube> 265<lobes>,1 266,1/5/6 267,3
268,2-3/6<gland dotted or streaked> 271<somewhat>,1/- 278,8/10 282,2
285,1/2<the filaments of the fertile members sometimes connate into a tube>
286<sometimes>,1 287,2 289,2 290,(4-)5 291,1 293,1/2<then glandular>
295,(4-)5 296,1<the staminodes attached somewhat higher> 298,2 299,1<the
higher-inserted (= outer), staminodial whorl alternating with the corolla
lobes> 300,2 303,3 309,3 310,1/3 312,2 313,1<via a produced connective>/2
328,1 329,3 330,8 337,1<in \i{}Clavija\i0{} and \i{}Jacquinia\i0{}>
339,(4-)5 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1<the cavity filled with
mucilage> 358,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 371<punctate, discoid or
crateriform, sometimes shallowly lobed> 372,1/2 373,1<when wet>/2<when dry>
374,2/3 375<stipitate>,5<mostly>/1<the central column sometimes reduced>
378,25-100<more or less numerous> 381,3 386,3/4/2 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1
392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2 404,1<usually>/2<sometimes
almost dry> 409,2 412,6<usually>/7<seldom> 415,2<1-seeded> 421,1-100<i.e.
to many> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 431,1 432,3<rather large> 433,2 436,1
443,5/6/7 447,1 469,1<in \i{}Jacquinia\i0{}> 472,2 475,2<one species> 484,2
487,1 488,2 492,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<tropical America, West
Indies> 522,12&13&14&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 18> 525,18 527,1 528,2 529,9 539,2
565,4 569,13 572,1 573,2 574,15 577,52<as a synonym of
\i{}Primulaceae\i0{}?> 578,110 579,5 580<\i{}Clavija\i0{},
\i{}Deherainia\i0{}, \i{}Jacquinia\i0{}, \i{}Neomezia\i0{},
\i{}Theophrasta\i0{}> 581<See Anderberg \i{}et al\i0{}. (2000) for
discussion and references re the \i{}Myrsinaceae\i0{}/\i{}Primulaceae\i0{}
genera, of which \i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{} are an outlying component.
\i{}Samolus\i0{} was considered by them to be the sister group of
\i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{}, and included here by them. Additional to
esoteric characters depending on limited sampling (calcium oxalate
crystls in leaves, and an aspect of embryology), the present compilation
has \i{}Theophrastaceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Primulaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) only in the woody habit, fleshy corolla and fruit (berry or
drupe).> 586<theophra> 
 
# Thismiaceae <J.G. Agardh>/
2<\i{}Burmanniaceae-Thismieae\i0{}.> 5<achlorophyllous>,5 12,2
14<somewhat>,1-2 15,2 16,1 17,2 21,3 25,3<the rhizome sometimes branched
and coral-like> 32,3 38,2 39,1/2 40,2 43,4 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 64,4 65,2
76,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 123,1 124,1 148,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2
189<when aggregated,>,2 192,2 193,1 194,1 195<racemes> 200,1 203,2 206,1-3
207<when irregular,>,1 209<(when present)>,1<the tube sometimes
zygomorphic> 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1<circumcissile in fruit, campanulate or
urceolate, the lobes sometimes sometimes linear, curved, or fused into a
mitre or other strange configuration> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2 227,1 228,2
229,U 230,1/2<the lobes equal, or those of the inner whorl longer and
narrower or even geniculate> 278,6 282,2<to the perianth tube> 285,1/2<via
connate filaments> 286<when joined,>,1 287,2 295,6<usually>/3
298,3<usually>/2 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 311,2<the thecae separated>
313,1<with apical enlargement of the connective> 315,1 317,1 318,1 328,1
329,1 330,5<at least in some genera> 339,3 341,2 342,1 343,3 344,5 345,3
352,1 353,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,3 375,2 378,50-100<many> 386,3 387,3
388,1 391,1 392,1 393,2<the three nuclei soon degenerating> 397,1 400,3
404,2 409,1 412,1 414,7 421,50-150<many> 422,2 426,1 432,1 442,2 447,2
454,U 458,U 504,1&2&3&5&6 505,1 506,1&3 507,4 509,3 510,1&2&3&4 512,2&3&4&6
513,1 514,1 521<Southeast Asia, Africa, America (mainly Brazil), Australia,
New Zealand> 522,4&6&9&10&13&14&15 527,2 530,4 558,4 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,13<as a synonym of \i{}Burmanniaceae\i0{}> 578,30 579,6-9
580<\i{}Afrothismia\i0{}, \i{}Desmogymnosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Haplothismia\i0{},
\i{}Oxygyne\i0{}, \i{}Scaphiophora\i0{}, \i{}Thismia\i0{}
(\i{}Geomitra\i0{}), \i{}Tiputinia\i0{}, \i{}Triscyphus\i0{}
(\i{}Thismia\i0{})> 581<Comparing this description with that of
\i{}Burmanniaceae\i0{} (q.v.) using Intkey offers absolute differences in
11 characters, representing inflorescence, floral morphology, details of
androecium, gynoecium, fruit, and seed, and embryology.> 586<thismiac> 
 
# Thunbergiaceae <Van Tiegh.>/
2<\i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}-\i{}Thunbergioideae\i0{}> 3<\i{}Meyeniaceae\i0{}
Sreemadhavan> 5,3/4/5 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1<commonly with articulated
stems> 29<\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}>,2 32,3 39,2 45,1 53,1 60,2 
64,2/3<sometimes ambiguous> 65,1
66,3/5/8 68,2 81,2 90,U 122,2 130,1/2<variably present, in
\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 145,1/2<?> 148,3<at least in
\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}, see illustration>/2 149,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U
167,1<\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}, see illustration>/2<in other genera?> 168,U
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,2
192,2 194,1 195<racemes> 200,1 202<(bi-)>,1<the bracteoles large and
spathaceous, by contast with the reduced calyx> 206,1/2 213,1 215,2 218,2
220,1<large> 221,2 222,2<more strongly developed adaxially> 223,1/4<the
calyx always reduced, sometimes obsolete, its functions assumed by the
large bracteoles> 224,10-21 226,1/2 227,1/2 229,U 236<when
ascertainable,>,5-16<sometimes ringlike> 238,1 239,3 240,1/2/3/4 245,1/3
254,5 255,1 258,3 265,2<left-contorted in \i{}Thunbergia\i0{}> 266,7
267,1/3 278,4/5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla> 284,2 285,1 287,1 289,1/2
290<when present,>,1<minute> 291,2 292,1 293,2<the posterior androecial
member reduced or missing> 294,2&3/1&2&3 295,4 296,1 297,1 298,1 299,2
300,1 306,1 309,3 312,2 313,1/2 314<when present,>,4<in the form of awns or
bristles> 317,1 318,2 320,2<2 to 3> 321,2 328,1 330,11
337,1<\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2
356,1 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 371<large, funnel-shaped or bilobed>
372,1 373,1 374,3 376,2 379,2 384,1 386,2/3/4 387,2 388,1 390,2 400,1 404,2
409,1 412,1<with a large ensiform beak> 414,5 422,2 431,1 432,3 436,2 461,1
466,2<\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}> 472,2 484,1<in \i{}Thunbergia\i0{}>
485,2<+decarb., including stilbericoside> 487,2 488,2
492,2<\i{}Thunbergia\i0{}> 499,2<retinacula absent or much reduced>
504,2&3&4&5 520,4 521<pantropical> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 527,1
528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6 571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym
of \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}> 578,205 579,4 580<\i{}Thunbergia\i0{},
\i{}Pseudocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Meyenia\i0{}, \i{}Whitfieldia\i0{}
(\i{}Pounguia\i0{})> 581<Additional to the single stigma and conventional
ovular funicles, the compiled data have these genera differing from
\i{}Acanthaceae\i0{} sensu stricto in assorted, potentially interesting
esoteric characters relying on limited sampling; viz., leaf laminae
without cystoliths, details of the anther wall, pollen morphology, and the
single, wet, papillate stigma.> 586<thunberg> 
 
# Thurniaceae <Engl.>/
5<large, tough>,5<with sturdy erect stems from the subterranean rhizomes>
9,1/2<?  cf. the peculiar leaf blade vascularization> 22,1 25,3 39,1
40,1/3/4 42,1<or canaliculate>/- 43,2 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 68,-
76<minutely>,3/1 81<presumably>,1 90,1<spheroidal, in the epidermis and
parenchyma> 92<having the vascular bundles arranged in vertical pairs, with
the phloem orientated to the inside  i.e., the upper bundles normal, the
lower inverted> 98,1 102,1 104,3/4 121,2 123,2 128,1 129,2
131<bluntly>,3/5 148,1 155,2 156,2/2&3<mainly scalariform>
173,1<perforation plates scalariform> 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,2<no nectaries>
184,1 187,2 189,4<densely concentrated> 192<(the heads)>,2 193,- 195<of one
or several heads> 196,1 197,1 203,2<with short, swollen, puberulous
pedicels> 206,1 212,3 213,1 219,2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2<3+3> 227,1
228,1/2<the members thin, narrow, hyaline, persistent, obtuse>
230,1<chaffy> 231,13 233,1 278,6 282,1-2<the filaments somewhat adnate to
the tepals at their bases> 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6 298,3 303,3<the
filaments thin and relatively long> 306,2 309,3 312,2 324,1
327,3<tetrahedral> 328,1 329,1 330,5<cf. \i{}Juncaceae\i0{}> 339,3 341,2
342,3 343,3 344,4-5<short styled, with three long stigmatic branches> 345,1
352,2 353,3 360<shortly>,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,3 376,1/2 379,1-7<to
several> 381,3 382,1 386,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5 421<triangular,>,3
422,1<the nucellus and enclosed endosperm free from the seed coat, except
at the micropylar end> 427,1<hispid> 429,1<with a hispid, subulate process
at each end> 432<small,>,3 433,1 436<cylindrical,>,1 442,2 443,4<thick>
447,- 454,U 458,U 472,2 504,3 512,2&3&4 520,4 521<Northeast Brazil, Guiana>
522,14 527,2 530,6 560,3 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,3 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Thurnia\i0{} (with \i{}Prionium\i0{} retained in the
\i{}Juncaceae\i0{})> 586<thurniac> 
 
# Thymelaeaceae <Juss.>/
3<\i{}Daphnoideae\i0{} (\i{}Daphnaceae\i0{}) Vent., \i{}Phalerieae\i0{}
(\i{}Phaleriaceae\i0{}) Meissn.> 4<\i{}Aquilariaceae\i0{},
\i{}Gonystylaceae\i0{}, \i{}Tepuianthaceae\i0{}.>
5,3<<75%> most>/3/4<<5%> rarely>/5<<5%> rarely>
27,1<usually>/3<<10%>> 32,3/4 38,2-3 39,1/2/3 40<commonly>,1 42,1/3
43,1/2<sometimes ericoid> 45,1-3 50,1/2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2 65,1 68,2 81,2
89,1/2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3<in occasional species of several genera>
101,1 104,1/6 106,1 107<seemingly exclusively>,1 108<supposedly always>,1
109,1<then 2-armed>/2 112,2 115,1<of mucilaginous cells, in
\i{}Daphne\i0{}>/2 122,1/2 123,1/2 124<when found,>,2/3
130,2<\i{}Daphne\i0{}, \i{}Pimelea\i0{}> 139,1 140,2 141,1 143,1
144,2<mostly>/1<rarely> 145,1<nearly always>/2<e.g. in the moss-like
\i{}Drapetes\i0{} and the ericoid \i{}Kelleria\i0{}> 146,2 147,2
148,2<mostly>/3<in forms with interxylary phloem> 149<when
present,>,1<\i{}Wikstroemia\i0{}>/2 152,2<\i{}Dirca\i0{},
\i{}Passerina\i0{}>/3 153,1<typically, sometimes extremely so> 156,3
157,1<usually>/2<then vestures confined to fibre pits, e.g. in
\i{}Dirca\i0{}, \i{}Daphne\i0{}, \i{}Wikstroemia\i0{}> 158,1/2 159,1
160,1<often>/2 161<typically>,1 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165,2<and often with
terminal bands> 167<of various configurations>,1<several genera>/2 169,2/3
175,1/2&3/2/3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/7<with much variation in \i{}Pimelea\i0{}>
187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,1 189<when aggregated,>,2/4/7 192,2 
195<racemes or heads, very
condensed> 196,1<often>/2 197,1/2 202,1/2 206,1-2 212,4-5/- 217,1<often
forming a deep tube of leafy consistency> 218<nearly always
conspicuously>,1<but more or less absent in \i{}Synandrodaphne\i0{}>
220,1/2 222<when present,>,1/2 223,1/3<the corolla sometimes missing or
interpretable as staminodes, then the calyx commonly more or less
petaloid> 224,4-5/8-10/11-17 226,2/1 227,1/2 229,U 236,4-5 238,1
239,3<usually, variously laciniate or represented by lobes on the
hypanthium>/1<rarely> 245,1/3 248<(tube)>,1 251,1 254<when
present,>,(3-)4-5(-12)<scale-like> 255,1 258,1<inserted on the hypanthial
tube or at its mouth> 265,1 277,1/2<from female flowers> 278,2<<16%> rarely
 \i{}Pimelea\i0{}>/4-5/8/10/11-100<usually the same number as the calyx
lobes, sometimes double them or many> 279,1<?>/2 282,1<at the mouth of
the hypanthium>/2<to calyx tube> 285,1 287,1<when 45>/2<when 8 or 10>
289,1/2<depending on interpretation> 290<if so interpreted,>,3-12 293,1<the
scalelike petals being interpretable as staminodes> 295,2/4/5/8/10/11-35
298,1<<10%> rarely>/2/3/5 299,2<when one whorled>/1<when 2 whorled?>
303,3/4 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2 320,1/2<1 or 2> 321,3
322,2 328,1 329,(3-)4-30<to many> 330<(oligo- to poly-)>,9 337,2<in 5
genera> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339,2-5(-12) 341,2/1/3 342,1/2-5
343,3<but occasionally pseudomonomerous when G2> 344,6 345,1 352,1/2
353,1<occasionally, when G2>/2-5/2 360,1/2 361,1<the simple style sometimes
with small parastyles at the base> 365,1/2 372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when
unilocular>,2/3 376<when plurilocular (i.e.usually)>,2/3 378<when
unilocular,>,1 379,1 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,1<or carunculate> 386,3/2 387,3
388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<usually, forming up to 30 or more
cells>/2 397,2<sometimes with filiform apparatus> 399<usually>,1 400,2
403,2 404,1/2 409,2 412,3/6/7 422,1/2 433,2 435,2<2/3> 436,1 447,1/2 461,1
462<\i{}Thymelaea\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Daphne\i0{}, \i{}Dendrostelleria\i0{},
\i{}Thymelaea\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Daphne\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<45%>>/2 483,2
484,2 488,2<mostly>/1 489,1<in one \i{}Daphne\i0{} sample> 490,1/2
491,2/1&2 492,2<5 species, 2 genera> 495,2 520,2-4 521<very widespread,
tropical to temperate - more diverse in the Southern hemisphere>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} often = 9> 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,8 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46 578,500
579,44 580<\i{}Aetoxylon\i0{}, \i{}Amyxa\i0{}, \i{}Arnhemia\i0{}, \i{}
Atemnosiphon\i0{}, \i{}Chymococca\i0{}, \i{}Craterosiphon\i0{}, \i{}
Cryptadenia\i0{}, \i{}Dais\i0{}, \i{}Daphne\i0{}, \i{}Daphnemorpha\i0{},
\i{}Daphnopsis\i0{}, \i{}Deltaria\i0{}, \i{}Diarthron\i0{}, \i{}
Dicranolepis\i0{}, \i{}Dirca\i0{}, \i{}Drapetes\i0{}, \i{}Edgeworthia\i0{},
\i{}Enkleia\i0{}, \i{}Eriosolena\i0{}, \i{}Funifera\i0{}, \i{}Gnidia\i0{},
\i{}Goodallia\i0{}, \i{}Jedda\i0{}, \i{}Kelleria\i0{}, \i{}Lachnaea\i0{},
\i{}Lagetta\i0{}, \i{}Lasiadenia\i0{}, \i{}Lasiosiphon\i0{}, \i{}
Lethedon\i0{}, \i{}Linodendron\i0{}, \i{}Linostoma\i0{}, \i{}
Lophostoma\i0{}, \i{}Oreodendron\i0{}, \i{}Ovidia\i0{},
\i{}Passerina\i0{}, \i{}Peddiea\i0{}, \i{}Phaleria\i0{}, \i{}Pimelea\i0{},
\i{}Rhamnoneuron\i0{}, \i{}Schoenobiblus\i0{}, \i{}Stellera\i0{},
\i{}Stephanodaphne\i0{}, \i{}Struthiola\i0{}, \i{}Synandrodaphne\i0{},
\i{}Synaptolepis\i0{}, \i{}Thecanthes\i0{}, \i{}Thymelaea\i0{},
\i{}Wikstroemia\i0{}> 581<\i{}Gonystylaceae\i0{} (q.v.) are excluded with
good reason, but \i{}Aquilariaceae\i0{} (q.v.) seem to differ only in habit
and in having dehiscent, capsular fruits.> 582<Cultivated ornamental shrubs
from \i{}Daphne\i0{}, \i{}Dais\i0{}, \i{}Dirca\i0{} (leatherwood),
\i{}Pimelea\i0{} (rice flower), etc.; incense, from \i{}Wikstroemia\i0{};
bark fibre for paper from \i{}Daphne\i0{}, \i{}Edgeworthia\i0{},
\i{}Thymelaea\i0{}, etc. The family is said to include some of the few
plants poisonous to camels.> 586<thymelae> 
 
# Ticodendraceae <Gmes-Laurito & P. Gmes>/
5,1<720 m tall> 37,1 39,1 40<somewhat>,2 43<subcoriacious> 45,1 47,2 53,1
60,2 62<elliptic>,7<of fagacious aspect> 64,2 65,1 66,6/7 68,1 69,2 74,1
76,3<above> 139,1 145,2 148,2 152,3 155,2 156,1&2<with numerous bars> 157,2
159,1 161,2 162,2 165,1<diffuse> 166,2 168,2 175,2/3/1&2/1&3 176,1
177,5/9<less commonly> 179,2<rarely>/3 184,1 187,2 189,11 192,1<both male
and female aments with some cymules on their primary axes. The male cymules
borne verticillately in clusters of three, each cluster 13 flowered and
subtended by a single bract; the female partial inflorescences solitary,
each one-flowered but reduced, as evidenced by each being subtended by
one primary bract, plus two secondary bracts with axillary scales>
195<catkinlike, simple or branched, male or female, with partial
inflorescences in the form of reduced cymules, the partial inflorescences
and individual flowers not readily distinguishable without reference to
their vasculature> 200,1 203,2 223,6<small, atop the ovary, in female
flowers>/7<in male flowers> 229,U 276,1/2<some female flowers>
277,1/2<female flowers> 278<of male flowers>,8-10<or more?> 285,1 289,1
295,8-10<or more?> 303<shortly>,3 306,2 308,2 309,3 312,2 313,1
314,1<short, by extension of the connective> 315,1 317,1 328,1 329,3 330,7
337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,2 342,4 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,2 353,4 359,2
360,2 361,2(-3) 363,1 365,1 368,2(-3)<the styles stigmatic throughout>
376,2 379,1 380,1 381,1 386,2 387,2 388,2 404<somewhat>,1 409,2
412,7<drupelike, asymmetric, swollen on one side, greenish, mucilaginous>
415,2<the endocarp very hard, longitudinally furrowed> 421,1<three of the
ovules degenerating> 422,1<the endosperm two-layered> 432,3<massive> 433,2
436,1 447,2 504,3 512,1 521<central Mexico to southern Panama> 522,13 527,1
528,1 529,10 540,3 565,2 567,10 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,35 578,1 579,1
580<only known representative, \i{}Ticodendron incognitum\i0{}> 581<See
Gmez-Laurito and Gmez (1991), Tobe (1991), Carlquist (1991).>
586<ticodend> 
 
# Tiliaceae <Juss.>/
2<\i{}Malvaceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 3<\i{}Sparmanniaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh>
4<\i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{}, \i{}Muntingiaceae\i0{},
\i{}Oceanopapaveraceae\i0{} \i{}Petenaeaceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3/5<<10%> rarely>
31,1 32,3 39,1 40,1/2<often, or at least two ranked on the upper half of
the shoot> 45,1 47,2 53,1 60,1/2 61,1<commonly>/2 63<when dissected,>,2
64<usually>,3 68,1 69,2 70,1 74,1<often>/2 81,2 85,1<known from 9 genera>
86,3<nearly always>/2<rarely> 90,U 92,1<usually>/2<sometimes consisting
wholly of palisade> 101,1/2 102,1 104<usually>,1 106,1<with numerous kinds
represented in the family>/2 107,1/2 108,1/2 112,1/2 113,1/2/4 116,1/2
117,2<then with mucilaginous canals and/or cells> 118,1/2 121<usually>,1
130,2<\i{}Entelea\i0{}, \i{}Sparmannia\i0{}> 137,1<usually, in pith and
cortex> 138,3 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,1&2&3<the xylem
ring more interrrupted in some species than others> 152,2/3 153,1-2
154,1/2-3<commonly>/4 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 159,1/2 160,2 161,1<with small
bordered pits in \i{}Tilia\i0{}>/2<usually> 162,1 163,2 164,2 165,1/2 166,1
167,2 168,1<\i{}Durio\i0{} and \i{}Pterospermum\i0{} types> 169,1/2<VPI>
175,1/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/8 187,1/2<and sometimes paired> 188<when
solitary,>,2 189<when aggregated,>,1 192,1<mostly>/2 194,2<or
displaced-axillary, with the foliage leaf subtending both a vegetative and
an inflorescence bud: see Rendle (1930) for interpretation> 195<mostly
cymes, often very complex> 206,1 212,(3-)5 213,1/2 214<sometimes>,2/-
216,1/3 218,2 220,2 223,1/3<<10%> corolla rarely lacking> 224,(4-)5-10
226,2<usually>/1<<10%>> 227,1<usually>/- 229,U 236,(3-)5 238,1
239,1/3<sometimes basally connate> 245,3 251,1 253,1/2 254<normally>,(4-)5
255,1 258,1 265,1/2 267,3 275,1/4 277,1/2 278,(10-)15-100<usually many>
279,1 281,2 282,1<inserted at the base of the petals, or on an androphore>
285,1/2 286<when coherent,>,1/5/10 287,1-10<or acyclic and covering an
androphore> 289,1/2 290<when present,>,5-15/50<or more, i.e. sometimes many,
e.g. in \i{}Clappertonia\i0{}> 293,2
295,(8-)15-100<usually many> 298,3<<10%> rarely>/4-5 309,1/2/3 311,2<by
contrast with \i{}Malvaceae\i0{}> 312,1 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1 320,1/2<1
or 2> 321,1 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3-4/6 330,7<34>/8<most commonly
tricolporate>/9<oligo->/10<6-> 337,1<in 6 genera> 338,1/2 339,2-100<to
many> 341,2/1/3 342,1<<10%>>/2-100<to many> 343,3 344,6 345,1/3<<0.2%>
\i{}Neotessmannia\i0{}> 352,1<<10%>>/2 353,1<<10%> the septa
incomplete>/2-100<to many> 358,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 371,3<or lobed>
372,2 373,1 374,2 375<when unilocular (i.e. rarely),>,5 376<usually>,2
378<when unilocular,>,2-100<to many> 379,(1-)2-50<to many>
381,3<usually, or always with \i{}Neotessmannia\i0{} excluded?> 382<more or
less>,1<?> 383,1/2 385,1<sometimes>/2 386,2-3 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 390,1
391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2<or very elongated> 400,2 403,1/2
404,1/2 409,1/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2-100<to many> 411,4/5/7<or
other?>/- 412<when non-schizocarpic,>,1<usually>/2/7/8<or other?>/-
414,2/3/5<or other?>/- 422,1 424,1 433,2 434,1 435,1<4/8> 436,2/3 444,1
447,1 461,1 462<\i{}Corchorus\i0{}, \i{}Tilia\i0{}> 469,2<predominantly,
but some myoinositol usually detected as well> 472,2 475,1<rarely <10%>>/2
483,2 484,2 488,1 489,1 490,1/2 491,1/1&2 492,2<4 species, 4 genera> 495,2
497,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, except for frigid regions>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7-41> 527,1 528,1
529,6 536,3 565,4 569,3 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,46<as a synonym of
\i{}Malvaceae\i0{}> 578,450 579<about>,50 580<\i{}Ancistrocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Apeiba\i0{}, \i{}Asterophorum\i0{}, \i{}Berrya\i0{},
\i{}Brownlowia\i0{}, \i{}Burretiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Christiana\i0{},
\i{}Clappertonia\i0{}, \i{}Colona\i0{}, \i{}Corchorus\i0{},
\i{}Craigia\i0{}, \i{}Desplatsia\i0{}, \i{}Diplodiscus\i0{},
\i{}Duboscia\i0{}, \i{}Eleutherostylis\i0{}, \i{}Entelea\i0{},
\i{}Erinocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Glyphaea\i0{}, \i{}Goethalsia\i0{},
\i{}Grewia\i0{}, \i{}Hainania\i0{}, \i{}Heliocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Hydrogaster\i0{}, \i{}Jarandersonia\i0{}, \i{}Luehea\i0{},
\i{}Lueheopsis\i0{}, \i{}Microcos\i0{}, \i{}Mollia\i0{},
\i{}Mortoniodendron\i0{}, \i{}Neotessmannia\i0{} (perhaps bettert referred
to Muntingiaceae, q.v.), \i{}Pentace\i0{}, \i{}Pentaplaris\i0{},
\i{}Pseudocorchorus\i0{}, \i{}Schoutenia\i0{}, \i{}Sicrea\i0{},
\i{}Sparmannia\i0{}, \i{}Tahitia\i0{}, \i{}Tetralix\i0{}, \i{}Tilia\i0{},
\i{}Trichospermum\i0{}, \i{}Triumfetta\i0{}, \i{}Vasivaea\i0{},
\i{}Vinticena\i0{}> 581<Bayer \i{}et al\i0{}.(1999) expanded
\i{}Malvaceae\i0{} to include \i{}Bombacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sterculiaceae\i0{}
and \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{}, consequent on a combined analysis of plastid
\i{}atp\i0{}B and \i{}rbc\i0{}L DNA sequences. However, the descriptions
compiled for the present package depict \i{}Tiliaceae\i0{} differing from
\i{}Malvaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the imbricate calyx, androecial
members free of the perianth, bilocular anthers (differing also in the
glandular tapetum and the type of wall formation), and in the eusyncarpous
gynoecium; also in the record of transported sugars containing
oligosaccharides.> 582<\i{}Tilia\i0{} supplies lumber (basswood,
whitewood), also ornamental and shade trees popular for street plantings.>
583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}In the line-grove which weather-fends your
cell \line{}(Tempest, v., 1. Line deriving from linden, subsequently
corrupted to lime  re. \i{}Tilia\i0{})> 586<tiliacea> 
 
