 
*SHOW: Families of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta) - character list. 
Last edited August 2023. 
 
*CHARACTER LIST 
 
#1. alternatively <alternative family names>/
 
#2. ~ <\i{}sensu lato\i0{} family to which sometimes referred (see Notes)>/
 
#3. including <family names treated here as synonyms>/
 
#4. excluding <families excluded - intended cross-referencing extensive but
          incomplete>/
 
#5. <habit - trees, shrubs, herbs>/
       1. trees/
       2. arborescent/
       3. shrubs <currently including subshrubs>/
       4. lianas/
       5. herbs/
 
#6. <stems and/or leaves, whether noticeably laticiferous etc. (a casual
          character - see laticifers):>/
       1. laticiferous/
       2. with coloured juice/
       3. non-laticiferous, without coloured juice <<implicit>>/
 
#7. <essential oils in vegetative parts:>/
       1. bearing essential oils/
       2. without essential oils/
 
#8. <vegetative parts, whether resinous:>/
       1. resinous/
       2. not resinous/
 
#9. <plant form: whether normal, switch or very peculiar:>/
       1. normal plants <with more or less normal stems, leaves and
          roots> <<implicit>>/
       2. switch-plants <with leaves more or less reduced, the leaf blade
          functions transferred to specialized stems and/or petioles>/
       3. plants of very peculiar vegetative form <i.e., form virtually
          unrecognisable as that of an Angiosperm>/
 
#10. <switch-plant type:>/
       1. with the principal photosynthesizing function transferred to
          <non-succulent> stems <including phylloclades and cladodes>/
       2. phyllodineous <with flattened petioles>/
       3. cactoid, with succulent, photosynthetic stems/
 
#11. <nature of very peculiar vegetative morphology:>/
       1. thalloid/
       2. filamentous/
       3. fungoid/
       4. no clear distinction between stems, roots and leaves, the stem
          bearing photosynthetic appendages equipped with animal-trapping
          bladders <\i{}Utricularia\i0{}>/
       5. neotenic/
 
#12. leaves <presence>/
       1. well developed <<implicit>>/
       2. much reduced/
       3. absent/
 
#13. plants <mature, whether with roots>/
       1. with roots <<implicit>>/
       2. rootless/
 
#14. plants <succulence>/
       1. succulent/
       2. non-succulent <<implicit>>/
 
#15. plants <autotrophic, parasitic, carnivorous>/
       1. autotrophic <implicit>/
       2. parasitic/
       3. carnivorous/
       4. utilizing the nutritious exudates of trapped or
          harboured animals/
 
#16. plants <parasitic, type>/
       1. mycoheterotrophic <"saprophytic">/
       2. haustorially parasitic/
       3. endoparasitic/
 
#17. plants <whether photosynthesizing>/
       1. green and photosynthesizing <implicit>/
       2. not green <not photosynthesizing, totally parasitic>/
 
#18. parasitic <host parts>/
       1. on roots of the host/
       2. on aerial parts of the host/
 
#19. trapping mechanism <whether active or passive>/
       1. active/
       2. passive/
 
#20. the traps <type>/
       1. in the form of minute (submerged) bladders/
       2. consisting of pitchers/
       3. constituted by sticky leaf glands, associated with subsequent,
          slow enclosure of the prey by movement of the blade <and/or
          tentacles>/
       4. consisting of the curiously modified, steel-trap-like leaf
          blades, which spring shut when adaxial receptors are touched/
       5. consisting of the sticky-glandular, non-irritable (flypaper-like)
          leaves/
       6. consisting of the sticky-glandular, non-irritable (flypaper-like)
          inflorescence branches or pedicels/   
 
#21. <herbaceous plants, life form:>/
       1. annual/
       2. biennial/
       3. perennial <multiplying vegetatively>/
 
#22. <plants, presence of leaf rosettes:>/
       1. with a basal <rosette or> aggregation of leaves <rosulate, not
          necessarily vegetatively acaulescent>/
       2. without conspicuous <basal or terminal> aggregations <rosettes>
          of leaves <<implicit>>/
       3. with terminal aggregations <rosettes> of leaves/
 
#23. young stems <whether breaking easily at nodes>/
       1. breaking easily at the nodes/
       2. not breaking easily at the nodes <<implicit>>/
 
#24. <height of plants:>/
       m high/
 
#25. <perennial herbs, mode of perennation:>/
       1. bulbaceous/
       2. cormous/
       3. rhizomatous/
       4. tuberous/
       5. pseudobulbaceous/
 
#26. rhizome and root tissues <red pigment, presence>/
       1. brightly red-pigmented/
       2. not red-pigmented <<implicit>>/
 
#27. <whether epiphytic or climbing:>/
       1. self supporting <<implicit>>/
       2. epiphytic/
       3. climbing/
 
#28. <types of climbers:>/
       1. stem twiners/
       2. petiole twiners/
       3. tendril climbers/
       4. sucker climbers/
       5. root climbers/
       6. scrambling/
 
#29. <direction of twining, as viewed from above (see Notes):>/
       1. twining clockwise/
       2. twining anticlockwise/
 
#30. stem growth <whether conspicuously sympodial>/
       1. conspicuously sympodial/
       2. not conspicuously sympodial <<implicit>>/
 
#31. <trees/shrubs/arborescents, form:>/
       1. leptocaul/
       2. pachycaul/
 
#32. <ecological type:>/
       1. hydrophytic/
       2. helophytic/
       3. mesophytic/
       4. xerophytic/
 
#33. <hydrophytic habitat:>/
       1. marine/
       2. non-marine <<implicit>>/
 
#34. <hydrophytes, plant habit:>/
       1. free floating/
       2. rooted <to the substrate> <<to be implicit>>/
 
#35. leaves <of rooted hydrophytes, habit>/
       1. submerged/
       2. emergent/
       3. floating/
 
#36. <whether conspicuously heterophyllous:>/
       1. conspicuously heterophyllous/
       2. not conspicuously heterophyllous <<to become implicit?>>/
 
#37. leaves <longevity>/
       1. persistent <evergreen>/
       2. <seasonally> deciduous/
 
#38. leaves <maximum size as reflected by their greatest dimension: a
          casual character (see Notes)>/
       1. minute <5mm or less>/
       2. small <3mm to 3cm>/
       3. medium-sized <2 to 30cm>/
       4. large <15 to 50cm>/
       5. very large <greater than 30cm>/
 
#39. leaves <insertion>/
       1. alternate/
       2. opposite/
       3. whorled/
 
#40. leaves <phyllotaxy, when alternate>/
       1. spiral/
       2. distichous/
       3. four-ranked/
       4. tristichous/
 
#41. leaves <whorled, number per whorl>/
       per whorl/
 
#42. leaves <mature form of lamina>/
       1. flat/
       2. folded/
       3. rolled/
       4. terete/
 
#43. leaves <texture>/
       1. herbaceous <<to become implicit?>>/
       2. leathery/
       3. fleshy/
       4. membranous/
       5. modified into spines/
 
#44. leaves <insertion, distance>/
       1. imbricate/
       2. not imbricate/
 
#45. leaves <whether petiolate>/
       1. petiolate <including pseudopetiolate>/
       2. subsessile/
       3. sessile/
       4. perfoliate/
 
#46. leaves <bases>/
       1. connate/
       2. not connate <<implicit>>/
 
#47. leaves <insertion: states and data need attention, especially in
          relation to monocotyledons - in forms with secondary thickening,
          currently refers to the primary insertion only>/
       1. <more or less> sheathing/
       2. non-sheathing/
 
#48. leaf sheaths <form>/
       1. tubular/
       2. not tubular/
 
#49. leaf sheaths <whether margins joined>/
       1. with free margins <<implicit>>/
       2. <at least partially tubular> with <at least partially> joined
          margins/
 
#50. leaves <whether gland-dotted (pellucid-punctate)>/
       1. gland-dotted/
       2. not gland-dotted <<implicit>>/
 
#51. leaves <odour>/
       1. aromatic/
       2. without marked odour <<implicit>>/
       3. foetid/
 
#52. leaves <primary orientation, plane of flattening>/
       1. with blades borne edgewise to the stem <equitant, flattened at right angles
          to the normal plane - e.g.
          \i{}Iris\i0{}, \i{}Eucalyptus\i0{} (exclusive of reorientation by
          twisting)>/
       2. with blades normally orientated <not equitant: flattened in the normal
          plane <implicit>>/
 
#53. leaves <simple or compound>/
       1. simple <without subdivision into leaflets; excluding
          unifoliolate>/
       2. compound <comprising leaflets, or exhibiting evidence of
          representing a single leaflet>/
 
#54. leaves <whether peltate>/
       1. peltate/
       2. not peltate <<unreliably implicit>>/
 
#55. leaves <whether pulvinate>/
       1. pulvinate/
       2. epulvinate/
 
#56. leaves <compound form>/
       1. unifoliolate <see Notes>/
       2. bifoliolate/
       3. ternate <trifoliolate>/
       4. pinnate/
       5. palmate/
       6. bipinnate/
       7. multiply compound <e.g. tripinnate, digitate with pinnate
          divisions>/
 
#57. leaves <pinnate, pari- or imparipinnate>/
       1. imparipinnate <unevenly pinnate, with a 'normal' terminal
          leaflet>/
       2. paripinnate <lacking a 'normal' terminal leaflet>/
 
#58. leaflets <whether pulvinate>/
       1. pulvinate/
       2. epulvinate/
 
#59. <leaf> lamina <inversion>/
       1. <consistently> inverted/
       2. <consistently> twisted through 90 degrees/
       3. neither <consistently> inverted nor twisted through 90 degrees
          <<implicit>>/
 
#60. <leaf> lamina <simple, dissection>/
       1. dissected <-fid, -sect, lobed etc.>/
       2. entire <i.e. not dissected - exclusive of the margin>/
 
#61. <leaf> lamina <symmetry>/
       1. conspicuously asymmetric/
       2. not <generally> conspicuously asymmetric <<implicit>>/
 
#62. <leaf> lamina <simple, undissected, form>/
       1. setaceous/
       2. acicular/
       3. linear/
       4. lanceolate/
       5. oblanceolate/
       6. oblong/
       7. ovate/
       8. obovate/
       9. orbicular/
       10. subulate/
 
#63. <leaf> lamina <simple, dissected, form>/
       1. <once> pinnatifid/
       2. palmatifid/
       3. runcinate/
       4. spinose/
       5. <more or less> finely dichotomously dissected/
       6. much-divided <e.g. bipinnately, tripinnately or
          digitate-pinnately dissected>/
 
#64. <leaf> lamina <basic (primary) vein layout: in compound leaves, refers
          to the entire leaf, not individual leaflets>/
       1. one-veined/
       2. pinnately veined/
       3. palmately veined/
       4. parallel-veined/
 
#65. <leaf> lamina <venation system, closed or open>/
       1. <conspicuously> cross-venulate <currently very inclusive -
          including reticulate>/
       2. without <conspicuous> cross-venules/
 
#66. <leaf> lamina <form, base>/
       1. auriculate at the base/
       2. cordate/
       3. hastate/
       4. sagittate/
       5. attenuate to the base/
       6. cuneate at the base/
       7. oblique at the base/
       8. rounded at the base/
 
#67. leaves <whether ligulate>/
       1. ligulate/
       2. eligulate <<implicit>>/
 
#68. leaves <whether stipulate: hardly ever applied to Monocots>/
       1. stipulate/
       2. exstipulate <including opposing leaves joined by a raised
          line>/
 
#69. stipules <type>/
       1. interpetiolar <implies association/concrescence of stipules from
          the different members of a leaf pair or whorl>/
       2. intrapetiolar <axillary or on the petiole>/
 
#70. stipules <intrapetiolar, freedom>/
       1. free of one another/
       2. concrescent/
 
#71. stipules <concrescent, whether sheathing>/
       1. ochreate <joined to form a cup-shaped structure round the stem>/
       2. not ochreate <<implicit>>/
 
#72. stipules <with or without colleters>/
       1. with colleters <secreting mucilage>/
       2. without colleters <<implicit>>/
 
#73. stipules <form>/
       1. scaly/
       2. leafy/
       3. spiny/
       4. represented by glands/
 
#74. stipules <persistence>/
       1. caducous/
       2. persistent/
 
#75. axillary scales <intravaginal squamules, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#76. lamina margins/
       1. entire/
       2. crenate/
       3. serrate/
       4. dentate/
 
