*COMMENT ~ Character notes.

*CHARACTER NOTES
#1. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle,
  include macrotrichia (setae or setulae), which have an alveolus (socket), and
  microtrichia, which do not have an alveolus. Setae are the large macrosetae
  (bristles) that occur at typical positions on the head and thorax in
  \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. There is variation in setal
  color within most species and sometimes even within an individual specimen. If
  the head and thoracic setae differ in color, score a specimen based on the
  thoracic setae.
#2. The frons is the anterodorsal medial area of the head between the compound
  eyes, vertex, and ptilinal fissure. It is normally yellow to orange except for
  the brown ocellar tubercle. There are sometimes additional brown markings.
#3. The orbital setae (= superior fronto-orbital bristles) are located
  posteriorly on the frons, between the ocelli and the compound eye, on the
  triangular orbital plate. There are normally 1-2 reclinate orbital setae in
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. They are small and weak, if
  present, in \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}.
#4. The occiput is the posterior, dorsal part of the head, posterior to the
  vertex and eyes. In Tephritidae and other Brachycera, it is divided into three
  parts (medial and two lateral parts) by a pair of sutures. The lateral parts
  merge ventrally with the postgenae.
#5. The occiput is the posterior, dorsal part of the head, posterior to the
  vertex and eyes. In Tephritidae and other Brachycera, it is divided into three
  parts (medial and two lateral parts) by a pair of sutures. The lateral parts
  merge ventrally with the postgenae.
#6. The frontal setae (= inferior fronto-orbital bristles) are inclinate setae
  arranged in a row near the lateral margin of the frons. They are small and
  weak, if present, in \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}.
#7. The orbital setae (= superior fronto-orbital bristles) are located
  posteriorly on the frons, between the ocelli and the compound eye, on the
  triangular orbital plate. There are normally 1-2 reclinate orbital setae in
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. They are small and weak, if
  present, in \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}.
#8. The ocellar seta is located on the dorsal side of the head. It arises on or
  adjacent to the ocellar tubercle, in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}usually near the midpoint between the anterior and posterior ocelli. It
  is usually small and weak or absent in both genera.
#9. The gena is the lateral area of the head ventral to the compound eye. It is
  posterior to the parafacial and facial ridge, and anterior to the postgena.
#10. The face is the anterior medial area of the head ventral to the antenna and
  medial to the parafacial and facial ridge. The facial carina (= clypeal ridge,
  Stone 1942) is a keel-like medial protrusion of the face. Its profile is
  observed in lateral view.
#11. The face is the anterior medial area of the head ventral to the antenna and
  medial to the parafacial and facial ridge.
#12. The face is the anterior medial area of the head ventral to the antenna and
  medial to the parafacial. The facial ridge is the lateral part of the face
  delimited by the ptilinal suture.
#13. The face is the anterior medial area of the head ventral to the antenna and
  medial to the parafacial and facial ridge. The facial carina (= clypeal ridge,
  Stone 1942) is a keel-like medial protrusion of the face.
#14. The face is the anterior medial area of the head ventral to the antenna and
  medial to the parafacial and facial ridge. In most species of \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, it has a keel-like medial facial carina which
  separates a pair of depressed areas aligned with the antennae and termed the
  antennal grooves.
#15. The face is the anterior medial area of the head ventral to the antenna and
  medial to the parafacial and facial ridge. The facial carina (= clypeal ridge,
  Stone 1942) is a keel-like medial protrusion of the face. The facial ridge is
  a narrow, sometimes poorly differentiated sclerite between the face and
  parafacial.
#16. The antenna is located anteriorly on the head between the face and frons.
  In Tephritidae it is comprised of three large segments (scape, pedicel, and
  first flagellomere) and a slender arista that arises dorsally near the base of
  the first flagellomere. This character may be difficult to score if the
  antenna is projecting anteriorly rather than ventrally.
#17. The arista is part of the highly modified flagellum of the antenna in
  Tephritidae and most Cyclorrhapha. It is a slender, hairlike structure that
  extends from the dorsal side near the base of the first flagellomere. It
  comprises the second and third flagellomeres [?? check McAlpine], which are
  very small, and the greatly elongated and very slender xx flagellomere. In
  \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}the arista is pubescent, i.e., it
  bears numerous short hairs.
#18. The palpus (technically the maxillary palpus) in Tephritidae is a paired
  lobelike structure located laterally at the base of the mouthparts. It
  projects anteriorly and in lateral view is slender and usually curved
  dorsally. It is covered with fine setulae.
#19. The mesonotum is the dorsum of the mesothorax, which in flies is well
  developed and forms most of thorax. The mesonotum includes the scutum,
  notopleura, scutellum and postnotum. In Tephritidae, the postpronotal lobes
  are the only dorsally visible parts of the thorax that are not part of the
  mesonotum. Measure the mesonotum in dorsal view along its midline, from the
  anterior margin of the scutum to the apex of the scutellum.
#20. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, in \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}include macrotrichia (setae or setulae), which
  have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which do not have an alveolus.