# Tofieldiaceae <Takht.>/
2<former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 12,1
15,1/2<rarely>/4<rarely - in \i{}Triantha\i0{}>
16<if parasitic,>,1 17,1 19<when present,>,2 20<in \i{}Triantha\i0{},>,6 
21,1<<5%> rarely>/3 22,1/2
25,3<mainly>/4/2<rarely> 39,1 40,1<usually>/2 42,1 43,1
45,3<usually>/1<<5%> occasionally, almost> 47,1 48,2 52,1 53,1 60,2
62,3-4<usually>/7<rarely> 64,4 67,1<\i{}Pleea\i0{}>/2 92,2 123<commonly>,1
124,1/3 128,2 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,1<rarely>/2<<90%>>
177,1<<90%> nearly always>/5/8 182,1 183,3<\i{}Tofieldia\i0{} with septal
nectaries> 187,2 189,2/3/8 193,1/1-2 195<spikes, racemes or corymbose
cymes> 200,1/2 206,1<nearly always> 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,1-2 220,2 223,5
224,6 225,1-2<the perianth segments spreading, distinct or shortly basally
connate> 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,1/2 229,1/2<occasionally> 230,1
231,1-2/3/8/11<usually inconspicuous, usually lacking patterns and spurs>
277,1<mostly>/2<from female flowers>
278,6/9<\i{}Pleea\i0{}>/12<\i{}Pleea\i0{}> 282<more or less>,1 285,1
287,2<usually 3+3, \i{}Pleea\i0{} with 6+3 or 6+6> 289,1
295,6<usually>/12<\i{}Pleea\i0{}> 298,3<usually>/4-5<\i{}Pleea\i0{}>
301<normally>,1 303,3<or the filaments sometimes somewhat flattened>
306,1<hypopeltate>/2 308,1 309,3 310,3 315,1 316,1 318,1<usually>/2<<14%>
\i{}Tofieldia\i0{}> 320,2 321,3 322,2 328,1 329,1<usually>/2/4
330,1<usually>/3/9 337,1 338,1<mostly>/2<from male flowers> 339,3 341,2
342,3 343,3 344,3<the carpels free above, and in \i{}Isidrogalvia\i0{} free
almost to their bases>/4<with separate styles>/6<some \i{}Tofieldia\i0{}
with one style and a capitate stigma> 345,1/2 350,2-100<to many> 351,2
352<when syncarpous,>,2 353<when syncarpous,>,3 358,1 360,2 361,1/3
363<when three,>,1 365,1 368,1/3 376,2 379,2-100<to many> 380,1 385,2
386<at least, usually>,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 400,3<by
contrast with Liliales> 404,2 405,1/2 407<when semicarpous,>,1 409,1 412,1
414,4 422,1 424,1 429<usually>,1<or with terminal appendages>/2 432,3<but
often small> 436<ovoid or globose> 442,2<by conrast with most capsular
Asparagales, and also lacking phlobaphene> 447,- 448,1/2 450,2 451,1 452,1
453,1/2<variously unifacial or bifacial> 454,2 456,2 457,1<e.g.
\i{}Tolfieldia\i0{}> 458,2 470,1<Gibbs 1974> 472,2 475,2 487<often>,1
488,1/2 489<when present,>,1 490,1/2 491<when present,>,1&2 492,2 504,1&3
505,1 507,1 512,2&6 520,1&2 521<N. temperate, S.E. U.S.A., Venezuela,
Guiana, Andes, arctic, sub-arctic> 522,1&12&15&16 523,2 527,2 530,4 558,6
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578<about>,30 579,4 580<\i{}Isidrogalvia\i0{}
(inc. \i{}Harperocallis\i0{}), \i{}Pleea\i0{}, \i{}Tofieldia\i0{},
\i{}Triantha\i0{}> 581<An excellent treatment of \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{}
sensu lato by Zomlefer (1997) is not accounted for here.> 586<tofieldi> 
 
# Toricelliaceae <(Wang.) Hu corr. Airy Shaw>/
1<\i{}Torricelliaceae\i0{} Hu> 2<\i{}Cornaceae\i0{}.>
4<\i{}Aralidiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Melanophyllaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1<with thick
branches and broad pith> 39,1 40,1 45<long>,1 47<broadly>,1 53,1 60,1
63<more or less>,2 64,3 68,2 76<coarsely>,4/1 90,U 102,1 103,1 104,1 106,1
107,2 108,2 137,2 145,2 148,2 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,1 167,2
168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,2/5<?> 178,2 179,1<represented by 13 subulate
processes> 187,2 189,8 192,1 195<lax, many flowered pendulous thyrses>
203,2 206,1 213,1 223,1<male flowers>/3<female flowers> 224,10<male
flowers>/6-10<female flowers> 226,1<female flowers>/2<male> 227<in female
flowers,>,1/- 229,U 236,5<male flowers>/3-5<female flowers> 238,1 239,3
240,3<male flowers>/4<female flowers, the 35 teeth minute> 245<lobes of
male flowers more or less unequal> 251,4 254,5<in male flowers only> 255<in
male flowers,>,1 258,1<the petals inflexed> 265<induplicate>,3 276,1<male
flowers>/2<female flowers> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in male flowers,>,5
282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 303<shortly>,3 306,2
310,2-3<latero-introrse> 328,1 329,3 330,8 338,1/2<from female flowers>
339,3-4 341,1-2 342,3-4 343,3 344,4/5<?> 345,3 352,2 353,3-4<often
partially sterile> 359,2<inconspicuous> 368,3<erect or divaricate,
persistent> 376,3 379,1 380,1 381,1 385,1<the funicle thickened to form an
obturator> 386,3 404,1 409,2 412,7<obliquely ovoid, 34 locular> 421,1
422,1 426<linear, curved> 484,1<griselinoside, cf. \i{}Griselinia\i0{}>
485,1<normal> 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2 521<Eastern Himalayas, Western China>
522,4 524<\i{}n\i0{} = 12> 527,1 528,2 529,18 548,2 565,5 570,8 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,67 578,3 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Toricellia\i0{}>
581<The data compiled here have \i{}Toricellia\i0{} differing conspicuously
from \i{}Aralidiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in numerous characters representing leaf
morphology and anatomy, stem vascular anatomy, wood anatomy, floral
morphology (valvate corolla, basifixed anthers, plurilocular ovary, etc.),
as well as in the non-ruminate endosperm. A temperate genus, it differs
from the tropical \i{}Melanophylla\i0{} in conspicuous leaf, inflorescence
and floral characters, a well as in the single pollen grains.>
586<toricell> 
 
# Tovariaceae <Pax>/
2<\i{}Capparaceae\i0{}.> 5<coarse>,5/3<or half-shrubs> 21,1/3 39,1 51,1<the
plants smelling of \i{}Apium\i0{} or \i{}Cestrum\i0{} when fresh, of
coumarin when dried> 53,2 56,3 68,2 76,1 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,3 116,U 120,U
121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,2/3<?> 162,1 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,2 189,2 192,2 194,1 195<loose, elongate, many-flowered racemes>
206,1 212,(6-)8(-9) 213,1 216,2<this short>/3 218,2 220,1 221,1 222<lobed>
223,1 224,(12-)16(-18) 227,1 229,U 236,(6-)8(-9) 239,1 245,3 248,2 251,1
254,(6-)8(-9) 258,1 265,1 267,3 274<shortly>,1-2 278,(6-)8(-9) 282,1 284,U
285,1 289,1 295,(6-)8(-9) 297,U 298,2 299,2 303,3<the filaments thickened
basally, short-hairy or papillate> 306,2<sagittate> 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2
322,2 324,2 328,1 329,(2-)3 330,8<colporoidate> 337,1 339,(5-)6(-8) 341,1-2
342,(5-)6(-8) 343,3 344,5-6<with short style and peltate-lobulate stigma
(Airy Shaw) or spreading stigmas (Cronquist)> 345,1 352,2 353,(5-)6(-8)
360<shortly>,2 361,1 364,1 365,1 376,2<the placentas thickened, spongy>
379,20-70<many> 386,4 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 397<elongated, with
filiform apparatus> 400,2 404,1 409,2 412<slender
pedicellate,>,6<mucilaginous when young, the pericarp membranous> 421<many
seeded> 422<rather thinly>,1 424,1 426,2 432,3 433,2 436,2<around the
periphery of the seed> 444,1 471,1 472,1 495,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4
521<Central and Warm South America, West Indies> 522,13&14&15
524<\i{}n\i0{} = 14> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,4 565,4 569,8 572,1 573,2 574,11
576,2 577,47 578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Tovaria\i0{}> 586<tovariac> 
 
# Trapaceae <Dum.>/
1<\i{}Hydrocaryaceae\i0{} Raimann> 2<\i{}Onagraceae\i0{},
\i{}Lythraceae\i0{} sensu lato.> 5,5 21,1 22,- 32,1/2
34,2<initially>/1<often, ultimately> 35,1&3 36,1<the leaves
submerged-dissected and aerial-rosulate-rhombic, though the opposite to
subopposite, elongate, filiform-dissected organs at the submerged nodes
have been interpreted as photosynthetic roots or stipules>
39,1<aerial>/2-3<submerged> 45<when emergent/aerial, long>,1<the petioles
equipped midway with an inflated, aerenchymatous float>
53,1<emergent/aerial>/2<submerged> 60,1<submerged>/2<emergent/aerial> 62<of
the aerial leaves, more or less rhombic and distally dentate> 63<of the
emergent members,>,2 68<(at least the aerial members)>,1 73<small, cleft>
74,1 90,U 102,1<on the emergent leaves> 104,1 122,2 123,1 124,2 130,2 143,2
144,2 145,1 148,1 156,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,1 187<on short pubescent
pedicels,>,1 188,2 206,1 212,4 213,1 215,2 218,1 220,1 221,2 222<more or
less>,2<angular, often eight-lobulate> 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,4
238,1 239,3<with basal tube> 245,3 248,1 249,1<two or all four members
forming indurated, hornlike or spiny projections on the fruit>/2 251,3
254,4 255,1 258,1 265,1 274,2 278,4 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4
298,2 299,2 300,1 303<shortly> 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1
318,2 319,1/3 320,2<2 or 3> 322,2 328,1 329,3 330,6<three prominent
meridional crests joined at the poles, alternating with the three colpi>
337,1 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,6 345,2<becoming almost completely
inferior in the fruit> 352,2 353,2 356,3 360,2 361,1<elongate> 365,1 368,1
371,3 376,2-3 379,1 381,1 383,3 386,3 387,3<but no true micropyle> 388,2
391,1 393,2 397,1 399,1 400<not occurring>,- 403,4 404,2<the thin exocarp
evanescent, the stony endocarp persistent> 409,2 412,8<or false drupe,
woody or bony, more or less top-shaped, variously sculptured or horned or
spiny> 421,1<one locule aborting> 422,2 426,4 430,1 432,3 433,2<very
unequal, the one large and thick, the other a scale inserted lower> 436,1
447,1&2<the larger, starch-packed cotyledon remaining within the fruit on
germination, the small one emerging with plumule and radicle through the
terminal pore left by the fall of the style> 472,2 484,2 487,2 488,2 504,2
506,1&3 509,2&3 510,1&2&3 520,2-4 521<warm Eurasia, Malaysia and Africa>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&9&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = about 18, or 24> 525,18/24 527,1
528,1 529,14 544,1 565,5 570,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,2 577,41<as a synonym
of \i{}Lythraceae\i0{}> 578,30 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Trapa\i0{}>
581<Differing from \i{}Lythraceae\i0{} (q.v.) in foliar, floral and fruit
morphology (tetracyclic flowers with imbricate corolla, free androecium,
part-inferior ovary with pendulous ovules, fruit a sculptured, horned or
spiny nut); also in terms of the compiled data in stem anatomy (no
secondary thickening, no internal phloem), embryology and perhaps
cytology.> 586<trapacea> 
 
# Trapellaceae <(F.W. Oliver) Honda & Sakisake>/
2<\i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5 21,3 25,3 27,- 32,1 34,2<with
creeping rhizome and floating stems> 35,1&3 36,1<the lower leaves narrow,
oblong, remotely serrate, the floating leaves broad, deltoid-rotundate,
crenate> 39,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,2<floating leaves>/3<submerged leaves> 90,U
96,1<in the indentations of the blade margins> 102,1<but absent from
submerged leaves> 103,1<i.e., on the upper surfaces of floating leaves>
104,1 148,U 156,3 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1
187,1<chasmogamous floating and cleistogamous submerged> 188,2<usually only
one developed at each node, despite the opposite leaves> 206,3 207,1
209,1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1
248,1 251,1 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,1 267<slightly>,2<with two upper
and three lower lobes, the upper lip exterior> 278,4 280,2 282,2<to the
corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,2 290,2 291,2 292,3<anticolous>
294,2<latero-posterior> 295,2 298,1 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments
filiform> 306<included, borne on a large, peltate connective> 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate, the oroids provided with operculoid membranes> 339,2
341,1 342,2 343,3 344,5-6 345,3 352,2 353,2 354,2 356,1 357,- 360,2 361,1
365,1 370<unequally>,2 376,2-3 379,2<in the posterior locule only, the
anterior one abortive and empty> 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 400,1 404,2 409,2
412,8<conspicuously appendaged> 419<crowned with five spreading, rigid
appendages below the calyx, three elongate, slender and uncinate, the other
two short, subulate and spinose> 421,1 422<thinly>,1 436,1 504,1 505,1
507,3 520,2-4 521<Eastern Asia> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2 529,24 554,1 565,6
571,6 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60<as a synonym of \i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{}>
578,2 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Trapella\i0{}> 581<Differing conspicuously
from \i{}Pedaliaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in habitat, polysepaly, A4 comprising 2
fertile stamens and 2 anterior-lateral staminodes, and the inferior ovary;
also in the records of colporate pollen and amyloid-negative seeds.>
586<trapella> 
 
# Tremandraceae <DC.>/
1<\i{}Tremandreae\i0{} (\i{}Tremandraceae\i0{}) R. Br.>
2<\i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Tetrathecaceae\i0{} R. Br.>
5<small>,3/5<slender heathlike subshrubs, or subherbaceous> 9,1/2
10<sometimes>,1 12,1/2/3 21,3 32,3/4 38,1/2 39,1/2/3 42,1/3<often ericoid>
43,1/2/4 44,1<often>/2 45,1-3 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,1/2 65,1/2 68,2<as usually
interpreted, but often with glands at the stipular positions> 76,1/4 81,2
90,U 92,1<with one layer of palisade> 101,1<commonly>/2 102,1
103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1<simple unicellular, stellate, eglandular and
glandular forms recorded> 123,1 124,2/3<mainly> 135,1-2 141,1 143,1 144,1
145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 150,3 152,3 153<very to extremely>,1 154,1&2&3
156,3<mostly>/2&3 157,2 158,1<sometimes>/2 161,1/2 162,1 163,1/2 164,2
165<scanty>,2<or absent>/- 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1
187<slender-pedunculate,>,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 194<when flowers
grouped,>,2<with 2-4 flowers per axil> 200,1<at the peduncle base> 203,2
206,1 212,(3-)4/5 213,1 215,2<i.e., if the stamens are interpreted as one
whorl> 218,2 220,1/2 223,1 224,6/8/10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,(3-)4-5 238,1
239,1<usually>/3 245,3 251,3 252,2 254,(3-)4-5 255,1 258,1
265<induplicate>,3 267,3 268,2/6/7 278,6<rarely>/8/10 279,1<this being a
reasonable interpretation of the antepetalous pairs>/2<as conventionally
interpreted> 282,1 285,1/2 286<if coherent,>,4/5<interpreting the pairs 
as bundles>
287,1<seemingly, though twice the corolla in number> 288<if interpreted as
such,>,2 289,1 295,6<rarely>/8/10 298,3 299,1<in antepetalous pairs> 300,2
302,1 303,3<with short filaments> 306,2 308,2 309,1<with a single apical
pore, this often at the top of a more or less elongated tube> 311,3
312,2<the sporangia sometimes in a single row> 313,1<i.e., with an apical
pore-tipped tube>/2 328,1 329,3 330,8<or colporoidate> 337,1 339,2 341,1
342,2 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,2 356,1 360,2 361,1 365,1 376,2/3
379,1-2(-5) 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,1<usually>/2<\i{}Platytheca\i0{}> 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5/4&5 422,1
429,1<via a twisted appendage>/2 433,2<?> 436,1 447,1 472,1/2 475,1/2<2
species listed> 484,2 488,2 490,1 491,2&3
492,1<\i{}Tetratheca\i0{}>/2<\i{}Platytheca\i0{}> 495,2 520,2-4
521<Australia> 522,10 527,1 528,1 529,18<?> 548,1<?> 565,5 570,15 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,1 577,38<as a synonym of \i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{}>
578<about>,45 579,3 580<\i{}Platytheca\i0{}, \i{}Tetratheca\i0{},
\i{}Tremandra\i0{}> 581<The data compiled for this package have
\i{}Tremandraceae\i0{} differing from \i{}Elaeocarpaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the
exstipulate leaves, the diplostemonous androecium with fewer stamens and
4-locular anthers, and seeds with a straight embryo; also in esoteric
characters relying on limited sampling (unilacunar nodes, xylem with
libriform fibres, no proanthocyanidins).> 586<tremandr> 
 
# Tribelaceae <(Engl.) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Grossulariaceae\i0{} sensu lato.>
5<prostrate>,3<the robust, flexuous stems bearing short, ascending leafy
branches> 8,2 39,1 43<thickish, glaucescent above> 45,3<semiamplexicaul>
47,2 53,1 60,2 64<obscurely nerved> 68,2 76<apically minutely tri->,4
90,U 116,2 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U 134,U 137,2 146,U 147,U 148,2<?> 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,1<at the apices of
branchlets> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,5<small> 238,1 239<shortly>,3<below> 245,3 248,1 251,1
254,5<relatively large> 255,1 258,1 265,2 267,3 271,1-2<thickish>
274<slightly>,1 275,4<elliptical> 278,5 280,2 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1
295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the filaments subulate> 309,3 310<small,
ovoid,>,1 324,U 339,3 341,1 342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2
361,1<short, simple> 365,1 368,1 370,3 371,3 376,2 379,30-50<many> 386,3
404,2<the epicarp leathery, the endocarp crustaceous> 409,1 412,1
414,5&6<borne on a short, erect pedicel, the valves finally separating from
the axis, to which the seeds long remain attached after the capsule has
dehisced> 421<many seeded> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 440,1 443,2 504,3&6
512,5&6 514,2 520,2 521<temperate South America> 522,15 527,1 528,2<?>
529,21<?> 551,5<?> 565,5 570,1 572,1 573,2 574,16<?> 577,63<as a synonym of
\i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{}?> 578,1<\i{}Tribeles australis\i0{}> 579,1 580<only
genus, \i{}Tribeles\i0{}> 581<The data compiled here show \i{}Tribeles\i0{}
differing from \i{}Escalloniaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in vegetative and floral
morphology; viz., sessile leaves, solitary flowers, hypogynous disk absent,
contorted corolla and extrorse anthers.> 586<tribelac> 
 
# Trichopodaceae <Hutch.>/
2<\i{}Dioscoreaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Avetraceae\i0{}.> 5<erect, tufted,
forest-floor>,5<of peculiar form, with a rosette of shortish, erect aerial
stems arising from the rhizome, each bearing a single, terminal leaf which
subtends 13 long-pedicelled flowers> 21,3 22,- 25<shortly>,3 39,1 40,1
42,1 45,1 47,- 53,1 60,2 62,4/7 64,2/3/4<with 35 main veins> 65,1 66,5
67,2 68,- 76,1 77,1 102,1 104,1 121,U 148,1 151,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
187,1/2<then of 23 long-pedicelled flowers, arising close together in the
axil> 194<at the base of the single petioles, atop the aerial stems>
200,1<at the base of the petiole> 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3
219,1<campanulate> 223,5 224,6 225,2 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2<the tube green,
but the lobes coloured> 230,1 231<dark>,8/11 233,1 278,6 282,2<to the
perigone, at the base of the segments> 284,1 285,1 287,2<3+3> 289,1 295,6
298,3 301<presumably>,1 303<shortly>,3 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,3 311,2<the
locules widely separated by the massive connective> 312,2
313<conspicuously>,1 314,1<subulate, by long extension of the thick
connective> 315,1 317,1 318,1 319,1/2/3/5 320,1 322,2 324,2 328,1 330,1
337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5 345,3 352,2 353,3 359,2 360,2 361,1
365,1 366<short, thick> 368,3<short, individually bifid, reflexed> 376,2
379,2 380,1 381,1 384,2 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,1 391,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 397,2 399,1 400,2 403,4<?> 404<slightly>,1 409,2 412,6<trigonous,
with a thick pericarp and three thick wings> 422,1 423,1<and cartilaginous>
426<ovate, dorsally grooved, rugose> 432,3<but minute> 433,1<lateral, the
plumule nearly terminal> 436,1 442,2 443<very thin> 444,1 447,- 454,U 458,U
504,2 506,3 510,1&3 520,4 521<Southern India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula>
522,4 527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,13<as a synonym of
\i{}Dioscoreaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,2 580<\i{}Avetra\i0{},
\i{}Trichopus\i0{}> 581<Comparing these descriptions using Intkey shows
this family diverging from typical \i{}Dioscoreaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in leaf
form, as well as differing in anther morphology, microsporogenesis and
ovule details.> 586<trichopo> 
 
# Trigoniaceae <Endl.>/
5,1/3/4 27,1/3 39,2<usually>/1<\i{}Trigoniastrum\i0{}> 53,1 60,2 64,2 68,1
69,1 70,2<often, when the leaves are opposite>/1 74,1 90,U 92,1
101<often>,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,3 106,1 107,1 108<exclusively>,1
109,2 112,2 115<sometimes>,1 121,1<in the hypodermis>/2 123,1 124,2/3 137,2
139,1 140,2<sub-epidermal> 143,1/2 144,1 145,2 147,1<in a \i{}Trigonia\i0{}
sp.?>/2 148,2 152,3 154<usually>,1 156,3/2&3 157,2 158,2 159,1 161,1
163,1<rarely>/2 164,1<rarely>/2 165,1/1&2 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2
187,2 189,1/2/8<or thyses> 192,1 194,1/2 195<various, partly or wholly
cymose> 202<bi- or tri->,1 206,3 207<obliquely>,1 209,1&2 211,2<the
posterior standard interior> 213,1 218,1<but slight>/2 220,1 222,1<in the
form of (1)23 glands, usually adjoining the slit in the staminal tube>
223,1 224,8/10 226,2 227,1/2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3 245,1 251,1 252,2
254,3/5 255,1 258,1 265,1/2/3<rarely, or subimbricate> 267,1<the petals
usually 5, the two anterior (lower, outer) members forming an often saccate
keel, the posterior (inner, upper) one forming a basally usually saccate or
spurred standard, the two laterals forming flat, spathulate wings>
270,1<sometimes, via the standard>/2 278,5-12 280,2 282,1 284,2
285,2<unilateral on the anterior side of the flower, joined by their
filaments> 286,1<the long or short staminal tube split posticously> 287,1
289,2<usually>/1<sometimes> 290<when present, i.e. usually>,(1-)3-6 295,5-8
298,2-3 309,3 328,1 329,3-5 330,7 339,3(-4) 341,1 342,1-3(-4) 343,3 344,6
345,1 352,1/2 353,1-3(-4) 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1<simple> 371,1/3 375<when
unilocular,>,2<with deeply intruded placentas> 376,2 378<when
unilocular,>,2-6<?> 379<when plurilocular,>,1-20<to rather numerous>
381,1-3 382,2 384<often biseriate> 386,3 387,3 388,2<but becoming
tenuinucellate at maturity by absorption of the nucellus> 389,1
400<\i{}ab initio\i0{}>,2 404,1/2<?> 409,1/2 412,1<usually>/10<three
winged, in \i{}Humbertiodendron\i0{} and \i{}Trigoniastrum\i0{}> 414<when
capsular,>,4 420<of seeds by wind or water> 422,2 427,1<usually,
long-pilose>/2 432,3 433,2<thin, flat> 436,1<usually or always transverse?>
440<densely>,4 444,1 447,1 495,2 504,2&3 506,2&3 512,2&3&4&5 520,4
521<Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Central and tropical South America>
522,4&8&13&15 524<\i{}n\i0{} = about 10> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,4/5<?>
565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39 578,35 579,4
580<\i{}Humbertiodendron\i0{}, \i{}Trigonia\i0{}, \i{}Trigoniastrum\i0{},
\i{}Trigoniodendron\i0{}> 586<trigonia> 
 