#77. lamina margins/
       1. flat/
       2. revolute/
       3. involute/
 
#78. vegetative buds <investment>/
       1. scaly/
       2. not scaly/
 
#79. <vegetative> prophylls <number - no data entered>/
 
#80. <vegetative> prophylls <orientation - no data entered>/
       1. adaxial/
       2. lateral/
 
#81. leaf development <intercalary meristems: see Notes>/
       1. graminaceous <with growth and tissue maturation of the lamina
          basipetal, involving a proximal intercalary meristem>/
       2. not graminaceous <development of the lamina not involving a
          proximal intercalary meristem>/
 
#82. vernation <(ptyxis) of leaves>/
       1. conduplicate <folded lengthwise>/
       2. plicate <folded like a fan>/
       3. involute <margins rolled inwards>/
       4. revolute <margins rolled outwards>/
       5. reclinate <apex bent to base>/
       6. convolute <rolled spirally>/
       7. coiled inwards from the tip <circinnate>/
 
#83. vernation <(ptyxis) of leaves: a redundant character, covering
          shortage of data for the other states in the preceding one>/
       1. circinnate <coiled inwards from the tip>/
       2. not circinnate <<implicit>>/
 
#84. leaves <compound, developmental type>/
       1. becoming compound by necrosis/
       2. becoming compound by ontogenetically predetermined splitting/
       3. becoming compound from primordial lobes <<implicit>>/
 
#85. domatia <records: from Brewer, Clifford and Gregory 1990 (no explicit
          negatives)>/
       1. occurring in <at least some representatives of> the family/
       2. never explicitly mentioned for the family <<implicit>>/
 
#86. domatia manifested as <types>/
       1. pits/
       2. pockets/
       3. hair tufts/
 
#87. plants <presence of laticifers comprising cells or coenocytes>/
       1. with laticifers/
       2. without laticifers <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#88. the laticifers <location: very incompletely recorded>/
       1. in leaves/
       2. in stems/
       3. in roots/
       4. in flowers/
       5. in the fruits/
 
#89. plants <presence of crystal sand>/
       1. with crystal sand/
       2. without crystal sand <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#90. plants <whether exhibiting silica bodies: recorded only for Monocots>/
       1. with silica bodies/
       2. without silica bodies <implicit for Monocots, where anatomy
          known>/
 
#91. chlorenchyma <of leaves and/or stems, presence of peg cells>/
       1. including peg cells/
       2. without peg cells <<to become implicit for Monocots>>/
 
#92. the leaf lamina <general layout in transverse section>/
       1. dorsiventral/
       2. bifacial <including isobilateral>/
       3. centric/
 
#93. the leaf lamina <presence of epidermal salt glands>/
       1. exhibiting epidermal salt glands/
       2. without epidermal salt glands <implicit>/
 
#94. leaves <presence of pearl glands>/
       1. with pearl glands/
       2. without pearl glands <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#95. extra-floral nectaries <presence on leaves>/
       1. present <<specify>>/
       2. absent/
 
#96. hydathodes <presence on leaves>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#97. <lamina> epidermis <differentiation>/
       1. conspicuously differentiated into long and short cells/
       2. without differentiation into long and short cells
          <<implicit>>/
 
#98. <lamina> epidermis <of plants exhibiting silica bodies, whether
          containing silica bodies>/
       1. containing silica bodies/
       2. without silica bodies <<implicit>>/
 
#99. <lamina> epidermis <presence of crystal idioblasts>/
       1. with crystal idioblasts/
       2. without crystal idioblasts/
 
#100. abaxial epidermis <of the lamina, whether papillose>/
       1. papillose/
       2. not papillose/
 
#101. mucilaginous epidermis <of the lamina, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#102. <foliar> stomata <presence>/
       1. present <<to become implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#103. <foliar> stomata <distribution on the lamina>/
       1. mainly confined to one surface/
       2. on both surfaces/
 
#104. <foliar> stomata <subsidiary cell patterns>/
       1. anomocytic <ranunculaceous: subsidiaries lacking or
          indstinguishable from other epidermal cells>/
       2. anisocytic <cruciferous>/
       3. paracytic <rubiaceous>/
       4. tetracytic/
       5. diacytic <caryophyllaceous>/
       6. cyclocytic/
       7. actinocytic/
       8. axillocytic <surrounded by a single, doughnut-shaped subsidiary
          cell>/
 
#105. <stomatal> guard-cells <of leaves, shape>/
       1. grass type <dumb-bell shaped>/
       2. not grass type <<implicit>>/
 
#106. hairs <foliar, presence>/
       1. present <recorded in the family>/
       2. absent/
 
#107. <leaf> hairs <type>/
       1. eglandular/
       2. glandular/
 
#108. <leaf> hairs <form>/
       1. unicellular/
       2. multicellular/
 
#109. unicellular <leaf> hairs <whether branched>/
       1. branched/
       2. simple <unbranched>/
 
#110. multicellular <leaf> hairs <uni- or multiseriate>/
       1. uniseriate/
       2. multiseriate/
 
#111. multicellular <leaf> hairs <whether branched>/
       1. branched/
       2. simple <unbranched>/
 
#112. complex <leaf> hairs <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#113. complex <leaf> hairs <specialised forms>/
       1. peltate/
       2. stellate/
       3. clavate/
       4. capitate/
 
#114. urticating hairs <presence on leaves>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#115. adaxial hypodermis <presence in lamina>/
       1. present <or the epidermis horizontally divided>/
       2. absent/
 
#116. <leaf> lamina <whether with secretory cavities, as distinct from
          laticifers or secretory cells>/
       1. with secretory cavities/
       2. without secretory cavities <implicit when leaf anatomy known>/
 
#117. secretory cavities <of leaves>/
       1. containing oil/
       2. containing mucilage/
       3. containing resin/
       4. containing latex/
 
#118. secretory cavities <of leaves, development>/
       1. schizogenous/
       2. lysigenous/
 
#119. cystoliths <presence in leaves>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#120. the mesophyll <whether with etherial oil cells>/
       1. with spherical etherial oil cells/
       2. without etherial oil cells <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#121. the mesophyll <whether with mucilage cells: few negatives coded>/
       1. containing mucilage cells/
       2. not containing mucilage cells <implicit for Dicots only, when
          anatomy known>/
 
#122. the mesophyll <sclerenchymatous idioblasts: few negatives coded>/
       1. with sclerenchymatous idioblasts/
       2. without sclerenchymatous idioblasts <implicit when anatomy
          known>/
 
#123. the mesophyll <presence of crystals>/
       1. containing crystals <nearly always calcium oxalate>/
       2. without crystals/
 
#124. the <mesophyll> crystals <form>/
       1. raphides <i.e in bundles>/
       2. druses <cluster crystals>/
       3. solitary-prismatic <whatever the shape, including styloids>/
 
#125. midrib <of lamina, whether conspicuous>/
       1. conspicuous/
       2. not conspicuous/
 
#126. midrib <of lamina, comments on vascularisation>/
 
#127. main veins <of leaf lamina, excluding midribs, whether transcurrent>/
       1. vertically transcurrent/
       2. embedded/
 
#128. foliar vessels <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#129. foliar vessels <end-wall perforation>/
       1. with reticulately perforated end-walls/
       2. with scalariform end-walls/
       3. with simple end-wall perforations/
 
#130. minor leaf veins <presence of phloem transfer cells: data provided by
          B.E.S. Gunning, cf. Pate and Gunning 1969. Generic samples given
          as text comment>/
       1. with phloem transfer cells/
       2. without phloem transfer cells/
 
#131. young stems <shape in transverse section>/
       1. <more or less> cylindrical/
       2. oval in section/
       3. tetragonal in section/
       4. flattened/
       5. triangular in section/
 
#132. young stems <internodes, solidity>/
       1. with solid internodes/
       2. with spongy internodes/
       3. with hollow internodes/
 
#133. the cortex <of young stems, presence of cristarque cells, with
          U-shaped thickenings and containing crystals>/
       1. containing cristarque cells/
       2. without cristarque cells <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#134. pith <of stems, whether with diaphragms: few negatives coded>/
       1. with diaphragms/
       2. without diaphragms <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#135. pith <whether homogeneous or heterogeneous>/
       1. homogeneous/
       2. heterogeneous/
 
#136. pith <crystalline inclusions>/
       1. with crystalline inclusions/
       2. without crystalline inclusions/
 
#137. secretory cavities <in stems, presence (as distinct from
          laticifers)>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#138. secretory cavities <of stems, contents>/
       1. with oil/
       2. with resin/
       3. with mucilage/
       4. with latex/
 
#139. cork cambium <phellogen, presence in stems>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#140. cork cambium <position of origin in young stems>/
       1. initially deep-seated <in the cortex or pericycle>/
       2. initially superficial <originating subepidermally, or in the
          epidermis>/
 
#141. nodes <bearing foliage leaves, vascularization, lacunar type: see
          Notes>/
       1. unilacunar/
       2. bilacunar/
       3. tri-lacunar/
       4. penta-lacunar/
       5. multilacunar/
 
#142. nodes <with opposite leaves, presence of shared split-lateral leaf
          traces>/
       1. exhibiting on either side a trace which divides, contributing the
          outermost lateral traces to each of the opposite leaves/
       2. without split-lateral traces <<implicit>>/
 
#143. primary vascular tissues <of stems, whether in discrete bundles>/
       1. in a cylinder, without separate bundles/
       2. comprising a ring of bundles/
       3. comprising two or more rings of bundles/
       4. consisting of scattered bundles/
 
#144. primary vascular tissues <of stems, layout within bundles or
          cylinders>/
       1. collateral <centrifugal, with xylem inside and phloem confined to
          the outside>/
       2. bicollateral <with both external and internal phloem>/
 
#145. internal <intraxylary> phloem <presence to the inside of the stem
          xylem: not to be confused with included (interxylary) phloem,
          q.v.>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#146. cortical bundles <presence in stems: see Notes>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#147. medullary bundles <presence in stems>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when anatomy known>/
 
#148. secondary thickening <of stems, presence and type>/
       1. absent/
       2. <present,> developing from a conventional cambial ring
          <generating xylem to the inside, phloem to the outside>/
       3. <present but> anomalous <concentric cambia, interxylary phloem
          etc.>/
 
#149. the anomalous secondary thickening <of stems, pattern: states
          incomplete>/
       1. via concentric cambia/
       2. from a single cambial ring/
 
#150. primary medullary rays <of young stem>/
       1. wide <over 100 microns>/
       2. mixed wide and narrow/
       3. narrow <less than 50 microns>/
 
#151. the axial <stem or wood> xylem <presence of vessels>/
       1. with vessels <implicit for Dicots>/
       2. without vessels/
 
#152. the wood <porosity>/
       1. ring porous/
       2. semi-ring porous/
       3. diffuse porous/
 
#153. the <wood> vessels <mean diameter>/
       1. small <less than 100 microns>/
       2. medium <100-200 microns>/
       3. large <more than 200 microns>/
 
#154. the <wood> vessels <arrangement>/
       1. solitary/
       2. radially paired/
       3. in radial multiples/
       4. clustered/
       5. in tangential arcs <comment on dendritic>/
 
#155. the <stem or wood> vessel end-walls <orientation>/
       1. horizontal/
       2. oblique/
 
#156. the <stem or wood> vessel end-walls <form of perforation>/
       1. reticulately perforated/
       2. scalariform/
       3. <with> simple <perforations>/
 
#157. the <wood> vessels <presence of vestured pits: best data (including
          negatives!) from Brazier and Franklin 1961>/
       1. with vestured pits/
       2. without vestured pits <<to become implicit when wood characters
          known?>>/
 
#158. the <wood> vessels <presence of spiral thickening>/
       1. with spiral thickening/
       2. without spiral thickening/
 
#159. the axial <stem or wood> xylem <presence of tracheids - data from
          Carlquist 1988, lacking explicit negatives>/
       1. with tracheids/
       2. without tracheids <implicit when wood characters known>/
 
#160. the axial <stem or wood> xylem <vasicentric tracheids, presence>/
       1. with vasicentric tracheids/
       2. without vasicentric tracheids <implicit>/
 
#161. the axial <stem or wood> xylem <presence of fibre tracheids - data
          from Carlquist 1988, lacking explicit negatives>/
       1. with fibre tracheids <= fibres with distinctly bordered pits>/
       2. without fibre tracheids <implicit when wood characters known>/
 