  Microtrichia are usually extremely small and cannot be seen individually
  except with high powered microscopes or scanning electron microscopes. They
  occur in patterns so that some surface areas may appear duller or pruinose
  versus shiny areas that lack them. Microtrichial patterns are very difficult
  if not impossible to see in specimens in fluid. On dry specimens they are best
  observed with the surface held at an oblique angle to the light source. The
  postpronotal lobe is a rounded rectangular sclerite on the anterolateral
  corner on the dorsum of the thorax. It normally bears a single postpronotal
  seta. The notopleuron is a narrow, more or less triangular sclerite posterior
  to the postpronotal lobe and between the scutum and the anepisternum. It
  normally has 2 setae.
#21. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, in \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}include macrotrichia (setae or setulae), which
  have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which do not have an alveolus.
  Microtrichia are usually extremely small and cannot be seen individually
  except with high powered microscopes or scanning electron microscopes. They
  occur in patterns so that some surface areas may appear duller or pruinose
  versus shiny areas that lack them. Microtrichial patterns are very difficult
  if not impossible to see in specimens in fluid. On dry specimens they are best
  observed with the surface held at an oblique angle to the light source. The
  scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of the
  thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture.
#22. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, in \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}include macrotrichia (setae or setulae), which
  have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which do not have an alveolus.
  Microtrichia are usually extremely small and cannot be seen individually
  except with high powered microscopes or scanning electron microscopes. They
  occur in patterns so that some surface areas may appear duller or pruinose
  versus shiny areas that lack them. Microtrichial patterns are very difficult
  if not impossible to see in specimens in fluid. On dry specimens they are best
  observed with the surface held at an oblique angle to the light source. The
  scutellum is the triangular or semi-circular sclerite posterior to the scutum
  on the dorsum of the thorax.
#23. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, include macrotrichia
  (setae or setulae), which have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which
  do not have an alveolus. Setae are the large macrosetae (bristles) that occur
  at typical positions on the head and thorax in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. The postpronotal seta is the single seta usually present
  on the postpronotal lobe, the rounded rectangular sclerite on the
  anterolateral corner on the dorsum of the thorax.
#24. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, include macrotrichia
  (setae or setulae), which have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which
  do not have an alveolus. Setae are the large macrosetae (bristles) that occur
  at typical positions on the head and thorax in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. The postpronotal seta is the single seta usually present
  on the postpronotal lobe, the rounded rectangular sclerite on the
  anterolateral corner on the dorsum of the thorax.
#25. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, include macrotrichia
  (setae or setulae), which have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which
  do not have an alveolus. Setae are the large macrosetae (bristles) that occur
  at typical positions on the head and thorax in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. The acrostichal seta is located near the midline of the
  scutum, medial to the dorsocentral seta. In other flies there may be multiple
  pairs of acrostichal setae aligned in rows, but in Tephritidae there is at
  most one pair, slightly anterior to the scuto-scutellar suture. It has
  sometimes been called the prescutellar seta.
#26. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, include macrotrichia
  (setae or setulae), which have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which
  do not have an alveolus. Setae are the large macrosetae (bristles) that occur
  at typical positions on the head and thorax in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. The scutellum in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{} has 1-2 pairs of setae. The basal scutellar seta is
  located on the lateral margin of the basal lateral half of the scutellum.
#27. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, include macrotrichia
  (setae or setulae), which have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which
  do not have an alveolus. Setae are the large macrosetae (bristles) that occur
  at typical positions on the head and thorax in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and
  \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}. The ketepisternum (= sternopleuron) is a triangular
  sclerite between the coxae of the fore- and midlegs and ventral to the
  anepisternum. Most species species of Tephritidae have a well developed
  katepisternal seta near the posterodorsal corner, but it is usually weak or
  absent in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}.
#28. The mesonotum is the dorsum of the mesothorax, which in flies is well
  developed and forms most of thorax. The mesonotum includes the scutum,
  notopleura, scutellum and postnotum. In Tephritidae, the postpronotal lobes
  are the only dorsally visible parts of the thorax that are not part of the
  mesonotum. This character refers to the predominant color of the mesonotum,
  exclusive of the normal whitish scutal vittae and any brown spots or vittae.
  In pale species of \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{} there are
  sometimes apparent markings due to dark underlying tissues, but only the color
  of the cuticle should be considered.
#29. The mesonotum is the dorsum of the mesothorax, which in flies is well
  developed and forms most of thorax. The mesonotum includes the scutum,
  notopleura, scutellum and postnotum. In Tephritidae, the thorax often has
  clear areas in the cuticle called xanthines. Their color may appear white or
  yellow, depending upon the underlying tissues and the state of preservation of
  the specimen. In \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, these areas may
  be difficult to distinguish, especially in dried specimens of predominantly
  yellow or orange species in which they are less contrasting. Dorsally these
  areas usually include the postpronotal lobe, most of the scutellum, a pair of
  sublateral vittae (stripes) from the transverse suture posteriorly, often an
  unpaired medial vitta, and sometimes additional vittae. A complete presutural
  lateral vitta extends from the scutum posteromesal to the postpronotal lobe
  (usually connected with pale area on that sclerite) posterolaterally across
  the posterior part of the notopleuron. It may be reduced to a spot or spots on
  these areas.
#30. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. In Tephritidae it often has clear areas in the cuticle called
  xanthines. Their color may appear white or yellow, depending upon the
  underlying tissues and the state of preservation of the specimen. In
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, these areas may be difficult to
  distinguish, especially in dried specimens of predominantly yellow or orange
  species in which they are less contrasting. Dorsally these areas usually
  include the postpronotal lobe, most of the scutellum, a pair of sublateral
  vittae (stripes) from the transverse suture posteriorly, often an unpaired
  medial vitta, and sometimes additional vittae. The presutural dorsocentral
  vitta is anterior to the transverse suture in line with the dorsocentral seta.