# Trilliaceae <Lindl.>/
1<\i{}Parideae\i0{} (\i{}Paridaceae\i0{}) Dum.>
2<\i{}Melanthiaceae-Paridoideae\i0{}; former \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}>
3<\i{}Phlebaceae\i0{} Dulac (p.p.)> 4<\i{}Scoliopus\i0{}, \i{}Medeola\i0{}
(transferred to \i{}Liliaceae\i0{} or \i{}Uvulariaceae\i0{}).> 
5,5 21,3 22,2 25,3/3&4 32,3<mostly
woodland species> 39,3<in a single whorl, borne high on the stem>
41,3(-22)<generally the same number as the perianth whorls> 42,1 45,1-3
53,1 60,2 62,4/6-7/8 64,3-4 65,1 66,2/5/6/8 68,- 76,1 77,1 92,1 121,U 123,1
124,1 128,2 130,2<\i{}Trillium\i0{}> 143,3<often 3> 148,1 151,2 173,1 174,2
175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,1/3/1&3 184,2 187,1<sessile or pedicellate>
188,1<on the erect stem> 203,3<to rather large> 206,1 212,3-5(-8) 213,1
215,2/3/4 219,2 220,2 223,1/3/5 224,6-18 225,1 226,1/2<the inner whorl
sometimes rudimentary or missing, e.g. \i{}Paris tetraphylla\i0{},
\i{}Kinugasa\i0{}> 227<usually>,1/- 228,2/1&2 229,1/2 230,1-2<often
different in shape and/or colour> 231,1/4/2/8 233,1 236<(when regarded as
such)>,3-5(-10) 238,1 239,1 245,3 248,1 251,1/2 254<(when the inner whorl
thus interpreted)>,3-5(-8) 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 267,3 268,1/2/3/6/7<etc.>
272,1 274,1<sometimes>/2 275,4 278,6-10(-24) 282,1 284,1 285,1 287,2(-6)
289,1 295,6-10(-24) 298,3<usually>/4/5 301,2<often portraid thus in floral
diagrams>/1 304,1<by prologation of the connective>/2 306,2 308,2 309,3
310,1/2/3 312,2 318,1 324,2 328,1/2<\i{}Trillium\i0{}> 329<when
aperturate,>,1 330,1 337,1 339,3-6(-10) 341,2 342,1/3-6(-10) 343,3
344,3-4/4-5 345,1 352,1<at least above>/2 353,1/3-6(-10) 356<in
\i{}Paris\i0{}>,3/- 358,1 360,2 361,1/3-6(-10) 363,1/2 365,1 372,2 373,1
374,2<B(i)> 375<when unilocular,>,2<the placentas strongly intrusive>
376<when plurilocular,>,2 378,20-100<many> 379,15-50<many>
385,1<usually>/2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,2 392,2/3<?> 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1/2 397,1 400,3<\i{}Trillium\i0{}>/2 404,1-2 409,1/2<when baccate>
412,1<fleshy, e.g. \i{}Trillium\i0{}>/6<e.g. \i{}Paris\i0{}> 414<when
dehiscent,>,1/4/5/4&5 422<copiously>,1 432,1-2 435,2<1/1> 436<globose to
ovoid> 442,2 447,- 448,1<developing into a small tuber> 450,2 451,1 452,1
453,2 454,2 457,3 458,2 472,2 487,1<steroidal, sometimes poisonous> 488,2
490,1 491,1&2 492,2 504,1&2 505,1&2&3 506,3 507,2&3&4&5 508,2&3 510,1 520,2
521<temperate Eurasia, North America> 522,1&4&12 524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 10, 15,
20, 30, 40> 525,5 526,2&3&4&6&8 527,2 530,4 558,1 572,1 574,5 575,2
577,15<as a synonym of \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{}> 578,53 579,4
580<\i{}Daiswa\i0{}, \i{}Kinugasa\i0{}, \i{}Paris\i0{}, \i{}Trillium\i0{}>
581<Discussed in detail by Zomlefer (1996). The attempted comparative
descriptions compiled for the present package have \i{}Trilliaceae\i0{}
differing conspicously from \i{}Melanthiaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the whorled
leaves and solitary flowers, also the seeds with weakly differentiated
embryo and (in so far as sampling has been adequate) differences in
embyrology.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Small good to anything growing
wild, \line{}They were crooking many a trillium \line{}That had budded
before the boughs were piled \line{}(Robert Frost, Pea Brush) >
586<trilliac> 
 
# Trimeniaceae <Perk. & Gilg>/
5,1&3 7,1 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,6 39,2 45,1 50,1 51,1/2<?> 53,1 60,2 64,2
65,1 68,2 76,4 81,2 90,U 92,1 102,1 104,3 115,2 120,1 139,1 140,2 141,1<but
with two traces> 148,2 156,2 161,1 175,1/1&2&3/1&2/1&3 176,1/2 177,1/8/9
187,2 189,1/2/8 192,1 194,1/2 195<racemes or panicles> 200,1 202,1<the
numerous bracteoles passing imperceptibly into the perianth> 203,2 206,1
213,2/3 214,2/1&2 217,2<more or less flat> 223,3<inseparable from
bracteoles> 224,10-50<decussate pairs, or spiral> 225,1 229,U
277,1/2<female flowers> 278<in hermaphrodite and male
flowers,>,(7-)10-20(-23) 281,1 282,1 285,1 287<23 seriate, spiralled>
289,1 295<in hermaphrodite and male flowers,>,7-23 303,3 306,2 308,2 309,3
310,3-2 313,1<via a shortly produced, tonguelike connective> 324,2 328,1
329,2<\i{}Piptocalyx\i0{}>/8-12<\i{}Trimenia\i0{}> 330<more or less>,9<with
two irregular unthickened areas in \i{}Piptocalyx\i0{}, 812 foramina in
\i{}Trimenia\i0{}> 338,1/2<from male flowers> 339<of female-fertile
flowers,>,1<ostensibly>/2 342,1 343,1<pseudomonomerous, by abortion?>/3
344,1/6 345,1 347<(if considered monomerous)>,1 348,2 350,1 351,1 352,1
353<if considered syncarpous,>,1 360,1 375,3 378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3 404,1
407,2 408<if considered monomerous,>,7 409<if considered syncarpous,>,2
412,7<with thin, slimy flesh> 421,1<compressed> 422,1 436,1 495,1 497,2
520,3-4 521<Eastern Malaysia, Eastern Australia, Pacific> 522,9&10&11 527,1
528,1 529,1 531,5 565,1 566,2 572,2 574,3 577,4 578,5 579,1/2
580<\i{}Piptocalyx\i0{} (= \i{}Trimenia\i0{}), \i{}Trimenia\i0{}>
586<trimenia> 
 
# Triplostegiaceae <(Hock) Bobrov ex Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{}, \i{}Valerianaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 7,U 21,3 22,1 25,3/3&4
39,2 51,U 53,1 60,1-2<dentate to pinnatifid> 63<when dissected,>,1 64,2
65,1 68,2 76,4<to pinnatifid>/- 90,U 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 156,3 159,U
161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183<from the abaxial-basal
part of the floral tube> 187,2 189,8 192,1 194,1 195<few flowered, open,
terminal thyrses with glandular branches> 196,- 202<(bi-)>,1<externally to
the epicalyces> 205,1-2<sickly sweet, cf. \i{}Valerianaceae\i0{}> 206,3
207,1 209,1&2 212<basically>,4 213,1 215,2 218,2 223,1<complicated by
epicalyces> 224<basically>,8 226,- 227,1 229,U 236,4 238,- 239,3<minute>
248,1<the persistent epicalyces becoming indurated> 249,U 253,1<this
double: an outer one of four conspicuous, basally connate,
capitate-glandular, apically uncinate cuspid, persistent bracts, and an
urceolate, 8-ribbed, persistent inner one> 254,4 272,2 280,2 282,2<to the
corolla> 285,1 287,1 289,1<?> 295,4 298,1 299,2 300,1 309,3<these four,
separate, rather than two common> 312,2 315,1 317,2 318,2 319,1 320,1-2
321,2 322,1<the cells multinucleate> 328,1 329,3 330,8<colporoidate> 337,2
339,1<ostensibly>/3<pseudomonomerous, with only one member fertile> 342,1
343,3<but pseudomonomerous> 344,6 345,3 352,1 353,1<by abortion of the
other two> 360,2 361,1<with three xylem strands> 365,1 368,1 371,3<small>
375,3<?> 378,1 381,1 386,3 387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2
396,1 399,2 400,1 401,1 404,2 409,2<?> 412,2/3/8<???> 421,1<surrounded by
the persistent, indurated epicalyces> 422,1 484,1 485,1<dimers cf.
\i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{}> 503,1 504,2 506,3 510,2&3 520,4 521<Southeast Asia,
Eastern Malaysia> 522,4&9 527,1 528,2 529,21 551,6 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,4 577,66<as a synonym of \i{}Valerianaceae\i0{}>
578,2<\i{}Triplostegia glandulifera\i0{}, \i{}T. grandiflora\i0{}> 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Triplostegia\i0{}> 581<Peng \i{}et al.\i0{} (1995) and
Backlund and Nilsson (1997) have provided data on embryology and pollen
structure and development of \i{}Triplostegia\i0{}, with cladistic
assessments of its taxonomic relationships. The former regarded it as a
sister-group to a clade containing \i{}Dipsacaceae\i0{} and
\i{}Morinaceae\i0{}, while the latter interpreted it as a subfamily of
\i{}Valerianaceae\i0{} (cf. APG). The descriptions compiled here have it
differing from \i{}Valerianaceae\i0{} in embryology, as well as the
epicalyx, unilocular ovary and endospermic seeds.> 586<triplost> 
 
# Triuridaceae <Gardn.>/
5<achlorophyllous, pallid or purplish>,5<lacking stomata, raphides and
silica bodies, with fungal mycelium situated outside the plant and inside
its subterranean parts> 12,2 13,1 15,2 16,1<mycotrophic, with intracellular
fungal tissues digested by the parasite> 17,2 18,1 22,2 32,3 38,1/2 39,1
43,4 44,2 45,3 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,1 65,2 68,- 102,2 121,U 123,2 128,2 148,1
151,2 173,2<\i{}Andruris\i0{}> 175,2&3/2/3/1&2&3/1 176,1/2<<10%> rarely>
177,2/5/8<?>/1<rarely  in some \i{}Sciaphila\i0{} species> 184<probably>,2
187,2 189,2<usually>/1 192,2<usually>/1 193,- 194,1 195<sympodial in
\i{}Triuris\i0{}, otherwise racemes> 200,1 203,2 206,1 210,1<i.e., unlike
\i{}Lacandoniaceae\i0{}> 213,1 215,2 216,1<\i{}Triuris\i0{}>/2 217,2
219,1<short, the lobes often reflexed> 223,5 224,(3-)6(-10) 225,2
226,1<valvate in bud> 227,- 228,2 229,1 230,- 231,2/6-8/13 277,1/2<female
flowers> 278,(2-)3(-6) 282,1 284,1 285,1/2 287,1 289,1/2 293,2
295,(2-)3(-6) 301<rather theoretically>,1<Sciaphileae>/2<Triurideae>
303,3/4<or, in \i{}Triuris\i0{}, immersed in an androphore variously
interpreted as representing receptacle or connective tissue> 308,2
309,3/4<commonly>/3-4<i.e., sometimes diagonally> 310,1 311,2-3
312,2<mostly>/1<e.g. some \i{}Triuris\i0{}>/1-2<often trisporangiate in
\i{}Sciaphila\i0{}> 313,1<by extension of the connective>/2 315,1 317,1
318,1 319,1/2 320,1 321,3 322,2 324,2 328,2 337,2<in \i{}Sciaphila\i0{}>
338,1/2<male flowers> 339,6-50 341,2/1/3 343,2 344,2 345,1 347,2 348,3/4
350,1 351,3 373,1<\i{}Sciaphylla\i0{}, \i{}Soridium\i0{}>/2<the rest> 380,1
381,3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2 391,1/7 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1
397,1 400,2 404,2 405,1 407,1<usually>/2<\i{}Soridium\i0{}> 408,3/4
422<copiously>,1 424,1/2<starch only in Triurideae> 432,1 442,2 443<thick>
447,- 454,U 458,U 520,4 521<pantropical and subtropical>
522,4&6&7&8&9&10&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11, 12, 14> 527,2 530,2 556,1
572,1 574,5 575,2 577,14 578,80 579,7 580<\i{}Andruris\i0{},
\i{}Hexuris\i0{}, \i{}Hyalisma\i0{}, \i{}Sciaphila\i0{},
\i{}Seychellaria\i0{}, \i{}Soridium\i0{}, \i{}Triuris\i0{}> 586<triurida> 
 
# Trochodendraceae <Prantl>/
4<\i{}Tetracentraceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1<without short-shoots, of
araliaceous aspect> 37,1 39,1<but aggregated into pseudo-whorls at the
branch tips> 43,2 45<long>,1 47,2 53,1 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,3<serrulate>
90,U 92,1 102,1 104<each enclosed by a pair of horseshoe-shaped
subsidiaries> 106,2 122,1<these striking, diverse in form> 130,2 135,2<with
thick-walled, heavily pitted secretory cells> 139,1 140,2
141,4<Sinnott>/1-5<depending on leaf size?> 143,2<at first, separated by
rays 1-3 cells wide> 144,1 145,2 148,2 150,2 151,2 159,1<these forming most
of the wood> 161,1 164,2 165<diffuse>,1 166<later>,1 167,2 175,1/2
176,1<male plants>/2 177,6 182,1 183,3<?> 184,2 187,2 189,1<raceme-like>
192,1 194<initially>,1 195<short, raceme-like cymes, the flowers long
pedicelled> 200,1/2<?> 202,1<subtended by several tiny, adnate-decurrent
scales at the top on the swollen pedicel tip> 203,2-3 206,1-2 213,3
214,2<spiral> 217,2<the torus subconical> 220,2 223,7<unless represented by
the small bracts> 229,U 278,40-100<many commonly about 70> 280,1 281,1
285,1 287<spiralled> 289,1 295,40-100<commonly about 70> 303,3 306,2 308,2
309,5 310,2 312,2 313,2<the connective not or scarcely prolonged> 315,1
317,1 324,2 328,1 329,3(-4) 330<weakly>,8<colporoidate> 337,1 338,1/2<in
male flowers> 339,(4-)7-11(-17) 342<basally>,(4-)7-11(-17)/- 343,2-3
344,3<the carpels in one whorl, laterally connate but distally distinct,
conduplicate, nectariferous on the back> 345,2 347<shortly>,2 348<with a
ventrally decurrent stigma> 350,25-30 351,2 352<basally>,2/-
353<basally>,(4-)7-11(-17)/- 372,2 373,1 374,2 380,1 381,1<from the broad,
oblique top of the carpel> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 400,1 404,2 405,2/1<more
or less, consisting of the laterally coherent but distally distinct
carpels> 406<more or less>,1 407,1 408,3<the recurved follicles laterally
cohering> 409<if considered syncarpous,>,1 412,1<dorsiventridehiscent>
422<copiously>,1 424,1<and proteinaceous> 432,3<but small> 433,2 435,2<1/1>
436,1 443<dark>,4/2 447,1 472,1/2 484,2 488,1 489,1&2 490,1 491,1&2 492,2
495,2 497,2 504,1 505,1 507,3 520,2-3 521<Japan to Formosa> 522,4
524<2\i{}n\i0{} = 38, 40> 527,1 528,1 529,10 540,1 565,2 567,1 572,1 573,1
574,8 577,26 578,1 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Trochodendron\i0{}> 581<See
Doweld (1998) for carpology and seed anatomy of \i{}Tetracentraceae\i0{}
and \i{}Trochodendraceae\i0{}, discussion of taxonomic relationships, and
recent relevant references. In terms of the present compilation,
\i{}Trochodendron\i0{} differs from \i{}Tetracentron\i0{} in 35 characters,
involving vegetative morphology and anatomy, sexuality of plants, numerous
floral morphological features, etc., even perhaps in cytology.>
586<trochode> 
 
# Tropaeolaceae <DC.>/
3<\i{}Cardamindeae\i0{} (\i{}Cardamindaceae\i0{}) Link> 5,5<with mustard
oils and watery juice> 8,2 14<somewhat>,1/2 21,1-3 22,2 25<when
perennial,>,4 27<prostrate or>,3 28<often>,2/6/- 39,1/1&2<sometimes
opposite below> 42,1 45,1<the petioles often long and twining> 47,2 50,1/2
51,- 53,1/2 54,1 55,2 56<when compound,>,5 60<when simple>,2/1 63<when
simple/dissected,>,2 64,3 65,1 66,- 68,1/2 81,2 90,U 101,1/2 102,1 103,1/2
104,1 130,2<\i{}Tropaeolum\i0{}> 139,1/2 140,1 141,3 143,2/1-2<the separate
bundles becoming joined via an interfascicular cambium> 144,1 148,1/2<the
interfascicular cambium sometimes producing phloem to the outside, as well
as prosenchymatous elements to the inside> 156,3 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U
163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 184,2 186,1<in \i{}T. majus\i0{}, the the
anthers move sequentially to the nectariferous spur to shed their pollen
before returning to their original positions, when the style moves to the
spur. The hairs on the lower margins of the anterior petals exclude the
entry of insects too small to effect pollination> 187,1 188,2 203,3<showy>
206,3<usually>/2<\i{}Tropaeastrum\i0{}> 207,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,3 218,1<the
corolla slightly perigynous> 223,1 224,7-10 226,2 227,1/2<the corolla
sometimes incomplete> 228,2 229,U 236,5<the sepals petaloid> 238,1 239,3
240<5>,3 245,2 246<long to short>,2<from below the dorsal (adaxial)
sepal(s)> 251,1/3 252,2 254,2-5<the two upper members exterior and often
differing from the lower, which are sometimes missing> 255,1 258,1 265,1
268,4/5/7/8/5&8<etc.> 274,1 275<variously lobed or>,3/- 278,8 282,1
284,2<declinate> 285,1 287,2<four per whorl, the median of each supposedly
suppressed> 289,1 295,8 303,3<the filaments filiform> 306,2 309,3 310,2
312,2 328,1 329,2-3 330,8<the colpi short> 337,1 339,3 340,1<sometimes with
petaloid modification of style and/or stigma>/2 341,1-3 342,3 343,3 344,5-6
345,1 352,2 353,3 356,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1/3 370,3 372,2 373,2 376,2-3
379,1 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,2 403,4 404,1<sometimes>/2 409,3
410,1<\i{}Magallana\i0{}>/3 411,4/7/5<\i{}Magallana\i0{}> 419,2 422,2 431,1
432,3 433,2 434<thick, plano-convex> 435,1<\i{}Tropaeolum majus\i0{}> 436,1
447,2 461,1 462<\i{}Tropaeolum\i0{}> 471,1<in the leaves, stems and roots,
seemingly not always in special cells> 472,2 483,2 484,2 488,2 490,1
491,1&2 492,2 504,3 512,1&2&3&4&5&6 520,2-4 521<Mexico to temperate South
America, widely introduced elsewhere> 522,2&3&4&5&7&10&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 12-14> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,6 565,5 570,17 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,47 578,92 579,3 580<\i{}Magallana\i0{},
\i{}Tropaeastrum\i0{}, \i{}Tropaeolum\i0{}> 586<tropaeol> 
 
# Turneraceae <DC.>/
2<\i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}-Turneroideae> 5,1<rarely>/3/5 39,1 40,1 45,1 53,1
60,1/2 63<when dissected,>,1/- 64,2 65,1
68,1<\i{}Erblichia\i0{}>/2<usually, but often with a pair of glands or
extrafloral nectaries at the base of the blade> 72<and/or prophylls and
leaf primordia>,1 76,3/4<the teeth sometimes glandular> 90,U
92,1<usually>/2<then isobilateral, not uncommonly> 101,1/2
103<variously>,1/2 104,3<usually, mostly>/1&2 106,1<with numerous kinds
represented in the family> 107,1&2 108,1&2 112,1/2 113<when present,
sometimes>,2/- 122,1<e.g., in \i{}Turnera\i0{}>/2 123,1 124,2
130,2<\i{}Turnera\i0{}> 139,1 140,2<at least in \i{}Turnera\i0{}> 143,1
144,1 146<representing foliar traces>,1/2 147,2 148,2 152,3 153,1-2 154<in
short to long multiples> 156,3/2&3 157,2 158,2 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2
165<diffuse>,1<or i fine reticulate lines> 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 181,2
184<self-pollinated or>,2/- 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2 189<when
aggregated,>,2 194,1/2/5<in 10 species of \i{}Turnera\i0{}> 202<often
(bi-)>,1 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,1<this short to tubular> 223,1<and
sometimes with a membranous corona, inserted below the throat of the calyx
or at the base of the sepals> 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3
240,4 245,3<usually with a hemispherical swelling inside> 247,- 248,2 251,1
254,5 255,1 257,U 258,1 265,2 267,3 268,3/5 272,2 274,1 278,5 280,2
282,1<inserted low in the hypanthium> 285,1 287,1 289,1<but the hypanthium
often provided with five extrastaminal glands or protuberances, or
(\i{}Piriquetia\i0{}, \i{}Erblichia\i0{}) with a narrow, fringed corona>
295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 309,3 310,3 315,1 317,1 318,2 320,2<with 2> 322,2
324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8<or colporoidate> 337,1 339,3 341,1 342,1 343,3
344,4 345,1-2 352,1 353,1 358,1 360,2 361,3<opposite the placentas> 363,1
368,3<fringed> 369,2<assuming \rdblquote{}opposite the
placentas\ldblquote{} means aligned with them> 372,2 373,2 374,2<a> 375,2
378,(3-)25-100<to many> 380,1 381,3 385,1<with an ostensibly funicular
aril> 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2
400,2 403,1 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,6<each of the three valves with a median
placenta> 422<copiously>,1 424,1 432,3 433,2 434<planoconvex> 436,1 447,1
472,1<often>/2 473,3<?> 475,1<<33%>>/2 488,2 490,2 492,2 520<mainly>,3-4<a
few warm temperate> 521<tropical and South Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes,
Central and tropical South America, West Indies> 522,6&7&8&12&13&14&15
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 7, 10> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of \i{}Passifloraceae\i0{}> 578,120 579,10
580<\i{}Adenoa\i0{}, \i{}Erblichia\i0{}, \i{}Hyalocalyx\i0{},
\i{}Loewia\i0{}, \i{}Mathurina\i0{}, \i{}Piriqueta\i0{},
\i{}Stapfiella\i0{}, \i{}Streptopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Tricliceras\i0{},
\i{}Turnera\i0{} (with half the species), \i{}Wormskioldia\i0{}>
581<Differing from \i{}Passifloraceae\i0{} (q.v.) in the sometimes
pinnatifid leaves, stipules with colleters, racemose inflorescences,
ephemeral calyx, contorted corolla, absence of staminodes, sessile ovary
and commissural stigmas ....> 586<turnerac> 
 