#162. the axial <stem or wood> xylem <presence of libriform fibres - data
          from Carlquist 1988, lacking explicit negatives>/
       1. with libriform fibres <= fibres with simple to minutely bordered
          pits>/
       2. without libriform fibres <implicit when wood characters known>/
 
#163. the axial <stem or wood> xylem <presence of septate xylem fibres>/
       1. including septate fibres/
       2. without septate fibres <<implicit when wood details known>>/
 
#164. the <wood> fibres <presence of spiral thickening>/
       1. with spiral thickening/
       2. without spiral thickening/
 
#165. the <wood> parenchyma <distribution>/
       1. apotracheal <including subtypes diffuse, banded,
          marginal-terminal, marginal-initial, confluent>/
       2. paratracheal <including subtypes scanty, vasicentric, aliform,
          confluent>/
 
#166. the secondary phloem <stratification: very few negatives coded>/
       1. stratified into hard (fibrous) and soft (parenchymatous) zones/
       2. not stratified <into fibrous and parenchymatous zones> <<implicit
          when applicable and anatomy known>>/
 
#167. included <interxylary> phloem <presence within the secondary
          xylem, \i{}sensu lato\i0{} (see Notes)>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<to become implicit when anatomy known>>/
 
#168. tile <ray> cells <presence in stems - data from Carlquist 1988>/
       1. present <<specify type>>/
       2. absent <implicit when wood characters known>/
 
#169. the wood <organization>/
       1. storied/
       2. partially storied/
       3. not storied/
 
#170. tyloses <extending from parenchyma into tracheary elements,
          presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#171. roots <velamen>/
       1. with velamen/
       2. without velamen <<implicit>>/
 
#172. lateral roots <endodermis>/
       1. with a conspicuous endodermis/
       2. without a conspicuous endodermis/
 
#173. root xylem <presence of vessels>/
       1. with vessels/
       2. without vessels/
 
#174. root vessel end-walls <form of perforation>/
       1. reticulately perforated/
       2. scalariform/
       3. <with> simple <perforations>/
 
#175. fertile flowers <sexuality, with reference to individual flowers:
          compiled from the species data (see below), to facilitate
          INTKEY identifications>/
       1. hermaphrodite/
       2. functionally male/
       3. functionally female/
 
#176. unisexual flowers <presence, with reference to complete individual
          plants: compiled from the species data (see below), to
          facilitate INTKEY identifications>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <flowers seemingly all hermaphrodite>/
 
#177. plants <sexuality with reference to species: i.e not absolutely
          determinable from a single specimen (see Notes). Data extensively
          adapted from Yampolsky and Yampolsky 1922>/
       1. <plants and fertile flowers more or less exclusively>
          hermaphrodite/
       2. monoecious <separate male and female flowers on the same plant>/
       3. andromonoecious <hermaphrodite and male flowers on the same
          plant, but no females>/
       4. gynomonoecious <hermaphrodite and female flowers on the same
          plant, but no males>/
       5. dioecious <plants each with male-only or female-only flowers>/
       6. androdioecious <flowers male-only or hermaphrodite, on separate
          plants>/
       7. gynodioecious <flowers female-only or hermaphrodite, on separate
          plants>/
       8. polygamomonoecious <polygamous: males-only, female-only and
          hermaphrodite flowers, together on the one plant>/
       9. polygamodioecious <some plants with the flowers male and
          bisexual, others having them female and bisexual>/
 
#178. female flowers <presence of staminodes>/
       1. with staminodes/
       2. without staminodes/
 
#179. gynoecium of male flowers <presence/status>/
       1. pistillodial/
       2. vestigial/
       3. absent/
 
#180. plants <whether viviparous>/
       1. viviparous/
       2. not viviparous/
 
#181. plants <whether heterostylous>/
       1. homostylous/
       2. heterostylous/
 
#182. floral nectaries <presence - relatively few data entered for Dicots>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#183. <site of> nectar secretion <relatively few data entered for Dicots>/
       1. from the perianth/
       2. from the disk/
       3. from the gynoecium/
       4. from the androecium/
 
#184. pollination <type>/
       1. anemophilous/
       2. entomophilous/
       3. ornithophilous/
       4. chiropterophilous/
       5. by water/
       6. by unusual means <specified in the family descriptions>/
 
#185. pollination <entomophilous>/
       1. via beetles/
       2. via hymenoptera/
       3. via lepidoptera/
       4. via diptera/
 
#186. pollination mechanism/
       1. conspicuously specialized <<comment how>>/
       2. <relatively> unspecialized <<to become implicit?>>/
 
#187. flowers <aggregation>/
       1. solitary/
       2. aggregated in inflorescences/
 
#188. flowers <when solitary, whether terminal or axillary>/
       1. terminal/
       2. axillary/
 
#189. flowers <inflorescence, general description: data in process of
          development>/
       1. in cymes/
       2. in racemes/
       3. in spikes/
       4. in heads <or in capitula>/
       5. in umbels/
       6. in corymbs/
       7. in fascicles/
       8. in panicles <including thyrses>/
       9. in verticils/
       10. in glomerules/
       11. in catkins/
 
#190. the fruiting inflorescences <whether conelike (strobiloid)>/
       1. conelike <compact, woody, persistent>/
       2. not conelike <<implicit>>/
 
#191. flowers <whether in spikelets>/
       1. in spikelets/
       2. not in spikelets <<implicit>>/
 
#192. the ultimate inflorescence units <whether racemose or cymose>/
       1. cymose <determinate>/
       2. racemose <indeterminate>/
 
#193. inflorescences <whether a scape>/
       1. scapiflorous <main axis elongate, leafless>/
       2. not scapiflorous <<implicit>>/
 
#194. inflorescences <position>/
       1. terminal/
       2. axillary/
       3. leaf-opposed/
       4. intercalary/
       5. epiphyllous/
       6. cauliflorous/
 
#195. inflorescences <type>/
 
#196. inflorescences <whether involucrate>/
       1. with involucral bracts/
       2. without involucral bracts <<implicit>>/
 
#197. inflorescences <whether comprising or incorporating pseudanthia>/
       1. pseudanthial <consisting of one or more flower-like units>/
       2. not pseudanthial <implicit>/
 
#198. the involucres <accrescence>/
       1. accrescent/
       2. non-accrescent <<to become implicit>>/
 
#199. inflorescences <whether spatheate>/
       1. spatheate/
       2. espatheate <<implicit>>/
 
#200. flowers <whether bracteate>/
       1. bracteate/
       2. ebracteate/
 
#201. bracts <whether calyptrate and covering the flower bud: not to be
          confused with calyptrate K or C>/
       1. calyptrate/
       2. not calyptrate <<implicit>>/
 
#202. flowers <whether bracteolate>/
       1. bracteolate/
       2. ebracteolate/
 
#203. flowers <size; a casual character reflecting their greatest
          dimension, whether diameter or length (see Notes)>/
       1. minute <3mm or less>/
       2. small <2mm to 2cm>/
       3. medium-sized <1 to 6cm>/
       4. large <4 to 20cm>/
       5. very large <greater than 15cm>/
 
#204. flowers <whether calyptrate/operculate>/
       1. calyptrate <operculate>/
       2. not calyptrate <<implicit>>/
 
#205. flowers <odour>/
       1. fragrant/
       2. malodorous/
       3. odourless/
 
#206. flowers <symmetry of K, C and A, exclusive of G>/
       1. regular <actinomorphic, radially symmetric>/
       2. somewhat irregular <fairly regular alternation of components but
          posterior perianth members larger, etc.>/
       3. very irregular <including monosymmetric, zygomorphic,
          bisymmetric, bilaterally symmetric, asymmetric etc.>/
 
#207. flowers <irregular, nature of irregularity>/
       1. zygomorphic <bisymmetric, monosymmetric, medianly zygomorphic
          etc. - with one or two planes of symmetry>/
       2. asymmetric <no plane of symmetry>/
 
#208. flowers <whether resupinate>/
       1. resupinate <consistently inverted, with the pedicel twisted
          through (50-)180 degrees>/
       2. not resupinate <<implicit>>/
 
#209. the floral irregularity <components most conspicuously involved>/
       1. involving <all or part of> the perianth/
       2. involving the androecium/
 
#210. flowers <organization: whether the androecium is external or internal
          to the gynoecium>/
       1. not exhibiting the androecium internal to the gynoecium
          <<implicit>>/
       2. uniquely organized, with the stamens inserted internally to the
          gynoecium <\i{}Lacondoniaceae\i0{}>/
 
#211. flowers <whether papilionaceous>/
       1. papilionaceous <the complete syndrome: see Notes>/
       2. pseudo-papilionaceous/
       3. neither papilionaceous nor pseudo-papilionaceous <<implicit>>/
 
#212. flowers <-merous: K, C and A - somewhat interpretive, not for
          identification>/
       merous/
 
#213. flowers <whether cyclic>/
       1. <strictly> cyclic <<implicit>>/
       2. partially acyclic <i.e. in part more or less spiral>/
       3. acyclic <i.e. more or less spiral>/
 
#214. <distribution of acyclic (i.e. more or less spiral) components:>/
       1. the perianth acyclic/
       2. the androecium acyclic/
       3. the gynoecium acyclic/
 
#215. flowers <number of cycles (whorls): applicable only to hermaphrodite
          flowers>/
       1. tricyclic/
       2. tetracyclic/
       3. pentacyclic/
       4. polycyclic/
 
#216. floral receptacle <elongation>/
       1. developing an androphore <an elongation of the floral axis, above
          the perianth, supporting or bearing the stamens>/
       2. developing a gynophore <an elongation of the floral axis between
          androecium and gynoecium, a stipitate pistil>/
       3. with neither androphore nor gynophore <<implicit>>/
 
#217. floral receptacle <shape>/
       1. markedly hollowed/
       2. not markedly hollowed <elongated, domed, flattish to slightly
          depressed> <<to become implicit>>/
 
#218. free hypanthium <presence associated with perigyny, and implied by
          corolla inserted on the calyx. Applied only to Dicotyledons>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#219. perigone tube <presence - applied only to Monocotyledons>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#220. hypogynous <nectariferous> disk <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#221. hypogynous disk <position>/
       1. extrastaminal/
       2. intrastaminal/
 
#222. hypogynous disk <coherence>/
       1. of separate members <e.g. scales>/
       2. <more or less> annular/
 
#223. perianth <presence/absence, constitution: beware states 1, 3, 4, 5,
          especially in relation to Monocots (see Notes)>/
       1. with distinct calyx and corolla <including petaloid calyces>/
       2. sequentially intergrading from sepals to petals <with
          intermediates>/
       3. <exclusively> sepaline <more or less convincingly interpretable
          as sepals, though sometimes petaloid; apetalous>/
       4. <exclusively> petaline <more or less convincingly interpretable
          as petals; asepalous>/
       5. of tepals <not readily resolvable into calyx and/or corolla:
          the condition awarded here to most Monocots>/
       6. vestigial/
       7. absent <flower both asepalous and apetalous, achlamydeous>/
 
#224. perianth <regardless of its morphological interpretation, total
          number of parts: many encoded as to 50 or more>/
 
#225. perianth <tepals, whether free or joined: intended for cases where
          K and C not applicable>/
       1. free/
       2. joined <syntepalous>/
 
#226. perianth <number of whorls>/
       whorled/
 
#227. perianth <isomery of whorls>/
       1. isomerous <the same number(s) in successive whorls>/
       2. anisomerous <different numbers in the whorls>/
 
#228. perianth <whether petaloid or sepaloid: mainly applied only when not
          resolvable into calyx and/or corolla>/
       1. sepaloid/
       2. petaloid/
 
#229. perianth <concolorous/spotted: data from Dahlgren and Clifford 1982.
          Applied only to Monocots>/
       1. without spots <implicit for Monocots, where applicable>/
       2. <at least some members> spotted/
 
#230. perianth <tepals, similarity between the two whorls>/
       1. similar in the two whorls/
       2. <more or less markedly> different in the two whorls
          <heterochlamydeous>/
 
#231. perianth <tepals, colour - when corolla inapplicable>/
       1. green/
       2. white/
       3. cream/
       4. yellow/
       5. orange/
       6. red/
       7. pink/
       8. purple/
       9. violet/
       10. blue/
       11. brown/
       12. black/
       13. hyaline <non-exclusive state - to be removed>/
 
#232. perianth <whether fleshy: for application when not resolved into
          calyx and/or corolla>/
       1. fleshy/
       2. non-fleshy <<to become implicit>>/
 