#31. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. In Tephritidae it often has clear areas in the cuticle called
  xanthines. Their color may appear white or yellow, depending upon the
  underlying tissues and the state of preservation of the specimen. In
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} these areas may be difficult to distinguish, especially in
  dried specimens of predominantly yellow or orange species in which they are
  less contrasting. Dorsally these areas usually include the postpronotal lobe,
  most of the scutellum, and a number of vittae (stripes). Posterior to the
  transverse suture there is at least a pair of sublateral vittae in line with
  and usually extending to the intra-alar setae. There is often an unpaired
  medial vitta that often broadens posteriorly, and occasionally there is
  another pair of intermediate vittae in line with the dorsocentral seta,
  usually present only anterior to the transverse suture. This character is
  better left unscored for pale specimens in which these vittae are difficult to
  distinguish.
#32. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. In Tephritidae it often has clear areas in the cuticle called
  xanthines. Their color may appear white or yellow, depending upon the
  underlying tissues and the state of preservation of the specimen. In
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, these areas may be difficult to
  distinguish, especially in dried specimens of predominantly yellow or orange
  species in which they are less contrasting. Dorsally these areas usually
  include the postpronotal lobe, most of the scutellum, and a number of vittae
  (stripes). Frequently there is an unpaired medial vitta on the scutum
  extending from near the anterior margin almost to the posterior margin. It
  usually broadens posteriorly in various shapes.
#33. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. In Tephritidae it often has clear areas in the cuticle called
  xanthines. Their color may appear white or yellow, depending upon the
  underlying tissues and the state of preservation of the specimen. In
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{} and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, these areas may be difficult to
  distinguish, especially in dried specimens of predominantly yellow or orange
  species in which they are less contrasting. Dorsally these areas usually
  include the postpronotal lobe, most of the scutellum, and a number of vittae
  (stripes). Posterior to the transverse suture usually there is at least a pair
  of sublateral vittae in line with and usually extending to the intra-alar
  setae.
#34. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. This character refers to
  the presence and shape of brown markings on the posterior margin of the
  scutum.
#35. The scuto-scutellar suture divides the scutum and scutellum, the largest
  sclerites of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae these sclerites form most of the
  thorax visible in dorsal view (the only other parts directly visible in dorsal
  view are the postpronotal lobes and notopleura, and occasionally the
  postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and is larger than and
  anterior to the scutellum. It includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely
  divided by the transverse suture. The scutellum is triangular or semicircular
  in dorsal view and is posterior to the scutum. This character refers to the
  presence or absence of a dark brown spot centered on the middle of the
  scuto-scutellar and extending onto the parts of the scutum and scutellum
  bordering the suture.
#36. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. This character refers to
  the presence and shape of brown markings on the posterior margin of the
  scutum.
#37. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. This character refers to
  the extent of a brown band (transverse marking) on the posterior margin of the
  scutum, particularly whether or not it reaches the base of the intra-alar
  seta.
#38. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. This character refers to
  the presence of elongate brown vittae (longitudinal stripes). Specimens with
  only a posterior spot or short mark (e.g., as in \i{}A. dentata\i0{} and
  \i{}A. punctata\i0{}) should be scored absent.
#39. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. This character refers to
  the pair of elongate brown vittae (longitudinal stripes) closest to the
  midline and the brown medial mark on the posterior margin of the scutum.
#40. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. This character refers to
  the shape of the brown medial mark on the posterior margin of the scutum.
#41. The scutum is the largest sclerite of the mesonotum. In Tephritidae most of
  the thorax visible in dorsal view is the scutum (the only other parts directly
  visible in dorsal view are the postpronotal lobes, notopleura, scutellum, and
  occasionally the postnotum). The scutum is more or less rectangular and
  includes pre- and postsutural areas incompletely divided by the transverse
  suture. It is bordered posteriorly by the scutellum. The vestiture, or
  hairlike projections of the cuticle, include macrotrichia (setae or setulae),
  which have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which do not have an
  alveolus. Setulae are the small macrosetae that cover much of the scutum and
  various other areas of the body. This character refers to the distribution of
  setulae on the postsutural part of the scutum between the brown vitta aligned
  with the dorsocentral seta and the yellow or white sublateral vitta aligned
  with the intra-alar seta.
#42. The scutellum is the triangular or semicircular sclerite on the dorsal side
  of the thorax posterior to the scutum.
#43. The propleuron is the lateral part of the prothorax, which is reduced in
  Diptera. In Tephritidae the propleuron is a small rectangular sclerite on the
  anterior end of the thorax, ventral to the postpronotal lobe and anterior to
  the anterior spiracle and the anepisternum.
#44. The mesopleuron is the lateral part of the mesothorax and in Diptera
  comprises the majority of the lateral part of the thorax. It includes the
  sclerites between the anterior and posterior spiracles, which are the
  anepisternum, katepisternum, anepimeron, and katepimeron. This character
  refers to the predominant color of the mesopleuron, exclusive of the normal
  whitish areas (i.e., the dorsal and posterior margins of the anepisternum, the
  dorsal margin or dorsomedial spot on the katepisternum, and most of the
  katatergite and anatergite).