# Typhaceae <Juss.>/
4<\i{}Sparganniaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5 21,3 22,1/2 25,3 32,1-2 34,2 35,2
39,1 40,2 42<triangular in section or>,1/- 43,2 45,3 47,1 53,1 60,2 62,3
64,4 65,2 68,- 81,1<?> 90,1/2 98,1/2 102,1 104,3 105,2 121,1<these with
raphides>/2 123,1 124,1/2/3<or styloids> 128,1 129,2 130,2 148,1 156,2
173,1 174,2 175,2&3 176,1 177,2 178,2 179,3 182,2<?  no septal nectaries>
184,1 187<densely>,2 189<compound, dense>,3 193,1 194,1 195<a dense
compound spike, with condensed secondary/tertiary branches formed from
closely approximated annular meristems, the female flowers in the lower
part, the males above> 203,2 216,2<sometimes, in the female flowers, to
which the perianth-hairs may be adnate>/3 219,2 220,2 223,6<in the form of
simple, lobed or forked hairs> 224,1-10(-20)<?  commonly 3 in the males,
14 in the females>/- 225,1/2<somewhat adnate to the slender, elongated
axis> 226,1-5<irregular> 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,(1-)3(-5) 282,1
285,2<by the filaments> 286,1<the filaments joined basally for variable
distances> 289,1 295,(1-)3(-5) 306,2 308,2 309,3 310,1<when recordable>
312,2 313,1<via apical projection of the connective> 315,1 317,1 318,1
319,1/2 320,1 322,2 324,2<usually>/1 327<rarely>,3 328,1 329,1 330,5<the
aperture diffusely delimited> 337,1 338,1/2<male flowers> 339,1 342,1 343,1
344,1 345,1 347,2 348,2 350,1 351,1 372,2 373,2 374,2 381,1 385,2 386,3
387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1 397,1 400,3 403,2
404,2 407,1 408,3<but this tiny and achene-like before dehiscence> 419<with
the perianth-hairs forming a parachute> 420<by wind> 421,1 422,1 424,1
430,1 433,1 435,2<1/2> 436,1 442,2 447,- 448,2 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,1
454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Typha\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Typha\i0{}>
472,1/2 475,1<<60%>>/2 483,2 487,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 497,1
498,2 520,2-4 521<widespread, but absent from Madagascar, Malaysia, and the
warm Americas> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&9&10&12&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 15> 527,2
530,10 564,6 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,21 578,10 579,1 580<\i{}Typha\i0{}>
581<These compiled data show \i{}Typha\i0{} differing very conspicuously
from \i{}Sparganium\i0{} in the inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed
morphology, as well as in esoteric characters depending on limited
sampling (papillate stigmas, embryological details, seedling morphology).>
582<The leaves used in weaving chair bottoms and mats.> 586<typhacea> 
 
# Uapacaceae <(Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw>/
2<\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}.> 5,1/3 6,3 31<more or less>,2<the leaves crowded
towards the branch tips> 39,1 53,1 60,2 62<more or less cuneate>,8 68,1
87,2 90,U 116,U 137,U 148,2 156,3 157,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2<and
some scattered cells> 168,U 175,2/3 176,1 177,5 179,1<large, obconical,
funnel- or mushroom-shaped, sometimes lobed> 187,1<female>/2<male>
189<those of the male inflorescences>,4<these globular, capitate,
pedunculate> 196<and the solitary female flowers>,1<those of the male
inflorescences 510, large, much imbricate> 197<those of male
flowers>,1<the involucre calycine> 218,2 220,2 223,3<in the male
flowers>/6<in female flowers> 224<in the male flowers,>,5-6 226,1/- 227,-
229,U 230,- 236<of male flowers>,5-6<in female flowers, more or less
sinuous or truncate> 238,1 239,3 240,1-2<female flowers>/2/3/4<male
flowers> 244<in male flowers, more or less>,3<or turbinate>/- 276,1<male
flowers>/2<female flowers without staminodes> 277,1/2<in female flowers>
278<of male flowers>,4-6/8-12 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1/2 290<when
present,>,4-6<pilose, alternating with the stamens> 295,4-6 298,2 299,2
302,1 310,3 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8 338,1/2<the male flowers with a
pistillode> 339,(2-)3(-4) 341,1/2 342,(2-)3(-4) 343,3 344,4 345,1 352,2
353,(2-)3(-4) 360,2 361,(2-)3(-4) 363,1<thick, laciniate, recurved> 365,1
376,3 379,2 381,1 404,1 409,2 412,7 415,1<these usually three, dorsally
bisulcate> 422,1<the endosperm fleshy> 504,2 506,1&2 509,2&3 520,4
521<tropical Africa, Madagascar> 522,6&8 527,1 528,1 529,6 536,9 565,5
570,12 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39<as a synonym of
\i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}> 578,50 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Uapaca\i0{}>
581<Hitherto included in \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{}, but foliage,
inflorescence and anatomy aberrant: Airy Shaw (1973). Relevant comparative
anatomical data have not been located, and the attempt at compiling
comparative data for these descriptions shows no clear distinction between
\i{}Uapaca\i0{} and \i{}Euphorbiaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.).>
586<uapacace> 
 
# Ulmaceae <Mirb.>/
3<\i{}Cannabidaceae\i0{} p.p., \i{}Celtidaceae\i0{} Link,
\i{}Samaracaceae\i0{} Dulac> 5,1&3 31,1 32,3 37,1/2 39,1 40,1/2 45,1 47,2
53,1 60,2 64,2/3<then with three main veins Celtidoideae> 65,1
66,7<often>/8 68,1 69,1/2 70,1/2 74,1 76,1/4<or lobulate> 78,1 81,2
85,1<known from 3 genera> 86,2/3 90,U 92,1<usually>/2-3<in some
\i{}Celtis\i0{} species> 101,1 103,1<abaxial> 104,1 106,1 107,1&2<the
former mostly uni- or bicellular, often calcified or silicified, sometimes
warty, sometimes with cystolith-like bodies attached to their walls; the
latter very variable, commonly each with a glandular head of one to several
cells and a unicellular or uniseriate stalk of varying length>
119<commonly>,1<in epidermis and/or mesophyll, as well as the structures
associated with hairs>/2 121,1<in several genera>/2 123,1 124,2<common in
mesophyll>/3<sometimes around vascular bundles> 130,2<\i{}Celtis\i0{},
\i{}Zelkova\i0{}> 134,1/2 139,1 140,2 141,3 143,1 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2
148,2 152,1-3 153<in diffuse porous woods>,2/1&2 154<variable in
arrangement> 155,1 156,2&3<rarely>/3 157,2 158,1/2 161,1-2<the fibres
typically with small, simple pits, occasionally with very small bordered
ones> 162,1 163,2 164,2 165<usually essentially>,2 166,1<occasionally>/2
167,2 168,U 169,1/2<VP> 170,1/2 175,1/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/8 179,2
184,2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1/7 192,1/2 194,2 195<usually cymose
clusters> 203,2 206,1/2 213,1 218,1<or arguably so, when stamens are
inserted on the perianth>/2 220,2 223,3 224,(2-)5(-9) 225,1/2
226,1<ostensibly>/2<?theoretically> 229,U 236<if the perianth is so
interpreted,>,(2-)5(-9) 238,1/2 239,1/3 245,1/3 248,1
251,1/3<induplicate-valvate in \i{}Trema\i0{}> 276,1/2<sometimes, from male
flowers> 277,1/2<in female flowers> 278,(2-)4-8(-15)<mostly equalling or
twice K> 282,2<to the bottom of the perianth>/1 285,1 287,1/2 289,1
295,(2-)4-8(-15) 298,1/2 299,2 302,1<nearly always>/2<sometimes, in
\i{}Celtis\i0{}> 306,1 309,3 310,1<e.g. \i{}Celtis\i0{}>/3 312,2 315,1
318,2 319,1/3 320,2<2 to 4> 322,2 328,1 329,2-5(-6) 330,6<or rupate>/7
337,1<\i{}Holoptelea\i0{}>/2<\i{}Ulmus\i0{}> 338,1/2<male flowers>
339,2(-3) 341,1 342,1/2 343,3 344,4-6 345,1 352,1/2 353,1<usually, by
abortion>/2 356,1 360,2/1-2 361,1-2 363,1-2 365,1 368,1 372,2 373,1 374,2
375,3 378,1 381,1 385,2 386,3/4<Celtidoideae> 387,3 388,1/2 389,1/2
391,1/3/6 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1<forming up to 10 cells, in
\i{}Holoptelea\i0{}>/2 396,1 397,1 399,1 400,2 403,1/4 404,1/2 409,2
412,10/8/7 422<scantily>,1/2<usually> 433,2
434,1<Ulmoideae>/2-3<Celtidoideae> 435,2<2/5>
436,1<Ulmoideae>/2<Celtidoideae> 447,1 460,1<\i{}Parasponia\i0{}>/2 461,1
462<\i{}Celtis\i0{}, \i{}Ulmus\i0{}> 469,2<predominantly, in 4 genera, but
some myoinositol usually present as well> 472,2<usually>/1<\i{}Trema\i0{}>
473,1 475,1<<20%>>/2 483,2 484,2 487,1/2 488,1 489,1/1&2
490,1/2<\i{}Celtis\i0{}, \i{}Trema\i0{}> 491,1&2<\i{}Ulmus\i0{}> 492,2<4
species, 3 genera> 495,2 497,1/2<then without starch> 498<when
P-type,>,1<b> 520,2-4 521<widespread tropical and temperate>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 10, 11, 14> 527,1
528,1 529,6 536,4 565,2 567,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34 578,200
579,15 580<\i{}Ampelocera\i0{}, \i{}Celtis\i0{}, \i{}Chaetachme\i0{},
\i{}Gironniera\i0{}, \i{}Hemiptelea\i0{}, \i{}Holoptelea\i0{},
\i{}Lozanella\i0{}, \i{}Parasponia\i0{}, \i{}Phyllostylon\i0{},
\i{}Planera\i0{}, \i{}Pteroceltis\i0{}, \i{}Trema\i0{}, \i{}Ulmus\i0{},
\i{}Zelkova\i0{}> 581<This compilation has not yet (2017) been updated re
more recently revised family circumscriptions, involving transference of
\i{}Celtis\i0{}, \i{}Pteroceltis\i0{}, \i{}Trema\i0{}, \i{}Gironniera\i0{}
and \i{}Lozanella\i0{} from \i{}Ulmaceae\i0{} to \i{}Cannab(id)aceae\i0{};
cf. Sytsma et al. (2002)> 582<Timber (especially for furniture) from
\i{}Ulmus\i0{} (elm), \i{}Planera\i0{} (false sandalwood).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Thou art an elm, my husband, I a vine, \line{}Whose
weakness, married to thy stronger state, \line{}Makes me with thy strength
to communicate \line{}(Comedy of Errors, ii., 2)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Old Elm that murmured in our chimney top \line{}The
sweetest anthem autumn ever made \line{}(John Clare c. 1821, To a Fallen
Elm) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The Elm trees heavy foliage meets the eye
\line{}Propt in dark masses on the evening sky \line{}(John Clare, fragment
before 1856  contrasted with ash, q.v.) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Ellum
hateth \line{}Man, and waiteth \line{}(ancient adage - re. the proneness of
large, healthy-looking elms to catastrophic structural failure) >
586<ulmaceae> 
 
# Umbelliferae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Apiaceae\i0{} Lindl. (\i{}sensu lato\i0{}, nom. altern.).>
3<\i{}Coriandraceae\i0{} Burnett, \i{}Daucaceae\i0{} Augier ex Martinov,
\i{}Hydrocotylaceae\i0{} (Drude) Hylander, \i{}Saniculaceae\i0{} A. Lve &
D. Lve> 5,5<<80%> mostly>/3<some>/2/1<few> 7,1/2 8,1/2 9,2<<5%>
occasionally>/1 10<occasionally>,1<e.g., \i{}Platysace
compressa\i0{}>/2<e.g. \i{}Lilaeopsis\i0{}> 12,1<usually>/2<sometimes, in
switch forms> 14,1<<5%> occasionally, e.g. \i{}Crithmum\i0{}>/2 21,1/2/3
22,1/2 32,2/3/4<e.g., \i{}Eryngium\i0{}> 36,1<e.g. \i{}Apium
inundatum\i0{}, with capillary-segmented submerged leaves>/2 38,2-4
39,1/1&2<the upper sometimes more or less opposite>
43,1<<80%>usually>/2<occasionally>/3<rarely> 45,1/4<e.g., the upper leaves
of \i{}Bupleurum rotundifolium\i0{}> 47<more or less>,1 49,1 50,1/2
51,1/3/2<<10%> rarely> 53,1/2 54,1<sometimes>/2 55,1/2 56<when
compound,>,3/4/6/7/5<rarely> 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when
simple,>,2<commonly in Hydrocotyloideae>/1<usually> 63<when
simple/dissected,>,1<usually>/2<e.g., in \i{}Sanicula\i0{},
\i{}Astrantia\i0{}, \i{}Eryngium\i0{}>/4<e.g., in \i{}Eryngium\i0{}>
64,2/3/4 68,1<Hydrocotyloideae>/2<usually, but sometimes with stipular
flanges> 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2/3 102,1 104,1/3 106,1
107<mostly>,1<including unicellular, dendroid and stellate forms> 115,1/2
116,1 117,1&2&3<cf. those in the axes, the contents often mixed>
121,2<secretory cells of any kind seemingly lacking> 123,1/2<often> 124<when
present, generally>,2/- 130,1<\i{}Eryngium\i0{}>/2<\i{}Aegopodium\i0{},
\i{}Sanicula\i0{}, \i{}Smyrnium\i0{}> 132<often>,3/- 137,1 138,1&2&3<as in
the leaves, containing clear, turbid, milky white or yellow mixtures, in
cortex, pericycle and phloem> 139,1/2 140<when present,>,1/2
141,5<usually>/3 143<principally>,2 144,1 146,1<commonly>/2 147,1<but
rarely>/2 148,1/2<?>/3<occasionaly, exemplified in some species of
\i{}Eryngium\i0{}> 149<in \i{}Eryngium\i0{}>,1<involving an
extra-fascicular cambial ring>/2 152,3 153<very>,1-2 156,3<usually>/1&2
158,2 161,2 162,1 163<seemingly>,2<contrasting with their widespread
occurrence in \i{}Araliaceae\i0{}> 164,2 165,2<scanty to vasicentric> 169,3
175,1/1&2&3/2/3/1&2 176,1<<10%>>/2 177,1<<90%>
usually>/3/8/5<\i{}Acronema\i0{}> 184,2 187,2 189,5<nearly always>/4<<5%>>
192,1/2 194,1 195<often cymose umbels or heads arranged in cymose
inflorescences, sometimes reduced to single flowers> 196,1<usually, and/or
with involucels>/2 197,1<often, this phenomenon commonly associated with
sterile flowers at the periphery>/2 200,1 203<mostly>,2 206,1-2 209,1<the
corolla only> 212,5<except for the gynoecium> 213,1 215,2 218,2
223,1<usually, but the calyx usually very reduced>/3<corolla rarely
absent>/4<calyx teeth sometimes lacking> 224,4-10 226,2/1<<10%> rarely>
227,1/- 229,U 236<when detectable,>,5 238,1 239,1/3<often reduced to a mere
rim, but never exhibiting a calyx tube> 240,2/3/4 248,1 252,2 254,5 255,1
258,1 265,3 267,1/3 268,2/3/6/7 277,1/2<female and sterile flowers> 278,5
280,2 282,1 284,1-2 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 302,2 306,1/2 309,3
310,3 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,2 322,2 328,1 329,(2-)3
330<mostly (tri-)>,8 337,2<recorded in 16 genera> 338,1/2<male and sterile
flowers> 339,2 342,1/2 343,3 344,4 345,3 352,1/2 353,(1-)2 356,1 359,1
360,2 361,2 363,1-2<their bases thickened into one or two stylopodes
crowning the ovary> 365,1 372,1 373,2 374,4 376,2/3 379,1/2<usually two,
but one usually abortive - cf. \i{}Araliaceae\i0{}> 381,1 382,2 383,1 385,2
386,3 387,2 388,1/3 390,1 391,1/2/4/6 393,1 394,3-11 395,1/2 399,1/2 400,2
403,4 404,2 409,3 410,2 411<dry, united facially, 1-seeded, the integument
sometimes united with the pericarp> 422,1 424,1 432,3<often small> 433,2
435,2<10/10> 436,1 447,1 461,1<usually>/3<rarely> 462<\i{}Aciphylla\i0{},
\i{}Crithmum\i0{}, \i{}Daucus\i0{}, \i{}Eryngium\i0{}, \i{}Lomatium\i0{},
\i{}Pastinaca\i0{}, \i{}Pituranthos\i0{}, \i{}Sium\i0{}>
464<\i{}Lilaeopsis\i0{} (aquatic CAM only)> 466,2<\i{}Eryngium\i0{},
\i{}Crithmum\i0{}, \i{}Lomatium\i0{}, \i{}Prangos\i0{}, \i{}Sium\i0{}>
469,1<\i{}Bupleurum\i0{}> 470,2<umbelliferose recorded> 472,2
474,1<falcarinone> 475,1<<30%>>/2<poisonous umbellifers usually toxic via
polyacetylenes> 479,1<\i{}Bupleurum\i0{}, \i{}Heracleum\i0{}> 480,2 483,2
484,2 487,1/2 488,2 490,1/2 491,1/1&2<mostly both> 492,2<10 species, 10
genera> 495,2 497,2 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan, but mainly North temperate>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (4-)8-11(-12)>
527,1 528<borderline>,2 529,18 548,2 565,5 570,18 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4
577,67 578<about>,2850 579<about>,420 580<\i{}Aciphylla\i0{},
\i{}Acronema\i0{}, \i{}Actinolema\i0{}, \i{}Actinotus\i0{},
\i{}Adenosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Aegopodium\i0{}, \i{}Aethusa\i0{},
\i{}Aframmi\i0{}, \i{}Afrocarum\i0{}, \i{}Afroligusticum\i0{},
\i{}Afrosison\i0{}, \i{}Agasyllis\i0{}, \i{}Agrocharis\i0{},
\i{}Ainsworthia\i0{}, \i{}Albovia\i0{}, \i{}Alepidea\i0{}, \i{}Aletes\i0{},
\i{}Alococarpum\i0{}, \i{}Ammi\i0{}, \i{}Ammodaucus\i0{},
\i{}Ammoides\i0{}, \i{}Ammoselinum\i0{}, \i{}Anethum\i0{},
\i{}Angelica\i0{}, \i{}Anginon\i0{}, \i{}Angoseseli\i0{},
\i{}Anisopoda\i0{}, \i{}Anisosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Anisotome\i0{},
\i{}Annesorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Anthriscus\i0{}, \i{}Aphanopleura\i0{},
\i{}Apiastrum\i0{}, \i{}Apium\i0{}, \i{}Apodicarpum\i0{},
\i{}Arctopus\i0{}, \i{}Arcuatopterus\i0{}, \i{}Arracacia\i0{},
\i{}Artedia\i0{}, \i{}Asciadium\i0{}, \i{}Asteriscium\i0{},
\i{}Astomaea\i0{}, \i{}Astrantia\i0{}, \i{}Astrodaucus\i0{},
\i{}Astydamia\i0{}, \i{}Athamanta\i0{}, \i{}Aulacospermum\i0{},
\i{}Autumnalia\i0{}, \i{}Azilia\i0{}, \i{}Azorella\i0{}, \i{}Berula\i0{},
\i{}Bifora\i0{}, \i{}Bilacunaria\i0{}, \i{}Bolax\i0{}, \i{}Bonannia\i0{},
\i{}Bowlesia\i0{}, \i{}Bunium\i0{}, \i{}Bupleurum\i0{}, \i{}Cachrys\i0{},
\i{}Calyptosciandium\i0{}, \i{}Capnophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Carlesia\i0{},
\i{}Caropsis\i0{}, \i{}Carum\i0{}, \i{}Caucalis\i0{}, \i{}Cenolophium\i0{},
\i{}Centella\i0{}, \i{}Cephalopodium\i0{}, \i{}Chaerophyllopsis\i0{},
\i{}Chaerophyllum\i0{}, \i{}Chaetosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Chamaele\i0{},
\i{}Chamaesciadium\i0{}, \i{}Chamaesium\i0{}, \i{}Chamarea\i0{},
\i{}Changium\i0{}, \i{}Chlaenosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Choritaena\i0{},
\i{}Chuanminshen\i0{}, \i{}Chymsydia\i0{}, \i{}Ciclospermum\i0{},
\i{}Cicuta\i0{}, \i{}Cnidiocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Cnidium\i0{}, \i{}Coaxana\i0{},
\i{}Conioselinum\i0{}, \i{}Conium\i0{}, \i{}Conopodium\i0{},
\i{}Coriandrum\i0{}, \i{}Cortia\i0{}, \i{}Cortiella\i0{},
\i{}Cotopaxia\i0{}, \i{}Coulterophytum\i0{}, \i{}Crenosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Crithmum\i0{}, \i{}Cryptotaenia\i0{}, \i{}Cuminum\i0{},
\i{}Cyathoselinum\i0{}, \i{}Cyclorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Cymbocarpum\i0{},
\i{}Cymopterus\i0{}, \i{}Cynosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Dactylaea\i0{},
\i{}Dasispermum\i0{}, \i{}Daucosma\i0{}, \i{}Daucus\i0{},
\i{}Dethawia\i0{}, \i{}Deverra\i0{}, \i{}Dichisciadium\i0{},
\i{}Dickinsia\i0{}, \i{}Dicyclophora\i0{}, \i{}Dimorphosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Diplaspis\i0{}, \i{}Diplolophium\i0{}, \i{}Diplotaenia\i0{},
\i{}Diposis\i0{}, \i{}Domeykoa\i0{}, \i{}Donnellsmithia\i0{},
\i{}Dorema\i0{}, \i{}Dracosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Drusa\i0{}, \i{}Ducrosia\i0{},
\i{}Dystaenia\i0{}, \i{}Echinophora\i0{}, \i{}Elaeoselinum\i0{},
\i{}Eleutherospermum\i0{}, \i{}Enantiophylla\i0{}, \i{}Endressia\i0{},
\i{}Eremocharis\i0{}, \i{}Eremodaucus\i0{}, \i{}Ergocarpon\i0{},
\i{}Erigenia\i0{}, \i{}Eriocycla\i0{}, \i{}Eriosynaphe\i0{},
\i{}Eryngium\i0{}, \i{}Erythroselinum\i0{}, \i{}Eurytaenia\i0{},
\i{}Exoacantha\i0{}, \i{}Ezosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Falcaria\i0{},
\i{}Fergania\i0{}, \i{}Ferula\i0{}, \i{}Ferulago\i0{}, \i{}Foeniculum\i0{},
\i{}Frommia\i0{}, \i{}Froriepa\i0{}, \i{}Fuernrohria\i0{},
\i{}Galagania\i0{}, \i{}Geocaryum\i0{}, \i{}Gingidia\i0{},
\i{}Glaucosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Glehnia\i0{}, \i{}Glia\i0{},
\i{}Glochidotheca\i0{}, \i{}Gongylosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Grafia\i0{},
\i{}Grammosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Hacquetia\i0{}, \i{}Halosciatrum\i0{},
\i{}Haplosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Haplosphaera\i0{}, \i{}Harbouria\i0{},
\i{}Harrysmithia\i0{}, \i{}Haussknechtia\i0{}, \i{}Hellenocarum\i0{},
\i{}Heptaptera\i0{}, \i{}Heracleum\i0{}, \i{}Hermas\i0{},
\i{}Heteromorpha\i0{}, \i{}Hladnikia\i0{}, \i{}Hohenackeria\i0{},
\i{}Homalocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Homalosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Horstrissea\i0{},
\i{}Huanaca\i0{}, \i{}Hyalolaena\i0{}, \i{}Hydrocotyle\i0{},
\i{}Itasina\i0{}, \i{}Johrenia\i0{}, \i{}Kadenia\i0{},
\i{}Kafirnigania\i0{}, \i{}Kalakia\i0{}, \i{}Kandaharia\i0{},
\i{}Karatavia\i0{}, \i{}Karnataka\i0{}, \i{}Kedarnatha\i0{},
\i{}Keraymonia\i0{}, \i{}Kitagawia\i0{}, \i{}Klotzschia\i0{},
\i{}Komarovia\i0{}, \i{}Korovinia\i0{}, \i{}Korshinskia\i0{},
\i{}Kosopoljanskia\i0{}, \i{}Koslovia\i0{}, \i{}Krasnovia\i0{},
\i{}Krubera\i0{}, \i{}Kundmannia\i0{}, \i{}Ladyginia\i0{},
\i{}Lagoecia\i0{}, \i{}Laretia\i0{}, \i{}Laser\i0{}, \i{}Laserpitium\i0{},
\i{}Lecokia\i0{}, \i{}Ledebouriella\i0{}, \i{}Lefebvrea\i0{},
\i{}Lereschia\i0{}, \i{}Levisticum\i0{}, \i{}Lichtensteinia\i0{},
\i{}Lignocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Ligusticopsis\i0{}, \i{}Ligusticum\i0{},
\i{}Lilaeopsis\i0{}, \i{}Limnosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Lisaea\i0{},
\i{}Lomatium\i0{}, \i{}Lomatopodium\i0{}, \i{}Magadania\i0{},
\i{}Magydaris\i0{}, \i{}Malabaila\i0{}, \i{}Mandenovia\i0{},
\i{}Marlothiella\i0{}, \i{}Mastigosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Mathiasella\i0{},
\i{}Mediasia\i0{}, \i{}Meeboldia\i0{}, \i{}Melanosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Melanoselinum\i0{}, \i{}Merwiopsis\i0{}, \i{}Meum\i0{},
\i{}Micropleura\i0{}, \i{}Microsciadium\i0{}, \i{}Mogoltavia\i0{},
\i{}Molopospermum\i0{}, \i{}Monizia\i0{}, \i{}Mulinum\i0{},
\i{}Muretia\i0{}, \i{}Musineon\i0{}, \i{}Myrrhidendron\i0{},
\i{}Myrrhis\i0{}, \i{}Myrrhoides\i0{}, \i{}Narthex\i0{}, \i{}Naufraga\i0{},
\i{}Neocryptodiscus\i0{}, \i{}Neogoezia\i0{}, \i{}Neonelsonia\i0{},
\i{}Neoparrya\i0{}, \i{}Neoplatytaenia\i0{}, \i{}Neosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Niphogeton\i0{}, \i{}Nirarathamnos\i0{}, \i{}Nothosmyrnium\i0{},
\i{}Notiosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Notopterygium\i0{}, \i{}Oedibasis\i0{},
\i{}Oenanthe\i0{}, \i{}Oligocladus\i0{}, \i{}Oliveria\i0{},
\i{}Olymposciadium\i0{}, \i{}Oropanax\i0{}, \i{}Oreocome\i0{},
\i{}Oreomyrrhis\i0{}, \i{}Oreonana\i0{}, \i{}Oreoschimperella\i0{},
\i{}Oreoxis\i0{}, \i{}Orlaya\i0{}, \i{}Ormopterum\i0{},
\i{}Ormosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Orogenia\i0{}, \i{}Oschatzia\i0{},
\i{}Osmorhiza\i0{}, \i{}Ottoa\i0{}, \i{}Oxypolis\i0{},
\i{}Pachyctenium\i0{}, \i{}Pachypleurum\i0{}, \i{}Palimbia\i0{},
\i{}Paraligusticum\i0{}, \i{}Paraselinum\i0{}, \i{}Parasilaus\i0{},
\i{}Pastinaca\i0{}, \i{}Pastinacopsis\i0{}, \i{}Paulita\i0{},
\i{}Pedinopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Pentapeltis\i0{}, \i{}Perideridia\i0{},
\i{}Perissocoelium\i0{}, \i{}Petagnaea\i0{}, \i{}Petroedmondia\i0{},
\i{}Petroselinum\i0{}, \i{}Peucadanum\i0{}, \i{}Phellolophium\i0{},
\i{}Phlojodicarpus\i0{}, \i{}Phlyctodocarpa\i0{}, \i{}Physospermopsis\i0{},
\i{}Physospermum\i0{}, \i{}Physotrichia\i0{}, \i{}Pilopleura\i0{},
\i{}Pimpinella\i0{}, \i{}Pinda\i0{}, \i{}Platysace\i0{},
\i{}Pleurospermopsis\i0{}, \i{}Pleurospermum\i0{}, \i{}Podistera\i0{},
\i{}Polemannia\i0{}, \i{}Polemanniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Polylophium\i0{},
\i{}Polytaenia\i0{}, \i{}Polyzygus\i0{}, \i{}Portenschlagiella\i0{},
\i{}Pozoa\i0{}, \i{}Prangos\i0{}, \i{}Prionosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Psammogeton\i0{}, \i{}Pseudocarum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudorlaya\i0{},
\i{}Pseudoselinum\i0{}, \i{}Pternopetalum\i0{}, \i{}Pterygopleurum\i0{},
\i{}Ptilimnium\i0{}, \i{}Ptychotis\i0{}, \i{}Pycnocycla\i0{},
\i{}Pyramidoptera\i0{}, \i{}Registaniella\i0{}, \i{}Rhabdosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Rhodosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Rhopalosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Rhysopterus\i0{},
\i{}Ridolfia\i0{}, \i{}Rouya\i0{}, \i{}Rumia\i0{}, \i{}Rutheopsis\i0{},
\i{}Sajanella\i0{}, \i{}Sanicula\i0{}, \i{}Saposhnikovia\i0{},
\i{}Scaligeria\i0{}, \i{}Scandia\i0{}, \i{}Scandix\i0{},
\i{}Schizeilema\i0{}, \i{}Schoenolaena\i0{}, \i{}Schrenkia\i0{},
\i{}Schtschurowskia\i0{}, \i{}Schulzia\i0{}, \i{}Schumannia\i0{},
\i{}Sclerochorton\i0{}, \i{}Sclerotiaria\i0{}, \i{}Scrithacola\i0{},
\i{}Selinum\i0{}, \i{}Semenovia\i0{}, \i{}Seseli\i0{}, \i{}Seselopsis\i0{},
\i{}Shoshonea\i0{}, \i{}Silaum\i0{}, \i{}Sinocarum\i0{},
\i{}Sinodielsia\i0{}, \i{}Sinolimprichtia\i0{}, \i{}Sison\i0{},
\i{}Sium\i0{}, \i{}Smyrniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Smyrnium\i0{}, \i{}Sonderina\i0{},
\i{}Soranthus\i0{}, \i{}Spananthe\i0{}, \i{}Spermolepis\i0{},
\i{}Sphaenolobium\i0{}, \i{}Sphaerosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Sphallerocarpus\i0{},
\i{}Sphenocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Sphenosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Spongiosyndesmus\i0{},
\i{}Spuriodaucus\i0{}, \i{}Spuriopimpinella\i0{}, \i{}Stefanoffia\i0{},
\i{}Steganotaenia\i0{}, \i{}Stenocoelium\i0{}, \i{}Stenosemis\i0{},
\i{}Stenotaenia\i0{}, \i{}Stewartiella\i0{}, \i{}Stoibrax\i0{},
\i{}Symphyoloma\i0{}, \i{}Synelcoscadium\i0{}, \i{}Szovitsia\i0{},
\i{}Taenidia\i0{}, \i{}Tamamschjania\i0{}, \i{}Tauschia\i0{},
\i{}Tetrataenium\i0{}, \i{}Thamnosciadium\i0{}, \i{}Thapsia\i0{},
\i{}Thaspium\i0{}, \i{}Thecocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Tilingia\i0{},
\i{}Tinguarra\i0{}, \i{}Todaroa\i0{}, \i{}Tongoloa\i0{},
\i{}Tordyliopsis\i0{}, \i{}Tordylium\i0{}, \i{}Torilis\i0{},
\i{}Tornabenea\i0{}, \i{}Trachydium\i0{}, \i{}Trachymene\i0{},
\i{}Trachysciadium\i0{}, \i{}Trachyspermum\i0{}, \i{}Transcaucasia\i0{},
\i{}Trepocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Tricholaser\i0{}, \i{}Trigonosciadium\i0{},
\i{}Trinia\i0{}, \i{}Trochiscanthes\i0{}, \i{}Turgenia\i0{},
\i{}Uldinia\i0{}, \i{}Vanasushava\i0{}, \i{}Vicatia\i0{},
\i{}Xanthogalum\i0{}, \i{}Xanthosia\i0{}, \i{}Xatardia\i0{},
\i{}Yabea\i0{}, \i{}Zeravschania\i0{}, \i{}Zizia\i0{}, \i{}Zosima\i0{}>
581<Family reviewed by Heywood 1971. Apiales exemplify the well known
difficulties in distributing certain Dicot families between Dahlgrens
Araliiflorae and Corniflorae. It was equally hard to assign them with
confidence to the higher level groupings Crassinucelli and Tenuinucelli,
despite the fact that the latter evidently represent a major divergence in
the Dicot line of descent (cf.Young and Watson 1970, Chase \i{}et al.\i0{}
1993). In terms of the data compiled for this package, other than two
esoteric characters reflecting limited sampling (wet/dry stigmas,
occurrence of septate wood fibres), there are no absolute differences
between \i{}Araliaceae\i0{} and \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{}: they are
distinguishable only in having the states of overlapping characters
expressed in very different proportions. This does not mean of course that
the families should be merged, because the names permit useful predictive
generalization, On the other hand, it does support S.M. Walterss (1960)
entertaining contention regarding the historical origins of useful family
circumscriptions; viz., that if formal taxonomy had originated in the
southern hemisphere, the \i{}Umbelliferae\i0{} would now be a subfamily of
the \i{}Araliaceae\i0{} - which accords with the recent notion that
Hydrocotyloideae should be transferred to the \i{}Araliaceae\i0{} (cf.
molecular studies and APG 3.)> 582<Important sources of many foodstuffs and
condiments: \i{}Daucus\i0{} (carrot), \i{}Pastinaca\i0{} (parsnip),
\i{}Apium\i0{} (celery), \i{}Petroselinum\i0{} (parsley),
\i{}Pimpinella\i0{} (anise), \i{}Carum\i0{} (caraway), \i{}Anethum\i0{}
(dill), \i{}Anthriscus\i0{} (chervil), \i{}Foeniculum\i0{} (fennel),
\i{}Levisticum\i0{} (lovage). Ornamentals: \i{}Eryngium\i0{},
\i{}Angelica\i0{}, \i{}Heracleum\i0{}, \i{}Trachymene\i0{} etc. Some with
notoriously poisonous resins or alkaloids: \i{}Cicuta\i0{}, \i{}Conium\i0{}
(hemlocks), \i{}Aethusa\i0{} (fools parsley).> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I cannot tarry: I know a wench married in an
afternoon as she went to the garden for parsley to stuff a rabbit
\line{}(Taming of the Shrew, v., 4) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}I, with my
long nails, will dig thee pig-nuts \line{}(Tempest, ii., 2 -
\i{}Conopodium majus\i0{}) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Let the sky . . . .
\line{}Hail kissing-comfits and snow eringoes \line{}(Merry Wives, v., 5
- candied \i{}Eryngium\i0{} roots) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . . Half-way
down \line{}Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade! \line{}(King
Lear, iv., 6  \i{}Crithmum maritimum\i0{}, formerly collected from
maritime cliffs for salad and pickling) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}(Poins) . .
. plays at quoits well and eats conger and fennel \line{}(2nd Henry the
Fourth, ii., 4 - of \i{}Foeniculum\i0{} (with eel). cf. Turner, 1568,
vol.2 : Auttours wryte that serpentes waxe yonge agayne by tastinge and
eatinge this herbe, wherefore some thynke that (its use) is very mete for
aged folke. Also, according to Ophelia, It hath a wonderful propertie to
take away the film or web that overcasteth and dimmeth our eyes)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The Conium there, her stalks bedroppd with red,
\line{}Rears, with Circaea, neighbour of the dead \line{}(Charlotte Smith,
quoted by Ann Pratt, Wild Flowers 1857) > 586<umbellif> 
 