#233. perianth <whether persistent: for application when not resolved into
          calyx and/or corolla>/
       1. persistent/
       2. deciduous/
 
#234. perianth <whether accrescent: for application when not resolved into
          calyx and/or corolla>/
       1. accrescent <continuing to grow after flowering>/
       2. non-accrescent <<to become implicit>>/
 
#235. tepal apex trichomes (TAT) <presence: Macfarlane and Conran, 2016>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#236. calyx <number of parts>/
 
#237. calyx <representation by bristles>/
       1. represented by bristles <a pappus, or pappus-like>/
       2. not represented by bristles <<implicit>>/
 
#238. calyx <number of whorls>/
       whorled/
 
#239. calyx <exclusive of hypanthium (q.v.), freedom (see Notes)>/
       1. polysepalous <of free sepals>/
       2. partially gamosepalous <some members joined, others free>/
       3. gamosepalous <all members joined; monosepalous>/
 
#240. calyx <joined, whether entire>/
       1. entire/
       2. lobulate/
       3. blunt-lobed/
       4. toothed/
 
#241. calyx lobes <(= teeth, lobes, segments) length relative to that of
          the tube>/
       1. markedly shorter than the tube/
       2. about the same length as the tube/
       3. markedly longer than the tube/
 
#242. <number of joined sepals, when only some joined:>/
       of the members joined/
 
#243. degree of gamosepaly (maximum length joined/total calyx length)
          <including any hypanthium>/
 
#244. calyx <gamosepalous, shape: cf. Lindleys \i{}Glossology\i0{}>/
       1. cupuliform/
       2. cyathiform <cupular above, narrowed at the base>/
       3. campanulate/
       4. urceolate/
       5. funnel-shaped/
       6. tubular/
       7. hypocrateriform/
 
#245. <gamosepalous> calyx <symmetry>/
       1. unequal but not bilabiate <e.g. unilateral, or with small
          laterals>/
       2. bilabiate/
       3. regular/
 
#246. calyx <whether basally appendaged or spurred>/
       1. basally appendaged/
       2. basally spurred/
       3. neither appendaged nor spurred <<implicit>>/
 
#247. calyx <whether fleshy>/
       1. fleshy/
       2. non-fleshy <<to become implicit>>/
 
#248. calyx <whether persistent>/
       1. persistent/
       2. not persistent/
 
#249. calyx <accrescence>/
       1. accrescent <continuing to grow after flowering>/
       2. non-accrescent <<to become implicit>>/
 
#250. calyx <joined, whether calyptrate>/
       1. calyptrate/
       2. not calyptrate <<implicit>>/
 
#251. calyx <aestivation in flower buds (see Notes)>/
       1. imbricate <including quincuncial>/
       2. contorted <convolute>/
       3. valvate <including induplicate-valvate - see data comments>/
       4. open in bud/
       5. plicate in bud/
 
#252. calyx <orientation>/
       1. with the median member anterior <abaxial, usually implying a
          posterior petal or corolla lobe>/
       2. with the median member posterior <adaxial>/
 
#253. epicalyx <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#254. corolla <number of petals or segments: many encoded as to 50 or
          more>/
 
#255. corolla <number of whorls>/
       whorled/
 
#256. corolla <members alternating with or opposite the calyx members>/
       1. alternating with the calyx <<implicit>>/
       2. opposite the calyx/
 
#257. corolla <whether appendiculate>/
       1. appendiculate/
       2. not appendiculate <<implicit>>/
 
#258. corolla <extent of gamopetaly>/
       1. polypetalous <of free petals - includes insertion at the mouth of
          a hypanthium>/
       2. partially gamopetalous <with both joined and free members>/
       3. gamopetalous <all members joined; monopetalous>/
 
#259. corolla tube <e.g., \i{}Goodeniaceae\i0{}: whether adaxially split>/
       1. not noticeably adaxially split <<implicit>>/
       2. adaxially deeply split/
 
#260. corolla lobes <(= teeth, lobes, segments) length relative to that of
          the tube>/
       1. markedly shorter than the tube/
       2. about the same length as the tube/
       3. markedly longer than the tube/
 
#261. <number of joined petals, when only some joined:>/
       of the petals joined/
 
#262. the joined petals <when not all joined>/
       1. anterior/
       2. posterior/
 
#263. degree of gamopetaly <excluding any hypanthium: length joined/total
          corolla length>/
 
#264. corolla <whether calyptrate>/
       1. calyptrate/
       2. not calyptrate <<implicit>>/
 
#265. corolla <aestivation in flower buds>/
       1. imbricate <including quincuncial>/
       2. contorted <convolute>/
       3. valvate <including induplicate-valvate>/
       4. with open aestivation/
       5. plicate/
       6. crumpled in bud/
 
#266. corolla <gamopetalous, shape: cf. Lindleys \i{}Glossology\i0{}>/
       1. rotate/
       2. cupuliform/
       3. cyathiform/
       4. campanulate/
       5. urceolate/
       6. funnel-shaped/
       7. hypocrateriform/
       8. tubular/
       9. botuliform/
       10. vase-shaped <\i{}vascularis\i0{}>/
 
#267. corolla <symmetry>/
       1. unequal but not bilabiate <e.g. unilateral, or with reduced
          lateral members>/
       2. bilabiate/
       3. regular/
 
#268. corolla <colours; data unreliable (see Notes)>/
       1. green/
       2. white/
       3. yellow/
       4. orange/
       5. red/
       6. pink/
       7. purple/
       8. blue/
       9. of unusual colour <i.e. none of the above> <<specify>>/
 
#269. corolla <marking>/
       1. plain/
       2. with contrasting markings <streaks, spots, etc.>/
 
#270. corolla <whether spurred>/
       1. spurred/
       2. not spurred <<implicit>>/
 
#271. corolla <whether becoming fleshy>/
       1. fleshy/
       2. not fleshy <<implicit>>/
 
#272. corolla <whether persistent>/
       1. persistent <marcescent>/
       2. deciduous/
 
#273. corolla <accrescence>/
       1. accrescent/
       2. non-accrescent <<to become implicit>>/
 
#274. petals <whether clawed>/
       1. clawed <unguiculate, stalked>/
       2. sessile <not clawed>/
 
#275. petals <whether incised>/
       1. deeply bifid/
       2. bilobed/
       3. fringed <deeply 3 or more -fid>/
       4. entire <neither deeply bifid nor bilobed not fringed>/
 
#276. androecium <presence - to cope with female-only flowers exhibiting
          staminodes etc., but poorly recorded>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#277. fertile stamens <presence in individual flowers - determining
          applicability of stamen, anther, and pollen characters>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#278. androecium <of male-fertile flowers, number of members including any
          staminodes: many encoded as to 100 or more>/
 
#279. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, whether branched,
          proliferous, or split: as indicated by trunk bundles,
          dedoublement, pairs with half-anthers, etc.)>/
       1. branched/
       2. unbranched <<implicit>>/
 
#280. androecial sequence <whether determinable: redundant character,
          temporarily required to cope with hierarchical dependence re
          maturation sequence>/
       1. determinable <<implicit>>/
       2. not <readily> determinable/
 
#281. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, developmental sequence.
          Note the lack of reliable data on this supposedly important
          character: satisfactory representation would involve
          distinguishing between maturation and initiation, between whole
          androecia and cycles of stamens and clusters, and would also
          require states for simultaneous>/
       1. maturing centripetally/
       2. maturing centrifugally/
 
#282. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, insertion>/
       1. <all> free of the perianth <includes insertion at the mouth of a
          hypanthium>/
       2. adnate <i.e. to the perianth, including perigone tube>/
 
#283. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, whether united with the
          gynoecium>/
       1. united with the gynoecium/
       2. free of the gynoecium <<implicit>>/
 
#284. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, relative \i{}in
          situ\i0{} lengths>/
       1. all equal/
       2. markedly unequal/
 
#285. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, freedom>/
       1. free of one another/
       2. coherent <state how>/
 
#286. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers when cohering, manner 
          of coherence>/
       adelphous/
 
#287. androecial members <of male-fertile flowers, number of whorls: many
          encoded as to 15 or more>/
       whorled/
 
#288. the androecial bundles <position relative to the corolla members>/
       1. alternating with the corolla members/
       2. opposite the corolla members/
 
#289. androecium <of male-fertile flowers, presence of staminodes>/
       1. exclusively of fertile stamens <<implicit>>/
       2. including staminodes/
 
#290. staminodes <of male-fertile flowers, number when present: many 
      encoded as to 50 or more>/
 
#291. staminodes <position relative to the fertile stamens>/
       1. external to the fertile stamens/
       2. in the same series as the fertile stamens/
       3. internal to the fertile stamens/
 
#292. staminodes representing <\i{}Lamiiflorae\i0{} etc.: position>/
       1. the posterior <posticous, adaxial> median member/
       2. the posterior-lateral <posticous-, adaxial-lateral> pair/
       3. the anterior-lateral <anterior-, abaxial-lateral> pair/
       4. the anterior <anticous, abaxial> median member/
 
#293. staminodes <of male-fertile flowers, form>/
       1. petaloid/
       2. non-petaloid <<specify>> <<implicit>>/
 
#294. fertile stamens representing <\i{}Lamiiflorae\i0{} etc.: position
          when some androecial members may be sterile or lacking>/
       1. the posterior <posticous, adaxial> median member/
       2. the posterior-lateral <posticous-, adaxial-lateral> pair/
       3. the anterior-lateral <anterior-, abaxial-lateral> pair/
       4. the anterior <anticous, abaxial> median member/
 
#295. stamens <fertile, number: many encoded as to 100 or more>/
 
#296. stamens inserted <fertile stamens of \i{}Lamiiflorae\i0{} etc.:
          position of insertion (distal point of attachment) in the corolla
          tube>/
       1. near the base of the corolla tube/
       2. midway down the corolla tube/
       3. in the throat of <near the top of> the corolla tube/
 
#297. <unequal> stamens <fertile, special size relations>/
       1. didynamous <two pairs, one pair longer>/
       2. tetradynamous <six, the outer opposite pair small, the four inner
          members large>/
       3. not didynamous, not tetradynamous <<implicit>>/
 
#298. stamens <\i{}fertile only\i0{}, number relative to the (inner)
          perianth - irrespective of relative position/symmetry>/
       1. reduced in number relative to the adjacent <inner> perianth/
       2. isomerous with the <adjacent> perianth/
       3. diplostemonous <double the number of the adjacent perianth>/
       4. triplostemonous <thrice the number of the adjacent perianth>/
       5. polystemonous <more than thrice the number of the adjacent
          perianth>/
 
#299. stamens <\i{}fertile only\i0{}, insertion position relative to the
          perianth: applies only to flowers with identifiable calyx and/or
          corolla>/
       1. <the outer or only whorl> alternisepalous <alternating with calyx
          and/or opposite the corolla: alternisepalous, antepetalous,
          obdiplostemonous etc.>/
       2. <the outer or only whorl> oppositisepalous <opposite the calyx
          and/or alternating with the corolla: antesepalous,
          alternipetalous>/
 
#300. <individual> stamens <\i{}fertile\i0{}, position relative to the
          corolla members, regardless of the number of whorls>/
       1. <all> alternating with the corolla members/
       2. <all> opposite the corolla members/
       3. both alternating with and opposite the corolla members/
 
#301. stamens <\i{}fertile\i0{}, insertion relative to the (inner) perianth
          whorl; currently applied only to Monocots>/
       1. alterniperianthial/
       2. oppositiperianthial/
 
#302. stamens <orientation in bud>/
       1. erect in bud/
       2. inflexed in bud/
       3. bent outwards in bud/
 
#303. stamens <fertile, form>/
       1. laminar/
       2. petaloid/
       3. filantherous <conventional, with anthers and filaments>
          <<implicit>>/
       4. with sessile anthers/
 
#304. <staminal> filaments <whether appendiculate>/
       1. appendiculate/
       2. not appendiculate <<implicit>>/
 
#305. anthers <of coherent stamens, whether syngenesious>/
       1. separate from one another <<implicit>>/
       2. connivent <inclined toward one another, touching but not joined>/
       3. cohering <joined, connate, syngenesious>/
 
#306. anthers <fixing>/
       1. dorsifixed <including peltate, epipeltate, hypopeltate>/
       2. basifixed <impeltate>/
       3. apicifixed/
       4. adnate/
 
#307. anthers <whether becoming inverted during development>/
       1. becoming inverted during development, their morphological bases
          ostensibly apical in the mature stamens/
       2. not becoming inverted during development <<implicit>>/
 