#45. The anatergite is the inverted triangular sclerite on the posterolateral
  part of the thorax. It is located between the katatergite and the
  mediotergite, posteroventral to the wing base and dorsal to the posterior
  spiracle and the base of the haltere. The anatergite and katatergite together
  form the laterotergite.
#46. The subscutellum is the lens-shaped sclerite on the posterior side of the
  thorax ventral to the scutellum and dorsal to the mediotergite.
#47. The mediotergite is a convex rectangular sclerite on the posterior side of
  the thorax ventral to the scutellum and subscutellum and anterior to the base
  of the abdomen.
#48. The femur (pleural, femora) is the third segment of the leg, between the
  trochanter and tibia. In Tephritidae it is elongate and similar in length to
  the tibia, but stouter than the latter segment.
#49. The femur (pleural, femora) is the third segment of the leg, between the
  trochanter and tibia. In Tephritidae it is elongate and similar in length to
  the tibia, but stouter than the latter segment. The fore femur is the femur of
  the foreleg.
#50. In Diptera only the metathoracic pair of wings is normally developed (the
  metathoracic wing is highly modified into the club-shaped haltere). Wing
  length is measured from the base of the costa to the wing apex in cell
  r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}.
#51. The wing pattern in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}species typically includes three
  bands, termed the C-band, S-band, and V-band, although parts or all of these
  bands may be variously connected or fused or absent. The C-band, or costal
  band, extends from the base of the wing along the anterior margin to the apex
  of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. It usually extends posteriorly to vein
  R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and basally usually to vein M. The S-band extends
  obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} across r-m, reaching
  the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, then following the
  anterior margin to the wing apex.The basal part in cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  and the distal part on the margin of the radial cells are almost always
  present, but the middle section is sometimes interrupted or absent. The distal
  half is sometimes fused with the C-band to form a complete marginal band. The
  V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to form an
  inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm extends
  obliquely across cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and the distal part of cell m.
  It is reduced or absent more frequently than the proximal arm. In
  \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and a few species of \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}, the C-band and
  distal half of the S-band are fused to form a broad costal band, and other
  typical markings are lacking except for the cubital streak in the basal
  cubital cell and cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}.
#52. Cell c is a small rectangular cell on the anterior margin of the wing
  between the costa and vein Sc. It is bordered basally by crossvein h. It is
  within the C-band, but its color is often paler than most of the rest of the
  band. It often has diffusely paler areas within it, especially posteriorly,
  but in some species it is infuscated basally and has a distinctly delimited
  subapical hyaline area. Specimens that are diffusely paler subapically or
  subbasally and subapically should be scored state 1.
#53. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. It usually extends
  posteriorly to vein M in the basal part of cell br adjacent to cell bm.
#54. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. It usually covers
  the basal part of cell r\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{}, the cell between veins
  R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} and R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}.
#55. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. It is normally
  faint or paler in cells bc and c, and brown in most of the pterostigma. In
  cells r\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and r\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} posterior to the
  pterostigma at least the distal margin is usually brown, but the extent of the
  yellow brown to orange area varies.
#56. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. The S-band extends
  obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} across r-m, reaching
  the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, then following the
  anterior margin to the wing apex.
#57. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. The S-band extends
  obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} across r-m, reaching
  the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, then following the
  anterior margin to the wing apex. They are usually separated basally by a
  hyaline area of varying size, extending from cell bm, sometimes all the way to
  the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}.
#58. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. The S-band extends
  obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} across r-m, reaching
  the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, then following the
  anterior margin to the wing apex. When the C-band and S-bands are connected
  along veins R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} or R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}, they are
  usually separated along the costa by a basomarginal hyaline spot in cell
  r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, immediately distal to the apex of vein
  R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}.
#59. The C-band, or costal band, extends from the base of the wing along the
  anterior margin to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. The S-band extends
  obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} across r-m, reaching
  the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, then following the
  anterior margin to the wing apex. When the C-band and S-bands are connected
  along veins R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} or R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}, they are
  usually separated along the costa by a basomarginal hyaline spot in cell
  r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, immediately distal to the apex of vein
  R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. Crossvein r-m is a short transverse vein connecting
  veins R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and M near the middle of the wing.
#60. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. The basal part in cell
  cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and the distal part on the margin of the radial cells
  are almost always present, but the middle section is sometimes interrupted or
  absent.
#61. Cell bm is the small elongate triangular cell near the base of the wing
  between veins M and Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and crossvein bm-cu.
#62. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. The basal part sometimes
  has an incision or indentation in the posterior margin in the middle of cell
  cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. Teneral specimens of species that lack the incision
  often have a similar pale area in the base of the S-band and should be scored
  with caution.
#63. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. The basal part sometimes
  has an extension to or almost to the posterior wing margin in the middle of
  cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. The extension may be connected to the proximal
  arm of the V-band along the posterior wing margin.
#64. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. The basal part in cell
  cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and the distal part on the margin of the radial cells
  are almost always present, but the middle section is sometimes interrupted or
  absent. The basal part sometimes has a posterior extension to or almost to the
  posterior wing margin in cell a\sub{}1\nosupersub{}.
#65. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. In some species the
  middle part of the band is absent, leaving an isolated basal part that often
  extends along veins Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and/or
  A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}+Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} or in cell
  cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}.