# Urticaceae <Juss.>/
4<\i{}Cecropiaceae\i0{}> 5,3&4&5/1<<10%> a few> 6,1/3 22,2 27,1/3 32,3
36<conspicuously>,1<e.g. \i{}Urtica pilea\i0{}>/2<mostly> 38,2-4 39,1/2
40<when alternate,>,1 45,1<usually>/3 47,2 53,1 60,2<usually>/1<<10%>
rarely> 61,1<sometimes>/2 63<when dissected,>,2 64,2/3 65,1
68,1<usually>/2<<10%> e.g. \i{}Parietaria\i0{}> 69,1/2 70,1/2 76,1/3/4 81,2
85,1<recorded in two genera> 86,2 87,1<non-articulated and unbranched, e.g.
in \i{}Urtica\i0{}>/2<usually?> 90,U 92,1 94,1<sometimes, e.g.in some
\i{}Urtica\i0{} species>/2 104,1/2 106,1 107,1&2<in addition to stinging
hairs, q.v.; the eglandular hairs mostly unicellular, sometimes
bracket-shaped or hooked, occasionally absent; the glandular ones mostly
comprising few-celled heads on unicellular stalks> 114,1<notoriously
common in the Urticeae, generally silicified and brittle and skin-piercing
towards the apex and discharging the irritant contents when broken: see
illustration>/2 116,1<sometimes> 117<when present,>,2
119<usually>,1<these variously spherical, ellipsoidal, ovoid or fusiform>
121,1<commonly>/2 123,1<generally common>/2 124<mostly>,2 130,2<4 genera>
131<often>,3/- 137,1/2 138<when present,>,3/4 139,1 140,1/2<usually> 141,3
143,1 144,1<neary always>/2<in \i{}Myriocarpa\i0{}>
145,1<\i{}Myriocarpa\i0{}>/2 148,2<usually>/3<in \i{}Myriocarpa\i0{}> 149,2
150,3 152,3 153,1-3<but usually medium sized> 154,1&2&3<but often
predominantly solitary> 156,3 157,2 158,1/2 161,2 162,1<the fibre pitting
typically simple, but occasionally with very small borders>
163,1<commonly>/2 164,2 167,1<\i{}Myriocarpa\i0{}>/2 168,U 169,1/2
175,2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/5/8 178,1<these scalelike>/2 179,2<usually>/3
184,1 186,1<the filaments reflexing violently> 187,1<rarely>/2 192,1 194,2
195<in loose, glomerate, spiked, racemed, panicled or capitate cymes, the
flowers often condensed into heads etc., or sometimes crowded on a common
receptacle which may be concave or convex> 196,1/2 200,1/2 203,1/2 206,1
212,(3-)4-5(-6) 220,2 223,3/6-7<sometimes, in female flowers>
224,(2-)4-5(-6) 225,1/2 226,1 229,U 233,1 234,1<often>/2 236<(the perianth
being thus interpreted)>,(2-)4-5(-6)<in males>/3-5<when present, in
females> 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 248,1 249,1/2 251,1/3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,(2-)4-5(-6) 280,2 282,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,(3-)4-5(-6) 298,2 299,2
302,2<uncoiling elastically> 303,3<the filaments usually wrinkled> 306,1
309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2 319,1/3 328,1 329,2/3/7-15 330,7/9 337,1<in
\i{}Parietaria\i0{}, \i{}Pellionia\i0{} and \i{}Urtica\i0{}> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1<i.e. with no obvious evidence of more than one
carpel> 341,1 342,1 343,1<ostensibly>/3<supposedly, theoretically> 344,1<at
least, usually with no evidence of syncarpy>/5-6<theoretically>
345,1<usually>/2<<10%> \i{}Pipturus\i0{}, etc.> 347<(if treated as
monomeric) shortly>,2/1 348,2 350,1 351,3 352,1 353<if recognised as
syncarpous,>,1 360,2/1-2 361,1 368,1<usually>/2<e.g. \i{}Phenax\i0{}> 372,2
373,1 374,2 375<if recognised as syncarpous,>,1 378,1 380,1/2 381,3 385,2
386,1-2 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,1/2 397,1 399,1<in
\i{}Urtica\i0{}> 400,2 401,1 402,1<short, in \i{}Urtica\i0{}> 403,2 404,1/2
407<(treated as monomeric)>,2 408,4/6/7 409<if recognised as syncarpous,>,2
412,3/8/7<rarely> 415,2 421,1 422<scantily>,1/2 424,1/2 433,2 435,2<2/2>
436,1 461,1 462<\i{}Parietaria\i0{}, \i{}Pilea\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<<30%>>/2
479,1<\i{}Boehmeria\i0{}> 480,2 483,2 484,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1
490,1/2 491<when present,>,1&2/2 492,2<8 species, 5 genera> 495,2
497,2<without starch> 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan except frigid zones>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-14> 527,1 528,1
529,6 536,4 565,2 567,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,34 578,550 579,49
580<\i{}Aboriella\i0{}, \i{}Achudemia\i0{}, \i{}Archiboehmeria\i0{},
\i{}Astrothalamus\i0{}, \i{}Australina\i0{}, \i{}Boehmeria\i0{},
\i{}Chamabainia\i0{}, \i{}Cypholophus\i0{}, \i{}Debregeasia\i0{},
\i{}Dendrocnide\i0{}, \i{}Didymodoxa\i0{}, \i{}Discocnide\i0{},
\i{}Droguetia\i0{}, \i{}Elatostema\i0{}, \i{}Forsskaolea\i0{},
\i{}Gesnouinia\i0{}, \i{}Gibbsia\i0{}, \i{}Girardinia\i0{},
\i{}Laportea\i0{}, \i{}Lecanthus\i0{}, \i{}Leucosyke\i0{},
\i{}Maoutia\i0{}, \i{}Meniscogyne\i0{}, \i{}Myriocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Nanocnide\i0{}, \i{}Neodistemon\i0{}, \i{}Neraudia\i0{},
\i{}Nothocnide\i0{}, \i{}Obetia\i0{}, \i{}Oreocnide\i0{},
\i{}Parietaria\i0{}, \i{}Pellionia\i0{}, \i{}Petelotiella\i0{},
\i{}Phenax\i0{}, \i{}Pilea\i0{}, \i{}Pipturus\i0{}, \i{}Pouzolzia\i0{},
\i{}Procris\i0{}, \i{}Rousselia\i0{}, \i{}Sarcochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Sarcopilea\i0{}, \i{}Sloetia\i0{}, \i{}Soleirolia\i0{},\i{}Touchardia\i0{},
\i{}Urera\i0{}, \i{}Urtica\i0{}> 581<The details of anomalous stem anatomy
in \i{}Myriocarpa\i0{} need pursuing.> 582<Commercial cordage fibre (ramie)
is obtained from \i{}Boehmeria nivea\i0{}, a few (e.g. \i{}Pilea\i0{} spp.)
are grown as novelties, and nettles (\i{}Urtica\i0{} spp.) constitute
edible and quite palatable greens.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Why, look
you, I am whipped and scourged with rods, \line{}Nettled, and stung with
pismires, when I hear \line{}Of this vile politician, Bolingbroke
\line{}(1st Henry the Fourth, i., 3  pismires = ants)
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Nay, mark, how Lewis stamps as he were nettled;
\line{}I hope alls for the best \line{}(3rd Henry the Sixth, iii., 3) >
586<urticace> 
 
# Uvulariaceae <Kunth>/
2<\i{}Liliaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Compsoaceae\i0{} Horan.,
\i{}Tricyrtidaceae\i0{}.> 5,5/3 21,3 22,2 25,3 32,3 39,1 40,1/2 45,1/2/3
47,2<but sometimes amplexicaul> 53,1 60,2 62,4/7 64,3<palmate-parallel>
65,1/2 66,2/5/6 76,1 92,1 102,1 103,1 121,U 123,1
124,3<cuboid> 128,2 148,1 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,2 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,1 187,2 189,8&2&3 192,1/2 195<generally few-flowered panicles or
thyrses, or spikes with paired or solitary axillary flowers> 203,2/3 206,1
212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2
229,1 230,1/2<the outer tepals, or all of them,
often with a nectariferous spur> 231,2/4/2&8/4&8<i.e. sometimes
purple-spotted> 278,6 282,1 285,1/2 286<if coherent,>,1<the filaments
cohering basally> 287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 306,2 309,3 310,1/3 316,1 328,1
329,1 330,1 337,1 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,4-5<style tribrachiate to
various extents> 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1/3 363<the three>,2 365,1
368<when separate,>,3 370<when joined into one,>,3 372,1/2 376,2
379,5-50<?> 385,1/2 386,3 387,3 388,1 391,1 400,2
404,1/2 409,1/2 412,1<dry or fleshy>/6 414,4/5 422,1 424,1
432<variously>,1-2/3 442<seemingly nearly always>,2 443,4<mostly>/6<or
pallid, but perhaps black in \i{}Uvularia\i0{}  Bentham and Hooker,
1880!> 447,- 448,1<short> 450,2 451,1 452,1 453,2 454,2 457,3 458,U 472,2
488,1 489,1 490,1 491,1&2 492,2 504,1&2&5 505,1&2 506,3 507,2&3&4&5 508,2&3
510,1&2&3&4 513,1 521<represented in eastern Asia, North America, Malaysia,
New Guinea and Australia, but mainly Northern Hemisphere> 522,3&4&9&10&12
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13, 14, 16> 527,2 530,4 558,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,15<as
a synonym of \i{}Liliaceae\i0{}> 578<about>,50 579<about>,10
580<\i{}Disporum\i0{}, \i{}Kreysigia\i0{},
\i{}Kuntheria\i0{}, \i{}Medeola\i0{}(?),
\i{}Schelhammera\i0{},
\i{}Tripladenia\i0{}, \i{}Uvularia\i0{}> 581<The
compiled data show \i{}Uvulariaceae\i0{} differing conspicuously from
\i{}Liliaceae\i0{} sensu stricto (q.v.) in the rhizomatous habit, palmate
leaf venation and the more completely fused carpels, as well as in
embryology, basic chromosome number and (in terms of limited sampling)
production of proanthocyanidins.> 586<uvularia> 
 
# Vahliaceae <(Reichb.) Dandy>/
2<\i{}Saxifragaceae\i0{}.> 5<erect, branched>,5 21,1/2<sometimes glandular>
22,2 39,2 53,1 60,2 62,3-4/7 64<inconspicuously>,2 66,5 68,2 76,1 90,U
92,2/3 139,1 140,2<in the epidermis> 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,U 159,U 161,U
162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 194,1&2
195<sympodial, cymose, the flowers paired> 206,1 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2
223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1 245,3 251,3 254,5 255,1
258,1<the petals shorter than the sepals> 265,1 267,3 268,2/3
274<ovate-spathulate> 278,5 280,2 282,1<inserted on the margin of the
epigynous disk> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 303,3<the
filaments subulate> 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 318,2 319,1/2 322,2<?, the
cells becoming binucleate> 324,U 337,1 339,2-3 341,1 342,1 343,3 344,4
345,3 352,1 353,1 359,1<inconspicuous> 360,2 361,2-3<thick, divaricate>
363,1 365,1 368,2-3 369,1<according to Hutchinson> 371,3 375,3<with 23
remarkably large, pendulous, apical placentas> 378,50-200<very numerous>
381,1 386,3 387,3 388,1 389,2 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2
397,2 400,1 401,1 402,1 403,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414<apically 23>,6
421,50-200<very numerous> 426,1 429<appendaged> 484,1<S.R. Jensen,
unpublished> 485,1 504,2&4 506,1&2&3 509,1&2&4 510,1 520,2-4 521<tropical
and South Africa to Northwest India> 522,4&6&7&8 527,1 528,2<polypetalous,
but iridoids present and ovules tenuinucellate> 529,10 540,10 565,5 570,1
572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,56 578,5 579,1 580<only genus,
\i{}Vahlia\i0{}, with \i{}Bistella\i0{} included> 586<vahliace> 
 
# Valerianaceae <Batsch.>/
2<\i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}-\i{}Valerianoideae\i0{}>
3<\i{}Stephanangaceae\i0{} Dulac.> 4<\i{}Triplostegiaceae\i0{}.>
5,5<mostly>/3<a few> 7,1<at least in rhizomes and roots> 21,1-3 22,1/2
25<when perennial,>,3<the rhizome usually strongly scented> 30,1/2 32,2-3
39,2 42,1 45,1 46,1-2 51,3<from mono- and sesquiterpenoid essential oils>/2
53,1/2/1&2 56<when compound,>,4 57<when pinnate,>,1 60<when simple>,1/2
63<when simple/dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2/3
96,1<occasionally>/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial>/2<commonly> 104,1 106,1
107,1<unicellular or sometimes transversely septate, usually twaled>/2<with
unicellular or multicellular stalks and small multicellular heads> 116,2
123,2<or very rare, but alcohol treatment sometimes reveals
sphaerocrystalline masses perhaps representing inulin>
130,1<\i{}Centranthus\i0{}, \i{}Fedia\i0{}, \i{}Valeriana\i0{},
\i{}Valerianella\i0{}> 132,3 139,1<rarely, e.g. in \i{}Centranthus\i0{}>/2
140<where found,>,1 141,3 143,2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2<the primary
bundes soon becoming linked by prosenchymatous elements and a narrow ring
of phloem> 152,3 153<very>,1 154,3<these long> 155<rather>,2 156,3 157,2
158,2 159,1 160,1 161,2 162,1 163,2 164,2 165<absent> 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/8 184,2 187,2 189,1&6&8 192,1 195<dichotomous cymes, close corymbs
etc., but not heads> 196,2 200,1<usually> 202<usually>,1 203,2
205,1-2<often sickly-sweet> 206,2-3 207,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,2 218,2
223,1<the calyx usually much reduced at anthesis, but often developing
later into a pappus> 224<when determinable,>,3-10/- 226,2 227,1/2 229,U
236<rarely obviously>,5<\i{}Nardostachys\i0{}, usually not clearly
determinable>/- 237,1<often, ultimately>/2 238,1
239,1/3<\i{}Nardostachys\i0{} exhibits well developed segments, but they
are usually reduced or obsolete, sometimes being represented by
inconspicuous teeth, or often (e.g. \i{}Valeriana\i0{}) represented by up
to 20 segments that are inrolled at anthesis to form a ring around the base
of the corolla, unrolling and expanding in the fruit to become setaceous,
plumose and pappus-like>/- 240,1/2/3/4<usually much reduced at anthesis>/-
248,1 249,1<often forming a pappus in the fruit  e.g. \i{}Valeriana\i0{}>
253,2 254,(3-)5 255,1 258,3 265,1 266,6/8 267,1/2/3 270,1<often>/2
277,1/2<occasionally, in female flowers> 278,(1-)3(-4) 280,2 282,2 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,1<the posterior member only>/3<by suppression of the
posterior and a lateral>/4<usually, by suppression of the posterior one>
296,3<at least, inserted above the middle> 298,1 299,2 306,1 309,3 310,3
312,2 315,1 318,2 320,1 321,2 322,1 328,1 329,3(-4) 330,8<colporoidate>
337,2<in 4 genera> 338,1/2<occasionally, when flower male> 339,3 341,1
342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,3 352,2 353,3<but with only one of the three
locules fertile> 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1/3 376,3 379,1 381,1 385,2 386,3
387,2 388,1 390,1 391,1 392,1 393,1 394,3 395,2 396,2 397<commonly>,2 400,1
403,2 404,2 409,2 412,3/10 421,1 422,2 432,3 433,2 435,1<2/3> 436,1 447,1
472,2 475,1<<50%>>/2<4 species listed> 484,1 485,1<normal and seco> 488,2
490,1 491,1<trace> 492,2<\i{}Valeriana\i0{}> 495,2 520,2-4 521<almost
cosmopolitan, but lacking from tropical Africa, Madagascar, Australasia>
522,1&2&3&4&5&7&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (7-)9(-12)> 527,1 528,2
529,21 551,6 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66 578<about>,400
579,9 580<\i{}Aligera\i0{}, \i{}Centranthus\i0{}, \i{}Fedia\i0{},
\i{}Nardostachys\i0{}, \i{}Patrinia\i0{}, \i{}Plectritis\i0{},
\i{}Pseudobetckea\i0{}, \i{}Valeriana\i0{} (\i{}Phyllactis\i0{}),
\i{}Valerianella\i0{}> 581<Differing from \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) in leaf anatomy, xylem details and assorted floral, fruit
seed and embryological characters.> 586<valerian> 
 