#308. anthers <versatility>/
       1. versatile/
       2. non-versatile/
 
#309. anthers <manner of dehiscence>/
       1. dehiscing via pores/
       2. dehiscing via short slits/
       3. dehiscing <full length> via longitudinal slits/
       4. dehiscing transversely/
       5. dehiscing by longitudinal valves/
       6. dehiscing irregularly/
 
#310. anthers <direction of dehiscence>/
       1. extrorse/
       2. latrorse/
       3. introrse/
 
#311. anthers <at anthesis, locule number>/
       1. unilocular/
       2. bilocular <<implicit>>/
       3. four locular/
       4. many locular/
 
#312. anthers <number of anatomical sporangia>/
       1. bisporangiate/
       2. tetrasporangiate/
       3. multisporangiate/
 
#313. anthers <appendages>/
       1. appendaged/
       2. unappendaged <<implicit>>/
 
#314. the anther appendages <position>/
       1. apical/
       2. dorsal/
       3. lateral/
       4. basal/
 
#315. endothecium <whether developing fibrous thickenings>/
       1. developing fibrous thickenings/
       2. not developing fibrous thickenings/
 
#316. the endothecial thickenings <type: most data from Dahlgen, Clifford
          and Yeo 1985>/
       1. spiral/
       2. girdling/
 
#317. anther epidermis <whether persistent>/
       1. persistent/
       2. degenerating/
 
#318. microsporogenesis <type>/
       1. successive/
       2. simultaneous/
 
#319. the initial microspore tetrads <shape>/
       1. tetrahedral/
       2. isobilateral/
       3. decussate/
       4. T-shaped/
       5. linear/
 
#320. anther wall <number of middle layers>/
       1. initially with one middle layer <dicot and monocot types>/
       2. initially with more than one middle layer <basic type>/
 
#321. anther wall <formation type>/
       1. of the basic type/
       2. of the dicot type/
       3. of the monocot type/
       4. of the reduced type <no middle layer>/
 
#322. tapetum <type>/
       1. amoeboid/
       2. glandular/
 
#323. pollen <germination type>/
       1. polysiphonous/
       2. monosiphonous/
 
#324. pollen <how shed>/
       1. shed in aggregates/
       2. shed as single grains <<implicit>>/
 
#325. pollen grains <whether filamentous>/
       1. lacking exine, and dispersed in the sea as long filaments/
       2. not dispersed as long filaments <<implicit>>/
 
#326. pollen <viscin>/
       1. with viscin strands/
       2. without viscin strands/
 
#327. pollen <kinds of aggregates>/
       1. in diads/
       2. in triplets/
       3. in tetrads/
       4. in polyads/
       5. in the form of waxy pollinia/
 
#328. pollen grains/
       1. aperturate/
       2. nonaperturate/
 
#329. pollen grains <number of apertures>/
       aperturate/
 
#330. pollen grains <type, with regard to apertures>/
       1. sulcate <distal-polar furrow (sulcus)>/
       2. annulosulcate <with a continuous, meridional aperture>/
       3. sulculate <2 (to 3) slitlike apertures, parallel to one another
          (or in a triangle), with the distal pole between>/
       4. zoniaperturate <(-sulcate, -colpate or -porate) with one
          continuous aperture around the equator>/
       5. ulcerate <distal-polar pore (ulcus)>/
       6. colpate <more or less equatorial furrows (colpi)>/
       7. porate <more or less equatorial pores. Including poroidate>/
       8. colporate <more or less equatorial furrows with endopore.
          Including colporoidate>/
       9. foraminate <(forate, pantoporate) scattered pores>/
       10. rugate <(pantocolp(or)ate) scattered furrows>/
       11. spiraperturate <one or more furrows, arranged spirally over the
          grain>/
 
#331. the ulcus <when pollen ulcerate, whether operculate>/
       1. operculate/
       2. without an operculum <<implicit>>/
 
#332. the ulcus <when pollen ulcerate, whether annulate>/
       1. with an annulus/
       2. without an annulus <<implicit>>/
 
#333. pollen grains <surface>/
       1. psilate/
       2. scabrous/
       3. muricate/
       4. spinulose/
 
#334. pollen grains <whether lophate>/
       1. lophate/
       2. not lophate/
 
#335. interapertural exine < of the pollen, whether scrobiculate>/
       1. scrobiculate/
       2. not scrobiculate/
 
#336. interapertural interstitium <of the pollen exine, whether columellate
          (= baculate)>/
       1. columellate/
       2. granulate/
 
#337. pollen grains <number of cells per grain: data mainly from Brewbaker
          1967, supplemented from other sources>/
       1. <at least some> 2-celled <when shed>/
       2. <all> 3-celled <when shed: generally not readily germinated
          \i{}in vitro\i0{}>/
 
#338. fertile gynoecium <presence in individual flowers - determining
          applicability of ovary, ovule, and fruit characters>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/
 
#339. gynoecium <of female-fertile flowers, number of carpels: many
          encoded as to 100 or more. Based on sometimes dubious
          morphological theory - locule number is safer for identification,
          when applicable>/
       carpelled/
 
#340. gynoecium <whether (partly) petaloid - e.g. \i{}Iridaceae\i0{},
          \i{}Taccaceae\i0{}>/
       1. partly petaloid/
       2. non-petaloid <<implicit>>/
 
#341. carpels <isomery with the (inner) P: data fairly incomplete>/
       1. reduced in number relative to the <inner> perianth <whorl>/
       2. isomerous with the <inner> perianth/
       3. increased in number relative to the <inner> perianth <whorl>/
 
#342. the <single> pistil <monomerous or syncarpous, total number of cells
          (whether loculi or locelli) visible in transverse sections>/
       celled/
 
#343. gynoecium <constitution: less precise but more accessible than the
          alternative, preferred version>/
       1. monomerous/
       2. apocarpous <of more than one free carpel. Excludes forms joined
          only at the stylehead or stigmas>/
       3. syncarpous <carpels at least partially joined>/
 
#344. gynoecium <monocarpy, apocarpy, syncarpy: states 4, 5 and 6 form a
          continuum, with 5 to 6 often reflecting difficulty in
          distinguishing style from stigma>/
       1. of one carpel/
       2. eu-apocarpous <of two or more free carpels>/
       3. semicarpous <of two or more carpels, only partially fused>/
       4. synovarious <ovary fused, styles and stigmas free>/
       5. synstylovarious <ovaries and styles fused, stigmas free>/
       6. eu-syncarpous <ovary, styles and stigmas fused>/
       7. synstylous <carpels free below, but joined by their styles>/
 
#345. gynoecium <superior or inferior>/
       1. superior <free of P, K, C>/
       2. partly inferior <adnate below to P, K, C>/
       3. inferior <adnate to epigynous P, K, C and/or receptacle>/
 
#346. carpel <in monomeric and apocarpous gynoecia, whether closed>/
       1. fully closed <<implicit>>/
       2. incompletely closed/
 
#347. carpel <of apocarpous/semicarpous or monomeric G, whether stylate>/
       1. non-stylate/
       2. stylate/
 
#348. carpel <of apocarpous or monomeric G, stigma>/
       1. with a longitudinal stigmatic surface/
       2. apically stigmatic <i.e. with an apical style and/or stigma>/
       3. with a lateral style/
       4. with a gynobasic style/
 
#349. styles <of apocarpous/semicarpous ovaries, whether free or united>/
       1. united/
       2. free <<implicit>>/
 
#350. carpel <monomeric or apocarpous, number of ovules: many encoded as
          to 100 or more>/
       ovuled/
 
#351. placentation <of monomeric and apocarpous/semicarpous gynoecia>/
       1. apical/
       2. marginal <longitudinal>/
       3. basal/
       4. dispersed <over the inner carpel surface: laminar>/
 
#352. ovary <syncarpous, uni/plurilocular>/
       1. unilocular/
       2. plurilocular/
 
#353. ovary <locule number of syncarpous gynoecia: many encoded as to
          50 or to 100>/
       locular/
 
#354. locules <of syncarpous ovary, whether exhibiting false septa>/
       1. secondarily divided by false septa/
       2. without false septa <<implicit>>/
 
#355. locules <horizontal septa>/
       1. each divided horizontally into one-ovulate locelli
          <\i{}Siphonodontaceae\i0{}, \i{}Malvaceae\i0{}-Malopeae>/
       2. not horizontally divided <<implicit>>/
 
#356. gynoecium <when G2 or G1, orientation relative to the axis/median
          plane of flower>/
       1. median <the carpels aligned anterior-posterior>/
       2. oblique/
       3. transverse/
 
#357. the odd carpel <when G3, orientation>/
       1. posterior <adaxial, against the axis, on top in conventional
          diagrams>/
       2. anterior <abaxial, away from the axis, at the bottom in
          conventional diagrams>/
       3. obliquely positioned/
 
#358. ovary <insertion>/
       1. sessile/
       2. subsessile/
       3. stipitate/
 
#359. epigynous disk <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#360. gynoecium <of syncarpous G: possession of style(s)>/
       1. non-stylate/
       2. stylate/
 
#361. styles <number: intended for syncarpous gynoecia>/
 
#362. styles <whether bearing an indusium>/
       1. bearing an indusium beneath the stigma/
       2. without an indusium <<implicit>>/
 
#363. styles <of syncarpous G: when more than one>/
       1. free/
       2. partially joined/
 
#364. styles <of syncarpous G: ovary junction>/
       1. attenuate from the ovary/
       2. from a depression at the top of the ovary/
 
#365. styles <of syncarpous G: insertion>/
       1. apical/
       2. lateral/
       3. gynobasic/
 
#366. styles <of syncarpous G: length relative to that of the ovary at
          anthesis>/
       1. shorter than the ovary/
       2. about as long as the ovary/
       3. much longer than the ovary/
 
#367. stylar canal/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#368. stigmas <of syncarpous G: number>/
 
#369. stigmas <whether commissural>/
       1. dorsal to the carpels <not commissural> <<implicit>>/
       2. commissural <lateral to the carpels>/
 
#370. stigmas <of syncarpous G: single, number of lobes; 1-lobed =
          entire>/
       lobed/
 
#371. stigmas <of syncarpous G: single, form>/
       1. truncate/
       2. clavate/
       3. capitate/
       4. subpeltate/
       5. peltate/
 
#372. stigmas <type: data mainly from Heslop-Harrison and Shivanna 1977>/
       1. wet type <exhibited by most gametophytic self-incompatibility
          systems>/
       2. dry type <associated with sporophytic self-incompatibility
          systems>/
 
#373. stigmas <whether surface papillate: Heslop-Harrison and Shivanna
          1977>/
       1. papillate/
       2. non-papillate/
 
#374. stigmas <type: Heslop-Harrison and Shivanna 1977>/
       1. Group I type/
       2. Group II type/
       3. Group III type/
       4. Group IV type/
 
#375. placentation <when syncarpous and unilocular>/
       1. basal/
       2. parietal/
       3. apical/
       4. laminar-dispersed/
       5. free central/
 
#376. placentation <when syncarpous and bi- or plurilocular>/
       1. basal/
       2. axile/
       3. apical/
       4. parietal <including where each of the two placentae is split by a
          replum>/
 
#377. ovules <whether differentiated prior to fertilization>/
       1. differentiated <<to become implicit>>/
       2. not differentiated <prior to fertilization>/
 
#378. ovules in the single cavity <number in the unilocular ovary: many
          indicated by 100>/
 
#379. ovules <number per locule, when more than one-locular: many
          indicated by 50>/
       per locule/
 
#380. ovules <carriage>/
       1. funicled <<to become implicit>>/
       2. sessile/
       3. <more or less> sunken in the placenta/
 
#381. ovules <orientation>/
       1. pendulous <descending>/
       2. horizontal/
       3. ascending <including erect>/
 
#382. ovules <non-orthotropous, orientation: data very incomplete>/
       1. apotropous <the raphe ventral when an ovule is ascending, dorsal
          when it is descending>/
       2. epitropous <the raphe dorsal when an ovule is ascending, ventral
          when it is descending>/
 
#383. ovules <non-orthotropous, position of raphe>/
       1. with ventral raphe <against the placenta>/
       2. with lateral raphe/
       3. with dorsal raphe <away from the placenta>/
 
#384. ovules <alignment on the placenta>/
       1. collateral/
       2. superposed/
       3. over the carpel surface/
       4. biseriate <alternating in two close longitudinal ranks>/
 