#66. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. In some species the
  middle part of the band is absent, leaving an isolated basal part that often
  extends along veins Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and/or
  A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}+Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} or in cell
  cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}.
#67. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex.
#68. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. The V-band includes two
  arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to form an inverted V. The
  proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm extends obliquely across
  cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and the distal part of cell m. It is reduced or
  absent more frequently than the proximal arm. Distally between the S-band and
  V-band there is usually a hyaline area extending from the posterior margin of
  the wing in cells m and r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}.
#69. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. In a few species there
  are narrow hyaline areas along the costa near the apices of veins
  R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} or R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}.
#70. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. It sometimes extends to
  the apex of vein M if the band is broad or vein M is strongly curved.
#71. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm
  extends obliquely across cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and the distal part of
  cell m.
#72. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. It usually
  extends proximally along the posterior wing margin towards the apex of vein
  A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}+Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{}.
#73. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu and usually
  extends anteriorly at least into cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}.
#74. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu.
#75. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm,
  when fully developed, extends obliquely across cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}
  and the distal part of cell m.
#76. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm,
  when fully developed, extends obliquely across cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}
  and the distal part of cell m.
#77. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly to
  form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm,
  when fully developed, extends obliquely across cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}
  and the distal part of cell m. The arms may be separated or narrowly to
  broadly connected.
#78. The S-band extends obliquely from the base of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{},
  then following the anterior margin to the wing apex. This ratio is the width
  of the S-band at the apex of vein R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} divided by the width
  of cell r\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{}, both measured perpendicular to the long axis
  of the band and the costal margin at the apex of R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{}. The
  width of the distal section of the band and the width of cell
  r\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} are measured along the same line, both measurements
  including the width of the costa (i.e., the measurements begin on the external
  margin of the costa). The ratio cannot exceed 1.0.
#79. Microtrichia are hairlike projections of the cuticle that do not have an
  alveolus. They should not be confused with setae or setulae, which have an
  alveolus. Microtrichia are usually minute and cannot be seen individually
  except with high powered microscopes or scanning electron microscopes. They
  occur in patterns so that some surface areas may appear duller or pruinose
  versus shiny areas that lack them. Cell bcu (= cell cu\i{}p\i0{}, "anal
  cell"), the basal cubital cell, is the basal wing cell bounded anteriorly by
  the base of vein Cu, apically by vein Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{}, and posteriorly
  by vein A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. In most Tephritidae, vein
  Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} is concave or has a distinct bend, forming an acute
  posteroapical extension or lobe on cell bcu.
#80. Microtrichia are hairlike projections of the cuticle that do not have an
  alveolus. They should not be confused with setae or setulae, which have an
  alveolus. Microtrichia are usually minute and cannot be seen individually
  except with high powered microscopes or scanning electron microscopes. They
  occur in patterns so that some surface areas may appear duller or pruinose
  versus shiny areas that lack them. The S-band extends obliquely from the base
  of cell cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} across r-m, reaching the anterior wing margin
  in cell r\sub{}1\nosupersub{}, then following the anterior margin to the wing
  apex. The V-band includes two arms which are frequently connected anteriorly
  to form an inverted V. The proximal arm covers crossvein dm-cu. The distal arm
  extends obliquely across cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and the distal part of
  cell m. Cell dm is located in the approximate middle third of the wing between
  veins M and Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} and crossveins bm-cu and dm-cu. Cell
  cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is posterior to vein Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} distal to
  cell bcu.
#81. Cell c is a small rectangular cell on the anterior margin of the wing
  between the costa and vein Sc. It is bordered basally by crossvein h. The
  pterostigma is the somewhat triangular apical part of cell sc, between the
  apical bend of vein Sc, the costa, and vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. It is often
  more opaque than surrounding membranous areas of the wing. The length of cell
  c is measured from the level of crossvein h where it meets the costa to the
  level of the apex of vein Sc. The length of the pterostigma is measured from
  the level of the apex of vein Sc to the level of the apex of vein
  R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. Their ratio is the length of cell c divided by that of
  the pterostigma.
#82. The pterostigma is the somewhat triangular apical part of cell sc, between
  the apical bend of vein Sc, the costa, and vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. It is
  often more opaque than surrounding membranous areas of the wing. The length of
  the pterostigma is measured from the level of the apex of vein Sc to the level
  of the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{}. Its width is measured from the
  costa to vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{} at its greatest dimension. The pterostigma
  ratio is its length divided by its width.
#84. Vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is the second longitudinal vein from the
  anterior margin of the wing. It ends in the middle third of the wing and its
  dorsal side is setulose. The vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{} ratio is the distance
  from the base of the costa to the apex of vein R\sub{}1\nosupersub{} divided
  by the wing length, measured from the base of the costa to the wing apex in
  cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{}.
#85. Vein R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} is the third longitudinal vein from the
  anterior margin of the wing. It and vein R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} are branches
  of the radial sector (Rs). It ends in the distal fourth of the wing where it
  meets the costa.
#86. Vein R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} is the third longitudinal vein from the
  anterior margin of the wing. It and vein R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} are branches
  of the radial sector (Rs). It ends in the distal fourth of the wing where it
  meets the costa.
#87. Vein R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} is the fourth longitudinal vein from the
  anterior margin of the wing. It and vein R\sub{}2+3\nosupersub{} are branches
  of the radial sector (Rs). It ends slightly anterior to the tip of the wing
  where it meets the costa.