# Velloziaceae <Endl.>/
5<perennial>,5<with the fibrous woody stems simple or ostensibly
dichotomously branched, these thin but the upper parts thickly covered with
old, fibrous leaf sheaths, and the lower parts with adventitious roots> 8,1
21,3<adventitous roots at the aerial nodes emerging through the old leaf
bases> 22,1/3<rosetted, \i{}Alo\i0{}-like> 32<more or less>,4<with
sponge-like capacity to absorb water, chiefly on rocky places or dry
campos> 39,1 40,1&4<the young ones crowded at the branch tips> 42<when
flat, often>,2/- 43<xerophytic, often pungent> 45,3 47,1 49,1 53,1 60,2
62,2/3 64,4 68,- 76,1/4<spinulose> 92,1 102,1 103,1<abaxial, in
longitudinal grooves> 104<doubly>,3<usually>/4 116,2 121,U 123,1/2<?>
124,1<in at least some genera> 128,1<usually>/2 129,2
130,2<\i{}Vellozia\i0{}> 143,4 148,1 151,1<seemingly rarely>/2 156,2 173,1
174,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via septal nectaries>
187,1/2<few-flowered> 188<usually ostensibly>,1 193,2<the scape carrying
the generally solitary flower probably representing a pedicel>
194<ostensibly>,1 206,1 212<basically>,3 213,1 219,1/2 223,5 224,6 225,1/2
226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2<and often with separate or fused coronal
appendages, these more or less fused with the tepals, external to and
usually adnate to the stamens, probably representing filament lobes, cf.
\i{}Amaryllidaceae\i0{}> 230,1/2 231,2/4/8/9/10<usually brightly coloured>
278,6<3+3>/18-66<then bundled, \i{}Vellozia\i0{}> 279,2/1<in
\i{}Vellozia\i0{}, by division of the stamen initials to form six bundles>
282,2<to the perianth tube, or to the tepals and/or to the coronal
appendages> 285,1/2<i.e., in \i{}Vellozia\i0{}> 286<when cohering,>,6
287,2/- 289,1<?> 295,6/18-66<\i{}Vellozia\i0{}> 298,2/3/5 303,1/2/3
304,1<being variously expanded, sometimes contributing a corona, sometimes
with ventral basal appendages, sometimes flat and apically bifid>/2
306,1<peltate or medifixed>/2 309,3 310,2-3<usually>/1<very rarely> 318,1
322,2 324,1<rarely>/2 327<when in aggregates,>,3<\i{}Vellozia\i0{} only>
328,1<usually>/2 329<when aperturate,>,1 330,1 337<probably>,2<Dahlgren
\i{}et al\i0{}. 1985> 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,5-6 345,3 352,2
353,3<variously pubescent, sometimes with glands or scales> 360,2 361,1
365,1 368,1/3 370,1/3/- 371<when single>,2/3 376,2<the placentas variously
sessile, laminar or stalked, often globose or bibrachiate> 379,30-50<or
more  many> 381,2 385,1<at least sometimes with a funicular
obturator>/2<?> 386,3 387,3 388,1 391,1 400,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,1<or
apically>/4<according to Airy Shaw>/5<?> 422<copiously>,1 426,2 430,1 433,1
442,2 443,7<the outer integument containing phlobaphene> 447,- 448,1<short>
450,2 451,2 452,2 454,2 456,2 457,3 458,2 468,2 472,2 487,2 488,2 490,1
491,2/1&2 492,2 504,2&3 506,1&2 509,1&2 512,1&2&3&4 520,3-4 521<tropical
South America, Africa and Madagascar, Arabia> 522,2&6&8&15 527,2 530,10
564,1 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,14 578<about>,270 579,7
580<\i{}Acanthochlamys\i0{}, \i{}Aylethonia\i0{}, \i{}Barbacenia\i0{},
\i{}Barbaceniopsis\i0{}, \i{}Burlemarxia\i0{}, \i{}Vellozia\i0{},
\i{}Xerophyta\i0{}> 586<vellozia> 
 
# Verbenaceae <Jaume St-Hil.>/
3<\i{}Durantaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Nesogenaceae\i0{} W. Marais,
\i{}Petreaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Pyrenaceae\i0{} Vent.,
\i{}Vitices\i0{} (\i{}Viticaceae\i0{}) Juss.> 4<\i{}Cyclocheilaceae\i0{},
\i{}Dicrastylidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Phrymataceae\i0{}, \i{}Stilbaceae\i0{},
\i{}Symphoremataceae\i0{}.> 5,1&3&5/4<many> 7,1 9,1&2 10<sometimes>,1
12,1/2<<5%> occasionally> 27,1/3 28<the climbers>,1/6
29<\i{}Clerodendrum\i0{}>,1 32,3&4 39,2<usually>/3/1<<10%> rarely> 45,1-3
51,3/2/1 53,1/2 55,2 56<when compound,>,3-4<e.g.\i{}Vitex\i0{}>/5 60,1/2
63<when dissected,>,1 64,2 65,1 68,2 81,2 85,1<recorded in 4 genera>
86,1/2/3 90,U 92,1/2<then isobilateral> 103,1<abaxial>/2
104,1<mostly>/5<some species of \i{}Lippia\i0{}, \i{}Clerodendrum\i0{} and
\i{}Stachytarpheta\i0{}>/3<rarely, but observed in \i{}Gmelina
hystrix\i0{}> 106,1<with numerous kinds represented in the family> 107,1&2
119,1<rather frequently, especially associated with hair bases, and/or hair
tips may also be calcified> 122,1/2 123,1 124<mostly>,3<large and small
needles and prisms being widely recorded, but druses go unmentioned>
130,2<6 genera> 131,3<often>/1/2 139,1 140,1<rarely, e.g., in
\i{}Lantana\i0{} and \i{}Lippia\i0{}>/2<usually> 141,1<1several traces>
143,1 144,1 145,2 147,1<e.g., in in \i{}Teijsmanniodendron\i0{} and
\i{}\i{}Tectona\i0{}\i0{}>/2 148,2 150,1/2<?>/3 152,1-3
153<generally>,1/2<commonly of two distinct sizes in climbers> 156<nearly
always exclusively>,3<with rare reticulate or scalariform plates recorded
only in a few species of \i{}Vitex\i0{}> 157,2 158,1/2 161,2 162,1
163,1<typically>/2<rarely> 164,2 165<typically exclusively>,2<rarely more
or less apotracheal or absent> 167,2 169,1/2/3 170,1/2 175,1 176,2
177,1<usually> 184,2 187<usually>,2 189,1&2&3&4&9 192,1/2 194,1/2
196,1<often, these commonly coloured>/2 197,1<sometimes>/2 200,1 203,2-3
206,3<<90%> usually>/1-2 209,1&2 212,(4-)5(-8) 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,1/2
222<when present,>,2 223,1 224,(7-)10(-16) 226,2 227,1/2 229,U
236,(2-)5(-8) 238,1 239,3 240,1/2/3/4 241,1-3 245,1/3/2<e.g.
\i{}Phyla\i0{}> 248,1 252<when K5,>,2/- 254,(4-)5(-8) 255,1 258,3 260,1/2
265,1 266,8<usually>/4<<10%> rarely> 267,1/2/3<<10%> rarely> 278,(2-)4(-5)
280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube> 284,2<usually>/1<<10%> rarely> 285,1 287,1
289,1/2 290<when present,>,1-3 291,2 292,1/1&2 293,2
294,2&3<usually>/3/1&2&3 295,(2-)4(-5)<the posterior member usually, and
sometimes the three upper members, reduced or missing> 296,1/2/3
297,1<usually>/2 298,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 299,1/2 300,1/2 
305,2<in pairs>/1 306,1
309,3 310,3 312,2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1 321,2/3 322,2 328,1
329,(2-)3(-5)/6 330,6/8/10 337,1<in 9 genera>/2<in 3 genera> 339,2<<90%>
usually>/4/5 341,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 342,2-10 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2
353,2/4-5<but the original locules (usually two) early becoming divided by
a false septum in each  cf. \i{}Labiatae\i0{}> 354,1<usually>/2
356<usually>,1 360,2 361,1 364,1/2<but the ovary apex no more than slightly
lobed> 365,1/2 368,1/2 370<when single,>,1/2 372,1 373,1 
374,3&4 376,1-2/2 379,2<i.e. in
the true locules, one each in the locelli> 381,1/2/3<but always with the
micropyle directed downwards> 385,2 386,1/2/3 387,2 388,1 390,2 391,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1<usually>/2 397<usually>,2<and beaked> 400,1 401,1
402,1&2<the latter usually the less well developed> 403,1
404,1<usually>/2<<10%>> 409,1<rarely>/2<mostly>/3 410<when
schizocarpic,>,4<usually>/8-10/2<?> 411,4/7 412<when
non-schizocarpic>,7<usually>/1<<10%>> 414,6<with 2-4 valves> 415,1/2
422,2<except \i{}Nesogenes\i0{}> 433,2<expanded, flat> 435,2<5/5> 436,1
447,1/2 461,1 462<\i{}Verbena\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Cleodendron\i0{},
\i{}Lantana\i0{}, \i{}Premna\i0{}, \i{}Stachytarpheta\i0{},
\i{}Verbena\i0{}, \i{}Vitex\i0{}> 469,2<the 8 genera screened all
particularly rich in oligosaccharides> 472,1/2 475,1<<30%>>/2
479,1<\i{}Tectona\i0{}> 480,1 481,1<5 genera, excluding \i{}Phyla\i0{}>
482,1<\i{}Phyla\i0{}> 484,1 485,1<normal, in some
\i{}Verbena\i0{}>/2<mostly, normal and decarb.> 487,1/2 488,2 490,2 492,2<5
genera, 6 species> 494,1 495,2 520,2/3-4<mainly> 521<very widespread
temperate and tropical, but absent from central and Northern Eurasia>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 5-12> 527,1 528,2
529,24 554,4 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,3 577,60 578<about>,3000
579<about>,90 580<\i{}Acantholippia\i0{}, \i{}Adelosa\i0{},
\i{}Aegiphila\i0{}, \i{}Aloysia\i0{}, \i{}Amasonia\i0{},
\i{}Archboldia\i0{}, \i{}Asepalum\i0{}, \i{}Baillonia\i0{},
\i{}Bouchea\i0{}, \i{}Burroughsia\i0{}, \i{}Callicarpa\i0{},
\i{}Caryopteris\i0{}, \i{}Casselia\i0{}, \i{}Chascanum\i0{},
\i{}Citharexylum\i0{}, \i{}Clerodendrum\i0{}, \i{}Coelocarpum\i0{},
\i{}Coelocarpum\i0{}, \i{}Cornutea\i0{}, \i{}Dimetra\i0{},
\i{}Diostea\i0{}, \i{}Dipyrena\i0{}, \i{}Duranta\i0{}, \i{}Faradaya\i0{},
\i{}Garrettia\i0{}, \i{}Geunsia\i0{}, \i{}Glandularia\i0{},
\i{}Glossocarya\i0{}, \i{}Gmelina\i0{}, \i{}Hierobotana\i0{},
\i{}Holmskioldia\i0{}, \i{}Hosea\i0{}, \i{}Huxleya\i0{},
\i{}Hymenopyramis\i0{}, \i{}Junellia\i0{}, \i{}Kalaharia\i0{}, \i{}Karomia\i0{},
\i{}Lampaya\i0{}, \i{}Lantana\i0{}, \i{}Lippia\i0{}, \i{}Monochilus\i0{},
\i{}Nashia\i0{}, \i{}Neorapinia\i0{}, \i{}Neosparton\i0{},
\i{}Nesogenes\i0{}, \i{}Oncinocalyx\i0{}, \i{}Oxera\i0{},
\i{}Paravitex\i0{}, \i{}Parodianthus\i0{}, \i{}Peronema\i0{},
\i{}Petitia\i0{}, \i{}Petraeovitex\i0{}, \i{}Petraea\i0{}, \i{}Phyla\i0{},
\i{}Pitraea\i0{}, \i{}Premna\i0{}, \i{}Priva\i0{},
\i{}Pseudocarpidium\i0{}, \i{}Rhaphithamnus\i0{}, \i{}Recordia\i0{}, 
\i{}Rehdera\i0{}, \i{}Rhaphithamnus\i0{}, \i{}Rotheca\i0{}, 
\i{}Schnabelia\i0{} (or \i{}Labiatae\i0{}),
\i{}Stachytarpheta\i0{}, \i{}Stylodon\i0{}, \i{}Surfacea\i0{},
\i{}Tamonea\i0{}, \i{}Tectona\i0{}, \i{}Teijsmanniodendron\i0{},
\i{}Tetraclea\i0{} (or \i{}Labiatae\i0{}), \i{}Teucridium\i0{},
\i{}Tsoongia\i0{}, \i{}Ubochea\i0{}, \i{}Urbania\i0{}, \i{}Verbena\i0{},
\i{}Verbenoxylum\i0{}, \i{}Vitex\i0{}, \i{}Viticipremna\i0{},
\i{}Xeroaloysia\i0{}, \i{}Xolocotzia\i0{}> 581<For comment on the
taxonomically unsatisfactory circumscription of \i{}Verbenaceae\i0{}
employed here, see remarks under \i{}Labiatae\i0{}.> 582<Timber from
\i{}Tectona grandis\i0{} (teak); some notable ornamentals, e.g.
\i{}Clerodendrum\i0{}, \i{}Callicarpa\i0{}, \i{}Vitex\i0{},
\i{}Lantana\i0{}, \i{}Verbena\i0{}; also some noxious, notoriously
photosensitizing weeds (\i{}Lantana\i0{}).> 586<verbenac> 
 
# Viburnaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Adoxaceae\i0{}, \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}, \i{}Sambucaceae\i0{}.>
5<small>,1/3 32,3 37,1/2 38,2-3 39,2<mostly>/3<rarely> 41<when whorled,
i.e. rarely,>,3 42,1 45,1 53,1 55,2 60,1<then lobed>/2 63<if lobed,>,2 64,2
65,1 68,1/2 69<when present,>,2<small, adnate to the petiole>
73<sometimes>,4/- 76,1/3/4 77,1 78,1/2 81,2 92,1/1-2 95<often>,1<on the
petioles> 104,1/1&3 106,1 107,1&2<the former variously simple and
unicellular or tufted, stellate, or peltate; the latter with uniseriate
stalk and multicellular head> 112,1/2 113<when present,>,1/2 130,2 139,1
140,2 141,3<in the few species examined by L.W.> 148,2 156,2<with many
bars> 157,2 161,1 165,1 175,1/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/8<sometimes varying
across the inflorescence?> 187,2 189,1&6&8 192,1 194,1/2 195<umbel-like
compound corymbs, panicles and thyrses> 196,1/2 197,1<often with the outer
flowers of compact inflorescences larger and sterile>/2 202<1 2>,1
203,2-3 206,1 212,5 215,2<nearly always>/3<\i{}V. foetente\i0{}> 218,2
223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239<reduced,>,3 240<five>,4
245,3 248,1 249,2 251,4 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,3 265,1 266,1/4/6/8 267,3
268,2<or cream>/6 272,2 273,2 276,1/2<?> 277,1/2<from sterile flowers>
278,5 280,2 282,2<to the corolla tube> 284,1 285,1 287,1<nearly always
<99%>>/2<\i{}V. foetente\i0{}> 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 306,1 309,3 310,3
311,2 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1 320,1 321,2 322,1/2 328,1 337,2 338,1/2<from
male flowers> 339,3<but with only one fertile locule> 341,1 342,1-3 343,3
344,5 345,3<reliably ascertainable only in vertical 
sections>/2-3<being sometimes morphologically ambiguous> 352,1-2 353,1-3 359,2
360<usually more or less>,1/2<shortly>
361<if recognisable, as such>,1 364,1 365,1<sometimes plump> 
366<much>,1 368,3 372,1 373,1
374,3 375<of the only fertile locule>,3 376<however the gynoecium is
interpreted morphologically,>,3 378,1 379,1<i.e., in the only fertile
locule> 381,1 382,1 383,3 386,3 387,2 388,2 391,3<?> 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,2 396,1 397,1 400,1 403,2<?> 404,1/2<i.e., sometimes more or less dry>
409,2 412,7<1 or spuriously 23 locular> 415,2<which is usually
compressed> 421,1 422,1 423,1<rarely>/2 424,1 433,2 435,2 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Viburnum\i0{}> 484,1 485,1<adoxaside> 504,1&2&3 505,1&2&3 506,1&3
507,2&3&4&5 510,1&2&3&4 520,2&3&4 521<north temperate, extending to Central
America and Java> 522,1&2&3&4&5&9&12&13&14&15 527,1 528,2 529,18/21
548<near>,2<?> 551,5<?> 565,6 571,9 572,1 573,2 574,15 576,4 577,66<as a
synonym of \i{}Adoxaceae\i0{}> 578<about>,120 579,1 580<\i{}Viburnum\i0{}>
581<Differing from the \i{}sensu stricto\i0{} versions of
\i{}Adoxaceae\i0{} and \i{}Caprifoliaceae\i0{}, and from
\i{}Sambucaceae\i0{}, in far too many characters (involving habit, anatomy,
inflorescence, floral morphology, fruit and ovule details and embryology)
to be sensibly reduced to synonymy with any of them.> 582<Many ornamentals
with showy inflorescences and attractive fruits.> 586<viburnac> 
 
# Violaceae <Batsch.>/
3<\i{}Alsodeiaceae\i0{} J.G. Agardh, \i{}Leoniaceae\i0{} DC.,
\i{}Retrosepalaceae\i0{} Dulac> 5,5/3/4/2<rarely> 22<the herbs>,1/2 27,1/3
32,3/2 39,1<usually>/2 40<usually>,1 45,1/1&2/2 47,2 53,1 55,2
60,2<usually>/1 63<when dissected,>,1 64,2/3 65,1 68,1 70,1 81,2
85,1<\i{}Rinorea\i0{}> 86,1<mostly>/3 90,U 92,1<usually>/3 101<often>,1
102,1 103,1<adaxial>/2 104,2/3 106,1 107,1/1&2<mostly eglandular, but
shaggy glandular hairs are associated with leaf teeth in \i{}Viola\i0{}
spp.> 108,1/2 109,1 110,1 115,1/2 130,2<\i{}Viola\i0{}> 132,1/3<often, in
the herbs> 141,3 143,1/2 144,1 148,2 152,2<rarely>/3
153<very>,1<usually>/1-2 154,1<mostly>/2/3 156,2/3/2&3 158,1/2 161,1/2
162,1/2 163<usually>,1 165<sparse>,2<or absent>/- 169,2/3 170,1/2 175,1
176,2 177,1<sometimes cleistogamous> 184,2 187,1/2 188<when solitary,>,2
189<when aggregated,>,1/2/4/8 192,1 195<usually racemes, panicles or heads>
202<(bi-)>,1 205,1/3 206,2-3<usually>/1 209,1/1&2 212,5 213,1 215,2 218,2
223,1 224,10 226,2 227,1 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,1<usually, more or
less>/3<at the base> 241,3 245,1/3 246,1<e.g. \i{}Viola\i0{}>/3
248,1<often> 251,1/4 252,2 254,5 255,1 258,1 265,1<usually, with descending
aestivation>/2 267,1<usually>/3 270,1<the enlarged anterior member,
often>/2 274,1/2 278,5 280,2 282,1 285,1/2 286<often>,1<forming a cylinder
round the ovary> 287,1 289,1 295,5 298,2 299,2 300,1 305,3<often>/2/1 306,4
310,3 312,2 313,1<the two anterior members often appendaged or spurred, the
connective often prolonged>/2 315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2 to 4>
322,2 328,1 329,3(-5) 330,8 337,1<in \i{}Ionidium\i0{} and \i{}Viola\i0{}>
339,(2-)3(-5) 341,1<usually>/2 342,1 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1 357,2
360,2/1<\i{}Melicytus\i0{}> 361,1<of various forms>
368,1/3-5<\i{}Melicytus\i0{}> 371,1<or appendiculate>/- 372,2 373,1 374,3
375,2 378,1-100<to many> 385,1 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 391,1 392,2/3<?>
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<usually>/2<\i{}Hybanthus concolor\i0{}>
397<often>,2<but only rarely with filiform apparatus> 400,2 403,2 404,1/2
409,1/2 412,1/6/8<rarely> 414,5&6 416<when capsular,>,1 422,1 424,1 429,1/2
433,2 434,1 435,1<8 species of \i{}Viola\i0{}> 436,1 447,1 461,1
462<\i{}Viola\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Viola\i0{}> 470,1<in \i{}Ionidium\i0{}> 472,2
475,1<<50%>>/2 484,2 487,1/2 488,2 490,1 491,1/1&2 492,2<4 genera, 4
species> 495,1 520,1-4 521<cosmopolitan>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-13, 17, 21,
23> 527,1 528,1 529,7 537,1 565,4 569,6 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,39
578,900 579,21 580<\i{}Agatea\i0{}, \i{}Allexis\i0{}, \i{}Amphirrhox\i0{},
\i{}Anchietea\i0{}, \i{}Corynostylis\i0{}, \i{}Decorsella\i0{},
\i{}Fusispermum\i0{}, \i{}Gloeospermum\i0{}, \i{}Hybanthus\i0{},
\i{}Hymenanthera\i0{}, \i{}Isodendron\i0{}, \i{}Leonia\i0{},
\i{}Mayanaea\i0{}, \i{}Melicytus\i0{}, \i{}Noisettia\i0{},
\i{}Orthion\i0{}, \i{}Paypayrola\i0{}, \i{}Rinorea\i0{},
\i{}Rinoreocarpus\i0{}, \i{}Schweiggeria\i0{}, \i{}Viola\i0{}> 582<Over 120
species of \i{}Viola\i0{} are grown as ornamentals.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Violet is for faithfulnesse \line{}Which in me
shall abide; \line{}Hoping likewise that from your heart \line{}You will
not let it slide \line{}(from a popular songbook, A Handfull of Pleasant
Delites, first published in 1566) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}Lay her in the
earth, \line{}And from her fair and unpolluted flesh \line{}May violets
spring \line{}(Hamlet, v., 1) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}. . . violets dim,
\line{}But sweeter than the lids of Junos eyes \line{}Or Cyathereas
breath \line{}(The Winters Tale, iv., 3) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}When
daisies pied, and violets blue, \line{}And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,
\line{}And Lady-smocks all silver-white, \line{}Do paint the meadows with
delight \line{}(Loves Labours Lost) > 586<violacea> 
 