#385. ovules <whether arillate: currently includes funicular, micropylar
          and strophiolar forms>/
       1. arillate/
       2. non-arillate/
 
#386. ovules <morphological orientation: data on this and ovule
          developmental features extensively from Davis 1966>/
       1. orthotropous/
       2. hemianatropous <semianatropous, hemitropous>/
       3. anatropous/
       4. campylotropous/
       5. amphitropous/
 
#387. ovules <number of integuments>/
       1. without integuments/
       2. unitegmic/
       3. bitegmic/
 
#388. ovules <type: definitions and most data from Davis 1966>/
       1. tenuinucellate <no parietal cell cut off from the primary
          archesporial cell>/
       2. crassinucellate <parietal cell (usually leading to tissue) cut
          off from the primary archesporial cell>/
       3. pseudocrassinucellate <no parietal cell or parietal tissue, but
          the epidermis forming a nucellar cap>/
 
#389. outer integument <of bitegmic ovules: data mainly from Davis 1966>/
       1. contributing to the micropyle/
       2. not contributing to the micropyle/
 
#390. endothelium <of ovule>/
       1. differentiated <from inner layer of integument>/
       2. not differentiated/
 
#391. embryo-sac development <type>/
       1. \i{}Polygonum\i0{}-type/
       2. \i{}Allium\i0{}-type/
       3. \i{}Adoxa\i0{}-type/
       4. \i{}Penaea\i0{}-type/
       5. \i{}Scilla\i0{}-type/
       6. \i{}Drusa\i0{}-type/
       7. \i{}Fritillaria\i0{}-type/
       8. \i{}Oenothera\i0{}-type/
       9. \i{}Peperomia\i0{}-type/
       10. \i{}Plumbago\i0{}-type/
       11. \i{}Chrysanthemum\i0{}-type/
       12. \i{}Clintonia\i0{}-type/
 
#392. polar nuclei <timing of fusion: data from Davis 1966>/
       1. fusing prior to fertilization/
       2. fusing only after one has been fertilized/
       3. fusing simultaneously with the male gamete <triple fusion>/
       4. not fusing/
 
#393. antipodal cells <with walls, whether formed: data from Davis 1966>/
       1. formed/
       2. not formed/
 
#394. antipodal cells <number, when not proliferating: data from Davis
          1966>/
 
#395. antipodal cells <whether proliferating: data from Davis 1966>/
       1. proliferating/
       2. not proliferating/
 
#396. antipodal cells <whether persistent beyond fertilization: data from
          Davis 1966>/
       1. ephemeral/
       2. persistent/
 
#397. synergids <shape. Filiform apparatus recorded as text comment: data
          from Davis 1966>/
       1. pear-shaped/
       2. hooked/
 
#398. synergids <whether haustorial: data from Davis 1966>/
       1. haustorial/
       2. non-haustorial/
 
#399. hypostase <presence: data from Davis 1966 (no negatives)>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#400. endosperm formation <data mainly from Davis 1966>/
       1. cellular/
       2. nuclear/
       3. helobial/
 
#401. endosperm haustoria <presence: data from Davis 1966 (no negatives)>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#402. endosperm haustoria <type, with terminal encoded as 1&2: data from
          Davis 1966>/
       1. chalazal/
       2. micropylar/
       3. lateral/
 
#403. embryogeny <type>/
       1. onagrad/
       2. asterad/
       3. caryophyllad/
       4. solanad/
       5. chenopodiad/
       6. piperad/
 
#404. fruit <texture at maturity>/
       1. <at least partially> fleshy/
       2. non-fleshy <when mature>/
 
#405. fruit <whether an aggregate>/
       1. an aggregate <of more or less discrete units on a common
          receptacle: the product of an apocarpous, semicarpous or
          synstylous gynoecium>/
       2. not an aggregate <i.e. a single one-carpelled or syncarpous
          entity> <<implicit>>/
 
#406. the fruiting carpels <of the aggregate fruit, whether coalescing>/
       1. coalescing into a secondary syncarp/
       2. not coalescing <<implicit>>/
 
#407. the fruiting carpel <of monomeric G, or individual carpels of
          aggregate fruits, whether dehiscent>/
       1. dehiscent/
       2. indehiscent/
 
#408. the fruiting carpel <of monomeric G, or individual carpels of
          aggregate fruits, type>/
       1. a legume/
       2. a loment/
       3. a follicle/
       4. an achene <small, hard, dry, from one free carpel>/
       5. samaroid/
       6. nucular/
       7. drupaceous/
       8. baccate <a berrylet>/
 
#409. fruit <syncarpous, dehiscence>/
       1. dehiscent <opening to release the seeds>/
       2. indehiscent <neither opening nor breaking up in any precise
          fashion at maturity>/
       3. a schizocarp <splitting longitudinally into non- or tardily
          dehiscent, fruitlike mericarps>/
       4. lomentaceous <breaking transversely into segments>/
 
#410. mericarps <number>/
 
#411. mericarps <of schizocarpic fruits, type>/
       1. comprising achenes/
       2. comprising berrylets/
       3. comprising follicles/
       4. comprising nutlets/
       5. samaroid/
       6. comprising legumes/
       7. comprising drupelets/
 
#412. fruit <syncarpous type, representing two or more carpels>/
       1. a capsule <dry, dehiscent, from two or more carpels>/
       2. capsular-indehiscent/
       3. achene-like/
       4. a silicula <dry, bilocular, of two carpels, longitudinally
          two-valved, length less than three times breadth>/
       5. a siliqua <dry, bilocular, of two carpels, longitudinally
          two-valved, length at least three times breadth>/
       6. a berry <fleshy, without a stony layer, usually several to many
          seeded>/
       7. a drupe <fleshy, with each of the one or more seeds surrounded by
          a stony layer>/
       8. a nut <dry, hard, indehiscent, one-seeded>/
       9. a cypsella <achene from two carpels, invested by the adnate
          calyx>/
       10. a samara <indehiscent, winged by extension of the fruit wall>/
       11. a caryopsis/
 
#413. fruit <superior or perigynous, fleshy investment external to the
          original superior or half-inferior ovary>/
       1. enclosed in the fleshy receptacle/
       2. enclosed in the fleshy hypanthium/
       3. enclosed in the fleshy perianth/
       4. without fleshy investment external to the original ovary
          <<implicit>>/
 
#414. capsules <syncarpous: dehiscence type - important, but currently
          unsatisfactory in that states 2, 4, 5, 6 are not mutually
          exclusive, and published descriptions are often imprecise (and
          unreliable?)>/
       1. splitting irregularly/
       2. denticidal/
       3. poricidal/
       4. septicidal/
       5. loculicidal/
       6. valvular <including septifragal>/
       7. circumscissile <operculate, a pyxis>/
 
#415. the drupes <whether exhibiting separable pyrenes>/
       1. with separable pyrenes/
       2. with one stone <not separable pyrenes>/
 
#416. fruit <dehiscent, whether dehiscence elastic>/
       1. elastically dehiscent/
       2. passively dehiscent/
 
#417. gynoecia of adjoining flowers <whether forming a multiple fruit>/
       1. combining to form a multiple fruit/
       2. not forming a multiple fruit <<implicit>>/
 
#418. the multiple fruits <from separate flowers, whether coalescing>/
       1. coalescing/
       2. not coalescing <<implicit>>/
 
#419. dispersal unit <type; states inadequately defined (see Notes)>/
       1. the seed/
       2. the mericarp/
       3. the fruit/
       4. the flower/
       5. the inflorescence/
 
#420. dispersal <manner> <<specify>>/
 
#421. fruit <number of seeds maturing: many indicated by 100>/
       seeded/
 
#422. seeds <when mature, whether endospermic>/
       1. endospermic/
       2. non-endospermic/
 
#423. endosperm <whether ruminate>/
       1. ruminate/
       2. not ruminate <<implicit>>/
 
#424. <mature> endosperm <whether oily>/
       1. oily/
       2. not oily/
 
#425. perisperm <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#426. seeds <size: a casual character, reflecting their greatest
          dimension (see Notes)>/
       1. minute <1mm or less>/
       2. small <1mm to 1cm>/
       3. medium sized <5mm to 4cm>/
       4. large <3 to 12cm>/
       5. very large <greater than 10cm>/
 
#427. seeds <whether conspicuously hairy>/
       1. conspicuously hairy/
       2. not conspicuously hairy <<implicit>>/
 
#428. seeds <presence of testa>/
       1. with a testa <<implicit>>/
       2. without a testa/
 
#429. seeds <whether winged>/
       1. winged/
       2. wingless <<implicit>>/
 
#430. <mature> seeds <whether storing starch>/
       1. with starch/
       2. without starch/
 
#431. <mature> seeds <occurrence of amyloid protein: see Kooiman 1960 - no
          negatives available>/
       1. with amyloid/
       2. without amyloid <implicit when chemistry known>/
 
#432. embryo <development>/
       1. rudimentary at the time of seed release <not differentiated into
          organs>/
       2. weakly differentiated/
       3. well differentiated <<implicit>>/
 
#433. cotyledons <number>/
 
#434. cotyledons <in the seed, how borne>/
       1. flat/
       2. folded <<specify how>>/
       3. rolled/
       4. twisted/
       5. crumpled/
 
#435. embryo <chlorophyllous or achlorophyllous: data from Yakovlev and
          Zhukova 1980 - species/genera sampled in parenthesis>/
       1. chlorophyllous/
       2. achlorophyllous/
 
#436. embryo <shape>/
       1. straight/
       2. curved/
       3. bent/
       4. coiled/
       5. other than straight, curved, bent or coiled <<specify>>/
 
#437. the radicle <position when turned up against the cotyledons>/
       1. lateral <aligned with the commissure of the cotyledons;
          cotyledons accumbent>/
       2. dorsal <on the back of a cotyledon; cotyledons incumbent>/
 
#438. embryo <length/total seed length>/
       the length of the seed/
 
#439. testa <whether operculate>/
       1. operculate/
       2. non-operculate/
 
#440. testa <surface>/
       1. smooth/
       2. with spines/
       3. with tubercles/
       4. hairy/
 
#441. testa <colour>/
       1. homogeneous in colour <ignore raphe>/
       2. conspicuously coloured - patterned/
 
#442. testa <of the seed, whether with phytomelan>/
       1. encrusted with phytomelan/
       2. without phytomelan <<implicit>>/
 
#443. testa <colour>/
       1. grey/
       2. black/
       3. green/
       4. brown/
       5. orange/
       6. yellow/
       7. red/
 
#444. micropyle <whether zigzag>/
       1. zigzag/
       2. not zigzag <<implicit>>/
 
#445. polyembryony <whether observed>/
       1. recorded/
       2. not recorded/
 
#446. seed germination <whether 'orchidaceous'>/
       1. resulting first in development of an endomycorrhizal 'protocorm'
          <orchidceous>/
       2. not 'orchidaceous' <not involving an endomycorrhizal 'protocorm':
          implicit>/
 
#447. germination <type, phanerocotylar or cryptocotylar: Dicots only>/
       1. phanerocotylar <epigeal, epicotylar>/
       2. cryptocotylar <hypogeal>/
 
#448. <more or less elongated> hypocotyl internode <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#449. <more or less elongated> mesocotyl <presence (see Notes)>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#450. seedling collar <between shoot and primary root, conspicuous or not>/
       1. conspicuous <massively developed, or appendaged>/
       2. not conspicuous/
 
#451. cotyledon hyperphyll <elongated or compact>/
       1. <more or less> elongated <proximally to the haustorium, if this
          present>/
       2. compact <= mainly haustorial>/
 
#452. cotyledon hyperphyll <whether assimilatory (see Notes)>/
       1. assimilatory <at least partially green, implying epigeal>/
       2. non-assimilatory <not green, implying hypogeal>/
 
#453. cotyledon hyperphyll <whether dorsiventrally flattened>/
       1. more or less circular in t.s./
       2. dorsiventrally flattened/
 
#454. coleoptile <in seedling, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#455. <Monocot> seedling <whether macropodous>/
       1. macropodous <with nutrients stored in both hypocotyl and
          cotyledon>/
       2. non-macropodous <with stored nutrients confined to the
          cotyledon>/
 
#456. seedling cataphylls <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#457. first <seedling> leaf <excluding cataphylls, form>/
       1. ensiform <bilateral>/
       2. centric <unifacial, oval to circular in t.s.>/
       3. dorsiventral <bifacial, normally orientated>/
 