#88. Vein M is the longitudinal vein that ends slightly posterior to the apex of
  the wing. Crossvein r-m extends between veins R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and M,
  whereas crossveins bm-cu and dm-cu extend between veins M and Cu1. The vein M
  ratio is the distance from the junction of bm-cu and M to that of r-m and M
  divided by the distance from the junction of bm-cu and M to that of dm-cu and
  M.
#89. Veins R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} and M are the longitudinal veins that end
  near the apex of the wing. Vein R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} ends slightly anterior
  to the wing apex. Vein M ends slightly posterior to the wing apex and its apex
  is anteriorly curved to varying degrees in most species of
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}. Cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} lies between these veins.
  The amount of curvature of vein M is indicated by the ratio of the width of
  cell r\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} at its apex divided by its width at crossvein
  dm-cu. The former is measured from the apex of vein R\sub{}4+5\nosupersub{} to
  that of vein M (where M reaches the wing margin), and the latter is measured
  directly anterior to vein dm-cu.
#90. Cell bcu (=cell cu\i{}p\i0{}, anal cell) is a small cell near the base of
  the wing. It is bordered by vein Cu anteriorly, by vein A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  posteriorly, and by vein Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} distally. In \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, vein Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} has a sharp bend,
  such that cell bcu has an elongate posterodistal lobe. The ratio of cell bcu
  is its total length, measured from its base at the juction of veins Cu and
  A\sub{}1\nosupersub{} to the apex of the posterodistal lobe, divided by the
  length of its anterior margin measured along vein Cu.
#92. Cell bcu (=cell cu\i{}p\i0{}, anal cell) is a small cell near the base of
  the wing. It is bordered by vein Cu anteriorly, by vein A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}
  posteriorly, and by vein Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} distally. In \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, vein Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} has a sharp bend,
  such that cell bcu has an elongate posterodistal lobe. Vein
  A\sub{}1\nosupersub{}+Cu\sub{}2\nosupersub{} runs from the apex of the
  posterodistal lobe to the wing margin.
#93. The costa is the vein along the anterior margin of the wing.
#94. Crossvein dm-cu is a relatively short, more or less transverse vein that
  connects veins M and Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} at approximately the distal third
  of the wing. Vein M is a longitudinal vein that ends slightly posterior to the
  wing apex. It apex is anteriorly curved to varying degrees in most species of
  \i{}Anastrepha\i0{}. Vein Cu\sub{}1\nosupersub{} is the next longitudinal vein
  posterior to vein M.
#95. The abdomen is the most posterior of the three main body parts of a fly. It
  attaches anteriorly to the thorax. In female Tephritidae the distal segments
  are modified to form an ovipositor, of which the most basal part, the tubular
  or conical oviscape, is usually obvious.
#96. The abdominal tergites are the more or less rectangular dorsal sclerites of
  the abdominal segments. In Tephritidae there are five in the male and six in
  the female.
#97. The abdominal tergites are the more or less rectangular dorsal sclerites of
  the abdominal segments. In Tephritidae there are five in the male and six in
  the female.
#98. The vestiture, or hairlike projections of the cuticle, in \i{}Anastrepha
  \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}include macrotrichia (setae or setulae), which
  have an alveolus (socket), and microtrichia, which do not have an alveolus.
  Microtrichia are usually extremely small and cannot be seen individually
  except with high powered microscopes or scanning electron microscopes. They
  occur in patterns so that some surface areas may appear duller or pruinose
  versus shiny areas that lack them. Microtrichial patterns are very difficult
  if not impossible to see in specimens in fluid. On dry specimens they are best
  observed with the surface held at an oblique angle to the light source. The
  abdominal tergites are the more or less rectangular dorsal sclerites of the
  abdominal segments. In Tephritidae there are five in the male and six in the
  female.
#99. Male and female Tephritidae are readily distinguished by their terminalia
  (apical parts of abdomen). In the male, tergite 5 is elongate and segments 6-8
  are reduced. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure
  located ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The phallus, a long, slender
  organ, originates between the epandium and hypandrium on the ventral side, but
  most of it is usually coiled and at rest is located between the epandrium and
  tergite 5, but it can be extruded. In the female tergite 7 and sternite 7 are
  fused to form a tubular or conical oviscape. The eversible membrane and
  aculeus (formed from segment 8 and the fused cerci) telescope inside the
  oviscape.
#100. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The epandrium is the dorsal part of this
  structure.
#101. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The epandrium is the dorsal part of this
  structure.
#102. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The surstyli are the ventral, lobelike
  parts of this structure.There are two pairs, but they are closely associated
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and appear to be a single
  pair. The medial surstylus is shorter and bears a pair of toothlike, dark,
  stout prensisetae. The lateral surstylus is usually longer and varies
  considerably in shape and length among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}species.
#103. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The surstyli are the ventral, lobelike
  parts of this structure.There are two pairs, but they are closely associated
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and appear to be a single
  pair. The medial surstylus is shorter and bears a pair of toothlike, dark,
  stout prensisetae. The lateral surstylus is usually longer and varies
  considerably in shape and length among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}species.
#104. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The surstyli are the ventral, lobelike
  parts of this structure.There are two pairs, but they are closely associated
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and appear to be a single
  pair. The medial surstylus is shorter and bears a pair of toothlike, dark,
  stout prensisetae. The lateral surstylus is usually longer and varies
  considerably in shape and length among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}species.