# Viscaceae <Miq.>/
2<\i{}Santalaceae\i0{}-Visceae.> 3<\i{}Arceuthobiaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.,
\i{}Bifariaceae\i0{} Nakai, \i{}Ginalloaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh. \i{}ex\i0{}
Nakai, \i{}Razoumofskyaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh.> 5<chlorophyllous but
parasitic>,3 9,1/2 10<sometimes>,1 12,1-2/3 13,2<in the normal sense, but
with haustoria> 15,2 16,2 17,1 18,2 30,1<often pseudodichotomous>/2 32,3/4
39,2 43,1/2/4 53,1 60,2 64,1/4 68,2 90,U 104<in \i{}Arceuthobium\i0{}>,3
106,1/2 107<if present,>,1 123,1 124,2 130,2<\i{}Arceuthobium\i0{}> 137,1/2
139,1/2 140<when present,>,2 143,1<usually>/2 144,1 145,2 148,2/3<? - young
\i{}Arceuthobium\i0{} stems exhibiting two opposite pairs of bundles, on
pair more strongly developed than the other> 150,1 152,1 153,1
154<variously arranged> 156,3 162,1 175,2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1 177,2/5/8<?>
184,1/2 187,1-2 189,1/2/3 192,1 194,1/2 195<(1-)3-flowered dichasia in
spikes or branched inflorescences> 200,1 203,1-2 206,1 213,1
223,3/4/6<often represented by mere bumps or teeth on the ovary rim>
224,(2-)3/4 225,1/2 226,1 229,U 233,1/2<e.g. caducous in female
\i{}Viscum\i0{}> 236<(if P so interpreted)>,(2-)3/4<females often 3, males
4> 238,1 239,1/2/3 240,1/2/3/4 245,3 248,1/2 251,3/4 277,1/2<females> 278,4
280,2 282,1/2<to the perianth> 284,1 285,1/2<via the anthers> 287,1 289,1
295,(2-)4 298,2 299,2 303,3/4 305,1/3<e.g. \i{}Korthalsella\i0{} having a
synandrium> 309,1/2/3/4 310,3 311,1-4 312,1/2 315,1 318,2 320,1/2 321,3
322,2 328,1 329,3 337,1<in 3 genera> 338,1/2<males> 339,3/4 341,2/1 342,1
343,3 344,6 345,3 352,1 353,1 360,1/1-2/2 361,1 365,1 375,1<i.e. with a
short placental column> 377,2 378,2 380,2 386,1 387,1<the ovules being
scarcely developed> 391,2 392,1 400,1 403<often by transverse cleavage>
404,1 409,2 412,6<with viscous tissue within> 416,1<sometimes>/2 421,1(-2)
422,1 428,2 432,2 433,2 435,1<2/2> 472,2 475,1<\i{}Viscum\i0{},
\i{}Phoradendron\i0{}> 483,2 487,2 488,1/2<\i{}Viscum\i0{}>
489,1&2<\i{}Arceuthobium\i0{}> 490,1/2 491,2&3 492,2<\i{}Arceuthobium\i0{},
\i{}Viscum\i0{}> 495,2 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan, especially tropical and
warm regions> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} =
10-14 (polyploidy rare)> 527,1 528,1 529,16 546,3 565,5 570,9 572,1 573,2
574,14 577,49<as a synonym of \i{}Santalaceae\i0{}> 578,450 579,7
580<\i{}Arceuthobium\i0{}, \i{}Dendrophthora\i0{}, \i{}Ginalloa\i0{},
\i{}Korthalsella\i0{}, \i{}Notothixos\i0{}, \i{}Phoradendron\i0{},
\i{}Viscum\i0{}> 581<Distinguishable from \i{}Santalaceae\i0{} sensu
stricto (q.v.) by non-orthotropous ovules, berries, and (supposedly) by a
weakly differentiated but chlorophyllous embryo (?); also differing in data
on esoteric characters representing limited sampling (anatomical details
of the xylem and anther walls; polyacetylenes).> 582<\i{}Viscum album\i0{}
and \i{}Phoradendron flavescens\i0{} are the Yuletide mistletoes.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The trees, though summer, yet forlorn and lean,
\line{}Oercome with moss, and baleful mistletoe \line{}(Titus
Andronicus, ii., 3)> 586<viscacea> 
 
# Vitidaceae <Juss.>/
1<\i{}Ampelidaceae\i0{}, \i{}Vitaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Cissaceae\i0{} Horan.,
\i{}Pterisantheae\i0{} (\i{}Pterisanthaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh,
\i{}Sarmentaceae\i0{} Vent.> 4<\i{}Leeaceae\i0{}> 5,4<usually>/3/5<rarely>
27,3<usually>/1<then erect shrubs> 28<the climbers>,3/3&4<usually with
tendrils representing modified shoots or inflorescences, the tendrils often
bearing suckers> 30,1<sometimes>/2 32,3/4 36,1/2 37,1/2 39,1/2<the lower,
sometimes> 40,2<usually>/1 45,1 47,2 50,1<often with pearl-glands>/2 
53,1<usually>/2 56<when
compound>,3/4/5 60<when simple>,1<usually>/2 63<commonly>,2
64,3<commonly>/2 65,1 68,1 69,2 74,1<often>/2 81,2 85,1<4 genera> 86,1/2/3
90,U 92,1/3 94,1<commonly, these deciduous>/2 102,1 104,1 121,1<with or
without raphides> 123,1 124,1&2&3 130,2<\i{}Cissus\i0{}, \i{}Vitis\i0{}>
139,1 140,1/2 141,3/4/5<7> 143,2 144,1 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2/3
149<occasionally>,1<\i{}Tetrastigma\i0{}> 150,1<usually>/2 152,1-3 153,1-3
156,3 157,2 158,2 159,1/2 160,1/2 161,2 162,1 163<at least
sometimes>,1/2<?> 166,1/2 167,1/2 169,2<VP, VPI>/3 170,1/2
175,1/2&3/2/3/1&2&3 176,1/2 177,1/2/5/8 187,2 189,1/2/4/8<the inflorescence
axis broadly winged in \i{}Pterisanthes\i0{}>/- 192,1
194,3<usually>/1/2<rarely> 195<cymes or panicles, often complex> 202,1
203,2 204,1<e.g. \i{}Vitis\i0{}>/2 206,1 212,(3-)4-5(-7) 213,1 215,2
218,1<short>/2 220,1 221,2 222,1/2 223,1 224,(6-)8-10(-14) 226,2 227,1
229,U 236,(3-)4-5(-7) 238,1 239,1<represented by lobes>/3<reduced to a
collar> 240<slightly>,2/1/4 245,3 248,1 251,4 254,(3-)4-5(-7) 255,1 258,3
264,1<e.g. \i{}Vitis\i0{}>/2 265,3 267,3 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,(3-)4-5(-7) 280,2 282,1<inserted at the base of the disk> 284,1 285,1
287,1 289,1 295,(3-)4-5(-7) 298,2 299,1 300,2 309,3 310,3
312,2<usually>/1<sometimes> 315,1 319,1/2/3 320,2<2> 321,2 322,2 328,1
329,3 330,8 337,1<in \i{}Ampelopsis\i0{} and \i{}Vitis\i0{}> 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,2<nearly always>/3-6 341,1<usually>/2 342,2(-6) 343,3 
344,6/5-6<at least, the stigma 4-lobed in \i{}Tetrastigma\i0{}>
345,1 352,2 353,2(-6) 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1<mostly>/4 
370,1<mostly>/4<\i{}Tetrastigma\i0{}> 372,2 373,2 374,2 376,2 379,2
381,3 382,1 383,1 384,1 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,1 397,2 400,2 403,2 404,1 409,2 412,6 421,4 422,1 423,1<at
least in \i{}Vitis\i0{}> 424,1 433,2 435,2<\i{}Vitis vinifera\i0{}> 436,1
447,1 461,1/3 462<\i{}Parthenocissus\i0{}, \i{}Vitis\i0{}>
464<\i{}Cissus\i0{}, \i{}Cyphostemma\i0{}> 469,2<\i{}Parthenocissus\i0{},
\i{}Tetrastigma\i0{}> 472,2 475,1<rarely <10%>>/2 483,2 484,2 486,2<where
sought> 487,2 488,1/2 489<when present,>,1&2 490,1 491,2 492,1<\i{}Vitis
vinifera\i0{}>/2<\i{}Parthenocissus\i0{}, \i{}Rhoicissus\i0{}> 495,2 497,1
498,1<b> 520,2-4 521<cosmopolitan tropical to temperate>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 11-20> 527,1 528,1
529,16 546,2 565,5 570,13 572,1 574<cf>,11<?> 577,31 578,700 579,15
580<\i{}Acareosperma\i0{}, \i{}Ampelocissus\i0{}, \i{}Ampelopsis\i0{},
\i{}Cayratia\i0{}, \i{}Cissus\i0{}, \i{}Clematicissus\i0{},
\i{}Cyphostemma\i0{}, \i{}Nothocissus\i0{}, \i{}Parthenocissus\i0{},
\i{}Pterisanthes\i0{}, \i{}Pterocissus\i0{}, \i{}Rhoicissus\i0{},
\i{}Tetrastigma\i0{}, \i{}Vitis\i0{}, \i{}Yua\i0{}> 582<Important for the
wine grape (\i{}Vitis vinifera\i0{}) and other species supplying edible
fruit for wine and raisins. Ornamental vines from \i{}Cissus\i0{},
\i{}Parthenocissus\i0{}.> 583< \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The luscious
clusters of the vine \line{}Upon my mouth do crush their wine
\line{}(Andrew Marvell, Thoughts in a Garden) \par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}The
harms and mischiefs which th abuse \line{}Of wine doth every day produce,
\line{}Make good the doctrine of the Turks, \line{}That in each grape a
devil lurks. \line{}(Tho. Weaver (1649), In Praise of Angling) >
586<vitidace> 
 
# Vivianiaceae <Klotzsch.>/
2<\i{}Geraniaceae\i0{}, \i{}Ledocarpaceae\i0{}.> 3<\i{}Rhynchotheceae\i0{}
(\i{}Rhynchothecaceae\i0{}) J.G. Agardh> 4<\i{}Ledocarpaceae\i0{}.>
5<basally woody>,5/3<much branched, spreading> 39,2 42,1 53,1 60,2 65,1
68,2<but the opposite members of each pair connected by a transverse line>
76,1/2-3 90,U 102,1 104,1 148,2 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 165,2<scanty> 168,U
169,2<VPI> 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,1 192,1 195<loosely or closely
cymose, the pedicels often long> 206,1 212,4/5 213,1 218,2 220,1 221,1
222,1<these entire or bilobed, alternating with the petals> 223,1/3<the
corolla sometimes lacking> 224,4-5/8/10 226,1/2 227,1 229,U 236,4/5 238,1
239,1/3 245,3<parallel veined> 251,1/3 254<when present,>,4/5 255,1 258,1
267,3 278,8/10 282,1 284,1/2 285,1 289,1/2<if the glands are staminodial>
290<if interpreted as present,>,4/5 295,8/10 298,3 303<long>,3 309,3 328,1
329,7-20<? many> 330,9 339,2-3 341,1 342,2-3 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2
353,2-3 358,1 360,2 361,1/2-3<divided almost to the base> 363,1/2 365,1
368,2-3<long> 376,2 379,2 381,1/1&3<one of each> 384,2 404,2 409,1 412,1
414,5&6<the valves persistent> 422<copiously>,1 424,1<and fleshy> 432,3
433,1 436<strongly>,2/4 486,2 497,2 504,3 512,4&5&6 520,2 521<temperate
South America> 522,15 527,1 528,1 529,15<?> 545,5<?> 565,5 570,17 572,1
573,2 574,11 576,2 577,40 578,30 579,2 580<\i{}Viviania\i0{},
\i{}Rhynchotheca\i0{}> 586<viviania> 
 
# Vochysiaceae <A. St-Hil.>/
3<\i{}Hirtellaceae\i0{} Horan. (p.p.).> 5,1/3/4/5<rarely> 8,1 27,1/3 37,1
39,2/3/1<rarely> 43,2 53,1 60,2 68,1/2 69<when present, small>
73<sometimes>,4 90,U 92,1<usually>/2 101,1<often>/2 102,1 103,1<abaxial>
104,1/3 106,1 107<exclusively>,1 108<always>,1<but sometimes branched or
tufted> 109,1/2 112,1/2 113<when present, sometimes>,2 116,1/2 117<when
present,>,1 121,1<e.g., in \i{}Qualea\i0{}?>/2 123,1 124,2/3 132,1
135,1/2<often with groups of sclerosed cells> 137<and cells>,1/2 138<when
present,>,3 139,1 140,1/2 141,1/3 144,1/2 145,1<often, as strands or a
continuous ring in the outer part of the pith>/2 146,2 147,2 148,2/3
149<when occurring,>,2 152,3 153,2-3 154,1&2&3 155<slightly>,2/1 156,3
157,1/2 158,2 161,1/2 162,1 163,1<rarely>/2 164,2
165<predominantly>,2<aliform and confluent> 167,1<commonly>/2 169,3 170,1/2
175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,8 192,1 195<usually compound racemes (panicles)
of cincinni> 202<bi->,1 206,3 207<obliquely>,1 209,1&2 213,1 215,2
218,1-2<the flowers hypogynous, somewhat perigynous, or epigynous> 220,2
223,1<usually>/3<the corolla sometimes missing> 224,(5-)6-8(-10) 226,1/2
227,1/2 229,U 236,5 238,1 239,3<connate basally> 241,3 245<irregular, the
posterior lobe commonly larger> 246,2<the posterior member often gibbous or
spurred ar the base>/3 248,1 251,1 252,2 254<when present (i.e.
usually),>,1-3/5<occasionally> 255,1 258,1 265,1/2 267<more or less>,1
278,1-5(-7) 282,1 285,1/2<by connate filaments> 286<when cohering,>,2 289,2
290<usually>,2-4 295,1(-4)<with a single fertile member, antepetalous
across the flower from the spurred sepal> 298,1 309,3 310,3 313<sometimes
with an expanded connective> 324,2 328,1 329,3 330,8 339,1<sometimes,
ostensibly>/3 341,1-2 342,1/3 343,3<but sometimes pseudomonomerous>
344,1<ostensibly>/6 345,1/3<when pseudomonomerous> 352,1/2 353,1<when
pseudomonomerous>/3 360,2 361,1 365,1/2 368,1 371<small> 375<when ovary
inferior and pseudomonomerous, lateral to apical> 376<when ovary superior
and plurilocular,>,2 378,2 379,1-50<to many> 381,1 382,2<when axile>/-
383,1 386,2/3 387,3 388,2 389,1 404,2 409,1/2 412,1/10<then winged by the
persistent sepals> 414<when capsular,>,5 422,1<rarely>/2<usually> 427,1/2
429,1<often>/2 432,3 433,2 436,1<longitudinal to the seed> 495,1<how
consistently?> 504,2&3 509,3 512,1&2&3&4 520,4 521<West tropical Africa
(the monotypic \i{}Erysmadelphus\i0{} and \i{}Korupodendron\i0{} only),
mostly Central and tropical South America, West Indies> 522,6&13&14&15
524<\i{}n\i0{} = 11> 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,4 565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2
574,11 576,2 577,41 578<about>,200 579,7/8 580<\i{}Callisthene\i0{},
\i{}Erisma\i0{}, \i{}Erismadelphus\i0{}, \i{}Korupodendron\i0{},
\i{}Qualea\i0{}, \i{}Salvertia\i0{}, \i{}Vochysia\i0{}> 586<vochysia> 
 
# Wellstediaceae <(Pilger) Novak>/
2<\i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}.> 5<low>,3<shrublets>/5 7,2 21,3 39,1<adpressed,
grey-strigose> 47,2 53,1 60,2 68,2 76,1 90,U 116,U 120,U 121,U 122,U 133,U
134,U 137,U 146,U 147,U 148,U 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 175,1 176,2
177,1 187,1&2 189,1 195<often in the form of dense, subscorpioid cymes>
203,2 206,1 212,4 213,1 215,2 218,2 220,2 223,1 224,8 226,2 227,1 229,U
236,4 239,3 245,3 251<(sub-)>,1/4 254,4 255,1 258,3 265<more or less>,1
268<brick>,5 278,4 282,2<to the corolla> 284,1 285,1 287,1 289,1 295,4
298,2 299,2 300,1 303<shortly>,3 309,3 310,3 328,1 329,3
330,8<colporoidate> 339,2 341,1 342,2 343,3 344,4-5 345,1 352,2
353<compressed,>,2 356,1 360,2 361,1 363<at least>,2/- 365,1 368,2
376,2/3<?> 379,1 381,1 386,3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5<compressed, broadly
obcordate> 421,1-2 422,2 504,2 506,1 509,1&4 520,4 521<Southwest Africa,
Somalia, Socotra> 522,6&7 527,1 528,2 529,20 550,2 565,6 571,3 572,1 573,2
574,15 576,3 577,55<as a synonym of \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}> 578,2 579,1
580<only genus, \i{}Wellstedia\i0{}> 581<This very incomplete description
has \i{}Wellstedia\i0{} differing conspicuously from \i{}Boraginaceae\i0{}
in the 4-merous flowers, the pendulous ovules only 1 per locule, and the
capsular fruit, as well as in cryptic characters relying on limited
sampling (leaves without cystoliths, absence of inulin).> 586<wellsted> 
 
# Winteraceae <Lindl.>/
3<\i{}Drimyaceae\i0{} Van Tiegh., \i{}Takhtajaniaceae\i0{} (J. Leroy) J.
Leroy> 5,1&3 7,1 32,3 39,1 40,1<rarely subverticillate> 43,1/2 45,1 47,2
50,1 51,1 53,1 55,2 60,2 64,2 65,1 68,2 76,1 81,2 90,U 92,1 104,3 106,2
120,1 122,1 128,2 130,2<\i{}Drimys\i0{}> 132,1 139,1 140,2 141,3/2<? -
according to Lammers \i{}et al.\i0{} 1986, but with three traces> 143,1
144,1 145,2 148,2 151,2 152,3 159<presumably>,1 161,U 162,U 165<diffuse or
in fine lines, sometimes terminal> 167,2 169,3 175,1/2&3/1&2&3 176,1/2
177,1/2/8 184,1/2 187,1/2 189<when aggregated,>,1&7 192,1 195<cymes or
fascicles> 203,3 204,1/2 206,1-2 213,1<?> 215,3-4 218,2 220,2 223,1
224,(4-)7-50<to many> 226,2-4 227,1/2 229,U 236,2-4(-6) 238,1
239,1/3<then the sepals basally connate or totally concrescent> 245,1/3
248,2 250,1/2 251,3 254,(2-)5-50 255,1-3 258,1/2<the outer whorl sometimes
joined> 265,1 267,1/3 277,1/2<rarely, in female flowers> 278,15-100<to
many> 281,2<but initiated centripetally> 282,1 285,1 287,2-5 289,1
295,15-100 303,1<often>/3 306,4 308,2 309,3 310,1/2/3<sometimes the sides
of the thecae directed apically> 312,2 315,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,2<2 to 4>
321,1 322,1/2 324,1/2 327<usually>,3 328,1 329,1 330,5 337,1
338,1/2<rarely, in male flowers> 339,(1-)3-20<in one whorl> 342<when other
than apocarpous,>,1/2-20 343,1/2/3 344,1<sometimes>/2/3/4<i.e. carpels
free, or partly or wholly connate> 345,1 346<(when
monomeric/apocarpous)>,1/2 347,1/2 348,1/2 350,1-100<to many> 351,2/4
352,2 353<(when more or less syncarpous)>,2-20 368,2-20 372,1 373,1 374,3
376<when syncarpous,>,2 379,1-50 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 391,1 392,1 393,1
394,3 395,2 396,2 397,2<with filiform apparatus> 400,1 404,1/2 405,1/2
406<when compound>,1/2 407,1/2 408,3/8 409<when syncarpous>,1/2 412,1/6
422<copiously>,1 423,2 424,1 432,3<but very small> 447,1 466,2 472,1/2
475,1<<50%>>/2 484,2 488,1 489,1 490,1 491,2 492,2 497,2 520,2-4
521<Malaysia to the Pacific, Eastern Australia, New Zealand, Central and
South America> 522,9&10&11&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 13, 43> 527,1 528,1
529,1 531,3 565,1 566,1 572,1 574,4<?> 577,6 578,120 579,9
580<\i{}Drimys\i0{}, \i{}Belliolum\i0{}, \i{}Bubbia\i0{},
\i{}Exospermum\i0{}, \i{}Pseudowintera\i0{}, \i{}Takhtajania\i0{},
\i{}Tasmannia\i0{}, \i{}Tetrathalamus\i0{}, \i{}Zygogynum\i0{}>
586<winterac> 
 
# Xanthophyllaceae <(Chodat) Gagnep.>/
2<\i{}Polygalaceae\i0{}.> 5<small>,1 37,1 39,1 43,2 53,1 60,2 65,1<usually
with the veinlets terminated by enlarged tracheary ideoblasts> 68,2
73<probably represented by crateriform glands> 90,U 102,1 104,2/3 106,1
107,1 108,1&2 109,2 110,1 123,2<? at least, not recorded> 141,1 143,1
144,1<?> 145,2 146,2 147,2 148,2 151,1 152,3 153,2-3 154,1 156,3 159,U
161,2 162,1 163,U 165,1<sic: banded  see Metcalfe and Chalk 1965> 167,2
168,U 169,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 187,2 189,2/8 192,1/2 194,1/2 195<racemelike
with sessile dichasial clusters, or mixed panicles> 206,3 207,1 209,1&2
211,2/3 213,1 218,2 220,1 221,2 222,2 223,1 224,(9-)10 226,2 229,U 236,5
238,1 239,1 251,1<the two inner members longer than the three outer> 252,2
254,4-5 255,1 258,1 265,1<unequal, the lowermost member internal and folded
to form an often hairy keel> 274,1/2 278,8 282,1/2<then adnate to the petal
claws> 285,1<not forming a tube> 289,1 295,8 298<more or less>,3 300,3
303,3<the filaments more or less inflated and pubescent below> 306<more or
less>,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 328,1 329,7-30<?> 330<poly->,8 339,2 341,1 342,1
343,3 344,6 345,1 352,1 353,1 356,1 358,3 360,2 361,1 365,1 368,1 370,2
375,2<with two placentas> 378,2-16 386,3 404,1<-fibrous>/2 409,2 421,1
422,2 487,1 495,1<<70%> often, the leaves then yellow-green on drying>
504,2 506,3 520,4 521<Indomalayan region> 522,4&9 527,1 528,1 529,15 545,4
565,5 570,15 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,33<as a synonym of
\i{}Polygalaceae\i0{}> 578,60 579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Xanthophyllum\i0{}>
581<Differing clearly from \i{}Polygalaceae\i0{} in the unilocular
gynoecium with 2-16 ovules and the dorsifixed anthers, in wood anatomy, and
perhaps also in the strong tendency to accumulate aluminium.> 586<xanthoph>
 
# Xanthorrhoeaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Xanthorrheaceae-Xanthorrhoeoideae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Anthericaceae\i0{},
\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{}, \i{}Calectasiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Dasypogonaceae\i0{},
\i{}Hemerocallidaceae\i0{}.> 5,3/2<the habit characteristic, with a trunk
up to 2 m, or almost acaulescent>/- 8,1 22,1<when acaulescent>/3 
31,2 32,4 37,1 38,2-5 39,1 40,1 43,2 45,3 47,1<initially>/2<subsequently>
48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 65,2 68,- 102,1 104,3 116,1 117,3 121,U 123,1
124,3 128,1 129,2 130,2<1 genus> 137,1 138,2<this yellow, red or brown>
143,4 148,3 149,2 151,1/2 156,2 173,1 174,3 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,3<from septal nectaries> 187,2 193,1 194,1 195<complex, dense,
spikelike, multiflorous, pedunculate> 200,1 202,1 203,2 206,1 212,3 213,1
215,3 219,2 220,2 223,5 224,6 225,1 226,2 227,1 228,1<or bractlike>
230,2<the outer members stiffer and shorter> 235,1 278,6 282,1 284,1 285,1
287,2 289,1 295,6 298,3 306,1 309,3 310,3 316,1 324,2 328,1 329,1 330,1
339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,3 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1
367,1 368,1 371<trilobate, capitate or punctiform> 376,2 379,3-8<a few>
381,2/3 385,2 386,3 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 404,2 409,1 412,1<woody or
cartilaginous> 414,5 421,3-6 422,1 424,1 433,1 436,1/2<situated
transversely> 442,1 443,2 447,- 450,2 451,1 453,1 454,2 457,3 458,2 472,2
479,1 480,2 488,1<a trace only, in one of the two species screened>/2 489,1
490,1 491,1&2 492,2 504,5 513,1&2&3 520,2-4 521<Australia> 522,10
524<\i{}X\i0{} = 22> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16 578,66
579,1 580<only genus, \i{}Xanthorrhoea\i0{}> 581<The lumping of
\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{}, and \i{}Dasypogonaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in an expanded
version of \i{}Xanthorrhoeaceae\i0{} on supposedly phylogenetic grounds
appears fairly reasonable in terms of the comparative data compiled for
this package; but \i{}Hemerocallidaceae\i0{} differ in 30 characters,
representing habit, general morphology and anatomy.> 586<xanthorr> 
 
# Xeronemataceae <M.W. Chase, Rudall & M.F. Fay>/
2<\i{}Asphodelaceae\i0{}, \i{}Phormiaceae\i0{}, \i{}Hemerocallidaceae\i0{}>
5<shrublike>,5 21,3 22,1<borne in fans> 24<about>,0.5-1.3 25,3<and
stemless> 32,4 38,4-5 39,1 40,2 42,1 43,2&3<the bases fleshy> 45,3
47<strongly>,1<with a distinct sinus between sheath and blade> 49,1
52,1<broadly ensiform, equitant and isobilaterally flattened> 53,1 60,2
62,4 64,4 65,2 68,- 81,1 92,2 102,1 103,2 123,1 124,1<these abundant, but
no styloids> 159,U 161,U 162,U 163,U 168,U 173,1 175,1 176,2 177,1 182,1
183,3<via highly branched septal nectaries, which extend from the base of
the ovary to openings around the base of the style> 184,2/3<?> 187,2
189,2<congested> 192,2 193,1<the scape with sheathing bracts subtending the
horizontal racemes well above the leaves> 194,1 195<dense, brushlike
spikes> 200,1 202,2 203,3 206,1 212,3 213,1 215,3 219,2 220,2 223,5<these
about 2 cm long> 224,6 225,1 226,2<3+3> 227,1 228,2 230,1 231,6<along with
all the inflorescence components> 235,2 278,6 282,1 284<more or less>,1
285,1 287,2<3+3> 295,6 298,3 301,1 306,1 309,3 310,3 312,2 318<probably>,2
322,2 324,2 328,1 329<mostly>,1 330<mainly mono->,1<with a few
trichotomosulcate grains> 333,2/3 339,3 341,2 342,3 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2
353,3 360,2 361,1 364,1 365,1<becoming twisted at maturity> 366,3 368,1
376,2 379,3-10<several> 385,2 386,2/3<?> 387,3 388,2 403,3 404,2 409,1
412,1<purplish> 414,5 419,1 421<many> 422,1 426,2-3<about 5 mm long> 429,2
432,3 433,1 440,2/3 442,1 443,2 447,- 461,1/3<?> 504,2&6 506,5 514,1
520,1&4 521<restricted to New Zealand (\i{}X. callistemon\i0{}) and New
Caledonia (\i{}X. moorei\i0{})> 522,10 524<2n=36 (\i{}X. moorei\i0{}) and
72 (\i{}X. callistemon\i0{})> 527,2 530,4 558,2 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,16
578,3 579,1 580<\i{}Xeronema\i0{}> 581<See Moore (1957); Clifford et al. in
Kubitzki (1998); Chase et al (2000)> 586<xeronema> 
 