#458. primary root <persistence in seedlings>/
       1. persistent <developing laterals>/
       2. ephemeral/
 
#459. primary root <number of poles>/
       polar/
 
#460. nitrogen-fixing root nodules <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<implicit>>/
 
#461. <photosynthetic pathway (see Notes):>/
       1. C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} <as evidenced by physiological experiment,
          or reliably indicated by non-C\sub{}\nosupersub{}4 anatomy or
          high negative delta\super{}13\nosupersub{}C values - omitting
          cases with grounds for suspecting CAM>/
       2. C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} <as evidenced by physiology, or predicted
          by unambiguous anatomical data or cautious interpretation of
          delta\super{}13\nosupersub{}C values - omitting forms suspected
          capable of CAM>/
       3. <shown to be capable of> CAM <see Teeri 1982 for definition:
          dubious records of CAM omitted>/
       4. <reliably demonstrated>
          C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}-C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} intermediate/
 
#462. C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} physiology recorded directly in <generic list>/
 
#463. C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} physiology recorded directly in <generic list>/
 
#464. <a capacity for> CAM recorded directly in <generic list>/
 
#465. C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}-C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} intermediacy
          <convincingly demonstrated> in <generic list>/
 
#466. anatomy <photosynthetic pathway-linked pattern>/
       1. C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} type <indicated by Kranz, or maximum
          cells-distant count = 1: used here as reliable indication of
          C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}>/
       2. non-C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} type <non-Kranz, maximum cells-distant
          count more than 1: taken to indicate C\sub{}3\nosupersub{} only
          in the absence of evidence of (or reason to suspect) CAM>/
 
#467. <RuBisCO K\i{}m\i0{}(CO\sub{}2\nosupersub{}) and K\i{}m\i0{}(RUBP)
          data. To view tables with comparative data, display via Intkey
          the illustrations associated with this character>/
 
#468. accumulated starch <type, in seeds and/or vegetative parts: Czaja
          1978 \i{}Taxon\i0{} summary (book not yet used)>/
       1. exclusively pteridophyte type/
       2. other than exclusively pteridophyte type/
 
#469. sugars transported <substances involved in phloem transport, cf.
          Ziegler 1974>/
       1. <almost entirely> as sucrose <only>/
       2. <almost entirely> as oligosaccharides <raffinose, stachyose,
          verbascose, ajugose> + sucrose/
       3. as <significant proportions of> sugar alcohols <D-mannitol,
          sorbitol, dulcitol, myoinositol> + oligosaccharides + sucrose/
 
#470. inulin <polysaccharide, whether recorded for the family>/
       1. recorded/
       2. not found <<implicit>>/
 
#471. mustard-oils <myrosin cells: glucosinolatemyrosinase complex,
          presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when chemistry known>/
 
#472. <whether cyanogenic (data mainly from Gibbs 1974):>/
       1. cyanogenic/
       2. not cyanogenic/
 
#473. cynogenic constituents <derivation: Hegnauer 1977>/
       1. tyrosine-derived <<specify Triglochin variant>>/
       2. phenylalanine-derived/
       3. of the gynocardin group/
       4. of Hegnauers Group C/
       5. leucine-derived/
 
#474. polyacetylenes <presence in the family>/
       1. recorded <for the family>/
       2. not found <implicit when chemistry known>/
 
#475. alkaloids <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#476. alkaloids <type>/
       1. C6C2-N-C2C6/
       2. C6C1-N-C2 C6/
       3. C6C3-N-C2C6/
 
#477. berberine <yellow isoquinoline alkaloid, presence>/
       1. present <i.e., recorded in the family>/
       2. absent <<dubiously implicit>>/
 
#478. <amino acid profiles of leaves. To view tables of comparative data,
          display via Intkey the illustrations associated with this
          character>/
 
#479. anthraquinones <presence \i{}in the family\i0{}>/
       1. detected/
       2. <sought, but> not detected <in any of the family representatives
          screened>/
 
#480. anthraquinones <type>/
       1. derived from shikimic acid/
       2. polyacetate derived/
 
#481. verbascosides <\i{}sensu\i0{} Jensen 1992 - caffeic acid derivatives,
          orobanchoside, verbascoside>/
       1. detected/
       2. <sought, but> not detected <in any of the family representatives
          screened>/
 
#482. cornoside <presence \i{}in the family\i0{}>/
       1. detected/
       2. <sought, but> not detected <in any of the family representatives
          screened>/
 
#483. arbutin <phenolic heterosidic glycoside, presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <<not implicit>>/
 
#484. iridoids <glycosides, presence \i{}in the family\i0{}>/
       1. detected/
       2. <sought, but> not detected <in any of the family representatives
          screened>/
 
#485. iridoids <type (see Jensen 1991)>/
       1. Route I type <seco-iridoids and CIAs, derived from iridodial>/
       2. Route II type <derived from epi-irododial>/
 
#486. betalains <(betacyanin and betaxanthin glycosides) presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent <implicit when chemistry known>/
 
#487. saponins/sapogenins <(triterpenoid glycosides) presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#488. proanthocyanidins <(= leucoanthocyanidins, condensed tannins)
          presence in leaves or equivalent structures of leucodelphinidin
          and/or leucocyanidin>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#489. proanthocyanidins <type present in leaves or equivalent structures>/
       1. cyanidin <2-hydroxy>/
       2. delphinidin <3-hydroxy>/
 
#490. flavonols <presence in leaves or equivalent structures>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#491. flavonols <type present in leaves or equivalent structures>/
       1. kaempferol <1-hydroxy>/
       2. quercetin <2-hydroxy>/
       3. myricetin <3-hydroxy>/
 
#492. ellagic acid <(3-hydroxy) presence in leaves or equivalent structures
          (indicative of ellagitannins)>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#493. andromedotoxin <grayonotoxin, toxic diterpene: presence in the
          family>/
       1. recorded/
       2. not recorded <implicit when chemistry known>/
 
#494. ursolic acid <(triterpene) presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/
 
#495. aluminium accumulation <whether demonstrated>/
       1. demonstrated <in at least some members of the family: the leaves
          becoming conspicuously yellow-green on drying>/
       2. not found <i.e. in any of the species tested>/
 
#496. plants <whether accumulating free oxalates>/
       1. accumulating free oxalates/
       2. not accumulating free oxalates/
 
#497. sieve-tube plastids <type, P or S: data from Behnke, 1972-1977,
          Behnke and Dahlgren 1976>/
       1. P-type <ergasic accumulations consisting of, or containing,
          proteins>/
       2. S-type <ergasic accumulations without proteins, usually with
          starch>/
 
#498. sieve-tube plastids <P-type categories, based on protein accumulation
          types (Behnke, 1977)>/
       1. type I <single crystalloids of various shapes and sizes, and/or
          irregularly arranged filaments>/
       2. type II <many cuneate crystalloids>/
       3. type III <one ring-shaped bundle of filaments>/
       4. type IV <many, mainly polygonal crystalloids>/
 
#499. <seeds, whether borne on elongated, indurated, hook-shaped funicles
          (retinacula) - \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}:>/
       1. the seeds on elongated, indurated, hook-shaped funicles
          (retinacula)/
       2. the funicles not as in <the majority of> \i{}Acanthaceae\i0{}
          <<implicit>>/
 
#500. <whether mangrove, with pneumatophores etc.:>/
       1. mangroves <with pneumatophores, vivipary etc.>/
       2. non-mangrove species <<implicit>>/
 
#501. <whether the young, syncarpous unilocular gynoecium and later the
          capsule are open - \i{}Resedaceae\i0{}:>/
       1. the young, syncarpous unilocular gynoecium and later the capsule
          open/
       2. gynoecium and fruit not open as in typical \i{}Resedaceae\i0{}
          <<implicit>>/
 
#502. lamina <whether abaxially pouched at the tip -
          \i{}Saccifoliaceae\i0{}>/
       1. exhibiting revolute margins continuous with a characteristic,
          abaxially pouched tip <\i{}Saccifoliaceae\i0{}>/
       2. tip not abaxially pouched (i.e., not as in
          \i{}Saccifoliaceae\i0{}) <<implicit>>/
 
#503. epicalyx <whether double - \i{}Triplostegiaceae\i0{} type>/
       1. double, comprising an outer one of four conspicuous, basally
          connate, capitate-glandular, apically uncinate cuspid, persistent
          bracts, and an urceolate, 8-ribbed, persistent inner one
          <\i{}Triplostegiaceae\i0{}>/
       2. not double and complex as in \i{}Triplostegiaceae\i0{}
          <<implicit>>/
 
#504. <floristic Kingdoms (see Notes):>/
       1. Holarctic/
       2. Paleotropical/
       3. Neotropical/
       4. Cape/
       5. Australian/
       6. Antarctic/
 
#505. <Holarctic Subkingdoms (see Notes):>/
       1. Boreal/
       2. Tethyan <ancient Mediterranean>/
       3. Madrean <Sonoran: SW U.S.A. and Mexico>/
 
#506. <Paleotropical Subkingdoms (see Notes):>/
       1. African/
       2. Madagascan/
       3. Indomalesian/
       4. Polynesian/
       5. Neocaledonian/
 
#507. <Boreal Subkingdom regions (see Notes):>/
       1. Arctic and Subarctic/
       2. Euro-Siberian/
       3. Eastern Asian/
       4. Atlantic North American/
       5. Rocky Mountains/
 
#508. <Tethyan Subkingdom regions (see Notes):>/
       1. Macaronesian/
       2. Mediterranean/
       3. Irano-Turanian/
 
#509. <African Subkingdom regions (see Notes):>/
       1. Saharo-Sindian/
       2. Sudano-Angolan/
       3. West African Rainforest/
       4. Namib-Karroo/
       5. Ascension and St. Helena/
 
#510. <Indomalesian Subkingdom regions (see Notes):>/
       1. Indian/
       2. Indo-Chinese/
       3. Malesian <Malayan>/
       4. Papuan/
 
#511. <Polynesian Subkingdom regions (see Notes):>/
       1. Hawaiian/
       2. Polynesian/
       3. Fijian/
 
#512. <Neotropical regions (see Notes):>/
       1. Caribbean/
       2. Venezuela and Surinam/
       3. Amazon/
       4. Central Brazilian/
       5. Pampas/
       6. Andean/
       7. Fernandezian/
 
#513. <Australian regions (see Notes):>/
       1. North and East Australian/
       2. South-West Australian/
       3. Central Australian/
 
#514. <Antarctic regions (see Notes):>/
       1. New Zealand/
       2. Patagonian/
       3. Antarctic and Subantarctic/
 
#515. <Euro-Siberian Subregions:>/
       1. European Subregion/
       2. Siberian Subregion/
 
#516. <Atlantic North American Subregions:>/
       1. Canadian-Appalachian Subregion/
       2. Southern Atlantic North American Subregion/
       3. Central Grasslands Subregion/
 
#517. <Sudano-Angolan Subregions:>/
       1. Sahelo-Sudanian Subregion/
       2. Somalo-Ethiopian Subregion/
       3. South Tropical African Subregion/
       4. Kalaharian Subregion/
 
#518. <North and East Australian Subregions:>/
       1. Tropical North and East Australian Subregion/
       2. Temperate and South-Eastern Australian Subregion/
 
#519. <Antarctic and Subantarctic Subregions:>/
       1. South Temperate Oceanic Islands Subregion/
       2. Antarctic Subregion/
 
#520. <climatic distribution:>/
       1. frigid zone/
       2. temperate/
       3. sub-tropical/
       4. tropical/
 
#521. <world distribution:>/
 
#522. <geographical distribution (encoding mandatory, but intended for keys
          only):>/
       1. Western and Northern Eurasia, U.S.S.R./
       2. Middle East <Turkey to North Africa, and eastwards to Iran>/
       3. Mediterranean/
       4. Eastern and Southern Asia <including Japan, China, India>/
       5. North Africa/
       6. Central, East tropical and West tropical Africa/
       7. South Africa/
       8. Madagascar/
       9. Malay Archipelago <including New Guinea>/
       10. Australasia <Australia, New Zealand>/
       11. Pacific Islands/
       12. North America/
       13. Central America/
       14. West Indies/
       15. South America/
       16. Arctic/
       17. Antarctic/
 
#523. chromosomes <presence of diffuse centromeres: Dahlgren and Clifford
          1982>/
       1. with diffuse <non-localized> centromeres/
       2. with normal <concentrated> centromeres <implicit when cytology
          known>/
 