#105. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The surstyli are the ventral, lobelike
  parts of this structure.There are two pairs, but they are closely associated
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and appear to be a single
  pair. The medial surstylus is shorter and bears a pair of toothlike, dark,
  stout prensisetae. The lateral surstylus is usually longer and varies
  considerably in shape and length among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}species.
#106. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The surstyli are the ventral, lobelike
  parts of this structure.There are two pairs, but they are closely associated
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and appear to be a single
  pair. The medial surstylus is shorter and bears a pair of toothlike, dark,
  stout prensisetae. The lateral surstylus is usually longer and varies
  considerably in shape and length among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}species.
#107. The epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located
  ventral to the apex of the abdomen. The surstyli are the ventral, lobelike
  parts of this structure.There are two pairs, but they are closely associated
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}and appear to be a single
  pair. The medial surstylus is shorter and bears a pair of toothlike, dark,
  stout prensisetae. The lateral surstylus is usually longer and varies
  considerably in shape and length among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana
  \i0{}species.
#108. The phallus originates on the ventral side of the abdomen between the
  epandrium and hypandrium. It usually is long and slender (except in species of
  the daciformis and dentata groups), and at rest the apical part is coiled and
  placed between tergite 5 and the rest of the male terminalia. It must be
  extended to measure its length, by gently holding and pulling both ends.
#109. The phallus originates on the ventral side of the abdomen between the
  epandrium and hypandrium. It usually is long and slender (except in species of
  the daciformis and dentata groups), and at rest the apical part is coiled and
  placed between tergite 5 and the rest of the male terminalia. It must be
  extended to measure its length, by gently holding and pulling both ends..
  Measure the mesonotum in dorsal view along its midline, from the anterior
  margin of the scutum to the apex of the scutellum.\par{}
#110. The phallus originates on the ventral side of the abdomen between the
  epandrium and hypandrium. It usually is long and slender (except in species of
  the daciformis and dentata groups), and at rest the apical part is coiled and
  placed between tergite 5 and the rest of the male terminalia. The glans is the
  expanded, apical part of the phallus, which must be extended to observe the
  glans.
#111. The phallus originates on the ventral side of the abdomen between the
  epandrium and hypandrium. It usually is long and slender (except in species of
  the daciformis and dentata groups), and at rest the apical part is coiled and
  placed between tergite 5 and the rest of the male terminalia. The glans is the
  expanded, apical part of the phallus, which must be extended to observe the
  glans.
#112. The proctiger is the baglike, mostly membranous structure posterior to the
  epandrium. The ventral and lateral sides are lightly sclerotized, and these
  sclerotized areas may be connected or separate. In a few species the
  sclerotization is continuous and connects dorsally.
#113. The oviscape is the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the
  ovipositor. It is formed from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It
  bears a pair of spiracles laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes
  basolaterally.
#114. The oviscape is the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the
  ovipositor. It is formed from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It
  bears a pair of spiracles laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes
  basolaterally. Its curvature should be observed in lateral view.
#115. The oviscape is the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the
  ovipositor. It is formed from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It
  bears a pair of spiracles laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes
  basolaterally. Its length is measured ventrally along the midline.\par{}[range
  for species with limited data estimated 20% of mean length]
#116. The oviscape is the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the
  ovipositor. It is formed from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It
  bears a pair of spiracles laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes
  basolaterally. Its length is measured ventrally along the midline. The
  mesonotum is the dorsal side of the thorax. It is measured in dorsal view
  along its midline, from the anterior margin of the scutum to the apex of the
  scutellum.
#117. The oviscape is the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the
  ovipositor. It is formed from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It
  bears a pair of spiracles laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes
  basolaterally. Its length is measured ventrally along the midline. The
  spiracle ratio is the distance from the base to the level of the spiracles
  divided by the length of the oviscape.
#118. The oviscape is the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the
  ovipositor. It is formed from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It
  bears a pair of spiracles laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes
  basolaterally. The spiracle ratio to mesonotum length is the distance from the
  base of the oviscape to the level of the spiracles measured ventrally along
  the midline divided by the length of the mesonotum. The mesonotum is the
  dorsal side of the thorax. It is measured in dorsal view along its midline,
  from the anterior margin of the scutum to the apex of the scutellum.\par{}
#119. The eversible membrane is the mostly membranous middle section of the
  ovipositor. It is between the ovicape and the aculeus, and it and the aculeus
  can be retracted into the oviscape. If it is not everted, the terminalia must
  be dissected to examine the eversible membrane. Subbasally on the dorsal side
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, the eversible membrane bears
  a group of denticles of which at least some usually are large, sclerotized,
  and hooklike. These denticles occur in various patterns, with those toward the
  distal end typically largest.
#120. The eversible membrane is the mostly membranous middle section of the
  ovipositor. It is between the ovicape and the aculeus, and it and the aculeus
  can be retracted into the oviscape. If it is not everted, the terminalia must
  be dissected to examine the eversible membrane. Subbasally on the dorsal side
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, the eversible membrane bears
  a group of denticles of which at least some usually are large, sclerotized,
  and hooklike. These denticles occur in various patterns, with those toward the
  distal end typically largest.