# Xyridaceae <C.A. Agardh>/
3<\i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{} Nak.> 5,5 21,3 22,1 25,3 32,2/3/4 39,1
40,1<\i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{}>/2<mostly> 42,1/4 43,1/2 45,3 47,1 49,1 52,1/2
53,1 60,2 62,3 64,4 65,2 67,1/2 68,- 90,2 102,1 104,3 121,2 123,1/2
124,2/3<i.e. no raphides> 128,1 129,3 148,1 156,3 173,1 174,3 175,1 176,2
177,1 182,2<nectaries lacking> 184,2 187,2 189,3&4 192,2 193,1 195<usually
a simple, headlike spike, rarely more than one spike> 196,1/2 197,1/2 200,1
202,2 203,2/3 206,1-3 207<when irregular,>,1 209,1/1&2 212,3 213,1 215,2/3
219,2 220,2 223,1 224,6 225,1/1&2 226,2 227,1/2 230,2 236,(2-)3<the median
member sometimes lacking  or caducous?> 238,1 239,1/2 242<sometimes
having>,2<the laterals, basally> 245,1 248,1 254,3 255,1
258,1/3<\i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{}> 265,1 267,1 268,3<usually>/2/8 274<when
free>,1/2<?> 278,3/6 282,2 285,1 287,1/2 289,1<\i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{},
representing the inner whorl>/2 290<when present,>,3<the outer whorl> 291,1
293,2<sometimes plumose-branched> 295,3 298,2 301,2 309,3 310,2 312,2 315,2
317,1 318,1 319,2/3 320,1 322,1/2 324,2 328,1<\i{}Xyris\i0{}>/2 329<when
aperturate,>,1/2 330,1/3 333,1-3<?>/4<\i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{}> 337,1 339,3
341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,5-6 345,1 352,1/2<\i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{}> 353,1/3<or
incompletely trilocular> 360,2 361,1<three-branched> 365,1 368,1/3 375<when
unilocular,>,2/1 376<when trilocular,>,2 378<when unilocular,>,1-100<to
many> 379,1-50<to many> 385,2 386,1/3-4 387,3 388,1 391,1 392,1
393,1/2<then the three nuclei degenerating early> 394<when formed,>,3 395,2
396,1 397<sometimes shortly>,2 400,2/3 404,2 409,1 412,1 414,5/7 422,1
424,1/2 429,1/2 432,1-2<small to large> 433,1<bifacial> 436,1-2<large and
curved in \i{}Abolbodaceae\i0{}>/- 442,2 447,- 448,1<short, with rhizoids>
450,2 451,1 452,1 453,2 454,2 456,1 457,1 458,2 468,2 475,2<2 species>
487<sometimes>,1 488<at least sometimes>,1 489,1 490,2 492,2 495,1
520<mainly>,3&4 521<North and South America, Asia, Africa and Australia>
522,2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 9, 13, 17 (all
representing counts for \i{}Xyris\i0{})> 527,2 530,6 560,1 572,1 574,5
575,1 577,21 578<about>,270 579,5 580<\i{}Abolboda\i0{},
\i{}Achlyphila\i0{}, \i{}Aratitiyopea\i0{}, \i{}Orectanthe\i0{},
\i{}Xyris\i0{}> 582<\i{}Xyris\i0{} supplies watergarden and aquarium
ornamentals.> 586<xyridace> 
 
# Zannichelliaceae <Dum.>/
2<\i{}Potamogetonaceae\i0{}.> 4<\i{}Cymodoceaceae\i0{}.> 5<aquatic>,5
9,1<more or less>/3 11<sometimes>,2<then \i{}Chara\i0{}-like> 21,3 22,2
25,3 27,- 32,1 33,2<in brackish and alkaline water, not the sea> 34,2 35,1
39,1<to almost opposite>/3<\i{}Zannichellia\i0{}> 40<usually>,2 43,1/4 45,3
47,1/1&2<\i{}Zannichellia\i0{} having non-sheathing, pseudowhorled blades,
and also scale-leaves corresponding to sheaths> 48,2 49,1 53,1 60,2 62,3
64,1/4<then with 3 veins> 65,2 67,1 68,- 75,1<two per node> 121,U 123,2
128,2 130,2<\i{}Zannichellia\i0{}> 148,1 151,2<the vascular system much
reduced> 173,2 175,2&3<usually>/2/3 176,1 177,2<usually>/5 179,3 184,5
187,2 189,1 192,1 194,1 195<complex cymose aggregates> 203,2 219,2 220,2
223,6<in the form of a small, trilobate basal structure>/7 224,3 225,2
226,1 277,1/2<female flowers> 278,1<always, ostensibly>/2-3<forms with 8 or
12 microsporangia perhaps representing 2 and three concrescent anthers>
285,2<if the androecium comprises more than one stamen>/1 289,1
295,1/2-3<depending on interpretation> 311,1/2 312,2/3<4, 8 or 12
sporangia, affording evidence of coalesced anthers?> 313,1<by terminal
projection of the connective>/2 318,1 322,1 328,2 337,2 338,1/2<male
flowers> 339,1-9 342<when monomerous,>,1 343,1/2 344,1/2 345,1 347,2 348,2
350,1 351,1 381,1 385,2 386,1-3 387,3 388,2 391,2 392,1 393,1 394,3
395,1<forming 4 or five cells>/2 400,3 403,3 404,2 405,1/2 407,1/2
408,4<usually>/3<\i{}Althenia\i0{}> 422,2 433,1 435,2<\i{}Zannichellia
palustris\i0{}> 436,4 442,2 443<very thin> 447,1 448,1<long> 450,2 451,1
452,1 453,1 454,2 455,1 456,2 457,3 458,2 520,1-4 521<lacking only from
central Eurasia, central Africa and Northeast South America>
522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15&16 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6-8> 527,2
530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10<as a synonym of
\i{}Potamogetonaceae\i0{}> 578,6 579,4 580<\i{}Althenia\i0{},
\i{}Lepilaena\i0{}, \i{}Pseudalthenia\i0{}, \i{}Vleisia\i0{},
\i{}Zannichellia\i0{}> 581<The comparative descriptions compiled for this
package have \i{}Zannichelliaceae\i0{} differing from
\i{}Potamogetonaceae\i0{} (q.v.) in 45 characters, representing conspicuous
features of vegetative and floral morphology as well as embryology and
cytology.> 586<zanniche> 
 
# Zingiberaceae <Lindl.>/
3<\i{}Amomeae\i0{} (\i{}Amomaceae\i0{}) A. Rich., \i{}Curcumaceae\i0{}
Dum.> 4<\i{}Costaceae\i0{}.> 5,5 7,1 21,3 22,2/1<sometimes lacking aerial
stems, e.g. \i{}Kaempferia\i0{} spp.> 25,3/4<e.g. in 
\i{}Kaempferia ovalifolia\i0{}> 27,1/2 32,3 37,1 39,1
40,2 43,1/2 45,1/2/3 47,1<the appressed sheaths often constituting
pseudostems, cf. \i{}Musa\i0{}> 48,1/2 49,1 51,1/2<often, by contrast
with the aromatic roots and/or fruits> 53,1 55,1<e.g., in \i{}Zingiber\i0{}>/2 
60,2 62,3/4/5/6/7 64,2 65,1<sometimes?>/2<usually, at least not 
conspicuously so> 67,1<often>/2 68,- 90,1
98,1<spherical> 120,1 121,U 123,1 124,2/3<no raphides> 128,2
130,2<\i{}Zingiber\i0{}> 148,1 151,1<2 \i{}Renealmia\i0{} species only
<4%>>/2<mostly> 156,2 173,1 174,2<nearly always>/2&3<occasionally> 175,1
176,2 177,1 182,1 183,3<via one or three glands, these variously shaped, at
the style base>/3&4<sometimes also from the staminodes> 184,2/3<the family
exhibiting a variety of epigynous and staminodial nectariferous glands>
187,2 189,1/3 192,1/2 194,1 195<spikes or thyrses> 200,1 202,1/2 203,3
206,3 207,1 209,1&2 212,3 213,1 215<obscurely>,3 219,2 223,1 224,6 225,2
226,2 227,1 230,2 236,3 238,1 239,3/- 240,1/2/3 245,1/3 251,3<or splitting
on one side>/- 252,1 254,3 255,1 258,3 267,1<the median petal usually
bigger> 278,5 282,1 285,2<the lateral members of the inner whorl fused to
form a petaloid labellum, the laterals of the outer whorl when present
sometimes appearing as lobes on the functional stamen> 287,2 289,2
290,4/2<the lateral pair of the outer whorl present or absent, the outer
median being missing, the fused laterals of the inner whorl forming the
conspicuous labellum> 291,1&2 293,1<the members of the outer whorl usually
much smaller> 295,1<the median, posterior member of the theoretical inner
whorl> 298,1 301,2 309,3 310,3 312,2 313,1/2 315,1 316,1 317,1 318,1
319,2<usually>/1/4/5 320,2<4 to 6> 322,1/2 328,1/2<usually> 329<when
aperturate,>,1 330,1 337,1<in 5 genera> 339,3 341,2 342,1/3 343,3 344,6
345,3 352,1/2 353,1/3 357,2 360,2 361,1 365,1 366,3<slender, passing
between the thecae of the anther> 368,1 372,1 373,1 374,3 375<when
unilocular>,2-1/5<<10%> rarely> 376<when trilocular,>,2 378<when
unilocular,>,4-100 379,4-50 385,1 386,3/1 387,3 388,2 389,2 391,1 392,1
393,2<the nuclei ephemeral> 397,1/2 399,1 400,3 403,2 404,1/2 409,1/2
412,1/2/6 422<thinly>,1 425,1 430,1 433,1 435,2<\i{}Zingiber\i0{} sp.>
436,1 442,1 443,2 447,- 448,1<short to longish> 449,2 450,2 451,2 452,2
454,1/2 457,3 458,2 461,1 462<\i{}Curcuma\i0{}, \i{}Elettaria\i0{},
\i{}Zingiber\i0{}> 466,2<\i{}Curcuma\i0{}, \i{}Elettaria\i0{},
\i{}Zingiber\i0{}> 468,2 472,1<?\i{}Hedychium\i0{}>/2
479,1<\i{}Aframomum\i0{}, \i{}Curcuma\i0{}> 480,1/2
487,1<\i{}Alpinia\i0{}>/2 488,1<usually>/2<\i{}Globba\i0{}>
489,2<\i{}Brachychilum\i0{}>/1&2 490,1<\i{}Globba\i0{},
\i{}Brachychilum\i0{}>/2<4 genera> 491,1<in \i{}Globba\i0{}>/3<sic  in
\i{}Brachychilum\i0{}> 492,2 497,1 498,2 520,4 521<pantropical, but chiefly
Indomalayan> 522,4&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = (9-)12(-26)>
527,2 530,5 559,1<cf. \i{}Costaceae\i0{}> 572,1 574,5 575,1 577,19
578<about>,700 579<about>,45 580<\i{}Aframomum\i0{}, \i{}Alpinia\i0{},
\i{}Amomum\i0{}, \i{}Aulotandra\i0{}, \i{}Boesenbergia\i0{},
\i{}Burbidgea\i0{}, \i{}Camptandra\i0{}, \i{}Caulokaempferia\i0{},
\i{}Cautleya\i0{}, \i{}Curcuma\i0{}, \i{}Curcumorpha\i0{},
\i{}Cyphostigma\i0{}, \i{}Elettaria\i0{}, \i{}Elettariopsis\i0{},
\i{}Etlingera\i0{}, \i{}Gagnepainia\i0{}, \i{}Geocharis\i0{},
\i{}Globba\i0{}, \i{}Haniffia\i0{}, \i{}Haplochorema\i0{},
\i{}Hedychium\i0{}, \i{}Hemiorchis\i0{}, \i{}Hitchenia\i0{},
\i{}Hornstedtia\i0{}, \i{}Kaempferia\i0{}, \i{}Leptosolena\i0{},
\i{}Mantisia\i0{}, \i{}Nanochilus\i0{}, \i{}Paracautleya\i0{},
\i{}Parakaempferia\i0{}, \i{}Plagiostachys\i0{}, \i{}Pleuranthodium\i0{},
\i{}Pommereschea\i0{}, \i{}Renealmia\i0{}, \i{}Rhynchanthus\i0{},
\i{}Riedelia\i0{}, \i{}Roscoea\i0{}, \i{}Scaphochlamys\i0{},
\i{}Siliquamomum\i0{}, \i{}Siphonochilus\i0{}, \i{}Smithatris\i0{},
\i{}Stadiochilus\i0{}, \i{}Stahlianthus\i0{}, \i{}Vanoverberghia\i0{},
\i{}Zingiber\i0{}> 582<The sources of ginger root, numerous fragrant oils
for perfumery, cardamom seed, and horticultural ornamentals.> 583<
\par{}\li0{}\fi0{}\sb0{}(For a feast, I must have) . . . a race or two of
ginger \line{}(The Winters Tale, iv., 2 - race (racine) = root) >
586<zingiber> 
 
# Zosteraceae <Dum.>/
5<aquatic>,5 21,3 22,1/2 25,3<monopodial> 27,- 32,1 33,1 34,2 35,1 39,1
40,2 42,1 45,3 47,1 49,1/2 52,1/2<mostly?>/1&2<???> 53,1 60,2
62,3<ribbonlike> 64,4 65,2 67,1 68,- 75,1 76,1 81,1 102,2 121,U 123,2 128,2
130,1<3 species of \i{}Zostera\i0{}> 148,1 151,2 173,2 175,2&3/2/3 176,1
177,2/5<\i{}Phyllospadix\i0{}> 184,5 187,2 189,3 192,2 194,2<enfolded in
the subtending sheath, exserted only when fruiting> 195<flattened spikes or
spadices, the flowers on one side  males and females alternating in two
ranks in the monoecious species> 200,2 202,2 203,2 219,2 223,6<if the
marginal outgrowths from the axis  retincacula, which sometimes enclose
the stamens  are interpreted as perianth>/7 277,1/2<female flowers>
278,1<though interpretable as two fused members> 289,1 295,1 303,4 309,3
311,1 312,2<representing fusion of two bisporangiate members?> 318,1 322,1
324,2<becoming filamentous and up to 2 mm long when released> 325,1 328,2
337,2 338,1/2<male flowers> 339<ostensibly>,1<but subject to fanciful
alternative interpretations> 342,1 343<(?pseudo)>,1 344<ostensibly>,1 345,1
348,2 350,1 351,1 380,2 381,1 385,2 386,1 387,3 388,3 389,2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 397,1 399,1 400,2 403,3 404,2 407,2 408,4 421,1 422,2
433,1 436,2 442,2 443<membranous> 447,1 448,1<long, and developing below
into a large disk bearing rhizoids> 450,1<if the hypocotyl disk be so
interpreted>/- 451,1 452,1 453,1 454,2 455,1 456,2 457,3 458,2<or rather,
virtually absent> 488,2 490,2 492,2 520,1-4 521<widespread coastal, but
mainly extra-tropical, and lacking from West Africa, India, Malaysia and
South America> 522,1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&10&12 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 10> 527,2
530,1 555,3 572,1 574,5 575,2 577,10 578,18 579,3
580<\i{}Heterozostera\i0{}, \i{}Phyllospadix\i0{}, \i{}Zostera\i0{}>
586<zosterac> 
 
# Zygophyllaceae <R. Br.>/
3<\i{}Tribulaceae\i0{} Trautv., \i{}Tetradiclidaceae\i0{}>
4<\i{}Balanitaceae\i0{}, \i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}, \i{}Peganaceae\i0{}.>
5,1/3<mostly, sometimes with short-shoots>/5<often with jointed nodes>
8,1/2 9,1/2<sometimes, more or less> 10<sometimes more or less>,2<e.g.,
species in which the leaflets fall before the photosynthesising petioles>/-
14,1/2 21<the herbs>,3<mostly>/1<some species of \i{}Kallstroemia\i0{},
\i{}Tribulus\i0{} and \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}> 32,4<and often halophytic, in
salt-deserts>/- 39,2<usually>/1<e.g. \i{}Viscainoa\i0{}> 40<when
alternate,>,1 43,1/2/3/5 45,1<mostly>/3<e.g. \i{}Augea\i0{}> 47,2
53,2<nearly always>/1<supposedly, e.g. in some \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{} and
\i{}Fagonia\i0{} species> 55,1/2 56<usually>,1/2/3/4 57<when pinnate,>,2
58,1/2 64,1/2 65,1<small veins often terminating in dilated tracheids> 68,1
70,1 73,3<often>/1/2 74,2 81,2 90,U 92,1<usually>/2/3 101,1/2 103,1/2
104,1<mostly>/3/7 106,1/2<\i{}Augea\i0{}> 107,1/2 108<when
present,>,1<mostly>/2 109,1<rarely, two-armed>/2<mostly> 111,1/2 112,1/2
113<when present,>,4 115,1/2 121,1<e.g., in \i{}Nitraria\i0{} spp.>/2
122,1<and then these also common in stems>/2 123,1 124,2/3/1<rarely>
130,2<\i{}Tribulus\i0{}, \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}> 132,1<mostly>/3<in
\i{}Zygophyllum fabago\i0{}> 135,1<usually, consisting of thin-walled
cells>/2<sometimes containing stone cells> 137,2 139,1 140,1/2<usually>
141,3<with the lateral gaps associated with a split trace and very closely
opposed> 142<commonly>,1<exemplified in five genera>/2<?> 143,1/2<then
comprising closely placed bundles> 145,2 148,2/3 150,3 152,2<rarely>/3
153,1<to very small, usually>/2<\i{}Balanites\i0{} and \i{}Guaiacum\i0{}>
154,1/2-3/4<notably so in \i{}Balanites\i0{}> 155,1-2 156,3 157,2 158,2
159,1/2<?> 160<often>,1 161,1/2 162,1/2 163,2 164,2 165<usually
typically>,1<diffuse or in uniseriate bands>/2<\i{}Bulnesia\i0{}> 166,2
167,2 169,1<in most genera> 175,1/2/3 176,1/2
177,1<mostly>/5<\i{}Neoluederitzia\i0{}> 184,2 187,1/2 188<when
solitary,>,1/2<or leaf-opposed>/- 192<when flowers aggregated,>,1 194,1/2/3
200,2 202,2 206,1 212,(4-)5(-6) 213,1 215,2/3/4 216,2/3 218,2
220,1<usually>/2<sometimes with nectariferous glands between the perianth
whorls as well as or instead of those between stamens and ovary> 221<when
present,>,1<usually>/2 222,1/2 223,1<usually>/3<the corolla sometimes
lacking, e.g. \i{}Seetzenia\i0{}> 224,(4-)5/(8-)10(-12) 226,(1-)2 227,1
229,U 236,(4-)5(-6) 238,1 239,1/3 245,3 251,1<usually>/3 254<when
present,>,(4-)5(-6) 255,1 258,1 265,1/2/3<rarely> 267,3 268,2/3/5/8<rarely>
278,(4-)5/10/15 282,1 285,1 287,1-3 289,1/2<e.g. in \i{}Tribulus\i0{},
where the antesepalous whorl may be sterile> 290<when present,>,4/5 291,1
295,(4-)5/10/15 298,2/3/4 299,1/2<when the outer whorl is staminodal>
300,1/3 304,1<commonly, with basal ligular scales which may unite to form
an appendage within the staminal ring>/2 306,1 308,1 309,3 310,3/2 312,2
315,1 317,1 318,2 319,1/2/3 320,1/2<up to 3> 321,2 322,2 328,1
329,3/4-20<to polyforate> 330,6/7/8/9/10 337,1<in 4
genera>/2<\i{}Tribulus\i0{} only> 339,(2-)5(-6) 341,2<usually>/1/3
342,(2-)4-12 343,3 344,6 345,1 352,2 353,(2-)5(-6)<but sometimes these
secondarily partitioned> 354,1<in \i{}Tribulus\i0{}>/2 358,1/2/3<in several
New World genera> 360,1/2 361,1 364,1 365,1 368,1 371<lobed or capitate>
372,1/2 373,1 374,2/3 376,2 379,1-50<to several or to many> 381,1 382,1
383,1 385,2 386,3<usually>/2/1/4 387,3 388,2 389,1/2 390,1/2 391,1 392,1
393,1 394,3 395,2 396,1<usually>/2 397,1 400,2 403,4 404,2<usually>/1
409,1<usually>/2/3 410<when schizocarpic,>,2-5 411<these indehiscent
cocci, often angular, winged or spiny> 412<when
non-schizocarpic,>,1<usually>/2 414,4/5/4&5 416,1<when of cocci>/2 422,1/2
424,1 433,2 435,1<3/3> 436,1/2 447,1/2 461,1/2 462<\i{}Bulnesia\i0{},
\i{}Fagonia\i0{}, \i{}Guaiacum\i0{}, \i{}Kallstroemia\i0{}, \i{}Larrya\i0{},
\i{}Neoluederitzia\i0{}, \i{}Porlieria\i0{}, \i{}Seetzenia\i0{},
\i{}Sisyndite\i0{}, \i{}Viscainoa\i0{}, \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}>
463<\i{}Kallstroemia\i0{}, \i{}Tribulus\i0{}, \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}>
466,1<\i{}Tribulus\i0{}, \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}: see
illustration>/2<\i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}> 469,1<in \i{}Bulnesia\i0{}> 471,1
472,2 475,1<commonly <60%>>/2 484,2 487,1<commonly>/2 488,2 490,1 491,1&2
492,2<\i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}> 495,2 520,2-4 521<widespread tropical,
subtropical and warm temperate, often in drier areas>
522,1&2&3&4&5&7&9&10&12&13&14&15 524<\i{}X\i0{} = 6, 8-13(+)> 527,1 528,1
529,21 551,5 565,5 570,16 572,1 573,2 574,11 576,1 577,32 578,235
579<about>,30 580<\i{}Augea\i0{}, \i{}Bulnesia\i0{}, \i{}Fagonia\i0{},
\i{}Guaiacum\i0{}, \i{}Halimiphyllum\i0{}, \i{}Izozogia\i0{},
\i{}Kallstroemia\i0{}, \i{}Kelleronia\i0{}, \i{}Larrea\i0{},
\i{}Metharme\i0{}, \i{}Miltianthus\i0{}, \i{}Morkillia\i0{},
\i{}Neoluederitzia\i0{}, \i{}Pintoa\i0{}, \i{}Plectrocarpa\i0{},
\i{}Porlieria\i0{}, \i{}Roepera\i0{}, \i{}Sarcozygium\i0{},
\i{}Seetzenia\i0{}, \i{}Sericodes\i0{}, \i{}Sisyndite\i0{},
\i{}Tetradiclis\i0{} (APG \i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}), \i{}Tetraena\i0{},
\i{}Tribulopis\i0{}, \i{}Tribulus\i0{}, \i{}Viscainoa\i0{},
\i{}Zygophyllum\i0{}> 581<Analyses of rbcL sequence and other data (see
Sheahan and Chase 1996) resulted in removal of the truly sapindalean
\i{}Nitraria\i0{} (\i{}Nitrariaceae\i0{}) and \i{}Peganum\i0{} and
\i{}Malacocarpus\i0{} (\i{}Peganaceae\i0{}), but left the affinities of
\i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{} s. str. in doubt. The \i{}rbc\i0{}L sequence data
(see also Chase \i{}et al.\i0{} 1993, Gadek \i{}et al\i0{} 1996) linked
\i{}Zygophyllaceae\i0{} loosely with \i{}Krameria\i0{} and the Polygalales,
associating them with Rosiflorae rather than Rutiflorae. Some of the above
variation attributed here to characters ignored by Sheahan and Chase (e.g.,
in anther development, embryology and pollen structure) may now be spurious
........> 582<\i{}Guaiacum officinale\i0{} is the source of the hardest,
densest wood (lignum vitae); \i{}Guaiacum\i0{}, \i{}Zygophyllum\i0{},
\i{}Tribulus\i0{} and \i{}Larrea\i0{} species are cultivated in warm
regions as ornamentals; and this family is said to include the few plants
poisonous to camels.> 586<zygophyl> 