#524. <generic chromosome numbers (preferably \i{}X\i0{} (basic);
          \i{}n\i0{} or 2\i{}n\i0{} when \i{}X\i0{} not specified):>/
 
#525. supposed basic chromosome number of family:/
 
#526. ploidy levels recorded:/
 
#527. Subclass <Monocot/Dicot>/
       1. Dicotyledonae <Magnoliopsida, Magnoliatae>/
       2. Monocotyledonae <Liliopsida>/
 
#528. <main Dicot grouping, Crassinucelli or Tenuinucelli (see Notes):>/
       1. Crassinucelli <cf. Archichlamydeae>/
       2. Tenuinucelli <cf. Gamopetalae, Sympetalae>/
 
#529. Dahlgrens Superorder <of Dicotyledonae, modified from Dahlgren
          1980>/
       1. Magnoliiflorae/
       2. Nymphaeiflorae/
       3. Ranunculiflorae/
       4. Caryophylliflorae/
       5. Polygoniflorae/
       6. Malviflorae/
       7. Violiflorae/
       8. Theiflorae/
       9. Primuliflorae/
       10. Rosiflorae/
       11. Podostemiflorae/
       12. Fabiflorae/
       13. Proteiflorae/
       14. Myrtiflorae/
       15. Rutiflorae/
       16. Santaliflorae/
       17. Balanophoriflorae/
       18. Araliiflorae/
       19. Asteriflorae/
       20. Solaniflorae/
       21. Corniflorae/
       22. Loasiflorae/
       23. Gentianiflorae/
       24. Lamiiflorae/
 
#530. Dahlgren \i{}et al\i0{}. Superorder <of Monocots: Dahlgren, Clifford
          Order and Yeo 1985>/
       1. Alismatiflorae/
       2. Triuridiflorae/
       3. Ariflorae/
       4. Liliiflorae/
       5. Zingiberiflorae/
       6. Commeliniflorae/
       7. Areciflorae/
       8. Cyclanthiflorae/
       9. Pandaniflorae/
       10. Bromeliiflorae/
 
#531. <Dahlgrens Order of Magnoliiflorae:>/
       1. Annonales/
       2. Aristolochiales/
       3. Magnoliales/
       4. Illiciales/
       5. Laurales/
       6. Nelumbonales/
 
#532. <Dahlgrens Order of Nymphaeiflorae:>/
       1. Piperales/
       2. Nymphaeales/
 
#533. <Dahlgrens Order of Ranunculiflorae:>/
       1. Ranunculales/
       2. Papaverales/
 
#534. <Dahlgrens Order of Caryophylliflorae:>/
       1. Caryophyllales/
 
#535. <Dahlgrens Order of Polygoniflorae:>/
       1. Polygonales/
 
#536. <Dahlgrens Order of Malviflorae:>/
       1. Paeoniales/
       2. Dilleniales/
       3. Malvales/
       4. Urticales/
       5. Rhamnales/
       6. Elaeagnales/
       7. Plumbaginales/
       8. Thymelaeales/
       9. Euphorbiales/
 
#537. <Dahlgrens Order of Violiflorae:>/
       1. Violales/
       2. Salicales/
       3. Tamaricales/
       4. Capparales/
       5. Salvadorales/
 
#538. <Dahlgrens Order of Theiflorae:>/
       1. Theales/
       2. Droserales/
 
#539. <Dahlgrens Order of Primuliflorae:>/
       1. Ebenales/
       2. Primulales/
 
#540. <Dahlgrens Order of Rosiflorae:>/
       1. Trochodendrales/
       2. Hamamelidales/
       3. Fagales/
       4. Balanopales/
       5. Juglandales/
       6. Myricales/
       7. Casuarinales/
       8. Buxales/
       9. Cunoniales/
       10. Saxifragales/
       11. Gunnerales/
       12. Rosales/
 
#541. <Dahlgrens Order of Podostemiflorae:>/
       1. Podostemales/
 
#542. <Dahlgrens Order of Fabiflorae:>/
       1. Fabales/
 
#543. <Dahlgrens Order of Proteiflorae:>/
       1. Proteales/
 
#544. <Dahlgrens Order of Myrtiflorae:>/
       1. Myrtales/
       2. Haloragales/
       3. Rhizophorales/
 
#545. <Dahlgrens Order of Rutiflorae:>/
       1. Rutales/
       2. Sapindales/
       3. Balsaminales/
       4. Polygalales/
       5. Geraniales/
       6. Tropaeolales/
 
#546. <Dahlgrens Order of Santaliflorae:>/
       1. Celastrales/
       2. Vitidales/
       3. Santalales/
 
#547. <Dahlgrens Order of Balanophoriflorae:>/
       1. Balanophorales/
 
#548. <Dahlgrens Order of Araliiflorae:>/
       1. Pittosporales/
       2. Araliales/
 
#549. <Dahlgrens Order of Asteriflorae:>/
       1. Campanulales/
       2. Asterales/
 
#550. <Dahlgrens Order of Solaniflorae:>/
       1. Solanales/
       2. Boraginales/
 
#551. <Dahlgrens Order of Corniflorae:>/
       1. Fouquieriales/
       2. Ericales/
       3. Eucommiales/
       4. Sarraceniales/
       5. Cornales/
       6. Dipsacales/
 
#552. <Dahlgrens Order of Loasiflorae:>/
       1. Loasales/
 
#553. <Dahlgrens Order of Gentianiflorae:>/
       1. Goodeniales/
       2. Oleales/
       3. Gentianales/
 
#554. <Dahlgrens Order of Lamiiflorae:>/
       1. Scrophulariales/
       2. Hippuridales/
       3. Hydrostachyales/
       4. Lamiales/
 
#555. <Order of Alismatiflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Hydrocharitales/
       2. Alismatales/
       3. Zosterales/
 
#556. <Order of Triuridiflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Triuridales/
 
#557. <Order of Ariflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Arales/
 
#558. <Order of Liliiflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Dioscoreales/
       2. Asparagales/
       3. Liliales/
       4. Burmanniales/
       5. Orchidales/
       6. Melanthiales/
 
#559. <Order of Zingiberiflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Zingiberales/
 
#560. <Order of Commeliniflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Commelinales/
       2. Hydatellales/
       3. Cyperales/
       4. Poales/
 
#561. <Order of Areciflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Arecales/
 
#562. <Order of Cyclanthiflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Cyclanthales/
 
#563. <Order of Pandaniflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Pandanales/
 
#564. <Order of Bromeliiflorae (Dahlgren, Clifford and Yeo 1985):>/
       1. Velloziales/
       2. Bromeliales/
       3. Philydrales/
       4. Haemodorales/
       5. Pontederiales/
       6. Typhales/
 
#565. Cronquists Subclass <of Magnoliopsida (1981):>/
       1. Magnoliidae/
       2. Hamamelidae/
       3. Caryophyllidae/
       4. Dilleniidae/
       5. Rosidae/
       6. Asteridae/
 
#566. <Cronquists Order of Magnoliidae:>/
       1. Magnoliales/
       2. Laurales/
       3. Piperales/
       4. Aristolochiales/
       5. Illiciales/
       6. Nymphaeales/
       7. Ranunculales/
       8. Papaverales/
 
#567. <Cronquists Order of Hamamelidae:>/
       1. Trochodendrales/
       2. Hamamelidales/
       3. Daphniphyllales/
       4. Didymales/
       5. Eucommiales/
       6. Urticales/
       7. Leitneriales/
       8. Juglandales/
       9. Myricales/
       10. Fagales/
       11. Casuarinales/
 
#568. <Cronquists Order of Caryophyllidae:>/
       1. Caryophyllales/
       2. Polygonales/
       3. Plumbaginales/
 
#569. <Cronquists Order of Dilleniidae:>/
       1. Dilleniales/
       2. Theales/
       3. Malvales/
       4. Lecythidales/
       5. Nepenthales/
       6. Violales/
       7. Salicales/
       8. Capparales/
       9. Batales/
       10. Ericales/
       11. Diapensiales/
       12. Ebenales/
       13. Primulales/
 
#570. <Cronquists Order of Rosidae:>/
       1. Rosales/
       2. Fabales/
       3. Proteales/
       4. Podostemales/
       5. Haloragales/
       6. Myrtales/
       7. Rhizophorales/
       8. Cornales/
       9. Santalales/
       10. Rafflesiales/
       11. Celastrales/
       12. Euphorbiales/
       13. Rhamnales/
       14. Linales/
       15. Polygalales/
       16. Sapindales/
       17. Geraniales/
       18. Apiales/
 
#571. <Cronquists Order of Asteridae:>/
       1. Gentianales/
       2. Solanales/
       3. Lamiales/
       4. Callitrichales/
       5. Plantaginales/
       6. Scrophulariales/
       7. Campanulales/
       8. Rubiales/
       9. Dipsacales/
       10. Calycerales/
       11. Asterales/
 
#572. APG III <informal major grouping>/
       1. core angiosperms/
       2. peripheral angiosperms <no informal name>/
 
#573. APG III <informal eudicot grouping above Superorder>/
       1. peripheral eudicot <no informal APG name>/
       2. core eudicot/
 
#574. APG III <Superorder>/
       1. Superorder Amborellanae/
       2. Superorder Nymphaeanae/
       3. Superorder Austrobaileyanae/
       4. Superorder Magnolianae/
       5. Superorder Lilianae <Monocots>/
       6. Superorder Ceratophyllanae/
       7. Superorder Buxanae/
       8. Superorder Proteanae/
       9. Superorder Ranunculanae/
       10. Superorder Myrothamnanae/
       11. Superorder Rosanae/
       12. Superorder Berberidopsanae/
       13. Superorder Caryophyllanae <Centrospermae>/
       14. Superorder Santalanae/
       15. Superorder Asteranae <= Tenuicelli (1970), cf. Gamopetalae
          (1876)!>/
       16. unplaced at Superordinal level/
 
#575. APG III <informal Monocot grouping of Superorder Lilianae>/
       1. commelinid Monocot/
       2. non-commelinid Monocot <no informal APG name>/
 
#576. APG III <informal core eudicot grouping below superorder>/
       1. fabid <eurosid I>/
       2. malvid <eurosid II>/
       3. lamiid <euasterid I>/
       4. campanulid <euasterid II>/
 
#577. APG IV Order/
       1. Acorales/
       2. Amborellales/
       3. Nymphaeales/
       4. Austrobaileyales/
       5. Chloranthales/
       6. Canellales/
       7. Piperales/
       8. Magnoliales/
       9. Laurales/
       10. Alismatales/
       11. Petrosaviales/
       12. Petrosaviales/
       13. Dioscoreales/
       14. Pandanales/
       15. Liliales/
       16. Asparagales/
       17. Arecales/
       18. Commelinales/
       19. Zingiberales/
       20. Dasypogonales/
       21. Poales/
       22. Ceratophyllales/
       23. Ranunculales/
       24. Sabiales/
       25. Proteales/
       26. Trochodendrales/
       27. Buxales/
       28. Gunnerales/
       29. Dilleniales/
       30. Saxifragales/
       31. Vitales/
       32. Zygophyllales/
       33. Fabales/
       34. Rosales/
       35. Fagales/
       36. Cucurbitales/
       37. Celastrales/
       38. Oxalidales/
       39. Malpighiales/
       40. Geraniales/
       41. Myrtales/
       42. Crossosomatales/
       43. Picramniales/
       44. Sapindales/
       45. Huertiales/
       46. Malvales/
       47. Brassicales/
       48. Berberidopsidales/
       49. Santalales/
       50. Caryophyllales/
       51. Cornales/
       52. Ericales/
       53. Icacinales/
       54. Metteniusales/
       55. Boraginales/
       56. Vahliales/
       57. Garryales/
       58. Gentianales/
       59. Solanales/
       60. Lamiales/
       61. Aquifoliales/
       62. Asterales/
       63. Escalloniales/
       64. Bruniales/
       65. Paracryphiales/
       66. Dipsacales/
       67. Apiales/
       68. unassigned <to Order>/
 
#578. <number of extant> species/
 
#579. <number of extant> genera/
 
#580. <genera included (see Notes):>/
 
#581. <literature, comments:>/
 
#582. <economic uses, etc. (see Notes):>/
 
#583. <quotations:>/
 
#584. <history of the encoded description (see Notes)>/
 
#585. <illustrations (see Notes):>/
 
#586. abbreviated taxon name:/