#121. The eversible membrane is the mostly membranous middle section of the
  ovipositor. It is between the ovicape and the aculeus, and it and the aculeus
  can be retracted into the oviscape. If it is not everted, the terminalia must
  be dissected to examine the eversible membrane. Subbasally on the dorsal side
  in \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana\i0{}, the eversible membrane bears
  a group of denticles of which at least some usually are large, sclerotized,
  and hooklike. Opposite these denticles on the ventral side the membrane
  usually bears only minute, simple denticles.
#122. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus is not everted or visible through the oviscape as
  is sometimes possible in specimens in alcohol, the terminalia must be
  dissected to examine the aculeus. Its length is measured from its base, where
  it connects to the eversible membrane, to its extreme apex.\par{}[range for
  species with limited data estimated 20% of mean length]
#123. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus is not everted or visible through the oviscape as
  is sometimes possible in specimens in alcohol, the terminalia must be
  dissected to examine the aculeus. Its length is measured from its base, where
  it connects to the eversible membrane, to its extreme apex. The oviscape is
  the elongate, tubular or conical, basal part of the ovipositor. It is formed
  from the fused tergite and sternite of segment 7. It bears a pair of spiracles
  laterally, and a pair of flangelike lobes basolaterally. Its length is
  measured ventrally along the midline.\par{}
#124. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus is not everted or visible through the oviscape as
  is sometimes possible in specimens in alcohol, the terminalia must be
  dissected to examine the aculeus. Its shape should be observed in ventral
  view.
#125. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus is not everted or visible through the oviscape as
  is sometimes possible in specimens in alcohol, the terminalia must be
  dissected to examine the aculeus. The ventral side of the aculeus can be
  recognized by the cloacal opening and 8th sternites.
#126. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. Its length is measured on the ventral side
  from the inner margin of the sclerotized area just distal to the cloacal
  opening to the extreme apex of the aculeus.
#127. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. Its length is measured on the ventral side
  from the inner margin of the sclerotized area just distal to the cloacal
  opening to the extreme apex of the aculeus.
#128. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. Its width is measured on the ventral side
  at the broadest part at distal to the level of the cloacal opening.
#129. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. Its length is measured on the ventral side
  from the inner margin of the sclerotized area just distal to the cloacal
  opening to the extreme apex of the aculeus. Its width is measured on the
  ventral side at the broadest part at or distal to the level of the cloacal
  opening.\par{}
#130. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. Its depth is measured in lateral view at
  the broadest part at or distal to the level of the cloacal opening.
#131. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. In most species the lateral margins of the
  tip are in the [??] plane, but in some species they are curved dorsally.
#132. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The shape of the tip in ventral view varies
  greatly among \i{}Anastrepha \i0{}and \i{}Toxotrypana \i0{}species.
#133. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. In ventral view, the tip may gradually
  taper from the shaft, but in others the sides flare laterally before tapering.
#134. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tip
  are relatively smooth in most species, but some species have ridges or lobes.
#135. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The dorsal surface of the tip is relatively
  smooth in most species, but some species have dorsolateral depressions.
#136. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The lateral margins of the tip in ventral
  view may be entire (nonserrate) or may bear serrations of various sizes.
#137. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The lateral margins of the tip, and
  sometimes extending slightly proximal to the tip, in ventral view may be
  entire (nonserrate) or may bear serrations of various sizes to varying
  extents. The length of the serrate part is measured from the most basal
  serration to the extreme apex of the aculeus. In a few species the serrations,
  more often the proximal ones, curve onto the dorsal side of the aculeus, and
  these should be included in the length of the serrate part. The length of the
  aculeus tip is measured on the ventral side from the inner margin of the
  sclerotized area just distal to the cloacal opening to the extreme apex of the
  aculeus.
#138. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The lateral margins of the tip, and
  sometimes extending slightly proximal to the tip, in ventral view may be
  entire (nonserrate) or may bear serrations of various sizes to varying
  extents. In a few species the serrations extend onto the dorsal side of the
  aculeus, away from the lateral margin.
#139. The aculeus is the elongate, sclerotized, apical part of the ovipositor.
  Its base is attached to the eversible membrane and these can be retracted into
  the oviscape. If the aculeus tip is not everted, the aculeus must be dissected
  to examine the tip. The aculeus consists of an elongate 8th tergite, a pair of
  slender, elongate 8th sternites, which are often difficult to see, and the
  cerci and intermediate parts which are fused to the 8th tergite. The aculeus
  tip is the apical part of the aculeus, distal to the apices of the 8th
  sternites and the cloacal opening. The lateral margins of the tip in ventral
  view may be entire (nonserrate) or may bear serrations of various sizes.
#142. Well developed eggs are often present in the abdomens of female specimens
  and may be observed if not destroyed in the dissection process. The anterior
  end of the egg bears the micropyle, a small, nipple-like opening where sperm
  may enter the egg. Some species have lobes on the anterior end.
#146. In the male, tergite 5 is elongate and segments 6-8 are reduced. The
  epandrium and surstyli form an inverted U-shaped structure located ventral to
  the apex of the abdomen. The phallus, a long, slender organ is usually coiled
  and located between the epandrium and tergite 5, but it can be extruded. In
  the female tergite 7 and sternite 7 are fused to form a tubular or conical
  oviscape. The eversible membrane and aculeus (formed from segment 8 and the
  fused cerci) telescope inside the oviscape.
